Cambridge IELTS 16 Test-1 Passage -1 Why we need to protect polar bears 1.       Adipose tissue: Fat stored in the body. Example: Polar bears have a lot of adipose tissue that keeps them warm in cold temperatures. 2.       Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs): A type of cholesterol often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. Example: Polar bears have a gene that helps reduce the levels of LDLs in their bodies, unlike humans. 3.       Osteoporosis: A disease where bones become weak and fragile. Example: Older humans often suffer from osteoporosis, but polar bears do not experience this condition. 4.       Remodelled: The process of changing or rebuilding something. Example: Bone tissue in the body is remodelled, meaning it can be added or removed depending on certain factors. 5.       Anecdotal evidence: Informal accounts or stories based on personal observations. Example: There is anecdotal evidence suggesting that polar bears exhibit problem-solving abilities. 6.       Conservation efforts: Actions taken to protect and preserve wildlife and their habitats. Example: It is important to consider the medical benefits of polar bears in our conservation efforts. 7.       Perceived: How something is understood or regarded by others. Example: Bears are often perceived as unintelligent and violent, but they have shown problem-solving abilities. 8.       Deliberate: Intentional or done on purpose. Example: Polar bears have shown deliberate and focused manipulation of objects. 9.       Agile: Able to move quickly and easily. Example: The study showed that polar bears are agile and capable of planned behaviors. 10.   Extinction: The complete disappearance or annihilation of a species. Example: If polar bears were to face extinction, it would be a loss to both medical research and wildlife. 11.   Genetic structure: The arrangement and organization of genes within an organism. Example: Scientists studied the genetic structure of polar bears to understand their unique characteristics. 12.   Paradox: A situation or statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true. Example: The fact that pregnant polar bears maintain strong bones despite fasting is a paradox. 13.   Deplete: To use up or reduce the quantity or resources. Example: During hibernation, female polar bears deplete their calcium and calorie reserves. 14.   Bedridden: Unable to leave or move from a bed due to illness or injury. Example: Understanding bone remodelling in polar bears could benefit many bedridden humans. 15.   Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof. Example: Bears being perceived as stupid and violent are assumptions that don't hold true in all cases. 16.   Analogous: Similar or comparable in certain respects. Example: Comparing polar bears to humans for studying heart disease is an analogous approach. 17.   Aggressive: Ready to attack or confront, often with hostile intentions. Example: While polar bears can be dangerous in the wild, they don't necessarily exhibit aggressive behavior towards humans. 18.   Majestic: Having grandeur, beauty, or dignity. Example: Polar bears are known for their majestic appearance and powerful presence. 19.   Breakthroughs: Significant discoveries or advancements. Example: The potential loss of polar bears could mean the absence of future medical breakthroughs. 20.   Intelligent: Having a high level of mental ability or understanding. Example: Despite common misconceptions, polar bears have demonstrated signs of being intelligent creatures. 21.   Adapted: Specifically suited or adjusted to fit a particular environment or condition. Example: Polar bears are adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle with their thick fur and layer of fat. 22.   Comparative: Relating to or involving comparison between two or more things. Example: Humans with similar levels of fat as polar bears would be considered overweight in comparative terms. 23.   Cholesterol: A type of fatty substance found in the blood. Example: Polar bears have a gene that helps reduce levels of cholesterol associated with heart disease. 24.   Hibernating: Going into a state of inactivity and reduced metabolism during the winter months. Example: Brown bears undergo hibernating during the colder months when they sleep for long periods. 25.   Parliament: A legislative body responsible for making laws and decisions in a country. Example: The plan for the underground railway had to be approved by the Parliament. 26.   Remained: Continued to be in a particular state or condition. Example: Despite the fasting period, the density of the polar bears' bones remained strong. 27.   Consistent: Steady, unchanging, or predictable in nature. Example: The polar bears' ability to maintain strong bones throughout hibernation is consistent. 28.   Perception: The way in which something is understood, interpreted, or seen. Example: People's perception of polar bears often varies based on their knowledge and experiences. 29.   Wildlife: Animals and plants living in their natural habitat, not domesticated or cultivated. Example: Protecting wildlife habitats is crucial for preserving biodiversity. 30.   Ancestor: A person or animal from whom one is descended. Example: Brown bears are considered the ancestors of polar bears, sharing a common evolutionary history. 31.   Consequences: Results or effects that follow from a particular action or event. Example: The disappearance of polar bears could have far-reaching consequences for the ecosystem. 32.   Genome: The complete set of genes or genetic material present in an organism. Example: Scientists studied the polar bear's genome to understand its genetic makeup. 33.   Osteoporosis: A medical condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Example: Polar bears' ability to maintain strong bones may hold insights for combating osteoporosis in humans. 34.   Density: The degree of compactness or concentration of a substance or object. Example: Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone density. 35.   Parliament: A governing body that makes laws and decisions for a country or region. Example: The plan for the underground railway had to be approved by the Parliament. 36.   Extinction: The complete disappearance or extermination of a species. Example: Climate change could lead to the extinction of polar bears if their habitat continues to decline. 37.   Conservation: The act of protecting and preserving the environment and its natural resources. Example: Efforts should be made to promote conservation and safeguard endangered species. 38.   Bedridden: Confined to bed due to illness, injury, or disability. Example: Understanding bone density in polar bears could benefit bedridden individuals with mobility limitations. 39.   Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof or evidence. Example: We should question our assumptions about polar bears' intelligence and behavior. 40.   Emotions: Feelings or states of mind that arise in response to a particular situation or experience. Example: Observations suggest that polar bears may exhibit certain emotions such as frustration or playfulness. Passage -2 The Step Pyramid of Djoser 1.       Monuments - Important and impressive structures or buildings that are created to honor or remember someone or something. Example: The pyramids are famous monuments in Egypt that were built to remember the kings. 2.       Tributes - Acts or objects that show respect, admiration, or gratitude towards someone. Example: The pyramids are grand tributes to the Egyptian kings because they were built to honor their memory. 3.       Evolution - The process of gradual development or change over time. Example: The pyramid form has evolved over centuries, which means it has changed and developed over a long period. 4.       Architect - A person who designs buildings and structures. Example: The Step Pyramid was designed by one brilliant architect who had great skill in planning and creating buildings. 5.       Reign - The period of time during which a king or queen rules a country. Example: Djoser is thought to have reigned for 19 years, meaning he was the king of Egypt for that period. 6.       Thoroughly - Doing something in a careful and detailed way. Example: The Step Pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated, which means it has been studied carefully and in detail. 7.       Complex - A group of buildings or structures that are closely connected and share a common purpose. Example: The Step Pyramid was part of a larger complex that included a temple, courtyards, and living quarters for the priests. 8.       Incline - To slope or lean at an angle. Example: The builders of the Step Pyramid placed the stones at an inward incline, meaning they positioned them to lean inward at an angle. 9.       Discourage - To try to prevent or stop someone from doing something. Example: The false doors and the trench around the Step Pyramid were incorporated to discourage unwanted visitors, meaning they were meant to discourage people from entering the complex. 10.   Burial chamber - A room or space where a dead person is laid to rest. Example: The burial chamber of the tomb was located beneath the base of the pyramid and was where the king's body was placed. 11.   Maze - A confusing and complicated network of paths or passages. Example: The underground tunnels surrounding the burial chamber formed a vast maze to confuse and deter potential robbers. 12.   Robbers - People who steal or take things that belong to others. Example: Ancient robbers managed to find a way into Djoser's tomb and stole his grave goods and even his body. 13.   Excavated - To carefully dig out and uncover something, usually of historical or archaeological significance. Example: The archaeologists excavated the pyramid and its complex, meaning they carefully dug and uncovered the structures and artifacts. 14.   Revolutionary - Something that introduces a completely new or radical change or idea. Example: The Step Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture because it introduced a completely new and innovative design. 15.   Archetype - A perfect or typical example of something. Example: The Step Pyramid became the archetype that all other pyramid builders in Egypt followed, meaning it became the perfect example that others imitated. 16.   Significant - Very important or meaningful. Example: The Step Pyramid holds a significant place in human history because of its impact on the development of stone architecture in Egypt and the world. 17.   Milestone - A significant event or achievement that marks an important stage or progress. Example: The Step Pyramid is considered a milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture because it marked a crucial stage in its development. 18.   Archaeologist - A scientist who studies human history and prehistory through the excavation of artifacts and structures. Example: The archaeologists who excavated the Step Pyramid studied the artifacts and structures to learn more about the past. 19.   Astonish - To greatly surprise or amaze someone. Example: The discoveries made by the archaeologists inside the pyramid and its complex astonished them because they were unexpected and impressive. 20.   Amaze - To cause great wonder, admiration, or fascination. Example: The archaeologists were amazed by the treasures and artifacts they found in the Step Pyramid, as they were of great historical and cultural value. 21.   Archaeologist - A person who studies ancient human history and civilizations by examining artifacts and remains. Example: Miroslav Verner, an Egyptologist, writes about the significance of the Step Pyramid and its impact on architectural history. 22.   Archetype - A typical example or model of something that others are based on or imitate. Example: The Step Pyramid became the archetype for all the other great pyramids built in Egypt, serving as a model for their construction. 23.   Revolutionary - Involving or causing a complete and significant change or advancement. Example: The Step Pyramid was considered a revolutionary advancement in architecture because it introduced new design elements and techniques. 24.   Predecessors - People who held a position or title before someone else. Example: Djoser placed stone vessels in the pyramid to honor his predecessors, the rulers from the earlier dynasties of Egypt. 25.   Dumped - To discard or throw away something without care or consideration. Example: Some historians believe that the stone vessels were dumped into the shafts of the pyramid as a way to prevent grave robbers from reaching the burial chamber. 26.   Valuables - Items that are considered to be of high worth, either in terms of monetary value or personal significance. Example: Most of Djoser's valuables were stolen by the robbers, but a small number of items were overlooked and found by the archaeologists. 27.   Archaeologists - Scientists who study human history and prehistoric civilizations by examining artifacts and physical remains. Example: The archaeologists who excavated the Step Pyramid used their expertise to analyze and interpret the findings from the site. 28.   Excavation - The process of carefully digging and uncovering archaeological sites to reveal artifacts and structures. Example: The excavation of the Step Pyramid involved systematically digging and documenting the layers of the complex to understand its construction and history. 29.   Artifact - An object made by humans, typically of historical or cultural significance. Example: The archaeologists found various artifacts inside the Step Pyramid, such as stone vessels, which provided insights into the ancient Egyptian civilization. 30.   Architecture - The art and science of designing and constructing buildings and structures. Example: The Step Pyramid showcases the advanced architecture of ancient Egypt, demonstrating the skill and engineering knowledge of its builders. 31.   Intricate - Very detailed, complex, or elaborate. Example: The underground network of tunnels and chambers in the Step Pyramid was intricate, with carefully planned pathways to deter tomb robbers. 32.   Network - A system of interconnected or intersecting elements. Example: The tunnels and passages in the Step Pyramid formed a vast underground network, allowing movement throughout the complex. 33.   Pharaoh - The title given to the ancient Egyptian kings or rulers. Example: Djoser, for whom the Step Pyramid was built, was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt during the Third Dynasty. 34.   Robbers - People who steal or take things that belong to others. Example: Despite the precautions, ancient robbers managed to find their way into Djoser's tomb and steal valuable items. 35.   Valuables - Items that are considered to be of high worth, either in terms of monetary value or personal significance. Example: The valuables left behind in the Step Pyramid included precious objects like jewelry, pottery, and ceremonial items. 36.   Astound - To greatly surprise or shock someone. Example: The discoveries made during the excavation of the Step Pyramid astounded the archaeologists, revealing the richness of ancient Egyptian culture. 37.   Archaeological - Relating to the study of human history and prehistoric civilizations through the examination of artifacts and physical remains. Example: The archaeological findings from the Step Pyramid provided valuable insights into the rituals, beliefs, and daily life of ancient Egyptians. 38.   Documentation - The process of recording and describing observations, findings, or data. Example: The archaeologists meticulously documented their discoveries, taking notes, photographs, and sketches to ensure accurate and detailed records. 39.   Engineering - The application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and construct structures or solve practical problems. Example: The construction of the Step Pyramid required advanced engineering techniques to ensure its stability and longevity. 40.   Heritage - The cultural or historical legacy passed down from previous generations. Example: The Step Pyramid is a significant part of Egypt's cultural heritage, representing the architectural achievements of ancient Egyptian civilization. 41.   Civilization - A complex society characterized by advanced social, cultural, and technological development. Example: Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most renowned civilizations, known for its impressive monuments, hieroglyphic writing, and organized society. Passage -3 The future of work 1.       Consultancy - (noun) a professional firm that provides expert advice or assistance.Example: According to a leading business consultancy, 3-14% of the global workforce will need to switch occupations. 2.       Occupation - (noun) a job or profession.Example: Workers will need to switch to a different occupation within the next 10-15 years. 3.       Adapt - (verb) to adjust or modify in response to new conditions or circumstances.Example: All workers will need to adapt as their occupations evolve alongside increasingly capable machines. 4.       Automation - (noun) the use of technology to control or operate a process without human intervention.Example: Automation, or embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is one aspect of the disruptive effects of technology on the labor market. 5.       Disruptive - (adjective) causing disturbance or interruption.Example: Technology has disruptive effects on the labor market. 6.       Embodied - (adjective) existing or represented in a physical form.Example: Embodied artificial intelligence (AI) refers to automation that takes physical form. 7.       Disembodied - (adjective) not having a physical form.Example: Disembodied AI, like the algorithms running in our smartphones, is another aspect of technology's impact. 8.       Algorithm - (noun) a set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task, often used in computer programming.Example: Algorithms can read legal contracts, analyze medical scans, and gather market intelligence. 9.       Intelligence - (noun) the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.Example: Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to exhibit intelligence. 10.   Legitimate - (adjective) conforming to recognized principles or accepted rules.Example: Legitimate peripheral participation is a way of learning about a job by observing experts. 11.   Peripheral - (adjective) relating to or situated on the edge or periphery.Example: Legitimate peripheral participation involves a novice standing next to experts and learning by observation. 12.   Telecommunications - (noun) the transmission of information over long distances using electronic systems.Example: Pachidi monitored a telecommunications company to study the impact of technology on salespeople. 13.   Algorithmic - (adjective) relating to or based on algorithms.Example: The company started using an algorithmic approach to define when account managers should contact certain customers. 14.   Short-sighted - (adjective) lacking foresight or long-term thinking.Example: A short-sighted view begins to creep into working practices when workers become dependent on algorithms. 15.   Transitions - (noun) the process or period of changing from one state or condition to another.Example: The future of work will involve major transitions across the whole life course for everyone. 16.   Retraining - (noun) the process of learning new skills or knowledge for a different job or occupation.Example: Retraining will be necessary as jobs change due to automation, AI, and robotics. 17.   Redundancies - (noun) the state of being no longer needed or useful because of excess or duplication.Example: Change can result in redundancies, but social policies can address this through retraining and redeployment. 18.   Unemployment - (noun) the state of being without a paid job.Example: The advent of new technologies does not mean automatic unemployment. 19.   Laws - (noun) rules established by a governing authority to regulate behavior and maintain order.Example: It's the laws that restrict the supply of capital to the job market, not the advent of new technologies, that causes unemployment. 20.   Automation, AI, and robotics - (noun) technologies and systems that automate tasks or simulate human intelligence in machines.Example: Automation, AI, and robotics are transforming the way work is done. 21.   Jobless future - (noun phrase) a future scenario where there are no jobs available for humans due to technological advancements.Example: The research aims to answer whether automation, AI, and robotics will lead to a jobless future. 22.   Retraining - (noun) the process of learning new skills or acquiring additional knowledge for a different job or occupation.Example: Social policies can address job redundancies through retraining and redeployment. 23.   Redeployment - (noun) the transfer or relocation of employees to different roles or positions within an organization.Example: Redeployment allows workers to be moved to new roles or departments instead of being laid off. 24.   Trustworthy - (adjective) reliable, deserving of trust or confidence.Example: The objective is to make AI technologies more trustworthy, ensuring that organizations and individuals understand how AI decisions are made. 25.   Transparent - (adjective) clear, open, and easily understood.Example: Researchers aim to make AI technologies transparent, so that the decision-making process is clear and understandable. 26.   Dilemmas - (noun) difficult situations or problems with no easy solution.Example: The new world of AI raises dilemmas regarding expertise, occupational boundaries, and control. 27.   Economic democracy - (noun phrase) a system where economic power and wealth are distributed more evenly among the population.Example: Bold policies are needed to guarantee full employment, fair incomes, and a thriving economic democracy. 28.   Apocalyptic - (adjective) relating to or predicting a catastrophic or disastrous event.Example: Apocalyptic views about the future of work are considered misguided by some researchers. 29.   Seizing - (verb) taking hold of or grasping an opportunity or advantage.Example: Governments should seize the opportunity to improve policies in response to the changes brought by AI and robotics. 30.   Policy - (noun) a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or government.Example: Governments should enforce good job security policies in response to the impact of AI and robotics. 31.   Fairer future - (noun phrase) a future that is more just, equitable, and unbiased.Example: Reprogramming the law can prepare for a fairer future of work and leisure. 32.   Humankind - (noun) the human race, human beings collectively.Example: These new technologies deliver humankind the capacity to live in ways that were once unimaginable. 33.   Subsistence agriculture - (noun phrase) a farming system where crops are grown primarily for the farmer's own consumption, with little surplus for sale.Example: The industrial revolution brought people past subsistence agriculture into new forms of employment. 34.   Corporate revolution - (noun phrase) a period of significant changes and advancements in the corporate world, typically referring to the rise of large corporations and mass production.Example: The corporate revolution enabled mass production and transformed the nature of work. 35.   Social - (adjective) relating to society, the interaction and relationships between individuals and groups within a community. Example: The next revolution will be social, encompassing not only technological advancements but also changes in societal structures and relationships. 36.   Astounding - (adjective) causing astonishment or amazement.Example: The promises of these new technologies are astounding, offering capabilities beyond imagination. 37.   Envisages - (verb) visualizes or imagines a future scenario or outcome.Example: Professor Hamish Low envisages a multistage employment life with retraining and multiple jobs across the life course. 38.   Fallacy - (noun) a mistaken belief or misconception.Example: Economist Professor Hamish Low believes that the prediction of job losses is based on a fallacy. 39.   Fixed - (adjective) unchanging or not subject to variation.Example: The assumption that the number of jobs is fixed is erroneous according to Professor Hamish Low. 40.   Advancement - (noun) progress or improvement, especially in knowledge, technology, or society.Example: The advent of new technologies brings advancements that reshape the world of work. 41.   Unemployment - (noun) the state of being without a paid job.Example: The causes of unemployment are being studied to understand the impact of automation, AI, and robotics. 42.   Seize - (verb) take hold of, grasp, or capture.Example: Governments should seize the opportunity to improve policies in response to the changes brought by AI and robotics. 43.   Redundancy - (noun) the state of being no longer needed or useful due to duplication or excess.Example: Redundancies may occur as a result of technological change, but social policies can address them. 44.   Law - (noun) a system of rules and regulations established by a governing authority.Example: The law can be reprogrammed to adapt to the future of work and create a fairer system. 45.   Leisure - (noun) time available for relaxation, enjoyment, or other activities not related to work.Example: Reprogramming the law can prepare for a fairer future of work and leisure. 46.   Revolution - (noun) a dramatic and wide-reaching change in a particular area or aspect.Example: The next revolution will bring about significant transformations in both technology and society. 47.   Preempt - (verb) take action in advance to prevent or forestall an event or change.Example: Leaders are called upon to preempt the coming changes with bold policies to ensure full employment. 48.   Thriving - (adjective) prosperous, flourishing, or successful.Example: Bold policies are needed to guarantee a thriving economic democracy for all individuals. 49.   Capacity - (noun) the ability or potential to do, experience, or understand something.Example: These new technologies provide humankind with the capacity to live in unprecedented ways. 50.   Unimaginable - (adjective) beyond what can be imagined or conceived.Example: The advancements brought by new technologies offer possibilities that were once unimaginable. Test -2 The White Horse of Uffington 1.       Geoglyphs - (noun) large figures or designs created by removing overlying grass or earth to reveal the underlying surface, often made on hillsides.Example: The cutting of geoglyphs into the earth has been a tradition for thousands of years. 2.       Prehistoric - (adjective) belonging to or existing in a time before recorded history.Example: Many historians believe that the Long Man of Wilmington is a prehistoric figure. 3.       Enigmatic - (adjective) mysterious or puzzling in nature.Example: The date and origin of the Long Man of Wilmington remain enigmatic, with differing opinions among historians. 4.       Gleaming - (adjective) shining brightly or with a reflected light.Example: The geoglyphs were revealed by removing the grass to expose the gleaming white chalk below. 5.       Continuity - (noun) the state of being continuous or uninterrupted.Example: The survival of ancient hill figures in England is a testament to the continuity of local customs and beliefs. 6.       Stylised - (adjective) depicted or represented in a simplified or abstract manner.Example: The Uffington White Horse is a stylised representation of a horse with distinctive features. 7.       Depictions - (noun) representations or portrayals of something, often in art or literature.Example: The Uffington White Horse shares similarities with the stylised depictions of horses on ancient coins. 8.       Origin - (noun) the point or place where something begins or arises.Example: The origin of the Uffington White Horse can be traced back to the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age. 9.       Emblem - (noun) a symbolic representation or sign that represents a particular group or concept.Example: The Uffington White Horse may have served as a tribal emblem for the inhabitants of the nearby hillfort. 10.   Ritual - (noun) a set of actions or ceremonies performed in a specific order, often for religious or cultural purposes.Example: The carving of the Uffington White Horse may have been associated with Bronze or Iron Age rituals. 11.   Associations - (noun) connections or relationships between things or ideas.Example: The Uffington White Horse had associations with fertility and the Celtic horse goddess Epona. 12.   Tribal - (adjective) relating to a group of people sharing common ancestry, customs, and traditions.Example: The Uffington White Horse could have represented the land of a specific tribal group. 13.   Mythology - (noun) a collection of traditional stories or legends, often explaining the beliefs and customs of a particular group.Example: The carving of the Uffington White Horse might have represented a goddess in native mythology. 14.   Temporary - (adjective) lasting for only a limited period; not permanent.Example: Geoglyphs were created as temporary gestures, which is why many of them have disappeared over time. 15.   Glimpse - (noun) a brief or partial view or understanding of something.Example: The geoglyphs provide a fascinating glimpse into the minds of their creators and their perception of the landscape. 16.   Chalk - (noun) a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate.Example: The geoglyphs were revealed by removing the overlying grass to expose the gleaming white chalk below. 17.   Faded - (verb) lost intensity, strength, or prominence over time.Example: As the traditions associated with the hill figures faded, people stopped clearing away the grass to maintain the outlines. 18.   Quarters - (noun) sections or areas, usually referring to specific divisions of a town, city, or region.Example: The Uffington White Horse is located in the quarter of the Vale of the White Horse, named after the geoglyph. 19.   Adjacent - (adjective) next to or adjoining something; neighboring.Example: The Uffington White Horse is situated adjacent to the Late Bronze Age hillfort of Uffington Castle. 20.   Impression - (noun) an effect or understanding resulting from an experience or observation.Example: From certain areas in the Vale of the White Horse, one can gain an adequate impression of the Uffington White Horse. 21.   Attest - (verb) provide evidence or proof of something; bear witness.Example: The depictions of the Uffington White Horse on ancient jewelry and objects attest to its significance during the Bronze and Iron Ages. 22.   Imported - (verb) brought in from a foreign country or source.Example: The cult of Epona, associated with the horse goddess, was imported from Gaul (France) in the first century CE. 23.   Tribal - (adjective) relating to or characteristic of a tribe or tribes.Example: The Uffington White Horse may have been a tribal emblem representing the people living in the hillfort. 24.   Melts - (verb) blends or merges harmoniously into something else.Example: The Uffington White Horse almost melts into the landscape, appearing seamlessly integrated with its surroundings. 25.   Goddess - (noun) a female deity or divine being, often associated with specific qualities or powers.Example: The Uffington White Horse has been connected to the worship of horse goddesses like Epona or Rhiannon. 26.   Depictions - (noun) representations or portrayals of something.Example: The Uffington White Horse had depictions on ancient jewelry and metal objects. 27.   Ritual - (noun) a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed in a specific order.Example: The carving of the Uffington White Horse may have been carried out during a Bronze or Iron Age ritual. 28.   Native - (adjective) belonging to or associated with a particular place or region by birth or origin.Example: The Uffington White Horse carving may represent a goddess in native mythology. 29.   Mythology - (noun) a collection of myths, stories, or legends that explain the beliefs or customs of a particular culture or group.Example: Rhiannon is a figure described in later Welsh mythology as a woman riding a white horse. 30.   Gesture - (noun) a movement, action, or expression that conveys an idea or intention.Example: Geoglyphs were temporary gestures created by removing grass to reveal the chalk outlines. 31.   Creators - (noun) individuals or beings who bring something into existence.Example: The giant carvings offer insight into the minds of their creators and their perception of the landscape. 32.   Maintain - (verb) preserve, keep in good condition, or sustain.Example: People would regularly clean or scour the hill figures to maintain the visibility of the chalk outlines. 33.   Continuity - (noun) the state of remaining consistent, uninterrupted, or connected over time.Example: The survival of ancient hill figures in England today demonstrates the continuity of local customs and beliefs. 34.   Beliefs - (noun) ideas or convictions that individuals or communities hold to be true or valid.Example: The longevity of hill figures reflects the strength and importance of local customs and beliefs. 35.   Enigmatic - (adjective) mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand.Example: The Long Man of Wilmington in Sussex remains enigmatic, with different theories about its origin and age. 36.   Pre-Roman - (adjective) referring to a period or time before the Roman Empire or Roman influence.Example: The Uffington White Horse has been shown to be even older than its previously assigned ancient pre-Roman Iron Age date. 37.   Controversial - (adjective) causing disagreement or discussion; debatable.Example: The date of the Long Man of Wilmington remains controversial, with differing opinions among historians. 38.   Monk - (noun) a member of a religious community, typically living in a monastery, dedicated to prayer and contemplation.Example: Some believe that the Long Man of Wilmington was the work of an artistic monk from a nearby priory. 39.   Revealed - (verb) made visible or known; disclosed or uncovered.Example: The method of cutting the hill figures involved removing the grass to reveal the chalk underneath. 40.   Gleaming - (adjective) shining brightly; radiant.Example: The geoglyphs were created by removing the grass to expose the gleaming white chalk. 41.   Scoured - (verb) cleaned or scrubbed by rubbing forcefully.Example: The hill figures needed to be regularly scoured to prevent the grass from growing back over them. 42.   Associations - (noun) connections or relationships with something else; links.Example: The Uffington White Horse has associations with the nearby hillfort and Bronze Age burial mounds. 43.   Emblem - (noun) a symbol or sign that represents or identifies a particular group, organization, or concept.Example: The Uffington White Horse may have served as a tribal emblem for the inhabitants of the hillfort. 44.   Ritual - (adjective) relating to a religious or solemn ceremony with a set order of actions.Example: The carving of the Uffington White Horse might have been part of a ritual performed during ancient times. 45.   Significance - (noun) importance, meaning, or relevance.Example: The Uffington White Horse held ritual and economic significance during the Bronze and Iron Ages. 46.   Jewelry - (noun) decorative items worn as personal adornment, typically made of precious metals and gemstones.Example: The Uffington White Horse was depicted on ancient jewelry and metal objects from the past. Passge -2 I contain multitudes 1.       Ubiquitous - (adjective) present or found everywhere.Example: Microbes are ubiquitous and can be found in various environments, from soil to water to the human body. 2.       Peril - (noun) serious and immediate danger.Example: Yong warns that we mess with microbes at our peril, as they play a crucial role in our ecosystem and health. 3.       Microbiome - (noun) the community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) that inhabit a particular environment or organism.Example: Each individual, including humans, has their own unique microbiome consisting of various microbes. 4.       Holobiont - (noun) a unit consisting of a host organism and its associated microbial communities.Example: Some scientists propose that each species and its microbes should be considered a single holobiont. 5.       Context - (noun) the circumstances or setting in which something occurs, and that can influence its meaning or interpretation.Example: Microbes that are harmless in one context may become harmful if they enter the bloodstream. 6.       Galaxy - (noun) a system of millions or billions of stars, along with gas, dust, and other celestial objects, held together by gravitational attraction.Example: The human gut contains more microbes than there are stars in the galaxy, highlighting their abundance. 7.       Swallow - (verb) to take into the stomach through the throat; ingest.Example: With every meal, we unintentionally swallow a large number of microbes present in the food we consume. 8.       Enthralling - (adjective) captivating or fascinating; holding one's attention completely.Example: Yong's writing style is enthralling, making complex science accessible and engaging. 9.       Microscope - (noun) an optical instrument used for magnifying objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.Example: Antony van Leeuwenhoek, using his own-designed microscopes, was the first to observe microbes in the 1670s. 10.   Potent - (adjective) having great power, influence, or effect.Example: Microbes, despite their small size, can have potent effects on the environment and living organisms. 11.   Allergies - (noun) a damaging immune response by the body to a substance to which it has become hypersensitive.Example: Disruptions in the bacterial balance due to hygiene practices and diets may contribute to the rising rates of allergies. 12.   Unraveling - (verb) discovering, understanding, or explaining something complex or mysterious.Example: Ongoing research is unraveling the many ways in which bacteria contribute to various bodily functions and overall well-being. 13.   Destructive - (adjective) causing harm, damage, or destruction.Example: Disruptions in the bacterial balance caused by certain lifestyle factors can have destructive effects on health. 14.   Distaste - (noun) a feeling of dislike or aversion.Example: Some investigations in the microbial world may evoke distaste due to their unglamorous nature. 15. 16.   Symbiotic - (adjective) involving a mutually beneficial relationship between different organisms.Example: The relationship between humans and certain bacteria in their gut is symbiotic, benefiting both parties. 17.   Low-fiber - (adjective) referring to a diet that lacks an adequate amount of dietary fiber.Example: Unhealthy, low-fiber diets can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the gut and contribute to health problems. 18.   Unveiling - (noun) the act of revealing or making something known or visible.Example: Ongoing research is unveiling the intricate connections between the microbiome and various aspects of human health. 19.   Antibacterial - (adjective) having the ability to destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria.Example: Overuse of antibacterial products may disrupt the natural microbial balance and have unintended consequences. 20.   Predators - (noun) animals that hunt, kill, and feed on other animals.Example: Some organisms have evolved protective relationships with bacteria to ward off predators. 21.   Neonatal - (adjective) relating to newborn infants, especially during the first few weeks after birth.Example: A neonatal hospital ward coated with beneficial microbes may provide a healthier environment for newborns. 22.   Cocktail - (noun) a mixture of different substances or ingredients.Example: The walls of future buildings could be constructed with a specially mixed cocktail of microbes to combat infections. 23.   Epidemic - (noun) a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.Example: The use of bacteria-loaded mosquitoes to combat dengue fever is an attempt to control the epidemic. 24.   Fungus - (noun) a type of organism that includes mushrooms, yeasts, and molds, often associated with decomposition and disease.Example: A fungal infection is causing the decline of frog populations, and a rare microbial bacterium may provide a solution. 25.   Nurture - (verb) to care for, protect, and encourage the growth or development of something.Example: Some products, like yoghurts and drinks, claim to nurture the growth of "friendly" bacteria in the body. 26.   Disrupting - (verb) causing interruption or disturbance to a process or balance. Example: The overuse of antibiotics can disrupt the natural balance of microbes in the gut. 27.   Allergies - (noun) a condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to certain substances, resulting in symptoms such as sneezing, itching, or difficulty breathing. Example: The disruption of the bacterial balance in the gut has been linked to the rising rates of allergies in recent years. 28.   Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - (noun) a group of chronic disorders characterized by inflammation of the digestive tract, including conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Example: The alteration of the microbiome has been implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. 29.   Dengue fever - (noun) a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, causing high fever, severe headache, and joint pain. Example: Scientists are exploring ways to use bacteria to prevent the spread of dengue fever by infected mosquitoes. 30.   Microscope - (noun) an optical instrument used for magnifying small objects or organisms that are not visible to the naked eye. Example: Antony van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to discover the existence of microorganisms in the 17th century. 31.   Germ theory - (noun) the concept that certain diseases are caused by the presence and growth of specific microorganisms. Example: Louis Pasteur's germ theory revolutionized our understanding of infectious diseases. 32.   Hygiene - (noun) conditions or practices that promote cleanliness and prevent the spread of disease. Example: Excessive focus on hygiene and the overuse of antibacterial products may disrupt the natural microbial balance. 33.   Enthusiasm - (noun) intense excitement or eagerness about something. Example: Ed Yong's enthusiasm for the microbial world is evident throughout his book. 34.   Unraveling - (verb) discovering or figuring out the complexities or secrets of something. Example: Ongoing research is unraveling the intricate interactions between the microbiome and human health. 35.   Case studies - (noun) detailed investigations or analyses of individual cases or examples. Example: The book presents various case studies that highlight the role of microbes in different ecosystems and organisms. 36.   Teeming - (adjective) abundantly filled or swarming with something. Example: The drop of water from the lake was teeming with microorganisms. 37.   Context - (noun) the circumstances or setting in which something exists or occurs, and that can affect its meaning or interpretation. Example: Microbes that are harmless in their natural context can become pathogenic in certain environments. 38.   Symbiotic - (adjective) involving a close and mutually beneficial relationship between different organisms. Example: The relationship between humans and their gut microbes is symbiotic, with both parties benefiting from the association. 39.   Obesity - (noun) a medical condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat. Example: Recent research suggests that certain types of gut bacteria may influence an individual's susceptibility to obesity. 40.   Norms - (noun) accepted or expected standards or patterns of behavior. Example: New research challenges the established norms regarding the role and importance of certain bacteria in our environment. 41.   Unappealing - (adjective) not attractive or pleasant. Example: Some of the case studies discussed in the book may be unappealing due to the nature of the microbial investigations. 42.   Enthusiasm - (noun) intense excitement or interest in something. Example: Ed Yong's enthusiasm for the microbial world shines through his writing. 43.   Manipulate - (verb) to handle or control in a skillful manner, often for a specific purpose. Example: Scientists can manipulate microbial communities to study their effects on human health. 44.   Cocktail - (noun) a mixture or combination of different elements or ingredients. Example: A specially formulated cocktail of microbes could be used to enhance the health of newborns in a neonatal hospital ward. Passage -3 How to make wise decisions 1.        Revered - (adjective) highly respected and admired. Example: Wisdom has long been revered as a valuable human quality in many cultures. 2.      Empirical - (adjective) based on observation, experience, or data. Example: The research on wisdom is based on empirical studies that examine real-world situations. 3.      Trait - (noun) a characteristic or quality that distinguishes a person. Example: Wisdom is not simply a trait possessed by a select few individuals, but can be influenced by various factors. 4.      Experiential - (adjective) relating to or derived from experience. Example: Experiential factors play a significant role in shaping an individual's ability to reason wisely. 5.      Situational - (adjective) relating to or determined by the circumstances or context. Example: Wisdom can vary depending on the situational factors and the specific context in which decisions are made. 6.      Cumulatively - (adverb) by accumulating or adding together over time. Example: The cumulative findings from various psychological fields provide insights into the understanding of wisdom. 7.      Unfolds - (verb) develops or reveals gradually over time. Example: Wisdom is not a fixed quality but unfolds in response to the situations people find themselves in. 8.      Framework - (noun) a basic structure or conceptual framework used for understanding or organizing information. Example: Grossmann and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of their framework for wise reasoning. 9.      Humility - (noun) a modest or low view of one's importance or abilities. Example: Intellectual humility, recognizing the limits of our own knowledge, is an essential aspect of wise reasoning. 10.   Compromise - (noun) an agreement or settlement reached through mutual concession. Example: Wise reasoning involves the willingness to consider different attitudes and beliefs and find a compromise. 11.      Perspectives - (noun) a particular way of regarding or understanding something; a point of view. Example: Wise reasoning involves appreciating perspectives wider than the immediate issue at hand. 12.    Sensitivity - (noun) the ability to be aware of and understand the feelings and needs of others. Example: Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is an important characteristic of wise reasoning. 13.    Impartiality - (noun) the quality of being fair and unbiased; treating all sides or parties equally. Example: Wise reasoning involves considering moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. 14.   Egocentric - (adjective) centered or focused on oneself; self-centered. Example: Couples who adopted an egocentric perspective during a conflict discussion showed less wise reasoning. 15.   Decentering - (noun) the act of shifting focus away from oneself and considering other perspectives. Example: Ego-decentering allows for a broader view of the experience and facilitates wise reasoning. 16.   Crystallized - (adjective) referring to acquired knowledge or skills that are based on experience and learning. Example: There is a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence. 17.    Openness - (noun) a personality trait characterized by a willingness to experience new things, be receptive to new ideas, and be open-minded. Example: Wise reasoning is associated with the personality trait of openness to new perspectives. 18.   Agreeableness - (noun) a personality trait characterized by being friendly, cooperative, and compassionate. Example: Wise reasoning is also positively correlated with the personality trait of agreeableness. 19.   Retaliate - (verb) to respond to an attack or harm by inflicting a similar action in return. Example: Understanding how wise judgment relates to a person's likelihood to retaliate is important in studying wisdom. 20. Generalized - (adjective) not specific or limited to a particular context; applying broadly. Example: Knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative than assessing their generalized wisdom. 21.    Cumulatively - (adverb) in a way that accumulates or adds up over time; collectively. Example: Recent empirical findings from various fields of psychology cumulatively suggest that contextual factors shape wisdom. 22.  Unresolved - (adjective) not resolved or settled; lacking a final decision or solution. Example: Couples in long-term relationships were asked to visualize an unresolved conflict for the study. 23.  Affective - (adjective) relating to emotions, moods, or feelings. Example: Understanding wise judgment in different situations provides insights into its social and affective outcomes. 24. Likelihood - (noun) the probability or chance of something happening or being true. Example: Assessing how wisely a person behaves can inform their likelihood to forgive or retaliate. 25. Traits - (noun) distinguishing qualities or characteristics of a person; personal attributes. Example: The contextual effects on wise judgment are stronger in understanding social and affective outcomes compared to generalized traits. 26. Enhanced - (adjective) improved or increased in quality, value, or effectiveness. Example: Understanding contextual factors can offer insights into how wisdom can be enhanced and taught. 27.  Revered - (adjective) regarded with deep respect, admiration, or awe. Example: Wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities across cultures. 28. Framework - (noun) a basic structure or set of principles used as a guide for understanding or organizing something. Example: Grossmann and his colleagues developed a framework of wise reasoning based on four key characteristics. 29. Negotiating - (verb) engaging in discussions or bargaining to reach an agreement or compromise. Example: Negotiating a contract at work can be a situation that requires wise reasoning. 30. Empirical - (adjective) based on or derived from observation, experience, or data. Example: Recent empirical research has shed light on the factors influencing wise reasoning. 31.    Experiential - (adjective) relating to or based on experience or observation. Example: Experiential factors play a significant role in shaping an individual's ability to reason wisely. 32.  Compromise - (noun/verb) an agreement or settlement in which each side gives up some demands or makes concessions. Example: Wise reasoning involves the ability to find compromise or integrate different attitudes and beliefs. 33.  Unfolds - (verb) develops or reveals gradually over time. Example: Wisdom is not solely an "inner quality" but unfolds as a function of the situational context. 34. Egocentric - (adjective) focused or centered on oneself; self-centered. Example: Couples in the egocentric condition were less likely to rely on wise reasoning during the discussion. 35. Intellectual humility - (noun) the recognition of the limits of one's own knowledge and the willingness to accept and learn from others. Example: Intellectual humility is one of the key characteristics of wise reasoning. 36. Visualization - (noun) the act of forming mental images or representations. Example: Participants were instructed to visualize an unresolved conflict from a third-party perspective. 37.  Generalized - (adjective) applied or applicable to a wide range of situations, not specific to one instance. Example: Knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative than knowing their wisdom "in general." 38. Recognition - (noun) the act of acknowledging or identifying someone or something as known or previously encountered. Example: Wise reasoning involves the recognition of change and the limits of one's own knowledge. 39. Contextual - (adjective) relating to or depending on the context or circumstances. Example: Wisdom is shaped by various contextual factors, such as experience and situational context. 40. Crystallized intelligence - (noun) the accumulated knowledge, skills, and expertise acquired through learning and experience. Example: Wise thinking shows only a small positive relationship with crystallized intelligence. 41.   Affective - (adjective) relating to emotions or moods. Example: Contextual effects are more informative for understanding the relationship between wise judgment and its affective outcomes. 42. Outcomes - (noun) the results or consequences of an action or event. Example: Understanding wise judgment in different situations helps predict the social and affective outcomes. 43. Retaliate - (verb) to take revenge or respond to an attack or harm in kind. Example: Knowing how wisely a person behaves can help predict their likelihood to forgive or retaliate. 44. Conceptual - (adjective) relating to or based on concepts or abstract ideas. Example: Ego-decentering enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience. 45. Informative - (adjective) providing useful or valuable information. Example: Knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is informative for understanding their emotions. 46. Traits - (noun) distinguishing qualities or characteristics of a person. Example: Contextual effects are stronger in understanding wise judgment than generalized personality traits. 47.  Likelihood - (noun) the probability or chance of something happening. Example: Understanding wise judgment can help predict the likelihood of forgiving or retaliating. 48. Concessions - (noun) something granted or yielded in response to a demand or request. Example: Wise reasoning involves making concessions and finding middle ground in a disagreement. 49. Wider - (adjective) more extensive or comprehensive in scope or range. Example: Wise reasoning involves appreciating perspectives wider than the issue at hand. 50. Enhanced - (adjective) improved or increased in quality, value, or effectiveness. Example: Understanding the contextual factors can provide insights into how wisdom can be enhanced and taught. Test-3 Roman shipbuilding and navigation 1.       Shipbuilding: The process of constructing ships. Example: Shipbuilding today relies on advanced technology and sophisticated tools. 2.       Science: The systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. Example: Shipbuilding today is based on science and uses computer models. 3.       Computers: Electronic devices that can store, retrieve, and process data. Example: Ships are now designed using powerful computers. 4.       Sophisticated: Complex, advanced, or highly developed. Example: Modern shipbuilding tools are highly sophisticated and precise. 5.       Art: A skill or craftsmanship that involves creativity and imagination. Example: Ancient Roman shipbuilding was considered more of an art than a science. 6.       Estimation: An approximate calculation or educated guess. Example: The ancient Romans relied on estimation when building ships. 7.       Inherited: Received or passed down from previous generations. Example: The ancient Romans used inherited shipbuilding techniques from conquered civilizations. 8.       Techniques: Methods or procedures used to accomplish a specific task. Example: Ancient shipbuilding relied on techniques passed down through generations. 9.       Experience: Knowledge or skills acquired through practical involvement in a particular activity. Example: The ancient Romans relied on personal experience to build ships. 10.   Traditionally: According to customs or practices followed over a long period of time. Example: The ancient Romans were not traditionally seafaring people. 11.   Sailors: Individuals who navigate and operate ships or boats. Example: The ancient Romans were mostly land-based people and not traditionally sailors. 12.   Conquered: Defeated and taken control of by force. Example: The Romans learned shipbuilding from the people they conquered. 13.   Greeks: People from ancient Greece, known for their advancements in various fields. Example: The ancient Romans learned shipbuilding techniques from the Greeks. 14.   Egyptians: People from ancient Egypt, known for their civilization and expertise in various fields. Example: The ancient Romans also learned shipbuilding techniques from the Egyptians. 15.   Surviving: Existing or remaining in existence. Example: There are a few surviving written documents about ancient Roman ships. 16.   Descriptions: Detailed explanations or accounts of something. Example: The written documents provide descriptions of ancient Roman ships. 17.   Representations: Visual or graphic depictions. Example: The documents contain representations of ancient Roman ships' sails and rigging. 18.   Excavated: Unearthed or dug up from the ground. Example: Excavated vessels have provided clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. 19.   Clues: Pieces of evidence or information that help solve a problem or mystery. Example: The clues from excavated vessels shed light on ancient shipbuilding methods. 20.   Outer: Located on the outside or external part. Example: Ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first. 21.   Frame: The structural skeleton or framework of a ship. Example: After the outer hull, the shipbuilders proceeded with constructing the frame. 22.   Planks: Long, flat pieces of wood used in ship construction. Example: Planks were sewn together to build the outer hull of ancient Roman ships. 23.   Sewn: Joined or connected 24.   Method: A systematic or organized way of doing something. Example: Shipbuilders used a method called mortise and tenon to fix the planks together. 25.   Mortise and tenon: A method of joining pieces of wood without stitching, where one plank locks into another. Example: The shipbuilders used mortise and tenon to securely fix the planks of the ship. 26.   Systematic: Following a specific plan or method in a thorough and organized manner. Example: The new shipbuilding method was more systematic and efficient. 27.   Construction: The act or process of building or assembling something. Example: The new shipbuilding method dramatically shortened ship construction times. 28.   Merchant ships: Ships used for transporting goods or cargo. Example: Ancient Roman shipbuilders built large merchant ships for trade. 29.   Unequalled: Not surpassed or exceeded by anyone or anything. Example: The size and technology of Roman warships were unequalled until the 16th century. 30.   Warships: Ships designed and used for warfare. Example: Roman warships were built to be lightweight and fast. 31.   Ballast: Heavy material used to stabilize a ship. Example: Unlike merchant ships, warships had no ballast or excess load. 32.   Narrow: Not wide, limited in width. Example: Warships had a narrow hull to enhance their speed. 33.   Crippled: Severely damaged or disabled. Example: After naval battles, warships would often lie crippled on the sea's surface. 34.   Battering ram: A large, heavy object used to crash into or break through barriers. Example: Warships were equipped with a battering ram to damage enemy vessels. 35.   Pierce: To penetrate or go through something. Example: The battering ram was used to pierce the timber hulls of enemy ships. 36.   Oars: Long poles used for rowing a boat or ship. Example: Warships used human power, with rowers operating the oars. 37.   Fast: Quick, able to move at high speeds. Example: Roman warships were very fast and could swiftly maneuver. 38.   Navy: A fleet of ships used for military purposes. Example: Rome's navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean. 39.   Mare Nostrum: Latin for "our sea," referring to the Mediterranean Sea. Example: The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum as they gained control over it. 40.   Trireme: A type of ancient warship with three levels of rowers. Example: The trireme was the dominant warship from the 7th to the 4th century BCE. 41.   Uncomfortable: Not providing comfort, causing discomfort or unease. Example: The rowers at the bottom of the trireme had the most uncomfortable position. 42.   Slaves: People who are owned by others and forced to work without freedom. Example: Contrary to popular perception, rowers in ancient Roman warships were not slaves. 43.   Enrolled: Officially registered or entered into a program or organization. Example: Most rowers in ancient Roman warships were enrolled Roman citizens. 44.   Superseded: Replaced or surpassed by something newer or better. Example: The trireme was superseded by larger ships with more rowers. 45.   Merchant ships: Ships used for transporting goods or cargo. Example: Merchant ships were designed to carry a large amount of cargo over long distances. 46.   Cargo: Goods or products being transported by a ship. Example: Merchant ships carried various types of cargo, including raw materials and agricultural products. 47.   Stability: The state of being steady or firmly fixed in place. Example: Merchant ships had a solid interior for added stability during voyages. 48.   Rudders: Flat, movable plates used to steer a ship. Example: Merchant ships had two large side rudders for steering. 49.   Quay: A structure built along the shore to facilitate the loading and unloading of ships. Example: Towboats would drag the merchant ships to the quay upon arrival at the destination port. 50.   Landmarks: Prominent or easily recognizable features used for navigation. Example: Roman mariners used landmarks to navigate when they had good visibility. 51.   Navigation: The process of planning and controlling the movement of a ship or boat. Example: Navigation in ancient Rome relied on landmarks and natural phenomena. 52.   Compasses: Navigational instruments used to determine direction. Example: Unlike modern navigation, ancient Roman mariners did not have sophisticated compasses. 53.   Observation: The act of closely watching or monitoring something. Example: Ancient Roman mariners relied on careful observation of natural phenomena for navigation. 54.   Visibility: The degree to which objects or landmarks can be seen. Example: Good visibility made navigation easier for ancient Roman seamen. 55.   Swell: The rolling or heaving movement of the sea. Example: Ancient mariners estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. 56.   Vessels: General term for ships or boats. Example: Excavated vessels have provided valuable insights into ancient shipbuilding techniques. 57.   Roman Empire: The vast territories and dominions ruled by ancient Rome. Example: The Roman Empire was a powerful force in the ancient world. 58.   Empire: A group of territories or nations under a single authority or ruler. Example: The Roman Empire encompassed a vast expanse of land and sea. 59.   Trade: The buying and selling of goods or services. Example: Merchant ships played a crucial role in facilitating international trade. 60.   Crossing: Traveling across a body of water. Example: Large vessels regularly made crossings across the seas during ancient Roman times. Passage -2 Climate change reveals ancient artefacts in Norway’s glaciers 1.       Artefacts: Objects made by humans, typically of cultural or historical significance. Example: The melting ice in Norway's glaciers is revealing ancient artefacts such as arrows and skis. 2.       Preserved: Kept intact or protected from decay or destruction. Example: The extreme cold of the ice acted as a natural freezer, preserving the artefacts for thousands of years. 3.       Insights: New or deep understandings or perspectives. Example: The discovered artefacts have provided archaeologists with surprising insights into ancient Norwegian lifestyles. 4.       Microorganisms: Tiny organisms, often invisible to the naked eye. Example: Organic materials at archaeological sites are vulnerable to decay caused by microorganisms. 5.       Relatively: To a certain extent or compared to something else. Example: Extreme cold can relatively preserve organic materials for a few thousand years. 6.       Degradation: The process of breaking down or deteriorating. Example: Once thawed, organic materials experience degradation at a relatively swift pace. 7.       Covered: Hidden or protected by something. Example: An arrow might be exposed briefly and then covered again by the next snowfall. 8.       Unpredictability: Lack of predictability or the ability to foresee something. Example: The unpredictability of weather patterns poses challenges for glacial archaeologists. 9.       Systematic: Done or acting according to a fixed plan or system. Example: Glacial archaeologists need to be systematic in their approach to finding and studying newly revealed artefacts. 10.   Surveyed: Examined or investigated an area or group of things. Example: The team of archaeologists surveyed patches of ice in Oppland, Norway. 11.   Concentrated: Gathered or gathered together in a specific location. Example: Reindeer once congregated on the icy patches in Oppland during the summer months. 12.   Congregated: Gathered or gathered together in a group. Example: Reindeer once congregated on the icy patches in Oppland during the summer months. 13.   Traversing: Traveling across or through something. Example: Hunters used the items found to aid in traversing the high mountain passes. 14.   All-purpose: Suitable or useful for a wide range of purposes. Example: Hunters carried all-purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack. 15.   Radiocarbon-dated: Determined the age of something using radiocarbon dating. Example: The team radiocarbon-dated 153 of the artefacts to determine their age. 16.   Environmental changes: Shifts or alterations in the natural surroundings or ecosystem. Example: The timing of major environmental changes in the region was compared to the dates of the artefacts. 17.   Economic shifts: Changes or transformations in the economy or economic conditions. Example: The team examined how major economic shifts aligned with the timing of the artefacts. 18.   Daunting: Intimidating or challenging. Example: Oppland's mountains present daunting terrain for archaeological exploration. 19.   Assumed: Accepted something as true without proof or verification. Example: Archaeologists assumed that people would stick to lower elevations during extreme cold periods. 20.   Supplement: Add to or enhance something to make it complete or sufficient. Example: Hunting may have increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests during times of low temperatures. 21.   Widespread: Happening or existing over a large area or among many people. Example: A colder turn in the climate would likely have led to widespread crop failures. 22.   Booming: Experiencing rapid growth or success. Example: The demand for hides and antlers was booming due to growing Norwegian towns and export markets. 23.   Retreating: Moving back or withdrawing. Example: As the ice retreats, archaeologists may extract more artefacts from the mountains in the future. 24.   Remote: Far away or located in a distant area. Example: Norway's ice patches in remote mountain areas are likely hiding a lot of history. 25.   Disintegrated: Broke apart or crumbled into small pieces. Example: Many artefacts from a certain period may have already disintegrated or remain frozen in the ice. 26.   Race the clock: Act quickly to accomplish something before time runs out. Example: Glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find and preserve newly revealed artefacts. 27.   Environmental history: The study of past environments and their changes over time. Example: By studying the artefacts, archaeologists can uncover unique environmental history. 28.   Terrain: The physical features of an area or land. Example: Oppland's mountains present challenging terrain for archaeological exploration. 29.   Arctic: Relating to or characteristic of the regions around the North Pole. Example: The melting ice in the Arctic region is revealing ancient artefacts. 30.   BCE: An abbreviation for "Before Common Era," referring to years before the birth of Christ. Example: The artefacts discovered date back to the period from 4,000 BCE to the 14th century. 31.   Renaissance: A period of renewed interest and growth in arts, sciences, and culture. Example: The artefacts found spanned from the late Stone Age to the beginnings of the Renaissance. 32.   Venturing: Exploring or going on a journey, especially into unknown or risky territory. Example: Hunters kept venturing into the mountains despite extreme cold periods. 33.   Gap: A space or period where something is missing or lacking. Example: The researchers noticed a gap in the artefacts from a specific time period. 34.   Prehistory: The time before written records or documented history. Example: Norway's remote ice patches may hold valuable artefacts from both history and prehistory. 35.   Archaeological exploration: The process of investigating and studying ancient remains and artefacts. Example: The team engaged in archaeological exploration to uncover and analyze the artefacts. 36.   Material record: A collection of physical evidence or objects that provide insights into the past. Example: The discovered artefacts formed a valuable material record spanning several centuries. 37.   Demand: The desire or need for a particular item or service. Example: Growing Norwegian towns and export markets created a booming demand for hides. 38.   Terrain: The physical features of an area or land. Example: Oppland's mountains present challenging terrain for archaeological exploration. 39.   Retreating: Moving back or withdrawing. Example: As the ice retreats, archaeologists may extract more artefacts from the mountains in the future. 40.   Remote: Far away or located in a distant area. Example: Norway's ice patches in remote mountain areas are likely hiding a lot of history. 41.   Uncovered: Revealed or exposed. Example: The melting ice has uncovered ancient artefacts that were previously hidden. 42.   Camping: Staying outdoors in a tent or temporary shelter. Example: The archaeologists often had to go camping on permafrost during their fieldwork. 43.   Natural environment: The surrounding or existing conditions of the natural world. Example: Glacial archaeologists connect with the natural environment while studying the melting ice. 44.   Concentrated: Gathered or brought together in a specific area. Example: Reindeer once concentrated on the icy patches in Oppland during the summer months. 45.   Harvests: The gathering or collection of crops or other resources. Example: Hunters may have increased their activity during times of low agricultural harvests. 46.   Expansion: The act or process of becoming larger or more extensive. Example: The discoveries indicate the expansion of trade networks during the Viking Age. 47.   Overland routes: Paths or passages over land, as opposed to by sea or air. Example: Goods were transported through overland routes like the mountain passes of Oppland. 48.   Combs: Objects used for grooming or styling hair. Example: Antlers were used to make practical items like combs during the Viking Age. 49.   History: The study or record of past events, particularly in human affairs. Example: Glacial archaeologists are uncovering a hidden history through their findings. 50.   Extracting: Removing or taking out something. Example: As the ice retreats, archaeologists can start extracting artefacts from previously frozen areas. 51.   Archaeological finds: Discoveries or objects of historical or cultural significance. Example: Artefacts from the 3,800 to 2,200 BCE period are rare archaeological finds in Norway. 52.   Frozen: Preserved or locked in ice or a frozen state. Example: Some artefacts may still be frozen in the ice, waiting to be discovered. 53.   Challenges: Difficulties or obstacles that require effort to overcome. Example: Glacial archaeologists face challenges due to the unpredictability of weather conditions. 54.   Permafrost: Permanently frozen ground or soil. Example: The archaeologists often had to camp on permafrost during their fieldwork. 55.   Environmental shifts: Changes or transitions in the natural environment. Example: The team analyzed how major environmental shifts correlated with the timing of artefacts. 56.   Alignment: A state of agreement or harmony. Example: The team observed the alignment between major economic shifts and the artefacts discovered. 57.   Colder turn: A shift or transition towards colder temperatures. Example: A colder turn in the climate would have had significant impacts on agriculture. 58.   Unique: One of a kind or distinctive. Example: The melting ice provides a unique opportunity to uncover ancient artefacts. 59.   Alignment: A state of agreement or harmony. Example: The team observed the alignment between major economic shifts and the artefacts discovered. 60.   Retreating ice: The shrinking or melting of ice formations. Example: The retreating ice in Norway's glaciers is revealing hidden artefacts. Passage -3 Plant ‘thermometer’ triggers springtime growth by measuring night-time heat 41.   Thermometer molecule: A molecule in plants that functions as a temperature gauge. Example: The discovery of the thermometer molecule in plants sheds light on their response to temperature changes. 42.   Phytochromes: Molecules used by plants to detect light during the day. Example: Phytochromes change their function in darkness to become temperature gauges. 43.   Genetic switches: Mechanisms that control the activation or deactivation of genes. Example: Phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature and light. 44.   Pace: Speed or rate of change. Example: The pace at which phytochromes change is directly proportional to temperature. 45.   Stimulating: Triggering or promoting. Example: The molecular change of phytochromes at warmer temperatures stimulates plant growth. 46.   Responsive: Reacting or sensitive to something. Example: Plants are highly responsive to temperature changes, which affects their development. 47.   Pinpoints: Identifies or locates precisely. Example: The research pinpoints the molecular mechanism in plants that responds to temperature. 48.   Mechanism: A system or process. Example: The newly discovered mechanism in plants reacts to temperature, influencing their growth. 49.   Predict: Forecast or anticipate. Example: Farmers have long used plant responses to temperature to predict weather and harvest times. 50.   Breeding: Selective reproduction to produce desired traits. Example: Understanding the molecular mechanisms can help breed crops resilient to climate change. 51.   Thermal stress: Pressure or strain caused by high temperatures. Example: Crops are sensitive to thermal stress, which reduces their yields in high temperatures. 52.   Resilient: Able to withstand or recover from challenges. Example: The discovery can accelerate the breeding of resilient crops against thermal stress. 53.   Active state: The condition of being engaged or functioning. Example: In their active state, phytochrome molecules restrict plant growth. 54.   Inactivated: Rendered inactive or deactivated. Example: Phytochromes are inactivated when plants are in shade, allowing faster growth. 55.   Compete: Strive or vie for superiority. Example: Plants compete to escape each other's shade by growing faster. 56.   Reversion: The act of returning to a previous state. Example: During the night, phytochromes undergo reversion from their active to inactive state. 57.   Growth-suppressing: Inhibiting or restraining growth. Example: Phytochromes spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state at lower temperatures. 58.   Expressed: Activated or manifested. Example: In the inactive state, genes can be expressed and plant growth can resume. 59.   Dual role: Having two functions or purposes. Example: The discovery of the dual role of phytochromes explains plant development based on temperature and light. 60.   Seasonal timing: The determination of the appropriate timing for seasonal events. Example: Some plants use temperature or day length to determine their seasonal timing. 61.   Model system: A simplified or representative system used for research or experimentation. Example: The mustard plant Arabidopsis was used as a model system to study the role of phytochromes in temperature sensing. 62.   Crop plants: Plants cultivated for agricultural purposes. Example: The phytochrome genes responsible for temperature sensing are also found in crop plants. 63.   Advances: Progress or developments in a particular field. Example: Recent advances in plant genetics have allowed scientists to identify and manipulate genes in crop plants. 64.   Precise: Exact or accurate. Example: Scientists can use precise molecular tools to alter the activity of genes in plants. 65.   Collaborators: Individuals or groups who work together on a project. Example: The research involved collaborators from Germany, Argentina, the US, and the University of Cambridge. 66.   Applied aspects: Practical or real-world applications. Example: Cambridge's collaborators work on applied aspects of plant biology, aiding the transfer of knowledge into the field. 67.   Transfer: Move or apply something to a different context. Example: The collaborative effort aims to transfer the newfound knowledge into practical applications in agriculture. 68.   Outstanding: Exceptional or remarkable. Example: Cambridge is uniquely positioned for this research due to its outstanding nearby collaborators. 69.   Field: The practical or real-world application of a particular subject or study. Example: The research aims to translate knowledge from the laboratory into the agricultural field. 70.   Scalpels: Precise surgical instruments used for cutting. Example: Advances in plant genetics allow scientists to manipulate genes using precise molecular scalpels. 71.   Mustard plant: The Arabidopsis plant, commonly referred to as a mustard plant, is a small flowering plant used as a model organism in scientific research. Example: The researchers conducted their experiments on the mustard plant Arabidopsis to study the role of phytochromes in temperature sensing. 72.   Temperature sensing: The ability of organisms to detect and respond to changes in temperature. Example: The discovery of phytochromes as cellular temperature gauges sheds light on the mechanisms of temperature sensing in plants. 73.   Gene expression: The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein. Example: When phytochromes detach from the plant's DNA, genes are expressed, and gene expression resumes, leading to plant growth. 74.   Dual role: Having two distinct functions or responsibilities. Example: The discovery of the dual role of phytochromes as light sensors and temperature gauges provides valuable insights into plant development. 75.   Seasonal timing: The specific timing of events or processes that occur in relation to the seasons. Example: Different plant species have different mechanisms for determining their seasonal timing, with some relying more on temperature cues and others on day length. 76.   Oak before ash, we'll have a splash, ash before oak, we're in for a soak: A traditional rhyme used to predict the coming season based on the order of leafing between oak and ash trees. Example: The discovery of phytochromes as thermometers supports the accuracy of the rhyme "oak before ash, we'll have a splash, ash before oak, we're in for a soak" in predicting the seasonal outcome. 77.   Hot summer: A summer season characterized by high temperatures. Example: If oak trees leaf before ash trees, it indicates a higher likelihood of a hot summer according to the traditional rhyme. 78.   Rain-soaked: Experiencing a significant amount of rain. Example: If ash trees leaf before oak trees, it suggests a higher chance of a rain-soaked summer based on the traditional rhyme. 79.   Breeding: The process of producing offspring or creating new varieties or species through controlled reproduction. Example: Understanding the molecular mechanisms of temperature sensing in plants can aid in the breeding of crops that are resilient to climate change. 80.   Tougher crops: Crop plants with increased resilience to various environmental stresses and challenges. Example: The knowledge gained from the study of phytochromes as temperature gauges can contribute to the development of tougher crops capable of withstanding thermal stress. 81.   Thermal stress: The negative effects experienced by organisms when they are exposed to extreme temperatures or temperature fluctuations. Example: Thermal stress caused by high temperatures can significantly reduce crop yields and productivity. 82.   Climate change: Long-term shifts and alterations in weather patterns and atmospheric conditions, primarily attributed to human activities. Example: The discovery of phytochromes as internal thermometers in plants has implications for understanding and adapting to the effects of climate change on crop growth and agriculture. 83.   Genetic switches: Molecular mechanisms or regulatory elements that control the activation or inactivation of genes. Example: Phytochromes function as genetic switches, responding to temperature and light cues to regulate plant development. 84.   Buds of spring: The small, undeveloped growth points on plants that develop into leaves, flowers, or shoots during the spring season. Example: The molecular mechanism discovered in this study helps explain the activation of buds of spring in response to temperature changes. 85.   Model system: A simplified and well-studied organism or experimental setup used to investigate specific biological phenomena. Example: The researchers used the Arabidopsis plant as a model system to study the role of phytochromes in temperature sensing before applying the findings to crop plants. 86.   Internal thermometer: The mechanism or molecule within an organism that detects and measures internal or external temperatures. Example: Phytochromes function as an internal thermometer in plant cells, allowing them to respond to nighttime temperature changes. 87.   Crop plants: Plants cultivated and grown for agricultural purposes, including food, fiber, and other commercial products. Example: The identification of phytochromes involved in temperature sensing is applicable to various crop plants, providing opportunities for breeding more resilient and productive varieties. 88.   Plant genetics: The study of genetic traits, inheritance, and variation in plant species. Example: Recent advances in plant genetics have enabled scientists to identify and manipulate genes involved in temperature sensing and response. 89.   Precise molecular "scalpels": Advanced molecular tools or techniques that allow specific and precise modifications or alterations at the genetic level. Example: With the use of precise molecular "scalpels", researchers can modify the activity of temperature-sensing genes in crop plants to enhance their resilience. 90.   Field: The practical application or implementation of scientific knowledge or research in real-world settings. Example: Collaborations with experts in applied plant biology facilitate the transfer of new knowledge about temperature sensing from the lab to the field for practical applications in agriculture. Test-4 Passage -1   Roman tunnels Qanat method: A method of tunnel construction developed by the Persians and later adopted by the Romans for creating water-supply tunnels. It involves digging vertical shafts at regular intervals and connecting them underground to create a tunnel. Example: The Persians and Romans utilized the qanat method to construct tunnels that provided water for human settlements and agriculture. Shafts: Vertical openings or passages that are dug at regular intervals in tunnel construction. Example: The Roman qanat tunnels had shafts equipped with handholds and footholds for easy access. Plumb line: A weighted string or line used as a vertical reference to ensure that structures, such as shafts in tunnel construction, are perfectly vertical. Example: The Romans used plumb lines to ensure the verticality of the shafts and measure the depth and slope of the tunnels. Claudius tunnel: A 5.6-kilometer-long tunnel built by the Romans in 41 CE to drain the Fucine Lake in central Italy. Example: The Claudius tunnel required 11 years and approximately 30,000 workers to complete, with shafts reaching depths of up to 122 meters. Counter-excavation method: A tunnel construction method where the tunnel is simultaneously dug from both ends, typically used for cutting through high mountains. Example: The counter-excavation method was employed by the Romans when the qanat method was not feasible, requiring precise planning and coordination to ensure the tunnels met correctly at the center of the mountain. Saldae aqueduct system: A Roman aqueduct system in modern-day Algeria, which included a 428-meter tunnel built using the counter-excavation method. Example: The Saldae aqueduct system features an inscription on the side of one tunnel, describing how the two teams of builders missed each other initially and how a lateral link corrected the error. Mineral extraction: The process of extracting valuable minerals or ores from the earth. Example: Romans used tunnels for mineral extraction, following mineral veins and creating shafts and tunnels to access them. Dolaucothi mines: Ancient Roman gold mines located in Wales, where traces of tunnels used for mining can still be found today. Example: The Dolaucothi mines contain evidence of Roman tunneling for gold extraction. Fire quenching: A technique employed by the Romans to excavate through hard rock, involving heating the rock with fire and rapidly cooling it with water to induce cracking. Example: The Romans used fire quenching to aid in the excavation of tunnels through hard rock, accelerating the process by creating cracks. Construction marks: Inscriptions or markings left on tunnels by the Romans, often indicating the names of patrons who ordered the construction and sometimes the name of the architect. Example: Many Roman tunnels had construction marks that provided information about the construction timeline and the individuals involved. Rate of advance: The speed at which the construction of a tunnel progresses, measured in terms of distance covered per unit of time. Example: The rate of advance through solid rock in the Roman tunnel in Bologna was approximately 30 centimeters per day. Inscriptions: Writings or carvings found on the entrances or walls of Roman tunnels, often containing information about the construction, such as the names of patrons, dates, and sometimes the names of architects. Example: The entrance of the Cevlik tunnel in Turkey still displays inscriptions indicating the start and completion dates of the tunnel construction. Architect: A person responsible for designing and overseeing the construction of a tunnel. Example: The architect of a Roman tunnel played a crucial role in planning and ensuring the successful implementation of the construction project. Cevlik tunnel: A 1.4-kilometer tunnel built by the Romans in Turkey to divert floodwater threatening the harbor of the ancient city of Seleuceia Pieria. Example: The Cevlik tunnel served the purpose of protecting the harbor from floodwater and featured inscriptions providing details about its construction timeline. Excavation: The process of removing earth, rocks, or other materials to create a void or cavity, as done in tunnel construction. Example: The excavation process involved in Roman tunnel construction required skilled workers to remove the earth and rocks to create the desired tunnel shape. Surveying: The practice of measuring and mapping the land to determine the alignment and dimensions of a tunnel. Example: The Romans relied on accurate surveying to ensure the proper alignment and trajectory of their tunnels. Geometry: The branch of mathematics that deals with the properties and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids, often used in tunnel construction for calculations and measurements. Example: Advanced knowledge of geometry was necessary for Roman engineers to accurately plan the construction of tunnels and ensure their structural integrity. Geological problems: Challenges or obstacles encountered during tunnel construction due to the nature of the rocks or geological formations in the area. Example: Roman builders had to address various geological problems such as unexpected rock formations or unstable strata while excavating tunnels. Planning: The process of carefully organizing and arranging the steps, resources, and timelines required for tunnel construction. Example: Successful tunnel construction relied on thorough planning, taking into account factors such as construction methods, geological conditions, and available resources. Rock type: The classification of the rocks encountered during tunnel construction, which could vary in hardness, composition, and structural properties. Example: The rock type influenced the construction time and techniques used in Roman tunnel projects, with harder rocks requiring additional methods like fire quenching. Structural integrity: The ability of a tunnel to withstand external forces and maintain its stability over time. Example: The Romans paid close attention to ensure the structural integrity of their tunnels, employing various techniques and calculations to withstand potential collapses or damages. Fire quenching: A technique employed by the Romans to excavate tunnels through hard rock. It involved heating the rock with fire and then rapidly cooling it with cold water, causing it to crack and facilitate excavation. Example: The Romans used the fire quenching technique to break up hard rock during the construction of tunnels, accelerating the excavation process. Dolaucothi mines: Ancient gold mines located in Wales where Roman miners used tunnels to extract gold from mineral veins. Example: The Dolaucothi mines in Wales provide evidence of Roman tunnel construction specifically for mineral extraction purposes, particularly gold mining. Counter-excavation method: A tunnel construction method where tunnels are simultaneously excavated from both ends, commonly used for cutting through high mountains. Example: When the qanat method was not feasible, the Romans employed the counter-excavation method to construct tunnels, especially when dealing with challenging mountainous terrains. Tunnel mouths: The entrances or openings of tunnels where excavation work begins and ends. Example: The tunnel mouths served as access points for workers during the construction of Roman tunnels, and their locations were carefully determined based on the planned tunnel route. Plumb line: A weighted string or cord used to ensure vertical alignment during tunnel construction. Example: The Romans used a plumb line suspended from a rod placed across the top of each shaft to verify that the tunnels' shafts were vertical and properly aligned. Fucine Lake: A large lake in central Italy that was drained by the Romans through the construction of the 5.6-kilometer-long Claudius tunnel. Example: The Fucine Lake was successfully drained by the Romans using the Claudius tunnel, which involved the excavation of deep shafts and took 11 years to complete. Saldae aqueduct: An aqueduct system in modern-day Algeria that included a tunnel built by the Romans, featuring a lateral link between two corridors to correct an initial construction error. Example: The Saldae aqueduct system included a Roman tunnel that required a lateral link to rectify the missed connection between two teams of builders during construction. Qanat method: A tunnel construction method introduced by the Persians and later adopted by the Romans, involving the digging of vertical shafts at regular intervals to create a tunnel for water supply. Example: The qanat method was utilized by both the Persians and the Romans to construct tunnels that provided reliable water supply to settlements, ensuring water flow from hilltops to canals. Ventilation: The process of providing fresh air circulation within a tunnel to ensure a safe working environment. Example: The shafts used in the qanat method not only served as a means to remove excavated soil but also provided ventilation for workers during tunnel construction. Claudius tunnel: A 5.6-kilometer-long tunnel constructed by the Romans in 41 CE to drain the Fucine Lake in central Italy. Example: The Claudius tunnel was a significant engineering feat by the Romans, involving the excavation of deep shafts and employing thousands of workers over an extended period. Shafts: Vertical passages or openings dug at intervals in the tunnel construction process, serving as access points, ventilation conduits, and means to remove excavated materials. Example: The Roman qanat and counter-excavation methods involved the creation of shafts to facilitate construction and provide necessary functions such as access and ventilation. Qanat: An underground water channel or tunnel constructed using the qanat method, designed to provide a reliable water supply to arid regions. Example: The Persians and Romans utilized qanats to create underground water channels that allowed for the distribution of water to settlements in dry areas. Mining tunnels: Tunnels excavated by the Romans for the purpose of mineral extraction, such as gold, silver, and other valuable resources. Example: Roman mining tunnels at sites like Dolaucothi in Wales were crucial for accessing mineral veins and extracting precious metals. Surveying: The process of measuring and mapping the land to determine the optimal route and alignment for tunnel construction. Example: Romans employed advanced techniques of surveying to ensure the accurate alignment of tunnels, especially when using the counter-excavation method. Excavation rate: The speed at which the tunnel is excavated, measured in terms of the distance covered per unit of time. Example: The excavation rate of Roman tunnels varied depending on factors such as rock hardness, construction method, and the availability of resources. Inscriptions: Writings or carvings found on tunnel walls, often indicating the names of patrons, architects, construction dates, or historical events. Example: Many Roman tunnels feature inscriptions that provide valuable information about their construction, including the names of those involved and the timeline of the project. Geological challenges: Obstacles encountered during tunnel construction due to the nature of the rock formations, such as faults, hard rock, or unstable strata. Example: Roman tunnel builders had to overcome various geological challenges, such as unpredictable fault lines or exceptionally hard rock, to successfully complete their projects. Tunnel deviation: A divergence from the planned tunnel path, requiring adjustments to ensure that both ends of the tunnel meet accurately. Example: If builders encountered unexpected geological conditions, it could lead to tunnel deviation, necessitating corrective measures to realign the tunnel and ensure its functionality. Construction planning: The process of organizing and scheduling the various tasks, resources, and techniques required for successful tunnel construction. Example: Roman tunnel projects involved meticulous construction planning to account for factors such as excavation methods, resources, workforce, and geological challenges. Tunnel durability: The ability of a tunnel to withstand the test of time, considering factors like structural integrity, materials used, and ongoing maintenance. Example: The longevity of some Roman tunnels is a testament to their tunnel durability, as they remain in use or are still accessible after centuries of existence. Architectural innovation: The introduction of new ideas, techniques, or materials in tunnel construction that improve efficiency, durability, or functionality. Example: Roman tunnel construction displayed remarkable architectural innovation through techniques like fire quenching, plumb lines, and counter-excavation methods. Tunnel maintenance: Regular upkeep and repair activities performed on tunnels to ensure their functionality and safety. Example: Proper tunnel maintenance is crucial for preserving Roman tunnels, including measures like structural reinforcement, drainage management, and periodic inspections. Water diversion: The redirection of water through tunnels or channels to prevent flooding, drain water bodies, or supply water to specific areas. Example: The Romans constructed tunnels like the Claudius tunnel for the purpose of water diversion, effectively draining the Fucine Lake and controlling water levels. Ancient engineering: The application of scientific and technical knowledge in designing and constructing structures, systems, and infrastructure in ancient civilizations. Example: Roman tunnel construction exemplifies the Test -4 Passge-2 Changes in reading habits 1.       Pacifier: An object used to calm or soothe babies and toddlers. Example: The iPad has become the new pacifier for babies and toddlers. 2.       Toddlers: Young children who are just beginning to walk and explore. Example: Many toddlers are now engaged with digital devices at a very young age. 3.       Skim: To quickly read or glance through something. Example: Readers now often skim through digital texts instead of reading them deeply. 4.       Flotilla: A group or fleet of boats or ships. Example: Passengers on the plane were either reading on tablets or scrolling through a flotilla of emails and news feeds. 5.       Neuronal: Relating to or involving neurons, which are the cells in the nervous system. Example: The neuronal circuit responsible for reading is undergoing rapid changes. 6.       Circuit: A path or route along which electrical signals or information flows. Example: The brain's reading ability is governed by a complex circuit that has evolved over time. 7.       Elaborated: Developed or expanded in detail. Example: The present reading brain is highly elaborated compared to its simpler origins. 8.       Affective: Relating to emotions or feelings. Example: The reading brain plays a role in the development of important affective processes, such as empathy. 9.       Inference: The act of drawing conclusions based on evidence or reasoning. Example: The reading brain enables the generation of inference and critical analysis. 10.   Perspective-taking: The ability to understand and consider different points of view. Example: The reading brain contributes to the development of perspective-taking skills. 11.   Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Example: Deep reading processes are associated with the development of empathy. 12.   Critical analysis: The careful examination and evaluation of something. Example: The reading brain is essential for engaging in critical analysis of complex texts. 13.   Generation: The process of creating or producing something. Example: The reading brain contributes to the generation of new ideas and insights. 14.   Digital-based: Relating to or based on digital technology. Example: The shift to digital-based modes of reading has implications for deep reading processes. 15.   Binary: Involving two options or choices. Example: The issue of print versus digital reading is not a simple binary choice. 16.   Diminish: To make or become less or smaller. Example: We must be aware of what may be diminished in the transition to digital reading. 17.   Innovating: Introducing new methods or ideas. Example: Society must consider the potential consequences of innovating without acknowledging the impact on reading. 18.   Blueprint: A detailed plan or design. Example: The reading circuit is not determined by a genetic blueprint but develops in response to the environment. 19.   Advantages: Provides an advantage or benefit. Example: If the dominant medium is fast-paced and information-heavy, the reading circuit will adapt and be advantaged in those processes. 20.   Multi-task oriented: Focused on performing multiple tasks simultaneously. Example: The digital medium favors multi-task oriented processes over deep reading. 21.   Allocated: Set aside or assigned for a particular purpose. Example: When reading digitally, less time is allocated 22.   Downstream effects: The subsequent or indirect consequences of something. Example: Digital screen use may have downstream effects on reading comprehension. 23.   Comprehension: The ability to understand or grasp the meaning of something. Example: Students who read in print showed superior comprehension compared to those reading on screens. 24.   Universal: Applicable or common to all. Example: The short story used in the study had universal appeal among high school students. 25.   Sequential: In a particular order or sequence. Example: Print readers demonstrated better ability to sequence details and reconstruct the plot. 26.   Ziming: The name of a researcher mentioned in the passage. Example: Ziming Liu conducted studies on the changing nature of reading habits. 27.   Norm: A standard or typical pattern of behavior. Example: Skimming has become the new norm in reading, replacing deep reading. 28.   Spot: To quickly identify or locate something. Example: Many readers now spot words as they skim through digital texts. 29.   Atrophy: The wasting away or gradual decline of something. Example: The shift to digital reading may lead to the atrophy of critical analysis skills. 30.   Retreat: To withdraw or move away from something. Example: The decline in critical analysis skills may incentivize a retreat to unchecked sources of information. 31.   Susceptible: Vulnerable or easily influenced by something. Example: Without critical analysis skills, we become susceptible to false information and irrational ideas. 32.   Neuroscience: The scientific study of the nervous system and the brain. Example: The principle of "use it or lose it" is a well-known concept in neuroscience. 33.   Encompass: To include or contain within something. Example: Our understanding of the changing reading brain should encompass both the science and technology available. 34.   Redress: To remedy or correct a problem or situation. Example: We have the ability to identify and redress the changes in reading habits. 35.   Entrenched: Firmly established and difficult to change. Example: We should address the changes in reading before they become entrenched. 36.   Excitement: A feeling of enthusiasm or eagerness. Example: There is as much reason for excitement as caution regarding the changing reading brain. 37.   Neuronal: Relating to or involving neurons, which are the cells in the nervous system. Example: The neuronal circuit responsible for reading is undergoing rapid changes. 38.   Circuit: A path or route along which electrical signals or information flows. Example: The brain's reading ability is governed by a complex circuit that has evolved over time. 39.   Elaborated: Developed or expanded in detail. Example: The present reading brain is highly elaborated compared to its simpler origins. 40.   Affective: Relating to emotions or feelings. Example: The reading brain plays a role in the development of important affective processes, such as empathy. 41.   Inference: The act of drawing conclusions based on evidence or reasoning. Example: The reading brain enables the generation of inference and critical analysis. 42.   Perspective-taking: The ability to understand and consider different points of view. Example: The reading brain contributes to the development of perspective-taking skills. 43.   Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others 44.   Critical analysis: The careful examination and evaluation of something. Example: The reading brain is essential for engaging in critical analysis of complex texts. 45.   Generation: The process of creating or producing something. Example: The reading brain contributes to the generation of new ideas and insights. 46.   Digital-based: Relating to or based on digital technology. Example: The shift to digital-based modes of reading has implications for deep reading processes. 47.   Binary: Involving two options or choices. Example: The issue of print versus digital reading is not a simple binary choice. 48.   Diminish: To make or become less or smaller. Example: We must be aware of what may be diminished in the transition to digital reading. 49.   Innovating: Introducing new methods or ideas. Example: Society must consider the potential consequences of innovating without acknowledging the impact on reading. 50.   Blueprint: A detailed plan or design. Example: The reading circuit is not determined by a genetic blueprint but develops in response to the environment. Test -4 Passage -3 Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence 1.       Artificial intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn. Example: Police forces are using artificial intelligence (AI) to predict when and where crimes are likely to occur. 2.       Forecasting: Making predictions or estimates about future events or outcomes. Example: Many decisions in our lives require a good forecasting, and AI is almost always better at it than we are. 3.       Reluctant: Unwilling or hesitant to do something. Example: People are often reluctant to trust AI predictions, preferring to trust human experts. 4.       Trust: Belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something. Example: To benefit from AI, we need to find a way to get people to trust it. 5.       Promote: To support or advertise the use or adoption of something. Example: IBM attempted to promote Watson for Oncology to cancer doctors. 6.       Supercomputer: An extremely powerful computer with high processing capabilities. Example: Watson for Oncology is one of IBM's supercomputer programs. 7.       PR disaster: A situation in which public relations efforts go wrong and cause negative consequences. Example: The promotion of Watson for Oncology turned out to be a PR disaster for IBM. 8.       Recommendations: Suggestions or advice given based on knowledge or expertise. Example: Watson promised to provide top-quality recommendations on cancer treatment. 9.       Coincided: Occurred at the same time or in the same way. Example: If Watson's guidance coincided with the doctors' opinions, they saw no point in its recommendations. 10.   Competent: Capable or skilled in a particular area. Example: If Watson generated a recommendation contradicting the experts' opinion, doctors concluded that it wasn't competent. 11.   Machine-learning: The ability of a computer system to improve its performance by analyzing data and learning from it. Example: Watson's machine-learning algorithms were too complex for humans to fully understand. 12.   Suspicion: A feeling of doubt, mistrust, or uncertainty. Example: The lack of explanation from the machine raised more suspicion and disbelief among doctors. 13.   Disbelief: Refusal or inability to believe something. Example: The seemingly outlandish AI recommendations led to disbelief among many doctors. 14.   Reliability: The quality of being trustworthy or dependable. Example: Trust in other people often stems from experience and a sense of their reliability. 15.   Psychological: Related to the mind, mental processes, and behavior. Example: Trust in others creates a psychological feeling of safety. 16.   Anxiety: A feeling of unease or worry, often accompanied by nervousness or fear. Example: Interacting with something we don't understand can cause anxiety. 17.   Familiar: Well-known, recognized, or acquainted with something. Example: AI is still fairly new and unfamiliar to most people. 18.   Background: Happening or operating behind the scenes, not easily noticeable. Example: AI often works in the background without people realizing it. 19.   Failures: Instances where something does not work as intended or expected. Example: Embarrassing AI failures receive significant media attention. 20.   Disproportionate: Out of proportion or not balanced. Example: AI failures receive 21.   Confirmation bias: The tendency to interpret or favor information that confirms one's existing beliefs or hypotheses. Example: People may use relevant evidence about AI to support their existing attitudes, displaying confirmation bias. 22.   Split: Divided or separated into different groups or factions. Example: Society could be split between those who benefit from AI and those who reject it. 23.   Advantages: Benefits or favorable factors. Example: Refusing to accept the advantages offered by AI could place people at a serious disadvantage. 24.   Experience: Knowledge or skill acquired through involvement in or exposure to something. Example: Having previous experience with AI can significantly improve people's opinions about the technology. 25.   Internet: The global network of interconnected computers and information-sharing platforms. Example: Evidence suggests that using other technologies such as the internet can increase trust in them. 26.   Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures or calculations performed by a computer to solve problems or accomplish tasks. Example: Revealing more about the algorithms used by AI could improve understanding of its decision-making process. 27.   Transparency: The state of being open, observable, or easily understood. Example: Releasing transparency reports about AI could help people gain a better understanding of algorithmic decisions. 28.   Social media: Online platforms and websites that allow users to share content and interact with others. Example: High-profile social media companies already release transparency reports about government requests. 29.   Marketplaces: Online platforms or physical locations where goods or services are bought and sold. Example: Online marketplaces can also release transparency reports about AI to improve understanding. 30.   Responsibility: Being accountable or in charge of something. Example: Giving people a degree of responsibility for implementing AI could increase their willingness to accept it. 31.   Enthusiasm: Intense excitement or eagerness. Example: Optimists became more extreme in their enthusiasm for AI after watching sci-fi films. 32.   Sceptics: People who doubt or question the validity or effectiveness of something. Example: Sceptics became even more guarded in their attitudes toward AI after watching sci-fi films. 33.   Attitudes: Beliefs, opinions, or dispositions toward something. Example: Cinematic visions of AI can polarize people's attitudes toward automation. 34.   Biased: Inclined or prejudiced toward a particular opinion or perspective. Example: People may use relevant evidence about AI in a biased manner to support their existing attitudes. 35.   Implementation: The process of putting a plan, decision, or system into effect. Example: Allowing people a degree of responsibility for AI implementation may increase trust in the technology. 36.   Intricate: Complex, detailed, or elaborate. Example: Understanding the intricate inner workings of AI systems is not necessary for acceptance. 37.   Polarised: Divided into two contrasting or opposing groups. Example: Cinematic visions of AI can lead to a society polarised between AI beneficiaries and rejecters. 38.   Guarded: Cautious, reserved, or hesitant. Example: Sceptics became even more guarded in their attitudes toward AI after watching the films. 39.   Biased: Inclined or prejudiced toward a particular opinion or perspective. Example: People may use relevant evidence about AI in a biased manner to support their existing attitudes. 40.   Degrees of freedom: The amount of flexibility or control given to someone. Example: Allowing people degrees of freedom to 41.   Satisfied: Content or pleased with something. Example: Allowing people to modify an algorithm slightly made them feel more satisfied with its decisions. 42.   Superior: Higher in quality, skill, or performance. Example: People who were allowed to modify an algorithm felt more likely to believe it was superior. 43.   Implementation: The process of putting a plan, decision, or system into effect. Example: Giving people a degree of responsibility for AI implementation can increase their trust in it. 44.   Intricate: Complex, detailed, or elaborate. Example: Understanding the intricate inner workings of AI systems is not necessary for acceptance. 45.   Accept: To believe, receive, or take something willingly. Example: If people are given a degree of responsibility, they will be more willing to accept AI. 46.   Technology: Tools, machines, or processes used to solve problems or achieve goals. Example: Trust in AI can be improved by gaining more experience with the technology. 47.   Reliable: Dependable, trustworthy, or consistent. Example: Trust in other people is often based on their reliability and past experiences with them. 48.   Bias: Prejudice or favoritism toward a particular group or perspective. Example: People may display confirmation bias when evaluating evidence about AI. 49.   Disadvantage: An unfavorable or detrimental circumstance or condition. Example: Rejecting the advantages of AI could place people at a disadvantage. 50.   Enthusiasm: Intense excitement or passion. Example: Optimists showed increased enthusiasm for AI after watching sci-fi films. 51.   Reliance: Dependence on or trust in someone or something. Example: People tend to have a greater reliance on human experts than on AI predictions. 52.   Perception: The way in which something is interpreted or understood. Example: Media coverage of AI failures has influenced the public's perception of its reliability. 53.   Forecast: A prediction or estimate of future events or outcomes. Example: AI is often better at forecasting than humans when it comes to predicting certain events. 54.   Psychological: Relating to the mind, mental processes, or behavior. Example: Interacting with something unfamiliar like AI can cause psychological anxiety. 55.   Anxiety: A feeling of unease, nervousness, or worry. Example: Many people experience anxiety when dealing with technologies they don't fully understand. 56.   Background: Events or circumstances that have happened in the past. Example: AI often operates in the background, making it less visible to people. 57.   Intrusion: The act of imposing oneself or something unwanted on others. Example: Some people perceive AI as an intrusion into their lives and decision-making processes. 58.   Misconception: A mistaken belief or idea. Example: Many people have misconceptions about AI due to media portrayals of its capabilities. 59.   Reliability: The quality of being trustworthy or consistent. Example: Trust in AI is influenced by perceptions of its reliability and track record. 60.   Artificial: Made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally. Example: AI refers to artificial intelligence created and developed by humans.

Cambridge IELTS 16 Test-1 Passage -1 Why we need to protect polar bears 1.       Adipose tissue: Fat stored in the body. Example: Polar bears have a lot of adipose tissue that keeps them warm in cold temperatures. 2.       Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs): A type of cholesterol often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. Example: Polar bears have a gene that helps reduce the levels of LDLs in their bodies, unlike humans. 3.       Osteoporosis: A disease where bones become weak and fragile. Example: Older humans often suffer from osteoporosis, but polar bears do not experience this condition. 4.       Remodelled: The process of changing or rebuilding something. Example: Bone tissue in the body is remodelled, meaning it can be added or removed depending on certain factors. 5.       Anecdotal evidence: Informal accounts or stories based on personal observations. Example: There is anecdotal evidence suggesting that polar bears exhibit problem-solving abilities. 6.       Conservation efforts: Actions taken to protect and preserve wildlife and their habitats. Example: It is important to consider the medical benefits of polar bears in our conservation efforts. 7.       Perceived: How something is understood or regarded by others. Example: Bears are often perceived as unintelligent and violent, but they have shown problem-solving abilities. 8.       Deliberate: Intentional or done on purpose. Example: Polar bears have shown deliberate and focused manipulation of objects. 9.       Agile: Able to move quickly and easily. Example: The study showed that polar bears are agile and capable of planned behaviors. 10.   Extinction: The complete disappearance or annihilation of a species. Example: If polar bears were to face extinction, it would be a loss to both medical research and wildlife. 11.   Genetic structure: The arrangement and organization of genes within an organism. Example: Scientists studied the genetic structure of polar bears to understand their unique characteristics. 12.   Paradox: A situation or statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true. Example: The fact that pregnant polar bears maintain strong bones despite fasting is a paradox. 13.   Deplete: To use up or reduce the quantity or resources. Example: During hibernation, female polar bears deplete their calcium and calorie reserves. 14.   Bedridden: Unable to leave or move from a bed due to illness or injury. Example: Understanding bone remodelling in polar bears could benefit many bedridden humans. 15.   Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof. Example: Bears being perceived as stupid and violent are assumptions that don't hold true in all cases. 16.   Analogous: Similar or comparable in certain respects. Example: Comparing polar bears to humans for studying heart disease is an analogous approach. 17.   Aggressive: Ready to attack or confront, often with hostile intentions. Example: While polar bears can be dangerous in the wild, they don't necessarily exhibit aggressive behavior towards humans. 18.   Majestic: Having grandeur, beauty, or dignity. Example: Polar bears are known for their majestic appearance and powerful presence. 19.   Breakthroughs: Significant discoveries or advancements. Example: The potential loss of polar bears could mean the absence of future medical breakthroughs. 20.   Intelligent: Having a high level of mental ability or understanding. Example: Despite common misconceptions, polar bears have demonstrated signs of being intelligent creatures. 21.   Adapted: Specifically suited or adjusted to fit a particular environment or condition. Example: Polar bears are adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle with their thick fur and layer of fat. 22.   Comparative: Relating to or involving comparison between two or more things. Example: Humans with similar levels of fat as polar bears would be considered overweight in comparative terms. 23.   Cholesterol: A type of fatty substance found in the blood. Example: Polar bears have a gene that helps reduce levels of cholesterol associated with heart disease. 24.   Hibernating: Going into a state of inactivity and reduced metabolism during the winter months. Example: Brown bears undergo hibernating during the colder months when they sleep for long periods. 25.   Parliament: A legislative body responsible for making laws and decisions in a country. Example: The plan for the underground railway had to be approved by the Parliament. 26.   Remained: Continued to be in a particular state or condition. Example: Despite the fasting period, the density of the polar bears' bones remained strong. 27.   Consistent: Steady, unchanging, or predictable in nature. Example: The polar bears' ability to maintain strong bones throughout hibernation is consistent. 28.   Perception: The way in which something is understood, interpreted, or seen. Example: People's perception of polar bears often varies based on their knowledge and experiences. 29.   Wildlife: Animals and plants living in their natural habitat, not domesticated or cultivated. Example: Protecting wildlife habitats is crucial for preserving biodiversity. 30.   Ancestor: A person or animal from whom one is descended. Example: Brown bears are considered the ancestors of polar bears, sharing a common evolutionary history. 31.   Consequences: Results or effects that follow from a particular action or event. Example: The disappearance of polar bears could have far-reaching consequences for the ecosystem. 32.   Genome: The complete set of genes or genetic material present in an organism. Example: Scientists studied the polar bear's genome to understand its genetic makeup. 33.   Osteoporosis: A medical condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Example: Polar bears' ability to maintain strong bones may hold insights for combating osteoporosis in humans. 34.   Density: The degree of compactness or concentration of a substance or object. Example: Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone density. 35.   Parliament: A governing body that makes laws and decisions for a country or region. Example: The plan for the underground railway had to be approved by the Parliament. 36.   Extinction: The complete disappearance or extermination of a species. Example: Climate change could lead to the extinction of polar bears if their habitat continues to decline. 37.   Conservation: The act of protecting and preserving the environment and its natural resources. Example: Efforts should be made to promote conservation and safeguard endangered species. 38.   Bedridden: Confined to bed due to illness, injury, or disability. Example: Understanding bone density in polar bears could benefit bedridden individuals with mobility limitations. 39.   Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof or evidence. Example: We should question our assumptions about polar bears' intelligence and behavior. 40.   Emotions: Feelings or states of mind that arise in response to a particular situation or experience. Example: Observations suggest that polar bears may exhibit certain emotions such as frustration or playfulness. Passage -2 The Step Pyramid of Djoser 1.       Monuments - Important and impressive structures or buildings that are created to honor or remember someone or something. Example: The pyramids are famous monuments in Egypt that were built to remember the kings. 2.       Tributes - Acts or objects that show respect, admiration, or gratitude towards someone. Example: The pyramids are grand tributes to the Egyptian kings because they were built to honor their memory. 3.       Evolution - The process of gradual development or change over time. Example: The pyramid form has evolved over centuries, which means it has changed and developed over a long period. 4.       Architect - A person who designs buildings and structures. Example: The Step Pyramid was designed by one brilliant architect who had great skill in planning and creating buildings. 5.       Reign - The period of time during which a king or queen rules a country. Example: Djoser is thought to have reigned for 19 years, meaning he was the king of Egypt for that period. 6.       Thoroughly - Doing something in a careful and detailed way. Example: The Step Pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated, which means it has been studied carefully and in detail. 7.       Complex - A group of buildings or structures that are closely connected and share a common purpose. Example: The Step Pyramid was part of a larger complex that included a temple, courtyards, and living quarters for the priests. 8.       Incline - To slope or lean at an angle. Example: The builders of the Step Pyramid placed the stones at an inward incline, meaning they positioned them to lean inward at an angle. 9.       Discourage - To try to prevent or stop someone from doing something. Example: The false doors and the trench around the Step Pyramid were incorporated to discourage unwanted visitors, meaning they were meant to discourage people from entering the complex. 10.   Burial chamber - A room or space where a dead person is laid to rest. Example: The burial chamber of the tomb was located beneath the base of the pyramid and was where the king's body was placed. 11.   Maze - A confusing and complicated network of paths or passages. Example: The underground tunnels surrounding the burial chamber formed a vast maze to confuse and deter potential robbers. 12.   Robbers - People who steal or take things that belong to others. Example: Ancient robbers managed to find a way into Djoser's tomb and stole his grave goods and even his body. 13.   Excavated - To carefully dig out and uncover something, usually of historical or archaeological significance. Example: The archaeologists excavated the pyramid and its complex, meaning they carefully dug and uncovered the structures and artifacts. 14.   Revolutionary - Something that introduces a completely new or radical change or idea. Example: The Step Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture because it introduced a completely new and innovative design. 15.   Archetype - A perfect or typical example of something. Example: The Step Pyramid became the archetype that all other pyramid builders in Egypt followed, meaning it became the perfect example that others imitated. 16.   Significant - Very important or meaningful. Example: The Step Pyramid holds a significant place in human history because of its impact on the development of stone architecture in Egypt and the world. 17.   Milestone - A significant event or achievement that marks an important stage or progress. Example: The Step Pyramid is considered a milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture because it marked a crucial stage in its development. 18.   Archaeologist - A scientist who studies human history and prehistory through the excavation of artifacts and structures. Example: The archaeologists who excavated the Step Pyramid studied the artifacts and structures to learn more about the past. 19.   Astonish - To greatly surprise or amaze someone. Example: The discoveries made by the archaeologists inside the pyramid and its complex astonished them because they were unexpected and impressive. 20.   Amaze - To cause great wonder, admiration, or fascination. Example: The archaeologists were amazed by the treasures and artifacts they found in the Step Pyramid, as they were of great historical and cultural value. 21.   Archaeologist - A person who studies ancient human history and civilizations by examining artifacts and remains. Example: Miroslav Verner, an Egyptologist, writes about the significance of the Step Pyramid and its impact on architectural history. 22.   Archetype - A typical example or model of something that others are based on or imitate. Example: The Step Pyramid became the archetype for all the other great pyramids built in Egypt, serving as a model for their construction. 23.   Revolutionary - Involving or causing a complete and significant change or advancement. Example: The Step Pyramid was considered a revolutionary advancement in architecture because it introduced new design elements and techniques. 24.   Predecessors - People who held a position or title before someone else. Example: Djoser placed stone vessels in the pyramid to honor his predecessors, the rulers from the earlier dynasties of Egypt. 25.   Dumped - To discard or throw away something without care or consideration. Example: Some historians believe that the stone vessels were dumped into the shafts of the pyramid as a way to prevent grave robbers from reaching the burial chamber. 26.   Valuables - Items that are considered to be of high worth, either in terms of monetary value or personal significance. Example: Most of Djoser's valuables were stolen by the robbers, but a small number of items were overlooked and found by the archaeologists. 27.   Archaeologists - Scientists who study human history and prehistoric civilizations by examining artifacts and physical remains. Example: The archaeologists who excavated the Step Pyramid used their expertise to analyze and interpret the findings from the site. 28.   Excavation - The process of carefully digging and uncovering archaeological sites to reveal artifacts and structures. Example: The excavation of the Step Pyramid involved systematically digging and documenting the layers of the complex to understand its construction and history. 29.   Artifact - An object made by humans, typically of historical or cultural significance. Example: The archaeologists found various artifacts inside the Step Pyramid, such as stone vessels, which provided insights into the ancient Egyptian civilization. 30.   Architecture - The art and science of designing and constructing buildings and structures. Example: The Step Pyramid showcases the advanced architecture of ancient Egypt, demonstrating the skill and engineering knowledge of its builders. 31.   Intricate - Very detailed, complex, or elaborate. Example: The underground network of tunnels and chambers in the Step Pyramid was intricate, with carefully planned pathways to deter tomb robbers. 32.   Network - A system of interconnected or intersecting elements. Example: The tunnels and passages in the Step Pyramid formed a vast underground network, allowing movement throughout the complex. 33.   Pharaoh - The title given to the ancient Egyptian kings or rulers. Example: Djoser, for whom the Step Pyramid was built, was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt during the Third Dynasty. 34.   Robbers - People who steal or take things that belong to others. Example: Despite the precautions, ancient robbers managed to find their way into Djoser's tomb and steal valuable items. 35.   Valuables - Items that are considered to be of high worth, either in terms of monetary value or personal significance. Example: The valuables left behind in the Step Pyramid included precious objects like jewelry, pottery, and ceremonial items. 36.   Astound - To greatly surprise or shock someone. Example: The discoveries made during the excavation of the Step Pyramid astounded the archaeologists, revealing the richness of ancient Egyptian culture. 37.   Archaeological - Relating to the study of human history and prehistoric civilizations through the examination of artifacts and physical remains. Example: The archaeological findings from the Step Pyramid provided valuable insights into the rituals, beliefs, and daily life of ancient Egyptians. 38.   Documentation - The process of recording and describing observations, findings, or data. Example: The archaeologists meticulously documented their discoveries, taking notes, photographs, and sketches to ensure accurate and detailed records. 39.   Engineering - The application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and construct structures or solve practical problems. Example: The construction of the Step Pyramid required advanced engineering techniques to ensure its stability and longevity. 40.   Heritage - The cultural or historical legacy passed down from previous generations. Example: The Step Pyramid is a significant part of Egypt's cultural heritage, representing the architectural achievements of ancient Egyptian civilization. 41.   Civilization - A complex society characterized by advanced social, cultural, and technological development. Example: Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most renowned civilizations, known for its impressive monuments, hieroglyphic writing, and organized society. Passage -3 The future of work 1.       Consultancy - (noun) a professional firm that provides expert advice or assistance.Example: According to a leading business consultancy, 3-14% of the global workforce will need to switch occupations. 2.       Occupation - (noun) a job or profession.Example: Workers will need to switch to a different occupation within the next 10-15 years. 3.       Adapt - (verb) to adjust or modify in response to new conditions or circumstances.Example: All workers will need to adapt as their occupations evolve alongside increasingly capable machines. 4.       Automation - (noun) the use of technology to control or operate a process without human intervention.Example: Automation, or embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is one aspect of the disruptive effects of technology on the labor market. 5.       Disruptive - (adjective) causing disturbance or interruption.Example: Technology has disruptive effects on the labor market. 6.       Embodied - (adjective) existing or represented in a physical form.Example: Embodied artificial intelligence (AI) refers to automation that takes physical form. 7.       Disembodied - (adjective) not having a physical form.Example: Disembodied AI, like the algorithms running in our smartphones, is another aspect of technology's impact. 8.       Algorithm - (noun) a set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task, often used in computer programming.Example: Algorithms can read legal contracts, analyze medical scans, and gather market intelligence. 9.       Intelligence - (noun) the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.Example: Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to exhibit intelligence. 10.   Legitimate - (adjective) conforming to recognized principles or accepted rules.Example: Legitimate peripheral participation is a way of learning about a job by observing experts. 11.   Peripheral - (adjective) relating to or situated on the edge or periphery.Example: Legitimate peripheral participation involves a novice standing next to experts and learning by observation. 12.   Telecommunications - (noun) the transmission of information over long distances using electronic systems.Example: Pachidi monitored a telecommunications company to study the impact of technology on salespeople. 13.   Algorithmic - (adjective) relating to or based on algorithms.Example: The company started using an algorithmic approach to define when account managers should contact certain customers. 14.   Short-sighted - (adjective) lacking foresight or long-term thinking.Example: A short-sighted view begins to creep into working practices when workers become dependent on algorithms. 15.   Transitions - (noun) the process or period of changing from one state or condition to another.Example: The future of work will involve major transitions across the whole life course for everyone. 16.   Retraining - (noun) the process of learning new skills or knowledge for a different job or occupation.Example: Retraining will be necessary as jobs change due to automation, AI, and robotics. 17.   Redundancies - (noun) the state of being no longer needed or useful because of excess or duplication.Example: Change can result in redundancies, but social policies can address this through retraining and redeployment. 18.   Unemployment - (noun) the state of being without a paid job.Example: The advent of new technologies does not mean automatic unemployment. 19.   Laws - (noun) rules established by a governing authority to regulate behavior and maintain order.Example: It's the laws that restrict the supply of capital to the job market, not the advent of new technologies, that causes unemployment. 20.   Automation, AI, and robotics - (noun) technologies and systems that automate tasks or simulate human intelligence in machines.Example: Automation, AI, and robotics are transforming the way work is done. 21.   Jobless future - (noun phrase) a future scenario where there are no jobs available for humans due to technological advancements.Example: The research aims to answer whether automation, AI, and robotics will lead to a jobless future. 22.   Retraining - (noun) the process of learning new skills or acquiring additional knowledge for a different job or occupation.Example: Social policies can address job redundancies through retraining and redeployment. 23.   Redeployment - (noun) the transfer or relocation of employees to different roles or positions within an organization.Example: Redeployment allows workers to be moved to new roles or departments instead of being laid off. 24.   Trustworthy - (adjective) reliable, deserving of trust or confidence.Example: The objective is to make AI technologies more trustworthy, ensuring that organizations and individuals understand how AI decisions are made. 25.   Transparent - (adjective) clear, open, and easily understood.Example: Researchers aim to make AI technologies transparent, so that the decision-making process is clear and understandable. 26.   Dilemmas - (noun) difficult situations or problems with no easy solution.Example: The new world of AI raises dilemmas regarding expertise, occupational boundaries, and control. 27.   Economic democracy - (noun phrase) a system where economic power and wealth are distributed more evenly among the population.Example: Bold policies are needed to guarantee full employment, fair incomes, and a thriving economic democracy. 28.   Apocalyptic - (adjective) relating to or predicting a catastrophic or disastrous event.Example: Apocalyptic views about the future of work are considered misguided by some researchers. 29.   Seizing - (verb) taking hold of or grasping an opportunity or advantage.Example: Governments should seize the opportunity to improve policies in response to the changes brought by AI and robotics. 30.   Policy - (noun) a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or government.Example: Governments should enforce good job security policies in response to the impact of AI and robotics. 31.   Fairer future - (noun phrase) a future that is more just, equitable, and unbiased.Example: Reprogramming the law can prepare for a fairer future of work and leisure. 32.   Humankind - (noun) the human race, human beings collectively.Example: These new technologies deliver humankind the capacity to live in ways that were once unimaginable. 33.   Subsistence agriculture - (noun phrase) a farming system where crops are grown primarily for the farmer's own consumption, with little surplus for sale.Example: The industrial revolution brought people past subsistence agriculture into new forms of employment. 34.   Corporate revolution - (noun phrase) a period of significant changes and advancements in the corporate world, typically referring to the rise of large corporations and mass production.Example: The corporate revolution enabled mass production and transformed the nature of work. 35.   Social - (adjective) relating to society, the interaction and relationships between individuals and groups within a community. Example: The next revolution will be social, encompassing not only technological advancements but also changes in societal structures and relationships. 36.   Astounding - (adjective) causing astonishment or amazement.Example: The promises of these new technologies are astounding, offering capabilities beyond imagination. 37.   Envisages - (verb) visualizes or imagines a future scenario or outcome.Example: Professor Hamish Low envisages a multistage employment life with retraining and multiple jobs across the life course. 38.   Fallacy - (noun) a mistaken belief or misconception.Example: Economist Professor Hamish Low believes that the prediction of job losses is based on a fallacy. 39.   Fixed - (adjective) unchanging or not subject to variation.Example: The assumption that the number of jobs is fixed is erroneous according to Professor Hamish Low. 40.   Advancement - (noun) progress or improvement, especially in knowledge, technology, or society.Example: The advent of new technologies brings advancements that reshape the world of work. 41.   Unemployment - (noun) the state of being without a paid job.Example: The causes of unemployment are being studied to understand the impact of automation, AI, and robotics. 42.   Seize - (verb) take hold of, grasp, or capture.Example: Governments should seize the opportunity to improve policies in response to the changes brought by AI and robotics. 43.   Redundancy - (noun) the state of being no longer needed or useful due to duplication or excess.Example: Redundancies may occur as a result of technological change, but social policies can address them. 44.   Law - (noun) a system of rules and regulations established by a governing authority.Example: The law can be reprogrammed to adapt to the future of work and create a fairer system. 45.   Leisure - (noun) time available for relaxation, enjoyment, or other activities not related to work.Example: Reprogramming the law can prepare for a fairer future of work and leisure. 46.   Revolution - (noun) a dramatic and wide-reaching change in a particular area or aspect.Example: The next revolution will bring about significant transformations in both technology and society. 47.   Preempt - (verb) take action in advance to prevent or forestall an event or change.Example: Leaders are called upon to preempt the coming changes with bold policies to ensure full employment. 48.   Thriving - (adjective) prosperous, flourishing, or successful.Example: Bold policies are needed to guarantee a thriving economic democracy for all individuals. 49.   Capacity - (noun) the ability or potential to do, experience, or understand something.Example: These new technologies provide humankind with the capacity to live in unprecedented ways. 50.   Unimaginable - (adjective) beyond what can be imagined or conceived.Example: The advancements brought by new technologies offer possibilities that were once unimaginable. Test -2 The White Horse of Uffington 1.       Geoglyphs - (noun) large figures or designs created by removing overlying grass or earth to reveal the underlying surface, often made on hillsides.Example: The cutting of geoglyphs into the earth has been a tradition for thousands of years. 2.       Prehistoric - (adjective) belonging to or existing in a time before recorded history.Example: Many historians believe that the Long Man of Wilmington is a prehistoric figure. 3.       Enigmatic - (adjective) mysterious or puzzling in nature.Example: The date and origin of the Long Man of Wilmington remain enigmatic, with differing opinions among historians. 4.       Gleaming - (adjective) shining brightly or with a reflected light.Example: The geoglyphs were revealed by removing the grass to expose the gleaming white chalk below. 5.       Continuity - (noun) the state of being continuous or uninterrupted.Example: The survival of ancient hill figures in England is a testament to the continuity of local customs and beliefs. 6.       Stylised - (adjective) depicted or represented in a simplified or abstract manner.Example: The Uffington White Horse is a stylised representation of a horse with distinctive features. 7.       Depictions - (noun) representations or portrayals of something, often in art or literature.Example: The Uffington White Horse shares similarities with the stylised depictions of horses on ancient coins. 8.       Origin - (noun) the point or place where something begins or arises.Example: The origin of the Uffington White Horse can be traced back to the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age. 9.       Emblem - (noun) a symbolic representation or sign that represents a particular group or concept.Example: The Uffington White Horse may have served as a tribal emblem for the inhabitants of the nearby hillfort. 10.   Ritual - (noun) a set of actions or ceremonies performed in a specific order, often for religious or cultural purposes.Example: The carving of the Uffington White Horse may have been associated with Bronze or Iron Age rituals. 11.   Associations - (noun) connections or relationships between things or ideas.Example: The Uffington White Horse had associations with fertility and the Celtic horse goddess Epona. 12.   Tribal - (adjective) relating to a group of people sharing common ancestry, customs, and traditions.Example: The Uffington White Horse could have represented the land of a specific tribal group. 13.   Mythology - (noun) a collection of traditional stories or legends, often explaining the beliefs and customs of a particular group.Example: The carving of the Uffington White Horse might have represented a goddess in native mythology. 14.   Temporary - (adjective) lasting for only a limited period; not permanent.Example: Geoglyphs were created as temporary gestures, which is why many of them have disappeared over time. 15.   Glimpse - (noun) a brief or partial view or understanding of something.Example: The geoglyphs provide a fascinating glimpse into the minds of their creators and their perception of the landscape. 16.   Chalk - (noun) a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate.Example: The geoglyphs were revealed by removing the overlying grass to expose the gleaming white chalk below. 17.   Faded - (verb) lost intensity, strength, or prominence over time.Example: As the traditions associated with the hill figures faded, people stopped clearing away the grass to maintain the outlines. 18.   Quarters - (noun) sections or areas, usually referring to specific divisions of a town, city, or region.Example: The Uffington White Horse is located in the quarter of the Vale of the White Horse, named after the geoglyph. 19.   Adjacent - (adjective) next to or adjoining something; neighboring.Example: The Uffington White Horse is situated adjacent to the Late Bronze Age hillfort of Uffington Castle. 20.   Impression - (noun) an effect or understanding resulting from an experience or observation.Example: From certain areas in the Vale of the White Horse, one can gain an adequate impression of the Uffington White Horse. 21.   Attest - (verb) provide evidence or proof of something; bear witness.Example: The depictions of the Uffington White Horse on ancient jewelry and objects attest to its significance during the Bronze and Iron Ages. 22.   Imported - (verb) brought in from a foreign country or source.Example: The cult of Epona, associated with the horse goddess, was imported from Gaul (France) in the first century CE. 23.   Tribal - (adjective) relating to or characteristic of a tribe or tribes.Example: The Uffington White Horse may have been a tribal emblem representing the people living in the hillfort. 24.   Melts - (verb) blends or merges harmoniously into something else.Example: The Uffington White Horse almost melts into the landscape, appearing seamlessly integrated with its surroundings. 25.   Goddess - (noun) a female deity or divine being, often associated with specific qualities or powers.Example: The Uffington White Horse has been connected to the worship of horse goddesses like Epona or Rhiannon. 26.   Depictions - (noun) representations or portrayals of something.Example: The Uffington White Horse had depictions on ancient jewelry and metal objects. 27.   Ritual - (noun) a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed in a specific order.Example: The carving of the Uffington White Horse may have been carried out during a Bronze or Iron Age ritual. 28.   Native - (adjective) belonging to or associated with a particular place or region by birth or origin.Example: The Uffington White Horse carving may represent a goddess in native mythology. 29.   Mythology - (noun) a collection of myths, stories, or legends that explain the beliefs or customs of a particular culture or group.Example: Rhiannon is a figure described in later Welsh mythology as a woman riding a white horse. 30.   Gesture - (noun) a movement, action, or expression that conveys an idea or intention.Example: Geoglyphs were temporary gestures created by removing grass to reveal the chalk outlines. 31.   Creators - (noun) individuals or beings who bring something into existence.Example: The giant carvings offer insight into the minds of their creators and their perception of the landscape. 32.   Maintain - (verb) preserve, keep in good condition, or sustain.Example: People would regularly clean or scour the hill figures to maintain the visibility of the chalk outlines. 33.   Continuity - (noun) the state of remaining consistent, uninterrupted, or connected over time.Example: The survival of ancient hill figures in England today demonstrates the continuity of local customs and beliefs. 34.   Beliefs - (noun) ideas or convictions that individuals or communities hold to be true or valid.Example: The longevity of hill figures reflects the strength and importance of local customs and beliefs. 35.   Enigmatic - (adjective) mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand.Example: The Long Man of Wilmington in Sussex remains enigmatic, with different theories about its origin and age. 36.   Pre-Roman - (adjective) referring to a period or time before the Roman Empire or Roman influence.Example: The Uffington White Horse has been shown to be even older than its previously assigned ancient pre-Roman Iron Age date. 37.   Controversial - (adjective) causing disagreement or discussion; debatable.Example: The date of the Long Man of Wilmington remains controversial, with differing opinions among historians. 38.   Monk - (noun) a member of a religious community, typically living in a monastery, dedicated to prayer and contemplation.Example: Some believe that the Long Man of Wilmington was the work of an artistic monk from a nearby priory. 39.   Revealed - (verb) made visible or known; disclosed or uncovered.Example: The method of cutting the hill figures involved removing the grass to reveal the chalk underneath. 40.   Gleaming - (adjective) shining brightly; radiant.Example: The geoglyphs were created by removing the grass to expose the gleaming white chalk. 41.   Scoured - (verb) cleaned or scrubbed by rubbing forcefully.Example: The hill figures needed to be regularly scoured to prevent the grass from growing back over them. 42.   Associations - (noun) connections or relationships with something else; links.Example: The Uffington White Horse has associations with the nearby hillfort and Bronze Age burial mounds. 43.   Emblem - (noun) a symbol or sign that represents or identifies a particular group, organization, or concept.Example: The Uffington White Horse may have served as a tribal emblem for the inhabitants of the hillfort. 44.   Ritual - (adjective) relating to a religious or solemn ceremony with a set order of actions.Example: The carving of the Uffington White Horse might have been part of a ritual performed during ancient times. 45.   Significance - (noun) importance, meaning, or relevance.Example: The Uffington White Horse held ritual and economic significance during the Bronze and Iron Ages. 46.   Jewelry - (noun) decorative items worn as personal adornment, typically made of precious metals and gemstones.Example: The Uffington White Horse was depicted on ancient jewelry and metal objects from the past. Passge -2 I contain multitudes 1.       Ubiquitous - (adjective) present or found everywhere.Example: Microbes are ubiquitous and can be found in various environments, from soil to water to the human body. 2.       Peril - (noun) serious and immediate danger.Example: Yong warns that we mess with microbes at our peril, as they play a crucial role in our ecosystem and health. 3.       Microbiome - (noun) the community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) that inhabit a particular environment or organism.Example: Each individual, including humans, has their own unique microbiome consisting of various microbes. 4.       Holobiont - (noun) a unit consisting of a host organism and its associated microbial communities.Example: Some scientists propose that each species and its microbes should be considered a single holobiont. 5.       Context - (noun) the circumstances or setting in which something occurs, and that can influence its meaning or interpretation.Example: Microbes that are harmless in one context may become harmful if they enter the bloodstream. 6.       Galaxy - (noun) a system of millions or billions of stars, along with gas, dust, and other celestial objects, held together by gravitational attraction.Example: The human gut contains more microbes than there are stars in the galaxy, highlighting their abundance. 7.       Swallow - (verb) to take into the stomach through the throat; ingest.Example: With every meal, we unintentionally swallow a large number of microbes present in the food we consume. 8.       Enthralling - (adjective) captivating or fascinating; holding one's attention completely.Example: Yong's writing style is enthralling, making complex science accessible and engaging. 9.       Microscope - (noun) an optical instrument used for magnifying objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.Example: Antony van Leeuwenhoek, using his own-designed microscopes, was the first to observe microbes in the 1670s. 10.   Potent - (adjective) having great power, influence, or effect.Example: Microbes, despite their small size, can have potent effects on the environment and living organisms. 11.   Allergies - (noun) a damaging immune response by the body to a substance to which it has become hypersensitive.Example: Disruptions in the bacterial balance due to hygiene practices and diets may contribute to the rising rates of allergies. 12.   Unraveling - (verb) discovering, understanding, or explaining something complex or mysterious.Example: Ongoing research is unraveling the many ways in which bacteria contribute to various bodily functions and overall well-being. 13.   Destructive - (adjective) causing harm, damage, or destruction.Example: Disruptions in the bacterial balance caused by certain lifestyle factors can have destructive effects on health. 14.   Distaste - (noun) a feeling of dislike or aversion.Example: Some investigations in the microbial world may evoke distaste due to their unglamorous nature. 15. 16.   Symbiotic - (adjective) involving a mutually beneficial relationship between different organisms.Example: The relationship between humans and certain bacteria in their gut is symbiotic, benefiting both parties. 17.   Low-fiber - (adjective) referring to a diet that lacks an adequate amount of dietary fiber.Example: Unhealthy, low-fiber diets can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the gut and contribute to health problems. 18.   Unveiling - (noun) the act of revealing or making something known or visible.Example: Ongoing research is unveiling the intricate connections between the microbiome and various aspects of human health. 19.   Antibacterial - (adjective) having the ability to destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria.Example: Overuse of antibacterial products may disrupt the natural microbial balance and have unintended consequences. 20.   Predators - (noun) animals that hunt, kill, and feed on other animals.Example: Some organisms have evolved protective relationships with bacteria to ward off predators. 21.   Neonatal - (adjective) relating to newborn infants, especially during the first few weeks after birth.Example: A neonatal hospital ward coated with beneficial microbes may provide a healthier environment for newborns. 22.   Cocktail - (noun) a mixture of different substances or ingredients.Example: The walls of future buildings could be constructed with a specially mixed cocktail of microbes to combat infections. 23.   Epidemic - (noun) a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.Example: The use of bacteria-loaded mosquitoes to combat dengue fever is an attempt to control the epidemic. 24.   Fungus - (noun) a type of organism that includes mushrooms, yeasts, and molds, often associated with decomposition and disease.Example: A fungal infection is causing the decline of frog populations, and a rare microbial bacterium may provide a solution. 25.   Nurture - (verb) to care for, protect, and encourage the growth or development of something.Example: Some products, like yoghurts and drinks, claim to nurture the growth of "friendly" bacteria in the body. 26.   Disrupting - (verb) causing interruption or disturbance to a process or balance. Example: The overuse of antibiotics can disrupt the natural balance of microbes in the gut. 27.   Allergies - (noun) a condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to certain substances, resulting in symptoms such as sneezing, itching, or difficulty breathing. Example: The disruption of the bacterial balance in the gut has been linked to the rising rates of allergies in recent years. 28.   Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - (noun) a group of chronic disorders characterized by inflammation of the digestive tract, including conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Example: The alteration of the microbiome has been implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. 29.   Dengue fever - (noun) a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, causing high fever, severe headache, and joint pain. Example: Scientists are exploring ways to use bacteria to prevent the spread of dengue fever by infected mosquitoes. 30.   Microscope - (noun) an optical instrument used for magnifying small objects or organisms that are not visible to the naked eye. Example: Antony van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to discover the existence of microorganisms in the 17th century. 31.   Germ theory - (noun) the concept that certain diseases are caused by the presence and growth of specific microorganisms. Example: Louis Pasteur's germ theory revolutionized our understanding of infectious diseases. 32.   Hygiene - (noun) conditions or practices that promote cleanliness and prevent the spread of disease. Example: Excessive focus on hygiene and the overuse of antibacterial products may disrupt the natural microbial balance. 33.   Enthusiasm - (noun) intense excitement or eagerness about something. Example: Ed Yong's enthusiasm for the microbial world is evident throughout his book. 34.   Unraveling - (verb) discovering or figuring out the complexities or secrets of something. Example: Ongoing research is unraveling the intricate interactions between the microbiome and human health. 35.   Case studies - (noun) detailed investigations or analyses of individual cases or examples. Example: The book presents various case studies that highlight the role of microbes in different ecosystems and organisms. 36.   Teeming - (adjective) abundantly filled or swarming with something. Example: The drop of water from the lake was teeming with microorganisms. 37.   Context - (noun) the circumstances or setting in which something exists or occurs, and that can affect its meaning or interpretation. Example: Microbes that are harmless in their natural context can become pathogenic in certain environments. 38.   Symbiotic - (adjective) involving a close and mutually beneficial relationship between different organisms. Example: The relationship between humans and their gut microbes is symbiotic, with both parties benefiting from the association. 39.   Obesity - (noun) a medical condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat. Example: Recent research suggests that certain types of gut bacteria may influence an individual's susceptibility to obesity. 40.   Norms - (noun) accepted or expected standards or patterns of behavior. Example: New research challenges the established norms regarding the role and importance of certain bacteria in our environment. 41.   Unappealing - (adjective) not attractive or pleasant. Example: Some of the case studies discussed in the book may be unappealing due to the nature of the microbial investigations. 42.   Enthusiasm - (noun) intense excitement or interest in something. Example: Ed Yong's enthusiasm for the microbial world shines through his writing. 43.   Manipulate - (verb) to handle or control in a skillful manner, often for a specific purpose. Example: Scientists can manipulate microbial communities to study their effects on human health. 44.   Cocktail - (noun) a mixture or combination of different elements or ingredients. Example: A specially formulated cocktail of microbes could be used to enhance the health of newborns in a neonatal hospital ward. Passage -3 How to make wise decisions 1.        Revered - (adjective) highly respected and admired. Example: Wisdom has long been revered as a valuable human quality in many cultures. 2.      Empirical - (adjective) based on observation, experience, or data. Example: The research on wisdom is based on empirical studies that examine real-world situations. 3.      Trait - (noun) a characteristic or quality that distinguishes a person. Example: Wisdom is not simply a trait possessed by a select few individuals, but can be influenced by various factors. 4.      Experiential - (adjective) relating to or derived from experience. Example: Experiential factors play a significant role in shaping an individual's ability to reason wisely. 5.      Situational - (adjective) relating to or determined by the circumstances or context. Example: Wisdom can vary depending on the situational factors and the specific context in which decisions are made. 6.      Cumulatively - (adverb) by accumulating or adding together over time. Example: The cumulative findings from various psychological fields provide insights into the understanding of wisdom. 7.      Unfolds - (verb) develops or reveals gradually over time. Example: Wisdom is not a fixed quality but unfolds in response to the situations people find themselves in. 8.      Framework - (noun) a basic structure or conceptual framework used for understanding or organizing information. Example: Grossmann and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of their framework for wise reasoning. 9.      Humility - (noun) a modest or low view of one's importance or abilities. Example: Intellectual humility, recognizing the limits of our own knowledge, is an essential aspect of wise reasoning. 10.   Compromise - (noun) an agreement or settlement reached through mutual concession. Example: Wise reasoning involves the willingness to consider different attitudes and beliefs and find a compromise. 11.      Perspectives - (noun) a particular way of regarding or understanding something; a point of view. Example: Wise reasoning involves appreciating perspectives wider than the immediate issue at hand. 12.    Sensitivity - (noun) the ability to be aware of and understand the feelings and needs of others. Example: Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is an important characteristic of wise reasoning. 13.    Impartiality - (noun) the quality of being fair and unbiased; treating all sides or parties equally. Example: Wise reasoning involves considering moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. 14.   Egocentric - (adjective) centered or focused on oneself; self-centered. Example: Couples who adopted an egocentric perspective during a conflict discussion showed less wise reasoning. 15.   Decentering - (noun) the act of shifting focus away from oneself and considering other perspectives. Example: Ego-decentering allows for a broader view of the experience and facilitates wise reasoning. 16.   Crystallized - (adjective) referring to acquired knowledge or skills that are based on experience and learning. Example: There is a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence. 17.    Openness - (noun) a personality trait characterized by a willingness to experience new things, be receptive to new ideas, and be open-minded. Example: Wise reasoning is associated with the personality trait of openness to new perspectives. 18.   Agreeableness - (noun) a personality trait characterized by being friendly, cooperative, and compassionate. Example: Wise reasoning is also positively correlated with the personality trait of agreeableness. 19.   Retaliate - (verb) to respond to an attack or harm by inflicting a similar action in return. Example: Understanding how wise judgment relates to a person's likelihood to retaliate is important in studying wisdom. 20. Generalized - (adjective) not specific or limited to a particular context; applying broadly. Example: Knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative than assessing their generalized wisdom. 21.    Cumulatively - (adverb) in a way that accumulates or adds up over time; collectively. Example: Recent empirical findings from various fields of psychology cumulatively suggest that contextual factors shape wisdom. 22.  Unresolved - (adjective) not resolved or settled; lacking a final decision or solution. Example: Couples in long-term relationships were asked to visualize an unresolved conflict for the study. 23.  Affective - (adjective) relating to emotions, moods, or feelings. Example: Understanding wise judgment in different situations provides insights into its social and affective outcomes. 24. Likelihood - (noun) the probability or chance of something happening or being true. Example: Assessing how wisely a person behaves can inform their likelihood to forgive or retaliate. 25. Traits - (noun) distinguishing qualities or characteristics of a person; personal attributes. Example: The contextual effects on wise judgment are stronger in understanding social and affective outcomes compared to generalized traits. 26. Enhanced - (adjective) improved or increased in quality, value, or effectiveness. Example: Understanding contextual factors can offer insights into how wisdom can be enhanced and taught. 27.  Revered - (adjective) regarded with deep respect, admiration, or awe. Example: Wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities across cultures. 28. Framework - (noun) a basic structure or set of principles used as a guide for understanding or organizing something. Example: Grossmann and his colleagues developed a framework of wise reasoning based on four key characteristics. 29. Negotiating - (verb) engaging in discussions or bargaining to reach an agreement or compromise. Example: Negotiating a contract at work can be a situation that requires wise reasoning. 30. Empirical - (adjective) based on or derived from observation, experience, or data. Example: Recent empirical research has shed light on the factors influencing wise reasoning. 31.    Experiential - (adjective) relating to or based on experience or observation. Example: Experiential factors play a significant role in shaping an individual's ability to reason wisely. 32.  Compromise - (noun/verb) an agreement or settlement in which each side gives up some demands or makes concessions. Example: Wise reasoning involves the ability to find compromise or integrate different attitudes and beliefs. 33.  Unfolds - (verb) develops or reveals gradually over time. Example: Wisdom is not solely an "inner quality" but unfolds as a function of the situational context. 34. Egocentric - (adjective) focused or centered on oneself; self-centered. Example: Couples in the egocentric condition were less likely to rely on wise reasoning during the discussion. 35. Intellectual humility - (noun) the recognition of the limits of one's own knowledge and the willingness to accept and learn from others. Example: Intellectual humility is one of the key characteristics of wise reasoning. 36. Visualization - (noun) the act of forming mental images or representations. Example: Participants were instructed to visualize an unresolved conflict from a third-party perspective. 37.  Generalized - (adjective) applied or applicable to a wide range of situations, not specific to one instance. Example: Knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative than knowing their wisdom "in general." 38. Recognition - (noun) the act of acknowledging or identifying someone or something as known or previously encountered. Example: Wise reasoning involves the recognition of change and the limits of one's own knowledge. 39. Contextual - (adjective) relating to or depending on the context or circumstances. Example: Wisdom is shaped by various contextual factors, such as experience and situational context. 40. Crystallized intelligence - (noun) the accumulated knowledge, skills, and expertise acquired through learning and experience. Example: Wise thinking shows only a small positive relationship with crystallized intelligence. 41.   Affective - (adjective) relating to emotions or moods. Example: Contextual effects are more informative for understanding the relationship between wise judgment and its affective outcomes. 42. Outcomes - (noun) the results or consequences of an action or event. Example: Understanding wise judgment in different situations helps predict the social and affective outcomes. 43. Retaliate - (verb) to take revenge or respond to an attack or harm in kind. Example: Knowing how wisely a person behaves can help predict their likelihood to forgive or retaliate. 44. Conceptual - (adjective) relating to or based on concepts or abstract ideas. Example: Ego-decentering enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience. 45. Informative - (adjective) providing useful or valuable information. Example: Knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is informative for understanding their emotions. 46. Traits - (noun) distinguishing qualities or characteristics of a person. Example: Contextual effects are stronger in understanding wise judgment than generalized personality traits. 47.  Likelihood - (noun) the probability or chance of something happening. Example: Understanding wise judgment can help predict the likelihood of forgiving or retaliating. 48. Concessions - (noun) something granted or yielded in response to a demand or request. Example: Wise reasoning involves making concessions and finding middle ground in a disagreement. 49. Wider - (adjective) more extensive or comprehensive in scope or range. Example: Wise reasoning involves appreciating perspectives wider than the issue at hand. 50. Enhanced - (adjective) improved or increased in quality, value, or effectiveness. Example: Understanding the contextual factors can provide insights into how wisdom can be enhanced and taught. Test-3 Roman shipbuilding and navigation 1.       Shipbuilding: The process of constructing ships. Example: Shipbuilding today relies on advanced technology and sophisticated tools. 2.       Science: The systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. Example: Shipbuilding today is based on science and uses computer models. 3.       Computers: Electronic devices that can store, retrieve, and process data. Example: Ships are now designed using powerful computers. 4.       Sophisticated: Complex, advanced, or highly developed. Example: Modern shipbuilding tools are highly sophisticated and precise. 5.       Art: A skill or craftsmanship that involves creativity and imagination. Example: Ancient Roman shipbuilding was considered more of an art than a science. 6.       Estimation: An approximate calculation or educated guess. Example: The ancient Romans relied on estimation when building ships. 7.       Inherited: Received or passed down from previous generations. Example: The ancient Romans used inherited shipbuilding techniques from conquered civilizations. 8.       Techniques: Methods or procedures used to accomplish a specific task. Example: Ancient shipbuilding relied on techniques passed down through generations. 9.       Experience: Knowledge or skills acquired through practical involvement in a particular activity. Example: The ancient Romans relied on personal experience to build ships. 10.   Traditionally: According to customs or practices followed over a long period of time. Example: The ancient Romans were not traditionally seafaring people. 11.   Sailors: Individuals who navigate and operate ships or boats. Example: The ancient Romans were mostly land-based people and not traditionally sailors. 12.   Conquered: Defeated and taken control of by force. Example: The Romans learned shipbuilding from the people they conquered. 13.   Greeks: People from ancient Greece, known for their advancements in various fields. Example: The ancient Romans learned shipbuilding techniques from the Greeks. 14.   Egyptians: People from ancient Egypt, known for their civilization and expertise in various fields. Example: The ancient Romans also learned shipbuilding techniques from the Egyptians. 15.   Surviving: Existing or remaining in existence. Example: There are a few surviving written documents about ancient Roman ships. 16.   Descriptions: Detailed explanations or accounts of something. Example: The written documents provide descriptions of ancient Roman ships. 17.   Representations: Visual or graphic depictions. Example: The documents contain representations of ancient Roman ships' sails and rigging. 18.   Excavated: Unearthed or dug up from the ground. Example: Excavated vessels have provided clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. 19.   Clues: Pieces of evidence or information that help solve a problem or mystery. Example: The clues from excavated vessels shed light on ancient shipbuilding methods. 20.   Outer: Located on the outside or external part. Example: Ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first. 21.   Frame: The structural skeleton or framework of a ship. Example: After the outer hull, the shipbuilders proceeded with constructing the frame. 22.   Planks: Long, flat pieces of wood used in ship construction. Example: Planks were sewn together to build the outer hull of ancient Roman ships. 23.   Sewn: Joined or connected 24.   Method: A systematic or organized way of doing something. Example: Shipbuilders used a method called mortise and tenon to fix the planks together. 25.   Mortise and tenon: A method of joining pieces of wood without stitching, where one plank locks into another. Example: The shipbuilders used mortise and tenon to securely fix the planks of the ship. 26.   Systematic: Following a specific plan or method in a thorough and organized manner. Example: The new shipbuilding method was more systematic and efficient. 27.   Construction: The act or process of building or assembling something. Example: The new shipbuilding method dramatically shortened ship construction times. 28.   Merchant ships: Ships used for transporting goods or cargo. Example: Ancient Roman shipbuilders built large merchant ships for trade. 29.   Unequalled: Not surpassed or exceeded by anyone or anything. Example: The size and technology of Roman warships were unequalled until the 16th century. 30.   Warships: Ships designed and used for warfare. Example: Roman warships were built to be lightweight and fast. 31.   Ballast: Heavy material used to stabilize a ship. Example: Unlike merchant ships, warships had no ballast or excess load. 32.   Narrow: Not wide, limited in width. Example: Warships had a narrow hull to enhance their speed. 33.   Crippled: Severely damaged or disabled. Example: After naval battles, warships would often lie crippled on the sea's surface. 34.   Battering ram: A large, heavy object used to crash into or break through barriers. Example: Warships were equipped with a battering ram to damage enemy vessels. 35.   Pierce: To penetrate or go through something. Example: The battering ram was used to pierce the timber hulls of enemy ships. 36.   Oars: Long poles used for rowing a boat or ship. Example: Warships used human power, with rowers operating the oars. 37.   Fast: Quick, able to move at high speeds. Example: Roman warships were very fast and could swiftly maneuver. 38.   Navy: A fleet of ships used for military purposes. Example: Rome's navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean. 39.   Mare Nostrum: Latin for "our sea," referring to the Mediterranean Sea. Example: The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum as they gained control over it. 40.   Trireme: A type of ancient warship with three levels of rowers. Example: The trireme was the dominant warship from the 7th to the 4th century BCE. 41.   Uncomfortable: Not providing comfort, causing discomfort or unease. Example: The rowers at the bottom of the trireme had the most uncomfortable position. 42.   Slaves: People who are owned by others and forced to work without freedom. Example: Contrary to popular perception, rowers in ancient Roman warships were not slaves. 43.   Enrolled: Officially registered or entered into a program or organization. Example: Most rowers in ancient Roman warships were enrolled Roman citizens. 44.   Superseded: Replaced or surpassed by something newer or better. Example: The trireme was superseded by larger ships with more rowers. 45.   Merchant ships: Ships used for transporting goods or cargo. Example: Merchant ships were designed to carry a large amount of cargo over long distances. 46.   Cargo: Goods or products being transported by a ship. Example: Merchant ships carried various types of cargo, including raw materials and agricultural products. 47.   Stability: The state of being steady or firmly fixed in place. Example: Merchant ships had a solid interior for added stability during voyages. 48.   Rudders: Flat, movable plates used to steer a ship. Example: Merchant ships had two large side rudders for steering. 49.   Quay: A structure built along the shore to facilitate the loading and unloading of ships. Example: Towboats would drag the merchant ships to the quay upon arrival at the destination port. 50.   Landmarks: Prominent or easily recognizable features used for navigation. Example: Roman mariners used landmarks to navigate when they had good visibility. 51.   Navigation: The process of planning and controlling the movement of a ship or boat. Example: Navigation in ancient Rome relied on landmarks and natural phenomena. 52.   Compasses: Navigational instruments used to determine direction. Example: Unlike modern navigation, ancient Roman mariners did not have sophisticated compasses. 53.   Observation: The act of closely watching or monitoring something. Example: Ancient Roman mariners relied on careful observation of natural phenomena for navigation. 54.   Visibility: The degree to which objects or landmarks can be seen. Example: Good visibility made navigation easier for ancient Roman seamen. 55.   Swell: The rolling or heaving movement of the sea. Example: Ancient mariners estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. 56.   Vessels: General term for ships or boats. Example: Excavated vessels have provided valuable insights into ancient shipbuilding techniques. 57.   Roman Empire: The vast territories and dominions ruled by ancient Rome. Example: The Roman Empire was a powerful force in the ancient world. 58.   Empire: A group of territories or nations under a single authority or ruler. Example: The Roman Empire encompassed a vast expanse of land and sea. 59.   Trade: The buying and selling of goods or services. Example: Merchant ships played a crucial role in facilitating international trade. 60.   Crossing: Traveling across a body of water. Example: Large vessels regularly made crossings across the seas during ancient Roman times. Passage -2 Climate change reveals ancient artefacts in Norway’s glaciers 1.       Artefacts: Objects made by humans, typically of cultural or historical significance. Example: The melting ice in Norway's glaciers is revealing ancient artefacts such as arrows and skis. 2.       Preserved: Kept intact or protected from decay or destruction. Example: The extreme cold of the ice acted as a natural freezer, preserving the artefacts for thousands of years. 3.       Insights: New or deep understandings or perspectives. Example: The discovered artefacts have provided archaeologists with surprising insights into ancient Norwegian lifestyles. 4.       Microorganisms: Tiny organisms, often invisible to the naked eye. Example: Organic materials at archaeological sites are vulnerable to decay caused by microorganisms. 5.       Relatively: To a certain extent or compared to something else. Example: Extreme cold can relatively preserve organic materials for a few thousand years. 6.       Degradation: The process of breaking down or deteriorating. Example: Once thawed, organic materials experience degradation at a relatively swift pace. 7.       Covered: Hidden or protected by something. Example: An arrow might be exposed briefly and then covered again by the next snowfall. 8.       Unpredictability: Lack of predictability or the ability to foresee something. Example: The unpredictability of weather patterns poses challenges for glacial archaeologists. 9.       Systematic: Done or acting according to a fixed plan or system. Example: Glacial archaeologists need to be systematic in their approach to finding and studying newly revealed artefacts. 10.   Surveyed: Examined or investigated an area or group of things. Example: The team of archaeologists surveyed patches of ice in Oppland, Norway. 11.   Concentrated: Gathered or gathered together in a specific location. Example: Reindeer once congregated on the icy patches in Oppland during the summer months. 12.   Congregated: Gathered or gathered together in a group. Example: Reindeer once congregated on the icy patches in Oppland during the summer months. 13.   Traversing: Traveling across or through something. Example: Hunters used the items found to aid in traversing the high mountain passes. 14.   All-purpose: Suitable or useful for a wide range of purposes. Example: Hunters carried all-purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack. 15.   Radiocarbon-dated: Determined the age of something using radiocarbon dating. Example: The team radiocarbon-dated 153 of the artefacts to determine their age. 16.   Environmental changes: Shifts or alterations in the natural surroundings or ecosystem. Example: The timing of major environmental changes in the region was compared to the dates of the artefacts. 17.   Economic shifts: Changes or transformations in the economy or economic conditions. Example: The team examined how major economic shifts aligned with the timing of the artefacts. 18.   Daunting: Intimidating or challenging. Example: Oppland's mountains present daunting terrain for archaeological exploration. 19.   Assumed: Accepted something as true without proof or verification. Example: Archaeologists assumed that people would stick to lower elevations during extreme cold periods. 20.   Supplement: Add to or enhance something to make it complete or sufficient. Example: Hunting may have increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests during times of low temperatures. 21.   Widespread: Happening or existing over a large area or among many people. Example: A colder turn in the climate would likely have led to widespread crop failures. 22.   Booming: Experiencing rapid growth or success. Example: The demand for hides and antlers was booming due to growing Norwegian towns and export markets. 23.   Retreating: Moving back or withdrawing. Example: As the ice retreats, archaeologists may extract more artefacts from the mountains in the future. 24.   Remote: Far away or located in a distant area. Example: Norway's ice patches in remote mountain areas are likely hiding a lot of history. 25.   Disintegrated: Broke apart or crumbled into small pieces. Example: Many artefacts from a certain period may have already disintegrated or remain frozen in the ice. 26.   Race the clock: Act quickly to accomplish something before time runs out. Example: Glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find and preserve newly revealed artefacts. 27.   Environmental history: The study of past environments and their changes over time. Example: By studying the artefacts, archaeologists can uncover unique environmental history. 28.   Terrain: The physical features of an area or land. Example: Oppland's mountains present challenging terrain for archaeological exploration. 29.   Arctic: Relating to or characteristic of the regions around the North Pole. Example: The melting ice in the Arctic region is revealing ancient artefacts. 30.   BCE: An abbreviation for "Before Common Era," referring to years before the birth of Christ. Example: The artefacts discovered date back to the period from 4,000 BCE to the 14th century. 31.   Renaissance: A period of renewed interest and growth in arts, sciences, and culture. Example: The artefacts found spanned from the late Stone Age to the beginnings of the Renaissance. 32.   Venturing: Exploring or going on a journey, especially into unknown or risky territory. Example: Hunters kept venturing into the mountains despite extreme cold periods. 33.   Gap: A space or period where something is missing or lacking. Example: The researchers noticed a gap in the artefacts from a specific time period. 34.   Prehistory: The time before written records or documented history. Example: Norway's remote ice patches may hold valuable artefacts from both history and prehistory. 35.   Archaeological exploration: The process of investigating and studying ancient remains and artefacts. Example: The team engaged in archaeological exploration to uncover and analyze the artefacts. 36.   Material record: A collection of physical evidence or objects that provide insights into the past. Example: The discovered artefacts formed a valuable material record spanning several centuries. 37.   Demand: The desire or need for a particular item or service. Example: Growing Norwegian towns and export markets created a booming demand for hides. 38.   Terrain: The physical features of an area or land. Example: Oppland's mountains present challenging terrain for archaeological exploration. 39.   Retreating: Moving back or withdrawing. Example: As the ice retreats, archaeologists may extract more artefacts from the mountains in the future. 40.   Remote: Far away or located in a distant area. Example: Norway's ice patches in remote mountain areas are likely hiding a lot of history. 41.   Uncovered: Revealed or exposed. Example: The melting ice has uncovered ancient artefacts that were previously hidden. 42.   Camping: Staying outdoors in a tent or temporary shelter. Example: The archaeologists often had to go camping on permafrost during their fieldwork. 43.   Natural environment: The surrounding or existing conditions of the natural world. Example: Glacial archaeologists connect with the natural environment while studying the melting ice. 44.   Concentrated: Gathered or brought together in a specific area. Example: Reindeer once concentrated on the icy patches in Oppland during the summer months. 45.   Harvests: The gathering or collection of crops or other resources. Example: Hunters may have increased their activity during times of low agricultural harvests. 46.   Expansion: The act or process of becoming larger or more extensive. Example: The discoveries indicate the expansion of trade networks during the Viking Age. 47.   Overland routes: Paths or passages over land, as opposed to by sea or air. Example: Goods were transported through overland routes like the mountain passes of Oppland. 48.   Combs: Objects used for grooming or styling hair. Example: Antlers were used to make practical items like combs during the Viking Age. 49.   History: The study or record of past events, particularly in human affairs. Example: Glacial archaeologists are uncovering a hidden history through their findings. 50.   Extracting: Removing or taking out something. Example: As the ice retreats, archaeologists can start extracting artefacts from previously frozen areas. 51.   Archaeological finds: Discoveries or objects of historical or cultural significance. Example: Artefacts from the 3,800 to 2,200 BCE period are rare archaeological finds in Norway. 52.   Frozen: Preserved or locked in ice or a frozen state. Example: Some artefacts may still be frozen in the ice, waiting to be discovered. 53.   Challenges: Difficulties or obstacles that require effort to overcome. Example: Glacial archaeologists face challenges due to the unpredictability of weather conditions. 54.   Permafrost: Permanently frozen ground or soil. Example: The archaeologists often had to camp on permafrost during their fieldwork. 55.   Environmental shifts: Changes or transitions in the natural environment. Example: The team analyzed how major environmental shifts correlated with the timing of artefacts. 56.   Alignment: A state of agreement or harmony. Example: The team observed the alignment between major economic shifts and the artefacts discovered. 57.   Colder turn: A shift or transition towards colder temperatures. Example: A colder turn in the climate would have had significant impacts on agriculture. 58.   Unique: One of a kind or distinctive. Example: The melting ice provides a unique opportunity to uncover ancient artefacts. 59.   Alignment: A state of agreement or harmony. Example: The team observed the alignment between major economic shifts and the artefacts discovered. 60.   Retreating ice: The shrinking or melting of ice formations. Example: The retreating ice in Norway's glaciers is revealing hidden artefacts. Passage -3 Plant ‘thermometer’ triggers springtime growth by measuring night-time heat 41.   Thermometer molecule: A molecule in plants that functions as a temperature gauge. Example: The discovery of the thermometer molecule in plants sheds light on their response to temperature changes. 42.   Phytochromes: Molecules used by plants to detect light during the day. Example: Phytochromes change their function in darkness to become temperature gauges. 43.   Genetic switches: Mechanisms that control the activation or deactivation of genes. Example: Phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature and light. 44.   Pace: Speed or rate of change. Example: The pace at which phytochromes change is directly proportional to temperature. 45.   Stimulating: Triggering or promoting. Example: The molecular change of phytochromes at warmer temperatures stimulates plant growth. 46.   Responsive: Reacting or sensitive to something. Example: Plants are highly responsive to temperature changes, which affects their development. 47.   Pinpoints: Identifies or locates precisely. Example: The research pinpoints the molecular mechanism in plants that responds to temperature. 48.   Mechanism: A system or process. Example: The newly discovered mechanism in plants reacts to temperature, influencing their growth. 49.   Predict: Forecast or anticipate. Example: Farmers have long used plant responses to temperature to predict weather and harvest times. 50.   Breeding: Selective reproduction to produce desired traits. Example: Understanding the molecular mechanisms can help breed crops resilient to climate change. 51.   Thermal stress: Pressure or strain caused by high temperatures. Example: Crops are sensitive to thermal stress, which reduces their yields in high temperatures. 52.   Resilient: Able to withstand or recover from challenges. Example: The discovery can accelerate the breeding of resilient crops against thermal stress. 53.   Active state: The condition of being engaged or functioning. Example: In their active state, phytochrome molecules restrict plant growth. 54.   Inactivated: Rendered inactive or deactivated. Example: Phytochromes are inactivated when plants are in shade, allowing faster growth. 55.   Compete: Strive or vie for superiority. Example: Plants compete to escape each other's shade by growing faster. 56.   Reversion: The act of returning to a previous state. Example: During the night, phytochromes undergo reversion from their active to inactive state. 57.   Growth-suppressing: Inhibiting or restraining growth. Example: Phytochromes spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state at lower temperatures. 58.   Expressed: Activated or manifested. Example: In the inactive state, genes can be expressed and plant growth can resume. 59.   Dual role: Having two functions or purposes. Example: The discovery of the dual role of phytochromes explains plant development based on temperature and light. 60.   Seasonal timing: The determination of the appropriate timing for seasonal events. Example: Some plants use temperature or day length to determine their seasonal timing. 61.   Model system: A simplified or representative system used for research or experimentation. Example: The mustard plant Arabidopsis was used as a model system to study the role of phytochromes in temperature sensing. 62.   Crop plants: Plants cultivated for agricultural purposes. Example: The phytochrome genes responsible for temperature sensing are also found in crop plants. 63.   Advances: Progress or developments in a particular field. Example: Recent advances in plant genetics have allowed scientists to identify and manipulate genes in crop plants. 64.   Precise: Exact or accurate. Example: Scientists can use precise molecular tools to alter the activity of genes in plants. 65.   Collaborators: Individuals or groups who work together on a project. Example: The research involved collaborators from Germany, Argentina, the US, and the University of Cambridge. 66.   Applied aspects: Practical or real-world applications. Example: Cambridge's collaborators work on applied aspects of plant biology, aiding the transfer of knowledge into the field. 67.   Transfer: Move or apply something to a different context. Example: The collaborative effort aims to transfer the newfound knowledge into practical applications in agriculture. 68.   Outstanding: Exceptional or remarkable. Example: Cambridge is uniquely positioned for this research due to its outstanding nearby collaborators. 69.   Field: The practical or real-world application of a particular subject or study. Example: The research aims to translate knowledge from the laboratory into the agricultural field. 70.   Scalpels: Precise surgical instruments used for cutting. Example: Advances in plant genetics allow scientists to manipulate genes using precise molecular scalpels. 71.   Mustard plant: The Arabidopsis plant, commonly referred to as a mustard plant, is a small flowering plant used as a model organism in scientific research. Example: The researchers conducted their experiments on the mustard plant Arabidopsis to study the role of phytochromes in temperature sensing. 72.   Temperature sensing: The ability of organisms to detect and respond to changes in temperature. Example: The discovery of phytochromes as cellular temperature gauges sheds light on the mechanisms of temperature sensing in plants. 73.   Gene expression: The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein. Example: When phytochromes detach from the plant's DNA, genes are expressed, and gene expression resumes, leading to plant growth. 74.   Dual role: Having two distinct functions or responsibilities. Example: The discovery of the dual role of phytochromes as light sensors and temperature gauges provides valuable insights into plant development. 75.   Seasonal timing: The specific timing of events or processes that occur in relation to the seasons. Example: Different plant species have different mechanisms for determining their seasonal timing, with some relying more on temperature cues and others on day length. 76.   Oak before ash, we'll have a splash, ash before oak, we're in for a soak: A traditional rhyme used to predict the coming season based on the order of leafing between oak and ash trees. Example: The discovery of phytochromes as thermometers supports the accuracy of the rhyme "oak before ash, we'll have a splash, ash before oak, we're in for a soak" in predicting the seasonal outcome. 77.   Hot summer: A summer season characterized by high temperatures. Example: If oak trees leaf before ash trees, it indicates a higher likelihood of a hot summer according to the traditional rhyme. 78.   Rain-soaked: Experiencing a significant amount of rain. Example: If ash trees leaf before oak trees, it suggests a higher chance of a rain-soaked summer based on the traditional rhyme. 79.   Breeding: The process of producing offspring or creating new varieties or species through controlled reproduction. Example: Understanding the molecular mechanisms of temperature sensing in plants can aid in the breeding of crops that are resilient to climate change. 80.   Tougher crops: Crop plants with increased resilience to various environmental stresses and challenges. Example: The knowledge gained from the study of phytochromes as temperature gauges can contribute to the development of tougher crops capable of withstanding thermal stress. 81.   Thermal stress: The negative effects experienced by organisms when they are exposed to extreme temperatures or temperature fluctuations. Example: Thermal stress caused by high temperatures can significantly reduce crop yields and productivity. 82.   Climate change: Long-term shifts and alterations in weather patterns and atmospheric conditions, primarily attributed to human activities. Example: The discovery of phytochromes as internal thermometers in plants has implications for understanding and adapting to the effects of climate change on crop growth and agriculture. 83.   Genetic switches: Molecular mechanisms or regulatory elements that control the activation or inactivation of genes. Example: Phytochromes function as genetic switches, responding to temperature and light cues to regulate plant development. 84.   Buds of spring: The small, undeveloped growth points on plants that develop into leaves, flowers, or shoots during the spring season. Example: The molecular mechanism discovered in this study helps explain the activation of buds of spring in response to temperature changes. 85.   Model system: A simplified and well-studied organism or experimental setup used to investigate specific biological phenomena. Example: The researchers used the Arabidopsis plant as a model system to study the role of phytochromes in temperature sensing before applying the findings to crop plants. 86.   Internal thermometer: The mechanism or molecule within an organism that detects and measures internal or external temperatures. Example: Phytochromes function as an internal thermometer in plant cells, allowing them to respond to nighttime temperature changes. 87.   Crop plants: Plants cultivated and grown for agricultural purposes, including food, fiber, and other commercial products. Example: The identification of phytochromes involved in temperature sensing is applicable to various crop plants, providing opportunities for breeding more resilient and productive varieties. 88.   Plant genetics: The study of genetic traits, inheritance, and variation in plant species. Example: Recent advances in plant genetics have enabled scientists to identify and manipulate genes involved in temperature sensing and response. 89.   Precise molecular "scalpels": Advanced molecular tools or techniques that allow specific and precise modifications or alterations at the genetic level. Example: With the use of precise molecular "scalpels", researchers can modify the activity of temperature-sensing genes in crop plants to enhance their resilience. 90.   Field: The practical application or implementation of scientific knowledge or research in real-world settings. Example: Collaborations with experts in applied plant biology facilitate the transfer of new knowledge about temperature sensing from the lab to the field for practical applications in agriculture. Test-4 Passage -1   Roman tunnels Qanat method: A method of tunnel construction developed by the Persians and later adopted by the Romans for creating water-supply tunnels. It involves digging vertical shafts at regular intervals and connecting them underground to create a tunnel. Example: The Persians and Romans utilized the qanat method to construct tunnels that provided water for human settlements and agriculture. Shafts: Vertical openings or passages that are dug at regular intervals in tunnel construction. Example: The Roman qanat tunnels had shafts equipped with handholds and footholds for easy access. Plumb line: A weighted string or line used as a vertical reference to ensure that structures, such as shafts in tunnel construction, are perfectly vertical. Example: The Romans used plumb lines to ensure the verticality of the shafts and measure the depth and slope of the tunnels. Claudius tunnel: A 5.6-kilometer-long tunnel built by the Romans in 41 CE to drain the Fucine Lake in central Italy. Example: The Claudius tunnel required 11 years and approximately 30,000 workers to complete, with shafts reaching depths of up to 122 meters. Counter-excavation method: A tunnel construction method where the tunnel is simultaneously dug from both ends, typically used for cutting through high mountains. Example: The counter-excavation method was employed by the Romans when the qanat method was not feasible, requiring precise planning and coordination to ensure the tunnels met correctly at the center of the mountain. Saldae aqueduct system: A Roman aqueduct system in modern-day Algeria, which included a 428-meter tunnel built using the counter-excavation method. Example: The Saldae aqueduct system features an inscription on the side of one tunnel, describing how the two teams of builders missed each other initially and how a lateral link corrected the error. Mineral extraction: The process of extracting valuable minerals or ores from the earth. Example: Romans used tunnels for mineral extraction, following mineral veins and creating shafts and tunnels to access them. Dolaucothi mines: Ancient Roman gold mines located in Wales, where traces of tunnels used for mining can still be found today. Example: The Dolaucothi mines contain evidence of Roman tunneling for gold extraction. Fire quenching: A technique employed by the Romans to excavate through hard rock, involving heating the rock with fire and rapidly cooling it with water to induce cracking. Example: The Romans used fire quenching to aid in the excavation of tunnels through hard rock, accelerating the process by creating cracks. Construction marks: Inscriptions or markings left on tunnels by the Romans, often indicating the names of patrons who ordered the construction and sometimes the name of the architect. Example: Many Roman tunnels had construction marks that provided information about the construction timeline and the individuals involved. Rate of advance: The speed at which the construction of a tunnel progresses, measured in terms of distance covered per unit of time. Example: The rate of advance through solid rock in the Roman tunnel in Bologna was approximately 30 centimeters per day. Inscriptions: Writings or carvings found on the entrances or walls of Roman tunnels, often containing information about the construction, such as the names of patrons, dates, and sometimes the names of architects. Example: The entrance of the Cevlik tunnel in Turkey still displays inscriptions indicating the start and completion dates of the tunnel construction. Architect: A person responsible for designing and overseeing the construction of a tunnel. Example: The architect of a Roman tunnel played a crucial role in planning and ensuring the successful implementation of the construction project. Cevlik tunnel: A 1.4-kilometer tunnel built by the Romans in Turkey to divert floodwater threatening the harbor of the ancient city of Seleuceia Pieria. Example: The Cevlik tunnel served the purpose of protecting the harbor from floodwater and featured inscriptions providing details about its construction timeline. Excavation: The process of removing earth, rocks, or other materials to create a void or cavity, as done in tunnel construction. Example: The excavation process involved in Roman tunnel construction required skilled workers to remove the earth and rocks to create the desired tunnel shape. Surveying: The practice of measuring and mapping the land to determine the alignment and dimensions of a tunnel. Example: The Romans relied on accurate surveying to ensure the proper alignment and trajectory of their tunnels. Geometry: The branch of mathematics that deals with the properties and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids, often used in tunnel construction for calculations and measurements. Example: Advanced knowledge of geometry was necessary for Roman engineers to accurately plan the construction of tunnels and ensure their structural integrity. Geological problems: Challenges or obstacles encountered during tunnel construction due to the nature of the rocks or geological formations in the area. Example: Roman builders had to address various geological problems such as unexpected rock formations or unstable strata while excavating tunnels. Planning: The process of carefully organizing and arranging the steps, resources, and timelines required for tunnel construction. Example: Successful tunnel construction relied on thorough planning, taking into account factors such as construction methods, geological conditions, and available resources. Rock type: The classification of the rocks encountered during tunnel construction, which could vary in hardness, composition, and structural properties. Example: The rock type influenced the construction time and techniques used in Roman tunnel projects, with harder rocks requiring additional methods like fire quenching. Structural integrity: The ability of a tunnel to withstand external forces and maintain its stability over time. Example: The Romans paid close attention to ensure the structural integrity of their tunnels, employing various techniques and calculations to withstand potential collapses or damages. Fire quenching: A technique employed by the Romans to excavate tunnels through hard rock. It involved heating the rock with fire and then rapidly cooling it with cold water, causing it to crack and facilitate excavation. Example: The Romans used the fire quenching technique to break up hard rock during the construction of tunnels, accelerating the excavation process. Dolaucothi mines: Ancient gold mines located in Wales where Roman miners used tunnels to extract gold from mineral veins. Example: The Dolaucothi mines in Wales provide evidence of Roman tunnel construction specifically for mineral extraction purposes, particularly gold mining. Counter-excavation method: A tunnel construction method where tunnels are simultaneously excavated from both ends, commonly used for cutting through high mountains. Example: When the qanat method was not feasible, the Romans employed the counter-excavation method to construct tunnels, especially when dealing with challenging mountainous terrains. Tunnel mouths: The entrances or openings of tunnels where excavation work begins and ends. Example: The tunnel mouths served as access points for workers during the construction of Roman tunnels, and their locations were carefully determined based on the planned tunnel route. Plumb line: A weighted string or cord used to ensure vertical alignment during tunnel construction. Example: The Romans used a plumb line suspended from a rod placed across the top of each shaft to verify that the tunnels' shafts were vertical and properly aligned. Fucine Lake: A large lake in central Italy that was drained by the Romans through the construction of the 5.6-kilometer-long Claudius tunnel. Example: The Fucine Lake was successfully drained by the Romans using the Claudius tunnel, which involved the excavation of deep shafts and took 11 years to complete. Saldae aqueduct: An aqueduct system in modern-day Algeria that included a tunnel built by the Romans, featuring a lateral link between two corridors to correct an initial construction error. Example: The Saldae aqueduct system included a Roman tunnel that required a lateral link to rectify the missed connection between two teams of builders during construction. Qanat method: A tunnel construction method introduced by the Persians and later adopted by the Romans, involving the digging of vertical shafts at regular intervals to create a tunnel for water supply. Example: The qanat method was utilized by both the Persians and the Romans to construct tunnels that provided reliable water supply to settlements, ensuring water flow from hilltops to canals. Ventilation: The process of providing fresh air circulation within a tunnel to ensure a safe working environment. Example: The shafts used in the qanat method not only served as a means to remove excavated soil but also provided ventilation for workers during tunnel construction. Claudius tunnel: A 5.6-kilometer-long tunnel constructed by the Romans in 41 CE to drain the Fucine Lake in central Italy. Example: The Claudius tunnel was a significant engineering feat by the Romans, involving the excavation of deep shafts and employing thousands of workers over an extended period. Shafts: Vertical passages or openings dug at intervals in the tunnel construction process, serving as access points, ventilation conduits, and means to remove excavated materials. Example: The Roman qanat and counter-excavation methods involved the creation of shafts to facilitate construction and provide necessary functions such as access and ventilation. Qanat: An underground water channel or tunnel constructed using the qanat method, designed to provide a reliable water supply to arid regions. Example: The Persians and Romans utilized qanats to create underground water channels that allowed for the distribution of water to settlements in dry areas. Mining tunnels: Tunnels excavated by the Romans for the purpose of mineral extraction, such as gold, silver, and other valuable resources. Example: Roman mining tunnels at sites like Dolaucothi in Wales were crucial for accessing mineral veins and extracting precious metals. Surveying: The process of measuring and mapping the land to determine the optimal route and alignment for tunnel construction. Example: Romans employed advanced techniques of surveying to ensure the accurate alignment of tunnels, especially when using the counter-excavation method. Excavation rate: The speed at which the tunnel is excavated, measured in terms of the distance covered per unit of time. Example: The excavation rate of Roman tunnels varied depending on factors such as rock hardness, construction method, and the availability of resources. Inscriptions: Writings or carvings found on tunnel walls, often indicating the names of patrons, architects, construction dates, or historical events. Example: Many Roman tunnels feature inscriptions that provide valuable information about their construction, including the names of those involved and the timeline of the project. Geological challenges: Obstacles encountered during tunnel construction due to the nature of the rock formations, such as faults, hard rock, or unstable strata. Example: Roman tunnel builders had to overcome various geological challenges, such as unpredictable fault lines or exceptionally hard rock, to successfully complete their projects. Tunnel deviation: A divergence from the planned tunnel path, requiring adjustments to ensure that both ends of the tunnel meet accurately. Example: If builders encountered unexpected geological conditions, it could lead to tunnel deviation, necessitating corrective measures to realign the tunnel and ensure its functionality. Construction planning: The process of organizing and scheduling the various tasks, resources, and techniques required for successful tunnel construction. Example: Roman tunnel projects involved meticulous construction planning to account for factors such as excavation methods, resources, workforce, and geological challenges. Tunnel durability: The ability of a tunnel to withstand the test of time, considering factors like structural integrity, materials used, and ongoing maintenance. Example: The longevity of some Roman tunnels is a testament to their tunnel durability, as they remain in use or are still accessible after centuries of existence. Architectural innovation: The introduction of new ideas, techniques, or materials in tunnel construction that improve efficiency, durability, or functionality. Example: Roman tunnel construction displayed remarkable architectural innovation through techniques like fire quenching, plumb lines, and counter-excavation methods. Tunnel maintenance: Regular upkeep and repair activities performed on tunnels to ensure their functionality and safety. Example: Proper tunnel maintenance is crucial for preserving Roman tunnels, including measures like structural reinforcement, drainage management, and periodic inspections. Water diversion: The redirection of water through tunnels or channels to prevent flooding, drain water bodies, or supply water to specific areas. Example: The Romans constructed tunnels like the Claudius tunnel for the purpose of water diversion, effectively draining the Fucine Lake and controlling water levels. Ancient engineering: The application of scientific and technical knowledge in designing and constructing structures, systems, and infrastructure in ancient civilizations. Example: Roman tunnel construction exemplifies the Test -4 Passge-2 Changes in reading habits 1.       Pacifier: An object used to calm or soothe babies and toddlers. Example: The iPad has become the new pacifier for babies and toddlers. 2.       Toddlers: Young children who are just beginning to walk and explore. Example: Many toddlers are now engaged with digital devices at a very young age. 3.       Skim: To quickly read or glance through something. Example: Readers now often skim through digital texts instead of reading them deeply. 4.       Flotilla: A group or fleet of boats or ships. Example: Passengers on the plane were either reading on tablets or scrolling through a flotilla of emails and news feeds. 5.       Neuronal: Relating to or involving neurons, which are the cells in the nervous system. Example: The neuronal circuit responsible for reading is undergoing rapid changes. 6.       Circuit: A path or route along which electrical signals or information flows. Example: The brain's reading ability is governed by a complex circuit that has evolved over time. 7.       Elaborated: Developed or expanded in detail. Example: The present reading brain is highly elaborated compared to its simpler origins. 8.       Affective: Relating to emotions or feelings. Example: The reading brain plays a role in the development of important affective processes, such as empathy. 9.       Inference: The act of drawing conclusions based on evidence or reasoning. Example: The reading brain enables the generation of inference and critical analysis. 10.   Perspective-taking: The ability to understand and consider different points of view. Example: The reading brain contributes to the development of perspective-taking skills. 11.   Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Example: Deep reading processes are associated with the development of empathy. 12.   Critical analysis: The careful examination and evaluation of something. Example: The reading brain is essential for engaging in critical analysis of complex texts. 13.   Generation: The process of creating or producing something. Example: The reading brain contributes to the generation of new ideas and insights. 14.   Digital-based: Relating to or based on digital technology. Example: The shift to digital-based modes of reading has implications for deep reading processes. 15.   Binary: Involving two options or choices. Example: The issue of print versus digital reading is not a simple binary choice. 16.   Diminish: To make or become less or smaller. Example: We must be aware of what may be diminished in the transition to digital reading. 17.   Innovating: Introducing new methods or ideas. Example: Society must consider the potential consequences of innovating without acknowledging the impact on reading. 18.   Blueprint: A detailed plan or design. Example: The reading circuit is not determined by a genetic blueprint but develops in response to the environment. 19.   Advantages: Provides an advantage or benefit. Example: If the dominant medium is fast-paced and information-heavy, the reading circuit will adapt and be advantaged in those processes. 20.   Multi-task oriented: Focused on performing multiple tasks simultaneously. Example: The digital medium favors multi-task oriented processes over deep reading. 21.   Allocated: Set aside or assigned for a particular purpose. Example: When reading digitally, less time is allocated 22.   Downstream effects: The subsequent or indirect consequences of something. Example: Digital screen use may have downstream effects on reading comprehension. 23.   Comprehension: The ability to understand or grasp the meaning of something. Example: Students who read in print showed superior comprehension compared to those reading on screens. 24.   Universal: Applicable or common to all. Example: The short story used in the study had universal appeal among high school students. 25.   Sequential: In a particular order or sequence. Example: Print readers demonstrated better ability to sequence details and reconstruct the plot. 26.   Ziming: The name of a researcher mentioned in the passage. Example: Ziming Liu conducted studies on the changing nature of reading habits. 27.   Norm: A standard or typical pattern of behavior. Example: Skimming has become the new norm in reading, replacing deep reading. 28.   Spot: To quickly identify or locate something. Example: Many readers now spot words as they skim through digital texts. 29.   Atrophy: The wasting away or gradual decline of something. Example: The shift to digital reading may lead to the atrophy of critical analysis skills. 30.   Retreat: To withdraw or move away from something. Example: The decline in critical analysis skills may incentivize a retreat to unchecked sources of information. 31.   Susceptible: Vulnerable or easily influenced by something. Example: Without critical analysis skills, we become susceptible to false information and irrational ideas. 32.   Neuroscience: The scientific study of the nervous system and the brain. Example: The principle of "use it or lose it" is a well-known concept in neuroscience. 33.   Encompass: To include or contain within something. Example: Our understanding of the changing reading brain should encompass both the science and technology available. 34.   Redress: To remedy or correct a problem or situation. Example: We have the ability to identify and redress the changes in reading habits. 35.   Entrenched: Firmly established and difficult to change. Example: We should address the changes in reading before they become entrenched. 36.   Excitement: A feeling of enthusiasm or eagerness. Example: There is as much reason for excitement as caution regarding the changing reading brain. 37.   Neuronal: Relating to or involving neurons, which are the cells in the nervous system. Example: The neuronal circuit responsible for reading is undergoing rapid changes. 38.   Circuit: A path or route along which electrical signals or information flows. Example: The brain's reading ability is governed by a complex circuit that has evolved over time. 39.   Elaborated: Developed or expanded in detail. Example: The present reading brain is highly elaborated compared to its simpler origins. 40.   Affective: Relating to emotions or feelings. Example: The reading brain plays a role in the development of important affective processes, such as empathy. 41.   Inference: The act of drawing conclusions based on evidence or reasoning. Example: The reading brain enables the generation of inference and critical analysis. 42.   Perspective-taking: The ability to understand and consider different points of view. Example: The reading brain contributes to the development of perspective-taking skills. 43.   Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others 44.   Critical analysis: The careful examination and evaluation of something. Example: The reading brain is essential for engaging in critical analysis of complex texts. 45.   Generation: The process of creating or producing something. Example: The reading brain contributes to the generation of new ideas and insights. 46.   Digital-based: Relating to or based on digital technology. Example: The shift to digital-based modes of reading has implications for deep reading processes. 47.   Binary: Involving two options or choices. Example: The issue of print versus digital reading is not a simple binary choice. 48.   Diminish: To make or become less or smaller. Example: We must be aware of what may be diminished in the transition to digital reading. 49.   Innovating: Introducing new methods or ideas. Example: Society must consider the potential consequences of innovating without acknowledging the impact on reading. 50.   Blueprint: A detailed plan or design. Example: The reading circuit is not determined by a genetic blueprint but develops in response to the environment. Test -4 Passage -3 Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence 1.       Artificial intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn. Example: Police forces are using artificial intelligence (AI) to predict when and where crimes are likely to occur. 2.       Forecasting: Making predictions or estimates about future events or outcomes. Example: Many decisions in our lives require a good forecasting, and AI is almost always better at it than we are. 3.       Reluctant: Unwilling or hesitant to do something. Example: People are often reluctant to trust AI predictions, preferring to trust human experts. 4.       Trust: Belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something. Example: To benefit from AI, we need to find a way to get people to trust it. 5.       Promote: To support or advertise the use or adoption of something. Example: IBM attempted to promote Watson for Oncology to cancer doctors. 6.       Supercomputer: An extremely powerful computer with high processing capabilities. Example: Watson for Oncology is one of IBM's supercomputer programs. 7.       PR disaster: A situation in which public relations efforts go wrong and cause negative consequences. Example: The promotion of Watson for Oncology turned out to be a PR disaster for IBM. 8.       Recommendations: Suggestions or advice given based on knowledge or expertise. Example: Watson promised to provide top-quality recommendations on cancer treatment. 9.       Coincided: Occurred at the same time or in the same way. Example: If Watson's guidance coincided with the doctors' opinions, they saw no point in its recommendations. 10.   Competent: Capable or skilled in a particular area. Example: If Watson generated a recommendation contradicting the experts' opinion, doctors concluded that it wasn't competent. 11.   Machine-learning: The ability of a computer system to improve its performance by analyzing data and learning from it. Example: Watson's machine-learning algorithms were too complex for humans to fully understand. 12.   Suspicion: A feeling of doubt, mistrust, or uncertainty. Example: The lack of explanation from the machine raised more suspicion and disbelief among doctors. 13.   Disbelief: Refusal or inability to believe something. Example: The seemingly outlandish AI recommendations led to disbelief among many doctors. 14.   Reliability: The quality of being trustworthy or dependable. Example: Trust in other people often stems from experience and a sense of their reliability. 15.   Psychological: Related to the mind, mental processes, and behavior. Example: Trust in others creates a psychological feeling of safety. 16.   Anxiety: A feeling of unease or worry, often accompanied by nervousness or fear. Example: Interacting with something we don't understand can cause anxiety. 17.   Familiar: Well-known, recognized, or acquainted with something. Example: AI is still fairly new and unfamiliar to most people. 18.   Background: Happening or operating behind the scenes, not easily noticeable. Example: AI often works in the background without people realizing it. 19.   Failures: Instances where something does not work as intended or expected. Example: Embarrassing AI failures receive significant media attention. 20.   Disproportionate: Out of proportion or not balanced. Example: AI failures receive 21.   Confirmation bias: The tendency to interpret or favor information that confirms one's existing beliefs or hypotheses. Example: People may use relevant evidence about AI to support their existing attitudes, displaying confirmation bias. 22.   Split: Divided or separated into different groups or factions. Example: Society could be split between those who benefit from AI and those who reject it. 23.   Advantages: Benefits or favorable factors. Example: Refusing to accept the advantages offered by AI could place people at a serious disadvantage. 24.   Experience: Knowledge or skill acquired through involvement in or exposure to something. Example: Having previous experience with AI can significantly improve people's opinions about the technology. 25.   Internet: The global network of interconnected computers and information-sharing platforms. Example: Evidence suggests that using other technologies such as the internet can increase trust in them. 26.   Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures or calculations performed by a computer to solve problems or accomplish tasks. Example: Revealing more about the algorithms used by AI could improve understanding of its decision-making process. 27.   Transparency: The state of being open, observable, or easily understood. Example: Releasing transparency reports about AI could help people gain a better understanding of algorithmic decisions. 28.   Social media: Online platforms and websites that allow users to share content and interact with others. Example: High-profile social media companies already release transparency reports about government requests. 29.   Marketplaces: Online platforms or physical locations where goods or services are bought and sold. Example: Online marketplaces can also release transparency reports about AI to improve understanding. 30.   Responsibility: Being accountable or in charge of something. Example: Giving people a degree of responsibility for implementing AI could increase their willingness to accept it. 31.   Enthusiasm: Intense excitement or eagerness. Example: Optimists became more extreme in their enthusiasm for AI after watching sci-fi films. 32.   Sceptics: People who doubt or question the validity or effectiveness of something. Example: Sceptics became even more guarded in their attitudes toward AI after watching sci-fi films. 33.   Attitudes: Beliefs, opinions, or dispositions toward something. Example: Cinematic visions of AI can polarize people's attitudes toward automation. 34.   Biased: Inclined or prejudiced toward a particular opinion or perspective. Example: People may use relevant evidence about AI in a biased manner to support their existing attitudes. 35.   Implementation: The process of putting a plan, decision, or system into effect. Example: Allowing people a degree of responsibility for AI implementation may increase trust in the technology. 36.   Intricate: Complex, detailed, or elaborate. Example: Understanding the intricate inner workings of AI systems is not necessary for acceptance. 37.   Polarised: Divided into two contrasting or opposing groups. Example: Cinematic visions of AI can lead to a society polarised between AI beneficiaries and rejecters. 38.   Guarded: Cautious, reserved, or hesitant. Example: Sceptics became even more guarded in their attitudes toward AI after watching the films. 39.   Biased: Inclined or prejudiced toward a particular opinion or perspective. Example: People may use relevant evidence about AI in a biased manner to support their existing attitudes. 40.   Degrees of freedom: The amount of flexibility or control given to someone. Example: Allowing people degrees of freedom to 41.   Satisfied: Content or pleased with something. Example: Allowing people to modify an algorithm slightly made them feel more satisfied with its decisions. 42.   Superior: Higher in quality, skill, or performance. Example: People who were allowed to modify an algorithm felt more likely to believe it was superior. 43.   Implementation: The process of putting a plan, decision, or system into effect. Example: Giving people a degree of responsibility for AI implementation can increase their trust in it. 44.   Intricate: Complex, detailed, or elaborate. Example: Understanding the intricate inner workings of AI systems is not necessary for acceptance. 45.   Accept: To believe, receive, or take something willingly. Example: If people are given a degree of responsibility, they will be more willing to accept AI. 46.   Technology: Tools, machines, or processes used to solve problems or achieve goals. Example: Trust in AI can be improved by gaining more experience with the technology. 47.   Reliable: Dependable, trustworthy, or consistent. Example: Trust in other people is often based on their reliability and past experiences with them. 48.   Bias: Prejudice or favoritism toward a particular group or perspective. Example: People may display confirmation bias when evaluating evidence about AI. 49.   Disadvantage: An unfavorable or detrimental circumstance or condition. Example: Rejecting the advantages of AI could place people at a disadvantage. 50.   Enthusiasm: Intense excitement or passion. Example: Optimists showed increased enthusiasm for AI after watching sci-fi films. 51.   Reliance: Dependence on or trust in someone or something. Example: People tend to have a greater reliance on human experts than on AI predictions. 52.   Perception: The way in which something is interpreted or understood. Example: Media coverage of AI failures has influenced the public's perception of its reliability. 53.   Forecast: A prediction or estimate of future events or outcomes. Example: AI is often better at forecasting than humans when it comes to predicting certain events. 54.   Psychological: Relating to the mind, mental processes, or behavior. Example: Interacting with something unfamiliar like AI can cause psychological anxiety. 55.   Anxiety: A feeling of unease, nervousness, or worry. Example: Many people experience anxiety when dealing with technologies they don't fully understand. 56.   Background: Events or circumstances that have happened in the past. Example: AI often operates in the background, making it less visible to people. 57.   Intrusion: The act of imposing oneself or something unwanted on others. Example: Some people perceive AI as an intrusion into their lives and decision-making processes. 58.   Misconception: A mistaken belief or idea. Example: Many people have misconceptions about AI due to media portrayals of its capabilities. 59.   Reliability: The quality of being trustworthy or consistent. Example: Trust in AI is influenced by perceptions of its reliability and track record. 60.   Artificial: Made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally. Example: AI refers to artificial intelligence created and developed by humans.

Cambridge IELTS ACADEMIC READING 1 Test-1 READING PASSAGE 1 NUTMEG – A VALUABLE SPICE Native - originating from a particular place or region. Example: The panda is native to China. Evergreen - a type of tree or plant that retains its leaves throughout the year. Example: Pine trees are evergreen and stay green even in winter. Foliage - the leaves of a plant or tree. Example: The dense foliage provided shade in the forest. Bell-shaped - having the shape of a bell. Example: The flowers on the tree were small and bell-shaped. Husk - the outer covering or shell of a fruit or seed. Example: Corn is protected by a husk. Ripe - fully matured and ready to be eaten or harvested. Example: The bananas are ripe and ready to be picked. Shiny - having a bright, glossy surface. Example: Her new shoes were shiny and clean. Aril - a red or crimson covering on certain seeds or fruits. Example: The aril of the nutmeg seed is used to produce mace. Prized - highly valued or treasured. Example: The antique vase was prized by collectors. Cuisine - the style or method of cooking and preparing food. Example: French cuisine is known for its delicious pastries. Exclusive - limited to a particular group or set of people. Example: The club had an exclusive membership. Importers - people or companies that bring goods from one country into another. Example: The importers brought exotic spices to Europe. Dominance - the state of being in control or having authority over others. Example: The company gained dominance in the market. Subcontracting - hiring another company or individual to perform part of a larger job. Example: They subcontracted the manufacturing of components. Profits - financial gains or earnings. Example: The company's profits increased significantly. Swiftly - quickly or rapidly. Example: The car sped swiftly down the highway. Plague - a contagious and often deadly disease. Example: The bubonic plague spread rapidly in medieval Europe. Desperate - feeling a strong sense of urgency or hopelessness. Example: She was desperate to find her lost keys. Short supply - an inadequate amount or limited availability. Example: The store had a short supply of hand sanitizer during the pandemic. Opportunity - a favorable or advantageous circumstance or chance. Example: The job offer was a great opportunity for her career. Neutral - not taking sides or remaining impartial. Example: Switzerland is known for its neutral stance in conflicts. Investment - putting money or resources into a business or venture with the expectation of future profit. Example: Real estate can be a profitable investment. Compromise - an agreement reached through mutual concessions or negotiation. Example: They reached a compromise on the terms of the contract. Monopoly - exclusive control or domination of a market or industry. Example: The company had a monopoly on the smartphone market. Smuggled - transported or brought secretly and illegally. Example: The smuggled goods were hidden in the truck. Precious - highly valuable or cherished. Example: Family heirlooms are often considered precious. Eruption - a sudden and violent outburst, such as a volcanic eruption. Example: The eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii. Tsunami - a large ocean wave caused by underwater seismic activity. Example: The tsunami caused widespread destruction along the coast. Groves - small groups of trees or a collection of trees. Example: The orange groves in Florida produce delicious fruit. Transplanting - moving a plant or tree from one location to another. Example: They were transplanting flowers to the garden. Monopoly - exclusive control or domination of a market or industry. Example: The company had a monopoly on the smartphone market. Estimated - roughly calculated or assessed. Example: The estimated cost of the project is $1 million. Tonnes - a metric unit of weight equal to 1,000 kilograms. Example: The cargo ship carried thousands of tonnes of cargo. Harvested - collected or gathered crops or resources. Example: The farmers harvested the wheat in the fall. Average - the typical or usual amount or quality. Example: The average temperature in July is 30 degrees Celsius. Commodity - a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold. Example: Oil is a valuable commodity in the global market. Contagious - capable of being transmitted from one person or organism to another. Example: The flu is a highly contagious disease. Cure - a solution or treatment that restores health or alleviates a condition. Example: Antibiotics are used to cure bacterial infections. Compensation - something given or received as payment or reparation. Example: The company offered compensation to the injured workers. Severely - in a manner that is very harsh or intense. Example: The storm severely damaged the coastal town. Authority - the power or right to make decisions and enforce rules. Example: The police have authority to maintain order. Uprooting - forcibly removing or pulling something out of its place. Example: The hurricane uprooted many trees. Lock out - prevent access or entry to a place. Example: The manager decided to lock out employees during the strike. Obstacle - something that blocks or hinders progress or movement. Example: Lack of funding is a major obstacle to the project. Monumental - of great significance or importance. Example: The discovery of a cure for the disease was a monumental achievement. Exported - sent or transported goods to another country for sale or trade. Example: The company exported its products to overseas markets. Distant - far away in space or time. Example: The island they traded for was a distant territory. Thrived - grew vigorously or prospered. Example: The business thrived in a competitive market. Valuable - having great worth or importance. Example: The antique vase was valuable due to its rarity. Nutritional - related to the nourishment and health benefits of food. Example: Fruits and vegetables provide important nutritional value. READING PASSAGE 2 Automation - the use of largely automatic equipment in a system or process. Example: Automation has improved efficiency in manufacturing. Reliability - the quality of being trustworthy or dependable. Example: The car's reliability makes it a popular choice among consumers. Flexibility - the ability to adapt to different situations or requirements. Example: The flexible scheduling options at work allow for better work-life balance. Significant - important, noteworthy, or having a noticeable impact. Example: There has been a significant increase in sales this quarter. Contributory - making a contribution or playing a role in a situation. Example: Poor road conditions were a contributory factor in the accident. Progress - forward movement or advancement. Example: Technological progress has transformed many industries. Safety - the condition of being free from harm, danger, or risk. Example: Wearing a seatbelt is essential for road safety. Productive - producing or achieving results efficiently. Example: The team had a highly productive meeting and made significant progress. Socialize - to interact and engage with others in a social setting. Example: After work, they often socialize with colleagues at a local bar. Autonomy - the ability to make decisions and take actions independently. Example: Giving employees more autonomy can lead to higher job satisfaction. Implications - the possible effects or consequences of a decision or action. Example: The implications of the new policy are still being discussed. Initiatives - actions or strategies taken to achieve a specific goal. Example: The government launched initiatives to promote renewable energy. Viability - the ability to succeed or be effective. Example: The viability of the project depends on securing sufficient funding. Viable - capable of working successfully or being effective. Example: Their business plan is viable and has great potential. Intensively - in a concentrated or highly focused manner. Example: She studied intensively for the upcoming exam. Ownership - the state or fact of possessing something. Example: Homeownership is a common goal for many people. Compromise - an agreement reached by mutual concessions. Example: They reached a compromise on the issue of working hours. Consumer - a person who purchases and uses goods or services. Example: Consumer demand for organic products is on the rise. Liability - the state of being responsible for something, especially a debt or obligation. Example: The company's liability insurance covers accidents on its premises. Enforcement - the act of ensuring compliance with laws or regulations. Example: Law enforcement agencies work to maintain public safety. Robust - strong, resilient, and able to withstand challenges. Example: The software has a robust security system to protect against cyberattacks. Concrete - specific, tangible, or real rather than abstract. Example: We need concrete evidence to support our claims. Telepresence - the technology that allows a person to be present at a location without physically being there. Example: Telepresence technology is used in video conferencing. Virtual reality - a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment. Example: Virtual reality games provide immersive experiences for players. Flexible - adaptable or capable of bending without breaking. Example: Yoga helps improve flexibility and balance. Trust - a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something. Example: Building trust with customers is crucial for business success. Vital - essential or necessary for life or a particular purpose. Example: Oxygen is vital for human survival. Horizon - the limit of what one can know, understand, or see. Example: The project expands our knowledge beyond the current horizon. Challenges - difficulties or obstacles that require effort to overcome. Example: Overcoming challenges is part of personal growth. Conquered - successfully overcome or defeated. Example: They conquered their fear of public speaking. Landscape - the visible features of an area of land. Example: The desert landscape is known for its vast sand dunes. Infinite - limitless or without end. Example: The universe is believed to be infinite in size. Traffic - the movement of vehicles on roads or streets. Example: Heavy traffic during rush hour can cause delays. Weather - the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Example: The weather forecast predicts rain for tomorrow. Regulatory - relating to the rules and regulations governing an industry or activity. Example: The regulatory agency oversees safety standards in the food industry. Communities - groups of people living in the same area or sharing common interests. Example: Local communities often organize events for residents. Flexible - adaptable or capable of bending without breaking. Example: Yoga helps improve flexibility and balance. Intensive - involving a high level of effort or concentration. Example: The intensive training program prepared athletes for the competition. Access - the opportunity or ability to use or obtain something. Example: Everyone should have equal access to education. Specialized - designed or developed for a specific purpose or function. Example: The hospital has specialized equipment for surgery. Exceptional - unusually good or outstanding. Example: Her performance in the play was truly exceptional. Hurdles - obstacles or challenges that must be overcome. Example: They faced several hurdles while launching the new product. Predictions - statements about what will happen in the future. Example: Weather predictions indicate a cold front moving in. Flexible - adaptable or capable of bending without breaking. Example: Yoga helps improve flexibility and balance. Essential - absolutely necessary or crucial. Example: Water is essential for human survival. Delivery - the act of bringing something to a destination or recipient. Example: The delivery of the package was delayed due to bad weather. Technological - related to the use of technology or advanced methods. Example: Technological advancements have transformed communication. Consequences - the results or outcomes of a particular action or situation. Example: The consequences of the decision were unexpected. Flexible - adaptable or capable of bending without breaking. Example: Yoga helps improve flexibility and balance. Need - a requirement or necessity for something. Example: There is a growing need for affordable housing in the city. READING PASSAGE 3 Explorers - individuals who travel to discover new places or information. Example: Many explorers throughout history have embarked on dangerous journeys. Discover - to find or learn about something for the first time. Example: The explorer was determined to discover new lands. Species - a group of living organisms with similar characteristics. Example: There are thousands of different species of birds in the world. Mapped - to create a visual representation of an area. Example: The explorers carefully mapped the uncharted territory. Expeditions - organized journeys, often for exploration or research. Example: The scientific expedition aimed to study the Arctic ecosystem. Objective - a specific goal or purpose. Example: The primary objective of the mission was to collect geological samples. Criteria - standards or rules used to evaluate or make decisions. Example: The selection criteria for the scholarship program were strict. Bias - a prejudice or preference that affects one's judgment. Example: It's important to avoid bias when conducting scientific research. Isolated - remote or far away from civilization. Example: The remote island was isolated from the mainland. Uncontacted - referring to tribes or groups of people who have had little or no contact with the outside world. Example: The expedition aimed to study uncontacted tribes in the Amazon rainforest. Details - specific pieces of information or small parts of a larger whole. Example: The detective paid attention to every detail of the crime scene. Habits - regular behaviors or routines. Example: Eating a healthy breakfast is a good habit to have. Microbes - tiny organisms, such as bacteria or viruses. Example: Microbes play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter. Specialists - experts or individuals with specialized knowledge in a particular field. Example: The medical team included specialists in various areas of healthcare. Interpretation - the act of explaining or understanding something in a particular way. Example: The artist's interpretation of the painting was unique. Continental - relating to or located on a continent. Example: Africa is known for its diverse continental landscapes. Well-traveled - having been visited or explored by many people. Example: The well-traveled route was popular among tourists. Ecosystem - a community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The preservation of the rainforest is essential for maintaining a healthy ecosystem. Conveying - communicating or expressing a message or information. Example: Effective storytelling is key to conveying the importance of a cause. Insights - valuable or deep understandings or perceptions. Example: The scientist's research provided new insights into climate change. Success - the achievement of a desired goal or outcome. Example: Hard work and dedication are often key to success. Pioneers - individuals who are the first to explore or develop a new area or idea. Example: The pioneers of space exploration made history with their achievements. Remote - distant or far away from populated areas. Example: The remote mountain village had limited access to modern amenities. Records - written or documented information. Example: The historical records of the ancient civilization were well-preserved. Desires - strong wants or wishes for something. Example: Her desire to travel the world led her on many adventures. Objective - a specific goal or purpose. Example: The team's objective was to reach the summit of the mountain. Objective - unbiased and based on facts rather than personal feelings. Example: The journalist presented an objective report of the event. Significant - important or having a notable impact. Example: The discovery of a new species was a significant achievement for the biologist. Existence - the state of being or the fact of being real or present. Example: The existence of ancient civilizations has fascinated historians for centuries. Venturing - going on a journey or undertaking a risky endeavor. Example: Venturing into the unknown can be both exciting and challenging. Explored - investigated or examined thoroughly. Example: The team explored the cave to search for hidden treasures. Recognize - to acknowledge or identify something as known or familiar. Example: She couldn't recognize the place after so many years. Caveman - a prehistoric human who lived in caves. Example: Archaeologists discovered ancient tools used by cavemen. Questing - actively searching or seeking something. Example: The questing spirit of adventurers led to the exploration of new lands. Success - the accomplishment of a goal or achievement. Example: Her success in the business world was well-deserved. Curiosity - a strong desire to know or learn something. Example: Children often have a natural curiosity about the world around them. Particular - specific or focused on a certain thing. Example: She had a particular interest in astronomy. Uncharted - not mapped or explored; unknown. Example: The explorers set out to chart the uncharted territory. Enquiry - the act of seeking information or investigating. Example: The police conducted an enquiry into the robbery. Inclined - having a tendency or preference for something. Example: She was inclined to choose the adventurous path. Encounters - meetings or experiences, often unexpectedly. Example: Their encounter with a rare species of bird was a highlight of the trip. Era - a period of time marked by significant events or characteristics. Example: The Victorian era was known for its cultural and social changes. Heritage - the cultural or historical legacy passed down through generations. Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations. Infinite - limitless or without end. Example: The universe's vastness seems almost infinite. Humanity - the collective qualities, values, and characteristics of human beings. Example: Acts of kindness demonstrate the humanity of individuals. Voyages - long journeys, often by sea or through space. Example: The voyages of early explorers opened up new trade routes. Rediscover - to find or encounter something again, often after it has been forgotten. Example: The archaeologists rediscovered the lost city buried beneath the sand. Gathered - collected or assembled in one place. Example: The scientists gathered data from various experiments. Pioneer - a person who is among the first to explore or settle in a new area. Example: The pioneer settlers faced many challenges in the wilderness. Innovations - new ideas, methods, or inventions. Example: Technological innovations have revolutionized the way we communicate. ACADEMIC READING TEST 2 COULD URBAN ENGINEERS LEARN FROM DANCE? READING ANSWERS Sustainable - capable of being maintained or continued over the long term without harming the environment. Example: The company adopted sustainable practices to reduce its carbon footprint. Environmental - relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it. Example: Environmental protection is essential for preserving our planet. Urban design - the planning and organization of the physical elements of cities, such as buildings, streets, and public spaces. Example: Good urban design can enhance the quality of life in a city. Choreographers - individuals who create and design dance movements and sequences. Example: The choreographer choreographed a stunning ballet performance. Blueprint - a detailed plan or design that outlines how something is to be constructed or developed. Example: The architect presented the blueprint for the new building. Intimate - characterized by a close and personal connection or knowledge. Example: They shared an intimate bond that had developed over many years. Detach - to separate or disconnect from something. Example: The artist wanted to detach himself from traditional art forms. Simplifying - making something easier to understand or deal with. Example: The simplifying of complex concepts is crucial for effective communication. Pedestrian-friendly - designed to be safe and convenient for pedestrians (people who walk). Example: The city implemented pedestrian-friendly policies to encourage walking. Operate - to function or work in a specific way. Example: The new computer system will operate more efficiently. Predict - to forecast or estimate what will happen in the future based on available information. Example: Weather forecasters predict rain for tomorrow. Counter-intuitive - contrary to what would seem logical or expected. Example: The results of the experiment were counter-intuitive and surprising. Guard rails - protective barriers or railings often used on roads to prevent accidents. Example: The guard rails along the highway provide safety for drivers. Crossings - designated places where pedestrians can cross a road or street. Example: The pedestrian crossings are marked with zebra stripes. Staggered - arranged or spaced at different intervals or levels. Example: The students had staggered schedules for their classes. Psychological - relating to the mental and emotional aspects of a person's well-being. Example: The therapist provides psychological support to patients. Barriers - obstacles or hindrances that prevent progress or movement. Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult. Communities - groups of people living in the same area or sharing common interests. Example: The local community organized a charity event. Disruption - disturbance or interruption that causes a breakdown in normal activities. Example: The strike caused significant disruption to public transportation. Richer understanding - a deeper or more comprehensive comprehension of a subject. Example: Education provides students with a richer understanding of the world. Choreography - the art of creating and arranging dance movements. Example: The choreography of the ballet was beautifully executed. Aesthetic - relating to the beauty or artistic qualities of something. Example: The gallery showcased a collection of aesthetic paintings. Cognitive - relating to mental processes such as thinking, learning, and memory. Example: Cognitive development is crucial for children's learning. Simulate - to imitate or replicate the conditions or characteristics of something. Example: Flight simulators are used to train pilots. Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. Example: The concept of time is abstract and cannot be touched. Emotional effects - the impact or influence of something on a person's feelings or emotions. Example: The movie had a profound emotional effect on the audience. Engineering - the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build systems, structures, or devices. Example: Civil engineering involves designing and constructing bridges and roads. Patterns - regular or repeated arrangements or sequences. Example: The artist used patterns of color to create a visually appealing design. Specialists - experts or individuals with specialized knowledge or skills in a particular field. Example: Medical specialists provide advanced care for specific health conditions. Improvisise - to create or perform spontaneously without preparation. Example: Jazz musicians often improvise during live performances. Feedback - information or responses provided in reaction to a particular action or situation. Example: Customer feedback is valuable for improving product quality. Objective - a specific goal or purpose that is pursued. Example: The objective of the project is to increase efficiency. Transportation - the movement of people or goods from one place to another. Example: Public transportation is an essential part of urban life. Well-being - the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy. Example: Regular exercise contributes to physical well-being. Stimulate - to encourage or prompt the development of new ideas or activity. Example: Creative environments can stimulate innovation. Interpretation - the act of explaining or understanding the meaning or significance of something. Example: Literary interpretation can vary among different readers. World views - individual perspectives or beliefs about the world and how it operates. Example: Cultural differences often result in diverse world views. Imagination - the ability to form mental images or concepts of things not actually present. Example: Children have vivid imaginations and create imaginary worlds. Limitations - restrictions or constraints that define the boundaries of what is possible. Example: The project faced limitations in terms of time and budget. Physical knowledge - information gained through direct physical experience or interaction. Example: Athletes possess physical knowledge of their sport's techniques. Formal engineering design processes - established methods and procedures used in engineering for designing and creating products or systems. Example: The aerospace industry follows formal engineering design processes to develop aircraft. Emotional - relating to or involving feelings, moods, and emotions. Example: Emotional intelligence is essential for effective communication. Expeditions - organized journeys or trips, often for exploration or research purposes. Example: The scientific expedition aimed to study wildlife in the rainforest. Exposure - the state of being exposed to something, such as an experience or environment. Example: Traveling provides exposure to different cultures and lifestyles. Voyages - long journeys, typically by sea or space, often with a specific purpose or destination. Example: The historic voyages of exploration opened up new trade routes. Well-traveled - having a lot of experience or familiarity with traveling to different places. Example: The well-traveled journalist covered stories from around the world. Habits - regular behaviors or routines that people often follow. Example: Developing healthy eating habits can improve one's overall well-being. Urbanist - a person who specializes in the study and planning of urban areas and cities. Example: The urbanist proposed improvements to the city's public transportation system. Blueprint - a detailed plan or design that outlines how something is to be constructed or developed. Example: The architect presented the blueprint for the new building. Psychological - relating to the mental and emotional aspects of a person's well-being. Example: The therapist provides psychological support to patients. READING PASSAGE 2 Spectacles - remarkable or impressive displays. Example: The fireworks show was a spectacular event. De-extinction - the process of bringing extinct species back to life. Example: Scientists are exploring de-extinction as a means to revive extinct animals. Cloning - the process of creating genetically identical copies of an organism. Example: The sheep named Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Embryo - a developing stage of an organism before it becomes fully formed. Example: The embryonic stage of a human begins shortly after fertilization. Pioneering - involving new ideas, methods, or technologies. Example: The scientist made pioneering discoveries in the field of genetics. Trialled - tested or evaluated in a trial or experiment. Example: The new drug is currently being trialled to assess its effectiveness. Niche - a specific role or position within an ecosystem. Example: The owl occupies a nocturnal hunting niche in the forest ecosystem. Facial tumour syndrome - a condition characterized by tumors on the face. Example: The facial tumour syndrome in Tasmanian devils poses a serious threat to their population. Contagious - capable of being transmitted from one person or organism to another. Example: The flu is a contagious disease that spreads easily. Burned out - extinguished or eradicated. Example: The wildfire eventually burned out after days of intense firefighting. Existence - the state or fact of living or being. Example: The existence of rare species is a topic of concern for conservationists. Template - a pattern or model used as a guide for something. Example: The template for the website design made the development process easier. Insertion - the act of putting something into a particular place or position. Example: The insertion of the key into the lock allowed the door to open. Hybrid - an organism produced by crossing two different species. Example: A mule is a hybrid resulting from the crossbreeding of a horse and a donkey. Ecosystems - communities of organisms and their physical environments. Example: Coral reefs are diverse and fragile marine ecosystems. Stagnant - lacking in activity, growth, or development. Example: The stagnant economy was in need of revitalization. Regenerate - to renew or restore to a better state. Example: After the forest fire, new trees began to regenerate. Prioritize - to rank or arrange in order of importance. Example: It's essential to prioritize safety in any construction project. Cold resistance - the ability to withstand low temperatures. Example: Certain plants have developed cold resistance to survive winter months. Tundra - a vast, treeless Arctic region with low-lying vegetation. Example: Polar bears are well-adapted to the harsh conditions of the tundra. Insulating - providing protection or insulation against heat or cold. Example: The insulating properties of the jacket kept the hiker warm in freezing temperatures. Repopulate - to restore a population to a particular area. Example: Efforts are underway to repopulate the endangered species in its native habitat. Boreal - relating to the northern regions, especially coniferous forests. Example: The boreal forest is home to a variety of wildlife. Eurasia - the combined continent of Europe and Asia. Example: The Eurasian landmass is the largest in the world. Carbon emissions - the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Example: Decreasing carbon emissions is crucial for combating climate change. Mitigate - to lessen or reduce the severity of something. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of air pollution. Imaginations - creative and mental faculties for forming new ideas and images. Example: The book's vivid descriptions captured readers' imaginations. Threatened - at risk of harm, danger, or extinction. Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect threatened species. Emerging - becoming known or coming into view. Example: Emerging technologies are reshaping various industries. Modifications - changes or alterations made to something. Example: The car underwent several modifications to improve fuel efficiency. Calculated - carefully planned or considered. Example: The decision was a calculated risk that paid off in the end. Measured - careful and deliberate, done with caution. Example: Her response was measured and thoughtful. Hazard - a source of danger or risk. Example: The chemical spill posed a hazard to the environment. Genetic rescue - using genetics to preserve or restore threatened species. Example: Genetic rescue programs aim to save endangered animals from extinction. Mass extinctions - widespread and rapid declines in the diversity of life on Earth. Example: The asteroid impact is believed to have caused one of the mass extinctions in Earth's history. Genomics - the branch of genetics that studies the structure, function, and mapping of genomes. Example: Genomics has revolutionized our understanding of DNA and genetics. Replication - the process of copying or reproducing something. Example: DNA replication is a fundamental biological process. Repopulation - the act of replenishing or restocking a population. Example: Efforts to reintroduce wolves to the area aim to repopulate their natural habitat. Emerging technology - new and advancing technological innovations. Example: The tech industry is constantly evolving with emerging technologies. Faculties - inherent or natural powers or abilities. Example: Her faculties for problem-solving made her an excellent engineer. Devils - a reference to Tasmanian devils, a carnivorous marsupial native to Tasmania. Example: Tasmanian devils are known for their distinctive facial markings. Preserving - protecting or maintaining something in its original state. Example: The museum is dedicated to preserving historical artifacts. Spread - the extent or range of something's influence. Example: The spread of the internet has transformed communication worldwide. Niche - a specialized or unique role within a larger system. Example: Each species occupies a specific niche within the ecosystem. Threatens - poses a danger or risk to something. Example: Pollution threatens the health of marine ecosystems. Distinctive - unique or having qualities that make something easily recognizable. Example: The artist's style is distinctive and easily identifiable. Extinct - no longer in existence, especially as a living species. Example: The dodo bird is an example of an extinct species. Hybridized - combined or crossbred from two different species. Example: Hybridized plants often exhibit traits from both parent species. Revitalization - the act of renewing or rejuvenating something. Example: Urban revitalization projects aim to improve city neighborhoods. Punch holes - create openings or gaps in something. Example: Woodpeckers punch holes in trees when searching for insects. READING PASSAGE 3 Psychological scientists - experts or researchers in the field of psychology. Example: Psychological scientists study human behavior and mental processes. Stimuli - things that provoke a response or reaction. Example: The experiment used various visual and auditory stimuli to elicit different reactions. Universal - applicable or existing everywhere or for everyone. Example: The concept of gravity is universal and affects all objects. Adaptation - a change or adjustment to fit a new situation or environment. Example: The polar bear's thick fur is an adaptation to the cold Arctic climate. Social communication - the exchange of information and emotions among individuals within a group. Example: Effective social communication is essential for building strong relationships. Unpredictable - not able to be predicted or foreseen. Example: Weather in the mountains can be unpredictable, with sudden changes in temperature. Laughter - the act of making a sound expressing amusement or joy. Example: The comedian's jokes always elicited hearty laughter from the audience. Listener - a person who pays attention to and hears what is said. Example: The attentive listener absorbed every word of the speaker's presentation. Societies - groups of people living together and sharing customs, laws, and organizations. Example: Different societies have varying cultural traditions and norms. Hierarchies - systems or structures with different levels of importance or authority. Example: Corporate hierarchies often include CEOs, managers, and employees. Dominant - having control or influence over others. Example: The dominant wolf in the pack leads the group during hunts. Submissive - willing to yield to the authority or control of others. Example: Her submissive attitude made it difficult for her to express her opinions. Analysis - the process of examining something in detail to understand its components. Example: The data analysis revealed interesting patterns in consumer behavior. Randomly - without a specific pattern or order; by chance. Example: The winners of the raffle were chosen randomly from a hat. Perception - the way in which something is interpreted or understood. Example: People's perception of art can vary greatly depending on their personal experiences. Replicate - to repeat or reproduce an experiment or study. Example: Scientists often replicate experiments to validate their findings. Replenishment - the act of restoring or refilling something that was depleted. Example: The replenishment of food supplies was essential after the hurricane. Tedious - boring, monotonous, or tiresome. Example: The repetitive data entry task became tedious after a while. Ostensibly - apparently or seemingly, often with the implication of hiding the true purpose. Example: He was ostensibly visiting for a business meeting but had a surprise proposal planned. Elicit - to draw out or evoke a response, reaction, or information. Example: The teacher's question elicited thoughtful answers from the students. Achievement - a successful result brought about by hard work or effort. Example: Winning the championship was a significant achievement for the team. Persist - to continue or endure despite challenges or difficulties. Example: She had to persist in her studies to achieve her academic goals. Nearly - almost, close to but not quite. Example: The marathon runner was nearly at the finish line. Consecutive - following one after the other in order. Example: He completed three consecutive marathons in a single year. Achieve - to successfully reach or attain a goal or result. Example: With determination and hard work, she was able to achieve her dreams. Distract - to divert someone's attention away from a task or focus. Example: The loud noise outside the window distracted her from studying. Energizing - providing energy or invigoration. Example: A brisk walk in the fresh air can be energizing and rejuvenating. Relieve - to alleviate or reduce discomfort, stress, or pain. Example: A hot bath can relieve muscle tension and promote relaxation. Facilitate - to make something easier or more convenient. Example: Technology can facilitate communication between people across the globe. Respite - a short period of rest or relief from something difficult or challenging. Example: The vacation provided a much-needed respite from the demands of work. Amusement - the feeling of being entertained or finding something enjoyable. Example: The circus performance provided a great deal of amusement for the children. Eliciting - causing or bringing about a specific reaction or response. Example: Her question was successful in eliciting a passionate discussion among the group. Cultural - relating to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group or society. Example: The festival celebrates the cultural diversity of the community. Effectively - in a way that achieves the desired result or outcome. Example: The new marketing strategy effectively increased sales. Hearty - full of enthusiasm, warmth, or sincerity. Example: They exchanged hearty greetings and embraced each other. Attentive - paying close attention and showing interest. Example: The attentive audience applauded the talented performers. Variably - with differences or variations; not consistently. Example: The weather can be variably unpredictable during the spring season. Hierarchical - organized in a structured system of levels or ranks. Example: The company has a hierarchical management structure with multiple layers of leadership. Influence - the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something. Example: Her positive influence encouraged others to work harder. Replication - the act of duplicating or copying something. Example: The replication of the experiment yielded similar results. Depleted - emptied or reduced to a very low level. Example: The depletion of natural resources poses a significant environmental challenge. Validation - the act of confirming the accuracy or correctness of something. Example: The peer review process provides validation for scientific research. Reproductive - related to the process of producing offspring or reproducing. Example: The reproductive system plays a crucial role in the continuation of species. Elaborate - involving many details or intricate elements. Example: The architect presented an elaborate design for the new building. Implication - a possible consequence or result of an action or decision. Example: The implication of the new policy is that costs may increase for consumers. Significantly - in a way that is noteworthy or important. Example: The discovery of the ancient artifact significantly impacted our understanding of history. Empirical - based on observation, experience, or evidence. Example: The study relied on empirical data to support its conclusions. Professional - relating to or characteristic of a particular profession or occupation. Example: The doctor demonstrated a high level of professional expertise. Stimulating - encouraging or invigorating interest, excitement, or activity. Example: The stimulating conversation led to a lively debate among the participants. Tiresome - causing fatigue or boredom; tedious or monotonous. Example: The repetitive tasks at work can become tiresome over time. ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 Sculptor - an artist who creates sculptures. Example: Henry Moore was a renowned sculptor known for his unique works. Enrolled - officially registered or joined in a program or institution. Example: After finishing school, he enrolled in a photography course. Primitive - relating to an early stage of development or a simple, uncivilized culture. Example: The indigenous tribe still practices primitive farming techniques. Notorious - famous or well-known, typically for a negative reason. Example: The gangster became notorious for his criminal activities. Inclination - a natural tendency or desire to do something. Example: She had an inclination for painting from a young age. Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. Example: The painting was so abstract that its meaning was open to interpretation. Radical - relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching or thorough. Example: The scientist proposed a radical change in the way we generate energy. Shortage - a deficiency or lack of something. Example: There is a shortage of clean drinking water in the region. Naturalistic - representing objects or figures in a natural, realistic way. Example: The artist's naturalistic paintings captured the beauty of the countryside. Collectors - people who gather or accumulate items as a hobby or for investment. Example: Stamp collectors often search for rare and valuable stamps. Commissions - requests or orders for a specific piece of work, usually with payment. Example: The artist received a commission to paint a portrait of a wealthy family. Ambitious - having a strong desire to achieve something significant or challenging. Example: She has ambitious goals for her career and is determined to succeed. Revolutionary - involving or causing a complete change or significant innovation. Example: The invention of the internet was a revolutionary development in technology. Naturalistic - representing objects or figures in a natural, realistic way. Example: The naturalistic details in the painting made it look lifelike. Critical acclaim - widespread praise and recognition from experts and reviewers. Example: The film received critical acclaim for its exceptional storytelling. Humanistic - relating to a perspective that emphasizes human values, potential, and dignity. Example: The humanistic approach to psychology focuses on individual growth and self-actualization. Ambitious projects - large-scale endeavors or undertakings that require significant effort and resources. Example: Building a new skyscraper is an ambitious project that will reshape the city's skyline. Impression - a feeling or understanding resulting from an experience. Example: Her first impression of the city was that it was vibrant and lively. Menace - a threat or danger; something that poses harm or trouble. Example: The storm approaching the coast was seen as a menace to the coastal towns. Ancient - belonging to a very distant past; having existed for a long time. Example: The ancient ruins of the temple date back thousands of years. Appreciation - recognition and understanding of the value or significance of something. Example: Her appreciation of classical music grew as she attended more concerts. Renowned - famous and well-known for excellence or achievements. Example: The renowned scientist received the Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking research. International - involving or relating to two or more countries. Example: The conference attracted international participants from various nations. Critical - involving careful judgment or analysis; essential for success. Example: Her critical thinking skills helped her solve complex problems. Achieve - to successfully reach or attain a goal or result. Example: With determination and hard work, he was able to achieve his dream of becoming a pilot. Inhabited - lived in or occupied by people or animals. Example: The remote island was once inhabited by a small fishing community. Commissioned - appointed or assigned a task or duty, often with a specific purpose. Example: The artist was commissioned to create a mural for the new art gallery. Versatile - capable of adapting or performing in various roles or situations. Example: She is a versatile actress who can excel in both comedy and drama. Notable - deserving attention or recognition because of excellence or significance. Example: The discovery of the rare species was a notable achievement in the field of biology. Precise - exact, accurate, and strictly defined. Example: The architect provided precise measurements for the construction of the building. Sculpture - a three-dimensional work of art created by shaping or carving materials like stone or metal. Example: The museum displayed a diverse collection of sculptures from different artists. Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. Example: His abstract painting left room for interpretation and imagination. Pierced - penetrated or punctured by a sharp object. Example: The artist's sculpture featured a pierced surface that allowed light to shine through. Distort - to alter the shape or appearance of something in a way that is unnatural or deceptive. Example: The funhouse mirrors distorted the reflection of people's faces. Naturalistic - representing objects or figures in a natural, realistic way. Example: The naturalistic details in the landscape painting made it appear lifelike. Energizing - providing energy or making someone feel invigorated. Example: A brisk walk in the fresh air can be quite energizing in the morning. Sculpture department - a department or program within an educational institution focused on teaching and creating sculptures. Example: The university's sculpture department offers a wide range of courses for aspiring artists. Replicated - duplicated or repeated, often to confirm the accuracy of results. Example: The scientist replicated the experiment multiple times to ensure consistency. Promote - to support or encourage the growth, development, or awareness of something. Example: The organization works to promote environmental conservation. Art appreciation - the understanding and enjoyment of visual art, including its historical and cultural context. Example: The art appreciation class helped students gain a deeper understanding of famous paintings. Depicting - representing or showing something in a visual or artistic form. Example: The mural in the gallery was depicting scenes from the city's history. Exhibited - displayed or shown in a public setting for people to view. Example: The artist's work was exhibited at the art gallery for a month-long show. Composed - created or formed by combining various elements or components. Example: The symphony was composed by a talented musician. Signifies - indicates or represents something, often with a specific meaning. Example: The red traffic light signifies that it is time to stop. Distinguished - recognized for excellence or achievements, often resulting in respect or honor. Example: She was a distinguished scientist known for her groundbreaking research. READING PASSAGE 2 Impressed - feeling admiration or respect for something. Example: She was impressed by his artistic talent. Absorbed - taken in or soaked up by something. Example: The sponge absorbed the spilled liquid. Purify - to make something clean and free from impurities. Example: Water purification removes contaminants from drinking water. Desalination - the process of removing salt and other impurities from seawater. Example: Desalination plants provide fresh water from the ocean. Reserves - supplies or resources held in reserve for future use. Example: The country's oil reserves are stored underground. Polluted - contaminated or made impure, often by harmful substances. Example: The polluted river was unsafe for swimming. Carbon footprint - the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, organization, or activity. Example: Reducing your carbon footprint helps combat climate change. Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment. Example: Sustainable agriculture practices protect the soil and ecosystem. Sustain - to support or maintain something over time. Example: The forest ecosystem must be sustained for future generations. Consumption - the use of goods or resources. Example: Responsible consumption of natural resources is essential. Portable - easily carried or moved. Example: A laptop is a portable computer that can be taken anywhere. Groundwater - water stored underground in aquifers. Example: Wells tap into groundwater as a source of drinking water. Reservoirs - large artificial or natural bodies of water where water is stored. Example: The city relies on reservoirs for its water supply. Distributor - a person or company that supplies goods to retailers. Example: The distributor delivers fresh produce to local grocery stores. Reliable - trustworthy and dependable. Example: A reliable car rarely breaks down. Microfinance - providing small loans and financial services to individuals or small businesses. Example: Microfinance programs help entrepreneurs start small businesses. Lease - to rent or temporarily use something in exchange for payment. Example: They decided to lease a car instead of buying one. Venture - a business or project, especially one involving risk. Example: Starting a new venture requires careful planning. Humanitarian - related to efforts to improve the well-being of people in need. Example: Humanitarian aid organizations provide assistance during crises. Bottom line - the final result or outcome, often referring to financial profitability. Example: The company's bottom line improved after cost-cutting measures. Funding - financial support or resources provided for a project or organization. Example: The research project received funding from a government grant. Viable - capable of succeeding or being effective. Example: The business plan was not viable and was abandoned. Niche - a specialized or unique market segment. Example: The company focuses on serving a niche market of luxury consumers. Variety - a range of different types or forms. Example: The store offers a variety of clothing options. Aware - having knowledge or consciousness of something. Example: She is aware of the importance of environmental conservation. Envisioned - imagined or pictured in one's mind. Example: He envisioned a future where technology improved healthcare. Aim - to have a specific goal or purpose. Example: Her aim is to become a successful entrepreneur. Negotiate - to discuss or bargain with others to reach an agreement. Example: The two parties negotiated the terms of the contract. Invest - to put money or resources into a project or endeavor. Example: They decided to invest in a startup company. Operate - to function or work in a particular way. Example: The machine is designed to operate automatically. Analogy - a comparison between two things for the purpose of explanation or clarification. Example: He used an analogy to explain the concept to the students. Innovative - introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies. Example: The company is known for its innovative approach to product design. Efficiency - the ability to achieve a desired result with minimal waste of resources. Example: Improved efficiency in manufacturing reduced production costs. Implement - to put a plan or idea into action. Example: The team worked to implement the new software. Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment. Example: Sustainable agriculture practices protect the soil and ecosystem. Concentration - the amount of a substance contained in a given volume. Example: The concentration of pollutants in the river was dangerously high. Infrastructure - the basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society or system to function. Example: Investment in infrastructure can lead to economic development. Critical - of crucial importance or essential. Example: Timely intervention is critical in emergency situations. Accessibility - the ease with which something can be reached or used. Example: Improving accessibility for people with disabilities is important. Innovator - a person or organization that introduces new ideas or methods. Example: Steve Jobs was known as an innovator in the technology industry. Challenges - difficulties or obstacles that require effort to overcome. Example: The team faced several challenges during the project. Recycle - to convert waste materials into reusable materials. Example: Recycling paper helps save trees and reduce waste. Advocate - a person who publicly supports or promotes a particular cause. Example: She is a strong advocate for environmental conservation. Sufficiency - an adequate quantity or amount. Example: The sufficiency of food supply is crucial in times of crisis. Technological - related to technology or the use of advanced machinery. Example: Technological advancements have transformed communication. Invention - the creation of something new or a novel idea. Example: The invention of the telephone revolutionized communication. Incorporate - to include or integrate something as part of a whole. Example: The design will incorporate eco-friendly materials. Innovative - introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies. Example: The company is known for its innovative approach to product design. Collaborate - to work together with others on a project or task. Example: The research teams decided to collaborate on the study. Initiative - the ability to take action and make decisions independently. Example: She showed great initiative in solving the problem. READING PASSAGE 3 Why fairy tales are really scary tales Enduring - continuing or lasting for a long time. Example: The enduring popularity of classic novels. Universal - applicable or common to all people or things. Example: Love is a universal human emotion. Variety - a range of different forms or types. Example: The store offers a variety of clothing options. Versions - different forms or renditions of something. Example: There are many versions of the same story. Cautionary - serving as a warning or advice. Example: The cautionary tale reminded us of the dangers of procrastination. Anthropologist - a person who studies human societies, cultures, and behavior. Example: The anthropologist conducted fieldwork in a remote tribe. Devising - creating or inventing a plan, idea, or theory. Example: They were devising a strategy to improve efficiency. Evolutionary - relating to the process of gradual development or change over time. Example: The evolutionary history of species is a complex study. Phylogenetic - related to the study of evolutionary relationships among species. Example: Phylogenetic analysis helps determine the ancestry of organisms. Flexible - adaptable or capable of change. Example: The schedule is flexible, allowing for adjustments. Fundamental - essential, basic, or central. Example: The principles of democracy are fundamental to our society. Conserved - preserved or protected from loss or change. Example: The historical site has been conserved for future generations. Relevant - closely connected or applicable to a particular subject or situation. Example: Her research is highly relevant to the current debate. Grim - serious, harsh, or unpleasant in nature. Example: The situation took a grim turn when the storm hit. Gruesome - causing shock or disgust due to its horror or cruelty. Example: The crime scene was gruesome, with evidence of violence. Intriguing - arousing curiosity or interest. Example: The mystery novel had an intriguing plot. Retained - kept or preserved over time. Example: The old building retained its original architectural features. Teller - a person who narrates or recounts a story. Example: The skilled teller captivated the audience with her storytelling. Perennial - lasting or recurring over a long period. Example: The perennial problem of traffic congestion in the city. Villain - a character in a story who is typically evil or malicious. Example: The villain in the movie plotted to take over the world. Resistant - capable of withstanding or opposing something. Example: The vaccine made the individual more resistant to the disease. Negative - unfavorable or harmful in nature. Example: Negative emotions can impact one's well-being. Oral - spoken or communicated verbally. Example: The oral tradition of storytelling has been passed down for generations. Scary - causing fear or anxiety. Example: The haunted house attraction is designed to be scary. Themes - recurring or central ideas in a story or work of art. Example: Love and loss are common themes in literature. Relevant - closely connected or applicable to a particular subject or situation. Example: Her research is highly relevant to the current debate. Negative - unfavorable or harmful in nature. Example: Negative emotions can impact one's well-being. Folklorists - scholars who study the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a particular group or culture. Example: Folklorists often collect and document local legends. Version - a particular form or adaptation of something. Example: The director's version of the play added a modern twist. Analyst - a person who examines and interprets data or information. Example: The financial analyst predicted a decline in stock prices. Advisable - recommended or considered to be a good idea. Example: It is advisable to wear a helmet while riding a bicycle. Conveyed - communicated or expressed a message or idea. Example: The painting conveys a sense of tranquility and peace. Evolved - developed or changed gradually over time. Example: The technology has evolved significantly in recent years. Cautious - careful and aware of potential risks or dangers. Example: She took a cautious approach to investing her money. Reproduced - copied or duplicated. Example: The artist reproduced the famous painting with great accuracy. Significant - important, notable, or meaningful. Example: The discovery of a new species is a significant event in biology. Trivial - unimportant or insignificant in nature. Example: The mistake was trivial and had no impact on the project. Conserved - preserved or protected from loss or change. Example: The historical site has been conserved for future generations. Relevant - closely connected or applicable to a particular subject or situation. Example: Her research is highly relevant to the current debate. Reliable - trustworthy and dependable. Example: A reliable source of information is essential for accurate research. Primitive - relating to an early stage of development or technology. Example: The primitive tools used by early humans. Adaptation - a change or adjustment to fit a new environment or situation. Example: The bird's beak shape is an adaptation for its feeding habits. Predator - an animal that hunts and preys on other animals for food. Example: Lions are known as skilled predators in the animal kingdom. Fascinating - extremely interesting or captivating. Example: The documentary about space exploration was fascinating. Intricate - highly detailed or complex. Example: The intricate design of the jewelry impressed the art collectors. Complex - consisting of many interconnected parts; intricate. Example: Solving the puzzle required a complex series of steps. Constant - occurring continuously or without interruption. Example: The constant noise from construction work was annoying. Resistance - the refusal to accept or comply with something. Example: The resistance to change in the organization was strong. Narrative - a spoken or written account of events or a story. Example: The novel's narrative was filled with suspense and drama. Renditions - versions or interpretations of a song, piece of music, or text. Example: Her rendition of the classic song was beautifully sung. —- *Folklorists: those who study traditional stories ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 READING PASSAGE 1 The return of the huarango Ecosystems - communities of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: Rainforests are rich and diverse ecosystems. Fragile - easily damaged or delicate. Example: The fragile ecosystem of coral reefs is threatened by pollution. Huapango Tree - a native tree in Peru with deep roots that can access underground water sources. Example: The huapango tree is well-adapted to the arid climate of southern Peru. Archaeobotanist - a scientist who studies ancient plant remains to understand past cultures. Example: The archaeobotanist analyzed seeds found in ancient ruins. Drought - a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to water scarcity. Example: The region suffered from a severe drought, affecting agriculture. Erosion - the process of wearing away soil or rock by natural forces like wind and water. Example: Coastal erosion is a significant problem in some areas. Native Woodland - natural forests consisting of indigenous trees and plants. Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect native woodlands from deforestation. Charcoal - a black, porous substance obtained from burning wood or other organic matter. Example: Charcoal is used for grilling and as a fuel source. Deforestation - the action of clearing a wide area of trees. Example: Deforestation leads to habitat loss and environmental degradation. Botanist - a scientist who specializes in the study of plants. Example: The botanist identified a new species of wildflowers. Pioneering - involving new ideas or methods. Example: The pioneering project aims to develop sustainable agriculture. Prejudices - preconceived opinions or attitudes not based on reason or actual experience. Example: Overcoming cultural prejudices is essential for social harmony. Habitat - the natural environment where an organism lives. Example: The rainforest is a diverse habitat for various species. Resuscitation - the action of reviving someone from unconsciousness or near death. Example: The paramedics performed resuscitation on the accident victim. Eco-heritage - the cultural and natural heritage of a region's ecosystems and environment. Example: Protecting eco-heritage is vital for future generations. Aspirational - having ambitions or goals for personal or social improvement. Example: Many young people have aspirational career goals. Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment. Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health. Income - money received on a regular basis, usually through work or investments. Example: Her income supports her family's needs. Beans - seeds of certain plants, often used as a food source. Example: Black beans are a staple in many Latin American cuisines. Flour - a powder made by grinding grains, often used for baking. Example: Wheat flour is a common ingredient in bread and pastries. Roasted - cooked or heated over an open flame or in an oven. Example: Roasted coffee beans have a rich, aromatic flavor. Vitamins - organic compounds essential for the body's growth and maintenance. Example: Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamins. Minerals - inorganic nutrients required for various bodily functions. Example: Calcium and iron are important minerals for bone health. Farmers' Market - a place where local farmers sell fresh produce and goods directly to consumers. Example: She enjoys shopping at the farmers' market for organic fruits and vegetables. Organic - produced without synthetic chemicals or pesticides. Example: Organic farming promotes natural and sustainable practices. Corridors - narrow strips of land that connect larger areas, often used for wildlife migration. Example: Wildlife corridors allow animals to move between habitats. Bio-control - the use of natural predators or organisms to control pests. Example: Ladybugs are used in bio-control to reduce aphid populations. Biodiversity - the variety of plant and animal species in a particular habitat. Example: Rainforests have high levels of biodiversity. Desert Habitats - ecosystems found in arid regions with little rainfall. Example: Desert habitats are adapted to extreme conditions. Expanse - a wide and open area or space. Example: The vast expanse of the desert stretched out before us. Roll Out - to introduce or implement something on a larger scale. Example: The company plans to roll out its new product nationwide. Drought - a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to water scarcity. Example: The region suffered from a severe drought, affecting agriculture. Botanist - a scientist who specializes in the study of plants. Example: The botanist identified a new species of wildflowers. Pioneering - involving new ideas or methods. Example: The pioneering project aims to develop sustainable agriculture. Prejudices - preconceived opinions or attitudes not based on reason or actual experience. Example: Overcoming cultural prejudices is essential for social harmony. Habitat - the natural environment where an organism lives. Example: The rainforest is a diverse habitat for various species. Resuscitation - the action of reviving someone from unconsciousness or near death. Example: The paramedics performed resuscitation on the accident victim. Eco-heritage - the cultural and natural heritage of a region's ecosystems and environment. Example: Protecting eco-heritage is vital for future generations. Aspirational - having ambitions or goals for personal or social improvement. Example: Many young people have aspirational career goals. Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment. Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health. Income - money received on a regular basis, usually through work or investments. Example: Her income supports her family's needs. Beans - seeds of certain plants, often used as a food source. Example: Black beans are a staple in many Latin American cuisines. Flour - a powder made by grinding grains, often used for baking. Example: Wheat flour is a common ingredient in bread and pastries. Roasted - cooked or heated over an open flame or in an oven. Example: Roasted coffee beans have a rich, aromatic flavor. Vitamins - organic compounds essential for the body's growth and maintenance. Example: Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamins. Minerals - inorganic nutrients required for various bodily functions. Example: Calcium and iron are important minerals for bone health. Farmers' Market - a place where local farmers sell fresh produce and goods directly to consumers. Example: She enjoys shopping at the farmers' market for organic fruits and vegetables. Organic - produced without synthetic chemicals or pesticides. Example: Organic farming promotes natural and sustainable practices. Corridors - narrow strips of land that connect larger areas, often used for wildlife migration. Example: Wildlife corridors allow animals to move between habitats. Bio-control - the use of natural predators or organisms to control pests. Example: Ladybugs are used in bio-control to reduce aphid populations. READING PASSAGE 2 Silbo Gomero – the whistle ‘language’ of the Canary Islands Volcanic - related to volcanoes or produced by volcanic activity. Example: The island's rugged landscape is the result of volcanic eruptions. Terrain - the physical features and characteristics of a piece of land. Example: The hikers struggled to navigate the rocky terrain. Transmitting - sending or conveying something from one place to another. Example: Radio waves are capable of transmitting signals over long distances. Activate - to make something active or functional. Example: Pressing the button will activate the alarm system. Remarkably - in a way that is worthy of attention or notice. Example: She recovered remarkably quickly after the surgery. Ambiguity - uncertainty or lack of clarity in meaning. Example: The ambiguous statement left room for interpretation. Adjust - to change or modify something to fit a particular purpose. Example: You can adjust the temperature of the thermostat. Whistler - a person who uses whistles for communication. Example: The skilled whistler could convey complex messages. Distinguish - to recognize or differentiate between two or more things. Example: It can be challenging to distinguish between identical twins. Rapid - happening quickly or with great speed. Example: The car accelerated at a rapid pace. Neuroimaging - the use of imaging techniques to study the brain's structure and function. Example: Neuroimaging helps researchers understand brain activity. Temporal - relating to time or the passage of time. Example: The temporal aspect of the project is crucial. Deaf - unable to hear or having a significant hearing impairment. Example: Sign language is essential for communication among the deaf. Modality - a particular form, method, or mode of something. Example: Different modalities of therapy are available for patients. Activation - the process of making something active or functional. Example: The activation of the alarm system alerted security. Flexibility - the quality of being adaptable or capable of change. Example: Flexibility is a valuable trait in problem-solving. Independence - the state of being self-reliant or free from external control. Example: The country gained independence from colonial rule. Recognize - to identify or acknowledge the existence of something. Example: I couldn't recognize her in her new disguise. Origins - the starting point or source from which something arises. Example: The origins of the tradition date back to ancient times. Indigenous - native to a particular region or country. Example: The indigenous people of the Amazon rainforest have unique traditions. Conquer - to overcome or defeat by force, often in warfare. Example: The army set out to conquer new territories. Isolated - separated or kept apart from others. Example: The remote island was isolated from the mainland. Extinction - the state of no longer existing or being in use. Example: The extinction of certain species is a global concern. Dwindling - gradually becoming smaller or diminishing in number. Example: The population of endangered animals is dwindling. Fluent - able to speak or write a language with ease. Example: She is fluent in three different languages. Elementary - related to the basic or fundamental level of something. Example: Elementary education is essential for children's development. Assistance - help or support provided to someone in need. Example: He offered his assistance with the project. Preserved - kept intact or protected from harm or decay. Example: The ancient artifacts were carefully preserved in a museum. Humanity - all human beings collectively; the human race. Example: The organization works for the betterment of humanity. Cultural - related to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group. Example: The festival celebrates the cultural heritage of the community. Organization - a group of people working together for a common purpose. Example: The charity organization provides aid to those in need. Islands - land masses surrounded by water, smaller than continents. Example: The Hawaiian Islands are known for their beautiful beaches. Significantly - to a notable or important degree. Example: The discovery had a significantly positive impact. Pockets - small, isolated areas or groups within a larger area. Example: The town had pockets of vibrant street art. Communicate - to convey information or exchange messages. Example: Effective communication is crucial in any relationship. Modulate - to vary or adjust the intensity, tone, or pitch of something. Example: She modulated her voice to convey different emotions in the play. Traditional - relating to customs, beliefs, or practices that have been passed down over generations. Example: The traditional dance is performed during cultural festivals. Adaptation - the process of adjusting to new conditions or circumstances. Example: The film adaptation of the novel received critical acclaim. Pockets - small, isolated areas or groups within a larger area. Example: The city has pockets of rich cultural diversity. Recognition - the act of identifying or acknowledging something or someone. Example: Her hard work received recognition from her peers. Vanishing - disappearing or becoming extinct. Example: The vanishing species is a concern for conservationists. Availability - the state of being easily obtainable or accessible. Example: The availability of online courses has increased in recent years. Linguistic - related to the study of language and its structure. Example: Linguistic analysis revealed the origins of the word. Consequence - a result or effect of an action or situation. Example: The consequences of his decision were far-reaching. Scientifically - in a manner that is based on scientific principles or methods. Example: The experiment was conducted scientifically to ensure accuracy. Institute - an organization or establishment for a particular purpose. Example: The research institute focuses on medical advancements. Whistles - high-pitched sounds produced by blowing air through a small opening. Example: The referee blew the whistle to stop the game. Complex - consisting of many interconnected parts or elements. Example: The problem required a complex solution. Survive - to continue to exist or live, especially in adverse conditions. Example: The species managed to survive in the harsh environment. Global - relating to or involving the entire world or all countries. Example: Climate change is a global issue that requires cooperation. READING PASSAGE 3 Environmental practices of big businesses Environmental - relating to the natural surroundings and conditions. Example: The environmental impact of the factory was a concern for the community. Fundamental - essential, basic, or central to something. Example: Respect for human rights is a fundamental principle of society. Offend - to cause resentment or hurt feelings by an action or statement. Example: His comments about her appearance offended her deeply. Maximize - to make as large or great as possible. Example: The company aims to maximize its profits this quarter. Short-term - relating to a brief or limited period of time. Example: The short-term goals of the project were achieved quickly. Damaging - causing harm or injury to something or someone. Example: The storm's strong winds were damaging to the trees. Regulation - a rule or law that controls or governs a particular activity. Example: The government introduced new regulations for food safety. Effective - successful in producing the desired results. Example: The treatment proved to be effective in curing the illness. Corrupt - having a lack of honesty or integrity, often involving bribery. Example: The corrupt officials were arrested for accepting bribes. Unsophisticated - lacking sophistication or complexity; simple. Example: The solution to the problem was unsophisticated but effective. Breach - a violation or failure to adhere to a law, rule, or agreement. Example: The data breach compromised the security of personal information. Fiduciary - relating to trust and financial responsibility. Example: As a trustee, he had a fiduciary duty to manage the assets responsibly. Shareholders - individuals who own shares or stocks in a company. Example: The shareholders voted to approve the merger. Humanitarian - concerned with promoting the welfare and well-being of others. Example: Humanitarian organizations provide aid to disaster-stricken areas. Legally - in a manner that is authorized or allowed by law. Example: The contract was legally binding and enforceable. Publicly - in a way that is known or visible to the general public. Example: The company's financial report was publicly available. Sustainable - capable of being maintained or continued over the long term. Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the environment. Valdez - a reference to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989. Example: The Valdez disaster had devastating effects on the ecosystem. Prefer - to choose or favor one thing over another. Example: Many consumers prefer organic products for their health benefits. Award - to give or grant as an honor, prize, or recognition. Example: The organization decided to award scholarships to deserving students. Complain - to express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something. Example: Customers often complain about the slow service at this restaurant. Enforce - to ensure compliance with a law or rule. Example: The police are responsible for enforcing traffic regulations. Empowering - making someone feel more confident and in control. Example: The mentorship program is empowering young entrepreneurs. Necessity - something that is required or essential. Example: Clean drinking water is a basic necessity for human survival. Reduction - the act of making something smaller or less in amount. Example: The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is a critical goal. Explicit - clearly and directly stated; not implied. Example: The contract includes explicit terms and conditions. Explicitly - in a clear and straightforward manner. Example: The policy was explicitly outlined in the company handbook. Moralistic - characterized by a strict adherence to moral principles. Example: His moralistic approach to ethics influenced his decisions. Admirable - deserving respect, admiration, or approval. Example: Her dedication to charity work is truly admirable. Empathy - the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. Example: Empathy is an essential quality for healthcare professionals. Complexity - the state of being intricate, intricate, or complicated. Example: The complexity of the problem required a team of experts to solve it. Explicit - clearly and directly stated; not implied. Example: The explicit instructions were easy to follow. Enforced - compelled or compelled to comply with a rule or law. Example: The enforced safety measures prevented accidents at the construction site. Attitudes - a settled way of thinking or feeling about something. Example: Her positive attitude towards challenges helped her succeed. Essential - absolutely necessary; extremely important. Example: Communication is an essential skill in the workplace. Pressing - urgent or requiring immediate attention. Example: The need for healthcare reform is a pressing issue in our country. Sensitive - easily affected or influenced by external factors. Example: The skin is a sensitive organ that can react to allergens. Fast-food - a type of restaurant that serves quickly prepared and packaged meals. Example: Fast-food chains are known for their convenience but criticized for their unhealthy options. Supply chain - the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of goods. Example: The supply chain of a car manufacturer involves multiple suppliers and distributors. Suing - taking legal action against someone by filing a lawsuit. Example: The company is suing its former employee for breach of contract. Empowerment - the process of giving individuals the power and authority to make decisions and take action. Example: The empowerment of women in leadership positions is a global goal. Disease - a disorder or medical condition that affects the body's normal functioning. Example: Vaccines have been developed to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Transmission - the act or process of passing something from one person or place to another. Example: The transmission of information through the internet is instantaneous. Meat packers - companies or individuals involved in processing and packaging meat products. Example: The meat packers adhere to strict hygiene standards in their facilities. Environmental practices - actions and policies implemented by organizations to minimize their impact on the environment. Example: The company's environmental practices include recycling and reducing waste. Profitable - resulting in a financial gain or profit. Example: Investing in renewable energy sources can be profitable in the long run. Expect - to anticipate or foresee something as likely to happen. Example: Investors expect the stock market to fluctuate over time. Reward - to give something in return for good behavior or achievement. Example: The teacher rewarded the students with certificates for their hard work. Difficult - challenging or not easy to accomplish. Example: Learning a new language can be difficult, but it's rewarding. Practice - the customary or habitual way of doing something. Example: Consistent practice is essential for improving your skills.

Cambridge IELTS 14 Passage -1 THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN’S PLAY 1.       Brick - (noun) a rectangular block used in building construction. Example: Alice is building her magical kingdom brick by brick. 2.       Kingdom - (noun) a country or territory ruled by a king or queen. Example: Alice is building her own magical kingdom. 3.       Magical - (adjective) having special powers or qualities associated with magic. Example: Alice's kingdom is a magical place with fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons. 4.       Imagining - (verb) creating or forming a mental image or concept. Example: Alice is imagining a world filled with wicked witches and gallant heroes. 5.       Fairy-tale - (noun) a story about magical or imaginary beings and lands, often for children. Example: Alice's kingdom is like a fairy-tale with its enchanted elements. 6.       Turrets - (noun) small towers, especially on the corners of a building or castle. Example: Alice's kingdom has fairy-tale turrets that add to its magical charm. 7.       Fire-breathing - (adjective) emitting flames from the mouth or nostrils. Example: In Alice's kingdom, there are fire-breathing dragons guarding the castle. 8.       Wicked - (adjective) evil or morally wrong. Example: Alice's kingdom is full of wicked witches who pose a threat to the heroes. 9.       Gallant - (adjective) brave and heroic. Example: The gallant heroes in Alice's kingdom fight against the wicked witches. 10.   Enchanting - (adjective) delightfully charming or captivating. Example: Alice's kingdom is an enchanting world where imagination comes to life. 11.   Aware - (adjective) having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Example: Although Alice isn't aware of it, her fantasy kingdom is developing her creativity. 12.   Capacity - (noun) the ability or potential to contain, hold, or perform. Example: Alice's fantasy kingdom is helping her develop her capacity for creativity. 13.   Repercussions - (noun) unintended consequences or effects of an action. Example: Alice's fantasy kingdom will have important repercussions in her adult life. 14.   Abandoned - (verb) left behind or deserted. Example: Alice has abandoned her magical kingdom to play schools with her brother. 15.   Favor - (noun) a preference or choice. Example: Alice chose to play schools with her brother instead of continuing with her kingdom. 16.   Regulate - (verb) control or manage according to a set of rules or principles. Example: When Alice plays schools, she practices how to regulate her emotions through pretence. 17.   Emotions - (noun) strong feelings or reactions to situations. Example: Alice learns to regulate her emotions when she bosses her brother as a teacher. 18.   Pretence - (noun) the act of pretending or feigning. Example: Alice regulates her emotions through pretence when she plays schools with her brother. 19.   Settle down - (phrasal verb) become calm and composed. Example: After playing schools, Alice and her brother settle down with a board game. 20.   Board game - (noun) a game played on a board with counters or pieces. Example: Alice and her brother play a board game together, learning about rules and taking turns. 21.   Variety - (noun) a range of different things or elements. Example: Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species. 22.   Achievements - (noun) things accomplished or successfully completed. Example: Play is one of the highest achievements of the human species. 23.   Intellectual - (adjective) relating to the ability to think and understand. Example: Play underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults. 24.   Problem-solving - (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues. Example: Play helps in the development of problem-solving skills. 25.   Adaptable - (adjective) able to adjust to new conditions or changes. Example: Play is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species. 26.   Decline - (noun) a gradual or continuous decrease in quantity or quality. Example: There is a worldwide decline in play, particularly in urban areas. 27.   Perceptions - (noun) the way something is understood or interpreted by individuals. Example: Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk associated with traffic. 28.   Protect - (verb) keep safe from harm or danger. Example: Parents wish to protect their children from being victims of crime. 29.   Emphasis - (noun) special importance, value, or prominence given to something. Example: The emphasis on "earlier is better" leads to greater competition in academic learning. 30.   Leisure - (noun) free time when one is not working or occupied. Example: International bodies consider implications for leisure facilities and educational programs. 31.   Policies - (noun) principles or rules used to guide decisions and actions. Example: International bodies are developing policies concerned with children's right to play. 32.   Evidence - (noun) information or facts that support a claim or argument. Example: International bodies often lack the evidence to base policies on the importance of play. 33.   Child-initiated - (adjective) started or initiated by the child. Example: The type of play of interest is child-initiated, spontaneous, and unpredictable. 34.   Spontaneous - (adjective) happening naturally or without planning. Example: The researchers are interested in spontaneous play initiated by children. 35.   Unpredictable - (adjective) not able to be predicted or foreseen. Example: The researchers study the impact of unpredictable play on children's development. 36.   Long-term - (adjective) occurring over or relating to a long period of time. Example: The researchers aim to understand the long-term impact of play on a child's life. 37.   Impact - (noun) the effect or influence of one thing on another. Example: There is very little data on the impact of play on a child's later life. 38.   Development - (noun) the process of growth or advancement. Example: The researchers investigate the role played by play in a child's development. 39.   Self-control - (noun) the ability to control one's own actions, emotions, or impulses. Example: Play may support the early development of children's self-control. 40.   Awareness - (noun) knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Example: Self-control influences how effectively we undertake challenging activities through awareness. 41.   Undertaking - (noun) a task or project that one takes on or commits to. Example: Self-control influences how effectively we undertake challenging activities. 42.   Challenging - (adjective) difficult, demanding, or requiring effort. Example: Developing self-control helps children tackle challenging activities more effectively. 43.   Activities - (noun) actions or tasks that are done for a specific purpose. Example: Play may contribute to children's ability to engage in various activities. 44.   Problem-solvers - (noun) individuals who are skilled at finding solutions to problems. Example: Giving children the chance to play may make them more successful problem-solvers. 45.   Facilitate - (verb) to make easier or enable the occurrence of something. Example: Playful experiences may facilitate the development of self-control. 46.   Significant - (adjective) important or meaningful. Example: If play facilitates self-control, it could have a significant impact on educational practices. 47.   Predictor - (noun) something that indicates or suggests the likelihood of future outcomes. Example: The ability to self-regulate is a key predictor of academic performance. 48.   Indicator - (noun) a sign or signal that provides information or reveals something. Example: Playful behavior is an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development. 49.   Well-being - (noun) the state of being happy, healthy, and contented. Example: Observing children at play can provide important clues about their well-being. 50.   Stimulus - (noun) something that provokes or arouses a response or reaction. Example: A playful stimulus was more effective than an instructional one in supporting children's writing. Passage -2 The growth of bike-sharing schemes around the world 1.       urban - (adjective) relating to or characteristic of a city or town. Example: The city has implemented various urban development projects to improve infrastructure. 2.       bike-sharing - (noun) a system in which bicycles are made available for shared use to individuals on a short-term basis. Example: The bike-sharing program allows people to rent bikes for a few hours or a day to explore the city. 3.       scheme - (noun) a plan or program of action designed to accomplish a particular goal. Example: The government introduced a new healthcare scheme to provide affordable medical services to the citizens. 4.       dates back - (phrase) refers to the time or origin of something, often in the past. Example: The tradition of celebrating New Year's Eve dates back to ancient times. 5.       Witte Fietsenplan - (noun) a bike-sharing initiative in Amsterdam in 1965, involving the distribution of white bicycles for public use. Example: The Witte Fietsenplan aimed to promote sustainable transportation by providing free white bicycles for citizens. 6.       organisation - (noun) a group of people who work together to achieve a common purpose or goal. Example: The environmental organisation organized a beach cleanup to raise awareness about plastic pollution. 7.       perceived - (adjective) to be aware or conscious of something, often based on personal opinion or belief. Example: The perceived increase in crime led to a demand for enhanced security measures in the neighborhood. 8.       activists - (noun) individuals who campaign actively for social or political change. Example: The activists marched through the streets, demanding justice and equality for all. 9.       air pollution - (noun) the presence of harmful substances in the air, often caused by human activities or industrial processes. Example: The government implemented strict measures to reduce air pollution and improve air quality in the city. 10.   consumerism - (noun) the preoccupation or emphasis on the acquisition and consumption of goods and services. Example: The rise of consumerism has led to an increase in waste and environmental degradation. 11.   leaflet - (noun) a printed or digital informational document, usually distributed to provide information or promote something. Example: The tourism office handed out leaflets with maps and tourist attractions to visitors. 12.   dangers - (noun) potential risks or hazards. Example: The construction site had several warning signs indicating the dangers of entering without proper safety equipment. 13.   unlocked - (adjective) not locked or secured. Example: The door was left unlocked by mistake, allowing unauthorized access to the building. 14.   locations - (noun) specific places or positions. Example: The company has multiple locations around the country, providing convenience for customers. 15.   inviting - (verb) offering or suggesting something in an appealing or welcoming manner. Example: The restaurant's menu was inviting, featuring a variety of delicious dishes. 16.   opposed to - (phrase) in conflict or disagreement with something. Example: The community members were opposed to the construction of a new factory due to environmental concerns. 17.   initiatives - (noun) actions or measures taken to achieve a specific goal or purpose. Example: The government launched several initiatives to promote renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions. 18.   symbolic - (adjective) representing or expressing an idea or quality rather than a literal meaning. Example: The gesture of planting a tree on Earth Day was symbolic of our commitment to environmental conservation. 19.   member - (noun) a person who belongs to a group or organization. Example: She has been a member of the book club for five years, attending monthly meetings and discussions. 20.   municipality - (noun) a local governing body that administers a city, town, or district. Example: The municipality invested in improving public parks and recreational facilities for the community. 21.   calculate - (verb) to determine or estimate through mathematical or logical methods. Example: The students were asked to calculate the area of the triangle using the given measurements. 22.   unanimously - (adverb) with everyone in agreement or approval. Example: The board unanimously voted to approve the proposed budget for the upcoming fiscal year. 23.   reject - (verb) to refuse to accept, consider, or agree to something. Example: The university rejected his application due to the lack of required qualifications. 24.   glorious - (adjective) having great beauty, splendor, or magnificence. Example: The sunset over the ocean was a glorious sight, with vibrant hues of orange and pink. 25.   environmentally conscious - (phrase) aware of and concerned about the impact of human activities on the environment. Example: The company implemented environmentally conscious practices, such as recycling and reducing waste. 26.   possibility - (noun) the state or condition of being possible or capable of happening. Example: With hard work and dedication, there is always the possibility of achieving your goals. 27.   launched - (verb) to introduce or start something, especially a new project or product. Example: The company launched a new line of eco-friendly products to meet the growing demand. 28.   chip card - (noun) a plastic card with an embedded microchip that stores and processes data. Example: The new chip card technology allowed for faster and more secure transactions at the payment terminals. 29.   conspicuous - (adjective) easily noticeable or standing out. Example: The artist's bold and colorful painting was displayed in a conspicuous spot in the art gallery. 30.   sturdy - (adjective) strong and robust; able to withstand pressure or rough treatment. Example: The sturdy wooden table was able to support heavy objects without wobbling or breaking. 31.   racks - (noun) structures or frames used for holding or storing items in an organized manner. Example: The bicycle racks outside the train station were almost full, indicating a high demand for bike parking. 32.   prone to - (phrase) likely or inclined to experience or be affected by something, often negative. Example: Her sensitive skin was prone to sunburn, so she always applied sunscreen before going outside. 33.   vandalism - (noun) the deliberate destruction or damage of property or public belongings. Example: The graffiti sprayed on the walls was an act of vandalism that defaced the building's appearance. 34.   theft - (noun) the act of stealing or taking someone else's property without permission. Example: The shop implemented security measures to prevent theft and protect their merchandise. 35.   abolish - (verb) to officially put an end to something, usually a system, practice, or belief. Example: The government decided to abolish the outdated law that imposed heavy penalties for minor offenses. 36.   profitable - (adjective) producing a financial gain or yielding a profit. Example: The company's new marketing strategy proved to be highly profitable, resulting in increased sales. 37.   disappointed - (adjective) feeling sad or let down due to unmet expectations or desired outcomes. Example: She was disappointed when her favorite team lost the championship game. 38.   corporation - (noun) a large company or organization recognized as a separate legal entity. Example: The multinational corporation operates in multiple countries and has a diverse range of products. 39.   decisive - (adjective) having a clear and definite effect or influence on something. Example: The CEO's decisive action to restructure the company led to improved efficiency and profitability. 40.   inspired - (verb) to stimulate or arouse a feeling of enthusiasm, creativity, or motivation. Example: The artist was inspired by the beauty of nature and created breathtaking landscapes on canvas. 41.   boasts - (verb) to proudly possess or have something considered impressive or desirable. Example: The luxurious resort boasts a private beach, spa facilities, and gourmet restaurants. 42.   modelled - (verb) to base or pattern something after a particular example or standard. Example: The new smartphone was modelled after the latest flagship devices with advanced features. 43.   wonderful - (adjective) extremely pleasing, enjoyable, or excellent. Example: They had a wonderful time on their vacation, exploring new places and creating lasting memories. 44.   patent - (noun) a legal right granted to inventors that protects their invention from being used or sold by others. Example: The inventor filed a patent for their innovative device to prevent others from copying their design. 45.   cycle-friendly - (adjective) designed or suitable for use by cyclists, promoting safe and convenient cycling. Example: The city implemented cycle-friendly infrastructure, such as bike lanes and bike-sharing programs. 46.   dominated by - (phrase) controlled or influenced greatly by a particular thing or factor. Example: The political landscape was dominated by two major parties, with minor parties struggling to gain traction. 47.   additional - (adjective) extra or supplementary; added to what is already present or available. Example: The teacher provided additional resources for students to deepen their understanding of the topic. 48.   successful - (adjective) achieving the desired results or having a favorable outcome. Example: The company's successful marketing campaign led to a significant increase in sales. 49.   mentality - (noun) a particular way of thinking or a set of attitudes and beliefs. Example: The team's winning mentality propelled them to victory, as they never gave up despite setbacks. 50.   environment - (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant operates or exists. Example: The organization focuses on protecting the environment and preserving natural resources for future generations. Passage -3 Motivational factors and the hospitality industry 1.       superior (adjective): higher in quality or rank; excellent. Example: The hotel aims to provide superior service to its guests. 2.       performance (noun): the manner in which a person, organization, or system functions or operates. Example: The employees' performance directly affects the hotel's success. 3.       developing (verb): making progress or growing in a specified direction. Example: The hotel focuses on developing its employees' skills through training programs. 4.       maintaining (verb): preserving or keeping something in a particular state or condition. Example: The hotel is committed to maintaining high standards of cleanliness. 5.       employees (noun): individuals who work for an organization or business. Example: The hotel provides various benefits for its employees, such as healthcare and retirement plans. 6.       accomplished (adjective): successfully achieved or completed. Example: The hotel accomplished its goal of increasing customer satisfaction. 7.       Human Resource Management (HRM) (noun): the strategic approach to managing employees in an organization. Example: The hotel implemented effective HRM practices to attract and retain talented staff. 8.       practices (noun): habitual or customary ways of doing something. Example: The hotel follows best practices in customer service to ensure guest satisfaction. 9.       organizations (noun): groups of people with a particular purpose, such as a company or institution. Example: The hotel collaborated with other organizations to promote tourism in the area. 10.   invest (verb): allocate money, time, or resources for a future benefit. Example: The hotel decided to invest in employee training to improve service quality. 11.   retain (verb): keep or continue to have something. Example: The hotel implemented strategies to retain experienced employees. 12.   great (adjective): of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average. Example: The hotel values great teamwork among its employees. 13.   working conditions (noun): the environment and circumstances in which people work. Example: The hotel improved working conditions by providing ergonomic furniture and adequate lighting. 14.   originated (verb): had a specified beginning or start. Example: The concept of superior working conditions originated from non-service sector workplaces. 15.   non-service sector (noun): industries or fields of work not related to providing services. Example: The idea of work-life balance was popular in the non-service sector. 16.   emphasized (verb): gave special importance or prominence to something. Example: The company emphasized the importance of customer satisfaction in its training program. 17.   fun (noun): enjoyment, amusement, or lighthearted pleasure. Example: The hotel organizes fun team-building activities for its staff. 18.   enjoyment (noun): the state of finding pleasure or satisfaction in something. Example: The employees expressed their enjoyment of the company's annual picnic. 19.   part (noun): a particular aspect or feature of something. Example: Good working conditions are an essential part of employee satisfaction. 20.   contrast (noun): the state of being strikingly different from something else. Example: In contrast to non-service sector workplaces, hotels have traditionally not focused on good working conditions. 21.   extended (verb): made something more comprehensive or widespread. Example: The company extended its employee benefits package to include paid parental leave. 22.   address (verb): give attention to or deal with a matter or problem. Example: The hotel management decided to address the issue of poor working conditions by renovating the staff lounge. 23.   competitors (noun): other individuals, organizations, or businesses that are in direct competition with each other. Example: The hotel constantly monitors its competitors' prices and services to stay competitive in the market. 24.   investment (noun): the action or process of investing money, time, or resources in something to gain a profit or advantage. Example: The hotel made a significant investment in upgrading its technology systems for efficient operations. 25.   advantage (noun): a condition or circumstance that puts someone in a favorable or superior position. Example: The hotel's prime location gives it a competitive advantage over other hotels in the area. 26.   hospitality industry (noun): the sector encompassing businesses and services related to accommodations, food and beverage, and tourism. Example: The hospitality industry plays a crucial role in the local economy by generating employment opportunities. 27.   dominated (verb): controlled, governed, or influenced by someone or something to a great extent. Example: The market was dominated by large hotel chains that had a significant presence in multiple cities. 28.   underdeveloped (adjective): not fully developed, mature, or advanced. Example: The hotel industry in that region had underdeveloped HR practices compared to other sectors. 29.   relations (noun): the way in which two or more people, groups, or countries behave toward and deal with each other. Example: The hotel management strives to maintain good relations with its employees through open communication. 30.   represent (verb): stand for, symbolize, or be a typical example of something. Example: The hotel staff represents the brand's values and commitment to exceptional service. 31.   turnover (noun): the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by new ones. Example: The high turnover rate in the hotel industry necessitates effective recruitment and retention strategies. 32.   compensation (noun): something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering. Example: The hotel offers competitive compensation packages to attract and retain top talent. 33.   inadequate (adjective): not sufficient, satisfactory, or suitable for a specific purpose. Example: The employees raised concerns about the inadequate training provided for handling customer complaints. 34.   benefits (noun): advantages or rewards gained from employment, in addition to regular salary or wages. Example: The hotel provides comprehensive health insurance and retirement benefits to its employees. 35.   morale (noun): the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group at a particular time. Example: The management organized a team-building retreat to boost employee morale and improve teamwork. 36.   attitudes (noun): opinions, feelings, or behaviors towards someone or something. Example: The hotel encourages positive attitudes among its employees to create a welcoming and friendly atmosphere. 37.   recognition (noun): acknowledgement, appreciation, or reward for one's efforts, achievements, or contributions. Example: The hotel management implemented an employee recognition program to celebrate outstanding performance. 38.   motivate (verb): provide someone with a motive or reason to do something; inspire or encourage. Example: The hotel's incentive program motivates employees to exceed performance targets. 39.   obligated (adjective): morally or legally bound to do something; having a duty or responsibility. Example: The hotel provides ongoing training opportunities, making employees feel obligated to enhance their skills. 40.   organization (noun): a group of people working together in a structured manner to achieve a common goal. Example: The hotel's organizational structure ensures clear communication and efficient coordination among different departments. 41.   motivation (noun): the reason or driving force behind someone's actions, behavior, or willingness to exert effort. Example: The hotel manager uses various motivational strategies to inspire the staff to deliver exceptional service. 42.   retention (noun): the action of keeping something or someone; the ability to retain or keep employees in an organization. Example: The hotel implemented a comprehensive retention program to reduce turnover and retain skilled employees. 43.   inherently (adverb): essentially or naturally characteristic of something; in a way that is permanent or inseparable. Example: Good customer service is inherently linked to the hotel's reputation and success. 44.   reactions (noun): responses or behaviors triggered by a particular stimulus, event, or situation. Example: The hotel management carefully analyzed customer feedback and employees' reactions to improve service quality. 45.   hypothesis (noun): a proposed explanation or theory based on limited evidence; a tentative assumption to be tested or proven. Example: The researchers formulated a hypothesis to explore the relationship between employee job satisfaction and turnover. 46.   complain (verb): express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something; voice grievances. Example: Some employees tend to complain about workload during peak seasons in the hotel industry. 47.   perceptions (noun): the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted; individuals' subjective views or beliefs. Example: The hotel management conducted a perception survey to understand employees' views on work-life balance. 48.   luxury (adjective): relating to high-quality, expensive, and exclusive products, services, or experiences. Example: The hotel offers luxury accommodations and personalized services to cater to discerning guests. 49.   sophisticated (adjective): complex, refined, or advanced in terms of design, technology, or approach. Example: The hotel implemented a sophisticated customer relationship management system to enhance guest satisfaction. 50.   career (noun): a person's course or progress through their working life; a series of employment opportunities and advancements. Example: The hotel provides employees with ample opportunities for career growth and development through training and promotions. Test -2 Passage -1 Alexander Henderson 1.       extensive: covering a large area or range Example: The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. 2.       residence: a person's home; the place where someone lives Example: Besides its residence in Edinburgh, the family owned Press Estate. 3.       farmland: land used for cultivating crops or raising livestock Example: Press Estate consisted of 650 acres of farmland. 4.       mansion: a large and impressive house Example: Press Castle was a mansion located on the property. 5.       childhood: the period of time when a person is a child Example: Alexander spent much of his childhood playing on the beach near Eyemouth. 6.       apprenticeship: a period of training to learn a specific skill or trade Example: In 1849, he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. 7.       emigrated: to leave one's country to settle permanently in another Example: In October 1855, he emigrated to Canada with his wife. 8.       photography: the art, process, or practice of creating images by recording light on a sensitive surface Example: Henderson learned photography in Montreal around 1857. 9.       amateur: a person who engages in an activity for pleasure rather than as a profession Example: He quickly took up photography as a serious amateur. 10.   colleague: a person with whom one works, especially in a profession or business Example: Henderson became a personal friend and colleague of William Notman. 11.   excursion: a short journey or trip, usually for pleasure Example: The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860. 12.   cooperated: worked together towards a common goal Example: They cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares. 13.   societies: organizations or associations of people with a common interest or purpose Example: They both belonged to the same societies and associations. 14.   chairman: the person who presides over a meeting or organization Example: Henderson acted as chairman of the association's first meeting. 15.   landscapes: paintings, drawings, or photographs of outdoor scenes, especially of the countryside Example: Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold realism. 16.   realism: the quality or style of being faithful to reality or representing things as they are Example: Notman's landscapes were known for their bold realism. 17.   romantic: characterized by a love of nature, beauty, and emotion Example: Henderson's early work was influenced by the British landscape tradition and had a romantic quality. 18.   circulation: the number of copies of a publication distributed or sold Example: The publication had limited circulation, with only seven copies found. 19.   evaluating: assessing or judging the quality, value, or significance of something Example: The contents of each copy were used for evaluating Henderson's early work. 20.   portraiture: the art of creating portraits or images of people Example: From about 1870, Henderson dropped portraiture to focus on landscape photography. 21.   specialize: concentrate on and become an expert in a particular subject or skill Example: Henderson chose to specialize in landscape photography and other views. 22.   revealed: showed or made known Example: His photographs of city life revealed the vibrant human activity in street scenes, houses, and markets. 23.   alive: full of life or activity Example: Henderson's photographs of city life were alive with human activity. 24.   favourite: preferred or liked above all others Example: Although his favourite subject was landscape, Henderson often incorporated human pursuits into his scenes. 25.   pursuits: activities or hobbies engaged in by someone Example: Henderson composed his scenes around human pursuits such as farming, cutting ice, or sailing. 26.   demand: a strong need or desire for something Example: There was sufficient demand for Henderson's photographs of landscapes, lumber trade, and waterfalls. 27.   souvenirs: items kept as a reminder of a person, place, or event Example: People wanted to buy Henderson's photographs as souvenirs of their trips. 28.   catering: providing what is desired or needed Example: Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio, catering to the demand for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums. 29.   exhibited: displayed or showcased publicly Example: Henderson exhibited his photographs in various cities, including Montreal, London, and New York. 30.   success: achieving a desired outcome or result Example: Henderson met with greater success in New York, winning first prizes in a photography exhibition. 31.   prizes: rewards or honors given to winners Example: Henderson won prizes for his landscape photographs using the Lambertype process. 32.   wilderness: a wild and uncultivated area of land Example: Henderson was especially fond of the wilderness and often traveled by canoe on rivers. 33.   canoe: a lightweight narrow boat pointed at both ends, propelled by paddles Example: Henderson traveled by canoe on rivers like the Blanche and du Lievre. 34.   noted: well-known or recognized for a particular quality or achievement Example: He took photographs of the noted eastern rivers during his travels. 35.   undertaking: a task or project that requires effort or commitment Example: His photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway were part of a significant undertaking. 36.   commission: a request or assignment to create or produce something Example: Henderson received a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the railway line. 37.   principal: main or most important Example: Henderson recorded the principal structures along the railway line. 38.   structures: buildings or other objects constructed from parts Example: Henderson photographed the structures along the railway line. 39.   connecting: joining or linking together Example: The railway line was connecting Montreal to Halifax. 40.   commissions: assignments or projects for which one is paid to produce something Example: Henderson received commissions from other railways as well. 41.   bridges: structures built to provide passage over an obstacle, such as a river or road Example: In 1876, Henderson photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, and Occidental Railway. 42.   progress: the forward or onward movement towards a destination or goal Example: Henderson documented the progress of construction along the Canadian Pacific Railway. 43.   manager: a person responsible for controlling and organizing the activities of a business or department Example: In 1892, Henderson accepted a full-time position as the manager of a photographic department for the CPR. 44.   department: a division or section of an organization or institution Example: Henderson set up and administered the photographic department for the CPR. 45.   extensively: in a thorough or comprehensive manner Example: Henderson traveled extensively along the railway line, documenting and photographing various locations. 46.   archives: collections of historical records or documents Example: Collections of Henderson's work are held at the National Archives of Canada in Ottawa. 47.   photographic: related to photography or the process of creating images Example: Henderson's glass negatives formed a photographic collection stored in his house. 48.   stored: kept or placed in a particular location for future use or reference Example: Henderson's glass negatives were stored in the basement of his house. 49.   collections: groups of items gathered or assembled together Example: Collections of Henderson's work can also be found at the McCord Museum of Canadian History in Montreal. 50.   retired: stopped working or withdrew from active duty or employment Example: In 1897, Henderson retired completely from photography after his tenure with the CPR. Passage-2 Back to the future of skyscraper design Recovery - the process of regaining or restoring something that has been lost or damaged. Example: The recovery of natural environments in architecture is crucial for sustainable design. Natural - existing or caused by nature, not artificial or manufactured. Example: The building incorporates natural ventilation and cooling systems. Environments - the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The design aims to create healthier environments for occupants. Architecture - the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. Example: Professor Alan Short specializes in sustainable architecture. Design - the process of creating or planning something, such as a building or object. Example: The book discusses innovative building designs. Culmination - the highest or final point of something, usually reached after a gradual process. Example: Professor Short's book is the culmination of years of research. Research - the systematic investigation of materials, sources, or subjects to discover new facts or information. Example: The study is based on extensive research conducted by the team. Award-winning - having received an award or recognition for excellence. Example: Short's green building designs have been award-winning. Green - relating to or promoting environmental sustainability and conservation. Example: The focus of the research is on green building practices. Building - a structure used as a dwelling, business, or other purpose. Example: The team aims to revolutionize skyscraper building. Reliance - dependence on or trust in someone or something. Example: The goal is to reduce the reliance on air conditioning systems. Sealed - closed tightly or made airtight. Example: The current buildings are sealed to maintain temperature control. Life support - a system that provides the necessary conditions for sustaining life, often used in reference to medical equipment. Example: The buildings rely on the life support of air conditioning units. Vast - very great in size, amount, or extent. Example: The skyscrapers rely on vast air conditioning systems. Ventilation - the provision of fresh air in a building or room. Example: The book explores the importance of natural ventilation. Cooling - the act or process of making something cooler or reducing its temperature. Example: The design aims to incorporate natural cooling methods. Widespread - existing or happening over a large area or among many people. Example: Air conditioning systems became widespread after being heavily marketed. Introduction - the action of bringing something into use or existence. Example: The introduction of air conditioning systems revolutionized building design. Spectacular - very impressive or dramatic. Example: The energy use and carbon emissions from buildings are spectacular. Carbon emissions - the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. Example: The goal is to reduce carbon emissions from buildings. Requirements - the necessary conditions or things needed for a particular purpose. Example: The buildings must meet energy efficiency requirements. Legacy - something left behind or handed down by a predecessor. Example: The book discusses the rich legacy of building design principles. Sophisticated - complex, advanced, and highly developed. Example: The book explores the sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings. Ingeniously - in a clever, creative, and resourceful manner. Example: The hospitals were ingeniously ventilated to ensure safety. Pathogens - microorganisms that can cause disease or infection. Example: The digital modeling considered the presence of pathogens in the airstreams. Tuberculosis - an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs. Example: The ventilation systems in the hospital wards protected patients from tuberculosis. Safe - free from harm, danger, or risk. Example: The ventilation systems ensured that other patients remained safe. Hour - a period of time equal to sixty minutes. Example: The 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour. Performance - the manner in which something functions or operates. Example: The ventilation performance of the hospital wards was comparable to modern-day operating theatres. Principles - fundamental truths or guidelines that serve as the foundation for a belief or system. Example: The book explores the design principles of ventilated buildings. Appropriate - suitable or proper for a particular situation or purpose. Example: Communal wards are appropriate for certain patients' needs. Fraction - a part or proportion of a whole. Example: The design aims to achieve energy savings at a fraction of the cost. Emissions - substances or gases released into the atmosphere, often as a byproduct of human activities. Example: The buildings contribute to carbon emissions. Symbols - objects, actions, or concepts that represent or stand for something else. Example: Glass, steel, and air-conditioned skyscrapers are seen as symbols of status. Status - the relative social or professional standing of a person or group. Example: Short regards glass skyscrapers as symbols of status rather than practical solutions. Practical - suitable or functional for real-life use or application. Example: The focus should be on finding practical ways to meet energy requirements. Ingenuity - the quality of being clever, original, and inventive. Example: 19th-century building designs showcased great ingenuity. Public - relating to or involving the people as a whole. Example: The reinvention of skyscraper design requires public awareness and support. Clamouring - making a loud and persistent outcry or demand. Example: The panicked public was clamouring for buildings that protected against toxic air. Lethal - capable of causing death. Example: The fear of miasmas was rooted in the belief that they were lethal. Threat - a statement or indication of an intention to cause harm, loss, or damage. Example: Miasmas were perceived as a serious health threat. Agents - a person or thing that takes action or produces a particular effect. Example: Miasmas were thought to be the principal agents of disease. Epidemics - widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases that affect a large number of people within a community or region. Example: Miasmas were believed to contribute to the spread of **ep Epidemics - widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases that affect a large number of people within a community or region. Example: Miasmas were believed to contribute to the spread of epidemics during cholera outbreaks. Foul - having an unpleasant or offensive odor or taste. Example: The theory attributed disease to foul air rather than germs. Germs - microorganisms that can cause disease or infection. Example: The prevailing belief disregarded the role of germs in spreading diseases. Prosperous - successful and wealthy. Example: The prosperous individuals avoided hospitals due to fear of infection. Disproved - shown to be false or incorrect through evidence or argument. Example: Miasma theory has since been disproved by scientific advancements. Approach - a way of dealing with or considering something. Example: Short's approach emphasizes natural ventilation and cooling systems. Liability - something that poses a risk or potential loss or harm. Example: Glass skyscrapers may become a liability due to climate change and rising energy prices. Outlook - a person's point of view or general attitude toward life or a particular situation. Example: Short suggests that it's time to change our outlook on building design. Passage -3 Why companies should welcome disorder Organisation: (noun) the act or process of arranging or structuring something. Example: The company implemented a new organizational structure to improve efficiency. Inboxes: (noun) a place where incoming messages or documents are received and stored. Example: His email inbox was overflowing with unread messages. Calendars: (noun) a system for organizing and scheduling time, typically with dates and events. Example: She marked the important meeting on her calendar to ensure she wouldn't forget. Multi-billion dollar: (adjective) describing something that is valued in billions of dollars. Example: The company's annual revenue reached a multi-billion dollar figure. Time management: (noun) the process of planning and controlling how one spends their time. Example: Effective time management is essential for productivity and meeting deadlines. Project management: (noun) the practice of planning, organizing, and overseeing projects to achieve specific goals. Example: The project manager assigned tasks and monitored progress to ensure timely completion. Self-organisation: (noun) the ability to organize and manage oneself independently. Example: Developing self-organisation skills is crucial for personal and professional success. Rhetoric: (noun) the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing. Example: The politician's powerful rhetoric swayed the audience to support his campaign. Entrepreneurs: (noun) individuals who start and manage their own businesses, taking financial risks. Example: The city encourages entrepreneurs to launch innovative startups and contribute to economic growth. Perfectionists: (noun) individuals who have a strong desire for perfection and high standards. Example: The artist spent hours perfecting every detail of the painting, showcasing their perfectionist nature. Business schools: (noun) educational institutions that offer programs and courses focused on business and management. Example: He completed an MBA at one of the top business schools in the country. Graduates: (noun) individuals who have completed a course of study and received a degree or diploma. Example: The company actively recruits recent graduates for entry-level positions. Efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task with minimal wasted time, effort, or resources. Example: The new production process improved efficiency and reduced manufacturing costs. Assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without verification or proof. Example: The success of the project relied on challenging the underlying assumptions and exploring alternative approaches. Productivity: (noun) the measure of how efficiently and effectively work is accomplished. Example: The team's productivity increased after implementing a streamlined workflow. Diminishing returns: (noun phrase) a point at which the benefit gained from additional effort or investment becomes less than the resources put in. Example: The company realized they had reached diminishing returns when further expanding the marketing budget didn't result in increased sales. Organisational productivity: (noun phrase) the level of productivity within an organization, referring to its overall efficiency and output. Example: The company implemented new strategies to improve organizational productivity and maximize profits. Environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant operates. Example: The office environment was designed to foster creativity and collaboration among employees. Hierarchy: (noun) a system of organizing people or things according to rank, status, or authority. Example: The company's hierarchy ensured clear lines of authority and responsibility. Collaboration: (noun) the action of working together with others to achieve a common goal. Example: The team's collaboration on the project resulted in innovative ideas and a successful outcome. Mechanisms: (noun) a system or process designed to achieve a specific purpose or function. Example: The company implemented new mechanisms for feedback and communication to improve employee engagement. Rigid: (adjective) inflexible, strict, or resistant to change. Example: The company's rigid policies stifled creativity and hindered adaptability. Hierarchies: (noun) plural form of hierarchy, referring to systems of organization based on levels of authority. Example: The organization underwent a restructuring to flatten hierarchies and promote a more collaborative culture. Job titles: (noun) specific designations or labels given to positions within an organization. Example: The company eliminated traditional job titles and introduced more flexible role descriptions. Ownership: (noun) the state or fact of owning something or taking responsibility for it. Example: The employees had a sense of ownership and accountability for their projects. Facets: (noun) different aspects or components of something. Example: The marketing campaign addressed various facets of the target audience's preferences. Boundaryless: (adjective) without boundaries or limitations. Example: The boundaryless organization encouraged cross-department collaboration and knowledge sharing. Barriers: (noun) obstacles or hindrances that prevent progress or communication. Example: The company implemented measures to break down barriers between teams and foster collaboration. Virtual collaboration: (noun phrase) collaborative work done remotely or through online platforms. Example: The team members used video conferencing tools for virtual collaboration on the project. Flexible working: (noun phrase) an arrangement that allows employees to choose their work hours or location. Example: The company implemented a flexible working policy to accommodate employees' diverse needs. Embrace: (verb) to accept or adopt something willingly or eagerly. Example: The company embraced new technologies to stay ahead of the competition. Disorganisation: (noun) the state of lacking order or structure. Example: The creative department thrived in an atmosphere of controlled disorganization. Utility: (noun) the state or quality of being useful or beneficial. Example: The team evaluated the utility of each proposed solution before making a decision. Diminishing: (adjective) decreasing or becoming less over time. Example: The diminishing returns of the investment prompted the company to explore alternative opportunities. Overused: (adjective) excessively or excessively employed or utilized. Example: The marketing slogan had become overused and lost its impact on consumers. Venerate: (verb) to regard with great respect or reverence. Example: Many people venerate the founder of the company for his visionary leadership. Conventional: (adjective) based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed. Example: The company followed conventional marketing practices to reach its target audience. Bottlenecks: (noun) points of congestion or obstruction that slow down or impede progress. Example: The company identified and addressed bottlenecks in the production process to improve efficiency. Innovating: (verb) introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies to bring about positive change. Example: The company invested in research and development to stay at the forefront of innovating in their industry. Organic: (adjective) characterized by a natural and unrestrictive structure or growth. Example: The team's organic collaboration allowed for spontaneous creativity and problem-solving. Suggests:(verb) to propose or indicate as a possibility or idea. Example: The data suggests a correlation between employee satisfaction and productivity levels. Bandwagon: (noun) a popular trend or activity that attracts many followers or participants. Example: Many companies jumped on the sustainability bandwagon and adopted eco-friendly practices. Evidence: (noun) facts, information, or proof that supports a claim or argument. Example: The study provided compelling evidence to support the effectiveness of the new marketing strategy. Disorder: (noun) a state of confusion, lack of organization, or chaos. Example: The office was in a state of disorder after the unexpected power outage. Utility: (noun) the state or quality of being useful or beneficial. Example: The new software improved the utility of the company's data analysis process. Assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without verification or proof. Example: The success of the project relied on challenging the underlying assumptions and exploring alternative approaches. Existing: (adjective) already in place or in existence. Example: The company aimed to improve existing processes through continuous improvement initiatives. Assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without verification or proof. Example: The success of the project relied on challenging the underlying assumptions and exploring alternative approaches. Work process: (noun phrase) the series of steps or actions involved in completing a task or project. Example: The team streamlined the work process to eliminate unnecessary delays and improve efficiency. Research: (noun) systematic investigation to gather information and discover new knowledge. Example: The research conducted by the team provided valuable insights into consumer behavior. Test -2 Passage -1 The concept of intelligence Intelligence - (noun) the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. Example: His intelligence and quick thinking helped him solve the complex problem. Implicit - (adjective) implied or understood without being directly expressed. Example: She had an implicit trust in her best friend and never doubted her loyalty. Theories - (noun) explanations or principles based on observation, reasoning, and evidence. Example: The scientist proposed a new theory to explain the phenomenon. Conceptions - (noun) ideas or understanding of something. Example: Their conceptions of art differed, leading to a lively debate. Valuing - (verb) considering something as important or beneficial. Example: The company's success is built on valuing innovation and creativity. Judgments - (noun) opinions or decisions based on careful consideration or evaluation. Example: The judge made a fair judgment based on the evidence presented. Perceive - (verb) become aware of or interpret something in a particular way. Example: She perceived the painting as a representation of inner emotions. Evaluate - (verb) assess or judge the quality, importance, or value of something. Example: The teacher will evaluate the students' performance based on their presentations. Notions - (noun) ideas, beliefs, or opinions. Example: He had vague notions about the origin of the universe. Unconscious - (adjective) not aware or intentional. Example: She made an unconscious decision to leave her job and pursue her passion. Framework - (noun) a basic structure or conceptual scheme that provides support. Example: The framework of the research paper included an introduction, methodology, and conclusion. Phenomenon - (noun) a fact or event that can be observed or experienced. Example: The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon that attracts many tourists. Correspondence - (noun) a similarity or agreement between two things. Example: There is a correspondence between the data collected and the results obtained. Supplementation - (noun) the act of adding to or enhancing something. Example: The dietitian recommended the supplementation of vitamins to improve the patient's health. Elucidate - (verb) make something clear or explain more fully. Example: The professor used visual aids to elucidate complex scientific concepts. Developmental - (adjective) relating to the growth or progress of something over time. Example: The study focused on the developmental stages of children's language acquisition. Cross-cultural - (adjective) involving or comparing different cultures or cultural groups. Example: The company conducted a cross-cultural analysis to understand consumer behavior. Expectations - (noun) beliefs or assumptions about what will happen or be achieved. Example: The team had high expectations for the new product launch. Intellectual - (adjective) relating to the ability to think and understand ideas and information. Example: He had impressive intellectual capabilities and excelled in academic pursuits. Performances - (noun) actions, presentations, or activities given for an audience. Example: The actress delivered an outstanding performance in the play. Societal - (adjective) relating to society or social institutions. Example: The study aimed to analyze the societal impact of technology on job markets. Scope - (noun) the extent or range of something. Example: The project's scope includes analyzing customer feedback and developing new features. Cognitive - (adjective) relating to mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and understanding. Example: The researcher conducted a cognitive study to investigate memory recall. Interviewers - (noun) individuals who conduct interviews to evaluate or assess candidates. Example: The interviewers asked challenging questions to assess the applicant's problem-solving skills. Hiring - (noun) the process of selecting and appointing someone for a job or position. Example: The company implemented a rigorous hiring process to ensure the selection of qualified candidates. Determining - (verb) establishing or finding out the facts or information about something. Example: The jury played a crucial role in determining the defendant's guilt or innocence. Friends - (noun) people with whom one has a bond of mutual affection and trust. Example: She enjoys spending time with her close friends and sharing hobbies. Sum - (noun) the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, quantities, or items. Example: The sum of their contributions exceeded the fundraising target. Important - (adjective) of great significance or value. Example: Good communication skills are important for building strong relationships. Investigators - (noun) individuals who carry out systematic inquiries or examinations to gather information or evidence. Example: The investigators analyzed the crime scene to gather clues and solve the mystery. Explicit - (adjective) clearly expressed or stated. Example: The teacher provided explicit instructions on how to complete the assignment. Emergence - (noun) the process of coming into existence or becoming recognized or important. Example: The emergence of social media has transformed the way people communicate. Responsibility - (noun) the state or fact of being accountable for something. Example: The manager assigned specific tasks to each team member, clarifying their responsibilities. Masses - (noun) a large group or quantity of people or things. Example: The concert attracted masses of enthusiastic fans. Chaos - (noun) complete disorder and confusion. Example: The sudden announcement caused chaos in the office, with everyone scrambling to adjust their plans. Equal - (adjective) the same in quantity, size, degree, or value. Example: All students should be treated with equal respect and given equal opportunities. Opportunities - (noun) favorable or advantageous circumstances or situations. Example: The internship provided her with valuable learning opportunities in the field of marketing. Rewarded - (verb) given or provided something in recognition of one's efforts or achievements. Example: The top performers were rewarded with bonuses and promotions. Accomplishments - (noun) achievements or successes resulting from one's efforts. Example: The athlete's long list of accomplishments earned him a place in the Hall of Fame. Favor - (verb) treat someone with preference or show kindness towards them. Example: She was always willing to help others and would gladly do them a favor. Foster - (verb) encourage or promote the development or growth of something. Example: The organization aims to foster creativity and innovation in young entrepreneurs. Competencies - (noun) the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform a specific task or job. Example: The job requires a high level of technical compet Competencies - (noun) the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform a specific task or job. Example: The job requires a high level of technical competencies in programming and problem-solving. Government - (noun) the governing body of a nation, state, or community. Example: The government implemented new policies to stimulate economic growth. Jury - (noun) a group of individuals selected to hear and evaluate evidence in a legal trial. Example: The jury deliberated for hours before reaching a unanimous verdict. Responsibility - (noun) the state or duty of being accountable for something or someone. Example: Teachers have a responsibility to provide a safe learning environment for their students. Institutions - (noun) organizations or establishments that serve a particular purpose, such as schools or banks. Example: The university is a prestigious institution known for its research and academic programs. Presuppositions - (noun) assumptions or beliefs that are taken for granted or considered true without proof. Example: The success of the project relied on the team's shared presuppositions about customer preferences. Assumptions - (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted or accepted as true without proof. Example: The detective's investigation was based on certain assumptions about the suspect's motives. Explicit theories - (noun) theories that are clearly stated or expressed. Example: The professor presented his explicit theories on the origin of the universe in a lecture. Data - (noun) facts, information, or statistics gathered for analysis or reference. Example: The research study collected a large amount of data to support its findings. Passage -2 Saving bugs to find new drugs derived - obtained or produced from a specific source Example: Many drugs are derived from natural compounds found in plants. compounds - substances composed of two or more elements Example: The scientist synthesized various chemical compounds in the lab. living things - organisms that have the ability to grow, reproduce, and respond to stimuli Example: Plants, animals, and microorganisms are all examples of living things. soothing - calming or relieving Example: A warm cup of herbal tea can have a soothing effect on a sore throat. curing - treating or alleviating a disease or ailment Example: The new medication shows promising results in curing certain types of cancer. ancient - belonging to a time long ago; very old Example: Archaeologists discovered ancient artifacts in the ruins of an ancient civilization. primates - a group of mammals that includes humans, monkeys, and apes Example: Chimpanzees and gorillas are both examples of primates. toxin-oozing - releasing or emitting toxins Example: The venomous snake has toxin-oozing fangs that inject venom into its prey. deter - discourage or prevent from doing something Example: The bright colors of the warning sign are meant to deter people from entering the restricted area. noxious - harmful, poisonous, or unpleasant Example: The strong smell of the chemical is noxious and should be avoided. pharmaceutical - related to the production and sale of drugs and medications Example: The pharmaceutical company developed a new vaccine for a widespread disease. extraction - the process of removing or obtaining something Example: The extraction of oil from the ground is a complex and expensive procedure. characterisation - describing or defining the qualities or features of something Example: The scientist performed a detailed characterisation of the newly discovered species. modification - the act of making changes or alterations Example: The car underwent several modifications to improve its performance. testing - evaluating or examining something to determine its quality or performance Example: The new drug is undergoing rigorous testing to ensure its safety and effectiveness. shift - a change or movement in direction or focus Example: There has been a shift in public opinion regarding environmental issues. promising - showing potential or likelihood of success Example: The young artist showed promising talent and received recognition for her work. isolating - separating or setting apart from others Example: The scientist succeeded in isolating the specific bacteria responsible for the infection. significant - important or meaningful Example: The study's findings are significant and could lead to important breakthroughs in medical research. hurdles - obstacles or challenges that need to be overcome Example: The athlete faced several hurdles on her path to winning the championship. varying - differing or changing in different situations or circumstances Example: The effectiveness of the treatment can have varying results depending on the individual. approaches - methods or strategies used to tackle a problem or achieve a goal Example: The teacher implemented different approaches to teach multiplication to the students, catering to their individual learning styles. bioprospecting - the search for valuable compounds or materials in biological sources Example: Scientists embarked on an expedition for bioprospecting in the rainforest to discover new medicinal plants. genomes - the complete set of genes or genetic material present in an organism Example: The researchers sequenced the genome of the bacteria to study its genetic makeup. evident - clearly seen or understood; obvious Example: The impact of climate change on the environment is evident in the melting glaciers. realisation - the act of becoming aware or understanding something Example: The realisation of the importance of recycling has led to increased efforts to reduce waste. looming - approaching or imminent, often with a sense of threat or concern Example: The looming deadline for the project added pressure to the team. antibiotic resistance - the ability of bacteria or microorganisms to withstand the effects of antibiotics Example: The rise in antibiotic resistance has become a global health concern. undisputed - acknowledged or accepted as true or valid without question or doubt Example: He is the undisputed champion of the boxing world, having never been defeated. terrestrial - relating to or inhabiting the land rather than the sea or air Example: Lions and elephants are examples of terrestrial animals found in African savannas. niche - a specialized role or position occupied by an organism within its ecosystem Example: The woodpecker plays a crucial niche in the forest ecosystem by feeding on insects and creating cavities in trees. bewildering - confusing or puzzling Example: The maze of hallways in the old building was bewildering, and many people got lost. defensive - intended to protect or defend against danger or harm Example: The porcupine has long, sharp quills as a defensive mechanism against predators. offensive - relating to an aggressive or attacking action Example: The army launched an offensive against the enemy's stronghold. remarkable - extraordinary, worthy of attention or admiration Example: The child's musical talent at such a young age is truly remarkable. diversity - variety or range, especially in terms of different forms of life or different elements within a group Example: The Amazon rainforest is known for its incredible diversity of plant and animal species. investigated - examined or looked into carefully and systematically Example: The detective investigated the crime scene to gather evidence. antimicrobial - having the ability to inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms Example: Some cleaning products contain antimicrobial agents to kill bacteria and germs. potent - having strong or powerful effects or properties Example: The medication is known for its potent pain-relieving properties. venom - a poisonous substance produced by certain animals, typically injected through a bite or sting Example: The snake's venom can cause paralysis and even death. potential - the possibility or likelihood of something happening or being developed Example: The young artist shows great potential and may become a famous painter someday. daunting - intimidating or discouraging due to its difficulty or scale Example: Climbing Mount Everest can be a daunting challenge even for experienced mountaineers. sufficient - enough or adequate in quantity or degree Example: Please ensure you have sufficient funds in your account to cover the transaction. ubiquity - the state of being present or found everywhere Example: The ubiquity of smartphones has revolutionized the way we communicate. recesses - remote, hidden, or less-explored parts or areas Example: Explorers ventured deep into the uncharted recesses of the jungle in search of rare plants. ecology - the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment Example: The professor specialized in marine ecology and conducted research on coral reef ecosystems. subduing - bringing under control or overpowering Example: The police used pepper spray to subdue the unruly crowd. pathogenic - capable of causing disease or illness Example: The laboratory identified the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the water sample. precedent - an earlier occurrence or example used as a guide or justification for subsequent actions or decisions Example: The court's ruling set a precedent for future cases involving similar circumstances. conservation - the protection, preservation, and sustainable use of natural resources and ecosystems Example: The organization works towards the conservation of endangered species and their habitats. Passage -3 The power of play Virtually - nearly; almost (adverb) Example: Virtually every child enjoys playing. Drive - strong motivation or impulse (noun) Example: The drive to play is innate in children. Circumstances - conditions or situations (noun) Example: Children will play in any circumstances, even without toys. Intense - very strong or extreme (adjective) Example: The intense desire to play is universal among children. For instance - as an example (phrase) Example: Children will play with anything they find, for instance, using sticks as swords. Actively - in a lively or energetic manner (adverb) Example: Even without parental encouragement, children actively engage in play. Young - in the early stages of life or development (adjective) Example: In the eyes of a young child, play is all about fun and imagination. Fun - enjoyment; amusement (noun) Example: Running, pretending, and building are all fun activities for children. Researchers - people who conduct systematic investigation and study (noun) Example: Researchers have found that play benefits various aspects of child development. Educators - teachers or instructors (noun) Example: Educators emphasize the importance of play in a child's learning journey. Benefit - to gain advantage or benefit from something (verb) Example: Playful activities benefit children's cognitive and social development. Development - the process of growth or progress (noun) Example: Play is crucial for the development of a child's physical and emotional well-being. Instrumental - essential or key (adjective) Example: Play is considered an instrumental component of a child's healthy development. Component - a part or element of a larger whole (noun) Example: Play is an important component in the overall development of a child. Recognized - acknowledged or identified (adjective) Example: The United Nations recognized play as a fundamental right of every child. Decrease - to become less or diminish (verb) Example: Over the years, the amount of time children spend playing has decreased. Counterparts - people or things that are similar or equivalent (noun) Example: Today's children play significantly less than their counterparts from two decades ago. Under pressure - experiencing stress or demands (phrase) Example: Play is being replaced by test preparation under pressure of academic standards. Academic - related to education and learning (adjective) Example: Kindergartens and grade schools prioritize academics over play due to academic standards. Path - a route or way to achieve something (noun) Example: Parents are led to believe that educational toys are the path to their children's success. Society - a community or group of people living together (noun) Example: Our society has created a false dichotomy between play and learning. Regulate - to control or manage (verb) Example: Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior and emotions. Foundations - the basis or underlying principles (noun) Example: Play lays the foundations for later learning in various domains. Repertoire - a range or collection of skills or abilities (noun) Example: Play helps children build a repertoire of problem-solving skills. Consensus - general agreement or shared opinion (noun) Example: There is no consensus among researchers on a formal definition of play. Elude - to escape or avoid capture or understanding (verb) Example: A formal definition of play continues to elude researchers and theorists. Descriptions - explanations or accounts of something (noun) Example: Various descriptions of play exist, including physical, construction, and symbolic play. Criteria - standards or principles used to judge or evaluate something (noun) Example: Researchers use different criteria to define and categorize play behaviors. Intrinsic - inherent or belonging naturally (adjective) Example: Play is driven by intrinsic motivation and enjoyment. Continuum - a range or progression with no clear boundaries (noun) Example: Play can be seen as a continuum, ranging from more to less playful behaviors. Pleasurable - enjoyable or giving pleasure (adjective) Example: Play must be pleasurable for children to engage in it. Extrinsically - motivated by external factors or rewards (adverb) Example: Play is intrinsically motivated and has no external goals or purposes. Process-oriented - focusing on the process rather than the outcome (adjective) Example: In play, the process-oriented approach values the means more than the ends. Spontaneous - happening naturally or without planning (adjective) Example: Play is spontaneous and freely chosen by children. Voluntary - done willingly or by choice (adjective) Example: Play is voluntary; children engage in it without being forced. Engaged - actively involved or participating (adjective) Example: Play requires children to be actively engaged physically and mentally. Non-literal - not meant to be taken literally (adjective) Example: Play often involves non-literal elements, such as make-believe or imagination. Assign - to give or allocate (verb) Example: Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any specific dimension of playfulness. Aspect - a particular part or feature (noun) Example: Some researchers consider process orientation and lack of functional purpose as important aspects of play. Hybrid - a combination or mixture of different elements (adjective) Example: Joan Goodman suggested that hybrid forms of work and play can be beneficial for learning. Determent - something that causes harm or has a negative impact (noun) Example: Hybrid forms of work and play are not a determent to learning. Optimal - the best or most favorable (adjective) Example: Hybrid forms of work and play provide optimal contexts for learning. Co-player - someone who plays alongside others (noun) Example: In guided play, adults can join as co-players with children. Thoughtful - showing careful consideration or attention (adjective) Example: Adults can raise thoughtful questions during guided play to stimulate children's thinking. Discovery - finding or uncovering something new (noun) Example: Adults can comment on children's discoveries during play, encouraging their exploration. Exploration - the act of exploring or investigating (noun) Example: Guided play encourages further exploration and discovery for children. Continually - repeatedly or constantly (adverb) Example: Playful learning should continually engage and interest children. Child-centered - focusing on the needs and interests of the child (adjective) Example: Playful learning should be child-centered, stemming from the child's own desires. Intrinsically motivated - driven by internal desires or interests (adjective) Example: In guided play, children remain intrinsically motivated to learn and explore. Robust - strong, vigorous, or effective (adjective) Example: Guided play, with adult guidance, creates robust opportunities for playful learning. Test -3 native - (adj.) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place Example: The redwood trees are native to California. immortal - (adj.) living forever; not subject to death Example: According to Greek mythology, the gods are immortal. aging - (n.) the process of growing old or showing the effects of time Example: The signs of aging, such as wrinkles and gray hair, become more prominent with time. feats - (n.) impressive or remarkable achievements or actions Example: The gymnast's acrobatic feats earned her a gold medal. deteriorate - (v.) to become progressively worse or less valuable Example: The old building has deteriorated over the years and now requires extensive repairs. fit - (adj.) in good health, physically and mentally sound Example: Regular exercise and a balanced diet help you stay fit. reproduce - (v.) to produce offspring; to have babies or create new individuals Example: Plants reproduce through pollination and seed formation. cancer - (n.) a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body Example: Lung cancer is often caused by smoking. vast - (adj.) of very great extent or quantity; immense Example: The Sahara Desert is a vast expanse of sand. organised - (adj.) arranged systematically or in a structured manner Example: The librarian keeps the books in an organized manner according to their genres. complexity - (n.) the state or quality of being intricate or complicated Example: The complexity of the math problem required advanced problem-solving skills. useful - (adj.) able to be used for a practical purpose or in a beneficial way Example: A Swiss army knife is a useful tool that combines various functions. trait - (n.) a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially of one's personality Example: Kindness is a trait that is highly valued in many cultures. isolated - (adj.) separated from others; alone or lonely Example: The small village was isolated from the rest of the world. typically - (adv.) usually; in most cases Example: The bakery opens at 6 a.m. and typically sells out of fresh bread by noon. ranges - (n.) a set of different things of the same general type Example: The store offers a wide range of products to suit various customer preferences. previous - (adj.) existing or occurring before in time or order; earlier or former Example: The previous owner of the house left behind some furniture. estimated - (adj.) roughly calculated or approximate Example: The estimated cost of the project is around $10,000. exact - (adj.) precise; not approximated in any way Example: The scientist measured the exact amount of liquid needed for the experiment. tasks - (n.) a piece of work to be done or undertaken Example: The students were assigned various tasks to complete over the weekend. attended - (v.) past tense of "attend," to be present at or go to regularly Example: The students attended the lecture to gain a better understanding of the subject. recorded - (v.) past tense of "record," to make a permanent or official entry of information Example: The secretary recorded the meeting minutes for future reference. telltale - (adj.) revealing or indicating something Example: The telltale signs of exhaustion were evident in her drooping eyes and slumped posture. scent - (n.) a distinctive smell or fragrance Example: The scent of freshly baked cookies filled the kitchen. responded - (v.) past tense of "respond," to react or answer in a particular way Example: The audience responded with applause after the musician's outstanding performance. active - (adj.) engaging in physical or mental activity; energetic Example: Regular exercise helps to maintain an active lifestyle. aggressively - (adv.) in a forceful or hostile manner Example: The dog barked aggressively, warning the intruder to stay away. mandibles - (n.) the two pincer-like jaws of certain animals, such as ants or lobsters Example: The ant used its mandibles to carry a small piece of food back to the colony. dying - (adj.) approaching death; coming to an end or ceasing to exist Example: The dying embers of the fire flickered weakly before fading away. major - (adj.) important, serious, or significant Example: The discovery of a new species was a major breakthrough in the field of biology. neural - (adj.) relating to the nerves or the nervous system Example: The doctor conducted a neural examination to assess the patient's reflexes. specific - (adj.) clearly defined or identified Example: The teacher provided specific instructions on how to complete the assignment. functions - (n.) the purpose or role that something has or is intended to have Example: The main function of a computer is to process and store information. insects - (n.) small arthropods with six legs and a segmented body Example: Bees, butterflies, and beetles are all examples of insects. structures - (n.) something that has been built or constructed Example: The architect designed a unique structure for the new art museum. regions - (n.) areas or parts of a larger whole Example: The country is divided into different regions, each with its own distinct culture. decline - (v.) to become smaller, weaker, or less in quantity or quality Example: The popularity of traditional music has been in decline in recent years. serotonin - (n.) a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood and happiness Example: Some antidepressant medications help increase serotonin levels in the brain. dopamine - (n.) a neurotransmitter involved in motivation, pleasure, and reward Example: The release of dopamine in the brain can create a feeling of euphoria. coincides - (v.) occurs at the same time or agrees with something else Example: The company's expansion plans coincide with the improving economy. Alzheimer's disease - (n.) a progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function Example: My grandmother was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and requires constant care. thoroughly - (adv.) in a complete or exhaustive manner; with great attention to detail Example: The detective investigated the crime scene thoroughly to gather all possible evidence findings - (n.) the results or conclusions of a study or investigation Example: The researcher presented her findings at the conference. entomologist - (n.) a scientist who studies insects Example: The entomologist discovered a new species of beetle in the rainforest. extend - (v.) to make something longer or larger in scope or duration Example: The company decided to extend the deadline for submitting the project proposals. species - (n.) a distinct type or category of organisms Example: Tigers and lions belong to different species, but they are both part of the cat family. bugs - (n.) colloquial term for insects Example: The children enjoyed catching bugs and observing them in glass jars. represent - (v.) to stand for or symbolize something Example: The red rose represents love and passion. clues - (n.) pieces of evidence or information that help solve a problem or mystery Example: The detective carefully analyzed the clues left at the crime scene. comforts - (n.) things that make a person feel relaxed, secure, or at ease Example: After a long day, he sought the comforts of his favorite armchair and a good book. The secret of staying young native - (adj.) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place Example: The redwood trees are native to California. immortal - (adj.) living forever; not subject to death Example: According to Greek mythology, the gods are immortal. aging - (n.) the process of growing old or showing the effects of time Example: The signs of aging, such as wrinkles and gray hair, become more prominent with time. feats - (n.) impressive or remarkable achievements or actions Example: The gymnast's acrobatic feats earned her a gold medal. deteriorate - (v.) to become progressively worse or less valuable Example: The old building has deteriorated over the years and now requires extensive repairs. fit - (adj.) in good health, physically and mentally sound Example: Regular exercise and a balanced diet help you stay fit. reproduce - (v.) to produce offspring; to have babies or create new individuals Example: Plants reproduce through pollination and seed formation. cancer - (n.) a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body Example: Lung cancer is often caused by smoking. vast - (adj.) of very great extent or quantity; immense Example: The Sahara Desert is a vast expanse of sand. organised - (adj.) arranged systematically or in a structured manner Example: The librarian keeps the books in an organized manner according to their genres. complexity - (n.) the state or quality of being intricate or complicated Example: The complexity of the math problem required advanced problem-solving skills. useful - (adj.) able to be used for a practical purpose or in a beneficial way Example: A Swiss army knife is a useful tool that combines various functions. trait - (n.) a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially of one's personality Example: Kindness is a trait that is highly valued in many cultures. isolated - (adj.) separated from others; alone or lonely Example: The small village was isolated from the rest of the world. typically - (adv.) usually; in most cases Example: The bakery opens at 6 a.m. and typically sells out of fresh bread by noon. ranges - (n.) a set of different things of the same general type Example: The store offers a wide range of products to suit various customer preferences. previous - (adj.) existing or occurring before in time or order; earlier or former Example: The previous owner of the house left behind some furniture. estimated - (adj.) roughly calculated or approximate Example: The estimated cost of the project is around $10,000. exact - (adj.) precise; not approximated in any way Example: The scientist measured the exact amount of liquid needed for the experiment. tasks - (n.) a piece of work to be done or undertaken Example: The students were assigned various tasks to complete over the weekend. attended - (v.) past tense of "attend," to be present at or go to regularly Example: The students attended the lecture to gain a better understanding of the subject. recorded - (v.) past tense of "record," to make a permanent or official entry of information Example: The secretary recorded the meeting minutes for future reference. telltale - (adj.) revealing or indicating something Example: The telltale signs of exhaustion were evident in her drooping eyes and slumped posture. scent - (n.) a distinctive smell or fragrance Example: The scent of freshly baked cookies filled the kitchen. responded - (v.) past tense of "respond," to react or answer in a particular way Example: The audience responded with applause after the musician's outstanding performance. active - (adj.) engaging in physical or mental activity; energetic Example: Regular exercise helps to maintain an active lifestyle. aggressively - (adv.) in a forceful or hostile manner Example: The dog barked aggressively, warning the intruder to stay away. mandibles - (n.) the two pincer-like jaws of certain animals, such as ants or lobsters Example: The ant used its mandibles to carry a small piece of food back to the colony. dying - (adj.) approaching death; coming to an end or ceasing to exist Example: The dying embers of the fire flickered weakly before fading away. major - (adj.) important, serious, or significant Example: The discovery of a new species was a major breakthrough in the field of biology. neural - (adj.) relating to the nerves or the nervous system Example: The doctor conducted a neural examination to assess the patient's reflexes. specific - (adj.) clearly defined or identified Example: The teacher provided specific instructions on how to complete the assignment. functions - (n.) the purpose or role that something has or is intended to have Example: The main function of a computer is to process and store information. insects - (n.) small arthropods with six legs and a segmented body Example: Bees, butterflies, and beetles are all examples of insects. structures - (n.) something that has been built or constructed Example: The architect designed a unique structure for the new art museum. regions - (n.) areas or parts of a larger whole Example: The country is divided into different regions, each with its own distinct culture. decline - (v.) to become smaller, weaker, or less in quantity or quality Example: The popularity of traditional music has been in decline in recent years. serotonin - (n.) a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood and happiness Example: Some antidepressant medications help increase serotonin levels in the brain. dopamine - (n.) a neurotransmitter involved in motivation, pleasure, and reward Example: The release of dopamine in the brain can create a feeling of euphoria. coincides - (v.) occurs at the same time or agrees with something else Example: The company's expansion plans coincide with the improving economy. Alzheimer's disease - (n.) a progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function Example: My grandmother was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and requires constant care. thoroughly - (adv.) in a complete or exhaustive manner; with great attention to detail Example: The detective investigated the crime scene thoroughly to gather all possible evidence findings - (n.) the results or conclusions of a study or investigation Example: The researcher presented her findings at the conference. entomologist - (n.) a scientist who studies insects Example: The entomologist discovered a new species of beetle in the rainforest. extend - (v.) to make something longer or larger in scope or duration Example: The company decided to extend the deadline for submitting the project proposals. species - (n.) a distinct type or category of organisms Example: Tigers and lions belong to different species, but they are both part of the cat family. bugs - (n.) colloquial term for insects Example: The children enjoyed catching bugs and observing them in glass jars. represent - (v.) to stand for or symbolize something Example: The red rose represents love and passion. clues - (n.) pieces of evidence or information that help solve a problem or mystery Example: The detective carefully analyzed the clues left at the crime scene. comforts - (n.) things that make a person feel relaxed, secure, or at ease Example: After a long day, he sought the comforts of his favorite armchair and a good book. Why zoos are good zoos: (noun) establishments where animals are kept for public exhibition Example: The city zoo has a wide variety of animals from different parts of the world. species: (noun) a group of living organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed Example: Tigers and lions belong to different species, but they can produce hybrid offspring called ligers. quality of life: (phrase) the standard of health, comfort, and happiness experienced by an individual or group Example: The animals in the well-maintained zoo enjoy a high quality of life with proper care and attention. diet: (noun) the food and drink regularly consumed by an organism Example: The zookeepers ensure that each animal in the zoo is provided with a balanced and nutritious diet. supplements: (noun) additional substances that enhance or complete something Example: The zoo provides dietary supplements to the animals to ensure they receive all the necessary nutrients. illnesses: (noun) diseases or ailments that affect the health of a living organism Example: The veterinarians in the zoo promptly treat any illnesses the animals may develop. restricted: (adjective) limited or constrained Example: While the movement of animals in zoos is somewhat restricted, they have ample space to roam and explore. environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates Example: The zoo provides a controlled environment that ensures the safety and well-being of the animals. bullying: (noun) the act of using force, coercion, or intimidation to assert power over others Example: In the zoo, animals are protected from bullying by their own species, ensuring a stress-free environment. ostracism: (noun) exclusion or rejection from a society or group Example: Animals in the zoo are spared from social ostracism that can occur in the wild. threat: (noun) a statement or action that indicates intention to harm or cause damage Example: Zoo animals are not subjected to the constant threat of predators like they would be in the wild. stress: (noun) mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances Example: Living in a controlled environment without the stress of predators benefits the animals in the zoo. irritation: (noun) a state of being annoyed, impatient, or angered Example: Zoo animals are protected from the irritation caused by parasites or injuries common in the wild. pain: (noun) physical or mental suffering or distress Example: Animals in the zoo are spared from the pain caused by injuries or disease. predator: (noun) an animal that naturally preys on others Example: In the zoo, the absence of predators ensures the safety and well-being of the animals. average: (adjective) typical or usual Example: The average life expectancy of animals in captivity is higher compared to their wild counterparts. captive: (adjective) kept or confined against one's will Example: Captive animals in zoos receive proper care and protection from various dangers they would face in the wild. counterpart: (noun) a person or thing holding a position or performing a function that corresponds to that of another person or thing Example: The life expectancy of a captive animal is higher compared to its wild counterpart. drought: (noun) a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, resulting in a shortage of water supply Example: Animals in good zoos are not at risk of dying from drought, as they have access to a stable water supply. starvation: (noun) a severe deficiency in food intake, leading to extreme hunger and malnutrition Example: Unlike wild animals, captive animals in zoos do not suffer from starvation as they receive regular and adequate meals. jaws: (noun) the two bony structures that form the framework of the mouth and hold the teeth Example: In the wild, animals are vulnerable to being killed by predators in the jaws of their attackers. nasty: (adjective) unpleasant, disagreeable, or unkind Example: The zoo provides a safe and protected environment where animals are spared from experiencing the nasty aspects of the wild. automatically: (adverb) happening or working without human intervention Example: It is an error to assume that a life in the wild is automatically better for animals compared to a life in a good zoo. furthermore: (adverb) in addition; moreover Example: Furthermore, zoos serve several important purposes beyond providing a safe environment for animals. aid: (verb) to provide assistance or support Example: Zoos aid in the conservation of endangered species by breeding them in captivity. colossal: (adjective) extremely large or great in size or extent Example: The decline in global biodiversity has led to colossal numbers of species facing the risk of extinction. extinct: (adjective) no longer in existence; having died out Example: Many species have become extinct due to human activities, but zoos play a role in preventing further extinctions. threatened: (adjective) at risk of becoming endangered or extinct Example: The loss of habitat and poaching are major threats that many species face, making them increasingly threatened. reservoir population: (noun) a group of individuals of a species bred in captivity and kept as a reserve to prevent extinction Example: Zoos maintain reservoir populations of endangered species as a precaution against their extinction in the wild. population crash: (noun) a sudden and significant decline in the number of individuals in a population Example: A population crash can lead to the extinction of a species, but zoos can help prevent such crashes through breeding programs. reintroduced: (verb) to introduce a species or individual back into its natural habitat after a period of absence Example: Some species have been successfully reintroduced into the wild after being bred and raised in zoos. boosted: (verb) to increase or improve the quantity, strength, or effectiveness of something Example: The wild populations of certain species have been boosted by the addition of captive-bred animals. efforts: (noun) vigorous attempts or actions undertaken to achieve a goal Example: The conservation efforts of zoos have played a crucial role in protecting and preserving endangered species. initiatives: (noun) planned or proposed actions or projects intended to achieve a particular aim Example: Captive breeding programs and reintroduction initiatives have successfully saved several species from extinction. education: (noun) the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, or attitudes Example: Zoos provide an educational experience by allowing people to observe and learn about animals up close. museums: (noun) institutions that collect, preserve, and exhibit objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific significance Example: While museums display natural history specimens, zoos offer the opportunity to see living creatures in person. compare: (verb) to examine or note the similarities or differences between two or more things Example: Seeing a living animal in the zoo allows visitors to compare its behavior and characteristics to what they have seen on TV. flesh: (noun) the soft substance consisting of muscle and fat that is found between the skin and bones of an animal or a human Example: Observing animals in the flesh at the zoo provides a more immersive and sensory experience compared to watching them on screen. absorb: (verb) to take in or assimilate information, knowledge, or experience Example: Spending time observing animals at the zoo allows visitors to absorb details about their behavior and habitat. perspective: (noun) a particular attitude or way of viewing something Example: Seeing animals up close in the zoo provides a different perspective on their lives and the challenges they face. appreciation: (noun) recognition and understanding of the value, significance, or importance of something Example: Encountering animals firsthand in the zoo fosters a greater appreciation for wildlife and the need for conservation efforts. outreach: (noun) activities or programs undertaken to extend knowledge, services, or support to a wider community Example: Zoos engage in outreach work, such as educational programs and community events, to raise awareness about wildlife conservation. conservation: (noun) the protection, preservation, and sustainable management of natural resources and biodiversity Example: Zoos contribute to conservation by promoting awareness, conducting research, and supporting breeding programs for endangered species. knowledge: (noun) information, skills, or understanding acquired through experience, education, or study Example: Zoos generate valuable knowledge about animal behavior, reproduction, and habitat requirements through their research efforts. skills: (noun) the ability to do something well, usually gained through training or experience Example: Zoos contribute their expertise and skills to assist conservation workers and improve conditions in other zoos and reserves. abroad: (adverb) in or to a foreign country or countries Example: Some zookeepers from well-established zoos travel abroad to share their knowledge and skills with conservation projects worldwide. improve: (verb) to make or become better or more satisfactory Example: The knowledge and expertise shared by zoos help improve conservation practices and enhance animal welfare globally. reduction: (noun) the act or process of making something smaller or less in size, quantity, or importance Example: Understanding animal behavior and ecology in zoos can contribute to the reduction of conflicts between humans and wildlife. human-animal conflicts: (noun phrase) situations where there is a clash of interests or interactions between humans and animals, often leading to negative consequences for both parties Example: Research conducted in zoos can provide insights to mitigate human-animal conflicts and find sustainable solutions. habitat destruction: (noun phrase) the process of damaging or loss of a natural environment where organisms live Example: Zoos' research efforts contribute to understanding the threats of habitat destruction and developing strategies to protect ecosystems. Cambridge 14 Test-3 READING PASSAGE 3 Ecologist - a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environment. Example: Chelsea Rochman, an ecologist, is investigating the impact of marine debris on the environment. Dismal - depressing or dreary. Example: Chelsea Rochman is trying to answer the dismal question of whether everything is terrible or just very bad. Perceived - believed or thought to be true or real. Example: The study examined the perceived threats of marine debris and their actual findings. Validity - the quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency. Example: The weaknesses in the study's design affected the validity of its conclusions. Control group - a group in an experiment that is used as a standard of comparison. Example: Some studies lacked a control group, which weakened their findings. Well-designed - carefully planned and executed. Example: The well-designed study on mussels and plastic ingestion produced significant results. Ingesting - taking in food or drink through the mouth. Example: The investigation focused on mussels ingesting microscopic plastic bits. Microplastic - tiny plastic particles smaller than five millimeters. Example: Ocean debris includes microplastic fragments from cosmetics, clothing fibers, and eroded remnants. Open questions - unanswered or unresolved issues or topics. Example: There are still many open questions regarding the effects of microplastics on marine life. Ecosystem - a community of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: The slow-moving effect of ocean trash can damage the delicate balance of an ecosystem. Ecologically relevant - related to or connected with ecological principles or concepts. Example: Researchers should focus on asking more ecologically relevant questions to understand the impact of ocean debris. Disasters - sudden events causing widespread damage or suffering. Example: Understanding the ecological impact of oil spills and other disasters is crucial for preventing further damage. Policy makers - individuals or groups responsible for creating and implementing policies. Example: Asking the right questions can help policy makers address the most pressing environmental concerns. Concentrations - the relative amount or proportion of a substance in a mixture. Example: Scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic in the lab than what is typically found in the ocean. Predators - animals that hunt, kill, and feed on other animals. Example: Plastic pollution in one species could affect that animal's predators and disrupt the entire food chain. Ecosystem - a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Example: Plastic pollution in the ocean can have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem. Misconceptions - mistaken or incorrect beliefs or ideas. Example: Clearing up misconceptions about plastic debris is important to understand the actual impact on marine life. Strandings - the act or process of being stranded or stuck in a particular place. Example: Images of animal strandings contribute to the perception that plastic debris is causing widespread harm. Entanglement - the state of being twisted or caught in something, especially a net or ropes. Example: Plastic debris can lead to the entanglement of marine animals, causing injuries or death. Perception - the way in which something is understood or interpreted. Example: The media's portrayal of plastic debris causing harm to marine life has shaped public perception. Scientific literature - academic publications and research papers in the field of science. Example: Examining the existing scientific literature helps ecologists identify key environmental issues. Mussels - a type of shellfish that lives in freshwater or saltwater environments. Example: The study found that mussels can ingest and tolerate microscopic plastic bits. Debris - scattered fragments or remains of something destroyed or broken. Example: The debris in the ocean, including plastic, poses a threat to marine ecosystems. Valid - well-grounded or justifiable; logically or factually sound. Example: The study's findings were considered valid due to its robust methodology. Injuring - causing harm or damage to someone or something. Example: Animals eating plastic debris can suffer severe injuries to their digestive systems. Toiletries - personal care products used for grooming or hygiene. Example: Microplastics can be found in various toiletries such as exfoliating scrubs and toothpaste. Conclusions - the final outcomes or decisions based on evidence or reasoning. Example: The study drew conclusions about the negative impact of plastic debris on marine life. Simulations - the imitation or modeling of real-world processes or situations. Example: The researchers used computer simulations to analyze the effectiveness of cleanup devices. Long term - over an extended period of time. Example: Placing cleanup devices closer to shore would have a more significant impact on pollution long term. Misconceptions - incorrect or mistaken beliefs or ideas. Example: Chelsea Rochman aims to dispel misconceptions about the actual effects of plastic debris. Absorbing - taking in or soaking up. Example: Just like mussels, some organisms may be capable of absorbing plastic particles without adverse effects. Mechanical devices - equipment or tools powered by machinery or mechanisms. Example: The Ocean Cleanup plans to deploy mechanical devices to remove plastic from the Pacific Garbage Patch. Media - various means of communication, such as newspapers, television, and the internet. Example: The media plays a significant role in shaping public awareness of environmental issues. Cutoff point - a specific time or event that marks the end of a particular period. Example: The analysis included studies published through 2013 as the cutoff point for data collection. Focus - concentrate attention or efforts on a particular subject or task. Example: Understanding the actual threats helps the public focus on addressing the most critical issues. Impact - the effect or influence of one thing on another. Example: Plastic pollution has a detrimental impact on marine ecosystems and wildlife. Garbage Patch - a concentrated area of marine debris floating in the ocean. Example: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a notable accumulation of plastic debris in the Pacific Ocean. Shore - the land along the edge of a body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Example: Positioning cleanup devices closer to the shore can optimize the removal of plastic pollution. Environmental concerns - issues or worries related to the state and health of the natural world. Example: Addressing **environmental concerns such as plastic pollution requires collective action and awareness. Robust - strong and sturdy; able to withstand challenges. Example: The study's methodology was robust, ensuring reliable and accurate results. Preventing - taking action to stop something from happening. Example: Understanding the damaging effects of ocean trash can help in preventing further degradation of ecosystems. Interactions - actions or communications that occur between individuals or entities. Example: The interactions between different species in an ecosystem are complex and interconnected. Media - the means of mass communication, including newspapers, television, and the internet. Example: The media plays a crucial role in disseminating information about environmental issues. Absorbing - assimilating or taking in information or knowledge. Example: Ecologists should be absorbing the latest research findings to stay updated on environmental concerns. Misperceptions - incorrect or distorted understandings or beliefs. Example: Addressing misperceptions about the severity of plastic debris is crucial for informed decision-making. Environmental impact - the effect of human activities on the natural world. Example: The environmental impact of plastic pollution extends beyond individual species to entire ecosystems. Mussels - bivalve mollusks that often inhabit marine or freshwater environments. Example: The study examined the behavior of mussels in response to ingesting plastic particles. Tissues - groups of cells that perform specific functions in an organism. Example: Plastic pollution can accumulate in the tissues of marine animals, causing harmful effects. Cell - the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Example: Researchers investigate how plastic pollution affects the cells of marine organisms. Ecosystem - a community of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: Understanding the impact of plastic pollution on the ecosystem is crucial for conservation efforts.

Test-1 Case Study: Tourism New Zealand Website Passage-1 Inhabitants - (n.) the people who live in a particular place Example: New Zealand has four million inhabitants. Long-haul - (adj.) involving or covering long distances Example: New Zealand is a long-haul flight from major tourist markets. Gross domestic product (GDP) - (n.) the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given period Example: Tourism contributes to New Zealand's gross domestic product. Export sector - (n.) a part of the economy that involves selling goods or services to other countries Example: Tourism is New Zealand's largest export sector. Overseas - (adv.) in or to a foreign country Example: Tourism brings customers from overseas to New Zealand. Campaign - (n.) a series of organized activities with a particular goal, usually involving advertising or promotion Example: Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to promote the country. Brand position - (n.) the unique identity or image that a brand has in the minds of consumers Example: The brand position of New Zealand focused on scenic beauty and outdoor activities. Scenic beauty - (n.) the attractive or visually pleasing aspects of natural landscapes Example: New Zealand's scenic beauty attracts many tourists. Exhilarating - (adj.) making you feel very excited, happy, or alive Example: New Zealand offers exhilarating outdoor activities like bungee jumping. Authentic - (adj.) genuine, real, or true Example: Visitors can experience authentic Maori culture in New Zealand. National brands - (n.) brands that are widely recognized and associated with a specific country Example: New Zealand became one of the strongest national brands in the world. Website - (n.) a collection of web pages accessible via the internet Example: The website www.newzealand.com provided information about the country. Gateway - (n.) an entrance or access point to a particular place or system Example: The website served as a gateway to everything New Zealand had to offer. Database - (n.) a structured collection of data stored and organized for easy retrieval Example: The website had a database of tourism services operators. Tourism-related - (adj.) connected to or associated with tourism Example: Any tourism-related business could be listed on the website. Web presence - (n.) the visibility or existence of a person, business, or organization on the internet Example: Even small bed and breakfasts could gain a web presence through the website. Evaluation - (n.) the process of assessing or judging the quality, value, or importance of something Example: Participating businesses underwent an evaluation against national standards. Environment - (n.) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates Example: The effect of each business on the environment was considered. Experience - (n.) an event or occurrence that leaves an impression on someone Example: Tourism in New Zealand offers unique experiences for visitors. Interview - (n.) a formal meeting in which one person asks questions and another person answers them Example: The website featured an interview with a former rugby captain. Blockbuster films - (n.) highly successful and widely popular movies Example: The website showcased locations used in blockbuster films. Interactive - (adj.) involving communication or action between people or things Example: The website offered an interactive journey through various locations. Itineraries - (n.) a planned route or journey with a list of places to visit Example: The website helped travelers devise their own customized itineraries. Motoring holidays - (n.) vacations or trips involving travel by car or other vehicles Example: The website catalogued popular driving routes for motoring holidays. Catalogued - (adj.) organized or listed systematically, often in a catalog or similar format Example: The website catalogued driving routes for easy reference. Suggested - (adj.) offered or recommended as an idea or possibility Example: The Travel Planner suggested routes between chosen locations. Public transport - (n.) transportation services available for use by the general public, such as buses or trains Example: The website provided information about public transport options. Accommodation - (n.) a place to stay or live, especially on a temporary basis Example: The website included links to various accommodation options. Registering - (v.) signing up or enrolling for membership or participation Example: Users could save their Travel Plan by registering on the website. Travel Plan - (n.) a personalized plan or schedule for a trip or journey Example: Users could save and revisit their customized Travel Plan. Webby awards - (n.) awards given for outstanding achievement and innovation in web design and development Example: The website won two Webby awards for online achievement. Expenditure - (n.) the act of spending money on something Example: Tourism expenditure in New Zealand increased over the years. Overall - (adj.) taking everything into account; considering all aspects Example: Overall, tourism in New Zealand experienced significant growth. British - (adj.) relating to or characteristic of Britain or its people Example: Visits to New Zealand from British tourists grew at a high rate. Visits abroad - (n.) trips or travels to foreign countries Example: The growth rate for visits abroad by British tourists was lower. Individuals - (n.) single persons considered separately from a group or society Example: The website allowed individuals to create their own itineraries. Travel organizations - (n.) companies or groups that specialize in providing travel-related services Example: Travel organizations could create customized travel packages. Geographical location - (n.) a specific point or area on the Earth's surface Example: Visitors could search for activities not just by geographical location. Nature - (n.) the inherent or essential qualities or characteristics of something Example: Activities could be searched by the nature of the activity. Research - (n.) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions Example: Research shows Research - (n.) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions Example: Research shows that activities are a key driver of visitor satisfaction. Visitor satisfaction - (n.) the level of contentment or fulfillment experienced by visitors Example: Activities contribute to visitor satisfaction in New Zealand. Transport infrastructure - (n.) the physical structures and systems for the movement of people and goods Example: New Zealand is known for its reliable transport infrastructure. Once-in-a-lifetime - (adj.) happening or experienced only once in a person's lifetime Example: Many visitors see their trip to New Zealand as a once-in-a-lifetime experience. Lessons - (n.) valuable knowledge or wisdom gained from experience or study Example: The underlying lessons can be applied to any destination. Effectiveness - (n.) the degree to which something is successful in producing the desired results Example: A strong brand can enhance the effectiveness of marketing campaigns. Strategy - (n.) a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal or objective Example: A strategy based on unique experiences can attract more tourists. Comprehensive - (adj.) complete, including all necessary aspects or elements Example: The website provided a comprehensive range of information. User-friendly - (adj.) easy to use or understand for the intended user Example: The website was designed to be user-friendly for visitors. Small businesses - (n.) independently owned and operated enterprises that are relatively small in size Example: New Zealand's visitor economy is composed mainly of small businesses. Reliable - (adj.) dependable, able to be trusted or relied on Example: New Zealand is perceived as a reliable and safe destination. Passage-2 Why Being Bored Is Stimulating – And Useful Too A Boredom - (n.) a state of feeling uninterested, unengaged, or lacking stimulation Example: I often experience boredom during long meetings. Lab - (n.) a laboratory, a controlled environment for scientific research and experimentation Example: The scientists conducted their experiments in the lab. Frustration - (n.) a feeling of being upset or annoyed due to obstacles or unmet desires Example: The constant delays caused a lot of frustration among the passengers. Apathy - (n.) lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern Example: He showed apathy towards the project and didn't contribute much. Depression - (n.) a mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest Example: She sought therapy to address her depression. Indifference - (n.) a lack of interest or concern, a feeling of not caring Example: His indifference towards the issue was evident in his lack of action. Low-energy - (adj.) lacking vigor, enthusiasm, or vitality Example: After a long day at work, I usually feel low-energy and just want to relax. Flat - (adj.) lacking excitement or variation, dull or uninteresting Example: The party turned out to be quite flat, with no entertainment or engaging activities. Agitated - (adj.) feeling restless, anxious, or unsettled Example: He became agitated waiting for the delayed train. Restless - (adj.) unable to rest or relax, constantly moving or fidgeting Example: She felt restless during the long flight and couldn't sleep. B. Distinct - (adj.) clearly different or separate from others Example: The five types of boredom have distinct characteristics. Calibrating - (adj.) adjusting or fine-tuning to achieve a desired result or state Example: The calibrating type of boredom involves seeking balance or adjustment. Searching - (adj.) characterized by actively seeking or looking for something Example: The searching type of boredom involves a desire for stimulation or engagement. Reactant - (adj.) characterized by strong emotional response or resistance to being bored Example: The reactant type of boredom involves high arousal and negative emotions. Apathetic - (adj.) showing or feeling lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern Example: The apathetic type of boredom involves feeling detached and disinterested. Arousal - (n.) a state of heightened physiological or mental alertness or activation Example: The horror movie caused a high level of arousal among the audience. Positive - (adj.) characterized by optimism, favorability, or desirable qualities Example: She had a positive attitude towards the new project. Negative - (adj.) characterized by pessimism, unfavorability, or undesirable qualities Example: The feedback had a negative impact on his self-esteem. Damaging - (adj.) causing harm or negative effects Example: The damaging effects of pollution on the environment are evident. Relaxed - (adj.) feeling calm, at ease, or free from tension or stress Example: She took a warm bath to help her feel relaxed after a long day. C. Psychologist - (n.) an expert in the study of the human mind and behavior Example: The psychologist helped him work through his anxiety. Creative - (adj.) involving imagination, originality, or artistic expression Example: The artist had a creative approach to painting. Afraid - (adj.) feeling fear or apprehension Example: He was afraid of heights and avoided tall buildings. Passive - (adj.) not actively participating or involved, inactive Example: She took a passive role in the group project and let others lead. Wander - (v.) to move aimlessly or without a clear destination Example: During the hike, we decided to wander through the forest. Overstimulation - (n.) excessive or overwhelming stimulation or sensory input Example: The loud music and flashing lights caused overstimulation in the nightclub. Meaning - (n.) significance, purpose, or value Example: Finding meaning in life can contribute to overall happiness. Phones - (n.) mobile devices used for communication, often referring to smartphones Example: People are increasingly dependent on their phones for various activities. Motivate - (v.) to provide a reason or incentive to act or do something Example: The coach's pep talk motivated the team to give their best performance. Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: He tried to engage the audience by asking thought-provoking questions. D. Convincing - (adj.) persuading or making someone believe something Example: His argument was so convincing that everyone agreed with him. Undesirable - (adj.) not wanted, unpleasant, or unfavorable Example: The rainy weather made outdoor activities undesirable. Adaptive - (adj.) able to adjust or adapt to changing circumstances or conditions Example: The ability to learn new skills is adaptive in today's fast-paced world. Fester - (v.) to become worse or more intense if ignored or left untreated Example: If you don't address the issue, it will fester and cause more problems. Attention - (n.) the act or state of focusing or directing one's mind towards something Example: She couldn't pay attention during the boring lecture. Inability - (n.) the state of being unable to do something Example: His inability to swim made him anxious around water. Focus - (v.) to concentrate attention or effort on a particular task or objective Example: She needed to focus on studying for her upcoming exam. Irritability - (n.) a tendency to become easily annoyed or angered Example: Lack of sleep can lead to increased irritability. Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: The teacher tried to engage the students in a discussion. Toxic - (adj.) harmful or poisonous, having a detrimental effect Example: The toxic relationship E. Personality - (n.) the combination of characteristics and qualities that form an individual's distinctive character Example: Her outgoing and friendly personality made her popular among her peers. Boredom proneness - (n.) the tendency or likelihood to experience boredom frequently Example: People with high boredom proneness may struggle to stay engaged in tasks. Motivated - (adj.) having a strong desire or drive to achieve or accomplish something Example: She was highly motivated to succeed in her career. Curiosity - (n.) a strong desire to know or learn something Example: Her curiosity led her to explore new subjects and ideas. Threshold - (n.) the point at which a stimulus or experience becomes noticeable or has an effect Example: He has a high boredom threshold and rarely gets bored. Detrimental - (adj.) causing harm or damage, having a negative impact Example: Lack of exercise can be detrimental to one's health. Prospects - (n.) chances or possibilities for future success or advancement Example: She had promising career prospects after graduating from university. Alleviate - (v.) to reduce or lessen the intensity or severity of something Example: Taking a break can help alleviate feelings of stress or boredom. Approach - (v.) to come near or closer to something or someone Example: He decided to approach the problem from a different angle. Distraction - (n.) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration on a task Example: Social media can be a major distraction when trying to study or work. F. Speculates - (v.) makes assumptions or guesses without complete evidence Example: The scientist speculates that the new treatment could be effective. Over-connected - (adj.) excessively connected or linked, often referring to constant access to technology or communication devices Example: Our over-connected lifestyles can lead to feelings of overwhelm and information overload. Meaningful - (adj.) having significance or purpose, conveying a sense of importance or value Example: Engaging in meaningful activities can contribute to a sense of fulfillment. Phones - (n.) mobile devices used for communication, often referring to smartphones Example: People are increasingly dependent on their phones for various activities. Motivate - (v.) to provide a reason or incentive to act or do something Example: The coach's pep talk motivated the team to give their best performance. Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: He tried to engage the audience by asking thought-provoking questions. Toxic - (adj.) harmful or poisonous, having a detrimental effect Example: The toxic relationship was detrimental to her mental health. Approach - (v.) to come near or closer to something or someone Example: He decided to approach the problem from a different angle. Alleviate - (v.) to reduce or lessen the intensity or severity of something Example: Taking a break can help alleviate feelings of stress or boredom. Distraction - (n.) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration on a task Example: Social media can be a major distraction when trying to study or work. Overstimulation - (n.) excessive or overwhelming stimulation or sensory input Example: The loud music and flashing lights caused overstimulation in the nightclub. Meaning - (n.) significance, purpose, or value Example: Finding meaning in life can contribute to overall happiness. Motivate - (v.) to provide a reason or incentive to act or do something Example: The coach's pep talk motivated the team to give their best performance. Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: He tried to engage the audience by asking thought-provoking questions. Toxic - (adj.) harmful or poisonous, having a detrimental effect Example: The toxic relationship was detrimental to her mental health. Approach - (v.) to come near or closer to something or someone Example: He decided to approach the problem from a different angle. Alleviate - (v.) to reduce or lessen the intensity or severity of something Example: Taking a break can help alleviate feelings of stress or boredom. Distraction - (n.) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration on a task Example: Social media can be a major distraction when trying to study or work. Overstimulation - (n.) excessive or overwhelming stimulation or sensory input Example: The loud music and flashing lights caused overstimulation in the nightclub. Meaning - (n.) significance, purpose, or value Example: Finding meaning in life can contribute to overall happiness. Passage-3 Artificial Artists Computer programs - (n.) sets of instructions or code that enable computers to perform specific tasks or functions Example: The advancement of computer programs has led to increased automation in various industries. Creative talents - (n.) abilities or skills related to artistic expression, imagination, or innovation Example: The artist showcased his creative talents through his unique sculptures. Enraptured - (adj.) deeply captivated or delighted Example: The audience was enraptured by the mesmerizing performance. Tricked - (v.) deceived or fooled someone into believing something false Example: The magician tricked the audience with his impressive sleight of hand. Sophisticated - (adj.) complex, advanced, or refined in terms of knowledge, technology, or design Example: The new smartphone features sophisticated facial recognition technology. Break down - (v.) to analyze or divide something into smaller parts to understand its components or processes Example: Scientists are trying to break down the human genome to understand genetic variations. Computer code - (n.) instructions or programming language used to communicate with computers and create software Example: Software developers write computer code to build applications and websites. Human creativity - (n.) the ability of humans to generate original ideas, concepts, or artistic expressions Example: Human creativity has led to remarkable advancements in various fields, including art, literature, and technology. Core - (n.) the central or essential part of something Example: The core of the issue lies in the lack of communication between team members. Scares - (v.) frightens or causes fear or concern Example: The horror movie scares me, but I still enjoy watching it. Special - (adj.) unique, exceptional, or distinct from others Example: Her artistic talent is something special that sets her apart from other painters. Tool - (n.) a device or instrument used to perform a specific task Example: The artist used various brushes and palettes as tools to create her masterpiece. Direction - (n.) guidance or instructions on how to proceed or accomplish something Example: The coach provided direction to the players on the field. Concepts - (n.) abstract ideas or mental representations of something Example: The artist's work often explores complex philosophical concepts. Imagination - (n.) the faculty or ability to create or visualize mental images or ideas Example: Children have vivid imaginations and can create fantastical stories. Original works - (n.) creations or pieces of art that are unique and not copied or imitated Example: The gallery displayed a collection of original works by emerging artists. Mechanical - (adj.) relating to machines or the operation of machinery Example: The robot's movements were precise and mechanical. Double standards - (n.) a set of principles or rules applied differently to different people or situations Example: It's unfair to have double standards when it comes to gender equality. Bug - (n.) an error or flaw in computer software that causes unexpected behavior Example: The programmer fixed the bug that was causing the program to crash. Glitch - (n.) a temporary malfunction or error in a system or technology Example: The website experienced a glitch that prevented users from logging in. Replicas - (n.) copies or reproductions of something, often identical or very similar to the original Example: The museum showcased historical artifacts and their replicas for educational purposes. Objective - (adj.) unbiased, based on facts or evidence rather than personal opinions or feelings Example: The journalist presented the news in an objective manner, providing all sides of the story. Prejudice - (n.) preconceived opinions or judgments formed without sufficient knowledge or reason Example: Prejudice can lead to discrimination and unfair treatment of certain groups. Stems from - (v.) originates or arises from a particular source or cause Example: The argument stems from a difference in values and beliefs. Essence - (n.) the fundamental nature or quality of something Example: The essence of her artwork captured the beauty of nature. Prospect - (n.) the possibility or likelihood of future success, achievement, or opportunity Example: He had high prospects of getting a promotion at work due to his exceptional performance. Meaningful - (adj.) significant, purposeful, or conveying a sense of depth or importance Example: The artist's paintings had a profound and meaningful impact on viewers. Complex - (adj.) intricate, involving multiple interconnected elements or factors Example: The mathematician solved a complex equation using advanced algorithms. Depth - (n.) the quality of having intellectual or emotional complexity and richness Example: The novel explores the depth of human emotions and relationships. Inspiration - (n.) a stimulus or source of creative ideas or motivation Example: Nature often serves as an inspiration for artists, poets, and writers. Social networks - (n.) online platforms or websites that facilitate social interactions and connections between individuals Example: Facebook and Twitter are popular social networks where people can share updates and connect with friends. Themes - (n.) recurring or central ideas or topics in a work of art, literature, or culture Example: The novel explores various themes such as love, identity, and social injustice. Fascinated - (adj.) greatly interested or captivated by something Example: She was fascinated by astronomy and spent hours stargazing. Originality - (n.) the quality of being new, unique, or inventive Example: The artist's work stood out due to its originality and fresh perspective. Subtle - (adj.) not obvious or easily noticeable, requiring attention to perceive or understand Example: The painting had subtle shades of color that added depth to the artwork. Compositions - (n.) musical pieces or works created through the arrangement of musical elements Example: Beethoven's symphonies are considered masterful compositions of classical music. Classical composers - (n.) musicians who wrote music in the classical music era, typically referring to composers like Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven Example: Beethoven is one of the most influential classical composers in history. Revered - (adj.) highly respected, admired, or regarded with deep reverence Example: The artist was revered for his innovative techniques and profound insights. Pseudoscience - (n.) a belief or practice that is presented as scientific but lacks proper evidence or scientific methodology Example: Astrology is often criticized as pseudoscience due to its lack of empirical support. Explanation - (n.) a statement or clarification that makes something more understandable or comprehensible Example: The teacher provided a detailed explanation of the scientific concept to the students. Replicas - (n.) copies or reproductions of something, often identical or very similar to the original Example: The museum showcased historical artifacts and their replicas for educational purposes. Controversy - (n.) a disagreement or debate marked by opposing views or strong emotions Example: The decision to demolish the historic building sparked controversy among preservationists. Destroyed - (v.) completely ruined or eliminated Example: The fire destroyed the entire building, leaving only ashes behind. Guess - (v.) to form an opinion or estimate without sufficient evidence or knowledge Example: She could only guess the correct answer to the challenging question. Liked - (v.) found something enjoyable or appealing Example: He liked the movie so much that he watched it multiple times. Objective - (adj.) unbiased, based on facts or evidence rather than personal opinions or feelings Example: The journalist presented the news in an objective manner, providing all sides of the story. Subjective - (adj.) influenced by personal opinions, biases, or feelings rather than facts Example: Art appreciation is often subjective, as people have different interpretations and preferences. Essential - (adj.) absolutely necessary, fundamental, or crucial Example: Good communication skills are essential for building strong relationships. Explore - (v.) to investigate or examine something in detail to discover new information or insights Example: The scientist planned to explore the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems. Complexity - (n.) the state of being intricate, involved, or consisting of interconnected elements Example: The complexity of the human brain is still not fully understood by scientists. Test-2 Passage-1 Bringing Cinnamon to Europe Cinnamon - (n.) a sweet and aromatic spice derived from the inner bark of trees belonging to the Cinnamomum genus Example: She added a pinch of cinnamon to her morning coffee for a warm and spicy flavor. Condiment - (n.) a substance, such as a spice or sauce, that is added to food to enhance its flavor Example: Mustard and ketchup are commonly used as condiments for hamburgers and hot dogs. Middle Ages - (n.) a historical period between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance, roughly from the 5th to the 15th century Example: Knights and castles are often associated with the Middle Ages. Elite - (adj.) referring to a select group of people who are considered superior or have high social status Example: The exclusive club is open only to the elite members of society. Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region. Profit - (n.) the financial gain or benefit obtained from a business transaction or investment Example: The company reported a significant increase in profits for the fiscal year. Spice trade - (n.) the buying, selling, and exchange of various spices, often involving long-distance commerce Example: The spice trade played a crucial role in shaping global economic and cultural interactions. High profits - (n.) significant financial gains or earnings Example: The successful business venture resulted in high profits for the investors. Portuguese - (adj.) relating to or originating from Portugal Example: The Portuguese explorer sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in search of new trade routes. Traders - (n.) individuals or companies engaged in buying and selling goods or services Example: The street market was filled with various traders selling fresh produce and handmade crafts. Allied - (adj.) joined together in a cooperative or mutually beneficial relationship Example: The two countries formed an allied alliance to strengthen their military and economic ties. Harvesting - (n.) the process of gathering crops or resources from the land Example: Farmers were busy harvesting wheat during the autumn season. Enslaved - (v.) forced into slavery or servitude Example: Many Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade. Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region. Lure - (v.) to attract or entice someone or something Example: The advertisement used attractive visuals to lure customers to buy their product. Exhausted - (adj.) depleted or completely used up Example: After hours of intense exercise, she felt exhausted and needed to rest. Diminishing - (adj.) decreasing in size, importance, or quantity Example: The diminishing daylight indicated the approach of winter. Supplemented - (v.) added something extra in order to enhance or complete it Example: She supplemented her diet with vitamins and minerals to ensure proper nutrition. Displaced - (v.) forcibly removed or replaced from a position or location Example: The construction of the new highway displaced several families from their homes. Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region. Acceptable - (adj.) satisfactory or suitable within the limits of what is considered reasonable or appropriate Example: The customer found the quality of the product to be acceptable for its price. Indian Ocean - (n.) the third-largest ocean in the world, located between Africa, Asia, and Australia Example: The Indian Ocean is known for its rich marine biodiversity and trade routes. Superseded - (v.) replaced or succeeded by something superior or more advanced Example: Vinyl records were superseded by CDs and later digital streaming services. Rise - (n.) an increase or upward movement in something Example: The rise in global temperatures is a concerning issue due to climate change. Trade - (n.) the buying, selling, or exchange of goods and services Example: International trade plays a vital role in global economic growth and development. Cultivation - (n.) the act of preparing and nurturing land for the growth of plants or crops Example: The farmers practiced sustainable cultivation methods to preserve the fertility of the soil. Native - (adj.) originating from a particular place or region Example: The kangaroo is a native species of Australia. Tribute - (n.) a payment, gift, or act of respect given to show honor or allegiance Example: The village offered a tribute of fruits and grains to the local deity during the harvest festival. Overran - (v.) conquered or invaded by force, overwhelming in numbers or power Example: The army overran the enemy's territory, seizing control of key strategic locations. Expelled - (v.) forced to leave or removed from a place or organization Example: The troublemaker was expelled from school due to his disruptive behavior. Hold - (n.) control or possession of something Example: The company has a strong hold on the market, dominating its competitors. Alter - (v.) to change or modify something Example: She decided to alter her hairstyle by cutting her long hair into a short bob. Harshly - (adv.) in a severe, strict, or unkind manner Example: The teacher scolded the student harshly for not completing the assigned homework. Diminishing - (adj.) decreasing in size, importance, or quantity Example: The diminishing daylight indicated the approach of winter. Systematic - (adj.) carried out according to a plan or method, organized and consistent Example: The team followed a systematic approach to solve complex problems. Supplement - (v.) to add something extra to enhance or complete it Example: She decided to supplement her diet with additional vitamins and minerals. English - (adj.) relating to or originating from England Example: William Shakespeare is an English playwright and poet. Control - (n.) the power or authority to manage or direct something Example: The government has control over the country's economic policies. Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region. Displacing - (v.) causing someone or something to move from their original position or role Example: The construction of the new highway is displacing several businesses in the area. Lavish - (adj.) characterized by extravagance or luxury Example: The millionaire lived a lavish lifestyle, owning multiple mansions and luxury cars. Grade - (n.) a level or rank in a scale of measurement or quality Example: The students received a good grade on their final exams. Economic - (adj.) relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services Example: The government implemented new economic policies to stimulate job growth. Potential - (n.) the possibility or likelihood of something happening or developing in the future Example: The young athlete has great potential to become a professional in his sport. Trade - (n.) the buying, selling, or exchange of goods and services Example: International trade plays a vital role in global economic growth and development. Coffee - (n.) a beverage made from roasted coffee beans, often consumed for its stimulating effects Example: She enjoys a cup of freshly brewed coffee in the morning to start her day. Tea - (n.) a hot or cold beverage made by infusing dried leaves of the tea plant in hot water Example: The British have a strong tradition of drinking tea in the afternoon. Chocolate - (n.) a sweet, typically brown food made from roasted and ground cacao beans Example: She treated herself to a bar of dark chocolate as a dessert. Sugar - (n.) a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, used as a sweetener Example: She added a teaspoon of sugar to her tea to enhance its taste. Spice - (n.) a substance used to enhance the flavor of food, often derived from plants or seeds Example: Cumin is a popular spice used in many Indian and Middle Eastern dishes. Oxytocin Volunteers - (n.) individuals who willingly offer themselves for a particular purpose or task Example: The organization relies on volunteers to help with community events and initiatives. Competitive - (adj.) characterized by or involving competition, striving to outperform others Example: The athletes trained rigorously for the upcoming competitive race. Envy - (n.) a feeling of discontent or resentment caused by desiring what someone else possesses Example: She couldn't help but feel a pang of envy when she saw her friend's new car. Disposition - (n.) a person's natural qualities of mind and character; temperament Example: He has a friendly and positive disposition that makes him easy to get along with. Adept - (adj.) highly skilled or proficient in a particular activity or subject Example: She is an adept pianist who can play complex pieces with ease. Cooperation - (n.) the process of working together towards a common goal or objective Example: The success of the project relied on the cooperation of all team members. Complete strangers - (phrase) people who are entirely unknown to one another Example: They struck up a conversation with complete strangers while waiting for the bus. Favouritism - (n.) the practice of showing unfair preference or bias towards a particular person or group Example: The teacher was accused of favouritism for always giving special treatment to certain students. Biases - (n.) preconceived opinions or prejudices that influence one's judgment or decision-making Example: It's important to be aware of our own biases and strive for unbiased thinking. Nuanced - (adj.) characterized by subtle distinctions, complexity, or variations Example: The novel offers a nuanced portrayal of the protagonist's inner struggles. Propelling - (v.) driving or moving forward; causing to make progress or advance Example: Their shared vision and determination were propelling the team towards success. Hypotheses - (n.) tentative explanations or assumptions that are subject to further testing and investigation Example: The scientists developed several hypotheses to explain the observed phenomenon. Co-opted - (v.) to take or acquire (something) for one's own use, often by appropriating or adapting it Example: The artist co-opted traditional folk motifs and incorporated them into her modern paintings. Amygdala - (n.) a small almond-shaped structure in the brain associated with processing emotions and emotional responses Example: The amygdala plays a key role in the brain's fear and anxiety response. Manifest - (v.) to become apparent or evident; to show or demonstrate Example: Her talent for singing manifested itself at an early age. Passage-2 Making the most of trends Jeopardize - (v.) to put at risk or in danger Example: Ignoring market trends could jeopardize a company's competitiveness and future success. Transform - (v.) to change or alter completely, often in a significant or fundamental way Example: The introduction of smartphones transformed the way people communicate and access information. Profit opportunities - (phrase) chances or possibilities for making financial gains or earning profits Example: By identifying and capitalizing on emerging market trends, businesses can seize profit opportunities ahead of their competitors. Peripheral - (adj.) relating to something that is of secondary importance or not directly related to the main focus Example: Managers may overlook peripheral trends that seem unrelated to their core markets, but these trends can still have significant impacts. Adept - (adj.) highly skilled, proficient, or knowledgeable in a particular area Example: Developing a team of adept professionals in market research and product development is crucial for analyzing and exploiting trends effectively. Value propositions - (n.) the unique benefits or advantages that a product or service offers to customers Example: Companies need to create compelling value propositions that align with customers' aspirations and address their evolving needs. Infuse - (v.) to incorporate or introduce something into something else to enhance or improve it Example: The company decided to infuse its existing product line with eco-friendly features to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. Augment - (v.) to increase or enhance something by adding extra or additional elements Example: The new software update augments the functionality of the existing program, providing users with more advanced features. Engender - (v.) to cause or bring about a particular situation, condition, or response Example: Market trends can engender new consumer behaviors and preferences, shaping the demand for products and services. Transcend - (v.) to go beyond the limits or boundaries of something; to surpass or exceed Example: By embracing digital technologies, the company was able to transcend its traditional market and enter new digital spaces. Counteract - (v.) to act against or neutralize the effects of something; to offset or counterbalance Example: The company developed a campaign to counteract negative perceptions of its brand by emphasizing its commitment to social responsibility. Reaffirm - (v.) to confirm or strengthen the validity or importance of something; to restate or reassert Example: The company's CEO gave a speech to reaffirm the company's commitment to quality and customer satisfaction. Pedometer - (n.) a device that counts the number of steps a person takes, typically worn or carried during physical activity Example: The fitness tracker includes a built-in pedometer to track the user's daily steps and encourage physical activity. Disparity - (n.) a significant difference or inequality between two or more things Example: The growing disparity between consumer expectations and the company's offerings called for innovative solutions to bridge the gap. Core values - (n.) fundamental beliefs, principles, or ideals that define the essence and identity of a person, organization, or category Example: The company's core values of integrity, sustainability, and customer-centricity guide its business decisions and operations. Aspirations - (n.) strong desires or ambitions; goals or objectives that one hopes to achieve Example: Understanding consumers' aspirations is essential for developing products and services that meet their needs and aspirations. Attitudes - (n.) opinions, beliefs, or dispositions towards something; the way one thinks or feels about a particular subject Example: Consumer attitudes towards sustainability and eco-consciousness have significantly influenced purchasing decisions in recent years. Behavior - (n.) the way in which a person or group acts or conducts themselves; observable actions or responses Example: The study examined consumer behavior in response to various marketing stimuli and identified patterns and trends. Reputation - (n.) the general opinion or perception that others have about a person, organization, or brand; the overall assessment of credibility, trustworthiness, and quality Example: Nike has built a strong reputation for high-performance athletic footwear and apparel over the years. Engagement - (n.) the level of involvement, interest, or interaction between individuals or between individuals and a product, brand, or activity Example: The company strives to increase customer engagement by providing personalized experiences and interactive features. Desires - (n.) strong wants or cravings; things that one wishes or longs for Example: The company aims to develop products that fulfill consumers' desires for convenience, efficiency, and sustainability. Economic downturn - (n.) a period of decline or reduced economic activity, typically characterized by falling GDP, decreased consumer spending, and rising unemployment Example: The global financial crisis in 2008 led to an economic downturn that affected various industries and consumer behaviors. Opulence - (n.) great wealth, luxury, or abundance; an extravagant or lavish quality Example: The brand was associated with opulence and luxury, appealing to affluent consumers who valued exclusivity. Cheapening - (v.) reducing the value, quality, or perception of something by making it appear less valuable or inferior Example: Lowering prices could risk cheapening the brand's image and undermine its position in the luxury market. Renewal - (n.) the act or process of restoring, revitalizing, or making something new or fresh again Example: The company's innovative approach brought renewal to the brand, attracting a new generation of consumers. Amateur athletes - (n.) individuals who participate in sports or athletic activities for personal enjoyment or recreation, rather than as professionals Example: Nike's products cater to both professional athletes and amateur athletes who pursue sports as a hobby or for fitness. Engaging - (adj.) capturing and holding one's attention or interest; interesting, compelling, or captivating Example: The digital sports kit offered an engaging experience that combined technology with athletic performance. Association - (n.) a connection or link between two or more things; the act of connecting or relating one thing to another Example: The ME2 video game aimed to create positive associations with physical play, promoting active and healthy lifestyles. Exercise - (n.) physical activity performed to improve health, fitness, or strength; movement or exertion of the body Example: The ME2 game encouraged children to combine video gaming with physical exercise to promote an active lifestyle. Perceived - (adj.) understood or interpreted in a certain way; how something is viewed or believed to be Example: Consumer behavior is influenced not only by the actual quality of a product but also by the perceived quality. Passage-3 The Coconut Palm Exotic - (adj.) originating or characteristic of a distant foreign country; unusual, striking, or intriguing due to its foreignness Example: Coconuts were considered exotic in the western world, as they were not commonly found in those regions. Mention - (v.) refer to or briefly speak about something; make a statement or observation about something Example: The travel writings of Sir John Mandeville mention the presence of coconuts as "great Nuts of India." Timber - (n.) wood that is used for construction, particularly for building houses and structures Example: The smooth, slender trunk of the coconut palm is an important source of timber for building houses and furniture. Rosette - (n.) a round or circular arrangement of leaves or other objects that resembles a rose Example: At the top of the coconut palm's trunk, there is a rosette of leaves that can be up to six meters long. Tapped - (v.) extract or obtain a substance, such as sap or liquid, by making a small hole or opening Example: The flower stems of coconut palms can be tapped to collect sap, which can be used to produce a drink or sugar. Fruit - (n.) the mature ovary of a flowering plant, typically containing seeds; the edible or reproductive part of a plant Example: Coconuts are considered fruits and contain the nutrients needed for the development of the coconut seed. Fibrous - (adj.) consisting of or characterized by fibers; having a texture or composition that is thread-like or stringy Example: The middle layer of the coconut fruit is fibrous and is used to produce coconut fiber, known as "coir." Endosperm - (n.) the tissue inside a seed that provides nourishment to the developing embryo; a source of stored nutrients Example: The endosperm of the coconut seed gradually solidifies to form the edible flesh or meat of the coconut. Viability - (n.) the ability of something to survive and remain capable of growing or developing Example: Coconuts can remain viable for a certain period at sea, but after about 110 days, they are no longer able to germinate. Germinate - (v.) begin to grow and develop into a new plant or organism; start the process of growth Example: Coconut seeds are able to germinate and root even when cast onto desert island shores with little soil. Academic - (adj.) relating to education, scholarship, or the pursuit of knowledge; pertaining to institutions of learning Example: The origins of coconuts have been a subject of academic debate for centuries. Diametrically opposed - (adj.) completely or directly opposite or contrary to each other; having completely opposite viewpoints or positions Example: Two diametrically opposed theories on the origin of coconuts have been proposed, with one suggesting an Asian origin and the other suggesting a native American origin. Indigenous - (adj.) native or originating from a particular place or region; naturally occurring or living in a specific area Example: There is no evidence to suggest that coconuts are indigenous to America, despite the presence of coconut relatives in the region. Dispersed - (v.) spread or distribute over a wide area; scatter or spread out Example: The intriguing suggestion is that coconuts originated on coral islands in the Pacific and were dispersed from there. Test-3 Passage-1 Clichés - (n.) overused phrases or ideas that have lost their originality or impact Example: Images of palm-fringed tropical beaches are considered clichés in the western world. Opulence - (n.) great wealth or luxuriousness; abundance of valuable resources or possessions Example: The Coach brand was associated with opulence and luxury for many years. Vibrant - (adj.) full of energy, enthusiasm, and activity; bright and striking in color Example: The Poppy handbags launched by Coach were in vibrant colors, appealing to a younger demographic. Augment - (v.) to make something greater in size, extent, or quantity; to enhance or supplement Example: Coach's strategy was to augment their existing product line with the Poppy range to address the changing consumer needs. Avert - (v.) to prevent or ward off something undesirable or harmful; to avoid or turn away from Example: Coach managed to avert an across-the-board price cut by introducing the lower-priced Poppy handbags. Counteract - (v.) to act against something in order to reduce or neutralize its effect; to offset or counterbalance Example: The ME2 video game was created to counteract the negative impacts associated with digital gaming devices. Desert island - (n.) a remote or uninhabited island, often used metaphorically to refer to a place of isolation or seclusion Example: Coconut seeds can germinate and grow on desert island shores, with little soil or resources. Cast - (v.) to throw or fling something forcefully or with intention; to cause something to be thrown or spread Example: Coconuts can be cast onto desert island shores by ocean currents, allowing them to potentially grow and root. Timely - (adj.) done or occurring at a favorable or appropriate time; well-timed or opportune Example: The company's innovations were timely, responding to the changing consumer needs and market trends. Intriguing - (adj.) arousing curiosity or interest; fascinating or captivating Example: The suggestion that coconuts originated on coral islands in the Pacific is intriguing and warrants further investigation. Diversity - (n.) the state or quality of being diverse or varied; the range of different forms or types Example: Asia exhibits a high level of coconut diversity with various species and uses of the fruit. Relatives - (n.) organisms that belong to the same family or are closely related; similar or connected in nature or character Example: Coconuts have relatives growing in the wild in America, but it is uncertain if they are indigenous to the region. Acquired - (adj.) obtained or gained through one's own efforts or actions; learned or developed over time Example: Glycerine, derived from coconut fat, was acquired strategic importance in Alfred Nobel's invention of dynamite. Migration - (n.) the movement of individuals or groups from one place to another, typically for the purpose of settling in a new location Example: Trade and human migration patterns played a role in the dispersal of coconuts across different regions. Passage-1 How Baby Talk Gives Infant Brains A Boost Absurd - (adj.) wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate; contrary to reason or common sense Example: The sometimes absurd sounds of baby talk can be fascinating to linguists studying its impact on language learning. Prioritize - (v.) to determine the order of importance or urgency of tasks, goals, or information Example: Babies raised in bilingual homes show better ability to prioritize information due to early language exposure. Interacted - (v.) engaged in communication or social interaction with someone; exchanged ideas or behaviors Example: The study equipped parents with recording devices to observe how they interacted with their children throughout the day. Fundamental - (adj.) forming an essential or basic part; foundational or central Example: Dads didn't raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when talking to their kids, as observed in the study. Repertoire - (n.) a stock of plays, dances, or pieces that a company or performer is prepared to perform; a range or collection of skills or abilities Example: The bridge hypothesis suggests that fathers provide children with a wider repertoire of speech styles and contexts. Boosted - (v.) increased or improved something, especially significantly or dramatically Example: The study found that frequent baby talk boosted the vocabulary development of children, regardless of socioeconomic status. Context - (n.) the circumstances or setting in which something occurs; the background or environment that influences the meaning or interpretation of something Example: The study highlighted that using baby talk in a one-on-one context had a greater impact on babies' language development. Approximates - (v.) comes close to matching or resembling something, but not exactly; makes a similar or near approximation Example: The reactions of babies, like smiling or lip moving, approximate the sound-making of other infants. Theorizes - (v.) suggests or develops a theory or hypothesis about something; proposes an explanation or interpretation based on evidence or reasoning Example: The researchers theorize that infants' attraction to other infant sounds may help initiate the learning process of speech. Motor - (adj.) relating to movement or muscular activity; involving or controlling the muscles or body movements Example: The study found activation in the motor areas of the brain when infants were listening to speech sounds. Scanner - (n.) a device or machine used to scan or examine something, typically by capturing images or data Example: The infants were placed in a brain-activation scanner to record activity while they listened to speech sounds. Significant - (adj.) important; having a noticeable or meaningful effect or influence Example: The finding of activation in motor areas of the brain is significant as it indicates the engagement of the baby brain in language development. Uncovered - (v.) revealed or discovered something previously unknown, hidden, or secret Example: The study may have uncovered a process by which babies distinguish between their native language and other languages. Profound - (adj.) having deep meaning or significance; intense or far-reaching Example: Managers often fail to recognize the profound ways that trends influence consumer behavior. Exotic - (adj.) foreign, unfamiliar, or strikingly different from what is ordinary or customary Example: Coconuts have always been seen as exotic in the western world. Voyagers - (n.) travelers or explorers who embark on long journeys, especially by sea Example: Coconuts are considered great maritime voyagers as their ability to float in water allows them to disperse to new locations. Viability - (n.) the ability to survive, function, or be successful; feasibility or practicality Example: Coconuts can remain viable and capable of germination for about 110 days at sea. Indigenous - (adj.) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native to a specific region or environment Example: There is no evidence that coconuts are indigenous to America, but they have close relatives growing there. Replicate - (v.) to reproduce or recreate something exactly; to duplicate or copy Example: The researchers used a special synthesizing device to replicate repeating vowel sounds made by adults and babies. Engagement - (n.) active participation or involvement in an activity or process; emotional or intellectual commitment Example: Listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing language skills, indicating their engagement in language development. Recognition - (n.) the identification or acknowledgment of something as valid, true, or significant; the act of realizing or understanding Example: The study found that older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds, suggesting recognition of differences between languages. Babble - (v.) to produce meaningless or unintelligible sounds, typically in an infant or toddler; to vocalize incoherently Example: Babies who were exposed to more baby talk began to babble more, which later boosted their vocabulary. Synthesize - (v.) to combine or blend components or elements to form a coherent whole; to create or produce by synthesis Example: The synthesizing device mimicked sounds made by adults and babies, allowing the researchers to study the impact of auditory cues. Hypothesis - (n.) a proposed explanation or educated guess based on limited evidence or preliminary observations; a theory that requires further testing or verification Example: The bridge hypothesis suggests that fathers use different speech to provide children with a bridge between familial and public speech. Cliché - (n.) a phrase, expression, or idea that has been overused to the point of losing its originality or impact; a trite or predictable remark or situation Example: Images of palm-fringed tropical beaches have become clichés used to sell various products and evoke a sense of romance or relaxation. Passage-3 Whatever Happened To The Harappan Civilisation? Harappan Civilisation - (n.) an ancient Bronze Age society that flourished in Pakistan and India 5,000 years ago Example: The Harappan Civilisation built sophisticated cities and engaged in international trade. Megacities - (n.) large and highly populated cities Example: The Harappan Civilisation constructed impressive megacities. Depictions - (n.) representations or portrayals of something or someone Example: The Harappan Civilisation left few depictions of themselves. Archaeological evidence - (n.) physical remains and artifacts that provide insight into past cultures and civilizations Example: There is archaeological evidence to study the rise of the Harappan Civilisation. Fall - (n.) the decline or end of something Example: The fall of the Harappan Civilisation remains a mystery. Transformation - (n.) a significant change or alteration Example: Around 2100 BC, a transformation began in the Harappan cities. Water supply - (n.) the provision of water for a particular area or community Example: Some theories suggest that changes in water supply affected the Harappan Civilisation. Agriculture - (n.) the practice of cultivating crops and rearing animals for food and other products Example: The Harappan Civilisation relied on agriculture for sustenance. Resource base - (n.) the available resources on which a society or civilization depends Example: Some believe that the Harappan Civilisation exhausted their resource base. Trading economy - (n.) an economic system based on the exchange of goods and services Example: The Harappan Civilisation had a thriving trading economy. Invasion - (n.) an act of forcefully entering and taking over a place or territory Example: The Harappan Civilisation may have succumbed to invasion and conflict. Climate change - (n.) long-term shifts or alterations in the Earth's climate patterns Example: Some theories propose that climate change impacted the Harappan Civilisation. Environmental change - (n.) alterations in the natural surroundings or ecosystem Example: Environmental change could have affected food and water availability. Solid evidence - (n.) concrete and reliable proof or facts Example: Until now, there has been a lack of solid evidence regarding the decline of the Harappan Civilisation. Geographic locations - (n.) specific points or positions on the Earth's surface Example: The geographic locations of ancient settlements were inaccurately recorded. Settlement sites - (n.) areas where people established communities or dwellings Example: The researchers discovered 198 settlement sites previously unknown. Climate history - (n.) the record of past climate conditions and changes Example: The researchers used geochemical analysis to trace the climate history of the region. Drought - (n.) a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, resulting in a shortage of water Example: The region experienced a severe drought around 4,100 years ago. Indian summer monsoon - (n.) a weather system that brings heavy rainfall to the Indian subcontinent during summer Example: The Indian summer monsoon played a significant role in the region's climate. Weakening - (n.) the process of becoming less strong or intense Example: The Indian summer monsoon climate weakened for about 200 years. Archaeological records - (n.) documents or information related to past human activities and artifacts Example: The researchers are examining archaeological records to understand ancient societies. Cultivated grains - (n.) grains that are intentionally grown and cultivated by humans Example: The researchers are analyzing cultivated grains from that time period. Water stress - (n.) a condition where water availability is insufficient to meet the needs of a population or crops Example: The researchers are investigating whether crops were grown under extreme conditions of water stress. Pottery - (n.) objects made of clay that are shaped and hardened by heat, often used for storage or decoration Example: The types of pottery used can provide insights into ancient cultures. Material culture - (n.) the physical objects and artifacts created and used by a society Example: The researchers are studying the material culture of the Harappan Civilisation. Distinctive - (adj.) unique, characteristic, or easily recognizable Example: The researchers are examining whether pottery styles were distinctive to specific regions. Interactive networks - (n.) interconnected systems or relationships among different groups or communities Example: The study provides insights into the interactive networks of the Harappan Civilisation. Population - (n.) the total number of people living in a particular area or community Example: Understanding how past societies responded to change can inform population management today. Environmental pressures - (n.) external factors or forces that impact the natural environment Example: Archaeologists investigate how past societies responded to environmental pressures. Water supply management - (n.) the planning and administration of water resources to ensure their sustainable use Example: The study emphasizes the importance of water supply management. Urban and rural development - (n.) the growth and planning of cities and rural areas Example: Archaeological research can inform decisions regarding urban and rural development. Cultural heritage - (n.) the traditions, artifacts, and practices inherited from past generations Example: Preservation of cultural heritage is an important consideration for the future. Archaeologists - (n.) scientists who study human history and prehistory through the excavation and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains Example: Archaeologists play a crucial role in unraveling the mysteries of ancient civilizations. Rise - (n.) the process of coming into existence or prominence; an upward movement Example: The rise of the Harappan Civilisation marked a period of growth and prosperity. Cities - (n.) large and permanent human settlements characterized by complex social and economic systems Example: The Harappan Civilisation built well-planned cities with advanced infrastructure. Baths - (n.) large structures or facilities used for bathing and personal hygiene Example: The Harappan cities had baths as part of their urban planning. Craft workshops - (n.) spaces where skilled artisans create handmade products Example: The Harappan Civilisation had specialized craft workshops for producing luxury goods. Palaces - (n.) grand and elaborate residences of rulers or high-ranking individuals Example: The Harappan cities featured impressive palaces as symbols of power and authority. Halls - (n.) large rooms or spaces used for public gatherings, ceremonies, or events Example: The Harappan halls served as venues for important social and cultural activities. Blocks - (n.) areas or sections of a city that are demarcated for specific purposes or functions Example: Houses in the Harappan cities were organized in blocks, creating distinct neighborhoods. Main streets - (n.) primary thoroughfares or roads that serve as the main arteries of a city Example: The Harappan cities had wide main streets for easy movement of people and goods. Narrow alleyways - (n.) narrow passages or lanes between buildings Example: The Harappan cities had narrow alleyways connecting different parts of the urban fabric. Wells - (n.) deep holes or shafts dug into the ground to access underground water sources Example: Many houses in the Harappan cities had their own wells for water supply. Drainage systems - (n.) infrastructure designed to remove excess water or waste from an area Example: The Harappan cities had well-planned drainage systems to manage wastewater. Global-scale climate event - (n.) a significant climate event that affects a large geographical area Example: Some believe that a global-scale climate event played a role in the decline of multiple Bronze Age civilizations. Interactive networks - (n.) interconnected systems of communication, trade, or cultural exchange between different regions or groups Example: The Harappan Civilisation likely had interactive networks with other contemporary societies. Proactive - (adj.) taking action in advance to prevent or mitigate potential problems or challenges Example: Learning from the past, we can adopt a proactive approach to addressing environmental and societal issues. Management and administration - (n.) the process of organizing and overseeing the operations of a system or organization Example: Understanding past societies can inform effective management and administration practices today. Balance - (n.) a state of equilibrium or harmony between different elements or factors Example: Striking a balance between urban and rural development is crucial for sustainable growth. Preserving cultural heritage - (v.) protecting and safeguarding the traditions, artifacts, and sites that represent a society's cultural identity Example: The importance of preserving cultural heritage is recognized for maintaining a sense of identity and fostering understanding. Test-4 Passage-1 Cutty Sark: the fastest sailing ship of all time Technological development - (n.) advancements and progress in technology Example: The nineteenth century in Britain witnessed significant technological development. Wind power - (n.) the use of wind energy to propel a vessel or generate power Example: The major change in shipping during the nineteenth century was the shift from wind power to steam power. Steam power - (n.) the use of steam engines for propulsion or power generation Example: Steam power replaced sail as the dominant form of propulsion in shipping. Wood to iron and steel - (phrase) a transition from using wooden materials to iron and steel in ship construction Example: The nineteenth century saw a shift in shipbuilding from wood to iron and steel. Clippers - (n.) fast sailing vessels with three masts, designed for transporting goods and sometimes passengers Example: Clippers were the fastest commercial sailing vessels during the nineteenth century. World trade - (n.) the exchange of goods and services on a global scale Example: Clippers dominated world trade during the period when they were in operation. Survived - (v.) remained in existence or continued to exist Example: Cutty Sark is the only surviving example of a clipper ship. Figurehead - (n.) a carved decoration, often in the form of a human or an animal, located at the front of a ship Example: Cutty Sark's figurehead depicts a witch from the poem Tam O'Shanter. Construction - (n.) the process of building or assembling something Example: Cutty Sark was constructed in Dumbarton, Scotland, in 1869. Shipping company - (n.) an organization that owns and operates ships for transporting goods or passengers Example: Cutty Sark was owned by a shipping company owned by John Willis. Journey - (n.) a trip or voyage from one place to another Example: Cutty Sark made its maiden journey from London to China in 1870. Tea - (n.) a beverage made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant Example: Cutty Sark transported large quantities of tea from China to London. Rudder - (n.) a vertical blade at the stern of a ship used for steering Example: Cutty Sark's rudder was severely damaged during a stormy voyage. Steam ships - (n.) ships powered by steam engines Example: Steam ships posed a threat to the dominance of clippers due to their increased speed. Suez Canal - (n.) an artificial waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea Example: The opening of the Suez Canal had a significant impact on shipping routes. Cargo capacity - (n.) the maximum amount of cargo that a ship can carry Example: Steam ships had larger cargo capacity compared to clippers. Trade winds - (n.) prevailing winds in specific regions that facilitated sailing routes Example: Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the southern hemisphere. Icebergs - (n.) large masses of floating ice detached from glaciers or ice shelves Example: Cutty Sark sailed dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America. End of life expectancy - (phrase) the point at which a ship reaches the projected end of its service life Example: As Cutty Sark approached the end of her life expectancy, she became less profitable. Miscellaneous cargoes - (n.) various types of goods or items transported as cargo Example: Cutty Sark carried miscellaneous cargoes around the world in her later years. Repairs - (n.) actions taken to fix or restore something that is damaged or broken Example: Cutty Sark underwent repairs in Falmouth after being damaged in a gale. Training ship - (n.) a vessel used to train sailors or naval cadets Example: Cutty Sark served as a training ship under the ownership of Wilfred Dowman. Public display - (n.) exhibition or presentation to the general public Example: Cutty Sark was transferred to Greenwich for public display in 1954. Fire - (n.) a destructive event resulting in the burning of property or structures Example: Cutty Sark suffered from a fire in 2007, causing significant damage. Visitors - (n.) individuals who visit a place or attraction Example: Cutty Sark attracts a large number of visitors each year. Quarter of a million - (phrase) approximately 250,000 Example: Cutty Sark attracts approximately a quarter of a million visitors each year. Nineteenth century - (n.) the period from 1800 to 1899 Example: The nineteenth century was a time of significant technological advancements in Britain. Shift - (n.) a change or transition from one state or condition to another Example: The shipping industry experienced a shift from wind power to steam power. Iron and steel - (n.) strong and durable materials used in shipbuilding Example: Shipbuilders began utilizing iron and steel instead of wood for constructing ships. Clipper ship - (n.) a fast-sailing vessel with sleek lines and a large carrying capacity Example: Cutty Sark is an example of a clipper ship, renowned for its speed. Dominate - (v.) to be the most influential or prevalent in a particular field or area Example: Clippers dominated world trade during their era of operation. Intact - (adj.) undamaged or complete, with no parts missing or broken Example: Cutty Sark is the only surviving clipper ship that remains largely intact. Poem - (n.) a piece of writing in verse, often expressing emotions or ideas creatively Example: Cutty Sark's name is derived from a poem by Robert Burns. Figurehead - (n.) a carved ornament at the front of a ship, often depicting a person or mythical creature Example: Cutty Sark's figurehead represents a witch from the poem Tam O'Shanter. Construction - (n.) the process of building or assembling something, in this case, a ship Example: Cutty Sark's construction took place in Dumbarton, Scotland. Shipping company - (n.) an enterprise that owns and operates ships for commercial purposes Example: Cutty Sark was owned by a shipping company owned by John Willis. Maiden voyage - (n.) the first official journey of a newly built ship Example: Cutty Sark embarked on her maiden voyage from London to China in 1870. Bad winds - (phrase) unfavorable or adverse wind conditions for sailing Example: Cutty Sark faced challenges due to bad winds during her voyages. Rival clipper - (n.) another clipper ship that competes in the same trade routes or markets Example: Cutty Sark encountered a rival clipper, Thermopylae, during a voyage in 1872. Repairing - (v.) the act of fixing or restoring something that is damaged or broken Example: The ship's crew undertook the task of repairing the severely damaged rudder. Steam ships - (n.) vessels powered by steam engines for propulsion Example: The rise of steam ships posed challenges to the dominance of clippers. Suez Canal - (n.) a man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea Example: The opening of the Suez Canal had a significant impact on shipping routes. Journey time - (n.) the duration or length of time required for a trip or voyage Example: Steam ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by two months. Profitable - (adj.) yielding financial gain or beneficial in terms of returns Example: Cutty Sark became less profitable as steam ships gained dominance. Violence aboard - (phrase) incidents of physical aggression or disturbances occurring on a ship Example: Aboard Cutty Sark, there were instances of violence that led to changes in the captaincy. Incompetent drunkard - (phrase) an individual lacking skill or ability and prone to alcohol abuse Example: The previous captain was replaced by an incompetent drunkard due to his misconduct. Wool trade - (n.) the buying and selling of wool as a commodity Example: Cutty Sark found success in the wool trade, transporting wool from Australia to Britain. Captain - (n.) the person in charge of a ship and responsible for its navigation and operation Example: Richard Woodget, the ship's next captain, was an excellent navigator. Navigator - (n.) a person skilled in planning and directing the course of a ship or aircraft Example: Captain Richard Woodget proved to be an exceptional navigator for Cutty Sark. Profitability - (n.) the state or condition of being financially beneficial or lucrative Example: Cutty Sark's profitability declined as steam ships became more prevalent. Passage-2 Saving the soil 1.       Soil degradation - (n.) the process of deterioration and loss of quality in soil due to various factors Example: The recent UN report highlights the alarming rate of soil degradation worldwide. 2.       Farmable soil - (n.) soil that is suitable for cultivation and farming activities Example: If we don't address the decline, farmable soil could disappear within 60 years. 3.       Microorganisms - (n.) microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi Example: Healthy soil contains a diverse community of microorganisms that play vital roles. 4.       Antibiotics - (n.) medications used to inhibit or kill bacteria to treat infections Example: Healthy soil is a valuable source of antibiotics that can combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 5.       Ally against climate change - (phrase) something that works in favor of mitigating the effects of climate change Example: Soil acts as an ally against climate change by sequestering carbon from decomposed organic matter. 6.       Carbon content - (n.) the amount of carbon stored in a substance or material Example: Soils lock in significant carbon content, holding three times more carbon than the entire atmosphere. 7.       Water storage - (n.) the capacity of soil to retain and store water Example: Soils play a crucial role in water storage, helping prevent flood damage and regulating water availability. 8.       Soil degradation costs - (phrase) expenses incurred due to damages caused by soil degradation Example: In the UK, soil degradation costs £233 million annually in damage to buildings, roads, and bridges from floods. 9.       Special properties - (phrase) distinctive characteristics or qualities possessed by soil Example: The danger lies in losing the microorganisms that give soil its special properties. 10.   Fertile - (adj.) rich in nutrients and suitable for plant growth Example: Over time, soil becomes less fertile when unused crop residues are not returned to enrich it. 11.   Variety of crops - (phrase) a diverse range of different plant species cultivated in an area Example: Varying the variety of crops grown can help maintain soil fertility and prevent degradation. 12.   Haber-Bosch process - (n.) a method for the industrial production of ammonia used in synthetic fertilizers Example: The Haber-Bosch process revolutionized agriculture by enabling the widespread use of synthetic fertilizers. 13.   Synthetic fertilizers - (n.) artificially produced fertilizers used to provide nutrients to crops Example: Indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers can have negative effects on soil health and contribute to pollution. 14.   Acidic and salty - (adj.) having increased acidity or saltiness, detrimental to soil quality Example: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can make soil acidic and salty, degrading its fertility. 15.   Beneficial bacteria and fungi - (phrase) microorganisms that contribute positively to soil health Example: Pius Floris developed a mix of beneficial bacteria and fungi to improve soil quality. 16.   Desert-like - (adj.) resembling a desert in terms of aridity and lack of vegetation Example: The test plots affected by fertilizer overuse had become desert-like in terms of soil conditions. 17.   Control plots - (n.) areas used as a standard comparison in an experiment or study Example: In the experiment, control plots were fed with traditional fertilizers for comparison. 18.   Global soil degradation - (phrase) the widespread decline and deterioration of soils worldwide Example: Addressing global soil degradation requires comprehensive measures and global cooperation. 19.   Classifying soil - (phrase) categorizing soil based on various characteristics and properties Example: The absence of an agreed international system for classifying soil complicates understanding and action. 20.   Global Soil Map project - (n.) an initiative led by the UN to create a comprehensive map of soils worldwide Example: The Global Soil Map project aims to provide real-time data on soil conditions globally. 21.   Real-time data - (phrase) up-to-date information available immediately or without delay Example: The Global Soil Map project seeks to provide real-time data on the state of soils worldwide. 22.   Land degradation - (n.) the decline or loss of land's productivity and ecosystem services Example: The proposal of 'zero net land degradation' aims to address the issue of land degradation. 23.   Protected zones - (n.) designated areas established for the conservation and preservation of endangered soils Example: Some researchers advocate for the creation of protected zones to safeguard endangered soils. 24.   Soil diversity - (n.) the variety and richness of different types of soils in a given area Example: Conservation efforts may focus on preserving areas with the highest soil diversity. 25.   Benchmark of quality - (phrase) a standard or reference point indicating the desired level of quality Example: Unspoiled soils could serve as a benchmark of quality for future soil restoration efforts. 26.   Take action - (phrase) to initiate or engage in efforts to address a problem or situation Example: It is crucial to take action now to prevent further soil degradation and protect our future. 27.   Degradation of soil - (phrase) the decline in quality or health of soil due to various factors Example: The long-term degradation of soil poses significant threats to agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. 28.   Ecosystem studies - (n.) the scientific examination and analysis of the interactions between organisms and their environment Example: Peter Groffman is a prominent figure in ecosystem studies and has emphasized the importance of soil health. 29.   Decomposing plants - (phrase) plants that are in the process of breaking down and returning nutrients to the soil Example: Microorganisms in healthy soil play a role in decomposing organic matter from decomposing plants. 30.   Diverse community - (phrase) a variety of different organisms coexisting within a specific area or environment Example: A diverse community of microorganisms in soil contributes to its overall health and fertility. 31.   Indiscriminate use - (phrase) the uncontrolled or excessive application of something without careful consideration Example: The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers can have detrimental effects on soil quality and ecosystem balance. 32.   Soil health - (n.) the condition and overall well-being of soil, including its fertility and ability to support life Example: Pius Floris focuses on improving soil health by utilizing beneficial bacteria, fungi, and humus. 33.   Soil conditions - (n.) the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soil in a particular area Example: The test plots showed significantly improved soil conditions after the application of beneficial microorganisms. 34.   Soil restoration - (n.) the process of rehabilitating and improving the quality and functionality of degraded soil Example: Unspoiled soils can serve as a reference point for soil restoration efforts to recover degraded areas. 35.   Comprehensive measures - (phrase) a set of extensive and thorough actions or strategies Example: Addressing global soil degradation requires comprehensive measures that encompass sustainable agriculture and land management practices. 36.   Carbon neutrality - (n.) the state of achieving a balance between carbon emissions and carbon removal or offsetting Example: The concept of carbon neutrality provides a clear target to guide efforts in mitigating climate change. 37.   Soil diversity - (n.) the variety of soil types and characteristics within a specific geographic area Example: The conservation of soil diversity is crucial for maintaining ecosystem resilience and supporting diverse plant and animal life. 38.   Expectations - (n.) beliefs or hopes about what is likely to happen in the future Example: The goal of "zero net land degradation" helps shape expectations and encourages collective action to protect soil resources. 39.   Immediate creation - (phrase) the prompt establishment or implementation of something Example: Some researchers advocate for the immediate creation of protected zones to safeguard endangered soils. 40.   Conservation efforts - (n.) actions or initiatives aimed at preserving and protecting natural resources or ecosystems Example: Conservation efforts play a vital role in safeguarding soil health and preventing further degradation. 41.   Global cooperation - (phrase) collaborative efforts involving multiple countries or regions on a global scale Example: Addressing soil degradation requires global cooperation to share knowledge, resources, and implement effective solutions. 42.   Future protection - (phrase) measures taken to ensure the preservation and sustainable use of resources for future generations Example: Establishing protected zones can contribute to the future protection of valuable soil resources and their functions. 43.   Preserving areas - (phrase) conserving or safeguarding specific locations or habitats from degradation or destruction Example: Preservation of areas with high soil diversity is important for preserving the overall health and resilience of ecosystems. 44.   Safeguard endangered soils - (phrase) to protect and ensure the survival of soils facing significant threats or degradation Example: Urgent actions are required to safeguard endangered soils and prevent irreversible damage to our ecosystems. 45.   Address the issue - (phrase) to focus on and take steps to deal with a specific problem or concern Example: Governments and stakeholders must work together to address the issue of soil degradation and implement sustainable practices. 46.   Comprehensive map - (phrase) a detailed and inclusive representation or visual depiction of a specific area or subject Example: The Global Soil Map project aims to create a comprehensive map that provides valuable data on soil conditions worldwide. 47.   Easily understood target - (phrase) a clear and straightforward objective that is easy to comprehend Example: A goal of "zero net land degradation" serves as an easily understood target to mobilize action and raise awareness. 48.   Coexistence - (n.) the state of two or more organisms or elements existing or occurring together Example: Soil microorganisms and plants rely on a symbiotic coexistence that supports nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. 49.   Mitigating - (v.) reducing or lessening the severity, impact, or risk of something Example: Implementing sustainable agricultural practices is crucial for mitigating soil degradation and protecting soil health. 50.   Immediate action - (phrase) prompt and decisive steps taken without delay or hesitation Example: The urgency of the soil degradation problem demands immediate action to prevent further damage and secure a sustainable future. Passage-3 Book review 26.   Positive psychology - (n.) a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of positive emotions, well-being, and personal growth Example: Richard Layard and other advocates of positive psychology believe that governments can promote collective well-being and happiness. 27.   Collective well-being - (n.) the overall state of well-being and happiness within a society or community Example: Layard argues that the purpose of government is to promote collective well-being and ensure the happiness of its citizens. 28.   Self-evidently good - (phrase) inherently or obviously good without requiring further justification or explanation Example: According to Layard, happiness is self-evidently good, and its importance does not require external reasons. 29.   Vast philosophical literature - (phrase) a wide-ranging body of written works exploring philosophical concepts and ideas Example: Critics argue that proponents of positive psychology overlook the vast philosophical literature that delves into the complexities and interpretations of happiness. 30.   Metaphysics or fiction - (phrase) dismissive of philosophical concepts and theories as abstract or imaginary Example: Layard and proponents of positive psychology often disregard philosophical perspectives as metaphysics or fiction. 31.   Ethical reflection - (n.) critical thinking and examination of moral values and principles Example: Positive psychology proponents overlook the rich history of ethical reflection on human happiness and its relationship with other values. 32.   Moral inquiry - (n.) the process of questioning and investigating moral concepts and principles Example: Davies argues that the view that happiness is the only self-evident good limits moral inquiry and overlooks deeper philosophical reflections. 33.   Happiness industry - (n.) a term used to describe the commercialization and commodification of happiness and well-being Example: Davies' book explores how the concept of happiness has been exploited within the happiness industry and its impact on various sectors. 34.   Historical framework - (phrase) a structured context that places events or ideas within a historical perspective Example: Davies provides a historical framework by tracing the development of the concept of happiness from Bentham to the present day. 35.   Public sector management consultant - (phrase) a professional who advises and assists in improving the management and efficiency of public sector organizations Example: Bentham's activities extended beyond philosophy, resembling those of a public sector management consultant with his proposals for organizational improvements. 36.   Psychological maladies - (phrase) mental or emotional disorders or problems Example: Davies highlights how economic problems are sometimes redefined and treated as psychological maladies in the context of the happiness industry. 37.   Objective measurement - (phrase) quantification or assessment based on verifiable criteria or standards Example: The belief in objective measurement of inner states of pleasure and displeasure has influenced management studies and advertising. 38.   Behaviour change - (phrase) the process of modifying or influencing individuals' actions, habits, or behaviors Example: Governments and organizations aim to promote behaviour change to encourage socially desirable actions among the population. 39.   Threat to human freedom - (phrase) a potential danger or risk that undermines individual liberty and autonomy Example: The idea of governments promoting happiness can be seen as a threat to human freedom, as it may involve imposing a particular notion of happiness on individuals. 40.   Intellectual pedigree - (phrase) the lineage or origin of an idea or concept within intellectual traditions or history Example: The concept of governments promoting happiness has a long intellectual pedigree that can be traced back to Bentham and his utilitarian philosophy. 41.   Motivate them in their labours - (phrase) inspire or drive individuals in their work or efforts Example: The idea of ever-increasing happiness serves as a source of motivation for individuals in modern industrial societies to continue their labours. 42.   Reductive model - (n.) a simplified or narrow view that reduces complex phenomena or human behavior to simplistic explanations Example: J.B. Watson's reductive model of behaviorism oversimplifies human action and reduces it to stimulus-response relationships. 43.   Behaviour Insights Team - (n.) a government-established team focused on studying and understanding behavioral patterns and promoting desired behaviors Example: The British government has formed a Behaviour Insights Team to investigate how people can be encouraged to adopt socially desirable behaviors at minimal cost. 44.   Promoting happiness - (phrase) actively working towards increasing happiness levels in individuals or society as a whole Example: The concept of promoting happiness raises questions about the role of governments in shaping and influencing the well-being of their citizens. 45.   Freedom of choice - (phrase) the ability of individuals to make independent decisions and act according to their own preferences Example: The emphasis on promoting happiness by governments may conflict with individual freedom of choice and personal autonomy. 46.   Measurement of well-being - (phrase) the process of quantifying and assessing the level of satisfaction and contentment in individuals or communities Example: Positive psychology aims to develop tools and methods for the measurement of well-being to inform policies and interventions. 47.   Philosophical exploration - (phrase) in-depth examination and inquiry into philosophical concepts and ideas Example: Critics argue that proponents of positive psychology should engage in deeper philosophical exploration to understand the complexities of happiness. 48.   Happiness as a societal goal - (phrase) the idea of prioritizing the well-being and happiness of society as a whole Example: Layard and others advocate for considering happiness as a societal goal to guide policies and decision-making processes. 49.   Ethical implications - (phrase) the moral consequences or considerations arising from a particular action, decision, or belief Example: The promotion of happiness by governments raises ethical implications regarding the balance between individual freedom and collective well-being. 50.   Critical examination - (phrase) a thorough and analytical evaluation of ideas, theories, or concepts Example: It is essential to subject the concept of promoting happiness to critical examination to ensure a well-rounded understanding of its implications and limitations. 51.   Cult of happiness - (phrase) an obsessive or exaggerated focus on the pursuit of happiness as the ultimate goal in life Example: The book highlights the emergence of a cult of happiness in modern society, where happiness is seen as the ultimate objective. 52.   Well-being measurement - (phrase) the process of assessing and quantifying the overall state of well-being in individuals or communities Example: Positive psychology aims to develop reliable tools for well-being measurement to gauge the effectiveness of interventions and policies. 53.   Philosophical perspectives - (phrase) various viewpoints and theories derived from philosophical thought and analysis Example: It is important to consider various philosophical perspectives when discussing the concept of happiness and its implications. 54.   Human freedom and autonomy - (phrase) the ability of individuals to act and make choices independently, without external constraints Example: The discussion around promoting happiness by governments raises concerns about the potential impact on human freedom and autonomy. 55.   Subjective well-being - (phrase) an individual's personal evaluation and perception of their own happiness and life satisfaction Example: Positive psychology seeks to understand and enhance subjective well-being by focusing on individual experiences and perceptions. 56.   Moral philosophy - (phrase) the branch of philosophy that deals with ethical principles and moral values Example: The concept of happiness has been extensively explored within the field of moral philosophy throughout history. 57.   Complexity of happiness - (phrase) the intricate nature of happiness, involving multiple factors and subjective experiences Example: The complexity of happiness challenges the notion of a one-size-fits-all approach to promoting well-being in society. 58.   Critique of happiness-centric approach - (phrase) an analysis or evaluation that questions the exclusive emphasis on happiness as the ultimate goal Example: Some scholars offer a critique of the happiness-centric approach, arguing that it overlooks the importance of other values and aspects of human life. 59.   Multidimensional well-being - (phrase) a comprehensive perspective that considers multiple dimensions of well-being, including physical, emotional, social, and psychological aspects Example: Instead of focusing solely on happiness, a multidimensional well-being framework takes into account various facets of human flourishing. 60.   Balancing individual and collective well-being - (phrase) finding a middle ground between promoting individual happiness and considering the overall well-being of society Example: Governments face the challenge of balancing individual and collective well-being when formulating policies that aim to enhance societal happiness.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 PASSAGE-1 Cork 1.       Cork - the thick bark of the cork oak tree. ·         Example: Wine bottles are often sealed with a cork stopper. 2.       Remarkable - extraordinary or deserving attention. ·         Example: The cork oak's properties make it a remarkable tree. 3.       Elastic - able to stretch and return to its original shape. ·         Example: Rubber bands are known for their elastic properties. 4.       Buoyant - able to float or stay afloat. ·         Example: Cork is buoyant due to the air-filled cells in its structure. 5.       Fire-resistant - not easily damaged or destroyed by fire. ·         Example: Firefighters wear fire-resistant suits for protection. 6.       Millennia - plural of millennium, referring to thousands of years. ·         Example: The pyramids have stood for millennia. 7.       Sarcophagi - plural of sarcophagus, a stone coffin. ·         Example: The ancient Egyptians used cork to seal their sarcophagi. 8.       Beehives - shelters for bees to live and produce honey. ·         Example: Beekeepers use beehives to house their colonies. 9.       Sandals - open shoes typically made of leather or other materials. ·         Example: In ancient times, Romans often wore sandals. 10.   Insulating - providing thermal or electrical insulation. ·         Example: The cork bark insulates the tree from extreme temperatures. 11.   Constant - unchanging or consistent. ·         Example: The inside of the cork oak remains at a constant 20°C. 12.   Defence - protection or safeguarding against harm. ·         Example: The bark of the cork oak serves as a defense mechanism. 13.   Cellular - related to cells, the basic units of living organisms. ·         Example: The cellular structure of cork is unique. 14.   Replicating - copying or reproducing. ·         Example: Scientists are trying to replicate the properties of cork. 15.   Harvest - the process of gathering crops or resources. ·         Example: Farmers usually harvest their crops in the fall. 16.   Thrive - to grow and prosper. ·         Example: Cork oaks thrive in warm climates with minimal rainfall. 17.   Nutrients - essential substances for growth and health. ·         Example: Plants need nutrients from the soil to grow. 18.   Region - a specific area or part of a larger area. ·         Example: The Alentejo region in Portugal is known for cork production. 19.   Producer - someone or something that creates or manufactures. ·         Example: Portugal is a major producer of cork. 20.   Patience - the ability to endure waiting or difficulties calmly. ·         Example: Growing cork trees requires a lot of patience. 21.   Sapling - a young tree. ·         Example: They planted cork saplings in the forest. 22.   Mechanical - related to machines or machinery. ·         Example: Mechanical devices can make tasks easier. 23.   Invented - created or developed for the first time. ·         Example: Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. 24.   Skilled - having expertise or competence. ·         Example: The workers are highly skilled in cork harvesting. 25.   Vertical - in an upright position. ·         Example: The tower's vertical structure is impressive. 26.   Semi-circular - in the shape of half a circle. ·         Example: The arch had a semi-circular design. 27.   Husk - the outer covering of a seed or fruit. ·         Example: Corn kernels are protected by a husk. 28.   Granules - small particles or grains. ·         Example: Sugar is made up of tiny granules. 29.   Insects - small animals with six legs and typically wings. ·         Example: Bees and ants are common insects. 30.   Substitutes - replacements or alternatives. ·         Example: Some people use honey as a substitute for sugar. 31.   Manufacture - the process of making products on a large scale. ·         Example: Automobile manufacturing is a major industry. 32.   Convenient - easy to use or suitable for one's needs. ·         Example: The new software update adds convenient features. 33.   Advantages - favorable circumstances or benefits. ·         Example: One of the advantages of living here is the beautiful scenery. 34.   Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term. ·         Example: Recycling is a sustainable practice. 35.   Biodiversity - the variety of plant and animal life in an ecosystem. ·         Example: Rainforests are known for their high biodiversity. 36.   Desertification - the process of turning fertile land into desert. ·         Example: Overgrazing can lead to desertification. 37.   Environmental - related to the natural world and its surroundings. ·         Example: Environmental protection is essential for the planet. 38.   Monopoly - exclusive control or dominance of a market. ·         Example: The company had a monopoly on the industry. 39.   Contents - what is contained or included within something. ·         Example: The contents of the box were a surprise. 40.   Chemical - relating to substances and their properties. ·         Example: Chemistry is the study of chemicals and their reactions. 41.   Compound - a substance formed by the combination of two or more elements. ·         Example: Water is a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen. 42.   Interact - to act upon one another or have an effect. ·         Example: Different chemicals can interact in unexpected ways. 43.   Concentrations - the amount of a substance in a given volume. ·         Example: High concentrations of pollution can harm the environment. 44.   Spoil - to ruin or diminish the quality of something. ·         Example: Leaving food out too long can spoil it. 45.   Substances - materials with specific properties. ·         Example: Chemical substances have distinct characteristics. 46.   Gradual - happening slowly over time. ·         Example: The decline in population was gradual. 47.   Recycled - used again or turned into a new product. ·         Example: Many plastic bottles are recycled into new containers. 48.   Resource - a source of supply or support. ·         Example: Natural resources include water and minerals. 49.   Promising - showing potential for success or improvement. ·         Example: The results of the experiment are promising. 50.   Ancient - very old or from a long time ago. ·         Example: The ancient ruins are a popular tourist attraction. PASSAGE-2 Collecting as a hobby 1.       Variied - having a wide range or diversity. ·         Example: Collecting is one of the most varied of human activities. 2.       Dignified - characterized by a sense of honor or respect. ·         Example: Many forms of collecting have been dignified with technical names. 3.       Archtophilist - a collector of teddy bears. ·         Example: My friend is an archtophilist who has a vast teddy bear collection. 4.       Philatelist - a collector of postage stamps. ·         Example: Philatelists often attend stamp exhibitions to showcase their collections. 5.       Deltiologist - a collector of postcards. ·         Example: The deltiologist has postcards from all over the world. 6.       Amassing - gathering or collecting a large quantity of something. ·         Example: He spent years amassing a collection of rare coins. 7.       Instrumental - serving as a means to achieve a specific end. ·         Example: Some collectors view their hobby as an instrumental way to make money. 8.       Triumph - a great victory or achievement. ·         Example: Finding a valuable antique at a low price can bring a sense of triumph to a collector. 9.       Online - connected to the internet or accessible via the internet. ·         Example: Many collectors now sell their items online through auction websites. 10.   Develop - to grow or progress. ·         Example: Collectors often develop their collections over time. 11.   Variant - a different or modified form of something. ·         Example: Attending collectors' meetings is a variant of social interaction. 12.   Bridge - a card game played by four players in two partnerships. ·         Example: Some collectors join bridge clubs for social engagement. 13.   Motive - a reason or incentive for doing something. ·         Example: Their motive for collecting rare books is to expand their knowledge. 14.   Aimless - lacking a clear purpose or goal. ·         Example: Without a hobby, his life felt aimless. 15.   Educational - related to learning or providing knowledge. ·         Example: Stamp collecting has educational value, teaching about different countries. 16.   Amassed - collected or gathered together. ·         Example: She has amassed a remarkable collection of ancient artifacts. 17.   Fossils - the preserved remains of ancient organisms. ·         Example: Fossils are often collected by paleontologists for study. 18.   Inferior - lower in quality or value. ·         Example: Our knowledge of the natural world would be inferior without collections. 19.   Popularity - the state of being widely liked or accepted. ·         Example: Trainspotting was a popular hobby among boys in the past. 20.   Locomotive - a powered rail vehicle used for pulling trains. ·         Example: Trainspotters aim to see every locomotive of a particular type. 21.   Knowledgeable - possessing a deep understanding or expertise. ·         Example: Trainspotters are often very knowledgeable about railways. 22.   Reflect - to show or indicate something. ·         Example: Dolls can reflect cultural preferences and trends. 23.   Notions - ideas or beliefs about something. ·         Example: Dolls can reflect notions of beauty and play. 24.   Neatly - in a tidy or orderly manner. ·         Example: Stamp collectors organize their collections neatly in albums. 25.   Organizing - arranging or structuring in a systematic way. ·         Example: Organizing stamps by country is a common practice among collectors. 26.   Commonplace - ordinary or widely accepted. ·         Example: Stamp collectors often group stamps by common themes. 27.   Individualism - the belief in the uniqueness of each person. ·         Example: Collecting dog collars may be an expression of individualism. 28.   Eccentric - unconventional or unusual in behavior or appearance. ·         Example: Some collectors have eccentric tastes in art. 29.   Engrossing - captivating or absorbing one's attention completely. ·         Example: Collecting can be an engrossing and fulfilling hobby. 30.   Fulfilment - a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment. ·         Example: Building a model train set gave him a sense of personal fulfilment. 31.   Non-collectors - individuals who do not engage in collecting as a hobby. ·         Example: Non-collectors may not understand the passion of collectors. 32.   Harmless - not causing harm or danger. ·         Example: Collecting can be seen as a harmless way to spend time. 33.   Passion - a strong and intense feeling or enthusiasm. ·         Example: Her passion for collecting antique dolls is evident in her extensive collection. 34.   Potentially - with the possibility of becoming something in the future. ·         Example: Collecting has the potential to provide both pleasure and knowledge.These words are drawn from various levels of vocabulary, excluding the simplest A1 and A2 words. 35.   Expansion - the action of becoming larger or more extensive. ·         Example: The collector's expansion of his coin collection included rare ancient coins. 36.   Insecurity - a lack of confidence or uncertainty about oneself. ·         Example: Some people collect as a way to cope with their feelings of insecurity. 37.   Conveying - communicating or expressing something. ·         Example: Collecting unusual items may be a way of conveying one's uniqueness. 38.   Exhibition - a public display of items for viewing. ·         Example: Stamp collectors often participate in exhibitions to showcase their collections. 39.   Specimens - individual examples or samples of something. ·         Example: The museum has a vast collection of insect specimens. 40.   Diverse - showing a variety of different characteristics. ·         Example: Her doll collection is diverse, representing various time periods and cultures. 41.   Artifacts - objects made by humans, typically of historical or cultural significance. ·         Example: Archaeologists excavated ancient artifacts from the site. 42.   Relatable - able to be related to or connected with. ·         Example: Collectors find it easier to connect with others who share their hobby. 43.   Inferiority - a feeling of being lower in status or value. ·         Example: Comparing oneself to others can lead to feelings of inferiority. 44.   Trends - prevailing tendencies or popular styles. ·         Example: Collectors of vintage clothing track fashion trends from different eras. 45.   Indulgence - the act of satisfying one's desires or whims. ·         Example: Collecting can be seen as a personal indulgence, bringing joy to the collector. 46.   Intense - characterized by strong or extreme feelings. ·         Example: His intense passion for collecting rare coins was evident to everyone. 47.   Enthusiastic - showing intense and eager interest or excitement. ·         Example: The enthusiastic collector was always eager to discuss his collection. 48.   Completely - in a thorough or absolute manner. ·         Example: She was completely absorbed in her stamp collection. 49.   Perceive - to become aware of or recognize something. ·         Example: Some people perceive collecting as a form of art appreciation. 50.   Motivation - the reason or incentive that drives someone to do something. ·         Example: Understanding the motivation behind collecting can be complex and multifaceted. PASSAGE-2 What’s the purpose of gaining knowledge? 1.       Collecting - the activity of gathering and accumulating items or objects. ·         Example: Stamp collecting is a popular hobby among philatelists. 2.       Dignified - characterized by dignity, respect, or seriousness. ·         Example: The ceremony was dignified and solemn. 3.       Instrumental - serving as a means to achieve a particular end or purpose. ·         Example: The collection of data was instrumental in solving the problem. 4.       Triumph - a great victory or achievement. ·         Example: Winning the championship was a triumph for the team. 5.       Variant - a different form or version of something. ·         Example: There are many variants of the same software program. 6.       Aimless - lacking a clear purpose or direction. ·         Example: Without a goal, he felt aimless in life. 7.       Educational - related to or providing knowledge and learning. ·         Example: Educational programs aim to enhance students' knowledge. 8.       Enthusiastic - showing a strong and eager interest or excitement. ·         Example: She was enthusiastic about the upcoming trip. 9.       Inferior - lower in quality or less valuable. ·         Example: The cheaper product is often of inferior quality. 10.   Hobby - a favorite leisure activity or pastime. ·         Example: Gardening is a popular hobby for many people. 11.   Engrossing - absorbing or captivating one's full attention and interest. ·         Example: The novel was so engrossing that I couldn't put it down. 12.   Individualism - the belief in the importance of individual freedom and self-reliance. ·         Example: Individualism is a core value in many Western societies. 13.   Passion - a strong and intense emotional or enthusiastic feeling. ·         Example: Her passion for art was evident in her paintings. 14.   Eccentric - unconventional or unusual in behavior or appearance. ·         Example: The eccentric artist lived in a quirky, colorful house. 15.   Fulfilment - a feeling of satisfaction and achievement. ·         Example: Finding one's true purpose can lead to a sense of fulfillment. 16.   Prospective - potential or likely to happen in the future. ·         Example: Prospective buyers visited the house for sale. 17.   Detecting - discovering or finding something, often through investigation. ·         Example: Detecting fraud requires careful examination of financial records. 18.   Prosecution - the legal process of pursuing charges against someone in a court of law. ·         Example: The prosecution presented strong evidence in the trial. 19.   Critique - a detailed analysis or evaluation of something, often involving criticism. ·         Example: The professor provided a thoughtful critique of the student's essay. 20.   Codified - arranged and recorded in a systematic or organized manner. ·         Example: The laws of the country are codified in its legal system. 21.   Ethical - relating to principles of right and wrong, morally correct. ·         Example: Honesty is considered an ethical value. 22.   Knowledge - information, facts, or skills acquired through experience or education. ·         Example: His extensive knowledge of history impressed the audience. 23.   Acquisition - the process of obtaining or gaining possession of something. ·         Example: The company announced the acquisition of a new technology firm. 24.   Philosopher - a person who seeks to understand and explore fundamental questions about existence and knowledge. ·         Example: Ancient philosophers like Plato and Aristotle had profound insights. 25.   Reflect - to think deeply or consider carefully. ·         Example: He took a moment to reflect on his past experiences. 26.   Insecure - lacking confidence or feeling uncertain about oneself. ·         Example: She often felt insecure in social situations. 27.   Neatly - in an organized and tidy manner. ·         Example: She arranged the books neatly on the shelf. 28.   Enlarging - making something larger or expanding its size. ·         Example: The company is considering enlarging its production facilities. 29.   Conveying - communicating or expressing a message or idea. ·         Example: His speech was effective in conveying the importance of the issue. 30.   Engines - machines that convert energy into mechanical work, such as those in vehicles. ·         Example: The car's engine started with a roar. 31.   Variety - a range of different types or forms of something. ·         Example: The store offers a variety of clothing options. 32.   Mildly - to a moderate or gentle degree, not strongly. ·         Example: He was only mildly interested in the topic. 33.   Motive - a reason or purpose for doing something. ·         Example: What was the motive behind his sudden decision to quit? 34.   Arranging - putting things in a particular order or organizing them. ·         Example: She was busy arranging the furniture in the new apartment. 35.   Fossils - preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms. ·         Example: Paleontologists study fossils to learn about prehistoric life. 36.   Specimens - individual examples or samples of something. ·         Example: The museum has a collection of rare insect specimens. 37.   Deliberately - intentionally or on purpose. ·         Example: He deliberately chose to stay late to finish the project. 38.   Conscious - aware of and able to think and perceive one's surroundings. ·         Example: She was conscious of the importance of the decision. 39.   Hobbyist - someone who engages in a hobby for enjoyment or interest. ·         Example: As a stamp collector, he's a dedicated hobbyist. 40.   Standard - a level of quality or achievement considered typical or acceptable. ·         Example: The company aims to maintain high standards of customer service. 41.   Captivating - attracting and holding one's attention in a compelling way. ·         Example: The novel's captivating plot kept readers engaged. 42.   Principled - characterized by strong moral principles or ethics. ·         Example: He made a principled decision to speak out against injustice. 43.   Endeavor - a serious and determined effort to achieve something. ·         Example: Her artistic endeavors were recognized with an award. 44.   Goal - an objective or target one aims to achieve. ·         Example: Setting clear goals can help motivate individuals. 45.   Involving - including or requiring participation or engagement. ·         Example: The project will be a team effort, involving multiple departments. 46.   Unique - one of a kind, not like anything else. ·         Example: Each snowflake is unique in its intricate pattern. 47.   Emphasize - to give special importance or focus to something. ·         Example: The teacher emphasized the importance of studying for the exam. 48.   Surroundings - the environment or area in which someone or something is located. ·         Example: The natural beauty of the surroundings made the hike enjoyable. 49.   Collectible - an item considered valuable or desirable to collect. ·         Example: Antique coins are often highly collectible among numismatists. 50.   Potentially - possibly or with the potential for a particular outcome. ·         Example: The discovery has the potential to revolutionize the field of medicine. ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 PASSAGE-1 The risks agriculture faces in developing countries 1.       Distinguish - to recognize the differences or unique qualities of something. ·         Example: It's important to distinguish between fact and opinion. 2.       Vulnerable - susceptible to harm, damage, or attack. ·         Example: The elderly are often more vulnerable to illness. 3.       Entrenched - firmly established and difficult to change. ·         Example: The tradition was deeply entrenched in their culture. 4.       Adverse - unfavorable or harmful. ·         Example: The adverse weather conditions delayed the flight. 5.       Infrastructure - the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society. ·         Example: The city needs to invest in improving its infrastructure. 6.       Dependency - reliance on someone or something for support or sustenance. ·         Example: His financial dependency on his parents was a concern. 7.       Mitigating - lessening the severity or impact of something. ·         Example: Planting trees can be a mitigating factor in reducing air pollution. 8.       Intervention - involvement or interference in a situation to modify or improve it. ·         Example: Humanitarian organizations provide intervention in crisis regions. 9.       Procurement - the process of obtaining or acquiring goods or services. ·         Example: The procurement of medical supplies is essential during a pandemic. 10.   Wild swings - unpredictable and extreme fluctuations. ·         Example: The stock market experienced wild swings in prices. 11.   Alleviating - reducing the severity or intensity of something. ·         Example: Pain relievers are effective in alleviating discomfort. 12.   Stocks - goods or merchandise kept on hand for sale or distribution. ·         Example: The store has a large stock of electronics. 13.   Cash transfers - direct payments of money to individuals or families. ·         Example: Government programs provide cash transfers to low-income families. 14.   Compensated - to make up for something or provide an equivalent in value. ·         Example: The company compensated the employees for their overtime work. 15.   Stranglehold - a tight and controlling grip or influence. ·         Example: The monopoly had a stranglehold on the market. 16.   Financialised - characterized by the increased influence of financial markets on the economy. ·         Example: The financialised economy led to instability in the markets. 17.   Translate into - to result in or be converted into something. ·         Example: Hard work can translate into success. 18.   Strategies - plans or methods for achieving a specific goal. ·         Example: The company developed marketing strategies to increase sales. 19.   Bargaining power - the ability to negotiate favorable terms or conditions. ·         Example: Strong unions give workers more bargaining power. 20.   Bargaining - the process of negotiating or haggling over terms. ·         Example: The bargaining between the two parties was tense. 21.   Political - related to government or the activities of governing. ·         Example: Voting is a fundamental political right. 22.   Cultivate - to foster the growth or development of something. ·         Example: Teachers aim to cultivate a love of learning in their students. 23.   Price volatility - the degree to which the price of something fluctuates. ·         Example: The stock market is known for its price volatility. 24.   Control over - the power or authority to manage or direct something. ·         Example: He wanted more control over his financial decisions. 25.   Subscription - a payment made periodically to access a service or receive products. ·         Example: I canceled my magazine subscription. 26.   Guarantee - a promise or assurance of the quality or performance of something. ·         Example: The warranty serves as a guarantee for the product. 27.   Consumers - individuals who purchase and use goods or services. ·         Example: Consumer demand for eco-friendly products is growing. 28.   Direct distribution - a method of selling products directly to customers without intermediaries. ·         Example: The farm sells its produce through direct distribution. 29.   Risk-sharing - a practice where the burden of risk is spread among multiple parties. ·         Example: Insurance companies operate on the principle of risk-sharing. 30.   Farmers' vulnerability - the susceptibility of farmers to various risks and challenges. ·         Example: Climate change increases farmers' vulnerability to crop failures. 31.   Underscored - to emphasize or highlight the importance of something. ·         Example: The report underscored the need for immediate action. 32.   Underlying causes - the fundamental reasons or factors that lead to a particular issue. ·         Example: Identifying the underlying causes of poverty is essential for effective solutions. 33.   Dependency on fossil fuels - reliance on fossil fuels such as oil and coal for energy. ·         Example: Transitioning to renewable energy sources reduces dependency on fossil fuels. 34.   Unsupportive - not providing assistance, encouragement, or help. ·         Example: The lack of funding from the government made the project unsupportive. 35.   Commodity futures markets - financial markets where contracts for the future delivery of commodities are traded. ·         Example: Investors speculate on commodity prices in commodity futures markets. 36.   Translates into - results in or leads to a particular outcome or effect. ·         Example: Good communication translates into better teamwork. 37.   Uncertainties - situations or conditions that are unpredictable or lack certainty. ·         Example: Economic uncertainties can impact investment decisions. 38.   Excessive - more than what is considered reasonable or appropriate. ·         Example: Excessive consumption can lead to health problems. 39.   Transparency - openness and clarity in actions or processes. ·         Example: Government transparency is essential for accountability. 40.   Agribusiness - the commercial industry of farming and agriculture. ·         Example: Agribusinesses supply food products to supermarkets. 41.   Extreme weather events - unusual and severe weather occurrences. ·         Example: Hurricanes and droughts are examples of extreme weather events. 42.   Resilient - able to withstand or recover from adversity or shocks. ·         Example: Resilient communities are better prepared for disasters. 43.   Diversify - to vary or expand the range of something. ·         Example: Investors diversify their portfolios to reduce risk. 44.   Bargain - to negotiate or haggle over the terms of a transaction. ·         Example: They tried to bargain for a lower price. 45.   Fair price - a price that is considered just and reasonable for a product or service. ·         Example: Consumers want to pay a fair price for quality goods. 46.   Autonomous - acting independently or having self-governing capabilities. ·         Example: Autonomous vehicles can navigate without human intervention. 47.   Synchronise - to coordinate or align in time or action. ·         Example: The dancers had to synchronize their movements. 48.   Market opportunities - chances for success or growth in a particular market. ·         Example: Expanding to new regions presents market opportunities. 49.   Intermediary - a person or entity that acts as a middleman or go-between in a transaction. ·         Example: The real estate agent served as an intermediary between the buyer and seller. 50.   Distribution systems - methods or networks for delivering products to consumers. ·         Example: Efficient distribution systems ensure timely deliveries to stores. PASSAGE-2 The Lost City 1.       Explorer - a person who travels to discover new places or information. ·         Example: Christopher Columbus was an explorer who sailed to the Americas. 2.       Academic - related to education or scholarly work. ·         Example: She pursued an academic career in mathematics. 3.       Achievement - something accomplished successfully, often requiring effort or skill. ·         Example: Winning the championship was a remarkable achievement. 4.       Exploration - the act of searching for new knowledge or information, often in unfamiliar areas. ·         Example: Space exploration has led to many scientific discoveries. 5.       Remote - far away from civilization or a central location. ·         Example: The remote village had limited access to modern amenities. 6.       Hinterland - a remote or less developed area, often located beyond the outskirts of a city. ·         Example: The expedition ventured into the hinterland to study wildlife. 7.       Capital - the primary city or town of a country, region, or state, typically its seat of government. ·         Example: Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States. 8.       Civilization - an advanced and organized society with cultural, technological, and social development. ·         Example: Ancient Egypt was known for its advanced civilization. 9.       Elevation - the height above a reference point, often used to describe altitude. ·         Example: The elevation of the mountain peak is 4,000 meters. 10.   Plateau - a flat and elevated land area. ·         Example: The Tibetan Plateau is often called the "Roof of the World." 11.   Andes - a mountain range in South America, known for its rugged terrain. ·         Example: The Andes stretch across several countries in South America. 12.   Descend - to move downward or go from a higher to a lower position. ·         Example: The hikers began to descend the steep mountain trail. 13.   Circuitous - taking a longer route or path than necessary, often winding or indirect. ·         Example: The circuitous journey through the forest added hours to the trip. 14.   Dramatic - characterized by sudden and striking changes or events. ·         Example: The play had a dramatic climax that left the audience in awe. 15.   Mountain Range - a series of connected mountains. ·         Example: The Rocky Mountains are a well-known mountain range in North America. 16.   Advantage - a favorable or advantageous position or condition. ·         Example: Having prior experience is an advantage in this job. 17.   Blasted - cleared or opened up, often using explosives. ·         Example: The miners blasted a tunnel through the mountain. 18.   Rubber - a flexible and elastic material often used for various purposes. ·         Example: Tires are made from rubber to provide a smooth ride. 19.   Jungle - a dense and tropical forest with abundant vegetation. ·         Example: The Amazon rainforest is one of the world's largest jungles. 20.   Preceded - came before in time or order. ·         Example: The appetizers preceded the main course in the meal. 21.   Cutting - the act of making an opening or incision, often with a sharp tool. ·         Example: The surgeon performed a cutting procedure to remove the tumor. 22.   Terraces - flat, level surfaces built on a slope, often used for farming. ·         Example: The rice paddies in Asia are built on terraces. 23.   Mausoleum - a large and impressive tomb or burial chamber. ·         Example: The Taj Mahal is a famous mausoleum in India. 24.   Monumental - massive, grand, or impressive in scale. ·         Example: The ancient pyramids of Egypt are monumental structures. 25.   Ceremonial - related to formal or ritual events and ceremonies. ·         Example: The royal wedding had many ceremonial traditions. 26.   Spellbound - completely captivated or enchanted by something. ·         Example: The magician's performance left the audience spellbound. 27.   Hindsight - understanding or knowledge of events after they have occurred. ·         Example: In hindsight, he realized he should have made a different choice. 28.   Appreciation - a deep understanding or recognition of the value or significance of something. ·         Example: Her appreciation for art grew over the years. 29.   Descent - the action of moving downward or declining. ·         Example: The plane's descent was smooth and gradual. 30.   Rejoined - reunited or came back together. ·         Example: After their separate journeys, they rejoined at the campsite. 31.   Inaccurate - not correct or precise; containing errors. ·         Example: The weather forecast turned out to be inaccurate. 32.   Perplexed - confused or puzzled by something. ·         Example: The complex math problem left the students perplexed. 33.   Chroniclers - writers or historians who record events in chronological order. ·         Example: The chroniclers documented the history of the kingdom. 34.   Architecture - the art and science of designing and constructing buildings. ·         Example: The architecture of the cathedral is breathtaking. 35.   Construction - the process of building or creating something. ·         Example: The construction of the new bridge is underway. 36.   Estate - a large and impressive property, often with a mansion, land, and buildings. ·         Example: The wealthy businessman owned a vast estate in the countryside. 37.   Elite - a select group or individuals considered superior in quality or status. ·         Example: The elite athletes trained tirelessly for the championship. 38.   Abandoned - left behind or deserted; no longer in use or occupied. ·         Example: The old factory was abandoned and in disrepair. 39.   Conquest - the act of gaining control or victory, often through force. ·         Example: The conquest of the city was a historic event. 40.   Reference - a mention or citation of something for information or verification. ·         Example: She provided a reference for the job applicant. 41.   Moya - a country estate or rural retreat. ·         Example: The king's moya was a peaceful getaway in the countryside. 42.   Descendants - offspring or successors in a family or lineage. ·         Example: The descendants of the royal family still live in the palace. 43.   Vision - a mental image or idea of something that may be realized in the future. ·         Example: His vision for the company's future was ambitious. 44.   Pachacuti - the name of an Inca emperor who ruled during a significant period. ·         Example: Pachacuti is often credited with expanding the Inca Empire. 45.   Abandonment - the act of leaving something behind or giving it up. ·         Example: The abandonment of the project was disappointing. 46.   Descendants - offspring or successors in a family or lineage. ·         Example: The descendants of the royal family still live in the palace. 47.   Perplexed - confused or puzzled by something. ·         Example: The complex math problem left the students perplexed. 48.   Elite - a select group or individuals considered superior in quality or status. ·         Example: The elite athletes trained tirelessly for the championship. 49.   Impressive - evoking admiration or respect because of great skill or grandeur. ·         Example: The impressive artwork was displayed in the museum. 50.   Disrepair - a state of poor condition or deterioration. ·         Example: The old house had fallen into disrepair over the years. PASSAGE-3 The Benefits of Being Bilingual 1.       Bilingual - able to speak and understand two languages. ·         Example: She is bilingual and can communicate in both English and Spanish. 2.       Multilingual - able to speak and understand multiple languages. ·         Example: Many employees in the international company are multilingual. 3.       Monolingual - able to speak and understand only one language. ·         Example: In some remote areas, people are mostly monolingual. 4.       Technological advances - improvements and progress in technology. ·         Example: Technological advances have revolutionized the way we communicate. 5.       Cognitive - related to mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory. ·         Example: Cognitive development is crucial in early childhood. 6.       Neurological - related to the nervous system and the brain. ·         Example: The patient's neurological condition required specialized treatment. 7.       Disadvantage - an unfavorable or inferior condition. ·         Example: Lack of access to education can put children at a disadvantage. 8.       Activation - the process of making something active or operational. ·         Example: The activation of the alarm system alerted the security team. 9.       Sequential - arranged in a specific order or sequence. ·         Example: The instructions should be followed in a sequential manner. 10.   Word recognition - the ability to identify and understand words. ·         Example: Word recognition is a crucial skill for reading comprehension. 11.   Phenomenon - a fact or event that can be observed and studied. ·         Example: The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon. 12.   Language co-activation - the simultaneous activation of multiple languages in the brain. ·         Example: Language co-activation occurs when a bilingual hears words in both languages. 13.   Auditory input - information received through the sense of hearing. ·         Example: The auditory input included sounds of nature and distant voices. 14.   Corresponding - matching or related to something else. ·         Example: The corresponding page numbers in the book helped readers find references. 15.   Perceptual - related to the process of perceiving or recognizing stimuli. ·         Example: Visual and auditory perceptual skills are essential for learning. 16.   Conflict management - the ability to handle and resolve conflicts effectively. ·         Example: Conflict management training helps employees deal with workplace disputes. 17.   Stroop Task - a psychological test that assesses cognitive control and interference. ·         Example: Participants in the Stroop Task must name the color of the ink, not the word itself. 18.   Rapid - happening quickly or in a short amount of time. ·         Example: The team made rapid progress on the project. 19.   Neurological roots - the underlying neurological basis or origin. ·         Example: Understanding the neurological roots of a condition is essential for treatment. 20.   Sensory processing - the brain's ability to interpret sensory information. ·         Example: Sensory processing disorders can affect how individuals respond to stimuli. 21.   Encoding - the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. ·         Example: The encoding of data ensures it can be retrieved later. 22.   Fundamental frequency - the lowest frequency of a sound wave, related to pitch perception. ·         Example: Singers use their fundamental frequency to hit high and low notes. 23.   Interference - the disruption or obstruction of a process. ·         Example: Background noise can cause interference in communication. 24.   Acquire - to gain or learn something, often through effort or experience. ·         Example: Learning a new language can be challenging, but it is possible to acquire proficiency. 25.   Interference - the disruption or obstruction of a process. ·         Example: Background noise can cause interference in communication. 26.   Cognitive mechanisms - mental processes or functions. ·         Example: Cognitive mechanisms like memory and problem-solving are essential for daily tasks. 27.   Sharp - mentally alert, quick, and perceptive. ·         Example: The professor's sharp mind allowed her to solve complex problems. 28.   Recruiting - bringing in or enlisting individuals for a specific purpose. ·         Example: The company is recruiting new employees to expand its workforce. 29.   Outward behavior - observable actions and reactions displayed by a person. ·         Example: Despite his illness, his outward behavior remained positive. 30.   Advantage - a favorable or advantageous condition or position. ·         Example: Having a strong network can be a significant advantage in job hunting. 31.   Navigation - the process of finding one's way, often involving maps or directions. ·         Example: GPS devices help with navigation while driving. 32.   Impart - to convey or transmit information or knowledge. ·         Example: Teachers impart valuable lessons to their students. 33.   Compensate - to make up for a loss or deficiency. ·         Example: The bonus was provided to compensate employees for their hard work. 34.   Recruiting - bringing in or enlisting individuals for a specific purpose. ·         Example: The company is recruiting new employees to expand its workforce. 35.   Infants - very young children, typically under the age of one. ·         Example: The infants in the nursery were all peacefully sleeping. 36.   Reward - something given in return for good behavior or achievement. ·         Example: The teacher gave a reward to the student who performed exceptionally well. 37.   Transfer - the process of moving from one place, state, or condition to another. ·         Example: The transfer of data from one computer to another was seamless. 38.   Cognitive - related to mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory. ·         Example: Cognitive development is crucial in early childhood. 39.   Recruitment - the process of finding and hiring new employees. ·         Example: The company's recruitment efforts attracted top talent. 40.   Transfer - the process of moving from one place, state, or condition to another. ·         Example: The transfer of data from one computer to another was seamless. 41.   Compensate - to make up for a loss or deficiency. ·         Example: The bonus was provided to compensate employees for their hard work. 42.   Impart - to convey or transmit information or knowledge. ·         Example: Teachers impart valuable lessons to their students. 43.   Advantage - a favorable or advantageous condition or position. ·         Example: Having a strong network can be a significant advantage in job hunting. 44.   Recruiting - bringing in or enlisting individuals for a specific purpose. ·         Example: The company is recruiting new employees to expand its workforce. 45.   Infants - very young children, typically under the age of one. ·         Example: The infants in the nursery were all peacefully sleeping. 46.   Reward - something given in return for good behavior or achievement. ·         Example: The teacher gave a reward to the student who performed exceptionally well. 47.   Transfer - the process of moving from one place, state, or condition to another. ·         Example: The transfer of data from one computer to another was seamless. 48.   Cognitive - related to mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory. ·         Example: Cognitive development is crucial in early childhood. 49.   Recruitment - the process of finding and hiring new employees. ·         Example: The company's recruitment efforts attracted top talent. 50.   Transfer - the process of moving from one place, state, or condition to another. ·         Example: The transfer of data from one computer to another was seamless. ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 PASSAGE-1 Flying Tortoises Conservationists - people who work to protect and preserve natural resources. Example: Conservationists are concerned about the decline of endangered species. Uneven - not level or smooth; irregular. Example: The road was uneven, making driving difficult. Lava - hot molten rock that erupts from volcanoes. Example: The volcano spewed lava and ash into the sky. Resemble - to look like or have a similar appearance to something. Example: The two siblings closely resemble each other. Vegetation - plants in general, especially the plants that grow in a particular area. Example: The lush vegetation in the rainforest is home to diverse wildlife. Inhospitable - not suitable or welcoming for living or staying. Example: The desert is an inhospitable environment due to extreme heat. Colonised - settled or established a presence in a new place. Example: The explorers colonized the remote island. Ancestral - related to one's ancestors or family heritage. Example: She traced her ancestral roots back to Europe. Adapted - adjusted or changed to fit new conditions or surroundings. Example: Polar bears have adapted to their icy habitat. Predators - animals that hunt and prey on other animals. Example: Lions are apex predators in the savanna. Exceeding - surpassing or going beyond a specified limit or amount. Example: The athlete's performance exceeded expectations. Exploitation - the action of taking advantage of something or someone for personal gain. Example: The exploitation of natural resources can harm the environment. Exponentially - rapidly increasing or growing at an accelerating rate. Example: The population of the city has been growing exponentially. Settlers - people who establish residence in a new area or territory. Example: Early settlers faced many challenges in the wilderness. Introduced - brought something new to a place or introduced a new idea. Example: The explorer introduced new crops to the region. Prey - animals that are hunted and eaten by other animals. Example: Wolves often hunt deer as their primary prey. Overpopulation - a condition in which a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment. Example: Overpopulation can lead to resource scarcity. Transport - move or carry from one place to another. Example: Trucks are used to transport goods across long distances. Logistical - related to the organization and coordination of complex operations. Example: Planning the event's logistics was a challenging task. Payload - the carrying capacity of a vehicle or aircraft. Example: The spacecraft's payload included scientific instruments. Symbol - a visual representation that stands for something else. Example: The dove is a symbol of peace. Regeneration - the process of renewal or growth after damage or loss. Example: The forest's regeneration after the wildfire was impressive. Immobile - unable to move or fixed in place. Example: The injured bird was immobile and needed help. Experienced - having knowledge and skill gained from practice or involvement. Example: The experienced chef prepared a delicious meal. Maximum - the highest point or limit. Example: The maximum speed limit on this road is 65 miles per hour. Treacherous - dangerous and unpredictable, often referring to difficult conditions. Example: The mountain pass was treacherous in the winter. Ancient - very old or existing for a long time. Example: The ancient ruins date back thousands of years. Philanthropists - people who donate money or resources to charitable causes. Example: The philanthropist's generosity helped fund education programs. Agriculture - the practice of farming and cultivating crops and livestock. Example: Agriculture is essential for food production. Cacti - plural of cactus, a type of succulent plant with spiky stems. Example: The desert is home to various species of cacti. Respite - a short period of rest or relief from something difficult or challenging. Example: The vacation provided a much-needed respite from work. Reserve - an area of land set aside and protected for conservation or specific purposes. Example: The national park is a wildlife reserve. Diverse - varied and including different elements or qualities. Example: The city's population is diverse, with people from all over the world. Erupt - to burst forth or release suddenly and violently. Example: The volcano could erupt at any moment. Exotic - unusual, striking, or foreign in nature. Example: The rainforest is home to exotic birds and plants. Archipelago - a group of islands closely scattered in a body of water. Example: The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of thousands of islands. Whaling - the hunting of whales, typically for their oil, blubber, or meat. Example: Whaling has been banned in many countries to protect endangered whale species. Processed - treated or prepared by a series of mechanical or chemical operations. Example: Food that is highly processed may contain additives and preservatives. Exploitation - the action of taking advantage of something or someone for personal gain. Example: The exploitation of natural resources can harm the environment. Estimated - roughly calculated or approximated. Example: The estimated cost of the project is $1 million. Predators - animals that hunt and prey on other animals. Example: Lions are apex predators in the savanna. Reintroduction - the act of bringing a species or population back to its original habitat. Example: The successful reintroduction of wolves helped restore ecosystem balance. Crate - a wooden or plastic box used for packing, storing, or transporting goods. Example: The fragile items were packed in a sturdy wooden crate. Repatration - the process of returning something or someone to their place of origin. Example: The repatriation of cultural artifacts is a complex issue. Unprecedented - never done or experienced before; unique or exceptional. Example: The scale of the disaster was unprecedented in the region's history. Logistical - related to the organization and coordination of complex operations. Example: Planning the event's logistics was a challenging task. Symbol - a visual representation that stands for something else. Example: The dove is a symbol of peace. Impressive - deserving admiration or respect due to its excellence or size. Example: The grand cathedral was an impressive architectural achievement. Mobile - capable of moving or being moved easily. Example: Mobile phones have become an essential part of modern life. Contribution - something that is given, offered, or provided, typically as a part of a collaborative effort. Example: Her contribution to the team's success was significant. PASSAGE-3 The Intersection of Health Sciences and Geography 1.       Eradicated - completely destroyed or eliminated. ·         Example: Smallpox has been eradicated from the world. 2.       Prevalent - widespread or commonly occurring. ·         Example: In some areas, malaria is still prevalent. 3.       Globalized - integrated on a global scale; interconnected. ·         Example: The globalized economy affects countries around the world. 4.       Super-viruses - extremely powerful or resistant viruses. ·         Example: Super-viruses pose a significant threat to public health. 5.       Antibiotics - medicines used to treat bacterial infections. ·         Example: Antibiotics are prescribed by doctors to combat bacterial diseases. 6.       Geography - the study of the physical features of the Earth and its human inhabitants. ·         Example: Geography helps us understand the world's landscapes and cultures. 7.       Malaria - a tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes. ·         Example: Travelers to malaria-prone areas should take preventive measures. 8.       Tropical - relating to or characteristic of the tropics (regions near the equator). ·         Example: The Amazon rainforest is a tropical ecosystem. 9.       Altitude - the height above sea level. ·         Example: The altitude of the mountain peak is over 4,000 meters. 10.   Deserts - dry, arid regions with little rainfall. ·         Example: The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert. 11.   Pollution - the introduction of harmful substances into the environment. ·         Example: Air pollution is a major concern in many urban areas. 12.   Asthma - a respiratory condition causing difficulty in breathing. ·         Example: He carries an inhaler to manage his asthma. 13.   Industrialization - the process of developing industries in a region or country. ·         Example: Industrialization has led to economic growth but also pollution. 14.   Deforestation - the action of clearing forests for other land uses. ·         Example: Deforestation contributes to loss of biodiversity. 15.   Hybrid - a combination of two or more different things. ·         Example: The car runs on a hybrid engine, using both gasoline and electricity. 16.   Epidemiology - the study of how diseases spread and affect populations. ·         Example: Epidemiologists track disease outbreaks to prevent further spread. 17.   Vulnerable - susceptible to harm or illness. ·         Example: Children and the elderly are often more vulnerable to diseases. 18.   Discrepancy - a lack of agreement or consistency. ·         Example: There is a significant discrepancy between the two reports. 19.   Income brackets - categories based on levels of income. ·         Example: Tax rates vary depending on your income bracket. 20.   Healthcare provision - the availability and delivery of healthcare services. ·         Example: Access to healthcare provision can be challenging in rural areas. 21.   Frontline - at the forefront or leading position. ·         Example: Healthcare workers are on the frontline of the fight against diseases. 22.   Policy - a set of rules or guidelines for decision-making. ·         Example: The government implemented a new healthcare policy. 23.   Overlooked - not given enough attention or consideration. ·         Example: The importance of health geography is often overlooked. 24.   Hygiene - conditions or practices to maintain health and prevent disease. ·         Example: Proper hand hygiene is crucial to prevent the spread of infections. 25.   Sanitation - the disposal of waste and maintenance of clean conditions. ·         Example: Poor sanitation can lead to waterborne diseases. 26.   Epidemics - the widespread occurrence of a disease in a specific region. ·         Example: The cholera epidemic in the city led to many fatalities. 27.   Policies - predetermined courses of action or rules. ·         Example: The school has strict policies regarding student behavior. 28.   Infrastructure - the basic physical and organizational structures needed for society. ·         Example: Roads, bridges, and power grids are part of a region's infrastructure. 29.   Pandemics - widespread global outbreaks of diseases. ·         Example: The 1918 influenza pandemic had a significant impact on the world. 30.   Endemic - regularly found and occurring in a particular area. ·         Example: Malaria is endemic in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. 31.   Preventive - intended to stop something from happening. ·         Example: Vaccinations are preventive measures against certain diseases. 32.   Eradication - the complete destruction or elimination of something. ·         Example: The eradication of smallpox was a major achievement in public health. 33.   Resistant - immune to the effects of something. ·         Example: Some bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. 34.   Correlation - a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things. ·         Example: There is a correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 35.   Research - systematic investigation to gather information or discover facts. ·         Example: Scientists conduct research to understand diseases better. 36.   Geographical - related to or determined by geography. ·         Example: The geographical location of the city influences its climate. 37.   Populations - groups of individuals of the same species living in a specific area. ·         Example: The populations of certain animals have declined due to habitat loss. 38.   Categorizing - organizing into distinct groups or categories. ·         Example: The books in the library are categorized by genre. 39.   Provision - the act of providing or supplying something. ·         Example: The provision of clean water is essential for public health. 40.   Recommendations - suggestions or advice about what to do. ·         Example: The doctor's recommendations for a healthy lifestyle include regular exercise. 41.   Correlation - a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things. ·         Example: There is a correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 42.   Global - relating to or involving the entire world. ·         Example: Climate change is a global issue that affects all nations. 43.   Resources - available assets or materials used to accomplish a task. ·         Example: Natural resources include water, minerals, and forests. 44.   Integrate - combine or blend into a unified whole. ·         Example: The school aims to integrate technology into its curriculum. 45.   Analysis - the process of examining data or information in detail. ·         Example: The analysis of the study's results revealed important findings. 46.   Interpretation - explaining or making sense of something. ·         Example: The interpretation of the painting's meaning varies among art critics. 47.   Ecosystem - a community of living organisms and their environment. ·         Example: Rainforests are rich in biodiversity and complex ecosystems. 48.   Biodiversity - the variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat. ·         Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity. 49.   Geographic - relating to the physical features and location of an area. ·         Example: Geographic information systems (GIS) help map and analyze regions. 50.   Hybrid - a combination of two or more different things. ·         Example: The hybrid car runs on both gasoline and electricity. PASSAGE-3 Music and the emotions Neuroscientist - a scientist who studies the nervous system and the brain. Example: The neuroscientist conducted research on brain activity. Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. Example: The concept of love is abstract and can vary from person to person. Explicit - clearly stated or expressed; specific. Example: The contract had explicit terms and conditions. Arousal - the state of being awake, alert, or excited. Example: The horror movie caused a high level of arousal among the audience. Dilate - to become larger or wider; to expand. Example: The eye doctor used drops to dilate the patient's pupils. Pulse - the regular beating or throbbing of the heart. Example: A strong pulse indicates a healthy heart rate. Blood pressure - the force of blood against the walls of the arteries. Example: High blood pressure can lead to health problems. Conductance - the ability to conduct electrical current. Example: Materials with high conductance are good conductors of electricity. Cerebellum - a region in the brain associated with coordination and movement. Example: Damage to the cerebellum can affect balance and coordination. Re-direct - to change the direction of something. Example: The traffic officer had to re-direct cars around the accident. Biological - related to living organisms and their processes. Example: The study of genetics is a branch of biological science. Technology - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. Example: Advances in technology have improved communication. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) - a medical imaging technique used to observe brain activity. Example: fMRI scans help researchers understand brain functions. Ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET) scanning - a medical imaging technique used to visualize biological processes. Example: PET scans are used to detect cancer and brain disorders. Experiment - a scientific procedure to test a hypothesis or gather information. Example: The chemistry experiment involved mixing chemicals to observe reactions. Portray - to depict or represent something in a particular way. Example: The artist portrayed the landscape with vivid colors. Impressively - in a way that evokes admiration or respect. Example: Her presentation was impressively well-prepared. Precise - exact, accurate, and clearly defined. Example: The scientist made precise measurements in the lab. Underpinnings - the foundational or supporting elements of something. Example: The underpinnings of the theory were based on extensive research. Potent - having great power or influence. Example: The drug proved to be a potent pain reliever. Pleasurable - enjoyable and giving a sense of pleasure. Example: The warm breeze made the outdoor picnic quite pleasurable. Stimulus - something that triggers or elicits a response. Example: Bright light can be a stimulus for alertness. Dopamine - a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. Example: Winning a game can release dopamine in the brain. Neurons - nerve cells that transmit information in the nervous system. Example: Neurons send electrical signals to communicate. Ventral - located toward the front or belly side of the body. Example: The ventral side of the brain controls certain functions. Anticipating - expecting or looking forward to something. Example: The students were anticipating the arrival of the guest speaker. Stimuli - plural of stimulus, referring to multiple triggers or inputs. Example: The experiment tested various stimuli on the subjects. Cluster - a group of similar things or elements that are close together. Example: The cluster of stars formed a beautiful constellation. Patterns - recurring or repeated designs or sequences. Example: The rug had intricate patterns woven into it. Unresolved - not settled or brought to a conclusion. Example: The issue remained unresolved after hours of discussion. Obvious - easily seen or understood; clear. Example: The solution to the puzzle was quite obvious. Annoyingly - in a bothersome or irritating manner. Example: The loud noise from the construction site was annoyingly disruptive. Adapt - to adjust or change in response to new conditions. Example: Animals adapt to their environments over time. Composers - individuals who create music. Example: Mozart and Beethoven were famous composers. Introduce - to bring something into use or make it known for the first time. Example: The company plans to introduce a new product next month. Symphony - a complex musical composition for orchestra. Example: Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is a masterpiece. Embodied - represented or expressed through physical form. Example: The painting embodied the artist's emotions. Surge - a sudden, strong increase or rush of something. Example: There was a surge in sales during the holiday season. Trigger - to cause something to happen or activate a response. Example: The loud noise may trigger a fear response in animals. Listener - a person who hears and pays attention to something. Example: The audience was captivated by the speaker. Release - to set something free or make it available. Example: The singer's new album will be released next week. Embark - to start or begin a new project or journey. Example: The team will embark on a challenging mission. Flirtation - playful behavior or interaction with romantic overtones. Example: Their flirtation at the party was evident to everyone. Tonality - the system of musical scales and keys in a composition. Example: The tonality of the piece gave it a melancholic feel. Tonal - relating to tone or musical pitch. Example: The singer's tonal quality was remarkable. Beg - to ask earnestly or urgently for something. Example: She had to beg for forgiveness after her mistake. Complete - to finish or bring to a final state. Example: The project is nearly complete and ready for presentation. Musicality - the quality or characteristics of being musical. Example: Her musicality was evident in her ability to play multiple instruments. Tension - a state of mental or emotional strain or stress. Example: There was tension in the air before the important announcement. Fulfillment - a sense of satisfaction and achievement. Example: Achieving his lifelong dream brought him a deep sense of fulfillment. ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 The History of Glass 1.       Obsidian - a naturally occurring glass formed from volcanic activity. ·         Example: The ancient spearheads were made of sharp obsidian. 2.       Archaeologists - scientists who study the past through artifacts and remains. ·         Example: Archaeologists uncovered ancient pottery in the excavation. 3.       Glazes - thin coatings of glass or ceramic applied to surfaces. ·         Example: The potter used a shiny glaze to finish the ceramic vase. 4.       Molten - melted or liquefied by heat. ·         Example: The metal became molten and could be poured into molds. 5.       Glass blowing - a technique for shaping glass objects by blowing air into molten glass. ·         Example: Glass blowers create intricate glass art. 6.       Impurities - substances that are not pure or contaminants. ·         Example: The impurities in the water were removed through filtration. 7.       Tinted - colored or shaded with a slight hue. ·         Example: The car's windows were tinted for privacy. 8.       Venetians - people from Venice, Italy. ·         Example: The Venetians are known for their beautiful glasswork. 9.       Refractive index - a measure of how much a substance can bend light. ·         Example: Diamonds have a high refractive index, creating sparkle. 10.   Invaluable - extremely valuable or priceless. ·         Example: The antique book was considered invaluable to collectors. 11.   Optical - relating to vision or sight. ·         Example: Optical lenses improve vision for people with eyeglasses. 12.   Microscopes - instruments used to view small objects at a magnified scale. ·         Example: Scientists use microscopes to study cells. 13.   Milestone - a significant event or achievement in the history of something. ·         Example: The invention of the light bulb was a milestone in technology. 14.   Excise Act - a tax law that imposes duties on specific goods. ·         Example: The Excise Act led to higher prices for certain products. 15.   Architecture - the art and science of designing buildings. ·         Example: The architecture of the cathedral was breathtaking. 16.   Revolutionary - bringing about a major and sudden change. ·         Example: The invention of the internet was revolutionary. 17.   Advancement - progress or improvement in knowledge, technology, etc. ·         Example: Medical advancements have increased life expectancy. 18.   Semi-automatic - partially automated or requiring some manual operation. ·         Example: The semi-automatic car had both automatic and manual modes. 19.   Factory-owner - an individual who owns or manages a factory. ·         Example: The factory-owner invested in new machinery. 20.   Bottles per hour - the rate at which bottles are produced in an hour. ·         Example: The factory could produce 1,000 bottles per hour. 21.   Automated - operated or controlled by machines or technology. ·         Example: The automated system increased efficiency. 22.   Precise - exact, accurate, and specific. ·         Example: The scientist made precise measurements. 23.   Scientific sector - the field of science and research. ·         Example: The scientific sector plays a crucial role in innovation. 24.   Craft - a skill or activity that involves making things by hand. ·         Example: Woodworking is a traditional craft. 25.   Hi-tech - involving advanced technology. ·         Example: The company specializes in hi-tech gadgets. 26.   Competitive - characterized by rivalry and competition. ·         Example: The smartphone market is highly competitive. 27.   Market share - a company's portion of the total market for a product or service. ·         Example: The company aims to increase its market share. 28.   Packaging - the materials used to protect and contain products. ·         Example: The packaging of the product was eco-friendly. 29.   Beverages - drinks, especially alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks. ·         Example: The restaurant offers a variety of beverages. 30.   Medicines - substances used to treat or prevent illness. ·         Example: The doctor prescribed a new medicine. 31.   Cosmetics - products used for beautifying the body or face. ·         Example: She applied cosmetics to enhance her appearance. 32.   Recycling - the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials. ·         Example: Recycling paper helps conserve trees. 33.   Landfill - a place where waste is buried in the ground. ·         Example: The landfill was causing environmental problems. 34.   Quarried - extracted or mined from a quarry (a pit or excavation). ·         Example: The marble was quarried from the mountains. 35.   Raw materials - basic substances used in manufacturing or production. ·         Example: Steel mills require iron ore as a raw material. 36.   Precious resources - valuable and limited assets. ·         Example: Water is one of our most precious resources. 37.   Quarry - a place where stone, minerals, or other materials are extracted. ·         Example: The quarry provided the marble used in the sculptures. 38.   Invention - the creation of something new or a new method or process. ·         Example: The invention of the telephone revolutionized communication. 39.   Glassworks - places where glass is produced or crafted. ·         Example: The glassworks in Murano, Italy, are renowned for their artistry. 40.   Domestic - related to the home or household. ·         Example: Domestic chores include cleaning and cooking. 41.   Energy - the capacity to do work or produce power. ·         Example: Solar panels harness energy from the sun. 42.   Fuel - a substance that provides energy, typically for combustion. ·         Example: Gasoline is a common fuel for cars. 43.   Production costs - the expenses incurred in manufacturing a product. ·         Example: Reducing production costs can lead to higher profits. 44.   Recycled - used again or reprocessed to create a new product. ·         Example: The company uses recycled materials in its products. 45.   Green issues - environmental concerns or ecological matters. ·         Example: Green issues are becoming increasingly important. 46.   Environment - the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives. ·         Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect the environment. 47.   Conserve - to protect and preserve something from harm or loss. ·         Example: We should conserve water during droughts. 48.   Quarried - extracted or obtained by digging or mining. ·         Example: The marble used in the building was quarried locally. 49.   Eco-friendly - environmentally friendly or not harmful to the environment. ·         Example: The eco-friendly packaging is biodegradable. 50.   Saves - keeps something from being wasted or used up. ·         Example: Turning off lights saves energy and reduces bills. PASSAGE-2 Bring back the big cats Presume - to believe something to be true without direct evidence. Example: I presume he'll arrive by 3 PM, but I'm not sure. Totemic - related to a totem, a symbolic representation of a clan or group. Example: The eagle is their totemic animal. Rewilding - the process of restoring damaged ecosystems by reintroducing missing species and allowing natural processes to occur. Example: Rewilding efforts have helped revive the local wildlife population. Denude - to strip something of its covering or surface. Example: Deforestation can denude vast areas of their forests. Trawling - a method of fishing that involves dragging a net through the water to catch fish. Example: Trawling can have a significant impact on marine ecosystems. Dredging - the process of removing sediment or debris from the bottom of water bodies to deepen or maintain navigation channels. Example: Dredging the river allows larger ships to pass through. Ecology - the branch of biology that studies the interactions between organisms and their environment. Example: Ecologists are concerned about the impact of climate change on ecosystems. Niches - specific roles or positions that organisms occupy in an ecosystem. Example: Each species has its own niche within the ecosystem. Predators - animals that hunt and kill other animals for food. Example: Lions are apex predators in many African savannas. Assemblages - collections or groupings of things, especially organisms in an ecosystem. Example: Coral reefs support diverse assemblages of marine life. Intensive - involving a high level of effort, concentration, or activity. Example: Intensive farming practices can have environmental consequences. Lurking - hiding or moving stealthily to avoid detection. Example: The lynx is skilled at lurking in the forest, waiting for prey. Reserves - areas set aside for the protection of natural resources or wildlife. Example: National parks serve as reserves for biodiversity. Charismatic - having a compelling charm or attractiveness, often used to describe animals that people find appealing. Example: The panda is a charismatic species often used to promote conservation efforts. Catalyse - to facilitate or stimulate a process or change. Example: The new initiative aims to catalyze rewilding efforts across the country. Extinction - the complete disappearance or elimination of a species. Example: The extinction of the dodo bird is a well-known example. Ecological - related to the study of ecosystems and their interactions. Example: Ecological research helps us understand the balance of nature. Ascent - the act of rising or climbing upward. Example: The hiker began the steep ascent to the mountain peak. Conservation - the protection and preservation of natural resources and biodiversity. Example: Conservation efforts aim to save endangered species. Catalyst - a substance or factor that speeds up or initiates a chemical or biological reaction. Example: Enzymes act as catalysts in many biological processes. Preservation - the act of keeping something in its original state or preventing its decay. Example: The preservation of historical buildings is important for cultural heritage. Denuding - stripping or removing the natural covering or surface of something. Example: Deforestation leads to the denuding of forests. Dynamism - the quality of being dynamic, energetic, or forceful. Example: The dynamism of the team led to their victory. Preservationist - a person or advocate dedicated to preserving natural or historical resources. Example: Preservationists fought to protect the old-growth forest from logging. Explosion - a sudden and violent release of energy or force. Example: The explosion of the volcano was a natural disaster. Lynx - a large spotted cat known for its tasselled ears. Example: The lynx is a rare and elusive species in Europe. Introduce - to bring something into a new environment or situation. Example: We plan to introduce new technology to improve efficiency. Rewild - to restore an area to its natural state by reintroducing native species. Example: The project aims to rewild the national park. Explored - investigated or studied thoroughly. Example: The scientists explored the depths of the ocean. Resurgence - a revival or renewed growth of something. Example: There has been a resurgence of interest in traditional crafts. Fragmented - broken or divided into smaller parts or pieces. Example: Fragmented habitats can lead to a loss of biodiversity. Bison - a large, shaggy-haired mammal related to cattle. Example: Bison once roamed the American plains in vast herds. Reintroduce - to bring something back after it has been absent. Example: The plan is to reintroduce wolves to the national park. Recycling - the process of converting waste materials into reusable resources. Example: Recycling paper helps save trees. Aquatic - relating to water or living in water. Example: Aquatic animals include fish, dolphins, and turtles. Ecosystems - communities of organisms and their physical environments. Example: Coral reefs are diverse and fragile ecosystems. Atmosphere - the layer of gases surrounding the Earth or another planet. Example: The atmosphere protects us from harmful solar radiation. Fragmentation - the breaking up or division of something into smaller parts. Example: Habitat fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity. Repopulate - to replace or replenish a population. Example: Efforts are underway to repopulate the endangered species. Inhabitants - residents or people who live in a specific place. Example: The inhabitants of the island rely on fishing for their livelihood. Recovery - the process of returning to a normal or healthy state. Example: After the hurricane, the community focused on recovery efforts. Balance - a state of equilibrium or stability. Example: Maintaining a balance between work and personal life is essential. Sustainability - the ability to maintain or support something over the long term. Example: Sustainability is a key goal in environmental conservation. Tourists - people who travel for leisure or recreation. Example: Tourists visit national parks to experience nature. Lurk - to hide or wait in a secretive or sneaky manner. Example: Predators often lurk in the tall grass, waiting for prey. Re-establish - to establish or set up again. Example: The organization aims to re-establish a native plant species. Promote - to support or advocate for the advancement of something. Example: The campaign aims to promote sustainable farming practices. Expanding - growing or increasing in size or scope. Example: The expanding urban area encroached on wildlife habitats. Landscape - the visible features of an area of land, often including natural elements. Example: The landscape of the national park is breathtaking. Intensive - involving a high level of effort, concentration, or activity. Example: Intensive farming practices can have environmental consequences. PASSAGE-3 UK companies need more effective boards of directors Governance - the system or process of governing and managing organizations. Example: The company's governance structure was reevaluated for efficiency. Meltdown - a sudden and disastrous collapse or failure. Example: The economic meltdown in 2008 had far-reaching consequences. Post-mortems - examinations or investigations conducted after an event or crisis. Example: After the project failed, they conducted post-mortems to understand what went wrong. Knock-on - having a secondary or indirect effect or consequence. Example: The strike had a knock-on effect on the entire supply chain. Intense - extreme or strong in degree, intensity, or focus. Example: The debate over the issue became intense among politicians. Effectiveness - the degree to which something achieves its intended purpose. Example: The effectiveness of the new marketing strategy will be measured by sales. Part-time - involving less than full-time commitment or employment. Example: She works part-time at the bookstore while studying. Agendas - lists of items to be discussed or accomplished during a meeting. Example: The meeting agenda included budget discussions. Overloaded - burdened with too much work or too many tasks. Example: Her schedule was overloaded with appointments and deadlines. Collaboration - working together with others to achieve a common goal. Example: Team collaboration is essential for project success. Radical - involving fundamental or far-reaching change or reform. Example: The company underwent a radical transformation in its business model. Remuneration - payment or compensation for work or services. Example: The company offers competitive remuneration packages to attract top talent. Independence - the state of being free from external control or influence. Example: The committee's independence ensures impartial decision-making. Tyranny - oppressive or unjust use of power or authority. Example: The citizens protested against the tyranny of the oppressive government. Distort - to twist or misrepresent information, facts, or reality. Example: The media can sometimes distort the truth in their reporting. Incentivized - motivated or encouraged by the promise of rewards or benefits. Example: Performance-based bonuses incentivize employees to work harder. Transparency - the quality of being open, honest, and easily understood. Example: The company's financial statements are published for transparency. Underperforming - not meeting expectations or performing below standards. Example: The stock was considered underperforming in the market. Exposed - vulnerable to criticism, scrutiny, or risk. Example: The CEO felt exposed after the company's financial troubles were revealed. Corporate ethics - principles and standards of moral conduct in business. Example: Ethical corporate behavior enhances a company's reputation. Eroded - gradually worn away or reduced over time. Example: Trust in the government has eroded due to scandals. Combat - a struggle or conflict, often involving opposition or resistance. Example: The legal battle was a combat between the two companies. Binding - having legal force or requiring compliance. Example: The contract had a binding agreement that both parties had to follow. Irony - a situation in which there is a contrast between expectations and reality. Example: The irony was that the product designed for health caused illness. Morality - principles or standards of right and wrong behavior. Example: Ethics classes discuss questions of morality and ethical dilemmas. Widen - to make or become broader or more extensive. Example: The company aims to widen its market reach. Perspective - a particular way of viewing or understanding a situation. Example: Her perspective on the issue was influenced by her personal experiences. Realignment - the process of adjusting or reorganizing something to a new configuration. Example: The company's realignment of its marketing strategy led to increased sales. Challenging - difficult and requiring effort or determination to overcome. Example: The project was challenging, but it was completed successfully. Sustainability - the ability to maintain or support something over the long term. Example: Environmental sustainability is a key concern for many organizations. Market economy - an economic system based on supply and demand with minimal government intervention. Example: Capitalism is often associated with a market economy. Incentive - something that motivates or encourages a person to take action. Example: Bonuses are provided as an incentive for employees to meet targets. Removal - the act of taking something away or eliminating it. Example: The removal of outdated equipment improved efficiency. Criticism - the act of expressing disapproval or judgment about something. Example: Constructive criticism can help individuals improve their performance. Globalization - the process of international integration and interconnectedness. Example: Globalization has led to increased trade between countries. Automated - operated or controlled by machines or technology with minimal human intervention. Example: Automated systems streamline production processes. Profile - the characteristics, traits, or information that defines a person or entity. Example: The company's profile in the industry has grown significantly. Muscle - metaphorically refers to influence, power, or strength in a particular area. Example: Shareholders used their muscle to demand changes in corporate governance. Resign - to voluntarily give up a position or job. Example: He decided to resign from his role as CEO due to personal reasons. Exposure - the state of being subjected to a particular situation or condition. Example: The exposure to harsh weather conditions affected the equipment. Debate - a discussion or argument about a particular topic or issue. Example: The debate over healthcare policy continues in the legislature. Moratorium - a temporary suspension or delay of a particular activity. Example: The government declared a moratorium on new construction projects. Compliance - the act of following or adhering to rules, regulations, or laws. Example: The company's compliance with safety standards is crucial. Disclosure - the act of revealing or making information known. Example: Financial disclosure is required for transparency in business. Incentivize - to provide incentives or motivation for a particular action. Example: The company incentivizes employees with performance bonuses. Oversight - the act of supervising or monitoring something closely. Example: Government agencies provide oversight to ensure compliance with laws. Obligation - a duty or responsibility to fulfill a commitment or promise. Example: Meeting deadlines is an obligation for employees. Reform - the process of making changes and improvements to a system or structure. Example: The education system underwent significant reforms. Asset - a valuable resource or item that provides value or benefit. Example: Real estate can be a valuable asset for investors. Integration - the act of combining or coordinating different elements into a unified whole. Example: The integration of technology into the curriculum improved learning outcomes.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 Crop-growing skyscrapers Vertical Farming: A farming method where crops are grown in multi-storey buildings with controlled environmental conditions. Example: The Vertical Farm concept aims to address the growing demand for food in urban areas. Urban Centres: Highly populated areas characterized by dense human habitation and infrastructure. Example: New technologies are needed to support the increasing population in urban centres. Demographic Trends: The statistical study of populations, including patterns of birth, death, and migration. Example: Understanding demographic trends is crucial for future urban planning. Hectares: A unit of measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. Example: The Vertical Farm requires several hectares of land for its construction. Sustainable Production: Environmentally friendly and economically viable methods of producing goods. Example: Vertical farming aims to achieve sustainable production of food throughout the year. Ecozones: Regions characterized by distinctive ecological conditions, including climate and vegetation. Example: The rapid expansion of agriculture has impacted natural ecozones, turning some into semi-arid deserts. Despoiled: To damage or ruin the quality or appearance of something. Example: Over the years, human activities have despoiled many natural landscapes. Semi-Arid: Having a climate or region that is partially dry, with limited rainfall. Example: The expansion of agriculture has turned some ecozones into semi-arid regions. Ecosystems: A community of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment. Example: Vertical farming aims to contribute to the repair of ecosystems damaged by horizontal farming practices. Rigours: Harsh and demanding conditions or challenges. Example: Food-bearing plants are often subjected to the rigours of unpredictable weather. Monsoons: Seasonal winds accompanied by heavy rainfall, especially in South and Southeast Asia. Example: Severe monsoons can cause extensive damage to crops and infrastructure. Infectious Diseases: Illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can spread from person to person. Example: Vertical farming aims to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases related to agriculture. Herbicides: Chemical substances used to control or destroy plants, especially weeds. Example: Vertical farming eliminates the need for herbicides by promoting organic cultivation. Pesticides: Chemical substances used to kill or control pests. Example: The use of pesticides can be eliminated through organic farming methods. Fertilisers: Substances added to soil or plants to promote growth and increase fertility. Example: Vertical farming promotes the use of organic practices, reducing reliance on chemical fertilisers. Methane Generation: The production of methane, often as a byproduct of organic material decomposition. Example: Vertical farms aim to contribute to energy generation through methane produced from composting. Fossil Fuel Use: The consumption of non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Example: Vertical farming aims to reduce fossil fuel use by eliminating the need for traditional farming machinery. Overhead Light: Natural or artificial illumination from above. Example: Single-storey greenhouses benefit from natural overhead light, enhancing plant growth. Renewable Energy: Energy derived from sources that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight or wind. Example: The feasibility of vertical farming depends on the availability of cheap, renewable energy. Rails: Tracks or bars on which something, like trays or vehicles, can move. Example: Stacked trays on rails enable plants to receive sufficient sunlight in vertical farming. Proponents: Supporters or advocates of a particular idea, concept, or cause. Example: Proponents of vertical farming argue that it is a sustainable solution to food production challenges. Aspiration: A strong desire or ambition to achieve something. Example: The aspiration for sustainable agriculture drives research in innovative farming methods. Detrimental Impact: Harmful or damaging effects on a particular situation or system. Example: More efforts are needed to minimize the detrimental impact of vertical farming on the environment. As Regards: In relation to or concerning a particular topic. Example: Consideration must be given to environmental concerns as regards the implementation of vertical farming. Artificial Lighting: Illumination provided by human-made sources, such as electric lights. Example: Vertical farming faces challenges in providing adequate artificial lighting for optimal plant growth. Variations: Different forms or types within a broader category. Example: Various variations of vertical farming are being explored to improve its efficiency. Greenhouse: A structure with transparent walls and roof, used for growing plants in a controlled environment. Example: Traditional greenhouses provide controlled conditions for plant growth, but vertical farms take it to a new level. Undoubted Problems: Issues or challenges that are unquestionably present or acknowledged. Example: Vertical farming seeks to address the undoubted problems associated with traditional agricultural practices. Urban Rooftops: The tops of buildings in urban areas. Example: Experts consider utilizing urban rooftops as potential spaces for future food production. Human Habitation: The act of living or dwelling in a particular place. Example: Vertical farming aims to support increasing human habitation in urban centers by providing locally grown food. Innovative: Introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies; characterized by creativity. Example: Vertical farming requires innovative solutions to meet the challenges of sustainable food production. Feasibility: The likelihood of something being successful or achievable. Example: The feasibility of vertical farming depends on factors like energy availability and cost-effectiveness. Mitigate: To lessen the severity or impact of something. Example: Efforts should be made to mitigate the environmental impact of vertical farming. Resilience: The ability to recover from or adapt to challenges and setbacks. Example: Vertical farming systems need to demonstrate resilience in the face of changing environmental conditions. Optimum: The best or most favorable conditions or degree. Example: Vertical farms aim to provide optimum growing conditions for crops throughout the year. Unprecedented: Never before seen or experienced; without precedent. Example: The scale-up of indoor farming to feed billions is an unprecedented challenge that requires innovative solutions. Sustainability: The ability to maintain or support over the long term without causing harm to the environment or depleting resources. Example: Vertical farming strives for sustainability by minimizing resource use and environmental impact. Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society. Example: Urban centers require robust infrastructure to support the growing population. Composting: The process of decomposing organic material into nutrient-rich soil. Example: Methane generation from composting is one way vertical farming contributes to energy production. Viability: The ability to work successfully or be effective. Example: Assessing the economic viability of vertical farming is crucial for its widespread adoption. Monoculture: The cultivation of a single type of crop in a large area. Example: Vertical farming aims to avoid the pitfalls of monoculture through diverse and controlled growing conditions. Alleviate: To make a situation or condition less severe or more bearable. Example: Vertical farming could help alleviate food shortages in densely populated urban areas. Aeroponics: A method of growing plants without soil, using a nutrient-rich mist to deliver nutrients directly to plant roots. Example: Aeroponics is a technique explored in vertical farming for efficient nutrient delivery to crops. Integration: The process of combining different elements into a cohesive whole. Example: Successful vertical farming requires the integration of advanced technologies for optimal results. Circularity: The concept of a closed-loop system where resources are reused and recycled. Example: Vertical farming aims to achieve circularity by minimizing waste and maximizing resource efficiency. Urban Renewal: The revitalization and improvement of urban areas, often involving the redevelopment of infrastructure. Example: Vertical farms contribute to urban renewal by repurposing spaces for sustainable food production. Reliance: Dependence on or trust in someone or something. Example: Vertical farming aims to reduce reliance on traditional agriculture methods that may have environmental drawbacks. Contribute: To actively participate in or be a part of something. Example: Vertical farming can contribute to a more sustainable and resilient food production system. Integration: The coordination and combining of different components or systems. Example: The successful integration of renewable energy sources is crucial for the viability of vertical farming. Plausible: Likely to happen or be true; reasonable or acceptable. Example: While vertical farming faces challenges, it is considered a plausible solution to future food production needs. PASSAGE-2 THE FALKIRK WHEEL A unique engineering achievement 1. Navigability: The ability to navigate or travel on a body of water. Example: The project aimed to restore navigability across Scotland's waterways. 2. Millennium Link: Refers to the ambitious £84.5m project to restore navigability across Scotland's canals. Example: The Falkirk Wheel is a central part of the Millennium Link project. 3. Waterways: Bodies of water, such as rivers and canals, that are navigable. Example: The historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union Canals were reconnected. 4. Enclosed: Closed or surrounded. Example: Locks are enclosed sections of the canal used to control water levels. 5. Dismantled: Taken apart or disassembled. Example: The locks had been dismantled in 1933, breaking the link between canals. 6. Landmark: A recognizable and significant feature. Example: The Falkirk Wheel is a twenty-first-century landmark. 7. Regeneration: Revitalization or renewal, especially in an economic context. Example: The wheel symbolizes the economic regeneration of the region. 8. Submitted: Presented or proposed for consideration. Example: Numerous ideas were submitted for the project. 9. Propeller: A rotating device with blades that propels a ship through water. Example: The wheel's shape was inspired by the turning propeller of a ship. 10. Ribcage: The structure of bones that protects the chest. Example: The wheel's shape was inspired by the ribcage of a whale. 11. Spine: The backbone or central support. Example: The wheel's shape was inspired by the spine of a fish. 12. Assembled: Put together or constructed. Example: The various parts of the wheel were assembled at Butterley Engineering. 13. Toy building set: A collection of toy pieces used to build structures. Example: The wheel's parts were assembled like one giant toy building set. 14. Precision: Accuracy and exactness. Example: The steel pieces were assembled with a precision of 10 mm. 15. Bolts: Fasteners used to hold pieces together. Example: Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts. 16. Robust: Strong and sturdy. Example: The steel sections were bolted to make the structure more robust. 17. Displacement: The movement of water by a floating object. Example: The wheel's balance relies on Archimedes' principle of displacement. 18. Hydraulic: Relating to the use of water or other fluids in motion. Example: Hydraulic steel gates are raised to seal the gondola off. 19. Gondolas: Large containers or compartments. Example: Two water-filled gondolas with a capacity of 360,000 liters. 20. Clamp: A device to hold something in place. Example: A hydraulic clamp prevents the wheel's arms from moving. 21. Docked: Attached or secured in a specific location. Example: The gondola is docked, and the clamp is removed to allow rotation. 22. Axle: A central shaft around which a wheel rotates. Example: Hydraulic motors rotate the central axle of the wheel. 23. Revolution: A complete circle or rotation. Example: The wheel rotates at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute. 24. Aqueduct: A bridge-like structure for conveying water. Example: Boats pass onto the aqueduct situated 24 meters above the canal basin. 25. Lift: Raising something, in this context, the elevation of boats. Example: The remaining 11 meters of lift is achieved by a pair of locks. 26. Antonine Wall: A historically important wall built by the Romans. Example: The Wheel couldn't elevate boats over the full 35-meter difference due to the presence of the Antonine Wall. 27. Tunnel: A passage through or under something. Example: Boats travel under the Antonine Wall via a tunnel. 28. Orbit: The path an object takes around another object. Example: Two eight-meter-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog. 29. Cogs: Toothed wheels engaged with each other. Example: The gearing system includes two eight-meter-wide cogs. 30. Opposed: Positioned in resistance or opposition. Example: The two sets of axe-shaped arms are diametrically opposed. 31. Hydraulic Motors: Motors powered by fluid pressure. Example: The central machine room houses an array of ten hydraulic motors. 32. Upright: In a vertical or straight position. Example: The gearing system keeps the gondolas in the upright position. 33. Aqueduct: A bridge-like structure for conveying water. Example: Boats pass onto the aqueduct situated 24 meters above the canal basin. 34. Constantly changing stresses: Varied pressures and forces that are consistently in flux. Example: The wheel needs to withstand constantly changing stresses as it rotates. 35. Immense: Extremely large or massive. Example: The wheel would need to withstand immense and changing stresses. 36. Economical: Using little power or resources efficiently. Example: The wheel rotates using very little power, making it economical. 37. Kilowatt-hours: A unit of energy. Example: It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours of energy to rotate the Wheel. 38. Domestic Kettles: Small household appliances for boiling water. Example: The energy used is roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water. 39. Assemble: To put together or construct. Example: The steel pieces were carefully assembled at Butterley Engineering. 40. Transport: The movement or conveyance of goods or people. Example: The structure was transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk before being assembled again. 41. Canals: Artificial waterways constructed for navigation. Example: The project aimed to reconnect the historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union Canals. 42. Link: Connection or joining. Example: The Falkirk Wheel is a crucial link in the Millennium Link project. 43. Ambient: Surrounding or existing in the surrounding area. Example: The wheel needs to withstand ambient and constantly changing stresses. 44. Efficiency: The ability to accomplish a task with minimal waste. Example: The design ensures the efficient rotation of the wheel with minimal power consumption. 45. Diametrically: Completely or directly opposite. Example: The two sets of arms are diametrically opposed, providing balance to the wheel. 46. Gearing system: A mechanism for controlling the speed and direction of motion. Example: The gearing system keeps the gondolas level as the wheel rotates. 47. Robustness: The quality of being strong and sturdy. Example: The bolted steel sections add robustness to the structure. 48. Flux: Continuous change or flow. Example: The wheel needs to withstand stresses that are in constant flux. 49. Commemoration: The act of remembering and honoring. Example: The Falkirk Wheel serves as a fitting commemoration of the Millennium. 50. Symbolize: Represent or stand for something. Example: The wheel symbolizes both the Millennium's commemoration and the economic regeneration of the region. Top of Form PASSAGE-3 Reducing the Effects of Climate Change 1. Geo-engineering: The intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment. Example: Geo-engineering projects aim to address the challenges posed by climate change. 2. Proponents: Supporters or advocates of a particular idea or cause. Example: The proponents of geo-engineering argue for the need for a backup plan in case reducing fossil fuel dependency fails. 3. Disperse: To spread or scatter in different directions. Example: Dry ice, silver iodide, and cement powder were deposited to disperse clouds during MayDay parades. 4. Refracting: Bending or changing the direction of light. Example: Professor Roger Angel's sunshade scheme aims to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting shield in orbit. 5. Eye-catching: Attracting attention or striking. Example: Professor Angel's idea of using trillions of minute spacecraft is the most eye-catching proposal. 6. Replenish: To fill or restore to the original level. Example: Replenishing the ice sheets is seen as a strategy to reflect more light back into space. 7. Aerosol: A substance enclosed under pressure and released as a fine spray. Example: Releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere is a proposed method to induce global dimming. 8. Stratosphere: The second major atmospheric layer above the Earth's surface. Example: Aerosol sprays would be released into the stratosphere to influence climate conditions. 9. Dimming: Reduction or lessening in brightness. Example: The release of aerosols aims to create a global dimming effect. 10. Scrutinised: Examined or inspected closely. Example: Scientists have scrutinized the potential of preserving ice sheets with high-tension cables. 11. Reinforced: Strengthened or made more robust. Example: High-tension cables are proposed to reinforce ice sheets and prevent icebergs from moving into the sea. 12. Caution: Prudence or careful consideration. Example: Scientists express caution about the potential risks and impacts of geo-engineering projects. 13. Permanent solution: A long-term and lasting resolution. Example: Dr. Phil Rasch emphasizes that developing renewable energy is the only permanent solution to climate change. 14. Impact: The effect or influence of one thing on another. Example: Geo-engineering plans may have an impact on rainfall patterns and sea ice extent. 15. Overshoot: To go beyond or exceed a target or limit. Example: There is a risk of overshooting desired climate conditions with certain geo-engineering projects. 16. Tropics: The region of the Earth surrounding the equator. Example: Geo-engineering may affect rainfall patterns across the tropics. 17. Distribution: The arrangement or spread of something. Example: Geo-engineering projects may have an impact on the distribution of precipitation. 18. Scenario: A possible sequence of events or outcomes. Example: Dr. Dan Hunt discusses the scenario where global temperatures are brought back to pre-industrial levels. 19. Reinforces: Strengthens or supports a belief or viewpoint. Example: Dr. Hunt's findings reinforce the view that avoiding the need for geo-engineering is the best option. 20. Conservation organizations: Groups focused on protecting the environment and natural resources. Example: Even leading conservation organizations recognize the value of exploring geo-engineering possibilities. 21. Investigating: Examining or researching. Example: Dr. Martin Sommerkorn suggests investigating the potential of geo-engineering given the challenges posed by climate change. 22. Induced: Brought about or caused. Example: Human-induced climate change has prompted a reevaluation of strategies like geo-engineering. 23. Exclude: To deliberately leave out or not consider. Example: Dr. Sommerkorn argues that humanity shouldn't exclude thorough thinking about geo-engineering and its possibilities. 24. Challenges: Difficulties or obstacles that need to be overcome. Example: Climate change poses significant challenges that require innovative solutions like geo-engineering. 25. Ambitious: Having high aspirations or goals. Example: Geo-engineering projects represent ambitious attempts to address the consequences of climate change. 26. Inevitable: Unavoidable or certain to happen. Example: Significant global warming is now considered inevitable due to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 27. Stemming: Slowing down or stopping the progress of something. Example: Many countries face challenges in stemming the rate of carbon emissions. 28. Alternative: An option or choice that can be considered instead of the primary one. Example: Geo-engineering is seen as an alternative to reducing dependence on fossil fuels. 29. Manipulation: Controlled or skillful handling. Example: Geo-engineering involves intentional manipulation of environmental conditions. 30. Scaling up: Increasing the size or scope of a project. Example: The challenge is scaling up successful geo-engineering projects for a global impact. 31. Melting: The process of turning from a solid to a liquid due to heat. Example: Geo-engineering projects aim to reverse the melting of ice at the poles. 32. Reversing: Turning back or undoing a process. Example: Some geo-engineering projects focus on reversing the impacts of climate change, such as melting ice. 33. High latitudes: Regions located at or near the Earth's poles. Example: Replenishing ice sheets in high latitudes is believed to reflect more light back into space. 34. Diminishing: Decreasing or reducing in size. Example: Geo-engineering projects seek to address the diminishing ice sheets and frozen waters in polar regions. 35. Scrutiny: Careful examination or inspection. Example: Geo-engineering plans are subject to scrutiny to evaluate their feasibility and potential risks. 36. Proposed method: A suggested approach or technique. Example: The proposed method of releasing aerosol sprays in the stratosphere aims to induce global dimming. 37. Modelled on: Designed based on a particular example or pattern. Example: The idea of releasing aerosols is modelled on historic volcanic explosions that led to cooling. 38. Pre-industrial levels: Conditions that existed before the Industrial Revolution. Example: The goal is to bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels through geo-engineering. 39. Cautionary note: A warning or expression of caution. Example: Dr. Rasch strikes a cautionary note about potential impacts on precipitation patterns. 40. Return to: Going back to a previous state or condition. Example: Dr. Rasch suggests that if geo-engineering were to end, the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition rapidly. 41. Injection: Introducing or forcing a substance into a specific place. Example: The proposal to inject sulphur into the atmosphere is part of geo-engineering plans. 42. Distribution of precipitation: The way rainfall is spread across an area. Example: Geo-engineering might impact the distribution of precipitation, affecting different regions. 43. Extent of sea ice: The amount or coverage of ice on the Earth's seas. Example: Geo-engineering plans may increase the extent of sea ice, influencing climate conditions. 44. Worry about: Expressing concern or anxiety about a potential issue. Example: Dr. Rasch mentions that the rapid return to pre-engineered conditions is something to worry about. 45. Cautious about: Exercising care or restraint in dealing with a situation. Example: Scientists are cautious about the potential risks and uncertainties associated with geo-engineering. 46. Implement: To put a plan or idea into action. Example: The question remains whether geo-engineering schemes will ever be implemented on a global scale. 47. Permanent solution: A long-lasting and enduring resolution. Example: Dr. Angel emphasizes that geo-engineering is not a permanent solution, and renewable energy development is necessary. 48. Carbon cuts: Reductions in carbon emissions. Example: The ability of politicians to agree on and implement necessary carbon cuts is doubted by many in the scientific community. 49. Investigating the potential: Examining the possibilities or capabilities of a particular approach. Example: Leading conservation organizations see value in investigating the potential of geo-engineering. 50. Thinking thoroughly: Conducting comprehensive and careful consideration. Example: Dr. Sommerkorn suggests thinking thoroughly about geo-engineering and its possibilities in addressing climate change challenges ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 PASSAGE-1 Raising the Mary Rose How a sixteenth-century warship was recovered from the seabed 1. Seabed: The bottom of a sea or ocean. Example: The Mary Rose rested on the seabed for centuries. 2. Solent: A strait separating the Isle of Wight from the mainland of southern England. Example: The sea battle involving the Mary Rose took place in the Solent. 3. Overladen: Loaded or burdened with excessive weight. Example: Some believe the Mary Rose sank because it was overladen and sailing too low in the water. 4. Undisciplined: Lacking discipline or order. Example: Some accounts suggest that the Mary Rose mishandled by an undisciplined crew. 5. Eroded: Worn away or deteriorated over time. Example: The exposed port side of the Mary Rose was eroded by marine organisms and degradation. 6. Timbers: Wooden pieces used in the construction of a ship. Example: Diver John Deane discovered several timbers when exploring the Mary Rose. 7. Bronze gun: A firearm made of bronze. Example: John Deane uncovered a bronze gun among the artifacts of the Mary Rose. 8. Obscurity: The state of being unknown or forgotten. Example: The Mary Rose faded into obscurity for a hundred years after its discovery in 1836. 9. Project 'Solent Ships': An initiative to examine known wrecks in the Solent, led by Alexander McKee. Example: The Solent Ships project aimed to explore wrecks, with a focus on finding the Mary Rose. 10. Side-scan sonar: A technology used for mapping the seafloor. Example: Harold E. Edgerton's side-scan sonar systems helped identify the location of the Mary Rose. 11. Excavations: Systematic digging or uncovering of archaeological sites. Example: Excavations in 1971 uncovered part of the Mary Rose's frame. 12. Artefacts: Objects made by humans, often of historical or cultural significance. Example: The Mary Rose revealed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artifacts. 13. Climax: The high point or culmination of an event. Example: The climax of the operation was the uncovering of part of the ship's frame in 1971. 14. Mary Rose Trust: Formed in 1979 to oversee the Mary Rose project, with Prince Charles as its President. Example: The Mary Rose Trust aimed to preserve and showcase the historical ship. 15. Salvage: The act of saving or rescuing from destruction. Example: The decision to salvage the Mary Rose required careful consideration. 16. Open shell: The remaining hull of the Mary Rose without a covering. Example: The open shell of the Mary Rose presented challenges for the salvage operation. 17. Hydraulic jacks: Devices using fluid pressure to lift heavy objects. Example: Hydraulic jacks were used to raise the Mary Rose a few centimeters during the lifting operation. 18. Lifting frame: A structure used to lift the hull of the Mary Rose. Example: The hull was attached to a lifting frame via bolts and wires. 19. Stabbing guides: Guides used for precise positioning during the lifting operation. Example: The lifting cradle had stabbing guides to assist in positioning the hull. 20. Archaeological survey drawings: Drawings used to design the lifting cradle based on archaeological measurements. Example: The lifting cradle was designed using archaeological survey drawings to fit the hull accurately. 21. Air bags: Inflatable bags providing additional cushioning for delicate timber frameworks. Example: The lifting cradle was fitted with air bags to protect the Mary Rose's delicate timber structure. 22. Timber skeleton: The wooden framework of the Mary Rose. Example: The timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water in 1982. 23. Portsmouth: The city where the Mary Rose was returned after salvage. Example: The timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth. 24. Precise positioning: Accurate placement or alignment. Example: The lifting cradle required precise positioning to locate the legs into the stabbing guides. 25. Stages: Distinct phases or steps in a process. Example: The salvage operation of the Mary Rose was conducted in three very distinct stages. 26. Suction effect: The force pulling an object downward, in this context, the hull into the mud. Example: Hydraulic jacks were used to overcome the suction effect of the surrounding mud during the lifting operation. 27. Delicate: Fragile or easily damaged. Example: The Mary Rose's timber framework was delicate, requiring careful handling during the salvage. 28. Raising the hull: Lifting the Mary Rose's hull from the seabed. Example: The decision to salvage the Mary Rose included the challenge of raising the hull. 29. Millions of people held their breath: A figurative expression indicating widespread anticipation and tension. Example: On 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water. 30. Historical significance: Importance or relevance in terms of history. Example: The Mary Rose is of great historical significance as a sixteenth-century warship. 31. Treasure trove: A collection of valuable or precious items. Example: The Mary Rose revealed a treasure trove of artifacts, providing insights into the past. 32. Solving challenges: Overcoming difficulties or obstacles. Example: The salvage operation required solving challenges related to the delicate state of the Mary Rose's hull. 33. Preserving: Protecting and maintaining for future generations. Example: The Mary Rose Trust was formed with the aim of preserving the historical ship and its artifacts. 34. Project initiator: The person or entity that initiated a particular project. Example: Alexander McKee, a military historian and amateur diver, was the project initiator for 'Solent Ships.' 35. Collaborating: Working together on a project or task. Example: Alexander McKee collaborated with Harold E. Edgerton to locate the Mary Rose using side-scan sonar systems. 36. Unaware: Not having knowledge or awareness of something. Example: Initially, the team was unaware that the Mary Rose housed a treasure trove of artifacts. 37. Feasible: Possible or practical. Example: The decision to salvage the Mary Rose was made only when it was deemed feasible after thorough examination. 38. Sank: Descended or went down to the bottom of the sea. Example: The Mary Rose sank into the Solent during the sea battle of 1545. 39. Reveal: To make known or disclose. Example: The excavations in 1971 revealed part of the Mary Rose's frame, confirming the discovery of the wreck. 40. Military fleets: Groups of warships organized for a specific purpose. Example: English and French military fleets engaged in a sea battle in the Solent in 1545. 41. Naval battle: A combat between ships at sea. Example: The Mary Rose participated in a naval battle off the coast of southern England. 42. Favourite of King Henry VIII: A ship preferred or liked by King Henry VIII. Example: The Mary Rose was a favourite of King Henry VIII before it sank. 43. Disputed: Contested or disagreed upon. Example: Accounts of what happened to the Mary Rose vary, and some aspects are disputed among historians. 44. Exposure: Uncovering or making visible. Example: The exposure of the port side of the Mary Rose led to erosion by marine organisms. 45. Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: Historical periods from the years 1601 to 1800. Example: The Mary Rose site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 46. Uncovered: Revealed or brought to light. Example: On 5 May 1971, part of the ship's frame was uncovered during excavations. 47. Anticipation: Eager expectation or excitement about something to come. Example: The lifting of the Mary Rose created anticipation worldwide. 48. Archaelogical Director: Dr. Margaret Rule served as the Archaeological Director of The Mary Rose Trust. Example: Dr. Margaret Rule played a crucial role in overseeing the archaeological aspects of the Mary Rose project. 49. Underwater obstruction: A barrier or hindrance located beneath the water's surface. Example: Fishermen discovered their equipment caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. 50. Ready to be returned home: Prepared to be brought back to its original location or destination. Example: On 11 October 1982, the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth. PASSAGE-2 What destroyed the civilisation of Easter Island? 1. Rapu Nui: The local name for Easter Island. Example: The moai statues are found on Rapu Nui. 2. Moai: Ancient human statues on Easter Island. Example: The moai on Easter Island are known for their impressive size and craftsmanship. 3. Ethnographer: A person who studies and describes the culture of a particular society. Example: Thor Heyerdahl, the Norwegian ethnographer, had different theories about the moai builders. 4. Extraterrestrials: Beings from outside Earth; aliens. Example: Erich von Daniken believed the moai were built by stranded extraterrestrials. 5. Genetic evidence: Evidence related to the study of genes and heredity. Example: Modern science, including genetic evidence, has identified the moai builders as Polynesians. 6. Ancestors: Forefathers or predecessors. Example: Local folklore suggests that the ancestors dragged the statues using ropes and logs. 7. Lush: Abundant and thriving, often describing vegetation. Example: Easter Island was covered in lush palm forests before the arrival of Polynesians. 8. Fertilised: Enriched with nutrients, often referring to soil. Example: The island was too remote to be properly fertilised by windblown volcanic ash. 9. Fragile: Easily breakable or vulnerable. Example: Easter Island was unfortunately settled on an extremely fragile island. 10. Soil erosion: The wearing away of the topsoil by natural forces. Example: Soil erosion decreased crop yields on Easter Island. 11. Civil war: A war between groups within the same country or community. Example: According to Jared Diamond, the Rapanui descended into civil war and cannibalism. 12. Cannibalism: The practice of eating the flesh of one's own species. Example: Jared Diamond suggests that cannibalism occurred on Easter Island before European arrival. 13. Collapse: The sudden failure or breakdown of a system. Example: Diamond describes the collapse of Rapanui civilization as a worst-case scenario. 14. Self-destruction: The act or process of causing harm or damage to oneself. Example: Jared Diamond argues that the Rapanui accelerated their own self-destruction. 15. Asserting dominance: Demonstrating control or authority. Example: Diamond interprets the moai as power displays by chieftains asserting dominance. 16. Wooden sledges: Sledges made of wood, possibly used to transport the moai. Example: Diamond suggests that the moai were laid on wooden sledges. 17. Log rails: Rails made of logs, possibly used for transporting the moai. Example: Diamond proposes that the moai were hauled over log rails. 18. Ropes and logs: Materials possibly used for moving the moai. Example: Researchers assume that the ancestors dragged the statues using ropes and logs. 19. Ecological catastrophe: A disaster affecting the environment. Example: Archaeologists agree that Easter Island experienced an ecological catastrophe. 20. Sediments: Particles that settle at the bottom of a liquid, often referring to the bottom of a lake. Example: Pollen preserved in lake sediments provided evidence of past vegetation. 21. Windblown volcanic ash: Ash carried by the wind from volcanic eruptions. Example: Easter Island's soil was not properly fertilised by windblown volcanic ash. 22. Deforestation: The action of clearing a wide area of trees. Example: The Rapanui cleared the forests for firewood and farming, leading to deforestation. 23. Wooden canoes: Boats made of wood. Example: As trees became scarce, the Rapanui could no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing. 24. Sustainable farming: Agricultural practices that can be maintained over the long term. Example: Hunt and Lipo argue that the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming. 25. Circular stone windbreaks: Structures built to protect fields from strong winds. Example: The Rapanui built circular stone windbreaks to shield their fields. 26. Nuts from the extinct Easter Island palm: Seeds from a palm tree species that no longer exists on Easter Island. Example: Archaeological finds of nuts from the extinct palm show evidence of rat gnawing. 27. Polynesian rats: Rats that arrived with Polynesian settlers. Example: Polynesian rats may have contributed to the extinction of the Easter Island palm. 28. Overrun: Invaded or overwhelmed. Example: Polynesian rats quickly overran the island, affecting its ecosystem. 29. Reseeding: The process of planting seeds again. Example: Polynesian rats prevented the reseeding of slow-growing palm trees on Easter Island. 30. Collapse of Rapanui civilization: The breakdown or decline of the society on Easter Island. Example: Hunt and Lipo see no evidence of Rapanui civilization collapsing when the palm forest disappeared. 31. Rapidly: Quickly or swiftly. Example: Hunt and Lipo believe the population of Rapa Nui grew rapidly until European arrival. 32. Deadly diseases: Illnesses that can cause death. Example: European arrival brought deadly diseases to which the islanders had no immunity. 33. Slave traders: Individuals involved in the buying and selling of slaves. Example: In the nineteenth century, slave traders decimated the population of Easter Island. 34. Shrivelled: Reduced in size or quality, often referring to a population. Example: The population of Easter Island shrivelled to 111 people by 1877. 35. Valuable lessons: Important teachings or insights. Example: The story of Easter Island offers valuable lessons for the world at large. 36. Reckless destroyers: Individuals causing damage without concern for consequences. Example: Hunt and Lipo present a vision of the Rapanui as stewards of the land, not reckless destroyers. 37. Ingenious: Clever, inventive, or resourceful. Example: Hunt and Lipo see the prehistoric Rapanui as ingenious moai builders and stewards of the land. 38. Abject failure: Complete and humiliating failure. Example: Hunt and Lipo argue that Rapu Nui is not a case of abject failure but an unlikely story of success. 39. Vision: Perspective or interpretation of events. Example: Hunt and Lipo present a vision of Easter Island's history that challenges previous views. 40. Stewards of the land: Caretakers or guardians of the environment. Example: Hunt and Lipo suggest that the Rapanui were careful stewards of the land. 41. Island's society: The community or social structure on Easter Island. Example: The collapse of the island's society is a central topic in discussions about Easter Island's history. 42. Worst-case scenario: The most unfavorable or disastrous outcome. Example: Jared Diamond views the collapse of Rapanui civilization as a worst-case scenario for our own future. 43. Wind-lashed: Subjected to strong winds. Example: The Rapanui cultivated wind-lashed fields and built windbreaks to protect their crops. 44. Prehistoric Rapanui: The ancient inhabitants of Easter Island. Example: Hunt and Lipo argue that the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming. 45. Replicas: Copies or reproductions of objects. Example: Recent experiments used replicas of the moai to test their maneuverability. 46. Maneuver: Move or handle with skill. Example: Archaeological experiments showed that a small number of people could maneuver a moai replica with ropes. 47. Fat bellies: The rounded shape of the moai statues. Example: The figures' fat bellies contributed to their stability during movement. 48. D-shaped base: The shape of the moai statues' bases. Example: The D-shaped base allowed the moai to be rolled and rocked side to side during transportation. 49. Tiny grooves: Small indentations or marks. Example: Grooves on nuts from the Easter Island palm indicated rat gnawing. 50. Pioneers: Trailblazers or innovators. Example: Hunt and Lipo consider the prehistoric Rapanui as pioneers of sustainable farming on Easter Island. PASSAGE-3 Neuroaesthetics 1. Neuroaesthetics: An emerging discipline that applies scientific methods to study the neural basis of aesthetic experiences.Example: Neuroaesthetics aims to bring scientific objectivity to the study of art. 2. Masterpieces: Outstanding works of art, often by renowned artists.Example: Many people find Impressionist paintings to be masterpieces. 3. Amygdala: A part of the brain associated with emotions, particularly the processing of emotional responses.Example: The blurred imagery of Impressionist paintings stimulates the brain's amygdala. 4. Geometrical blocks: Abstract shapes with distinct geometric forms.Example: Mondrian's paintings are known for their geometrical blocks of color. 5. Haphazard arrangements: Random or disordered placement of elements.Example: Pollock's paintings are characterized by seemingly haphazard arrangements of splashed paint. 6. Sceptics: Those who doubt or question the validity of something.Example: Sceptics believe that people claim to like abstract art simply because it's famous. 7. Perceptual decisions: Decisions related to the interpretation of sensory information.Example: People often make perceptual decisions based on what they see others doing. 8. Inclination: A tendency or preference towards a particular action or choice.Example: We have an inclination to follow the crowd in making decisions. 9. Caption: A title or brief explanation accompanying an image.Example: Paintings were shown to volunteers with incorrect captions to test their preferences. 10. Acclaimed masterpiece: A highly praised and celebrated work of art.Example: Volunteers might think they are viewing a messy chimp's brushstrokes when it's actually an acclaimed masterpiece. 11. Neural activity: Activity in the brain, often measured in terms of electrical signals or responses.Example: The longer it took volunteers to answer questions about an artwork, the greater their neural activity. 12. Decipher: To interpret or understand something that is unclear or puzzling.Example: The brain sees ambiguous images as puzzles to decipher. 13. Meticulously composed: Carefully and precisely arranged or organized.Example: Eye-tracking studies confirm that Mondrian's works are meticulously composed. 14. Altered versions: Modified or changed forms of the original artworks.Example: Volunteers considered the altered versions less pleasurable when they later rated the work. 15. Activation: The process of making something active or operational.Example: Changing the composition of paintings reduced activation in brain areas linked with meaning and interpretation. 16. Visual intricacy: Complexity or detailed complexity of visual elements.Example: Forsythe's analysis focused on the visual intricacy of different pieces of art. 17. Fractals: Repeated patterns or motifs recurring in different scales.Example: Many appealing artworks show signs of fractals, which are common in nature. 18. Perceptual overload: Excessive or overwhelming sensory information.Example: Too much visual detail in artwork may lead to perceptual overload. 19. Mirror neurons: Neurons that mimic the actions of others.Example: The brain's mirror neurons might play a role in processing movement when viewing handwritten letters. 20. Dynamic: Energetic or characterized by constant change and activity.Example: Some suggest that Pollock's works feel dynamic because the brain reconstructs the energetic actions of the artist. 21. Hypothesis: A proposed explanation based on limited evidence, to be tested further.Example: The hypothesis about Pollock's works will need thorough testing. 22. Adapted: Well-suited or adjusted to a particular environment or condition.Example: Artworks best adapted to our visual system may have prolonged longevity. 23. Trends: Prevailing styles or preferences that are popular during a specific period.Example: Artworks adapted to visual trends may be popular in their respective time. 24. Ambiguous works: Art pieces that are open to multiple interpretations or meanings.Example: Robert Pepperell creates ambiguous works that challenge clear distinctions between abstract and representational art. 25. Freedom: The state of being free, allowing experimentation and exploration.Example: Abstract art offers the freedom to play with different interpretations. 26. Scientific laws: Systematic principles derived from scientific observation and analysis.Example: It would be foolish to reduce art appreciation to a set of scientific laws. 27. Style: A distinctive manner or characteristic of artistic expression.Example: The style of a particular artist contributes to the uniqueness of their work. 28. Artistic environment: The cultural and creative context in which an artist produces their work.Example: The artistic environment of a time period influences the style and themes of artworks. 29. Decoding meaning: Unraveling or understanding the intended significance of artistic content.Example: Like in science, we constantly look for systems and decoding meaning in art. 30. Abstract art: Art that does not attempt to represent external reality, often emphasizing shapes, colors, and forms.Example: Abstract art allows for a departure from realistic depictions. 31. Visual system: The sensory and perceptual mechanisms responsible for processing visual information.Example: Our visual system evolved to process patterns, such as fractals, found in nature. 32. Recognition: The act of identifying or acknowledging something previously encountered.Example: The brain finds the moment of recognition more rewarding when deciphering ambiguous images. 33. Inclination to follow: Tendency to conform or imitate the actions of others.Example: People have an inclination to follow others in making perceptual decisions. 34. Puzzles: Situations or objects that require careful thought and interpretation.Example: Ambiguous artworks are seen as puzzles for the brain to solve. 35. Fuzzy concept: Unclear or not well-defined idea.Example: Art appreciation is often considered a fuzzy concept with no right or wrong answer. 36. Thoroughly tested: Carefully examined or experimented with to determine validity.Example: The hypothesis about Pollock's works will need to be thoroughly tested for confirmation. 37. Play with different interpretations: Experimenting with various ways of understanding or perceiving artistic content.Example: Abstract art offers the freedom to play with different interpretations. 38. Longevity: The prolonged existence or endurance of something over time.Example: Artworks best adapted to our visual system may have longevity even after trends change. 39. Underestimate: To undervalue or not fully appreciate the significance of something.Example: It would be foolish to underestimate the importance of an artist's style and historical context. 40. Sense the artist's vision: Intuitively perceive or recognize the artistic intention behind a work.Example: Viewers can sense the artist's vision in paintings, even if they can't explain why. 41. Dynamic actions: Energetic or forceful movements made by the artist during the creation of the artwork.Example: The brain may reconstruct the dynamic actions of Pollock as it processes his works. 42. Mirror the actions: Mimic or imitate the movements made by the artist.Example: Mirror neurons in the brain may mirror the actions of the artist during the creative process. 43. Testing further: Conducting additional experiments or investigations to gather more evidence.Example: The hypothesis about Pollock's works will need testing further to establish its validity. 44. Constant change: Ongoing variations or fluctuations.Example: Abstract art, like science, is characterized by constant change and exploration. 45. Clear distinctions: Well-defined separations or differences between categories.Example: Pepperell's ambiguous works challenge clear distinctions between abstract and representational art. 46. Open to interpretations: Subject to multiple ways of understanding or perceiving.Example: Ambiguous artworks are open to various interpretations. 47. Prevailing styles: Dominant or popular artistic expressions during a specific era.Example: Abstract art offers a departure from prevailing styles, allowing for creative exploration. 48. Prolonged existence: Extended duration or continuance over a significant period.Example: Artworks adapted to our visual system may have prolonged existence beyond their time. 49. Departure from realistic depictions: Deviation from representing external reality in a lifelike manner.Example: Abstract art allows for a departure from realistic depictions, encouraging creativity. 50. Ambiguous images: Visual representations that are unclear or open to multiple interpretations.Example: Ambiguous images challenge the brain, making the moment of recognition more rewarding. ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 PASSAGE-1 THE STORY OF SILK The history of the world’s most luxurious fabric, from ancient China  to the present day 1.       Luxurious: Extremely comfortable and elegant, often associated with wealth and opulence. Example: Silk is considered the world's most luxurious fabric. 2.       Cocoons: Soft protective shells produced by insect larvae, such as mulberry silkworms. Example: Silk is produced from the cocoons made by silkworms. 3.       Mulberry Silkworms: Insect larvae that produce silk and are native to China. Example: Lei Tzu discovered that silkworms were responsible for the destruction of mulberry trees. 4.       Legend: A traditional story or narrative passed down through generations, often with historical or mythical elements. Example: Legend has it that Lei Tzu discovered silkworms while walking in the gardens. 5.       Reel: A device for winding or unwinding something, often used to draw fibers from cocoons into a single thread. Example: Lei Tzu devised a special reel to draw fibers from the cocoon into a single thread. 6.       Symbol of Status: Something that represents high social standing or prestige. Example: Silk quickly became a symbol of status, and only royalty were entitled to wear it. 7.       Royalty: Members of a royal family, often with special privileges or entitlements. Example: Originally, only royalty were entitled to have clothes made of silk. 8.       Qing Dynasty: The last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1911 AD. Example: Even peasants were entitled to wear silk during the Qing Dynasty. 9.       Unit of Currency: A form of money with a specific value, used in trade or as a standard of value. Example: Silk was used as a unit of currency during the Han Dynasty. 10.   Diplomatic Gifts: Gifts exchanged between diplomats or countries as a gesture of goodwill or for diplomatic purposes. Example: Silk was used as diplomatic gifts by the Chinese emperor. 11.   Silk Road: An ancient trade route connecting East and West, facilitating the exchange of silk, goods, and culture. Example: The Silk Road stretched over 6,000 kilometers from China to the Mediterranean Sea. 12.   Middlemen: Intermediaries or agents who handle the buying and selling of goods between different parties. Example: Goods along the Silk Road were mostly handled by a series of middlemen. 13.   Byzantine Empire: The eastern part of the Roman Empire, lasting from 330 to 1453 AD. Example: The Byzantine Empire ruled over the Mediterranean region and played a role in spreading the secret of silk-making. 14.   Monopoly: Exclusive control or possession of a commodity or service. Example: For many centuries, the weaving and trading of silk fabric was a strict imperial monopoly. 15.   Industrialization: The process of transforming an economy from agriculture-based to industry-based. Example: The European silk industry saw a downfall during the nineteenth century due to industrialization. 16.   Suez Canal: A canal in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, facilitating trade routes. Example: Cheaper Japanese silk was facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal. 17.   Manmade Fibres: Synthetic fibers created through industrial processes, such as nylon. Example: Nylon replaced silk in products like stockings and parachutes during the twentieth century. 18.   World Wars: Global conflicts that interrupted the supply of raw silk from Japan, impacting the European silk industry. Example: The two world wars stifled the European silk industry. 19.   Raw Material: Unprocessed material used in the production of goods. Example: Japan's silk production was interrupted during the world wars due to a lack of raw material. 20.   Industrial Revolution: A period of major economic, technological, and social changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Example: The European silk industry faced challenges during the Industrial Revolution. 21.   Exporter: A country or entity that sells goods to other countries. Example: China has become the world's biggest exporter of raw silk and silk yarn. 22.   Silk Yarn: Threads of silk used for weaving or knitting. Example: China is the world's biggest producer and exporter of raw silk and silk yarn. 23.   Metric Tons: A unit of mass equivalent to 1,000 kilograms. Example: Today, around 125,000 metric tons of silk are produced worldwide. 24.   Peasants: People of low social status, often engaged in agricultural work. Example: Even peasants were entitled to wear silk during the Qing Dynasty. 25.   Esteemed Reputation: High regard or respect. Example: Silk processed in the province of Como in northern Italy enjoys an esteemed reputation. 26.   Recaptured: Regained or regained control of. Example: China has gradually recaptured its position as the world's biggest producer of raw silk. 27.   Pioneers: Leaders or early adopters in a particular field. Example: The prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming. 28.   Facilitated: Made easier or more accessible. Example: The opening of the Suez Canal facilitated trade routes between the East and West. 29.   Legacy: Something handed down from the past, often with historical or cultural significance. Example: The Silk Road left a lasting legacy of cultural exchange between East and West. 30.   Cultivation: The process of growing and nurturing crops or plants. Example: Silk cultivation has existed in China for several millennia. 31.   Haphazardly: In a random or disorganized manner. Example: Pollock's paintings are characterized by seemingly haphazard arrangements of splashed paint. 32.   Collaboration: Working together towards a common goal or project. Example: McKee collaborated with Edgerton to reveal the wreck of the Mary Rose using sonar systems. 33.   Intricacy: Complexity or detailed complexity. Example: Forsythe analyzed the visual intricacy of different pieces of art. 34.   Diversification: The process of varying or expanding a range of products or services. Example: Diversification of trade routes occurred along the Silk Road, connecting different regions. 35.   Ubiquitous: Present, appearing, or found everywhere. Example: Fractals are ubiquitous in nature, appearing in various forms such as mountain peaks and tree branches. 36.   Adaptation: The process of adjusting to new conditions or changes. Example: Artworks best adapted to our visual system may be the most likely to linger once trends change. 37.   Esteemed Reputation: High regard or respect. Example: Silk processed in the province of Como in northern Italy enjoys an esteemed reputation. 38.   Widespread: Found or distributed over a large area or among many people. Example: Silk production became widespread through Africa, Sicily, and Spain as the Arabs spread through these lands. 39.   Acclaim: Praise or approval, often for exceptional achievements. Example: The Byzantines were as secretive as the Chinese, and for many centuries, the weaving and trading of silk fabric was a strict imperial acclaim. 40.   Imposing: Grand or impressive in appearance. Example: The Silk Road stretched over 6,000 kilometers, imposing in its scale and impact on trade. 41.   Trade Route: A path followed by merchants or traders for the exchange of goods. Example: The Silk Road was a significant trade route connecting East and West. 42.   Preceded: Came before or existed prior to. Example: The Silk Road preceded other major trade routes and played a crucial role in connecting civilizations. 43.   Silhouette: The outline or general shape of something. Example: The silhouettes of mulberry silkworms are distinct during the cocooning process. 44.   Cultivate: To promote the growth or development of something. Example: Lei Tzu persuaded her husband to allow her to cultivate silkworms on a grove of mulberry trees. 45.   Endeavor: A concerted effort or attempt towards a goal. Example: The endeavor to restore Japan's silk production after the Second World War was successful. 46.   Monotonous: Lacking in variety or interest, dull. Example: Too little visual intricacy can make the artwork monotonous and less appealing. 47.   Intricate: Complicated or detailed in design. Example: The intricate patterns of silk fabric showcase the craftsmanship of the weavers. 48.   Nurturing: Caring for and encouraging the growth or development of something. Example: The nurturing of silkworms involves providing them with a suitable environment for cocooning. 49.   Loom: A device used for weaving fabric. Example: Silk was woven into fabric using traditional looms. 50.   Cultural Exchange: The exchange of cultural ideas, traditions, or practices between different groups or regions. Example: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchange between East and West, influencing art, technology, and lifestyle. Top of Form PASSAGE-2 Great Migrations 1. Migration: Regular movements, often in an annual cycle, involving many members of a species, typically for the purpose of reaching a specific destination.Example: Animal migration is a fascinating phenomenon that involves various species traveling long distances. 2. Inherited Instinct: Natural behavior passed down from generation to generation, often related to survival or reproduction.Example: The intense attentiveness of migrating animals to their mission suggests an inherited instinct. 3. Linear: Following a straight line or course, not zigzagging.Example: Migratory routes tend to be linear, guiding animals toward their destination. 4. Special Behaviors: Unique actions or activities associated with the preparation and arrival phases of migration.Example: Overfeeding is a special behavior observed in animals preparing for migration. 5. Special Allocations of Energy: The directed use of energy resources during migration.Example: Migrating animals allocate energy efficiently to sustain them through the long journey. 6. Intense Attentiveness: Extreme focus and concentration on the larger mission, preventing distractions.Example: Migrating birds maintain an intense attentiveness to their journey, staying undistracted by temptations. 7. Larger Purpose: A broader or more significant goal or objective.Example: The arctic tern is determined to reach its destination, driven by a larger purpose. 8. Distraction Resistance: The ability to remain focused and undeterred by challenges or temptations.Example: Migrating animals resist distractions and challenges, staying committed to their journey. 9. Seasonal Back-and-Forth Movement: Periodic migration between a seasonal home area and another home area.Example: The pronghorn engages in seasonal back-and-forth movement to seek resources. 10. Zooplankton: Small organisms drifting in oceans, typically microscopic animals.Example: Daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the ocean can be considered a form of migration. 11. Aphids: Small insects that can cause damage to plants by feeding on sap.Example: The movement of aphids from one host plant to another is a type of migration. 12. Vertical Movements: Upward and downward movements, often in response to environmental conditions.Example: Zooplankton exhibit vertical movements in the ocean to seek food and escape predators. 13. Phenomenon: A fact or event that can be observed and studied.Example: Migration is a complex phenomenon that varies across different species. 14. Evolutionary Biologist: A scientist specializing in the study of how species evolve over time.Example: Hugh Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who has identified characteristics of migration. 15. Sensitivity to Light: Responsiveness to different wavelengths of light, influencing behavior.Example: Aphids become sensitive to blue light for takeoff and yellow light for landing during migration. 16. Focus on Evolution: Concentrating attention on shared characteristics across different migrating species to understand evolutionary processes.Example: Dingle's definition of migration helps researchers focus on common features shaped by evolution. 17. Deteriorating Impact: Harmful effects resulting from human actions on animal migration.Example: Human behavior is having a detrimental impact on the migration patterns of certain species. 18. Pronghorn: The fastest land mammal in the New World, resembling an antelope.Example: Pronghorn populations face challenges due to increasing human development affecting migration routes. 19. Migration Route: The path followed by migrating animals during their journey.Example: Preserving the migration route of pronghorn is essential for their survival. 20. Bottlenecks: Narrow points or restrictions in the migration route that can pose challenges to the migrating species.Example: Pronghorn face bottlenecks in their migration route, risking their access to summer grazing. 21. Invariance: Consistency or lack of variation in the migration route.Example: The pronghorn is notable for the invariance of its migration route. 22. Conservation Scientists: Professionals working to protect and preserve the natural environment and its inhabitants.Example: Conservation scientists aim to preserve not only species and habitats but also migrational behaviors. 23. Migration Corridor: A designated and protected path for migrating species.Example: Recognizing the pronghorn's migration route as a protected corridor helps in conservation efforts. 24. National Park Service: A U.S. government agency managing national parks and conservation areas.Example: The National Park Service plays a role in preserving migrational behaviors within protected areas. 25. Jurisdictions: Areas with specific legal authorities or control.Example: Preserving migration routes may involve coordination across multiple jurisdictions to address challenges. 26. Borders: Boundaries separating different territories or regions.Example: Some migrating species face challenges due to crossing borders during their journey. 27. Wisdom and Resoluteness: The combination of knowledge and determination needed to address challenges and ensure the continuation of migration.Example: Preserving migration routes requires wisdom and resoluteness to overcome various obstacles. 28. Journeying: The act of traveling or undertaking a journey.Example: Ensuring that migrating species can continue their journeying is crucial for biodiversity. 29. Migrational Flight: Extended flights undertaken by animals during migration.Example: Birds fatten themselves before migrational flights to ensure they have sufficient energy. 30. Dangers Along the Way: Threats or risks encountered by migrating species during their journey.Example: Some migrating species face dangers along the way, such as habitat destruction or predation. 31. Back-and-Forth Movement: Repeated movements between different areas, often for specific purposes.Example: Seasonal back-and-forth movement allows animals to access resources not available year-round. 32. Complexity: The state of being intricate or having many interconnected parts.Example: Migration is a complex issue with various factors influencing different species. 33. Preservation: The act of protecting and maintaining something in its original state.Example: Preservation efforts focus on maintaining natural migration routes and behaviors. 34. Threatening to Choke Off: Posing a risk of blocking or hindering the migratory passageway.Example: Increasing development is threatening to choke off the pronghorn's migration route. 35. Crisis for the Pronghorn: A situation endangering the survival of the pronghorn population.Example: Human development leading to bottlenecks poses a crisis for the pronghorn's migration. 36. Sagebrush: A type of shrub that is a significant food source for pronghorn during winter.Example: Pronghorn feed on sagebrush blown clear of snow during the frozen months. 37. Vertical Movements in the Ocean: Upward and downward shifts by zooplankton in response to day-night cycles.Example: Daily vertical movements in the ocean by zooplankton are considered a form of migration. 38. Vertical Movements by Zooplankton: Upward by night to seek food and downward by day to escape predators.Example: Vertical movements by zooplankton demonstrate migration patterns in the ocean. 39. Crisis for the Pronghorn: A situation endangering the survival of the pronghorn population.Example: Human development leading to bottlenecks poses a crisis for the pronghorn's migration. 40. Sagebrush: A type of shrub that is a significant food source for pronghorn during winter.Example: Pronghorn feed on sagebrush blown clear of snow during the frozen months. PASSAGE-3 Preface to ‘How the other half thinks:Adventures in mathematical reasoning’ 1. Phenomenon: A fact or occurrence that can be observed. Example: The author illustrates the phenomenon of simple and beautiful parts in difficult musical compositions. 2. Appreciate: To understand and recognize the value or significance of something. Example: The book aims to help readers appreciate the beauty of mathematics. 3. Intuitive: Based on a natural ability to understand or perceive something. Example: Mathematics, as shown in the book, involves both analytical and intuitive thinking. 4. Analytical: Relating to the examination or analysis of something in a detailed and methodical way. Example: The left brain is often associated with analytical thinking. 5. Numerical: Relating to numbers or the process of using them. Example: The left brain is often associated with numerical thinking. 6. Capacity: The ability to contain or hold. Example: Each of us is far from using the full capacity of either side of the brain. 7. Outline: The main features or structure of something. Example: The broad outline of a scientific theory can be sketched intuitively. 8. Sustained: Maintained or continued over a long period. Example: Mathematical reasoning involves sustained, step-by-step analysis. 9. Tantalized: Teased or tempted with something that is unattainable. Example: The reader must remain a tantalized spectator when the appropriate language is mathematics. 10. Aficionados: Enthusiasts or fans of a particular subject. Example: Mathematics aficionados will find much that is new throughout the book. 11. Analytical skills: The ability to analyze or examine a situation in a thorough and detailed way. Example: The book serves readers who want to sharpen their analytical skills. 12. Thoroughly: In a complete and detailed manner. Example: In medicine, a problem must be thoroughly analyzed before a solution can be found. 13. Legal principles: Fundamental laws or rules that form the basis of the legal system. Example: Lawyers who have studied mathematics can master legal principles in a unique way. 14. Testimonials: Statements or declarations expressing someone's positive experiences or opinions. Example: The book includes testimonials from a physician and a lawyer regarding the benefits of studying mathematics. 15. Episode: A brief and often significant event or occurrence. Example: Some readers enjoyed mathematics until they were turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade. 16. Precise analysis: Detailed and accurate examination or interpretation of information. Example: Many careers, such as law and medicine, require extended, precise analysis. 17. Mathematical reasoning: The process of thinking and problem-solving using mathematical principles. Example: The book presents details that illustrate the mathematical reasoning involved in various concepts. 18. Claims: Statements or assertions, often requiring verification. Example: It may help to have a pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry out experiments while reading the book. 19. Participate: To take part or engage in an activity. Example: The book offers all readers the chance to participate in a mathematical experience. 20. Scientific theories: Systematic explanations of observed phenomena in the natural world. Example: The foundation of many scientific theories is provided by mathematics. 21. Mathematical procedures: Step-by-step methods or processes related to mathematics. Example: This book differs from most as it goes into mathematical procedures without assuming the reader is adept in algebra. 22. Right brain and left brain: Referring to the two hemispheres of the brain associated with different cognitive functions. Example: The alleged gap between the humanities and sciences corresponds to the right brain (intuitive) and the left brain (analytical, numerical). 23. Structural engineer: A professional who designs and analyzes structures such as buildings and bridges. Example: The book mentions a structural engineer who is also an artist. 24. Electrical engineer: A professional who designs and works with electrical systems and devices. Example: The book mentions an electrical engineer who is also an opera singer. 25. Chromosomes: Thread-like structures in cells that carry genetic information. Example: The appropriate language for describing details in genetics often involves mathematics. 26. Analysis of principles: The examination or study of fundamental rules or laws. Example: Lawyers who have studied mathematics can analyze legal principles in a unique way. 27. Conduct experiments: To carry out tests or trials to gather information. Example: The book encourages readers to conduct experiments while studying mathematical concepts. 28. Reveal: To make known or disclose something. Example: The author wants to reveal not only fascinating discoveries but also the reasoning behind them. 29. Bridging the gap: Closing or overcoming a significant difference or separation. Example: The author hopes this book will help bridge the gap between the humanities and the sciences. 30. Pioneer of sustainable farming: Someone who leads the way in adopting and promoting sustainable farming practices. Example: Hunt and Lipo argue that the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming on Easter Island. ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 PASSAGE-1 Research using twins 1. Biomedical: Relating to the application of the principles of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to clinical medicine. Example: Biomedical researchers use various methods to study human health. 2. Untangle: To separate and understand the complexities of a situation. Example: Twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment. 3. Virtually: Almost entirely; nearly. Example: Identical twins share virtually the same genetic code. 4. Environmental factors: External elements or conditions that impact an organism. Example: Differences in skin appearance between twins can be attributed to environmental factors like sun exposure. 5. Fraternal twins: Twins who come from separate eggs and share, on average, half their DNA. Example: Studying fraternal twins helps researchers measure the role of inheritance in our lives. 6. Quantify: To express or measure the quantity of something. Example: Researchers quantify the impact of genes on our lives through twin studies. 7. Ailment: A minor illness or physical disorder. Example: If identical twins are more similar in terms of an ailment than fraternal twins, it suggests a genetic influence. 8. Heredity: The passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. Example: Understanding heredity is crucial in studying the interplay of nature and nurture. 9. Coin the phrase: To create or introduce a new word or expression. Example: Francis Galton coined the phrase 'nature and nurture' in 1875. 10. Identical twins: Twins that come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two. Example: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart focused on identical twins separated at birth. 11. Surprising twist: An unexpected or surprising turn of events. Example: The study of separated identical twins in the 1980s took a surprising twist in our understanding of genetics. 12. Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart: A research project led by Thomas Bouchard, studying identical twins separated at birth and reunited as adults. Example: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart involved over 137 sets of twins. 13. Mountain of data: A large and extensive amount of information. Example: Researchers collected a mountain of data from the twins in the Minnesota Study. 14. Statistical concept: A mathematical principle or idea used in statistical analysis. Example: The key to the researchers' approach was the statistical concept called heritability. 15. Broad terms: In general or without specifying details. Example: Heritability, in broad terms, measures the impact of genetics on traits within a population. 16. Elemental forces: Fundamental or essential factors at work. Example: Nature and nurture are considered elemental forces shaping our lives. 17. Epigenetics: The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. Example: Epigenetics explores how genes are influenced by environmental factors. 18. Chemical reactions: Processes where substances undergo a transformation. Example: Epigenetic processes involve chemical reactions that impact gene expression. 19. Invisible hand: A metaphorical term for an unseen influence or force. Example: Genetic influence acts as an invisible hand shaping our lives. 20. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. Example: Our DNA contains the genetic information that defines our traits. 21. Piano keyboard analogy: An analogy comparing DNA to a piano keyboard and genes to keys. Example: Epigenetic processes determine when and how each key (gene) on the DNA piano keyboard can be struck. 22. Strengthened or weakened: Enhanced or diminished in effect. Example: Epigenetic processes can strengthen or weaken the expression of specific genes. 23. Turned on or off: Activated or deactivated in terms of gene expression. Example: Epigenetic processes can turn genes on or off, influencing the development of various body parts. 24. Mechanism: A system or process that produces a particular result. Example: Epigenetics reveals a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts genes. 25. Impact on genes: Influence or effect on the expression and function of genes. Example: Epigenetic changes caused by stress during pregnancy can have a long-term impact on genes. 26. Randomly: In an unpredictable or haphazard manner. Example: Some epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, influencing gene expression. 27. Guide: To direct or lead in a particular direction. Example: Epigenetic processes guide embryonic cells as they become specialized, such as heart, brain, or liver cells. 28. Geneticist: A scientist who studies genetics, the science of genes and heredity. Example: Danielle Reed, a geneticist, has worked extensively with twins. 29. Hardwired: Innate or fixed from birth; not easily changed. Example: Many things about twins are hardwired and unalterable, reflecting their genetic makeup. 30. Reflective: Thoughtful or contemplative. Example: Twin studies allow us to be more reflective about the interplay of genetics and experience. 31. Written in pencil and pen: Metaphorical terms referring to traits influenced by epigenetics (pencil) and DNA (pen). Example: Nature writes some things in pencil (epigenetics) and some things in pen (DNA). 32. Nature writes, nurture erases: Expresses the idea that genetic traits (nature) are relatively fixed, while environmental influences (nurture) can have a modifying effect. Example: The saying "Nature writes, nurture erases" emphasizes the role of both genetics and environment in shaping individuals. 33. Promises to take our understanding further: Suggests that recent work in epigenetics holds the potential to deepen our knowledge. Example: The latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding of genetics and environment even further. 34. DNA examination: The analysis of DNA to understand its structure and functions. Example: Recent advancements in DNA examination have allowed scientists to explore the role of epigenetics. 35. New world: A metaphorical expression for a significantly changed or advanced understanding. Example: Exploring the DNA and epigenetic interactions has opened up a new world in biology. 36. Surge in twin studies: A significant increase or rise in the number of studies involving twins. Example: Thomas Bouchard's work led to a surge in twin studies, deepening our understanding of genetics and environment. 37. Genetic makeup: The specific combination of genes in an individual. Example: Bouchard and his colleagues used data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. 38. Field of study: A specific area or discipline of academic research. Example: Epigenetics has become a prominent field of study in understanding gene-environment interactions. 39. Random conclusion: An unexpected or surprising finding that deviates from previous understandings. Example: Twin studies have led scientists to a radical and somewhat random conclusion about the interplay of nature, nurture, and epigenetics. 40. Elemental forces at work: Fundamental factors or influences actively shaping a situation. Example: Nature, nurture, and epigenetics are considered elemental forces at work in determining our traits. 41. Elemental forces at work: Fundamental factors or influences actively shaping a situation. Example: Nature, nurture, and epigenetics are considered elemental forces at work in determining our traits. 42. Third component: The third factor or element in addition to nature and nurture, referring to epigenetics. Example: Epigenetics is described as a 'third component' influencing how genes are expressed. 43. Elemental forces at work: Fundamental factors or influences actively shaping a situation. Example: Nature, nurture, and epigenetics are considered elemental forces at work in determining our traits. 44. Impact of genetics on traits: The effect of genetic factors on observable characteristics or behaviors. Example: The Minnesota Study aimed to understand the impact of genetics on various traits in separated identical twins. 45. Hardwired: Innate or fixed from birth; not easily changed. Example: Many things about twins are hardwired and unalterable, reflecting their genetic makeup. 46. Interplay of nature and nurture: The complex interaction between genetic influences (nature) and environmental influences (nurture). Example: Twin studies have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in shaping personalities and behavior. 47. Genetic traits: Characteristics or features determined by an individual's genetic makeup. Example: Epigenetic processes can modify the expression of genetic traits, influencing how they manifest. 48. Epigenetic changes: Alterations in gene expression caused by external factors without modifying the underlying genetic code. Example: Epigenetic changes due to stress during pregnancy can have long-lasting effects on offspring. 49. Deepen our knowledge: To enhance or expand our understanding. Example: Recent studies in epigenetics have deepened our knowledge of how genes and the environment interact. 50. Role of genetics and experience: The combined influence of genetic factors and life experiences in shaping an individual. Example: Twin studies allow us to explore the role of genetics and experience in the development of traits and behaviors. PASSAGE-2 An Introduction to Film Sound 1. Underestimate: To undervalue or not fully grasp the significance of something. Example: It's a mistake to underestimate the importance of film sound in enhancing the viewer's experience. 2. Emphases: Special importance or significance placed on certain aspects. Example: The three tracks of the sound track must be mixed to produce the necessary emphases for desired effects. 3. Physiognomy: Facial features and expressions, especially when considered as indicative of character. Example: When voice textures fit the performer's physiognomy and gestures, a realistic persona emerges. 4. Banal: Lacking in originality; commonplace or dull. Example: In the science-fiction film 2001, much of the dialogue was banal and of little intrinsic interest. 5. Inadequacy: Lack of quality or capability; insufficiency. Example: The film 2001 portrayed the inadequacy of human responses compared with the magnificent technology created by man. 6. Frenetic: Fast-paced, energetic, and frantic. Example: The comedy Bringing Up Baby presents practically non-stop dialogue at a frenetic pace. 7. Escapism: The tendency to seek distraction and relief from unpleasant realities, especially by seeking entertainment or engaging in fantasy. Example: The film Bringing Up Baby provides pure escapism through its fast-paced dialogue. 8. Synchronous: Happening or existing at the same time and in correlation with what is seen. Example: Synchronous sound effects in a film match the actions on the screen, enhancing realism. 9. Ominous: Giving the impression that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen. Example: The increase in volume of an opening door's 'click' can create an ominous atmosphere in a film. 10. Nuance: A subtle difference or distinction in meaning, expression, or sound. Example: Asynchronous sound effects provide emotional nuances in a film, adding depth to the narrative. 11. Psychic: Relating to the mind or mental processes. Example: The asynchronous ambulance siren underscores the psychic injury incurred in the arguing couple's scene. 12. Ubiquitous: Present, appearing, or found everywhere. Example: Background music in films has become so ubiquitous that its absence is noticeable. 13. Dissonant: Lacking harmony or agreement; discordant. Example: Dissonant music in a film may indicate an approaching menace or disaster. 14. Foreshadows: Serves as a warning or indication of a future event. Example: Background music may foreshadow a change in mood in a film. 15. Salient: Most noticeable or important. Example: Background music linked to a character may remind the audience of salient motifs or ideas. 16. Conventions: Established customs or practices in a particular field. Example: Film sound comprises both conventions and innovations that shape the viewer's experience. 17. Subtle: Delicate, elusive, not obvious. Example: The effects of film sound are often subtle, influencing the viewer's experience on a subconscious level. 18. Foster: To promote or encourage the development of something. Example: We need to foster an awareness of film sound to truly appreciate the art form. 19. Ubiquitous: Found or existing everywhere. Example: Background music in films has become so ubiquitous that its absence is noticeable. 20. Intrinsically: Inherently, fundamentally, relating to the essential nature of something. Example: Much of the dialogue in the film 2001 was banal and of little intrinsic interest. 21. Motifs: Recurring thematic elements or patterns. Example: Background music may repeat a particular theme to remind the audience of motifs or ideas. 22. Sprang to life: Emerged or came into existence. Example: Film, as an art form, sprang to life during the twentieth century, evolving with technological advancements. 23. Twentieth century: The historical period from 1901 to 2000. Example: Film, as an art form, experienced significant growth and development during the twentieth century. 24. Texture: The characteristic quality of a performer's voice, contributing to the portrayal of a character. Example: The texture of a performer's voice enhances the realism of the character on screen. 25. Merge: To blend or combine seamlessly. Example: In film, the actor's personality may seem to merge with the character, creating a realistic persona. 26. Persona: The image or personality that a person presents to the world. Example: When voice textures fit gestures and physiognomy, a realistic persona emerges in film. 27. Portray: To depict or represent through visuals or descriptions. Example: The film portrays the inadequacy of human responses in comparison to technological marvels. 28. Undertone: An underlying or implied quality or feeling. Example: Asynchronous sound effects often add an undertone of emotion, enriching the film's narrative. 29. Atmosphere: The emotional or mood-related quality of a place or situation. Example: Synchronous sounds contribute to the realistic atmosphere of a film. 30. Subconsciously: Without conscious awareness. Example: The effects of sound in film are often noted subconsciously, influencing the viewer's experience. 31. Breakneck speed: Extremely fast or at a rapid pace. Example: The comedy Bringing Up Baby presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. 32. Catch up: To follow or understand a narrative or plot. Example: The audience is caught up in the whirlwind of activity, managing to follow the plot in Bringing Up Baby. 33. Repeated: Recurring or occurring again. Example: Background music may be repeated at various points to link scenes and reinforce motifs. 34. Menace: A threat or indication of harm. Example: Dissonant music in a film may indicate an approaching menace or disaster. 35. Disaster: A sudden and widespread catastrophe. Example: Dissonant music may foreshadow an imminent disaster in a film. 36. Absence: The state of being away or not present. Example: Background music in films has become so ubiquitous that its absence is noticeable. 37. Noteworthy: Worthy of attention or notice. Example: The effects of sound are often noteworthy, subtly influencing the viewer's perception. 38. Thorough: Complete or comprehensive. Example: The decision to salvage the Mary Rose was made only when a thorough examination deemed it feasible. 39. Art Form: A medium of artistic expression. Example: Film is considered an art form that emerged and evolved during the twentieth century. 40. Shape: To influence or give form to something. Example: Conventions and innovations in film sound shape the overall viewer experience. 41. Ever-present: Always existing or occurring. Example: Background music in films has become ever-present, adding emotion and rhythm. 42. Unobtrusive: Not noticeable or intrusive. Example: Background music is often meant to be unobtrusive, providing tone or emotional attitude without drawing attention. 43. Acknowledge: To recognize or accept the existence of something. Example: Asynchronous sounds acknowledge the film's city setting and contribute to its realism. 44. Engage: To involve or participate actively. Example: Increasing the volume of an ominous sound helps engage the audience in a moment of suspense. 45. Crucial: Extremely important or necessary. Example: Dr. Margaret Rule played a crucial role as the Archaeological Director of The Mary Rose Trust. 46. Innovative: Introducing new ideas or methods. Example: Film sound comprises both conventions and innovative approaches that contribute to the overall experience. 47. Sprang to life: Emerged or came into existence. Example: Film, as an art form, sprang to life during the twentieth century, evolving with technological advancements. 48. Twentieth century: The historical period from 1901 to 2000. Example: Film, as an art form, experienced significant growth and development during the twentieth century. 49. Growth: The process of increasing in size or quantity. Example: Film underwent significant growth and evolution during the twentieth century. 50. Evolution: The gradual development or change over time. Example: The evolution of film as an art form includes advancements in technology and storytelling techniques. PASSAGE-3 ‘This Marvellous Invention’ 1. Mankind: The human race collectively; humanity. Example: Language is considered one of mankind's greatest achievements. 2. Transform: To change in form or appearance. Example: Inventions like the wheel and agriculture transformed human existence. 3. Unparalleled: Having no equal; unmatched. Example: Language is crucial for humanity's unparalleled power over other animals. 4. Ingenious: Clever, original, and inventive. Example: The idea of language is described as ingenious simplicity in the passage. 5. Hymns of praise: Expressions of admiration and worship. Example: The passage mentions hymns of praise for the magnificence of language. 6. Incongruity: Lack of harmony or agreement. Example: The incongruity lies in the fact that language, considered an invention, was never actually invented. 7. Crafted: Created or made with skill and artistry. Example: Language often appears skillfully crafted, like the work of a master craftsman. 8. Measly: Insignificant or small in amount. Example: Language makes much out of seemingly measly morsels of sound. 9. Configurations: Arrangements or forms. Example: The configurations of sounds in language can express a variety of meanings. 10. Spits and splutters: Random, unintelligible noises. Example: Individual sounds like p, f, b, etc., may seem like spits and splutters on their own. 11. Machine: A system or structure with moving parts that perform a task. Example: The language machine arranges sounds to convey meaning. 12. Stream of air: Continuous flow of air. Example: Language transforms streams of air into meaningful expressions. 13. Deceptive: Giving an impression that is misleading or false. Example: The apparent ease of language is deceptive, hiding its complexities. 14. Triumphs: Great victories or achievements. Example: The triumphs of language are usually taken for granted in everyday life. 15. Resourcefulness: The ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties. Example: Language showcases resourcefulness in tying sounds together. 16. Exertion: Physical or mental effort. Example: Despite its achievements, language seems to operate without the slightest exertion. 17. Estrangement: Feeling of being foreign or unfamiliar. Example: Estrangement of foreign tongues highlights the wonder of language. 18. Exotic: Unusual, foreign, or strikingly different. Example: Foreign languages with exotic features can make us appreciate the complexity of language. 19. Breath-breaking: Extremely long or impressive. Example: Some languages can create breath-breaking words with astonishing length. 20. Monstrosity: Something extremely large or ugly. Example: The Turkish word with breath-breaking length might seem like a linguistic monstrosity. 21. Colossus: Something of great size or importance. Example: Sumerian words, though not in length, exhibit linguistic colossus through their compactness. 22. Trim: Neat, orderly, or well-proportioned. Example: Sumerian words may seem trim compared to Turkish colossi. 23. Compactness: Being tightly and efficiently packed. Example: The compactness of Sumerian construction allowed single sounds to convey information. 24. Pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun. Example: In the Sumerian word, there is no equivalent to the English pronoun 'it.' 25. Empty slot: A space or position left vacant. Example: The Sumerian word utilizes an empty slot to convey meaning. 26. Fine-tuned: Carefully adjusted or calibrated. Example: The technology of language is described as fine-tuned in the passage. 27. Nifty: Clever, ingenious, or skillful. Example: The contraption of language is described as a nifty creation. 28. Contraption: A device or machine, especially one that is strange or complicated. Example: Language is referred to as a contraption due to its intricate design. 29. Design: The arrangement or plan forming the structure of something. Example: The passage emphasizes the design and structure of language. 30. Articulate: Expressing oneself clearly and effectively. Example: Language allows individuals to articulate their thoughts and feelings. 31. Disclose: To make known or reveal. Example: Language enables us to disclose our thoughts and share our secrets with others. 32. Penetrate: To understand or perceive deeply. Example: Language allows us to penetrate the depths of our own minds and those of others. 33. Evoke: To bring out or elicit emotions or memories. Example: Language has the power to evoke a wide range of emotions through words. 34. Unravel: To understand or solve something complex. Example: Language can unravel the mysteries of the universe through its expressions. 35. Exotic features: Unusual or distinctive characteristics. Example: Foreign languages with exotic features can be both fascinating and challenging. 36. Documentation: The process of recording or preserving information. Example: Sumerian, the language of the inventors of writing, enabled the documentation of history. 37. Pronoun 'it': A linguistic element representing an object or thing. Example: In the Sumerian word, there is no specific component corresponding to the pronoun 'it.' 38. Nothingness: The state of being nothing or having no existence. Example: The Sumerian word incorporates a specific kind of nothingness in its construction. 39. Contradiction: A combination of statements that oppose each other. Example: The apparent contradiction in the passage is that language is both mankind's greatest invention and was never invented. 40. Essence: The fundamental nature or quality of something. Example: The French grammarians distilled the essence of language in 1660. 41. Homage: Respect or reverence paid. Example: The passage refers to hymns of praise as homage to the accomplishment of language. 42. Magnitude: Greatness in size or significance. Example: The passage eloquently celebrates the magnitude of language's achievement. 43. Compact Construction: The design characterized by efficiency and neatness. Example: Sumerian words showcase compact construction, conveying specific meanings with minimal elements. 44. Subtle Senses: Delicate or nuanced meanings. Example: Language allows the expression of subtle senses, making communication rich and varied. 45. Foreign Tongs: Languages from different cultures or regions. Example: The wonder of language becomes apparent through the estrangement of foreign tongues. 46. Take for Granted: To accept without thinking or considering. Example: The triumphs of language are often taken for granted in everyday life. 47. Tie Together: To connect or link in a cohesive manner. Example: Language allows individuals to tie together seemingly meaningless sounds into meaningful expressions. 48. Pre-modern Foragers: People who hunt and gather in a time before modern civilization. Example: The language machine operates for everyone, from pre-modern foragers to post-modern philosophers. 49. Post-modern Philosophers: Intellectual thinkers in the contemporary era characterized by skepticism. Example: Language allows post-modern philosophers to express complex ideas in seemingly effortless ways. 50. Victim of Its Own Success: Something that suffers negative consequences due to its own achievements. Example: The passage suggests that language is a victim of its own success because its triumphs are often overlooked in everyday life.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 Stepwells stepwells: (n.) elaborate wells with staircases descending to the water source; used for various purposes including drinking, bathing, and irrigation. Example: Stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. fundamental: (adj.) essential; serving as a foundation or basis. Example: Clean water is fundamental to maintaining good health. neglected: (adj.) disregarded; not given proper attention or care. Example: The garden had become neglected and overgrown with weeds. restoration: (n.) the act of repairing or renovating something to its original condition. Example: The old castle underwent extensive restoration to preserve its historical significance. spectacular: (adj.) impressive; remarkable in appearance. Example: The view from the mountaintop was truly spectacular. monuments: (n.) significant structures or buildings, often with historical or cultural importance. Example: The ancient pyramids of Egypt are iconic monuments. heyday: (n.) the period of greatest success, popularity, or power. Example: In its heyday, the city was a thriving hub of trade and commerce. utilitarian: (adj.) designed for practical purposes rather than beauty. Example: The utilitarian design of the new office building focused on functionality rather than aesthetics. Unique: (adj.) one of a kind; distinct or unusual. Example: Each snowflake is unique, with its own individual pattern. architecturally: (adv.) relating to the design and construction of buildings. Example: The architecturally stunning cathedral drew visitors from around the world. elaborate: (adj.) intricate or detailed in design or construction. Example: The elaborate wedding gown was adorned with pearls and lace. varied: (adj.) diverse; having many different forms or types. Example: The menu at the restaurant offers a varied selection of dishes from around the world. tiers: (n.) rows or levels arranged one above the other. Example: The wedding cake was decorated with cascading tiers of delicate frosting. intricate: (adj.) complex or detailed; having many interconnected parts. Example: The artist created an intricate mosaic using tiny pieces of colored glass. embellish: (v.) to decorate or enhance with additional details. Example: The storyteller tended to embellish his tales with exaggerated characters and events. derelict: (adj.) abandoned; in a very poor condition due to neglect. Example: The derelict building had become a haven for squatters and vandals. diverted: (v.) redirected; changed the direction or course of something. Example: The river was diverted to prevent flooding in the town. dry spells: (n.) periods of time with little or no rainfall. Example: Farmers struggled during the dry spells, as crops withered in the fields. drought: (n.) a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water. Example: The drought devastated the agricultural industry, causing widespread crop failures. restoring: (v.) bringing something back to its original condition; renovating or repairing. Example: The team was tasked with restoring the historic mansion to its former glory. pristine: (adj.) in perfect condition; immaculate. Example: The newly renovated park looked pristine, with freshly planted flowers and trimmed hedges. commissioned: (v.) officially ordered or instructed. Example: The artist was commissioned to paint a portrait of the mayor. aesthetically: (adv.) in a way that relates to beauty or appearance. Example: The garden was designed not only for practicality but also for aesthetically pleasing landscapes. ornate: (adj.) elaborately decorated; highly detailed. Example: The ceiling of the palace was adorned with ornate frescoes depicting scenes from mythology. neglect: (v.) fail to care for properly. Example: The owner neglected the garden, and it became overrun with weeds. marvels: (n.) wonders; things that cause astonishment or admiration. Example: The Great Wall of China is one of the architectural marvels of the world. ingenuity: (n.) cleverness or originality in inventing or solving problems. Example: The engineer's ingenuity led to the development of a revolutionary new technology. artistry: (n.) creative skill or ability, especially in the arts. Example: The sculptor's artistry was evident in the lifelike statues he created. leisure: (n.) free time; time spent away from work or responsibilities. Example: He enjoys gardening in his leisure time. gathering: (n.) an assembly or meeting of people, especially for a particular purpose. Example: The family reunion was a joyous gathering of relatives from near and far. relaxation: (n.) the state of being free from tension and anxiety. Example: A warm bath is my favorite way to achieve relaxation after a long day. worship: (n.) the reverent honor and homage paid to a deity or sacred personage. Example: The villagers gathered at the temple to offer their worship and prayers. incarnations: (n.) versions or embodiments of a deity or spirit in earthly form. Example: In Hinduism, Vishnu has ten different incarnations. devastating: (adj.) causing severe damage or destruction. Example: The hurricane brought devastating winds and flooding to the coastal town. stunning: (adj.) extremely impressive or attractive. Example: The sunset over the ocean was absolutely stunning. survived: (v.) endured or lived through a difficult or dangerous situation. Example: Despite the odds, he survived the plane crash with only minor injuries. devoted: (adj.) dedicated; showing strong love or loyalty. Example: She was a devoted friend who always stood by me in times of need. constructed: (v.) built; assembled or created something. Example: The new bridge was constructed to withstand even the strongest earthquakes. comprise: (v.) consist of; be made up of. Example: The committee comprises representatives from various departments. silted up: (phrasal v.) filled with silt or sediment, often resulting in reduced capacity or obstruction. Example: The river delta gradually silted up, causing navigation difficulties for ships. underwater: (adj.) situated, occurring, or done beneath the surface of the water. Example: The scuba divers explored the underwater caves. pavilions: (n.) decorative structures or buildings, often used for shelter or entertainment. Example: The park had several small pavilions where visitors could rest and enjoy the view. recedes: (v.) moves back or away from a previous position. Example: As the tide went out, the water receded from the shore. negotiated: (v.) managed to reach an agreement or compromise through discussion or bargaining. Example: The two sides negotiated a settlement to end the dispute. constructed: (v.) built; assembled or created something. Example: The new bridge was constructed to withstand even the strongest earthquakes. architectural: (adj.) relating to the design and construction of buildings. Example: The architectural plans for the new museum were impressive in their detail. supported: (v.) held up or sustained. Example: The columns supported the weight of the roof. sheltered: (adj.) protected or shielded from harm or harsh conditions. Example: We found shelter from the rain under a large tree. dotted: (adj.) scattered or distributed in small amounts or over an area. Example: The countryside was dotted with picturesque villages. preserving: (v.) maintaining or keeping something in its original state or condition. Example: The museum is dedicated to preserving artifacts from ancient civilizations. PASSAGE-2 EUROPEAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS  1990-2010 What have been the trends and what are the prospects for European transport systems? vigorous: (adj.) strong, energetic, and active. Example: Vigorous exercise can improve your overall health. facilitating: (v.) making something easier or less difficult. Example: The new software aims at facilitating communication between team members. requirement: (n.) something that is necessary; a necessity. Example: Meeting the basic requirements is essential for admission to the university. spectacular: (adj.) impressive, striking, or dramatic. Example: The fireworks display was truly spectacular. fleet: (n.) a group of vehicles, ships, or aircraft operated by a company or organization. Example: The company has a large fleet of delivery trucks. goods transport: (n.) the movement of commodities or products from one place to another. Example: Goods transport by sea has become increasingly important for global trade. abolished: (v.) formally put an end to (a system, practice, or institution). Example: Slavery was abolished in many countries during the 19th century. relocation: (n.) the act of moving to a new place or position. Example: The company's relocation to a larger office space boosted productivity. assembly plant: (n.) a facility where parts are put together to manufacture a product. Example: The automobile company opened a new assembly plant in the Midwest. candidates: (n.) individuals or entities seeking election, admission, or employment. Example: The political party announced its candidates for the upcoming election. haulage: (n.) the business of transporting goods by road or rail. Example: The haulage industry plays a crucial role in the economy. enlarged: (adj.) made larger in size or extent. Example: The company's profits have increased since it enlarged its product line. imperative: (adj.) of vital importance; crucial. Example: It is imperative that we find a solution to the environmental crisis. sustainable: (adj.) capable of being maintained or continued over the long term without depleting resources. Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to minimize environmental impact. strategy: (n.) a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim. Example: The marketing team developed a new strategy to increase sales. ambitious: (adj.) having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed. Example: She has ambitious plans to start her own business. emissions: (n.) the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation. Example: The factory's emissions are harmful to the environment. attributable: (adj.) capable of being attributed to a specific cause or source. Example: The increase in air pollution is attributable to the rise in car emissions. alternative: (adj.) available as another possibility or choice. Example: Solar energy is considered an alternative to fossil fuels. modal shift: (n.) a change in the predominant mode of transportation used for a particular purpose. Example: The government is promoting a modal shift from cars to public transportation. deterioration: (n.) the process of becoming worse in condition or quality. Example: The deterioration of the old building required extensive renovations. marginalisation: (n.) the process of treating a person, group, or concept as insignificant or unimportant. Example: The marginalized community struggled to access basic services. uncoupling: (n.) the act of separating or disconnecting one thing from another. Example: The therapist helped the couple through the process of uncoupling their finances. complementary: (adj.) combining in such a way as to enhance or emphasize the qualities of each other. Example: His skills and hers are complementary, making them a strong team. revitalising: (v.) giving new life, vitality, or energy to something. Example: The city council invested in revitalizing the downtown area. integrated: (adj.) combining or coordinating separate elements so as to provide a harmonious, interrelated whole. Example: The new software offers integrated solutions for project management. market shares: (n.) the portion of total sales in a market that is controlled by a particular company or product. Example: The company's market share has been steadily increasing over the past year. imbalance: (n.) a lack of proportion or relation between corresponding things. Example: The imbalance between supply and demand led to price fluctuations. restrictions: (n.) limitations or constraints placed on something. Example: There are restrictions on how much alcohol you can bring on the plane. mobility: (n.) the ability to move or be moved freely and easily. Example: Improved public transportation increases mobility for city residents. modal: (adj.) relating to or involving different modes of transportation. Example: The city is developing a modal transportation plan to reduce traffic congestion. pitch: (n.) the level of intensity or extent of something. Example: The debate reached such a pitch that it became difficult to hear individual voices. culprit: (n.) a person or thing responsible for a crime or wrongdoing. Example: The faulty wiring was identified as the culprit behind the fire. uncoupling: (n.) the act of separating or disconnecting one thing from another. Example: The therapist helped the couple through the process of uncoupling their finances. alternative fuels: (n.) energy sources other than traditional fossil fuels. Example: Many countries are investing in research on alternative fuels like hydrogen and biofuels. efficiency: (n.) the ability to accomplish something with the least waste of time, effort, or resources. Example: Improving energy efficiency is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. infrastructure: (n.) the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Example: The government plans to invest in infrastructure projects to stimulate economic growth. cohesion: (n.) the action or fact of forming a united whole. Example: Social cohesion is important for maintaining stability in a diverse society. emerged: (v.) become known or apparent. Example: A new trend emerged in fashion this season. ambitious: (adj.) having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed. Example: She has ambitious plans to start her own business. uncoupling: (n.) the act of separating or disconnecting one thing from another. Example: The therapist helped the couple through the process of uncoupling their finances. integration: (n.) the process of combining or coordinating separate elements so as to provide a harmonious, interrelated whole. Example: The integration of technology into education has transformed the learning experience. network: (n.) a group or system of interconnected people or things. Example: The internet is a vast network of computers and servers. enlarged: (adj.) made larger in size or extent. Example: The company's profits have increased since it enlarged its product line. imbalance: (n.) a lack of proportion or relation between corresponding things. Example: The imbalance between supply and demand led to price fluctuations. option: (n.) a thing that is or may be chosen. Example: We have several options for dinner tonight. revitalising: (v.) giving new life, vitality, or energy to something. Example: The city council invested in revitalizing the downtown area. ambitious: (adj.) having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed. Example: She has ambitious plans to start her own business. uncoupling: (n.) the act of separating or disconnecting one thing from another. Example: The therapist helped the couple through the process of uncoupling their finances. balance: (n.) an even distribution of weight, enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady. Example: The gymnast demonstrated perfect balance on the balance beam. Top of Form PASSAGE-3 The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? 1.        Innovative: (adj.) Introducing new ideas; original and creative in thinking. Example: The company's innovative approach to product design set it apart from its competitors. 2.       Resources: (n.) Assets or materials that can be drawn upon when needed. Example: The organization allocated more resources to research and development. 3.       Inspiring: (adj.) Stimulating or motivating someone to act or create. Example: The teacher's passionate speech was inspiring to her students. 4.       Luxurious: (adj.) Characterized by luxury; opulent or extravagant. Example: The hotel offered luxurious accommodations and amenities. 5.       State-of-the-art: (adj.) Using the latest and most advanced techniques or technology. Example: The laboratory was equipped with state-of-the-art equipment for conducting experiments. 6.       Stimulate: (v.) To encourage or prompt an activity or process to begin or develop. Example: The workshop aimed to stimulate creativity and innovation among participants. 7.       Creative: (adj.) Having the ability to produce or invent new ideas, expressions, or objects. Example: The artist's creative approach to painting was admired by critics. 8.       Recruitment: (n.) The process of finding and hiring new employees. Example: The company's recruitment efforts focused on attracting top talent from diverse backgrounds. 9.       Fit: (n.) The degree of compatibility or harmony between two entities. Example: There was a good fit between the candidate's skills and the requirements of the job. 10.   Contribution: (n.) The action of giving or supplying something, typically money or assistance. Example: His contribution to the project was invaluable. 11.   Ambition: (n.) A strong desire to achieve something, typically requiring determination and hard work. Example: Her ambition was to become a successful entrepreneur. 12.   Instinctively: (adv.) Based on instinct or intuition, without conscious thought. Example: She instinctively knew which direction to take. 13.   Understood: (v.) Comprehended or grasped the meaning or significance of something. Example: He understood the importance of teamwork in achieving success. 14.   Inspired: (adj.) Filled with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative. Example: The painting was inspired by the artist's travels around the world. 15.   Pressure: (n.) The force or influence exerted upon someone to do something. Example: The deadline created pressure to finish the project on time. 16.   Hard-wired: (adj.) Inherent or innate; programmed or predetermined. Example: Our brains are hard-wired to respond to certain stimuli. 17.   Managers: (n.) Individuals responsible for directing and controlling the activities of an organization or group of employees. Example: The managers held a meeting to discuss the company's strategic goals. 18.   Approach: (n.) A way of dealing with a situation or problem. Example: The company adopted a proactive approach to customer service. 19.   Counterintuitive: (adj.) Contrary to what one would intuitively expect or think. Example: The solution to the puzzle was counterintuitive but effective. 20.   Inevitably: (adv.) As is certain to happen; unavoidably. Example: With rapid technological advancements, change is inevitably. 21.   Gambles: (n.) Risky actions or decisions taken in the hope of a desired outcome. Example: He took a gamble by investing in the startup, but it paid off handsomely. 22.   Threatened: (adj.) In danger of being harmed, damaged, or destroyed. Example: The company's profits were threatened by the economic downturn. 23.   Collaborative: (adj.) Involving the cooperation of multiple people or groups. Example: The project was a collaborative effort between several departments. 24.   Exchanges: (n.) The act of giving or receiving something of value in return. Example: The cultural exchange program allowed students to learn about different customs and traditions. 25.   Contact: (n.) Communication or interaction between people or groups. Example: The business maintained contact with its clients through regular meetings and emails. 26.   Bosses: (n.) Individuals in a position of authority over others, typically in a workplace setting. Example: The bosses announced a new policy regarding employee benefits. 27.   Scientifically: (adv.) In a manner consistent with the principles and methods of science. Example: The experiment was conducted scientifically, following strict protocols. 28.   Intelligent: (adj.) Having or showing intelligence; clever or smart. Example: She was known for her intelligent approach to problem-solving. 29.   Tap into: (phrasal verb) To make use of or draw upon a resource or reserve. Example: The company tapped into new markets by expanding its product line. 30.   Drivers: (n.) Factors or forces that influence or guide a particular action or outcome. Example: Economic growth and consumer demand are key drivers of the market. 31.   Pervasive: (adj.) Spreading widely throughout an area or group of people. Example: The pervasive influence of social media affects people's behavior and perceptions. 32.   Resistance: (n.) The refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument. Example: There was resistance to the proposed changes among the staff. 33.   Advocate: (v.) To publicly support or recommend a particular cause or policy. Example: She advocates for environmental conservation through her activism. 34.   Stimulate: (v.) To encourage or prompt an activity or process to begin or develop. Example: The workshop aimed to stimulate creativity and innovation among participants. 35.   Prototyping: (n.) The process of creating a preliminary version of a product or system for testing and evaluation. Example: The company used prototyping to refine its new smartphone design. 36.   Scores: (n.) Large numbers or quantities. Example: Scores of people lined up outside the store for the midnight release of the new video game. 37.   Reality: (n.) The state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them. Example: The reality of the situation became clear after careful analysis. 38.   Authoritative: (adj.) Commanding and self-confident; likely to be respected and obeyed. Example: Her authoritative demeanor commanded attention in the boardroom. 39.   Inhibit: (v.) To prevent or hinder (an action or process). Example: Fear can inhibit people from taking risks and pursuing their goals. 40.   Overbearing: (adj.) Unpleasantly or arrogantly domineering. Example: His overbearing attitude alienated his colleagues and subordinates. 41.   Collective: (adj.) Done by people acting as a group. Example: The decision was made by collective agreement among the team members. 42.   Interchange: (n.) The action of exchanging things, typically people or information, between different groups or countries. Example: The cultural interchange between East and West led to the spread of ideas and technologies. 43.   Revolutions: (n.) Dramatic and wide-reaching changes in conditions, attitudes, or operations. Example: The industrial revolution brought about significant changes in manufacturing and transportation. 44.   Ideal: (adj.) Satisfying one's conception of what is perfect or most suitable. Example: The vacation spot was ideal for families with young children. 45.   Accomplishment: (n.) Something that has been achieved successfully. Example: Winning the championship was a great accomplishment for the team. 46.   Frustrating: (adj.) Causing feelings of disappointment or annoyance due to being hindered or thwarted in one's goals. Example: The slow progress on the project was frustrating for everyone involved. 47.   Approaches: (n.) Methods or ways of dealing with a situation or problem. Example: There are different approaches to teaching mathematics, depending on the student's learning style. 48.   Recognizing: (v.) Identifying someone or something from having encountered them before; acknowledging the existence or validity of something. Example: She had a hard time recognizing her old friend after so many years apart. 49.   Psychological: (adj.) Relating to the mental and emotional state of a person. Example: The therapy session focused on addressing psychological issues stemming from childhood trauma. 50.   Realities: (n.) The state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them. Example: The realities of life often differ from our expectations and desires. ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 Tea and the Industrial Revolution A Cambridge professor says that a change in drinking habits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Anjana Abuja reports. enigma: (n.) a puzzling or mysterious problem or situation. Example: The disappearance of the ancient civilization remains an enigma to archaeologists. anthropological: (adj.) relating to the study of humans and their societies, cultures, and development. Example: The anthropological research shed light on the customs and traditions of the indigenous tribe. wrestling: (v.) struggling with a difficulty or problem. Example: The team is wrestling with budget constraints to complete the project on time. revolution: (n.) a sudden, radical, or complete change. Example: The invention of the internet brought about a revolution in communication. criteria: (n.) standards or principles by which something is judged or decided. Example: The selection criteria for the scholarship program were based on academic performance and extracurricular activities. sufficient: (adj.) enough; adequate. Example: We have sufficient evidence to support our claims. revolutionize: (v.) to change something radically or fundamentally. Example: The invention of the steam engine revolutionized transportation. eccentric: (adj.) unconventional and slightly strange. Example: The artist's eccentric personality was reflected in his avant-garde artwork. scepticism: (n.) a skeptical attitude; doubt about the truth or validity of something. Example: There was widespread scepticism about the politician's promises. deduction: (n.) the process of reaching a conclusion by reasoning or inference. Example: Sherlock Holmes used deductive reasoning to solve complex mysteries. appraisal: (n.) an evaluation or assessment of the worth, value, or quality of something. Example: The performance appraisal highlighted areas for improvement. infant: (adj.) relating to young children or babies. Example: Infant mortality rates have decreased significantly due to advances in healthcare. mortality: (n.) the state of being subject to death. Example: The mortality rate from the disease has been steadily declining. viruses: (n.) submicroscopic infectious agents that replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Example: Vaccines help protect against viruses such as influenza and measles. bacteria: (n.) single-celled microorganisms that can cause disease or be beneficial to humans. Example: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. revolutionary: (adj.) involving or causing a complete or dramatic change. Example: The invention of the printing press was revolutionary for spreading knowledge. agriculture: (n.) the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals. Example: Advances in agriculture led to increased food production. sanitation: (n.) conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal. Example: Poor sanitation can lead to the spread of infectious diseases. efforts: (n.) vigorous attempts or actions made to achieve something. Example: The company's efforts to reduce waste have been successful. incidence: (n.) the occurrence, rate, or frequency of something, especially undesirable events. Example: The incidence of crime in the city has decreased over the past decade. incidence: (n.) the occurrence, rate, or frequency of something, especially undesirable events. Example: The incidence of crime in the city has decreased over the past decade. clipper: (n.) a fast sailing ship, especially one of 19th-century design with concave bows and a narrow hull. Example: Clippers were commonly used for transporting goods across the oceans. coincidence: (n.) a remarkable concurrence of events or circumstances without apparent causal connection. Example: It was a coincidence that we both happened to be in the same city at the same time. preserving: (v.) maintaining or keeping something in its original state. Example: Preserving historical landmarks is important for future generations. prevalence: (n.) the fact or condition of being prevalent; commonness. Example: The prevalence of smartphones has changed how we communicate. stomach-purifying: (adj.) having properties that cleanse or purify the stomach. Example: Certain herbs are known for their stomach-purifying effects. contingency: (n.) a future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty. Example: The company developed a contingency plan in case of a natural disaster. technologically: (adv.) in a way that relates to technology or technological advances. Example: The company is investing in research and development to stay technologically competitive. advanced: (adj.) at a stage further on in progress or complexity. Example: The new smartphone features advanced technology for improved performance. abandoned: (adj.) left without needed protection or care. Example: The abandoned building was in a state of disrepair. literacy: (n.) the ability to read and write. Example: Education programs aim to improve literacy rates in developing countries. futures: (n.) contracts to buy or sell specified quantities of a commodity or financial instrument at a price agreed upon today for delivery and payment at a future date. Example: Investors use futures contracts to hedge against price fluctuations. profound: (adj.) having deep insight or understanding. Example: The novel offers a profound exploration of human nature. redundant: (adj.) no longer needed or useful; superfluous. Example: The company had to lay off workers due to redundant positions. interchange: (n.) the action of exchanging things, especially information, between different groups or countries. Example: The cultural interchange between East and West led to the spread of ideas and technologies. revolutions: (n.) dramatic and wide-reaching changes in conditions, attitudes, or operations. Example: The industrial revolution brought about significant changes in manufacturing and transportation. ideal: (adj.) satisfying one's conception of what is perfect or most suitable. Example: The vacation spot was ideal for families with young children. accomplishment: (n.) something that has been achieved successfully. Example: Winning the championship was a great accomplishment for the team. frustrating: (adj.) causing feelings of disappointment or annoyance due to being hindered or thwarted in one's goals. Example: The slow progress on the project was frustrating for everyone involved. approaches: (n.) methods or ways of dealing with a situation or problem. Example: There are different approaches to teaching mathematics, depending on the student's learning style. recognizing: (v.) identifying someone or something from having encountered them before; acknowledging the existence or validity of something. Example: She had a hard time recognizing her old friend after so many years apart. psychological: (adj.) relating to the mental and emotional state of a person. Example: The therapy session focused on addressing psychological issues stemming from childhood trauma. realities: (n.) the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them. Example: The realities of life often differ from our expectations and desires. Top of Form PASSAGE-2 Gifted children and learning 1.       Internationally: (adv.) Involving more than one nation or country. Example: The company operates internationally, with offices in several countries. 2.       Frequently: (adv.) Happening or occurring often; commonly. Example: He frequently travels abroad for business meetings. 3.       Cutoff: (n.) A point or level at which something is stopped or cut off. Example: The cutoff for applications is midnight tonight. 4.       Provision: (n.) The action of providing or supplying something for use. Example: The provision of clean drinking water is essential for public health. 5.       Verbal: (adj.) Relating to words or speech. Example: She has excellent verbal communication skills. 6.       Manipulate: (v.) Handle or control in a skillful manner. Example: He knows how to manipulate the controls of the machine with precision. 7.       Vocabulary: (n.) A set of familiar words within a person's language. Example: Children should be exposed to a wide vocabulary to aid in language development. 8.       Metacognition: (n.) Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. Example: Teaching metacognition helps students become more aware of how they learn. 9.       Evaluation: (n.) The making of a judgment about the amount, number, or value of something; assessment. Example: The evaluation of the project's success will be based on various criteria. 10.   Qualitative: (adj.) Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity. Example: The study focused on qualitative data rather than quantitative measurements. 11.   Compensates: (v.) Makes up for something unwelcome or unpleasant by exerting an opposite force or effect. Example: His enthusiasm compensates for his lack of experience. 12.   Regulation: (n.) A rule or directive made and maintained by an authority. Example: The government introduced new regulations to control pollution levels. 13.   Autonomy: (n.) The ability or right to govern oneself or make one's own decisions. Example: The school promotes autonomy among its students, encouraging them to take responsibility for their learning. 14.   Regulatory: (adj.) Relating to or making rules or regulations. Example: The agency has regulatory authority over the pharmaceutical industry. 15.   Curiosity: (n.) A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity about the natural world led him to pursue a career in science. 16.   Self-regulation: (n.) The ability to control one's own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in order to achieve a goal. Example: Teaching self-regulation skills is important for children's academic success. 17.   Deprived: (adj.) Lacking the necessities of life; disadvantaged. Example: The organization provides support for deprived children in the community. 18.   Theoretical: (adj.) Concerned with or involving the theory of a subject or area of study rather than its practical application. Example: The research explores theoretical concepts in physics. 19.   Expertise: (n.) Expert skill or knowledge in a particular field. Example: Her expertise in computer programming made her the ideal candidate for the job. 20.   Independence: (n.) The state of being free from outside control; self-reliance. Example: The country fought for its independence from colonial rule. 21.   Intellectual: (adj.) Relating to the ability to think and understand ideas at a high level. Example: She has strong intellectual abilities, evident from her insightful analysis. 22.   Effort: (n.) A vigorous or determined attempt. Example: Success requires hard work and effort. 23.   Creativity: (n.) The use of imagination or original ideas to create something new. Example: The artist's creativity is evident in her innovative sculptures. 24.   Motivation: (n.) The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way. Example: His desire to succeed is a strong motivation for studying hard. 25.   Harness: (v.) Control and make use of (natural resources), especially to produce energy. Example: The company harnesses solar power to generate electricity. 26.   Advance: (n.) A forward movement or progress. Example: The project is moving forward, thanks to recent advances in technology. 27.   Facilitate: (v.) Make (an action or process) easier or more efficient. Example: The new software facilitates communication between team members. 28.   Inhibit: (v.) Hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or process). Example: Fear can inhibit creativity and innovation. 29.   Motivates: (v.) Provides (someone) with a motive for doing something. Example: His passion for music motivates him to practice every day. 30.   Problem-solving: (adj.) Relating to or involved in finding solutions to problems. Example: Problem-solving skills are essential in the workplace. 31.   Fundamental: (adj.) Forming a necessary base or core; of central importance. Example: Respect for human rights is a fundamental principle of democracy. 32.   Transfers: (v.) Move (someone or something) from one place to another. Example: He transferred to a different department within the company. 33.   Control: (n.) The power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events. Example: The manager has tight control over the company's finances. 34.   Tutoring: (n.) The act of teaching or instructing, especially privately or individually. Example: She provides tutoring in math for struggling students. 35.   Domain: (n.) An area of territory owned or controlled by a ruler or government. Example: The company expanded its domain by acquiring several smaller competitors. 36.   Expertise: (n.) Expert skill or knowledge in a particular field. Example: Her expertise in computer programming made her the ideal candidate for the job. 37.   Mixed: (adj.) Consisting of different qualities or elements. Example: The painting received mixed reviews from critics. 38.   Review: (n.) A formal assessment or examination of something with the possibility or intention of instituting change if necessary. Example: The committee conducted a review of the company's policies. 39.   Emotions: (n.) A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. Example: Her emotions got the better of her, and she burst into tears. 40.   Inhibit: (v.) Hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or process). Example: Fear can inhibit creativity and innovation. 41.   Curiosity: (n.) A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity about the natural world led him to pursue a career in science. 42.   Desire: (n.) A strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen. Example: Her desire for success drove her to work hard. 43.   Efficiently: (adv.) In a way that achieves maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Example: The new system allows us to work more efficiently. 44.   Motivation: (n.) The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way. Example: His desire to succeed is a strong motivation for studying hard. 45.   Enhance: (v.) Intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of. Example: The new software will enhance our productivity. 46.   Creative: (adj.) Relating to or involving the use of the imagination or original ideas to create something new. Example: The artist's creative work is admired by many. 47.   Emotion: (n.) A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. Example: She couldn't control her emotions and burst into tears. 48.   Efficiency: (n.) The ability to accomplish a job with a minimum expenditure of time and effort. Example: The efficiency of the new system has improved productivity. 49.   Advantage: (n.) A condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position. Example: His early start gave him an advantage over the other competitors. 50.   Outcome: (n.) The way a thing turns out; a result. Example: The outcome of the experiment was unexpected. Top of Form PASSAGE-3 Museums of fine art and their public 1.       Reproduction: (n.) The process of making a copy of something. Example: The museum sells high-quality reproductions of famous paintings in its gift shop. 2.       Assumptions: (n.) Things that are accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof. Example: We cannot make assumptions about people based solely on their appearance. 3.       Repository: (n.) A place where things are stored or held for safekeeping. Example: The library serves as a repository of knowledge for the community. 4.       Exhibit: (n.) An object or collection of objects on display for the public to view. Example: The museum's new exhibit features rare artifacts from ancient civilizations. 5.       Unique: (adj.) Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else. Example: Each snowflake is unique, with its own distinct pattern. 6.       Reprographic: (adj.) Relating to the reproduction of images or text. Example: The reprographic department is responsible for making copies of documents. 7.       Faithful: (adj.) Accurate or true to the original; reliable. Example: The translation aims to be faithful to the author's intentions. 8.       Implicit: (adj.) Suggested or understood without being directly expressed. Example: There is an implicit understanding that employees should arrive on time for work. 9.       Limitations: (n.) Restrictions or boundaries that prevent something from being complete or perfect. Example: The project faced limitations due to budget constraints. 10.   Treasure: (n.) Valuable objects or possessions. Example: The pirate's map led them to buried treasure on the deserted island. 11.   Security Guards: (n.) Individuals employed to protect people and property from theft or harm. Example: The security guards patrolled the museum to ensure the safety of the exhibits. 12.   Attendants: (n.) People employed to provide assistance or services to others. Example: The attendants at the theater guided guests to their seats. 13.   Ropes: (n.) Thick cords made of twisted fibers, used for various purposes including securing or tying objects. Example: The climbers tied themselves to the ropes for safety during the ascent. 14.   Displays: (n.) Arrangements or presentations of items for viewing by the public. Example: The store's window displays attract customers passing by on the street. 15.   Architectural: (adj.) Relating to the design and construction of buildings or structures. Example: The city's skyline is characterized by its diverse architectural styles. 16.   Monetary: (adj.) Relating to money or currency. Example: The company experienced a monetary loss due to decreased sales. 17.   Impresses: (v.) Causes someone to feel admiration or respect. Example: Her talent for playing the piano impresses everyone who hears her perform. 18.   Diverse: (adj.) Showing a great deal of variety; different from each other. Example: The city's population is diverse, with people from many different cultures. 19.   Displacement: (n.) The act of moving something from its usual place or position. Example: The displacement of people due to the natural disaster caused widespread homelessness. 20.   Appreciation: (n.) Recognition and enjoyment of the good qualities of something. Example: She expressed her appreciation for the thoughtful gift. 21.   Temporal: (adj.) Relating to time. Example: The temporal sequence of events in the novel is crucial to understanding the plot. 22.   Prescribed: (adj.) Officially recommended or set down as a rule or direction. Example: The doctor prescribed medication to help alleviate the patient's symptoms. 23.   Criticism: (n.) The analysis and judgment of the merits and faults of a literary or artistic work. Example: The film received mixed criticism from reviewers, with some praising its performances and others criticizing its plot. 24.   Suppress: (v.) Prevent the development, action, or expression of (a feeling, impulse, idea, etc.); restrain. Example: She struggled to suppress her laughter during the serious meeting. 25.   Establishment: (n.) A group in a society exercising power and influence over institutions, policies, and practices. Example: The political establishment faced criticism for its handling of the crisis. 26.   Promote: (v.) To support or actively encourage. Example: The company launched a new advertising campaign to promote its latest product. 27.   Status: (n.) The relative social, professional, or other standing of someone or something. Example: His promotion to manager elevated his status within the company. 28.   Environment: (n.) The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The company strives to create a positive work environment for its employees. 29.   Perception: (n.) The way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: Her perception of the situation differed from mine. 30.   Revolves: (v.) Moves in a circular orbit around a central point. Example: The Earth revolves around the sun. 31.   Alternative: (adj.) Available as another possibility or choice. Example: We need to consider alternative solutions to the problem. 32.   Limitations: (n.) Restrictions or boundaries that prevent something from being complete or perfect. Example: The project faced limitations due to budget constraints. 33.   Contemporary: (adj.) Belonging to or occurring in the present. Example: The artist's work reflects contemporary themes and issues. 34.   Inherent: (adj.) Existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute. Example: Risk is inherent in any investment strategy. 35.   Challenge: (n.) A task or situation that tests someone's abilities. Example: Overcoming obstacles is part of the challenge of climbing a mountain. 36.   Reputation: (n.) The beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something. Example: The company has a reputation for providing excellent customer service. 37.   Significance: (n.) The quality of being worthy of attention; importance. Example: The discovery of the new species has great significance for the field of biology. 38.   Authenticity: (n.) The quality of being genuine or true. Example: The museum's experts confirmed the authenticity of the ancient artifact. 39.   Spontaneous: (adj.) Performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse or inclination and without premeditation or external stimulus. Example: Their spontaneous applause showed their appreciation for the performance. 40.   Restrictions: (n.) Limitations or conditions that limit or control someone or something. Example: There are strict restrictions on access to the classified documents. 41.   Illumination: (n.) Lighting or light. Example: The room was filled with soft illumination from the candles. 42.   Pervasive: (adj.) Spreading widely throughout an area or group of people. Example: The pervasive smell of smoke lingered in the air long after the fire was extinguished. 43.   Understanding: (n.) The ability to comprehend or grasp something mentally. Example: Her understanding of the subject matter was evident in her insightful questions. 44.   Analysis: (n.) Detailed examination of the elements or structure of something. Example: The report provides a thorough analysis of the company's financial performance. 45.   Endeavor: (n.) An attempt to achieve a goal. Example: Despite their best endeavors, they were unable to complete the project on time. 46.   Complexity: (n.) The state or quality of being intricate or complicated. Example: The complexity of the issue requires careful consideration. 47.   Hierarchy: (n.) A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority. Example: The military operates according to a strict hierarchy of command. 48.   Demonstrate: (v.) To show or prove something by giving evidence or examples. Example: The experiment was designed to demonstrate the effects of temperature on plant growth. 49.   Reflection: (n.) Serious thought or consideration. Example: Upon reflection, she realized she had made a mistake. 50.   Inspire: (v.) To fill someone with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative. Example: His dedication to his craft inspired others to pursue their passions. ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism institutionalized: (adj.) established in practice or custom; becoming a part of the established system or order. Example: Tourism has become an institutionalized aspect of modern society. phenomenon: (n.) a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question. Example: The sudden increase in tourism was a phenomenon that caught the attention of economists. distinctly: (adv.) in a way that is readily distinguishable from others; clearly. Example: The new art style was distinctly different from anything seen before. availability: (n.) the quality of being able to be used or obtained. Example: The availability of flights increased with the expansion of the airline industry. advent: (n.) the arrival or occurrence of a notable event or person. Example: The advent of the internet revolutionized communication. rapid: (adj.) happening in a short time or at a fast pace. Example: The rapid growth of technology has transformed many industries. expansion: (n.) the action of becoming larger or more extensive. Example: The company's expansion into international markets was a strategic move. employment: (n.) the condition of having paid work. Example: The government's priority is to increase employment opportunities for its citizens. foreign exchange: (n.) the currency of a foreign country or countries. Example: International tourism contributes to a country's foreign exchange reserves. significantly: (adv.) in a way that is large or important enough to be noticeable or have an effect. Example: The new policy significantly impacted the company's bottom line. segments: (n.) parts into which something is or may be divided. Example: The market can be divided into several segments based on demographics. recognised: (adj.) acknowledged; accepted as true or valid. Example: Her achievements were recognized by the entire industry. unrecognised: (adj.) not acknowledged or identified; not recognized. Example: The contributions of the volunteers often go unrecognized. virtually: (adv.) nearly; almost. Example: The project is virtually complete; we just need to do some final touches. contributions: (n.) the part played by a person or thing in bringing about a result or helping something to advance. Example: His contributions to the field of science are widely recognized. profound: (adj.) having deep insight or understanding. Example: The novel offers a profound exploration of human nature. impact: (n.) the effect or influence of one person, thing, or action, on another. Example: Climate change has a significant impact on the environment. diversity: (n.) the state of being diverse; variety. Example: The diversity of cultures in the city makes it a vibrant place to live. fragmentation: (n.) the process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts. Example: The fragmentation of the market made it difficult to target specific demographics. enterprise: (n.) a project or undertaking, typically one that is difficult or requires effort. Example: Starting a business requires entrepreneurial skills and determination. analysts: (n.) people who examine and interpret data or information. Example: Financial analysts study market trends to make investment recommendations. reliable: (adj.) consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted. Example: We need reliable data to make informed decisions. credible: (adj.) able to be believed; convincing. Example: The witness provided a credible account of the events. amorphous: (adj.) without a clearly defined shape or form. Example: The concept of beauty is somewhat amorphous and varies between cultures. vehicle: (n.) a means of carrying or transporting something or someone. Example: Education is seen as a vehicle for social mobility. participants: (n.) people who take part or are involved in something. Example: The participants in the study were asked to complete a questionnaire. precise: (adj.) exact; accurate. Example: The measurements need to be precise in order to ensure safety. valid: (adj.) logically or factually sound; acceptable. Example: The argument presented in the report is not valid without supporting evidence. reliable: (adj.) consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted. Example: We need reliable data to make informed decisions. domestic: (adj.) of or relating to one's own country or its internal affairs. Example: Domestic tourism contributes to the economy by generating revenue from local travelers. province: (n.) a principal administrative division of certain countries or empires. Example: The northern province is known for its natural beauty and wildlife. measured: (adj.) calculated or gauged with accuracy. Example: The success of the project will be measured by its impact on the community. statistical: (adj.) relating to the use of statistics or the principles of statistics. Example: Statistical analysis revealed a correlation between income level and educational attainment. measurement: (n.) the action of measuring something. Example: Accurate measurement is crucial for scientific experiments. significant: (adj.) sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy. Example: The findings of the study are significant and warrant further investigation. participation: (n.) the action of taking part in something. Example: Active participation in class discussions is encouraged. institute: (v.) to establish or introduce a system, policy, or course of action. Example: The government plans to institute new regulations to protect the environment. commodity: (n.) a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold. Example: Oil is a valuable commodity traded on international markets. prioritize: (v.) to designate or treat (something) as more important than other things. Example: It's important to prioritize your tasks to ensure you meet deadlines. sector: (n.) a distinct part or branch of a nation's economy or society. Example: The healthcare sector plays a crucial role in providing essential services to the population. contribution: (n.) the act of giving or doing something. Example: Her contribution to the project was invaluable. ranking: (n.) a position in a hierarchical classification. Example: The country's ranking in the global competitiveness index improved this year. problems: (n.) difficulties or challenges that need to be resolved. Example: The team encountered several problems during the project. definition: (n.) a statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase. Example: The dictionary provides definitions for thousands of words. impact: (n.) the effect or influence of one person, thing, or action, on another. Example: Climate change has a significant impact on the environment. participation: (n.) the action of taking part in something. Example: Active participation in class discussions is encouraged. extent: (n.) the degree to which something has spread; the scope of something. Example: The extent of the damage caused by the hurricane was extensive. emphasis: (n.) special importance, value, or prominence given to something. Example: The teacher placed emphasis on the importance of studying for exams. vibrant: (adj.) full of energy and life; lively. Example: The city's vibrant nightlife attracts tourists from around the world. definition: (n.) a statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase. Example: The dictionary provides definitions for thousands of words. PASSAGE-2 Autumn leaves Canadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fall captivating: (adj.) attracting and holding interest or attention; charming. Example: The captivating scenery of the mountains left us in awe. puzzled: (adj.) unable to understand; perplexed. Example: She looked puzzled by the complex math problem. chlorophyll: (n.) a green pigment found in plants, responsible for absorbing light energy for photosynthesis. Example: Chlorophyll gives plants their green color and plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. conifers: (n.) cone-bearing trees or shrubs, typically evergreen and including pines, spruces, firs, and cedars. Example: Conifers are well-adapted to cold climates and often retain their needles throughout the year. redundant: (adj.) not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous. Example: The redundant equipment was removed to make room for new machinery. precious: (adj.) of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly. Example: Time spent with loved ones is precious and should be cherished. discards: (n.) things rejected as no longer useful or desirable. Example: The company discards outdated inventory at the end of each fiscal year. dominated: (v.) exert a strong influence on; be the most important or conspicuous element of. Example: The towering skyscraper dominated the city skyline. anthocyanins: (n.) water-soluble plant pigments reflecting red to blue hues, responsible for the red coloration of leaves. Example: Anthocyanins give certain fruits, such as blueberries and cranberries, their vibrant colors. puzzling: (adj.) causing confusion or uncertainty; perplexing. Example: The sudden disappearance of the ship remains a puzzling mystery. widely: (adv.) to a great extent; over a wide area or range. Example: The new technology is widely used in the automotive industry. infestation: (n.) the presence of an unusually large number of insects or animals in a place, typically causing damage or disease. Example: The infestation of termites caused extensive damage to the wooden structure. advertise: (v.) describe or draw attention to (a product, service, or event) in a public medium in order to promote sales or attendance. Example: The company advertised its new product on television and social media. robust: (adj.) strong and healthy; vigorous. Example: Regular exercise and a balanced diet are essential for maintaining robust health. intensity: (n.) the quality of being intense; strength or sharpness. Example: The intensity of the storm caused widespread damage. plausible: (adj.) seeming reasonable or probable; credible. Example: His explanation for being late sounded plausible, but I still had my doubts. paradoxical: (adj.) seemingly absurd or self-contradictory. Example: It's paradoxical that she claims to support equality while discriminating against certain groups. vulnerable: (adj.) susceptible to physical or emotional attack or harm. Example: The elderly are more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses during summer months. dismantling: (v.) taking apart or breaking down into component parts. Example: The old building is being dismantled to make way for a new shopping complex. destruction: (n.) the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired. Example: The hurricane left a path of destruction in its wake. straightforward: (adj.) uncomplicated and easy to do or understand; simple. Example: The instructions for assembling the furniture were straightforward and clear. clues: (n.) a piece of evidence or information used in the detection of a crime or solving of a mystery. Example: The detective followed the clues to unravel the mystery. susceptible: (adj.) likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing. Example: Young children are more susceptible to infections due to their developing immune systems. stress: (n.) pressure or tension exerted on a material object. Example: The bridge collapsed under the stress of heavy traffic. subtle: (adj.) delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe. Example: She made subtle changes to the recipe to improve the flavor. complex: (adj.) consisting of many different and connected parts. Example: The human brain is a complex organ with billions of neurons. subtle: (adj.) delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe. Example: She made subtle changes to the recipe to improve the flavor. intense: (adj.) of extreme force, degree, or strength. Example: The intense heatwave caused temperatures to soar above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. north: (n.) the direction in which a compass needle normally points, towards the horizon on the left-hand side of a person facing east, or the part of the horizon lying in this direction. Example: We headed north towards the mountains for our hiking trip. resort: (v.) turn to and adopt (a course of action, especially an extreme or undesirable one) so as to resolve a difficult situation. Example: The company may resort to layoffs if it cannot meet its financial targets. spectacular: (adj.) beautiful in a dramatic and eye-catching way. Example: The fireworks display was truly spectacular. complexity: (n.) the state or quality of being intricate or complicated. Example: The complexity of the human brain is still not fully understood by scientists. anthocyanins: (n.) water-soluble plant pigments reflecting red to blue hues, responsible for the red coloration of leaves. Example: Anthocyanins give certain fruits, such as blueberries and cranberries, their vibrant colors. expenses: (n.) the cost required for something; the money spent on something. Example: The company incurred significant expenses during the expansion project. intense: (adj.) of extreme force, degree, or strength. Example: The intense heatwave caused temperatures to soar above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. revelation: (n.) a surprising and previously unknown fact, especially one that is made known in a dramatic way. Example: The discovery of ancient artifacts was a revelation to archaeologists. susceptible: (adj.) likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing. Example: Young children are more susceptible to infections due to their developing immune systems. benefits: (n.) an advantage or profit gained from something. Example: Regular exercise has numerous health benefits. paradoxical: (adj.) seemingly absurd or self-contradictory. Example: It's paradoxical that she claims to support equality while discriminating against certain groups. intensity: (n.) the quality of being intense; strength or sharpness. Example: The intensity of the storm caused widespread damage. resistance: (n.) the refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument. Example: The workers organized a strike in resistance to proposed pay cuts. susceptible: (adj.) likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing. Example: Young children are more susceptible to infections due to their developing immune systems. exquisite: (adj.) extremely beautiful and, typically, delicate. Example: The ballroom was decorated with exquisite floral arrangements. vulnerable: (adj.) susceptible to physical or emotional attack or harm. Example: The elderly are more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses during summer months. manufacture: (v.) make (something) on a large scale using machinery. Example: The company manufactures electronic devices in its factory. hypothesis: (n.) a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. Example: The scientist formulated a hypothesis to explain the observed phenomenon. intact: (adj.) not damaged or impaired in any way; complete. Example: The ancient artifact was discovered intact, buried deep underground. detection: (n.) the action or process of identifying the presence of something concealed. Example: The detection of a gas leak prompted the evacuation of the building. mystery: (n.) something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain. Example: The disappearance of the famous painting remains a mystery to this day. subtle: (adj.) delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe. Example: She made subtle changes to the recipe to improve the flavor. Top of Form PASSAGE-3 Beyond the blue horizon Ancient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific Ocean archaeological: (adj.) relating to the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains. Example: The team made an archaeological discovery of ancient ruins buried beneath the sand. seafaring: (adj.) traveling or working on the sea. Example: The seafaring culture of the ancient Polynesians is renowned for their navigational skills. precious: (adj.) of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly. Example: The archaeologists found precious artifacts buried in the tomb. conclusively: (adv.) in a manner that leaves no doubt or uncertainty. Example: The DNA evidence conclusively proved the suspect's innocence. descendants: (n.) a person, plant, or animal that is descended from a particular ancestor. Example: The descendants of the ancient civilization still inhabit the region today. puzzling: (adj.) causing confusion or uncertainty; perplexing. Example: The disappearance of the artifacts was a puzzling mystery for the investigators. rigging: (n.) the system of ropes, cables, or chains employed to support and operate the sails, mast, and other equipment of a sailing vessel. Example: The sailors worked diligently to repair the damaged rigging of the ship. mariners: (n.) sailors or navigators. Example: The ancient mariners relied on the stars for navigation during their long sea voyages. distinguished: (adj.) recognized or identified as being of a particular type; noted. Example: The distinguished professor was renowned for his groundbreaking research. presupposes: (v.) to require or depend on something else as a precondition. Example: The success of the project presupposes careful planning and coordination. geography: (n.) the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these. Example: Geography class involves learning about maps, landforms, and climates. overshooting: (v.) to go beyond or exceed (a limit or range). Example: The pilot overshot the runway during the landing, causing the plane to skid off the tarmac. mastered: (v.) to acquire complete knowledge or skill in (an accomplishment, technique, or art). Example: She mastered the art of playing the piano after years of practice. assumption: (n.) a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof. Example: The hypothesis was based on the assumption that increased exercise leads to improved health. scattered: (adj.) dispersed or spread over a wide area. Example: The scattered leaves on the ground formed a colorful carpet beneath the trees. thinly: (adv.) to a small extent; not thickly or densely. Example: The soup was thinly flavored and lacked seasoning. encountered: (v.) to unexpectedly experience or be faced with (something difficult or hostile). Example: The climbers encountered harsh weather conditions as they ascended the mountain. ventured: (v.) to dare to do something or go somewhere that may be dangerous or unpleasant. Example: They ventured into the forest despite warnings of wild animals in the area. quits: (n.) to bring to an end; cease. Example: After years of disagreement, they decided to call it quits and go their separate ways. renowned: (adj.) known or talked about by many people; famous. Example: The renowned artist's paintings are displayed in museums around the world. evolution: (n.) the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form. Example: The evolution of technology has transformed the way we communicate. outliers: (n.) a person or thing situated away or detached from the main body or system. Example: The small island was considered an outlier compared to the larger ones nearby. anthropology: (n.) the study of human societies and cultures and their development. Example: Anthropology explores the diversity of human cultures and traditions. excavation: (n.) the action of digging or hollowing out an area of ground. Example: The archaeologists conducted an excavation at the site of the ancient city. rituals: (n.) a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order. Example: The tribe performed ancient rituals to honor their ancestors. flourish: (v.) to grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly favorable environment. Example: The business began to flourish after implementing new marketing strategies. heritage: (n.) valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, unspoiled countryside, and historic buildings that have been passed down from previous generations. Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations. remnants: (n.) a small remaining quantity of something. Example: The ruins are the remnants of an ancient civilization that once thrived in the region. ancestors: (n.) a person, typically one more remote than a grandparent, from whom one is descended. Example: The museum displayed artifacts used by our ancestors thousands of years ago. tariffs: (n.) a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. Example: The government imposed tariffs on imported goods to protect domestic industries. devised: (v.) to plan or invent (a complex procedure, system, or mechanism) by careful thought. Example: The engineer devised a new method for purifying water in remote areas. infrastructure: (n.) the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Example: The government invested in improving the country's infrastructure to support economic growth. migration: (n.) movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions. Example: The migration of birds is influenced by changes in weather patterns. reconnaissance: (n.) military observation of a region to locate an enemy or ascertain strategic features. Example: The reconnaissance mission provided valuable information about enemy troop movements. abandoned: (adj.) having been deserted or left. Example: The abandoned house was overgrown with weeds and vines. explored: (v.) to travel in or through (an unfamiliar country or area) in order to learn about or familiarize oneself with it. Example: The adventurers explored the dense jungle in search of rare plants and animals. unique: (adj.) being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else. Example: The island had a unique ecosystem found nowhere else in the world. domestication: (n.) the process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm. Example: The domestication of dogs occurred thousands of years ago. distinctive: (adj.) characteristic of one person or thing and so serving to distinguish it from others. Example: The distinctive markings on the bird's feathers made it easy to identify. sustainability: (n.) the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level. Example: Conservation efforts aim to promote sustainability and protect the environment. outlying: (adj.) situated far from the center or main population; remote. Example: The outlying islands were difficult to reach by boat. settlements: (n.) a place, typically one that has hitherto been uninhabited, where people establish a community. Example: The early settlers built their settlements along the riverbank. subsistence: (n.) the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself, especially at a minimal level. Example: The tribe relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence. perishable: (adj.) likely to decay or go bad quickly. Example: Perishable goods such as fruits and vegetables need to be refrigerated. maritime: (adj.) connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity. Example: The country's economy relies heavily on maritime trade. astronomical: (adj.) extremely large or high. Example: The cost of the new building project was astronomical. navigation: (n.) the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one's position and planning and following a route. Example: The sailors relied on celestial navigation to guide their ship across the ocean. ritualistic: (adj.) relating to or characteristic of a ritual. Example: The ritualistic dance was performed during religious ceremonies. generations: (n.) all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively. Example: The tradition has been passed down through many generations. colonization: (n.) the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area. Example: The colonization of the New World led to significant cultural changes for indigenous populations. ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 PASSAGE-1 The mega fires of California menace: (n.) a person or thing that is likely to cause harm; a threat. Example: Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States. erratically: (adv.) in a manner that is not even or regular in pattern or movement; unpredictably. Example: The flames spread erratically, making it difficult for firefighters to contain the fire. megafires: (n.) large wildfires that burn 500,000 acres or more. Example: Megafires pose significant challenges to firefighting efforts due to their size and intensity. intentional: (adj.) done on purpose; deliberate. Example: The decision to stop the wildfires as quickly as possible was intentional, but it had unintended consequences. eradication: (n.) the complete destruction of something; the act of rooting out or eliminating. Example: The eradication of underbrush was unintentionally halted by the policy to stop wildfires quickly. adjunct: (adj.) added or connected in a subordinate or auxiliary capacity. Example: Dominik Kulakowski serves as an adjunct professor of biology at Clark University. ecosystems: (n.) a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Example: Building homes in fire-prone ecosystems increases the risk of wildfires spreading to residential areas. proliferation: (n.) a rapid increase in the number or amount of something. Example: The proliferation of wildfires in recent years has raised concerns about fire safety. infrastructure: (n.) the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Example: The state invested in improving its infrastructure for firefighting, including upgrading fire engines and command centers. professionalism: (n.) the competence or skill expected of a professional. Example: The professionalism of firefighters has contributed to more effective responses to wildfires. coordination: (n.) the organization of different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively. Example: Effective coordination among firefighters from different jurisdictions is crucial during wildfire incidents. procurement: (n.) the action of obtaining or procuring something. Example: The procurement of new technology has enhanced firefighting capabilities in Southern California. efficiency: (n.) the ability to accomplish something with the least waste of time and effort; competency in performance. Example: Greater efficiency in firefighting operations has led to faster containment of wildfires. revamped: (adj.) improved or updated. Example: The commission revamped communication procedures to enhance statewide response to wildfires. jurisdictions: (n.) the official power to make legal decisions and judgments. Example: Firefighters from different jurisdictions work together to combat wildfires. evacuation: (n.) the action of moving people away from a place of danger to a safer place. Example: Evacuation procedures are crucial for ensuring the safety of residents during wildfires. endured: (v.) suffered (something painful or difficult) patiently. Example: Randy Jacobs endured the evacuation of his home and business during the wildfires. procurement: (n.) the action of obtaining or procuring something. Example: The procurement of new technology has enhanced firefighting capabilities in Southern California. prevention: (n.) the action of stopping something from happening or arising. Example: Fire prevention measures are essential for reducing the risk of wildfires. measures: (n.) actions or steps taken to achieve a particular purpose. Example: The government implemented various measures to mitigate the impact of wildfires on communities. fanned: (v.) past tense of fan; to cause air to blow upon, as from a fan; to stir up or agitate (something, such as air). Example: The Santa Ana Winds fanned the flames, making the wildfires more difficult to contain. significant: (adj.) sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy. Example: The increase in wildfires is significant and requires urgent action from policymakers. consequence: (n.) a result or effect of an action or condition. Example: One consequence of the policy to stop wildfires quickly was the accumulation of underbrush. preservation: (n.) the action of maintaining something in its original or existing state. Example: The preservation of natural habitats is crucial for preventing wildfires. adjacent: (adj.) next to or adjoining something else. Example: The wildfires spread quickly from one house to the adjacent ones due to strong winds. commitment: (n.) the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause or activity. Example: The state's commitment to firefighting efforts has led to improvements in equipment and training. dilapidated: (adj.) in a state of disrepair or ruin as a result of age or neglect. Example: Firefighters complained about the dilapidated equipment and outdated fire engines. mutual-aid: (n.) assistance or support provided by one state or organization to another, especially in times of need or emergency. Example: Mutual-aid agreements allow firefighters from different states to support each other during large wildfires. infrastructure: (n.) the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Example: The state invested in improving its infrastructure for firefighting, including upgrading fire engines and command centers. capability: (n.) the ability or capacity to do something. Example: The state's firefighting capability has been enhanced by investments in new technology. efficacy: (n.) the ability to produce a desired or intended result. Example: The efficacy of firefighting efforts depends on factors such as equipment, training, and coordination. expenditure: (n.) the action of spending funds; an amount of money spent. Example: The state increased its expenditure on firefighting to improve preparedness and response. crucial: (adj.) of great importance; decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something. Example: Effective communication is crucial during wildfire incidents to ensure the safety of residents. observation: (n.) the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information. Example: The firefighters conducted observations to assess the spread of the wildfire. efficiency: (n.) the ability to accomplish something with the least waste of time and effort; competency in performance. Example: Greater efficiency in firefighting operations has led to faster containment of wildfires. mutual: (adj.) experienced or done by each of two or more parties toward the other or others. Example: Mutual-aid agreements allow neighboring states to provide assistance to each other during emergencies. resilience: (n.) the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness. Example: The resilience of communities affected by wildfires is tested by their ability to rebuild and recover. coordinated: (adj.) organized or integrated in a harmonious way; functioning together effectively. Example: The coordinated efforts of firefighters from multiple jurisdictions led to the successful containment of the wildfire. incorporate: (v.) to include something as part of a whole; to combine or merge. Example: The state incorporated new technology into its firefighting strategy to enhance effectiveness. assessment: (n.) the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something. Example: The assessment of wildfire risk helps authorities prioritize resources for prevention and response. enhancement: (n.) the action of improving or enhancing the quality or value of something. Example: The enhancement of firefighting capabilities is crucial for effective wildfire management. sustainability: (n.) the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level; the avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain ecological balance. Example: Sustainable firefighting practices are necessary to protect ecosystems and prevent further damage. precaution: (n.) a measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous, unpleasant, or inconvenient from happening. Example: Evacuation orders are precautionary measures to ensure the safety of residents during wildfires. prevention: (n.) the action of stopping something from happening or arising. Example: Fire prevention measures are essential for reducing the risk of wildfires. allocation: (n.) the action or process of distributing something. Example: The allocation of resources for firefighting is based on risk assessments and strategic priorities. utilization: (n.) the action of making use of something; the state of being used. Example: Efficient utilization of firefighting resources is crucial during wildfire incidents. mitigation: (n.) the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something. Example: Mitigation measures aim to minimize the impact of wildfires on communities and ecosystems. maintenance: (n.) the process of preserving or maintaining something in good condition. Example: Regular maintenance of equipment is essential for ensuring the effectiveness of firefighting operations. allocation: (n.) the action or process of distributing something. Example: The allocation of resources for firefighting is based on risk assessments and strategic priorities. deployment: (n.) the distribution of forces in preparation for battle or work. Example: The rapid deployment of firefighters to wildfire hotspots is crucial for preventing further spread. PASSAGE-2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - 26, which are based on Passage 2 below. Second nature temperaments: (n.) a person's or animal's nature, especially as it permanently affects their behaviour. Example: She had a calm temperament, rarely getting angry or upset. inject: (v.) to introduce (something) into a place or a situation, especially in small quantities. Example: He injected a sense of excitement into the otherwise dull meeting. optimism: (n.) hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful outcome of something. Example: Despite the challenges, she faced them with optimism, believing that things would improve. psychologists: (n.) experts in the study of the mind and behavior. Example: Psychologists often work with individuals to help them overcome mental health challenges. transformation: (n.) a thorough or dramatic change in form or appearance. Example: The renovation project resulted in a complete transformation of the old building. traits: (n.) distinguishing qualities or characteristics, typically of one's personality. Example: Honesty and integrity are important traits to look for in a friend. inherited: (adj.) received (a characteristic or quality) from one's parents by genetic transmission. Example: She inherited her mother's artistic talent and her father's sense of humor. admirable: (adj.) arousing or deserving respect and approval. Example: His dedication to helping others was truly admirable. loyalty: (n.) the quality of being loyal; faithfulness to commitments or obligations. Example: His loyalty to his friends was unwavering, even in difficult times. kindness: (n.) the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate. Example: She showed kindness to strangers by volunteering at the homeless shelter. habitual: (adj.) done or doing constantly or as a habit; typical. Example: Her habitual morning routine included a cup of coffee and a brisk walk. cultivating: (v.) preparing and using (land) for crops or gardening. Example: He spent years cultivating the soil to grow the perfect tomatoes. potential: (n.) having or showing the capacity to become or develop into something in the future. Example: The young artist showed great potential with her unique style of painting. spontaneous: (adj.) performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse or inclination and without premeditation or external stimulus. Example: Their spontaneous decision to go on a road trip led to unforgettable memories. transition: (n.) the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another. Example: The transition from high school to college can be challenging for many students. rehabilitation: (n.) the action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness. Example: He underwent months of rehabilitation after the accident to regain the use of his injured leg. suffering: (n.) the state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship. Example: The refugees endured years of suffering before finding safety in a new country. depression: (n.) feelings of severe despondency and dejection. Example: She sought help from a therapist to cope with her depression. support group: (n.) a group of people with common experiences or concerns who provide each other with encouragement, comfort, and advice. Example: The cancer support group meets every week to share their experiences and offer support to one another. dysentery: (n.) an infection of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea, typically caused by contaminated food or water. Example: Many soldiers died from dysentery during the war due to unsanitary living conditions. convinced: (adj.) completely certain about something. Example: She was convinced that she had made the right decision. favourable: (adj.) expressing approval; advantageous. Example: The weather conditions were favorable for a successful harvest. outcomes: (n.) the way a thing turns out; a consequence. Example: The unexpected outcome of the experiment surprised the researchers. intense: (adj.) of extreme force, degree, or strength. Example: The intense heat of the summer made it difficult to go outside. overwhelming: (adj.) very great in amount. Example: The support she received from her friends was overwhelming and greatly appreciated. freediving: (n.) the sport or activity of diving underwater without the use of breathing apparatus, especially in deep water. Example: He discovered a passion for freediving after taking a scuba diving course. stamina: (n.) the ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort. Example: Marathon runners need a lot of stamina to complete the race. untangle: (v.) to separate and remove knots or tangles. Example: She carefully untangled the necklace chain to free the pendant. ignorance: (n.) lack of knowledge or information. Example: His ignorance of the subject was evident from his confused expression. discipline: (n.) the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience. Example: Martial arts teaches discipline as well as self-defense techniques. tolerate: (v.) to allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one dislikes or disagrees with) without interference. Example: We must learn to tolerate differences in opinion and respect diverse perspectives. ignorance: (n.) lack of knowledge or information. Example: His ignorance of the subject was evident from his confused expression. discipline: (n.) the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience. Example: Martial arts teaches discipline as well as self-defense techniques. tolerate: (v.) to allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one dislikes or disagrees with) without interference. Example: We must learn to tolerate differences in opinion and respect diverse perspectives. intimidating: (adj.) making someone feel intimidated, fearful, or inadequate. Example: His imposing stature and stern expression were intimidating to others. allegations: (n.) a claim or assertion that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically one made without proof. Example: The company denied the allegations of discrimination made by former employees. obligation: (n.) an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment. Example: Parents have an obligation to provide for their children's basic needs. mitigate: (v.) to make less severe, serious, or painful. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide. motivated: (adj.) having a strong reason to act or accomplish something. Example: She was highly motivated to succeed in her career and worked tirelessly to achieve her goals. risks: (n.) situations involving exposure to danger. Example: Taking risks is part of life, but it's important to assess them carefully before making decisions. calm: (adj.) not showing or feeling nervousness, anger, or other strong emotions. Example: She remained calm in the face of adversity, never letting her emotions get the best of her. internal: (adj.) situated on the inside; belonging to or existing within the mind. Example: The conflict had both external and internal causes, making it difficult to resolve. adventure: (n.) an unusual and exciting or daring experience. Example: Traveling to remote places and exploring new cultures is an adventure for many people. concentration: (n.) the action or power of focusing one's attention or mental effort. Example: She needed complete concentration to solve the complex puzzle. avoiding: (v.) keeping away from or not doing something. Example: He had a habit of avoiding difficult conversations, hoping problems would resolve themselves. embarrassing: (adj.) causing embarrassment; making someone feel self-conscious or ashamed. Example: Her parents' antics at the party were embarrassing, especially in front of her friends. fascinating: (adj.) extremely interesting or attractive. Example: The documentary provided a fascinating glimpse into the lives of wild animals. ethical: (adj.) relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these. Example: The company's ethical practices were praised by consumers and environmental groups. intimidated: (adj.) feeling frightened or nervous because of being in the presence of something or someone perceived as powerful or dangerous. Example: He felt intimidated by the group of older students, unsure of how to approach them. moral: (adj.) concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human character. Example: She faced a moral dilemma when asked to choose between honesty and loyalty. Top of Form PASSAGE-3 When evolution runs backwards evolution: (n.) the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form. Example: The theory of evolution explains how species change over time. controversial: (adj.) causing disagreement or discussion. Example: The decision to build a new highway through the forest was controversial among environmentalists. reluctant: (adj.) unwilling or hesitant. Example: She was reluctant to speak in public because of her fear of public speaking. atavism: (n.) a reappearance of an ancestral characteristic in an organism after several generations of absence. Example: The appearance of wings in flightless birds can be considered an atavism. forefather: (n.) an ancestor, especially a male one, from whom a person is descended. Example: They traced their lineage back to a forefather who immigrated to the country in the 1800s. irreversible: (adj.) not able to be undone or altered. Example: Once the decision is made, it is irreversible. exception: (n.) a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule. Example: She was an exception to the rule that all cats hate water; she loved swimming. appendages: (n.) a thing that is added or attached to something larger or more important. Example: The humpback whale had unusual appendages resembling legs. probable: (adj.) likely to happen or be the case. Example: The forecast predicts probable rain showers in the afternoon. realized: (adj.) made real or concrete; achieved or actualized. Example: The dream she had been working on for years finally became realized when her book was published. mutations: (n.) the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations. Example: Some mutations can lead to genetic disorders, while others may provide advantages in certain environments. accumulate: (v.) gather together or acquire an increasing number or quantity of. Example: He accumulated a vast collection of rare stamps over the years. silence: (v.) to make quiet or stop from speaking or making noise. Example: The teacher silenced the class by raising her hand. switched off: (phrasal v.) turned off; deactivated. Example: He switched off the lights before leaving the room. lineage: (n.) direct descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree. Example: The royal lineage can be traced back for centuries. puzzle: (n.) a situation that is difficult to understand or explain; a mystery. Example: The disappearance of the ancient civilization remains a puzzle to archaeologists. intriguing: (adj.) arousing curiosity or interest; fascinating. Example: The detective found the case intriguing due to its complex twists and turns. womb: (n.) the organ in the lower body of a woman or female mammal where offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth; the uterus. Example: The baby developed in her mother's womb for nine months before being born. advantage: (n.) a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position. Example: His height gave him an advantage in basketball. programs: (n.) a planned series of future events or performances. Example: The theater announced its program for the upcoming season. absence: (n.) the state of being away from a place or person. Example: His absence from the meeting was noted by his colleagues. reappear: (v.) to appear again after having disappeared. Example: The sun will reappear after the storm passes. hundreds of millions: (adj. phrase) an extremely large number. Example: The company invested hundreds of millions of dollars in the new project. reactivated: (adj.) made active or functional again. Example: The old factory was reactivated after being closed for many years. characteristics: (n.) a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it. Example: Her kindness is one of her most admirable characteristics. explained: (v.) made clear or understandable. Example: The teacher explained the difficult concept in simple terms. proposed: (v.) put forward (an idea or plan) for consideration or discussion by others. Example: She proposed a new method for organizing the team's work schedule. discovered: (v.) found (something or someone) unexpectedly or in the course of a search. Example: The explorer discovered a hidden cave deep in the jungle. remained: (v.) continued to be in the same state or condition. Example: Despite the difficulties, she remained optimistic about the future. reasoned: (v.) thought or argued in a logical manner. Example: He reasoned that studying hard would lead to good grades. calculated: (v.) determined (the amount or number of something) mathematically. Example: The accountant calculated the company's profits for the quarter. possibility: (n.) a thing that may happen or be the case. Example: There is a possibility of rain later today. tens of millions: (adj. phrase) a very large but unspecified number, typically denoting at least twenty million. Example: The company invested tens of millions of dollars in research and development. exist: (v.) have objective reality or being. Example: Many species of plants and animals exist in the rainforest. disappear: (v.) cease to be visible or to exist. Example: The magician made the coin disappear right before our eyes. inheritance: (n.) the action of inheriting something. Example: The inheritance of genetic traits from parents is a fundamental concept in biology. suggesting: (v.) putting forward for consideration; indicating. Example: His results are suggesting that there may be a correlation between diet and heart health. supported: (v.) provided with assistance or approval. Example: The team supported each other through difficult times. argued: (v.) gave reasons for or against something. Example: She argued persuasively for the need for stricter environmental regulations.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 PASSAGE-1 William Henry Perkin 1.Invented (Past tense of "invent"): Created something new. Example: He invented a groundbreaking device. 2. Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity led him to explore unknown territories. 3. Enthusiasm: A strong feeling of excitement and interest. Example: Her enthusiasm for the project was contagious. 4. Immersed: Deeply involved in or absorbed by something. Example: She was immersed in her studies all weekend. 5. Perceived: Became aware of or noticed something. Example: He perceived a change in the atmosphere. 6. Eminent: Famous and respected within a particular sphere or profession. Example: She is an eminent scientist in her field. 7. Breakthrough: A significant development or discovery. Example: The invention of the internet was a major breakthrough. 8. Viable: Capable of working successfully; feasible. Example: The project is viable if we secure enough funding. 9. Desirability: The quality of being desirable or attractive. Example: The desirability of the location increased property prices. 10. Substitute: A replacement for something. Example: Soy milk can be a substitute for cow's milk. 11. Synthetic: Made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product. Example: Synthetic materials are used in making plastic. 12. Incorporating: Including or combining something. Example: The new plan incorporates the latest technology. 13. Mysterious: Difficult to understand or explain. Example: The disappearance of the ship remains mysterious. 14. Solution: A liquid mixture in which substances are dissolved. Example: The chemist created a powerful cleaning solution. 15. Potential: The possibility of something happening or being developed. Example: He has great potential as an athlete. 16. Historically: In the past, as it relates to history. Example: Historically, this city has been a center of trade. 17. Outrageously: In a shocking or extremely excessive manner. Example: The price of that luxury car is outrageously high. 18. Backdrop: The setting or background of a situation. Example: The mountain provided a beautiful backdrop for the wedding. 19. Grasped: Understood or perceived. Example: She quickly grasped the concept of the game. 20. Manufacture: To make goods or products on a large scale. Example: The company manufactures smartphones. 21. Fast: Resistant to fading or running. Example: The color of the shirt remained fast after several washes. 22. Commercial: Relating to or engaged in commerce or business. Example: The commercial sector of the economy is booming. 23. Utilizing: Making practical and effective use of something. Example: They are utilizing renewable energy sources. 24. Flattered: Pleased or complimented. Example: She was flattered by the compliments on her dress. 25. Fashionable: Stylish and currently popular. Example: That hairstyle is very fashionable this season. 26. Bold: Fearless and confident. Example: She made a bold decision to start her own business. 27. Chemist: A person who specializes in the science of chemistry. Example: The chemist conducted experiments in the laboratory. 28. Crucial: Extremely important or necessary. Example: Communication is crucial in any relationship. 29. Bacteria: Microscopic organisms that can cause disease. Example: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. 30. Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria. Example: Tuberculosis is caused by bacilli. 31. Artificial: Made by humans; not natural. Example: Artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly. 32. Vital: Absolutely necessary or essential. Example: Water is vital for survival. 33. Fame: The state of being known or recognized by many people. Example: Her talent brought her fame and fortune. 34. Assured: Guaranteed or made certain. Example: He assured us that the project would be completed on time. 35. Research: The systematic investigation of a subject. Example: The research revealed interesting findings. 36. Role: The function or part played by someone or something. Example: His role in the project was crucial. 37. Contemporary: Belonging to or occurring in the present. Example: Contemporary art often challenges traditional norms. 38. Quest: A search or pursuit made in order to find or obtain something. Example: Their quest for knowledge led them on a long journey. 39. Medicine: The science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Example: He studied medicine to become a doctor. 40. Malaria: A disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Example: Malaria is a major health concern in some regions. PASSAGE-2 IS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE? 1.       Haunted: To be continually troubled or worried by something. Example: The memory of the accident haunted her for years. 2.       Acronym: An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words. Example: NASA is an acronym for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 3.       Intelligent: Having the ability to think, learn, and understand. Example: She is known for her intelligent and insightful analysis. 4.       Intermittently: Occurring at irregular intervals; not continuously. Example: The rain fell intermittently throughout the day. 5.       Determined: Having a strong desire to do something and not giving up easily. Example: She was determined to finish the marathon. 6.       Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity led him to explore unknown territories. 7.       Fostered: Encouraged the development or growth of something. Example: The school fostered a love of learning in its students. 8.       Detection: The act of discovering or identifying something. Example: The detection of a rare bird species thrilled the ornithologists. 9.       Horizon: The line at which the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet. Example: The sun dipped below the horizon, creating a beautiful sunset. 10.   Optimism: A hopeful and positive outlook on the future. Example: Despite the challenges, her optimism kept her going. 11.   Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof. Example: Your argument is based on false assumptions. 12.   Observable: Capable of being seen or noticed. Example: The effects of climate change are now observable worldwide. 13.   Attenuated: Weakened or reduced in force, intensity, or value. Example: The signal became attenuated as it traveled through space. 14.   Transmit: To send or convey information from one place to another. Example: We can transmit data through the internet. 15.   Concentrated: Focused or gathered in one place or on one thing. Example: The company concentrated its efforts on improving customer service. 16.   Thorough: Complete, with attention to every detail. Example: She conducted a thorough investigation of the case. 17.   Ethical: Relating to moral principles or values. Example: It's important to make ethical decisions in business. 18.   Superior: Higher in quality, rank, or importance. Example: The team demonstrated superior skills in the competition. 19.   Urgency: The state of requiring immediate attention or action. Example: The urgency of the situation demanded swift action. 20.   Global: Relating to the whole world; worldwide. Example: Climate change is a global issue affecting all nations. 21.   Culture Shock: A feeling of disorientation when experiencing a different culture. Example: Moving to a foreign country often leads to culture shock. 22.   Drafts: To prepare or write a plan, document, or letter. Example: She drafted a proposal for the new project. 23.   Brink: The point at which something is about to happen or change. Example: They stood on the brink of a major breakthrough. 24.   Survival: The act of staying alive or continuing to exist. Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential in the wild. 25.   Variety: A number of different types or forms of something. Example: The store offers a variety of products. 26.   Intelligent: Having the ability to think, learn, and understand. Example: She is known for her intelligent and insightful analysis. 27.   Attenuated: Weakened or reduced in force, intensity, or value. Example: The signal became attenuated as it traveled through space. 28.   Survival: The act of staying alive or continuing to exist. Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential in the wild. 29.   Detection: The act of discovering or identifying something. Example: The detection of a rare bird species thrilled the ornithologists. 30.   Brink: The point at which something is about to happen or change. Example: They stood on the brink of a major breakthrough. 31.   Attenuated: Weakened or reduced in force, intensity, or value. Example: The signal became attenuated as it traveled through space. 32.   Urgency: The state of requiring immediate attention or action. Example: The urgency of the situation demanded swift action. 33.   Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity led him to explore unknown territories. 34.   Brink: The point at which something is about to happen or change. Example: They stood on the brink of a major breakthrough. 35.   Ethical: Relating to moral principles or values. Example: It's important to make ethical decisions in business. 36.   Optimism: A hopeful and positive outlook on the future. Example: Despite the challenges, her optimism kept her going. 37.   Thorough: Complete, with attention to every detail. Example: She conducted a thorough investigation of the case. 38.   Transmit: To send or convey information from one place to another. Example: We can transmit data through the internet. 39.   Survival: The act of staying alive or continuing to exist. Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential in the wild. 40.   Global: Relating to the whole world; worldwide. Example: Climate change is a global issue affecting all nations. 41.   Observable: Capable of being seen or noticed. Example: The effects of climate change are now observable worldwide. 42.   Controversial: Causing disagreement or argument. Example: The new law is controversial and has sparked debate. 43.   Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof. Example: Your argument is based on false assumptions. 44.   Horizon: The line at which the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet. Example: The sun dipped below the horizon, creating a beautiful sunset. 45.   Debate: A formal discussion on a particular topic in which opposing arguments are put forward. Example: The debate on climate change continues to be a global concern. 46.   Drafts: To prepare or write a plan, document, or letter. Example: She drafted a proposal for the new project. 47.   Impracticality: Lack of practicality or feasibility. Example: The plan had to be abandoned due to its impracticality. 48.   Variety: A number of different types or forms of something. Example: The store offers a variety of products. 49.   Resemble: To look like or be similar to someone or something. Example: The two brothers strongly resemble each other. 50.   Conservative: Tending to favor traditional values and cautious about change. Example: His conservative views often clash with modern trends. Top of Form PASSAGE-3 THE HISTORY OF THE TORTOISE 1.       Evolutionary: Relating to the process of gradual development and change over time. Example: Evolutionary biology studies the history of life on Earth. 2.       Enterprising: Showing initiative and readiness to undertake new projects. Example: The enterprising explorer ventured into uncharted territory. 3.       Parched: Extremely dry, often due to lack of water. Example: The desert was so parched that nothing could grow there. 4.       Cellular: Relating to cells, the basic structural units of living organisms. Example: Cellular biology explores the functions of individual cells. 5.       Fluids: Substances that flow and can take the shape of their container, like liquids or gases. Example: Water and air are examples of fluids. 6.       Reptiles: Cold-blooded vertebrate animals, including snakes, lizards, and turtles. Example: Crocodiles are large reptiles found in tropical regions. 7.       Crustaceans: A large group of arthropods, including crabs and lobsters, typically with a hard exoskeleton. Example: The seafood restaurant serves various crustaceans. 8.       Millipedes: Arthropods with long segmented bodies and many legs. Example: Millipedes are often found in damp forest environments. 9.       Centipedes: Arthropods with long, flattened bodies and numerous legs. Example: Centipedes are skilled hunters of smaller insects. 10.   Marine: Relating to the sea or ocean. Example: Marine life includes a wide variety of creatures. 11.   Invasion: The act of entering a place or area in large numbers. Example: The invasion of tourists during the holiday season is common. 12.   Intermediates: Entities or organisms that are in-between or transitional states. Example: Fossils can provide evidence of intermediates in evolution. 13.   Remote: Far away in distance or time. Example: The remote island was difficult to access. 14.   Incarnation: A particular form or version of something. Example: Her latest role is considered her best incarnation as an actress. 15.   Gills: Organs in fish and other aquatic animals for extracting oxygen from water. Example: Fish use their gills to breathe underwater. 16.   Fossils: Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms. Example: Paleontologists study fossils to learn about prehistoric life. 17.   Amphibious: Able to live both on land and in water. Example: Frogs are amphibious animals. 18.   Terrestrial: Relating to the land or Earth. Example: Terrestrial planets like Earth have solid surfaces. 19.   Branches: Divisions or offshoots of a larger system or group. Example: The family tree had many branches. 20.   Nested: Placed or situated inside something else. Example: The smaller box was nested inside the larger one. 21.   Primeval: Relating to the earliest ages or periods of history. Example: The primeval forest had remained untouched for centuries. 22.   Remarkable: Exceptionally impressive or notable. Example: Her talent for music was truly remarkable. 23.   Double: Twice as much or in two ways. Example: Winning the championship was a double victory for the team. 24.   Continuously: Without interruption or stopping. Example: The machine ran continuously for 24 hours. 25.   Generations: Groups of individuals born and living at the same time. Example: Family traditions are passed down through generations. 26.   Ancestry: The lineage or family history of a person or organism. Example: She traced her ancestry back to Europe. 27.   Remote: Far away in distance or time. Example: The remote island was difficult to access. 28.   Intermediates: Entities or organisms that are in-between or transitional states. Example: Fossils can provide evidence of intermediates in evolution. 29.   Triangle: A geometric shape with three sides and three angles. Example: The base of the pyramid forms a triangle. 30.   Thick: Having a relatively large distance between opposite surfaces or sides. Example: The book had a thick cover. 31.   Continuous: Without interruption or stopping. Example: The continuous rain lasted for hours. 32.   Amphibious: Able to live both on land and in water. Example: Frogs are amphibious animals. 33.   Preserved: Kept in its original state or condition. Example: The ancient manuscript was well-preserved. 34.   Impressively: In a manner that leaves a strong and positive impact. Example: Her performance at the concert was impressively powerful. 35.   Untouched: Not affected or changed by something. Example: The natural beauty of the wilderness remained untouched. 36.   Offshoots: Secondary branches or developments that originate from a main source. Example: The company had various offshoots that specialized in different industries. 37.   Aquatic: Relating to or living in water. Example: Fish are well-adapted to their aquatic environment. 38.   Triangular: Having the shape of a triangle. Example: The road junction formed a triangular pattern. 39.   Impressive: Evoking admiration or respect because of size, quality, or skill. Example: The view from the mountaintop was truly impressive. 40.   Reverted: Returned to a previous state or condition. Example: After a period of experimentation, the artist reverted to her original style. 41.   Evidence: Proof or information that supports a claim or statement. Example: There is strong evidence to support the theory of evolution. 42.   Measurements: The act or process of determining the size, length, or quantity of something. Example: Accurate measurements are crucial in scientific research. 43.   Exoskeleton: A hard, external protective covering of certain animals, such as insects and crustaceans. Example: The exoskeleton of a lobster provides protection. 44.   Situations: The conditions or circumstances in which something happens or exists. Example: Different situations require different approaches. 45.   Relative: Considered in relation or in proportion to something else. Example: The price of the car is relative to its features. 46.   Terrestrial: Relating to the land or Earth. Example: Terrestrial ecosystems include forests and grasslands. 47.   Ancestors: People or organisms from whom one is descended. Example: Exploring one's family tree can uncover distant ancestors. 48.   Exceptionally: To a higher degree or unusually. Example: The chef's culinary skills were exceptionally impressive. 49.   Transitional: Relating to a period of change or transition. Example: The transitional phase between childhood and adulthood is challenging. 50.   Deserts: Arid and dry regions with little rainfall and vegetation. Example: The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert. ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 READING PASSAGE – 1 1.       Chronic: Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Example: Chronic pain can significantly affect one's quality of life. 2.       Cognition: The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding. Example: Cognitive therapy aims to improve cognitive functions in patients with brain injuries. 3.       Impede: To obstruct or hinder the progress of something. Example: Heavy traffic can impede the flow of vehicles on the highway. 4.       Reluctant: Unwilling or hesitant to do something. Example: She was reluctant to speak in public due to her fear of public speaking. 5.       Pervasive: Spreading widely throughout an area or group of people. Example: The pervasive influence of social media affects people of all ages. 6.       Inclusive: Including all types of people or ideas. Example: The school promotes an inclusive environment where diversity is celebrated. 7.       Implement: To put a plan or decision into effect. Example: The government plans to implement new safety regulations next year. 8.       Endorse: To publicly support or approve of something. Example: The celebrity endorsed the new skincare product in a television commercial. 9.       Inadequate: Not sufficient or not good enough for a particular purpose. Example: The company's resources were inadequate to meet the growing demand. 10.   Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Example: The organization engages in advocacy for children's rights. 11.   Consensus: General agreement among a group of people. Example: The team reached a consensus on the best approach to the project. 12.   Mobilize: To organize or prepare something, such as resources or troops, for action. Example: The government mobilized emergency services in response to the natural disaster. 13.   Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or challenges. Example: Despite facing setbacks, his resilience helped him bounce back stronger. 14.   Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Example: The government plans to invest in improving the country's infrastructure, including roads and bridges. 15.   Inequality: The unfair situation in society where some people have more opportunities, money, etc., than others. Example: Income inequality remains a significant issue in many countries around the world. 16.   Sustainable: Capable of being maintained at a steady level without exhausting natural resources or causing severe ecological damage. Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the environment for future generations. 17.   Diverse: Showing a great deal of variety or differences. Example: The company prides itself on its diverse workforce, representing people from different backgrounds and cultures. 18.   Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products. Example: Technological innovation has revolutionized many industries, including healthcare and transportation. 19.   Collaboration: The action of working with someone to produce something. Example: The collaboration between scientists from different countries led to groundbreaking research. 20.   Empowerment: The process of giving someone the authority or power to do something. Example: Education is key to the empowerment of individuals in society. 21.   Transparency: The quality of being open and honest, without hidden agendas or motives. Example: The government promised transparency in its decision-making processes. 22.   Incentive: Something that motivates or encourages someone to do something. Example: The company offers financial incentives to employees who meet their performance targets. 23.   Innovative: Introducing or using new ideas or methods. Example: The company is known for its innovative approach to product design. 24.   Adaptation: The process of adjusting to new conditions or changes. Example: Plants have evolved various adaptations to survive in different environments. 25.   Resilient: Able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions. Example: Despite facing economic downturns, the company has proven to be resilient. 26.   Mitigate: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide. 27.   Collateral: Something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default. Example: The bank accepted the house as collateral for the loan. 28.   Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products. Example: Technological innovation has revolutionized many industries, including healthcare and transportation. 29.   Resourceful: Skilled at finding ways to deal with difficult situations or to solve problems. Example: She is a resourceful entrepreneur who always finds creative solutions to challenges. 30.   Inclusive: Including all types of people or ideas. Example: The school promotes an inclusive environment where diversity is celebrated. 31.   Sustainability: The ability to maintain or endure something over the long term without causing significant damage to the environment or depleting resources. Example: The company is committed to sustainability practices, such as using renewable energy sources and reducing waste. 32.   Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Example: The organization engages in advocacy for environmental conservation. 33.   Inequality: The state of being unequal, especially in terms of opportunities, wealth, or social status. Example: Income inequality remains a pressing issue in many societies. 34.   Collaboration: Working together with others to achieve a common goal. Example: The successful project outcome was a result of effective collaboration between different departments. 35.   Empowerment: The process of giving individuals or groups the authority or power to do something. Example: Education is a key factor in the empowerment of marginalized communities. 36.   Transparency: Openness and honesty in actions and decisions, without hidden agendas. Example: The company's commitment to transparency builds trust with its customers. 37.   Incentive: Something that motivates or encourages someone to take action or achieve a goal. Example: The company offers bonuses as an incentive for employees to meet sales targets. 38.   Innovative: Introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies that bring about significant change or improvement. Example: The company's innovative approach to product design sets it apart from its competitors. 39.   Adaptation: The process of adjusting to new conditions or environments. Example: Animals develop physical and behavioral adaptations to survive in their habitats. 40.   Resilient: Able to recover quickly from difficulties or setbacks. Example: Despite facing challenges, the community demonstrated its resilience in rebuilding after the natural disaster. 41.   Mitigate: To lessen the severity or impact of something, such as a problem or risk. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide. 42.   Resourceful: Skilled at finding quick and clever solutions to problems. Example: She demonstrated her resourcefulness by improvising tools from materials at hand. 43.   Renewable: Capable of being replenished or replaced naturally within a relatively short period. Example: Solar and wind energy are renewable sources of power. 44.   Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or technologies that bring about significant change or improvement. Example: Technological innovation has transformed the way we communicate and work. 45.   Sustainability: The ability to maintain or endure something over the long term without causing significant damage to the environment or depleting resources. Example: Sustainable agriculture practices promote soil health and biodiversity. 46.   Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Example: Advocacy groups campaign for policy changes to address social injustices. 47.   Inequality: Disparity or unfairness in opportunities, resources, or treatment. Example: Gender inequality persists in many workplaces despite efforts to promote diversity and inclusion. 48.   Collaboration: Cooperative effort between individuals or groups to achieve a common goal. Example: The successful completion of the project was the result of effective collaboration among team members. 49.   Empowerment: The process of giving individuals or communities the tools and resources needed to make decisions and take control of their lives. Example: Education is a powerful tool for empowerment, enabling individuals to pursue their aspirations. 50.   Transparency: Openness and honesty in actions and decisions, allowing for accountability and trust. Example: Government transparency ensures that citizens are informed about the use of public funds and decisions affecting their lives. PASSAGE-2 Venus in Transit 1.       Ultimate: The final or eventual outcome or purpose. Example: The ultimate goal of the project was to improve access to clean water in remote areas. 2.       Scale: The relative size or extent of something compared to other similar things. Example: The scale of the universe is difficult to comprehend due to its vastness. 3.       Expedition: A journey undertaken for a particular purpose, often exploration or research. Example: The scientific expedition discovered a new species of plant in the rainforest. 4.       Difficulties: Obstacles or challenges that hinder progress or success. Example: Despite facing many difficulties, they persevered and completed the project on time. 5.       Superseded: Replaced by something newer or more advanced. Example: Traditional farming methods have been superseded by modern agricultural techniques. 6.       Calculation: The process of determining a value or result through mathematical methods. Example: The calculation of the rocket's trajectory required complex mathematical equations. 7.       Accuracy: The degree of correctness or precision in measurements or information. Example: The accuracy of the weather forecast depends on reliable data and advanced forecasting models. 8.       Spectacular: Remarkable or impressive in a dramatic or eye-catching way. Example: The sunset over the ocean was truly spectacular, with vibrant colors painting the sky. 9.       Cosmic: Relating to the universe or cosmos, especially in a grand or vast sense. Example: The cosmic background radiation is a remnant of the Big Bang. 10.   Parallax: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different perspectives. Example: Astronomers use parallax to determine the distance to nearby stars. 11.   Respected: Held in high esteem or admiration by others. Example: The professor was widely respected for his contributions to the field of physics. 12.   Significant: Meaningful, important, or having a notable impact. Example: The discovery of a new species in the rainforest was significant for biodiversity conservation. 13.   Measurement: The process of determining the size, quantity, or extent of something using standardized units. Example: Accurate measurements are essential for scientific experiments and engineering projects. 14.   Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose, especially in scientific or technical contexts. Example: The laboratory was equipped with various instruments for conducting experiments. 15.   Distance: The amount of space between two points or objects, often measured in units such as meters or kilometers. Example: The distance between the Earth and the Moon is approximately 384,400 kilometers. 16.   Apparent: Seeming or appearing to be true, though not necessarily so. Example: The apparent motion of the stars across the night sky is caused by the Earth's rotation. 17.   Goal: A desired outcome or objective that one aims to achieve. Example: His goal was to climb Mount Everest, the tallest peak in the world. 18.   Examine: To inspect or scrutinize something closely in order to understand or evaluate it. Example: The forensic scientist carefully examined the crime scene for evidence. 19.   Orbit: The path that an object follows as it revolves around another object in space, such as a planet orbiting a star. Example: The Earth's orbit around the Sun is elliptical in shape. 20.   Desolate: Barren, empty, and devoid of life or activity. Example: The abandoned town in the desert appeared desolate and haunting. 21.   Astronomers: Scientists who study celestial objects and phenomena, including stars, planets, galaxies, and cosmic events. Example: Astronomers use telescopes and other instruments to observe the universe. 22.   Magnitude: The measure of the brightness or intensity of a celestial object, often expressed as a numerical value. Example: The magnitude of a star indicates its brightness relative to other stars. 23.   Precise: Exact, accurate, or characterized by a high level of detail or specificity. Example: The architect's drawings were precise, down to the millimeter. 24.   Location: A specific place or position, often described by its geographical coordinates. Example: The location of the buried treasure was marked on an old map. 25.   Observatory: A facility equipped for observing and studying celestial phenomena, often equipped with telescopes and other instruments. Example: The observatory atop the mountain provided astronomers with a clear view of the night sky. 26.   Latitude: The angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. Example: The city's latitude determines its climate and weather patterns. 27.   Longitude: The angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees. Example: Sailors use longitude to navigate accurately across the seas. 28.   Ultimate: Representing the greatest or most extreme example of something. Example: The ultimate goal of the space program is to explore other planets. 29.   Scale: The ratio of a measurement in a drawing, model, map, or plan to the actual measurement. Example: The map had a scale of 1:10,000, indicating that one unit on the map represents 10,000 units on the ground. 30.   Expedition: A journey or voyage undertaken for a specific purpose, especially exploration or research. Example: The scientific expedition to Antarctica discovered new species of marine life. 31.   Difficulties: Problems, challenges, or obstacles that hinder progress or achievement. Example: Despite facing numerous difficulties, they persevered and reached their goal. 32.   Superseded: Replaced or succeeded by something newer, more advanced, or more effective. Example: The old model of the smartphone was superseded by the latest version. 33.   Calculation: The process of determining something by mathematical methods or reasoning. Example: The calculation of the rocket's trajectory required complex mathematical equations. 34.   Accuracy: The degree of correctness, exactness, or precision in measurements or information. Example: The accuracy of the laboratory equipment ensured reliable experimental results. 35.   Spectacular: Impressively large, dramatic, or eye-catching. Example: The fireworks display was a spectacular sight against the night sky. 36.   Cosmic: Relating to the universe, especially as distinct from the Earth or human civilization. Example: Cosmologists study the cosmic microwave background to understand the early universe. 37.   Parallax: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different positions. Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to nearby stars. 38.   Respected: Regarded with admiration, esteem, or honor by others. Example: The scientist was widely respected for his groundbreaking research. 39.   Significant: Meaningful, important, or having notable effects or implications. Example: The discovery of a new species in the rainforest was significant for biodiversity conservation. 40.   Measurement: The process of determining the size, length, or quantity of something using standard units. Example: Accurate measurements are crucial for building structures according to specifications. 41.   Instruments: Tools, devices, or equipment used for a specific purpose, especially in scientific or technical contexts. Example: The surgeon used precise instruments during the delicate operation. 42.   Distance: The amount of space between two points, objects, or locations. Example: The distance between the Earth and the Moon is approximately 384,400 kilometers. 43.   Apparent: Clearly visible, obvious, or seeming to be true without necessarily being so. Example: The apparent motion of the stars across the sky is due to the Earth's rotation. 44.   Goal: An objective or desired outcome that one works toward or intends to achieve. Example: His goal is to complete a marathon within the next year. 45.   Examine: To inspect, investigate, or scrutinize something closely and systematically. Example: The detective examined the crime scene for any clues. 46.   Orbit: The curved path followed by a celestial object or spacecraft as it revolves around another body in space. Example: The Earth orbits the Sun once every 365 days. 47.   Desolate: Barren, empty, and devoid of life or human activity. Example: The abandoned town in the desert looked desolate and eerie. 48.   Astronomers: Scientists who study celestial objects, phenomena, and the universe as a whole. Example: Astronomers use telescopes to observe distant galaxies. 49.   Magnitude: The measure of the brightness or intensity of a celestial object, usually expressed on a logarithmic scale. Example: The magnitude of a star indicates its apparent brightness as seen from Earth. 50.   Precise: Exact, accurate, or clearly defined in details or terms. Example: The architect's precise measurements ensured that the building would fit perfectly on the site. PASSAGE-3 A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently 1.       Iconoclast: A person who does things that others say can't be done. Example: Steve Jobs was considered an iconoclast in the world of technology. 2.       Neuroeconomics: A field that studies the brain's role in economic decision-making. Example: Neuroeconomics has provided valuable insights into consumer behavior. 3.       Constraints: Limitations or restrictions that hold something back. Example: Budget constraints prevented them from expanding the project. 4.       Efficiently: In a way that maximizes productivity with minimal waste. Example: The factory operates efficiently, producing high-quality products. 5.       Perception: The way in which something is understood or interpreted. Example: Our perception of art varies from person to person. 6.       Biological: Related to living organisms and their processes. Example: The study focused on the biological factors influencing growth. 7.       Rumblings: Low, continuous sounds or vibrations. Example: The rumblings of thunder could be heard in the distance. 8.       Hardwired: Ingrained or built-in as a natural part of something. Example: Some behaviors are hardwired into our DNA. 9.       Conjectures: Ideas or opinions based on incomplete information. Example: His conjectures about the future of technology were often accurate. 10.   Statistical: Relating to the use of data and probabilities in analysis. Example: The study used statistical methods to analyze the results. 11.   Embrace: To accept or adopt something willingly. Example: She decided to embrace the new opportunities presented to her. 12.   Impediment: Something that hinders or obstructs progress. Example: Lack of funding can be a major impediment to research. 13.   Phobias: Extreme or irrational fears of specific things or situations. Example: Claustrophobia is a common phobia of enclosed spaces. 14.   Afflicts: Causes pain, suffering, or distress to someone. Example: The disease afflicts millions of people worldwide. 15.   Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: The new variant of the software includes additional features. 16.   Explosion: A sudden and rapid increase or expansion. Example: There was an explosion of interest in the new product. 17.   Coordinate: To work together efficiently and harmoniously. Example: The team needed to coordinate their efforts to complete the project. 18.   Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Example: Her empathy for the homeless inspired her to volunteer at a shelter. 19.   Fairness: The quality of being just, impartial, or equitable. Example: The fairness of the decision was questioned by some. 20.   Interwined: To be closely connected or mixed together. Example: Their fates were intertwined from childhood. 21.   Creativity: The ability to generate new ideas or concepts. Example: The artist's creativity was evident in every painting. 22.   Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products. Example: Technological innovation has transformed many industries. 23.   Committees: Groups of people appointed to perform specific tasks. Example: The committee met to discuss the budget for the upcoming year. 24.   Alienation: A feeling of isolation or estrangement from others. Example: His constant criticism led to the alienation of his colleagues. 25.   Asset: Something valuable or useful that can be used to advantage. Example: Her knowledge and expertise are valuable assets to the company. 26.   Crucial: Extremely important or necessary. Example: Proper communication is crucial in building strong relationships. 27.   Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: The new variant of the virus was more contagious. 28.   Perceptual: Related to the process of perception or how something is perceived. Example: There are perceptual differences in how people interpret abstract art. 29.   Convince: To persuade or make someone believe something. Example: She needed to convince her team to support the new project. 30.   Understanding: The ability to comprehend or grasp the meaning of something. Example: Clear communication is essential for mutual understanding. 31.   Revolution: A significant and sudden change or upheaval. Example: The Industrial Revolution transformed society in the 19th century. 32.   Polymath: A person with knowledge or skills in a wide range of subjects. Example: Leonardo da Vinci was a famous polymath known for his diverse talents. 33.   Parallax: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles. Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to nearby stars. 34.   Ultimate: The highest, most important, or final goal. Example: Winning the championship was the ultimate achievement for the team. 35.   Interpretation: The act of explaining or understanding the meaning of something. Example: The interpretation of the painting varied among art critics. 36.   Variety: A range of different things of the same general type. Example: The store offers a variety of products to choose from. 37.   Suffer: To experience pain, distress, or hardship. Example: He suffered from a severe illness for many years. 38.   Willingness: The quality of being prepared to do something. Example: Her willingness to help others made her a valued team member. 39.   Bombard: To subject something to a continuous flow or barrage. Example: The media often bombard us with news and information. 40.   Novelty: The quality of being new, original, or unusual. Example: The novelty of the invention captured people's attention. 41.   Trigger: To cause or initiate a particular reaction or response. Example: His words seemed to trigger a strong emotional response. 42.   Inhibit: To hinder, restrain, or prevent something from happening. Example: Fear can inhibit one's ability to take risks. 43.   Cooperate: To work together with others for a common purpose. Example: The two companies decided to cooperate on a joint project. 44.   Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: The variant spelling of the word is commonly used in British English. 45.   Explosion: A sudden and violent burst of energy or force. Example: The explosion of fireworks lit up the night sky. 46.   Harmoniously: In a way that is pleasing and in agreement. Example: The orchestra played harmoniously, creating beautiful music. 47.   Convince: To persuade or make someone believe something. Example: He tried to convince his parents to let him go on the trip. 48.   Embrace: To accept or adopt something willingly. Example: The company decided to embrace new technologies for efficiency. 49.   Variety: A range of different things of the same general type. Example: The garden had a variety of colorful flowers. 50.   Asset: Something valuable or useful that can be used to advantage. Example: Her experience and knowledge were considered valuable assets to the team. Top of Form ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 PASSAGE-1 Attitude of Language 1.       Systematic ·         Meaning: Done or acting according to a fixed plan or system. ·         Example: The research followed a systematic approach to data collection. 2.       Objective ·         Meaning: Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; impartial. ·         Example: The journalist presented an objective report of the event. 3.       Linguistic ·         Meaning: Relating to language or the study of language. ·         Example: Linguistic diversity is evident in the various dialects spoken in this region. 4.       Debate ·         Meaning: A formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting or legislative assembly. ·         Example: The presidential candidates engaged in a heated debate on live television. 5.       Deteriorates ·         Meaning: Becomes progressively worse. ·         Example: If the building's foundation is not repaired, it will deteriorate further. 6.       Invective ·         Meaning: Abusive or strongly critical language. ·         Example: The politician's speech was filled with invective against his opponent. 7.       Polemic ·         Meaning: A strong verbal or written attack on someone or something. ·         Example: The author's book was a polemic against the government's policies. 8.       Exempt ·         Meaning: Free from an obligation or liability imposed on others. ·         Example: Some organizations are exempt from paying certain taxes. 9.       Influence ·         Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something. ·         Example: Parents have a significant influence on their children's values. 10.   Judges ·         Meaning: Forms an opinion or conclusion about. ·         Example: The jury will judge the defendant's actions based on the evidence. 11.   Personality ·         Meaning: The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character. ·         Example: Her cheerful personality made her popular among her colleagues. 12.   Intelligence ·         Meaning: The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. ·         Example: His intelligence and problem-solving skills impressed his teachers. 13.   Social ·         Meaning: Relating to society or its organization. ·         Example: Social interactions are important for building relationships. 14.   Status ·         Meaning: The relative social, professional, or other standing of someone. ·         Example: His promotion to manager elevated his status within the company. 15.   Educational ·         Meaning: Relating to the process of teaching or learning. ·         Example: The educational system in this country emphasizes critical thinking. 16.   Aptitude ·         Meaning: Natural ability or skill in a particular area. ·         Example: She has a strong aptitude for mathematics. 17.   Identity ·         Meaning: The characteristics that define who or what someone or something is. ·         Example: Cultural identity plays a significant role in one's sense of belonging. 18.   Survival ·         Meaning: The state of continuing to live or exist, often despite difficulties or threats. ·         Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential for outdoor enthusiasts. 19.   Propounded ·         Meaning: Put forward or promote (a theory or idea). ·         Example: The scientist propounded a groundbreaking theory in physics. 20.   Codify ·         Meaning: Arrange (laws or rules) into a systematic code. ·         Example: The legal team worked to codify the new regulations. 21.   Principles ·         Meaning: Fundamental truths or rules that govern behavior or belief. ·         Example: Honesty and integrity are important principles in business. 22.   Disputes ·         Meaning: A disagreement or argument. ·         Example: They resolved their dispute through mediation. 23.   Authoritarian ·         Meaning: Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority. ·         Example: The dictator ruled with an authoritarian regime. 24.   Half-measures ·         Meaning: Incomplete or insufficient actions or efforts. ·         Example: The government's response to the crisis was criticized as half-measures. 25.   Deviations ·         Meaning: Departures or variations from a standard or norm. ·         Example: The statistical analysis revealed significant deviations from the expected results. 26.   Evaluate ·         Meaning: Assess or judge the value, quality, or significance of something. ·         Example: The teacher will evaluate the students' performance on the test. 27.   Opposition ·         Meaning: Resistance or dissent, often in the context of disagreement. ·         Example: The opposition party criticized the government's policies. 28.   Extreme ·         Meaning: Reaching a high or the highest degree; very great. ·         Example: The weather conditions were extremely harsh. 29.   Advocates ·         Meaning: People who publicly support or recommend a particular cause or policy. ·         Example: Environmental advocates are working to raise awareness of climate change. 30.   Tenet ·         Meaning: A principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy. ·         Example: Freedom of speech is a fundamental tenet of democracy. 31.   Quasi-political ·         Meaning: Resembling or having the characteristics of political involvement. ·         Example: The debate took on a quasi-political tone as candidates discussed economic policies. 32.   Conventions ·         Meaning: Accepted customs or practices in a society. ·         Example: Following social conventions can help maintain harmony in a community. 33.   Adherents ·         Meaning: Supporters or followers of a particular belief or cause. ·         Example: The religious leader had many loyal adherents in his congregation. 34.   Variety ·         Meaning: A particular type or version of something. ·         Example: There is a wide variety of cuisines available in this multicultural city. 35.   Codified ·         Meaning: Arranged or compiled into a systematic code or law. ·         Example: The legal system has codified regulations for property ownership. 36.   Halting ·         Meaning: Proceeding or speaking with hesitation or difficulty. ·         Example: His halting speech made it clear that he was nervous about public speaking. 37.   Perceptual ·         Meaning: Related to the process of perception or interpretation of sensory information. ·         Example: Optical illusions can play tricks on our perceptual abilities. 38.   Unfeelingly ·         Meaning: In a manner lacking sensitivity or empathy. ·         Example: She delivered the news unfeelingly, causing distress to those present. 39.   Abused ·         Meaning: Used or treated in a harmful or offensive way. ·         Example: Animal abuse is a serious concern for animal welfare organizations. 40.   Realize ·         Meaning: Become aware of a fact or truth. ·         Example: It took her years to realize the importance of a healthy lifestyle. 41.   Reputation ·         Meaning: The beliefs or opinions that others have about someone or something. ·         Example: Building a good reputation is crucial for a successful business. 42.   Facts ·         Meaning: Information or events that can be proven to be true. ·         Example: The investigator gathered facts to solve the mystery. 43.   Motivate ·         Meaning: Provide a reason or incentive for someone to take action. ·         Example: A sense of purpose can motivate individuals to achieve their goals. 44.   Opponents ·         Meaning: People or groups who are in competition or conflict with each other. ·         Example: The two teams are fierce opponents on the field. 45.   Elevated ·         Meaning: Raised to a higher position or status. ·         Example: Her dedication and hard work elevated her to a leadership role. 46.   Characterized ·         Meaning: Described or identified as having specific qualities or features. ·         Example: The novel is characterized by its vivid descriptions of nature. 47.   Liberalism ·         Meaning: A political or social philosophy advocating freedom and equality. ·         Example: The candidate's policies are rooted in the principles of liberalism. 48.   Committees ·         Meaning: Groups of people appointed for a specific task or purpose. ·         Example: The committee met to discuss the budget for the upcoming project. 49.   Criticized ·         Meaning: Expressing disapproval or judgment about something. ·         Example: Film critics criticized the movie for its weak plot. 50.   Inhibit ·         Meaning: Hinder, restrain, or prevent an action or process. ·         Example: Fear can inhibit a person's ability to take risks. PASSAGE-2                                                      Tidal Power Renewable Meaning: Capable of being restored or replaced naturally. Example: Solar and wind power are examples of renewable energy sources. Predictable Meaning: Able to be foreseen or expected with a high degree of certainty. Example: The tides are predictable, making them a reliable energy source. Export Meaning: To send goods or services to another country for sale. Example: The country exports a significant amount of agricultural products. Undersea Meaning: Located or occurring beneath the surface of the sea. Example: Submarines explore the undersea world. Self-sufficient Meaning: Able to provide for one's own needs without external assistance. Example: The off-grid cabin was self-sufficient, generating its own electricity and growing food. Carbon dioxide emissions Meaning: The release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, often from burning fossil fuels. Example: Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is essential to combat climate change. Codify Meaning: To arrange or compile into a systematic code or law. Example: The legal system codifies the rules and regulations of a society. Inherently Meaning: In a way that is a permanent, essential characteristic. Example: Some people believe that creativity is inherently linked to intelligence. Ailing Meaning: In poor health or experiencing difficulties. Example: The ailing economy needed immediate attention. Prospect Meaning: The possibility or likelihood of something happening in the future. Example: There is a prospect of rain later in the day. Turbines Meaning: Machines with blades that are turned by wind, water, or steam to generate power. Example: Wind turbines generate electricity from the wind's kinetic energy. Undercutting Meaning: Selling a product or service at a lower price than a competitor. Example: The company gained a competitive edge by undercutting its rivals' prices. Venture Meaning: A risky or daring journey or undertaking. Example: Starting a new business is a risky venture. Channel islands Meaning: A group of British islands in the English Channel, including Alderney. Example: Tourists visit the Channel Islands for their scenic beauty. Venture Meaning: To dare to do something or go somewhere new or unknown. Example: She ventured into the forest to explore its secrets. Maintenance Meaning: The process of keeping something in good condition through regular checks and repairs. Example: Regular car maintenance can extend its lifespan. Robust Meaning: Strong and resilient; able to withstand harsh conditions. Example: The new building was constructed with robust materials to withstand earthquakes. Cavitations Meaning: The formation of air bubbles in a liquid due to low pressure. Example: The propeller's cavitations caused vibration in the boat. Vibration Meaning: A continuous slight shaking or trembling motion. Example: The earthquake caused the ground to tremble with vibrations. Hostile Meaning: Unfriendly, antagonistic, or opposed. Example: The negotiations took place in a hostile environment with both sides refusing to compromise. Indented Meaning: Set in from the edge or surface. Example: The coast had many indented bays and coves. Tenet Meaning: A principle or belief that is held by a person, group, or organization. Example: Freedom of speech is a fundamental tenet of democracy. Quasi-political Meaning: Resembling or having characteristics of political issues or conflicts. Example: The debate over taxes had taken on a quasi-political dimension. Extreme Meaning: Reaching a high or the highest degree; very great. Example: The weather conditions in the mountains can be extreme. Concern Meaning: Worry, fear, or anxiety about something. Example: There is growing concern about the environmental impact of pollution. Devon Meaning: A county in southwestern England. Example: Many tourists visit Devon to explore its picturesque villages. Robust Meaning: Strong and able to withstand tough conditions. Example: The robust construction of the bridge ensured its durability. Lynmouth Meaning: A coastal village in Devon, England. Example: Lynmouth is a popular tourist destination known for its scenic beauty. Blade Meaning: The flat, elongated part of a tool or machine that cuts or propels. Example: The helicopter's blades spin rapidly to generate lift. Re-imported Meaning: To bring something back into a country after it has been exported. Example: The goods were re-imported into the country due to high demand. Dispute Meaning: A disagreement or argument about something. Example: The labor union is in a dispute with the company over wages. Anticipated Meaning: Expected or predicted. Example: The anticipated arrival of the new product generated excitement among customers. Differ Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something or someone else. Example: Their opinions on the matter differ significantly. Predominant Meaning: Having greater influence, importance, or power. Example: English is the predominant language spoken in this region. Attribute Meaning: Regard something as being caused by. Example: Some people attribute success to hard work and determination. Influence Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on someone or something. Example: The media has a significant influence on public opinion. Motivate Meaning: Provide with a reason or incentive for doing something. Example: Recognition and rewards can motivate employees to perform better. Alternative Meaning: An option or choice that is different from the usual or conventional one. Example: We need to consider alternative solutions to this problem. Rival Meaning: A person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity. Example: The two companies are fierce rivals in the smartphone industry. Parallax Meaning: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles. Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to stars. PASSAGE-3 Information Theory- the Big Data Astonishing Meaning: Extremely surprising or impressive. Example: Her ability to solve complex problems was astonishing. Triumph Meaning: A great victory or achievement. Example: The successful launch of the spacecraft was a triumph for the team. Inveigle Meaning: To persuade or manipulate someone to do something through flattery or deception. Example: He tried to inveigle his way into her good graces. Convey Meaning: To transport or communicate a message or information. Example: He used gestures to convey his feelings. Precise Meaning: Exact, accurate, and careful about details. Example: The measurements need to be precise for the experiment. Binary Meaning: Relating to a system of numbers or code with only two possible values, typically 0 and 1. Example: Computers use binary code for processing data. Interference Meaning: The action of interfering or causing disruption. Example: The interference from other radio signals affected the broadcast. Bandwidth Meaning: The range of frequencies within a given band, in particular, the range of frequencies over which a radio or television signal can be transmitted. Example: High-definition video requires a lot of bandwidth for streaming. Absolute Meaning: Complete; not mixed or adulterated. Example: The team had absolute control over the project. Ravages Meaning: Severe damage or destruction. Example: The ravages of war left the city in ruins. Cope Meaning: Deal effectively with something difficult. Example: She had to cope with the stress of her demanding job. Packaging Meaning: The process of enclosing something in a container or covering. Example: The packaging of the product was eco-friendly. Ravages Meaning: Severe damage or destruction. Example: The ravages of war left the city in ruins. Revolution Meaning: A sudden, complete, or marked change in something. Example: The invention of the internet brought about a revolution in communication. Ambiguous Meaning: Open to more than one interpretation; unclear. Example: Her ambiguous statement left everyone confused. Compression Meaning: The action of compressing or being compressed. Example: Video compression reduces file sizes for easier storage. Superfluous Meaning: Unnecessary, especially through being more than enough. Example: The extra details in the report were superfluous and added no value. Manipulate Meaning: Control or influence (a person or situation) cleverly or unfairly. Example: He tried to manipulate the stock market for personal gain. Text messages Meaning: Short electronic messages sent between mobile phones. Example: She sent a series of text messages to confirm the meeting. Cram Meaning: To put something or many things into a space that is too small. Example: She had to cram all her clothes into a small suitcase. Compression methods Meaning: Techniques or processes used to reduce the size of digital data files. Example: JPEG is a popular compression method for images. Shunned Meaning: Deliberately avoid, ignore, or reject. Example: He shunned social events and preferred solitude. Ingenuity Meaning: The quality of being clever, original, and inventive. Example: Her ingenuity in solving problems was well-known in the company. Foundations Meaning: The basis on which something is grounded or established. Example: Ethics are the foundation of a strong organizational culture. Hostile Meaning: Unfriendly and antagonistic. Example: The negotiations between the two companies turned hostile. Error rate Meaning: The rate at which mistakes or inaccuracies occur. Example: The error rate in the data analysis was surprisingly low. Over II hours Meaning: More than 11 hours. Example: The flight delay was over 11 hours due to bad weather. Binary unit Meaning: A unit of information represented by a binary digit, either 1 or 0. Example: Computers process data using binary units. Undercutting Meaning: Selling something at a lower price than a competitor. Example: The company's strategy involved undercutting competitors' prices. Ailing Meaning: In poor health or condition; failing or deteriorating. Example: The ailing economy needed immediate attention. Ingest Meaning: To take in or consume, especially food or drink. Example: It's important to ingest enough fluids to stay hydrated. Power input Meaning: The amount of power supplied or provided. Example: The power input of the device is adjustable. Satellite communication Meaning: Communication using artificial satellites in orbit around the Earth. Example: Satellite communication allows us to transmit signals over long distances. Deep Space Network Meaning: A network of radio antennas used to communicate with spacecraft in deep space. Example: The Deep Space Network maintained contact with the Voyager probe. Communication channels Meaning: The means by which information is transmitted between people or devices. Example: The internet provides various communication channels, including email and video conferencing. Bar codes Meaning: A code consisting of a group of printed and variously patterned bars and spaces and sometimes numerals, typically designed to be scanned and read by a barcode scanner. Example: Bar codes are used for quick and accurate product identification. Error-detecting Meaning: A system or technique used to identify and report errors in data. Example: The error-detecting mechanism in the software helped identify and correct mistakes. Turbo codes Meaning: A class of error-correcting codes that achieve high performance close to Shannon's limit. Example: Turbo codes are used in modern telecommunications to improve data transmission. Stripping out Meaning: Removing or taking something away. Example: She was stripping out unnecessary elements from the document to make it concise. Supermarket check-out Meaning: The area in a supermarket where customers pay for their purchases. Example: There was a long line at the supermarket check-out counter. Crisps Meaning: Potato chips (in British English). Example: He grabbed a bag of crisps as a snack. Mobile videophone Meaning: A device or system that enables video calls on mobile phones. Example: The mobile videophone allows us to see and talk to people while on the move. Admirable Meaning: Deserving respect and approval; excellent. Example: Her dedication to charity work is truly admirable. Incredible Meaning: Difficult to believe; extraordinary. Example: The incredible speed of the new computer amazed everyone. Precisely Meaning: Exactly; with great accuracy. Example: The laser measurement provided precise results. Sensors Meaning: Devices that detect changes or signals in the environment. Example: The sensors in the car help with parking and navigation. Interplanetary Meaning: Existing or occurring between planets. Example: The mission aimed to study interplanetary space. Transmitted Meaning: Sent or conveyed from one place to another. Example: The message was transmitted via satellite. Coded message Meaning: A message that is encoded or transformed using a specific system or language. Example: The spies communicated using coded messages to maintain secrecy. Underwater cables Meaning: Cables laid on the ocean floor to transmit data or signals over long distances. Example: Underwater cables connect continents for global internet communication. ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 PASSAGE-1 The Life & Work of Marie Curie Radioactivity Meaning: The emission of radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei. Example: Marie Curie's groundbreaking work involved the study of radioactivity. Nobel Prize Meaning: A prestigious international award presented annually in several categories, including Physics and Chemistry, to individuals who have made significant contributions to those fields. Example: Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes in her lifetime. Prodigious Meaning: Remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree. Example: Her prodigious memory allowed her to excel in academics. Sorbonne Meaning: The University of Paris, often referred to as the Sorbonne, is a renowned educational institution in France. Example: Marie Curie studied at the Sorbonne in Paris. Examination Meaning: A formal test of a person's knowledge or proficiency in a particular subject or skill. Example: She performed exceptionally well in her examinations. Mathematical sciences Meaning: Fields of study that involve advanced mathematics, such as algebra, calculus, and statistics. Example: Marie Curie excelled in both physical and mathematical sciences. Marriage Meaning: A legally recognized union between two people, typically a man and a woman, in which they become partners for life. Example: Marie Curie's marriage to Pierre Curie marked the beginning of their scientific partnership. Minerals Meaning: Naturally occurring substances, typically inorganic, that have a characteristic chemical composition and physical properties. Example: She studied the radioactivity of minerals. Pitchblende Meaning: A mineral, also known as uraninite, that is a major source of uranium and radium. Example: Pitchblende was of particular interest to Marie Curie due to its high radioactivity. New elements Meaning: Chemical elements that were previously unknown or undiscovered. Example: Marie Curie's research led to the discovery of new elements, polonium and radium. Doctorate Meaning: The highest academic degree awarded by a university or college, typically after completing advanced research. Example: Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science for her research. Pure radium Meaning: Radium in a highly purified form, free from impurities. Example: Her goal was to obtain pure radium. Experimental demonstrations Meaning: Practical displays or experiments that illustrate scientific principles. Example: Marie Curie introduced teaching methods based on experimental demonstrations. Radiography Meaning: The use of X-rays for medical or industrial imaging. Example: During World War I, Marie Curie worked on the development of X-radiography for medical purposes. Mobile units Meaning: Portable equipment or vehicles equipped with X-ray machines for medical use. Example: Marie Curie's "little Curies" were mobile units used for treating wounded soldiers. Radium Institute Meaning: A research institution focused on the study of radium and related topics. Example: Marie Curie played a key role in establishing the Radium Institute in Paris. Triumphant Meaning: Having achieved victory or success. Example: Marie Curie's journey to the United States was triumphant in raising funds for research. Gram of radium Meaning: A unit of measurement for radium, a radioactive element. Example: Women in the United States presented Marie Curie with a gram of radium for her campaign. Triumphant journey Meaning: A successful and celebrated voyage or mission. Example: Marie Curie's triumphant journey aimed to raise awareness and funds for her research. Curie Foundation Meaning: An organization or institution founded to support scientific research and education. Example: The Curie Foundation in Paris contributed to advancements in nuclear physics and chemistry. Radioactive sources Meaning: Materials or substances that emit radiation due to their radioactive properties. Example: Marie Curie emphasized the need for intense radioactive sources for research. Neutron Meaning: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, with no electric charge. Example: The discovery of the neutron was a significant development in nuclear physics. Artificial radioactivity Meaning: Radioactivity induced in a substance through human-made processes. Example: The Joliot-Curies' discovery of artificial radioactivity expanded our understanding of nuclear science. Leukemia Meaning: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Example: Marie Curie's exposure to radiation led to her development of leukemia. Isotopes Meaning: Variants of a chemical element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. Example: Marie Curie often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes. Ambitious Meaning: Having a strong desire to achieve something significant or challenging. Example: Marie Curie's ambitious research goals led to groundbreaking discoveries. Legacy Meaning: Something handed down or left behind by a predecessor. Example: Marie Curie's legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists. Influence Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something. Example: Marie Curie's influence on nuclear physics is profound. Chemists Meaning: Scientists who study the composition, properties, and reactions of substances. Example: Marie Curie's work had a significant impact on chemists and physicists alike. Inauguration Meaning: The formal beginning or introduction of an institution, system, or activity. Example: The inauguration of the Radium Institute marked a new era in scientific research. Disintegration Meaning: The process of breaking down or falling apart into smaller parts. Example: Radioactive elements undergo disintegration over time. Acclaim Meaning: Praise or recognition for achievement. Example: Claude Shannon received acclaim for his contributions to communication theory. Radium Meaning: A radioactive chemical element, symbol Ra, used in various applications, including medical treatments. Substance Meaning: A particular kind of matter with uniform properties. Example: Pitchblende contains an unknown substance with high radioactivity. Chemical elements Meaning: Substances composed of atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei. Example: The periodic table lists all known chemical elements. Subsidiary Meaning: A company or organization controlled by another larger company. Example: Marine Current Turbines is a subsidiary of IT power. Advancements Meaning: Progress or improvements in a particular field. Example: The advancements in technology have transformed our daily lives. Triumphant Meaning: Having achieved a great victory or success. Example: Marie Curie's research was triumphant, leading to two Nobel Prizes. Conveyed Meaning: Transported or transmitted from one place to another. Example: Information can be conveyed through various forms of media. Ambiguous Meaning: Open to more than one interpretation; unclear or uncertain. Example: His ambiguous statement left us puzzled about his intentions. Foundations Meaning: Organizations or institutions established to provide financial support for various purposes, such as research or education. Example: The Rockefeller Foundation funds medical research projects. Exposure Meaning: The state of being exposed to something, often referring to harmful substances or radiation. Example: Prolonged exposure to sunlight can lead to skin damage. Pioneering Meaning: Involving new ideas or methods that lead the way for others. Example: Marie Curie's pioneering work in radioactivity revolutionized science. Renowned Meaning: Widely known or famous for something. Example: The Louvre Museum in Paris is renowned for its art collection. Founding Meaning: The action of establishing an organization or institution. Example: The founding of the United Nations aimed to promote world peace. Profound Meaning: Having deep meaning or significance. Example: Her speech had a profound impact on the audience. Dissertation Meaning: A long essay or research project written as part of a university degree. Example: Marie Curie's dissertation focused on radioactivity. Institute Meaning: An organization or establishment for research, education, or professional training. Example: The Max Planck Institute is known for its contributions to physics. Revolutionized Meaning: To completely change or transform something, often in a radical way. Example: The invention of the internet revolutionized communication. Adherents Meaning: People who support or follow a particular belief, principle, or ideology. Example: The adherents of the environmental movement advocate for sustainable practices. PASSAGE-2 Young Children's Sense of Identity Subject Meaning: A person or thing that is being discussed or dealt with. Example: The subject of today's lecture is child development. Recognition Meaning: The acknowledgment or identification of something or someone. Example: Her recognition of his hard work earned him a promotion. Distinctiveness Meaning: The quality of being easily distinguished from others. Example: The distinctiveness of her voice made her stand out in the crowd. Emergence Meaning: The process of coming into view or becoming evident. Example: The emergence of new technologies has changed our lives. Power to Act Meaning: The ability or capacity to take action or make decisions. Example: With great power to act, she became a successful leader. Agency Meaning: The capacity of a person to act independently and make choices. Example: The agency of the detective allowed her to solve complex cases. Mimic Meaning: To imitate or copy the actions, speech, or appearance of someone. Example: Children often mimic their parents' behaviors. Contingent Meaning: Dependent on or influenced by something else. Example: His success was contingent on the support of his team. Empirical Meaning: Based on observation, experience, or evidence rather than theory. Example: The scientist conducted empirical research to test the hypothesis. Identity Meaning: The distinguishing character or personality of an individual. Example: Cultural traditions can shape a person's identity. Comparison Meaning: The act of examining similarities and differences between things. Example: The comparison of the two paintings revealed unique styles. Trustworthiness Meaning: The quality of being reliable, honest, and deserving of trust. Example: Her trustworthiness made her the ideal candidate for the job. Inextricably Meaning: In a way that cannot be separated or disentangled. Example: The fates of the two nations were inextricably linked. Cues Meaning: Hints or signals that provide information or guidance. Example: Non-verbal cues, such as body language, can convey emotions. Longitudinal Meaning: Relating to a study or analysis that observes the same subjects over an extended period. Example: The longitudinal study tracked the development of children from infancy to adulthood. Intensity Meaning: The degree of strength, force, or emotion in something. Example: The intensity of the storm caused widespread damage. Ownership Meaning: The state or fact of possessing something. Example: Legal documents prove ownership of the property. Struggle Meaning: Make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or constriction. Example: The child had to struggle to open the stubborn jar. Tug-of-war Meaning: A contest in which two teams pull opposite ends of a rope in opposite directions. Example: The tug-of-war competition at the picnic was fiercely competitive. Notable Meaning: Worthy of attention or remarkable. Example: His contributions to the field of science were notable and celebrated. Debate Meaning: A formal discussion on a particular topic, often in a structured and organized manner. Example: The debate over the new policy lasted for hours. Foundation Meaning: The basis or groundwork on which something is built or established. Example: Education forms the foundation for a successful career. Influence Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something. Example: His mentor's influence helped shape his career. Acknowledge Meaning: To recognize the existence, truth, or validity of something. Example: She acknowledged her mistake and apologized. Primary Meaning: Of chief importance or main in significance. Example: Her primary goal was to complete the project on time. Element Meaning: A fundamental or essential part or aspect of something. Example: Teamwork is an essential element of a successful organization. Interaction Meaning: The act of two or more things communicating or having an effect on each other. Example: Social interaction is important for building relationships. Milestone Meaning: A significant event or stage in the progress or development of something. Example: Graduating from college was a major milestone in her life. Examination Meaning: A detailed inspection or investigation. Example: The medical examination revealed no signs of illness. Characteristic Meaning: A typical feature or quality that distinguishes someone or something. Example: Kindness is a characteristic trait of a good leader. Reflect Meaning: To think deeply or carefully about something. Example: She took a moment to reflect on her choices. Exercise Meaning: To make use of or put into action. Example: Regular exercise is important for maintaining good health. Cognitive Meaning: Relating to the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, or thought. Example: Cognitive development in children involves learning and problem-solving. Developmental Meaning: Related to the growth or progress of something over time. Example: The developmental stages of a butterfly are fascinating. Communication Meaning: The exchange of information or ideas between individuals or groups. Example: Effective communication is key to resolving conflicts. Significance Meaning: The quality of being important or having meaning. Example: The discovery had great significance in the field of science. Distinguish Meaning: To recognize or point out a difference between things. Example: He could easily distinguish between identical twins. Foundation Meaning: The base on which something is built or established. Example: The foundation of the building was solid and stable. Structure Meaning: The arrangement or organization of parts to form a whole. Example: The novel's structure was complex and intriguing. Foundation Meaning: An organization or institution established to support a cause. Example: The charity serves as a foundation for underprivileged children. Observation Meaning: The act of watching or noticing something carefully. Example: His keen observation skills helped him solve the mystery. Emergence Meaning: The process of coming into view or becoming evident. Example: The emergence of new technology changed the industry. Controversy Meaning: Disagreement or dispute, often involving strong opposing views. Example: The controversial topic sparked a heated controversy. Progress Meaning: Forward or onward movement toward a goal or destination. Example: The project is making steady progress toward completion. Cognitive Meaning: Relating to the mental processes of perception, memory, and reasoning. Example: Cognitive psychology studies how the mind processes information. Interaction Meaning: Communication or direct involvement with others. Example: Positive interactions in the workplace foster teamwork. Emerge Meaning: To come into view or become known after being hidden or obscure. Example: The sun will emerge from behind the clouds soon. Understanding Meaning: The ability to comprehend or grasp the meaning of something. Example: Clear communication leads to better understanding. Influence Meaning: To have an effect on the behavior or actions of someone or something. Example: Her kind words influenced him to help others. Connection Meaning: A relationship or link between two or more things. Example: The strong connection between the two friends lasted a lifetime. Passage-3 The Development of Museums. Infallible Meaning: Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong. Example: Some people believe that their intuition is infallible. Veracity Meaning: Accuracy or truthfulness. Example: The veracity of his claims was questioned by experts. Endures Meaning: Persists or continues to exist over time. Example: Their love for each other has endured for decades. Exclusive Meaning: Limited to a specific group or category. Example: The event was by invitation only and exclusive to VIPs. Alter Meaning: To change or make different. Example: She decided to alter her appearance by getting a new haircut. Attitudes Meaning: Opinions or feelings about something. Example: His attitudes towards environmental conservation are well-known. Prototype Meaning: The original or first model of something from which other forms are developed. Example: The prototype of the new car design is impressive. Vulgarisation Meaning: The act of making something less sophisticated or refined. Example: Some critics argue that reality TV shows lead to the vulgarization of culture. Distinct Meaning: Clearly different or separate from something else. Example: Each species has its own distinct characteristics. Intolerable Meaning: Unable to be endured or tolerated. Example: The heat during the heatwave was intolerable. Borrow Meaning: To take or use something temporarily with the intention of returning it. Example: Can I borrow your pen for a moment? Concepts Meaning: Abstract ideas or general notions. Example: Understanding complex scientific concepts can be challenging. Authenticity Meaning: The quality of being genuine or real. Example: The authenticity of the ancient artifact was confirmed by experts. Cages Meaning: Enclosed structures used to confine or protect animals. Example: The zoo replaced small cages with spacious enclosures for the animals. Environment Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity. Competitive Meaning: Involving competition or rivalry. Example: The business world can be highly competitive. Assets Meaning: Valuable or useful qualities or resources. Example: Her creativity and determination are her greatest assets. Bias Meaning: Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another. Example: The media's bias can influence public opinion. Transitory Meaning: Temporary or not lasting. Example: Happiness can be transitory; it doesn't last forever. Nostalgia Meaning: A sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past. Example: Listening to old songs often evokes feelings of nostalgia. Rooted Meaning: Firmly established or deeply ingrained. Example: Her love for classical music is deeply rooted in her upbringing. Objective Meaning: Based on facts and not influenced by personal feelings or opinions. Example: The journalist tried to provide an objective account of the event. Veracity Meaning: Accuracy or truthfulness. Example: The veracity of his statements was questioned by the investigators. Inextricably Meaning: In a way that cannot be separated or disentangled. Example: Their fates were inextricably linked by their shared experiences. Heritage Meaning: Valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions that have been passed down through generations. Example: The preservation of our cultural heritage is important for future generations. Attractively Meaning: In a pleasing or appealing manner. Example: The artwork was attractively displayed in the gallery. Vulgarisation Meaning: The act of making something less sophisticated or refined. Example: Critics argue that reality TV shows lead to the vulgarization of culture. Interpretation Meaning: An explanation or way of explaining the meaning of something. Example: His interpretation of the poem was quite different from mine. Evaporating Meaning: Gradually disappearing or vanishing. Example: The morning mist was slowly evaporating in the sunlight. Endures Meaning: Persists or continues to exist over time. Example: Their friendship has endured for decades. Borrow Meaning: To take or use something temporarily with the intention of returning it. Example: Can I borrow your umbrella for the day? Distinct Meaning: Clearly different or separate from something else. Example: Each artist has a distinct style in their paintings. Vulgarisation Meaning: The act of making something less sophisticated or refined. Example: Some critics argue that certain films lead to the vulgarization of cinema. Conceivable Meaning: Capable of being imagined or understood. Example: It's conceivable that we may encounter challenges along the way. Asset Meaning: A useful or valuable thing or person. Example: His knowledge of multiple languages is a valuable asset in his career. Professional Meaning: Relating to or connected with a profession or occupation. Example: She is a professional photographer with years of experience. Tangible Meaning: Perceptible by touch; capable of being touched or felt. Example: The tangible evidence supported their claims. Prejudices Meaning: Preconceived opinions that are not based on reason or actual experience. Example: We should strive to overcome our prejudices and treat everyone fairly. Nostalgia Meaning: A sentimental longing for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations. Example: Listening to old songs often evokes feelings of nostalgia. Presentation Meaning: The way in which something is arranged, shown, or displayed. Example: The presentation of the data was clear and easy to understand.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 PASSAGE-1 A Chronicle of Timekeeping Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it 1.       Archaeological: Related to the study of ancient human history. Example: The archaeological dig unearthed ancient artifacts. 2.       Calendars: Systems for measuring and organizing time. Example: We use calendars to keep track of important dates. 3.       Coordinate: To arrange or organize in a harmonious way. Example: The team needs to coordinate their efforts for the project. 4.       Regulate: To control or manage according to rules or standards. Example: Laws are in place to regulate the use of firearms. 5.       Solar day: The 24-hour period determined by the rotation of the Earth. Example: A solar day consists of day and night. 6.       Lunar month: A month determined by the phases of the moon. Example: The lunar month has 29 or 30 days. 7.       Solar year: A year determined by the Earth's orbit around the sun. Example: The solar year consists of 365 days. 8.       Latitude: The distance north or south from the equator. Example: The city's latitude affects its climate. 9.       Equator: The imaginary line dividing the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. Example: The equator is located at 0 degrees latitude. 10.   Cosmic significance: Importance or meaning related to the universe. Example: Some cultures attach cosmic significance to celestial events. 11.   Temporal hours: Hours measured according to the changing length of day and night. Example: Temporal hours vary throughout the year. 12.   Dripped: To fall or let fall in drops. Example: Water dripped from the leaking pipe. 13.   Sundials: Timekeeping devices that use the sun's position to tell time. Example: Ancient civilizations used sundials to measure time. 14.   Counterpart: A thing that corresponds to another in function or purpose. Example: The moon is Earth's counterpart in the night sky. 15.   Inscribed: Marked or carved into a surface. Example: The monument had the names of the fallen soldiers inscribed on it. 16.   Medieval: Relating to the Middle Ages. Example: Knights and castles are often associated with the medieval period. 17.   Mechanical clock: A clock powered by gears and machinery. Example: The old mechanical clock needed winding every day. 18.   Adjusted: To change or regulate to achieve accuracy. Example: The clock was adjusted to keep perfect time. 19.   Commencing: Beginning or starting. Example: The concert will be commencing shortly. 20.   Weight-driven: Powered by the force of gravity on weights. Example: The grandfather clock is a weight-driven timepiece. 21.   Motive force: The power that moves or drives something. Example: The engine provides the motive force for the car. 22.   Gear wheels: Mechanisms with teeth that transfer motion. Example: The gear wheels in the watch ensure accurate timekeeping. 23.   Escapement: A device in a clock that controls the release of energy. Example: The escapement regulates the ticking of the clock. 24.   Coiled spring: A spring wound into a spiral shape. Example: The coiled spring stores energy in the clock. 25.   Constant force: A consistent and unchanging amount of power. Example: The constant force of the engine kept the car moving smoothly. 26.   Mainspring: The main spring in a clock or watch that powers it. Example: The mainspring needs winding to keep the watch running. 27.   Pendulum clock: A clock that uses a swinging pendulum for timekeeping. Example: The pendulum clock is known for its accuracy. 28.   Efficient: Performing a task with minimal wasted effort or resources. Example: The new machine is more efficient than the old one. 29.   Variation: A change or difference in condition, amount, or level. Example: There is variation in temperature throughout the year. 30.   Anchor escapement: A type of mechanism used in pendulum clocks. Example: The anchor escapement improved clock accuracy. 31.   Precise amount: A specific and exact quantity. Example: The recipe calls for a precise amount of sugar. 32.   Grandfather clock: A tall, freestanding clock with a pendulum. Example: The grandfather clock chimed loudly every hour. 33.   Integral: Necessary and essential to the whole. Example: Teamwork is integral to the success of the project. 34.   Global Positioning System (GPS): A satellite-based navigation system. Example: GPS helps drivers find their way using satellites. 35.   Calibrate: To adjust or standardize for accuracy. Example: The scientist needed to calibrate the instrument. 36.   Navigation equipment: Devices used for determining one's location and direction. Example: Ships rely on navigation equipment for safe travel. 37.   Dependency: The state of relying on something or someone. Example: Our dependency on technology is growing. 38.   Fail to work: Not function or operate as expected. Example: The computer failed to work after the power outage. 39.   Quartz-crystal clock: A clock that uses the vibrations of a quartz crystal for timekeeping. Example: Most modern watches have a quartz-crystal clock. 40.   Precisely: Exactly and accurately. Example: He arrived at the meeting precisely on time. 41.   Beamed down: Sent or transmitted, usually by radio waves. Example: The TV signal was beamed down from the satellite. 42.   Instant stock-trading systems: Automated systems for buying and selling stocks. Example: Instant stock-trading systems allow for quick trades. 43.   Nationwide: Extending throughout an entire nation. Example: The company has a nationwide network of stores. 44.   Power-distribution grids: Networks for delivering electrical power. Example: Power-distribution grids ensure electricity reaches homes. 45.   Integral: Necessary and essential to the whole. Example: Teamwork is integral to the success of the project. 46.   Dependency: The state of relying on something or someone. Example: Our dependency on technology is growing. 47.   Fail to work: Not function or operate as expected. Example: The computer failed to work after the power outage. 48.   Quartz-crystal clock: A clock that uses the vibrations of a quartz crystal for timekeeping. Example: Most modern watches have a quartz-crystal clock. 49.   Precisely: Exactly and accurately. Example: He arrived at the meeting precisely on time. 50.   Beamed down: Sent or transmitted, usually by radio waves. Example: The TV signal was beamed down from the satellite. PASSAGE-2 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USA 1.       Establishment: The act of creating or setting up something. Example: The establishment of the FAA was a response to a serious aviation accident. 2.       Regulate: To control or govern according to rules or regulations. Example: The government agency helps regulate safety standards in the industry. 3.       Congested: Overcrowded or filled to capacity. Example: The city streets were congested with traffic during rush hour. 4.       Rudimentary: Basic or undeveloped; not highly advanced. Example: Their rudimentary knowledge of the language made communication difficult. 5.       Controllers: People or devices that manage or operate something. Example: Air traffic controllers ensure safe takeoffs and landings. 6.       Visual: Related to or involving sight or the sense of vision. Example: The artist created a stunning visual masterpiece. 7.       Beacons: Signal lights or markers used for navigation. Example: Lighthouses serve as beacons for ships at sea. 8.       Cross-country: Involving travel or movement across a country. Example: They embarked on a cross-country road trip. 9.       Approximating: Coming close to or resembling something. Example: The painting was an approximating replica of the original. 10.   Communication: The exchange of information or messages. Example: Effective communication is key to successful teamwork. 11.   Fortuitous: Happening by chance or luck. Example: Their meeting was fortuitous and led to a great partnership. 12.   Advent: The arrival or beginning of something significant. Example: The advent of the internet revolutionized communication. 13.   Margin: The border or edge of something. Example: She made notes in the margin of her textbook. 14.   Reserve: A supply of something that is saved or stored for future use. Example: They tapped into their reserve of food during the winter. 15.   Blanketed: Covered completely, as if with a blanket. Example: The snow blanketed the entire landscape. 16.   Recreational: Related to activities done for enjoyment or relaxation. Example: Fishing is a popular recreational activity in this area. 17.   Regulations: Official rules or laws governing an activity. Example: The company follows strict safety regulations. 18.   Protection: The act of keeping something safe from harm or damage. Example: Wearing a helmet provides protection while biking. 19.   Consciously: With awareness or intent. Example: She consciously made an effort to eat healthier. 20.   Reliance: Dependence on or trust in something or someone. Example: The team's success was due to their reliance on each other. 21.   Altitude: The height above sea level or the ground. Example: The plane reached a cruising altitude of 30,000 feet. 22.   Navigational: Related to the process of determining a route or direction. Example: The sailor used a navigational chart to plot the course. 23.   Instrument panel: The control panel in an aircraft's cockpit. Example: The pilot checked the instrument panel before takeoff. 24.   License: An official document granting permission or privilege. Example: You need a driver's license to operate a car. 25.   Accommodates: Provides space or room for something. Example: The hotel accommodates guests with various needs. 26.   Aviation: The operation of aircraft and related activities. Example: His passion for aviation led him to become a pilot. 27.   Heavily: To a great degree or in a significant way. Example: The team relied heavily on their star player. 28.   Efficiently: In a way that produces results with minimal waste. Example: The new machine operates efficiently and saves time. 29.   Metropolitan: Related to a major city or its surrounding areas. Example: New York City is a bustling metropolitan area. 30.   Explicit: Clearly and directly stated or expressed. Example: The contract had explicit terms and conditions. 31.   Clearance: Permission or authorization to proceed. Example: The pilot received clearance to land at the airport. 32.   Realm: A particular area or domain of activity or knowledge. Example: Literature is her realm of expertise. 33.   Aerospace: The branch of technology and industry related to aviation and space travel. Example: The aerospace industry has made significant advancements. 34.   Stringent: Strict, precise, and exacting. Example: The company enforces stringent quality control measures. 35.   Procedures: A series of steps or actions taken in a specific order. Example: The medical procedures were followed carefully. 36.   Encounter: To come across or meet unexpectedly. Example: They encountered a rare bird during their hike. 37.   Risks: The possibility of harm or danger. Example: Climbing the mountain involves certain risks. 38.   Aviation accident: An incident involving aircraft that results in damage or injury. Example: The investigation revealed the cause of the aviation accident. 39.   Rigorously: In a thorough and strict manner. Example: The research was rigorously conducted to ensure accuracy. 40.   Dominant: Exercising control or influence over others. Example: The company has a dominant position in the market. 41.   Navigation: The process of planning and directing a course. Example: The ship's navigation system helped them reach their destination. 42.   Infrastructure: The basic physical structures and facilities needed for society. Example: Roads, bridges, and utilities are part of a region's infrastructure. 43.   Airways: Established routes for aircraft to follow during flight. Example: The pilot followed the designated airways on the flight plan. 44.   Safety: The condition of being free from harm or danger. Example: Safety measures are essential in the workplace. 45.   Relatively: To a moderate degree or in comparison to something else. Example: The cost of living is relatively lower in rural areas. 46.   Concentration: The action of focusing one's attention on a specific task. Example: Her concentration on the project led to its success. 47.   Uncontrolled: Not subject to regulation or restriction. Example: The company's expansion was uncontrolled and chaotic. 48.   Precisely: Exactly or accurately. Example: The measurements need to be precisely calculated. 49.   Practically: Almost or nearly; in a practical or realistic sense. Example: The solution is practically feasible within our budget. 50.   Governing: Exercising control or authority over something. Example: The governing body of the organization sets policies and rules. PASSAGE-3 Telepathy 1.       Telepathy: The supposed ability to transmit thoughts or feelings from one person's mind to another's without using any known human senses. Example: Many claim to have experienced telepathy in their close relationships. 2.       Derision: Contemptuous ridicule or mockery. Example: His idea was met with derision from his colleagues. 3.       Sceptical: Doubtful or questioning the validity of something. Example: She remained sceptical about the paranormal claims. 4.       Implications: Consequences or results that follow from a particular action or situation. Example: The implications of the decision were far-reaching. 5.       Dividing: Creating a division or disagreement among people. Example: The issue of climate change often divides public opinion. 6.       Compelling: Convincing or persuasive. Example: The evidence presented in the trial was compelling. 7.       Genuine: Authentic or real, not fake or counterfeit. Example: The antique shop sold genuine historical artifacts. 8.       Collapse: A sudden failure or breakdown. Example: The bridge's collapse was due to structural flaws. 9.       Parapsychologists: Researchers who study paranormal or psychic phenomena. Example: Parapsychologists investigate claims of ghost sightings. 10.   Tranquillity: Calmness and peacefulness. Example: The garden provided a sense of tranquillity. 11.   Experimental: Relating to or based on experiments. Example: The experimental results were consistent with the hypothesis. 12.   Hit-rate: The percentage of correct guesses or successful attempts. Example: The player had a high hit-rate in scoring goals. 13.   Statistical: Relating to the use of statistics or data analysis. Example: The study used statistical methods to analyze the data. 14.   Overlooked: Not noticed or considered. Example: The importance of the issue should not be overlooked. 15.   Conventional: Usual or traditional; following established customs. Example: His conventional approach to problem-solving worked well. 16.   Sensory leakage: Unintentional transmission of sensory information. Example: Sensory leakage may explain some apparent telepathic experiences. 17.   Outright: Completely and without reservation. Example: She denied the accusation outright. 18.   Fraud: Deception or dishonesty for personal gain. Example: The company discovered cases of fraud in its accounting. 19.   Review: A critical examination or assessment of something. Example: The movie received a positive review from critics. 20.   Automated: Operated or controlled by machines or computers. Example: The factory uses automated machinery for production. 21.   Flawed: Imperfect or containing errors. Example: The plan had some flawed assumptions. 22.   Meta-analysis: A statistical analysis that combines data from multiple studies. Example: The meta-analysis revealed a consistent trend in the results. 23.   Consistency: The quality of being reliable or uniform. Example: The consistency of his performance impressed the coach. 24.   Mainstream: The prevailing or dominant trend or style. Example: The film industry follows mainstream trends. 25.   Plausible: Believable or likely to be true. Example: His explanation seemed plausible given the circumstances. 26.   Theoretical physics: The branch of physics that deals with abstract concepts and mathematical models. Example: Theoretical physics explores the fundamental nature of the universe. 27.   Quantum entanglement: A quantum physics phenomenon where particles become correlated in a way that their properties are connected, regardless of the distance between them. Example: Quantum entanglement challenges our understanding of the universe. 28.   Transform: To change or convert something completely. Example: Education can transform people's lives. 29.   Mechanism: The process or system by which something operates. Example: Understanding the mechanism of a machine is essential for repair. 30.   Creative: Having the ability to produce original and imaginative ideas. Example: Artists often have a creative approach to their work. 31.   Artistic: Relating to the arts or creative expression. Example: The artistic community celebrated the opening of a new gallery. 32.   Probing: Investigating or examining deeply. Example: The detective was probing for clues at the crime scene. 33.   Autoganzfeld: An automated version of the ganzfeld experiment. Example: The autoganzfeld test used computerized randomization. 34.   Faint: Barely perceptible or weak. Example: She heard a faint whisper in the distance. 35.   Signal: A sign or indication of something. Example: The red light was a signal to stop. 36.   Futile: Pointless or incapable of producing results. Example: Their efforts to change his mind were futile. 37.   Strengthen: To make something stronger or more robust. Example: Exercise can strengthen muscles and improve health. 38.   Existence: The state or fact of being real or living. Example: The existence of extraterrestrial life is a subject of debate. 39.   Reject: To refuse or dismiss something as unacceptable. Example: The committee decided to reject the proposal. 40.   Plausible: Believable or reasonable. Example: The detective found the suspect's alibi to be plausible. 41.   Attitude: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something. Example: Her positive attitude made a difference in the team's morale. 42.   Paranormal: Beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding. Example: The paranormal phenomenon remains a mystery. 43.   Hypothesis: A proposed explanation or theory to be tested. Example: The scientist developed a new hypothesis for the experiment. 44.   Combined: Joined or brought together into one. Example: The teams combined their efforts to complete the project. 45.   Disturbed: Upset or bothered emotionally. Example: The news of the accident disturbed her deeply. 46.   Esoteric: Intended for or understood by a select few. Example: The book contained esoteric knowledge known to only a few. 47.   Entanglement: The state of being twisted or tangled together. Example: The entanglement of wires made it difficult to untangle. 48.   Transform: To change or convert something completely. Example: The technology has the power to transform industries. 49.   Involvement: Participation or engagement in an activity. Example: Her involvement in the project was crucial to its success. 50.   Evidence: Facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true. Example: The forensic team collected evidence at the crime scene. ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 PASSAGE-1 Sheet glass manufacture: the float process 1.       Mesopotamians: The people of ancient Mesopotamia, an early civilization in the region of modern-day Iraq. Example: The Mesopotamians developed early forms of writing. 2.       Mixture: A combination of different elements or substances. Example: The recipe called for a mixture of herbs and spices. 3.       Molten: In a liquid state due to being heated to a high temperature. Example: The molten metal was poured into the mold to create a sculpture. 4.       Effective: Producing the desired result or having an impact. Example: The new marketing strategy was very effective in increasing sales. 5.       Blemished: Marred or marked with imperfections. Example: The old painting was blemished by cracks and discoloration. 6.       Labour intensive: Requiring a lot of manual work or effort. Example: Building the furniture by hand was a labour-intensive task. 7.       Continuous: Ongoing without interruption. Example: The factory operates on a continuous basis, 24 hours a day. 8.       Marked: Having visible marks or signs. Example: The shoes were marked with scuffing from heavy use. 9.       Ground and polished: Process of smoothing and shining a surface by removing imperfections. Example: The jeweler ground and polished the gemstone to perfection. 10.   Inventor: A person who creates or devises something new. Example: Thomas Edison was a famous inventor known for his contributions to electricity. 11.   Bed of molten metal: A pool of liquid metal. Example: The bed of molten metal was used in the glass-making process. 12.   Eliminating: Removing or getting rid of something. Example: The new software update aims at eliminating bugs and glitches. 13.   Gravity: The force that attracts objects toward the center of the Earth. Example: An apple falls to the ground due to the force of gravity. 14.   Parallel: Side by side and having the same distance between them. Example: The railroad tracks run parallel to each other. 15.   Thickness: The measure of how thick something is. Example: The thickness of the book made it challenging to carry. 16.   Surface tension: The force that causes the surface of a liquid to resist penetration. Example: The surface tension of water allows some insects to walk on it. 17.   Pilot plant: A small-scale experimental facility used to test processes or products. Example: The company built a pilot plant to develop a new type of battery. 18.   Continuous production: A manufacturing process that operates without stopping. Example: Continuous production is essential in the automobile industry. 19.   Melting: The process of changing a solid into a liquid by heating it. Example: The melting ice cream turned into a puddle. 20.   Homogenising: Making something uniform or consistent. Example: The blender is used for homogenising ingredients in a smoothie. 21.   Optical quality: Referring to the visual clarity and precision of an object. Example: The optical quality of the camera lens produces sharp images. 22.   Inclusions: Foreign substances or particles within a material. Example: Gemstone inclusions can affect the value of a diamond. 23.   Flaws: Imperfections or defects in something. Example: The potter carefully examined the ceramic vase for flaws. 24.   Downstream: In the later stages of a process or flow. Example: The quality control happens downstream in the production line. 25.   Steer: To guide or direct in a particular direction. Example: The captain had to steer the ship through rough waters. 26.   Patterns: Repeated arrangements or designs. Example: The wallpaper had a floral pattern. 27.   Minimize: To reduce or keep to a minimum. Example: The goal is to minimize waste in the production process. 28.   Square metre: A unit of area measurement equal to the area of a square with sides of one meter. Example: The carpet is sold by the square metre. PASSAGE-2 PASSAGE-2                       THE LITTLE ICE AGE 1.       Little Ice Age: (n.) A period of cooler climate conditions that lasted roughly from 1300 to the middle of the nineteenth century, characterized by irregular climatic shifts. 2.       glacial episodes: (n.) Periods of time during which glaciers expanded, covering large portions of the Earth's surface. 3.       drought cycles: (n.) Repeated patterns of dry weather conditions, often resulting in water shortages and crop failures. 4.       dazzling opportunism: (n. phrase) Remarkable ability to take advantage of favorable circumstances or adapt creatively to challenging situations. 5.       stock-raising: (n.) Raising livestock for agricultural purposes, such as meat, milk, or wool production. 6.       pre-industrial civilizations: (n. phrase) Societies that existed before the widespread use of industrial technologies and methods. 7.       pack ice: (n.) Large pieces of floating ice formed from sea water, typically found in polar regions. 8.       climatic shifts: (n. phrase) Changes or variations in climate conditions over time. 9.       seesaw: (n.) A back-and-forth movement or alternation between two contrasting conditions or situations. 10.   easterly winds: (n.) Winds blowing from the east, often associated with cooler weather conditions. 11.   Atlantic storms: (n. phrase) Storm systems originating in the Atlantic Ocean, characterized by strong winds and heavy precipitation. 12.   proxy records: (n. phrase) Indirect evidence or data used to reconstruct past climate conditions, such as tree rings or ice cores. 13.   reconstructed: (adj.) Recreated or rebuilt based on available evidence or information. 14.   temperature variations: (n. phrase) Changes in temperature levels over time, often measured against a baseline or average. 15.   narrative history: (n. phrase) A historical account or description presented in the form of a narrative or story. 16.   Medieval Warm Period: (n. phrase) A period of relatively warmer climate conditions in Europe and other regions from around 900 to 1200 AD. 17.   Norse voyagers: (n. phrase) Scandinavian sailors who explored and settled in various regions during the Viking Age. 18.   intensive commercial farming: (n. phrase) Agricultural practices focused on maximizing productivity and profitability through efficient use of resources and technology. 19.   self-sufficient: (adj.) Capable of meeting one's own needs without relying on external assistance or resources. 20.   potato blight: (n. phrase) A disease that affects potato plants, causing them to rot and leading to widespread crop failures. 21.   global warming: (n. phrase) The long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature, primarily due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. 22.   land clearance: (n. phrase) The process of removing vegetation or trees from an area of land, often for agricultural or developmental purposes. 23.   carbon dioxide: (n. phrase) A greenhouse gas produced by burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human activities, contributing to global warming. 24.   fossil fuels: (n. phrase) Natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals, and used as sources of energy. 25.   greenhouse gas: (n. phrase) Gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming. 26.   proliferated: (v.) Increased rapidly in number or extent. 27.   steep: (adj.) Rising or falling sharply; having a pronounced gradient or slope. 28.   Categor 5 hurricanes: (n. phrase) The most intense and destructive hurricanes, characterized by sustained wind speeds of over 157 miles per hour. Reading Passage-3 PASSAGE-3                 The meaning and power of smell 1.       olfaction: (n.) the sense of smell. ·         Example: Olfaction plays a crucial role in our perception of the world around us. 2.       aromas: (n.) pleasant or agreeable smells; fragrances. ·         Example: The kitchen was filled with the aromas of freshly baked bread and simmering spices. 3.       impaired: (adj.) weakened or damaged; not functioning at full capacity. ·         Example: His impaired sense of smell made it difficult for him to enjoy food. 4.       faculty: (n.) an inherent mental or physical power; ability or talent. ·         Example: She has a remarkable faculty for languages, easily picking up new ones. 5.       survey: (n.) a detailed study or analysis of a subject or area, typically done to gather information or opinions. ·         Example: The survey revealed interesting insights into people's attitudes towards smell. 6.       emotional: (adj.) relating to feelings or emotions; characterized by strong feelings. ·         Example: The movie had a powerful emotional impact on the audience. 7.       evoke: (v.) to bring to mind or recall; to elicit a response or reaction. ·         Example: The old photograph evoked memories of her childhood. 8.       odour: (n.) a distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one. ·         Example: The foul odour coming from the garbage bin made everyone hold their noses. 9.       grimace: (v.) to make a facial expression indicating disgust, pain, or discomfort. ·         Example: She grimaced when she tasted the spoiled milk. 10.   disgust: (n.) a strong feeling of revulsion or aversion; intense dislike or distaste. ·         Example: The sight of the rotting food filled her with disgust. 11.   fragrant: (adj.) having a pleasant and sweet-smelling aroma. ·         Example: The garden was filled with fragrant flowers. 12.   perception: (n.) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. ·         Example: His perception of the situation was different from mine. 13.   infants: (n.) young children or babies. ·         Example: Infants require constant care and attention from their parents. 14.   recognize: (v.) to identify someone or something from having encountered them before; to acknowledge the existence, validity, or legality of something. ·         Example: She couldn't recognize her old friend after so many years apart. 15.   cues: (n.) a signal or indication; a prompt or stimulus to take action. ·         Example: Nonverbal cues such as body language can convey a lot of information. 16.   undervalued: (adj.) not given enough importance or recognition; underestimated. ·         Example: Despite its importance, the sense of smell is often undervalued in society. 17.   feeble: (adj.) lacking strength, force, or effectiveness; weak or frail. ·         Example: His feeble attempts at lifting the heavy box were futile. 18.   acquire: (v.) to gain or obtain possession of something; to come to have something. ·         Example: She acquired a new skill after taking a cooking class. 19.   elusive: (adj.) difficult to find, catch, or achieve; evasive or elusive. ·         Example: The solution to the problem remained elusive despite hours of searching. 20.   describe: (v.) to give an account or representation of something in words; to explain or depict something. ·         Example: Can you describe the suspect to the police? 21.   recollections: (n.) memories or remembrances of past events or experiences. ·         Example: Her recollections of her childhood were filled with happiness. 22.   physical: (adj.) relating to the body or its material nature; tangible or concrete. ·         Example: Regular exercise is important for maintaining physical health. 23.   objective: (adj.) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; unbiased or impartial. ·         Example: The scientist conducted the experiment with the goal of obtaining objective results. 24.   undertaken: (v.) committed oneself to begin or engage in (an enterprise or activity). ·         Example: The project was undertaken with the aim of improving efficiency. 25.   fundamental: (adj.) forming a necessary base or core; essential or central. ·         Example: Good communication skills are fundamental to success in any profession. 26.   responding: (v.) reacting to something said or done; replying or answering. ·         Example: The audience responded enthusiastically to the performer's song. 27.   interacting: (v.) engaging in communication or social activity; communicating or cooperating with others. ·         Example: The children were interacting with each other during playtime. 28.   charged: (adj.) filled with emotional or other significance; intense or emotionally charged. ·         Example: The atmosphere in the room was charged with tension. 29.   distinguish: (v.) to recognize or perceive the difference between things; to differentiate or separate. ·         Example: He could easily distinguish between genuine and fake jewelry. 30.   investigation: (n.) the action or process of investigating or examining something systematically. ·         Example: The police launched an investigation into the robbery. 31.   phenomenon: (n.) a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question. ·         Example: The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the northern hemisphere. 32.   offensive: (adj.) causing someone to feel hurt, angry, or upset; insulting or disrespectful. ·         Example: His remarks were offensive and hurtful to many people. 33.   means: (n.) a method, course of action, or instrument by which something can be accomplished or achieved. ·         Example: Hard work is the means to success. 34.   model: (n.) a representation or example of a particular concept, ideal, or process. ·         Example: The new car model was unveiled at the auto show. 35.   attached: (v.) connected or fastened to something; joined or affixed. ·         Example: The document had a note attached to it. 36.   interiorized: (v.) to internalize or incorporate something as an integral part of one's identity or being. ·         Example: The values of honesty and integrity were interiorized by the members of the organization. 37.   cultures: (n.) the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group. ·         Example: Different cultures have their own unique traditions and ways of life. 38.   essence: (n.) the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, that determines its character. ·         Example: Love is the essence of life. 39.   significant: (adj.) sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy or meaningful. ·         Example: The discovery of a new species was a significant event in the field of biology. 40.   inherently: (adv.) in a permanent, essential, or characteristic way; essentially or naturally. ·         Example: Cats are inherently curious creatures. 41.   inevitably: (adv.) as is certain to happen; unavoidably or necessarily. ·         Example: With the change in weather, allergies will inevitably flare up. 42.   psychological: (adj.) relating to the mental and emotional state of a person. ·         Example: The therapy session focused on addressing psychological issues stemming from childhood trauma. 43.   conflicting: (adj.) being in opposition or disagreement; contradictory or incompatible. ·         Example: The two parties held conflicting opinions on the issue. 44.   departments: (n.) a division of a large organization or institution, such as a university or government, dealing with a specific area of activity or responsibility. ·         Example: The marketing department is responsible for promoting the company's products. 45.   collaborative: (adj.) involving or characterized by collaboration; cooperative or joint. ·         Example: The project was a collaborative effort involving multiple departments. 46.   pockets: (n.) small isolated groups or areas within a larger whole; localized or limited regions. ·         Example: There are pockets of poverty in even the wealthiest cities. 47.   multipilot: (adj.) involving or having more than one pilot. ·         Example: Multipilot aircraft are often used for long-haul flights. 48.   passivity: (n.) acceptance or compliance without active response or resistance; acquiescence or submission. ·         Example: The passivity of the audience surprised the speaker. 49.   overbearing: (adj.) domineering or dictatorial; oppressive or authoritarian. ·         Example: Her overbearing manner made it difficult for her colleagues to work with her. 50.   revolutionized: (v.) to completely change or transform something, typically in a radical way. ·         Example: The invention of the internet revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 PASSAGE-1 Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers 1.       dramatic: (adj.) highly effective or striking, especially in effect or intensity. ·         Example: The play's dramatic conclusion left the audience in awe. 2.       fury: (n.) wild or violent anger; intense or extreme force. ·         Example: The hurricane unleashed its fury on the coastal town. 3.       inflicts: (v.) causes something unpleasant or painful to be suffered by someone or something. ·         Example: The accident inflicted serious injuries on the driver. 4.       terrifying: (adj.) causing extreme fear or dread; frightening. ·         Example: The horror movie was so terrifying that I couldn't sleep afterwards. 5.       dice with: (v.) to put oneself in a situation where there is a risk of harm or danger. ·         Example: Walking alone in the dark alley is like dicing with death. 6.       inviting: (adj.) appealing or attractive; tempting. ·         Example: The warm glow of the fire was inviting on a cold winter night. 7.       damage: (n.) physical harm caused to something, typically as a result of an accident or improper handling. ·         Example: The storm caused extensive damage to the coastal properties. 8.       neutralising: (v.) counteracting or making ineffective; nullifying. ·         Example: The antidote was effective in neutralizing the effects of the venom. 9.       armoury: (n.) a collection of resources or weapons available for a particular purpose. ·         Example: The company has an impressive armoury of marketing strategies. 10.   thunderclouds: (n.) dense, towering clouds associated with thunderstorms, typically producing lightning and thunder. ·         Example: Dark thunderclouds gathered on the horizon, signaling an approaching storm. 11.   discharge: (v.) release or cause to release (a substance, etc.) from where it is stored. ·         Example: The factory discharged toxic waste into the river, causing environmental damage. 12.   technique: (n.) a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure. ·         Example: The chef demonstrated various cooking techniques during the cooking class. 13.   survives: (v.) continues to exist or remain after the passage of time. ·         Example: The ancient ruins are all that survive of the once-great civilization. 14.   precise: (adj.) exact, accurate, or careful in details. ·         Example: The surgeon's precise movements were crucial during the delicate operation. 15.   bear up: (v.) to endure or cope with a difficult situation. ·         Example: Despite the challenges, she managed to bear up and complete the task. 16.   behaved: (adj.) conducted or carried out in a particular way; acted. ·         Example: The students were well-behaved during the school assembly. 17.   populated: (adj.) inhabited or occupied by people or human communities. ·         Example: The densely populated city was bustling with activity. 18.   streams: (n.) continuous flow or succession, especially of people, vehicles, or things. ·         Example: The streams of traffic in the city center came to a standstill during rush hour. 19.   stumbling block: (n.) an obstacle or impediment that prevents progress or success. ·         Example: Lack of funding proved to be a stumbling block for the project. 20.   portable: (adj.) able to be easily carried or moved, especially because of being lightweight or compact. ·         Example: The laptop is portable, making it convenient for travel. 21.   monster: (n.) something unusually large or powerful; a huge or monstrous creature. ·         Example: The hurricane was described as a monster storm, causing widespread destruction. 22.   manageable: (adj.) capable of being controlled, regulated, or dealt with; easily handled or controlled. ·         Example: The project seemed overwhelming at first, but once broken down, it became more manageable. 23.   attracting: (v.) causing someone or something to become interested or drawn to. ·         Example: The new marketing campaign succeeded in attracting more customers to the store. 24.   avalanche: (n.) a sudden and overwhelming quantity or accumulation of something. ·         Example: The website experienced an avalanche of traffic after going viral. 25.   interact: (v.) act in such a way as to have an effect on each other; communicate or cooperate. ·         Example: The teacher encouraged students to interact with each other during group activities. 26.   formation: (n.) the action of forming or process of being formed. ·         Example: The formation of a new government brought hope for political stability. 27.   torrential: (adj.) of or relating to a sudden, heavy downpour; pouring down in abundance. ·         Example: The storm brought torrential rain, flooding the streets. 28.   confront: (v.) meet (someone) face to face with hostile or argumentative intent. ·         Example: She had to confront her fears in order to overcome them. 29.   menaces: (n.) a person or thing that is likely to cause harm; a threat or danger. ·         Example: The growing crime rate in the neighborhood was seen as a menace to the community. 30.   trigger: (v.) cause (an event or situation) to happen or occur. ·         Example: The loud noise triggered a panic among the crowd. 31.   shake out: (v.) to cause something to fall or come out by shaking. ·         Example: She shook out the rug to remove the dust. 32.   moisture: (n.) small drops of water in the air or on a surface. ·         Example: The air conditioner helps to reduce the moisture in the room. 33.   crop: (n.) a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a grain, fruit, or vegetable. ·         Example: The farmer's fields were full of ripe wheat crops. 34.   gathering: (n.) an assembly or meeting, especially a formal one. ·         Example: The family reunion was a joyous gathering of relatives from near and far. 35.   toting: (v.) carrying or hauling something heavy or bulky. ·         Example: The porter was toting several suitcases for the hotel guests. 36.   strike back: (v.) to retaliate or counterattack against someone or something that has attacked or wronged oneself. ·         Example: The soldiers were prepared to strike back if the enemy invaded their territory. Top of Form PASSAGE-2 The Nature of Genius geniuses: (n.) exceptionally intelligent or talented people. Example: Many geniuses throughout history have made significant contributions to science and art. prodigies: (n.) individuals, especially children, who show exceptional talent or ability in a particular field at an early age. Example: The young pianist was hailed as a prodigy for her extraordinary musical skills. ambivalent: (adj.) having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about someone or something. Example: She felt ambivalent about accepting the job offer, as it required relocating to a new city. mythology: (n.) a body of myths, especially those belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition, that explain natural phenomena, customs, or beliefs. Example: Greek mythology is filled with stories of gods and heroes. eccentric: (adj.) unconventional and slightly strange; odd. Example: The eccentric artist was known for wearing colorful outfits and speaking in riddles. denigration: (n.) the act of criticizing or belittling someone or something; disparagement. Example: His constant denigration of her work eventually led her to quit her job. encouragement: (n.) the action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope. Example: Her parents provided her with constant encouragement to pursue her dreams. beneficial: (adj.) favorable or advantageous; resulting in good. Example: Regular exercise has many beneficial effects on overall health. anecdotes: (n.) short, amusing, or interesting stories about a real incident or person. Example: The book is filled with anecdotes about the author's travels around the world. norm-referenced: (adj.) evaluated or assessed in relation to a standard or average; compared to the performance of others. Example: The test results are norm-referenced, meaning they are compared to the scores of other test takers. infant mortality: (n.) the death of infants within the first year of life. Example: Improved healthcare has led to a decrease in infant mortality rates in many countries. privileged: (adj.) having special rights, advantages, or immunities; favored or elite. Example: The country club is open only to privileged members who can afford the expensive fees. paediatrics: (n.) the branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases. Example: She specialized in paediatrics and spent her career caring for sick children. objective: (adj.) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; impartial. Example: The journalist strives to present the news in an objective manner, without bias. continuum: (n.) a continuous sequence or progression; a range or spectrum. Example: Intelligence can be viewed as a continuum, with different levels of ability. accidental: (adj.) happening by chance or unintentionally; occurring unexpectedly. Example: Her discovery of the rare flower was purely accidental; she stumbled upon it while hiking in the forest. manifestations: (n.) events, actions, or occurrences that clearly show or demonstrate something. Example: The sudden decrease in crime rates was a manifestation of the new policing strategy's effectiveness. outstrip: (v.) to surpass or exceed someone or something in performance or achievement. Example: The company's profits outstripped expectations, leading to record-breaking revenue. palatable: (adj.) acceptable or agreeable to the mind; satisfactory. Example: The compromise reached by the negotiating teams was palatable to both parties involved. perseverance: (n.) steadfastness in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success. Example: Her perseverance in the face of adversity eventually paid off when she was promoted to manager. single-mindedness: (n.) the quality of being focused or determined to achieve a particular goal. Example: His single-mindedness in pursuing his dreams led him to become a successful entrepreneur. dedication: (n.) the quality of being committed to a task or purpose; devotion or loyalty. Example: Her dedication to her studies earned her top marks in all her classes. integrity: (n.) the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness. Example: He was admired for his integrity and fairness in dealing with others. delude: (v.) to mislead or deceive someone; to cause someone to believe something that is not true. Example: She deluded herself into thinking that she could finish the project in one day. performance: (n.) the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing a task, duty, or function. Example: The athlete's stellar performance in the race earned her a gold medal. substance: (n.) the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists; the essence or essential nature of something. Example: The substance of her argument was based on scientific research and empirical evidence. emulate: (v.) to match or surpass (a person or achievement), typically by imitation. Example: Aspiring writers often seek to emulate the style of their favorite authors. unpalatable: (adj.) difficult to accept or endure; unpleasant or disagreeable. Example: The decision to lay off employees was unpalatable, but necessary for the company's survival. price: (n.) the amount of money or resources expected, required, or given in exchange for something. Example: The success of the business came at a price, as it required long hours and sacrifices. context: (n.) the circumstances or setting in which something occurs; the background or environment. Example: Understanding the context of the story is crucial for interpreting its meaning. development: (n.) the process of growth, maturation, or progression from a simple to a more complex form or stage. Example: The development of technology has transformed the way we live and work. performance: (n.) the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing a task, duty, or function. Example: The athlete's stellar performance in the race earned her a gold medal. supremacy: (n.) the state or condition of being superior to all others in authority, power, or status. Example: The country sought to maintain its military supremacy in the region. achievement: (n.) a thing done successfully with effort, skill, or courage. Example: Winning the championship was a remarkable achievement for the young team. degree: (n.) a unit of measurement of angles, one three-hundred-and-sixtieth of the circumference of a circle. Example: He received his bachelor's degree in engineering from the university. substance: (n.) the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists; the essence or essential nature of something. Example: The substance of her argument was based on scientific research and empirical evidence. determination: (n.) firmness of purpose; resolve; the process of establishing something exactly by calculation or research. Example: Her determination to succeed helped her overcome numerous obstacles along the way. capability: (n.) the power or ability to do something. Example: The new software has the capability to process large amounts of data efficiently. persistence: (n.) the quality of continuing steadily despite problems or difficulties. Example: Her persistence in pursuing her goals eventually paid off with a promotion. Top of Form PASSAGE-3 HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK? 1.       restricted: (adj.) limited or confined in extent, number, scope, or action. ·         Example: Our access to the restricted area was denied due to security reasons. 2.       biologically: (adv.) in relation to biology or the biological processes and phenomena of living organisms. ·         Example: The scientist studied the biologically active compounds found in certain plants. 3.       subjected to: (adj.) exposed to; made vulnerable to a particular experience or treatment. ·         Example: The wooden furniture was subjected to harsh weather conditions, causing it to deteriorate. 4.       wear and tear: (n.) damage or deterioration resulting from ordinary use or exposure. ·         Example: The car showed signs of wear and tear after years of regular use. 5.       unusable: (adj.) not able to be used; not suitable for its intended purpose. ·         Example: The computer became unusable after it crashed and lost all its data. 6.       comparable: (adj.) similar in nature, extent, amount, or quality, worthy of comparison. ·         Example: The two paintings are comparable in terms of style and technique. 7.       static: (adj.) lacking in movement, action, or change; stationary. ·         Example: The old factory remained static for years, abandoned and untouched. 8.       constitutes: (v.) forms or makes up a part of a whole. ·         Example: Hard work and dedication constitute the foundation of success. 9.       thermodynamics: (n.) the branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy. ·         Example: Thermodynamics explains the principles governing the conversion of heat into mechanical energy. 10.   inevitable: (adj.) certain to happen; unavoidable. ·         Example: Death is an inevitable part of the cycle of life. 11.   renew: (v.) restore or replenish; make something new or fresh again. ·         Example: The company decided to renew its marketing strategy to attract more customers. 12.   equilibrium: (n.) a state of balance or stability achieved by the equal action of opposing forces. ·         Example: The market reached an equilibrium between supply and demand. 13.   mechanisms: (n.) systems or processes that function in a particular way to produce a desired result. ·         Example: The immune system has various mechanisms for defending the body against infections. 14.   restricted: (adj.) limited in extent, number, scope, or action. ·         Example: The restricted access area was off-limits to unauthorized personnel. 15.   evolution: (n.) the gradual development or change of something over time. ·         Example: The theory of evolution explains how species adapt and change over generations. 16.   characteristic: (adj.) typical or distinctive of a particular person, place, or thing. ·         Example: Diligence and determination are characteristic traits of successful individuals. 17.   parameter: (n.) a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation. ·         Example: The temperature and pressure are important parameters for studying the behavior of gases. 18.   observation: (n.) the action or process of closely monitoring or watching something or someone. ·         Example: The scientist recorded his observations of the behavior of the lab mice. 19.   genetically: (adv.) in a manner relating to genes or inherited characteristics. ·         Example: The disease is believed to be genetically inherited from one's parents. 20.   internal: (adj.) situated or occurring within; inside. ·         Example: The internal organs of the body are protected by the rib cage. 21.   metabolic: (adj.) relating to metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. ·         Example: Regular exercise can help improve metabolic rate and overall health. 22.   relationship: (n.) the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected or associated with each other. ·         Example: There is a close relationship between diet and health outcomes. 23.   inverted: (adj.) reversed in position, direction, or order. ·         Example: The graph showed an inverted trend, with sales declining over time. 24.   relaxation: (n.) the state of being free from tension and anxiety. ·         Example: Yoga and meditation are effective techniques for inducing relaxation. 25.   equable: (adj.) calm, steady, or even-tempered. ·         Example: The manager's equable demeanor helped diffuse tense situations in the workplace. ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 LAND OF THE RISING SUM 1.       attainment: (n.) the action or fact of achieving a goal toward which one has worked. ·         Example: The students celebrated their academic attainment with a graduation ceremony. 2.       proportion: (n.) a part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole. ·         Example: A significant proportion of the population supports the proposed policy changes. 3.       variation: (n.) a change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits. ·         Example: There is a wide variation in climate across different regions of the country. 4.       consistent: (adj.) unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time. ·         Example: She has shown consistent improvement in her performance over the past few months. 5.       cover: (v.) deal with or treat a subject or situation. ·         Example: The textbook covers a wide range of topics related to environmental science. 6.       virtually: (adv.) almost; nearly. ·         Example: Virtually all participants agreed with the proposed changes. 7.       sector: (n.) a distinct part or branch of a nation's economy or society. ·         Example: The healthcare sector plays a crucial role in maintaining public health. 8.       streamed: (adj.) organized or arranged according to ability or skill level. ·         Example: The school streamed students into different classes based on their academic performance. 9.       neighbourhood: (n.) a district or community within a town or city. ·         Example: The local neighbourhood association organized a cleanup day for the community park. 10.   identity: (n.) the distinguishing character or personality of an individual or group. ·         Example: The school's emphasis on community service helped foster a sense of identity among students. 11.   loyalty: (n.) faithfulness or allegiance to a person, group, or cause. ·         Example: Employee loyalty can contribute significantly to the success of a company. 12.   remarkably: (adv.) in a way that is worthy of attention or strikingly unusual. ·         Example: She recovered remarkably quickly from her illness. 13.   centralised: (adj.) organized or controlled from a single central point. ·         Example: The company adopted a more centralised approach to decision-making. 14.   pattern: (n.) a regular and repeated way in which something happens or is done. ·         Example: There is a pattern of increasing temperatures in the region during the summer months. 15.   circulate: (v.) move continuously or freely through a closed system or area. ·         Example: The teacher circulated around the classroom, checking on students' progress. 16.   self-observation: (n.) the act of observing or monitoring one's own behavior or thoughts. ·         Example: Through self-observation, he was able to identify patterns of behavior that he wanted to change. 17.   logical: (adj.) characterized by clear, sound reasoning; rational. ·         Example: The plan followed a logical sequence of steps to achieve its objectives. 18.   consistency: (n.) the quality of achieving a level of performance or behavior which does not vary greatly in quality over time. ·         Example: Consistency is key to building trust and reliability in relationships. 19.   attain: (v.) succeed in achieving; accomplish. ·         Example: She worked hard to attain her goal of becoming a doctor. 20.   emphasize: (v.) give special importance or prominence to (something) in speaking or writing. ·         Example: The coach emphasized the importance of teamwork to the players. 21.   stream: (v.) divide (a group of people or things) into separate categories or levels of quality. ·         Example: The school streams students into different classes based on their academic abilities. 22.   inspirational: (adj.) providing or showing creative or spiritual inspiration. ·         Example: His speech was so inspirational that it motivated everyone in the audience. PASSAGE-2 Biological Control of Pests 1.       reckless: (adj.) careless or heedless; lacking caution or prudence. ·         Example: The reckless use of pesticides has led to unintended consequences for the environment. 2.       counter-productive: (adj.) having the opposite of the desired effect; tending to hinder rather than facilitate progress or success. ·         Example: His micromanagement style proved to be counter-productive, demotivating the team instead of increasing productivity. 3.       pests: (n.) destructive insects or other animals that attack crops, food, livestock, etc. ·         Example: Farmers struggle to control pests like aphids and caterpillars without causing harm to beneficial insects. 4.       ecological: (adj.) relating to or concerned with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings; pertaining to ecology. ·         Example: Ecological balance is crucial for the health of ecosystems. 5.       emergence: (n.) the process of coming into view or becoming visible or noticeable; the appearance or arrival of something. ·         Example: The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to public health. 6.       resistance: (n.) the refusal to accept or comply with something; the ability to withstand something. ·         Example: The bacteria showed strong resistance to the antibiotic treatment. 7.       immune: (adj.) resistant to a particular infection or toxin owing to the presence of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells. ·         Example: Vaccinated individuals are immune to certain diseases. 8.       agricultural: (adj.) relating to farming or agriculture. ·         Example: Many rural economies rely on agricultural activities for their livelihoods. 9.       non-targeted: (adj.) not specifically aimed at or intended for a particular target or objective. ·         Example: The pesticide spray unintentionally killed many non-targeted species of insects. 10.   agro-ecologists: (n.) scientists who study the relationship between agriculture and ecosystems. ·         Example: Agro-ecologists seek to develop sustainable farming practices that minimize environmental impact. 11.   tremendous: (adj.) very great in amount, scale, or intensity; enormous or immense. ·         Example: The project required a tremendous amount of effort from everyone involved. 12.   breeding: (n.) the mating and production of offspring by animals. ·         Example: Selective breeding has been used for centuries to develop new plant varieties. 13.   genetic: (adj.) relating to genes or heredity; determined by or resulting from genetic factors. ·         Example: Genetic engineering allows scientists to modify the DNA of organisms. 14.   havoc: (n.) widespread destruction or devastation; chaos or disorder. ·         Example: The hurricane wreaked havoc on the coastal communities. 15.   glory: (n.) high renown or honor won by notable achievements. ·         Example: The athlete basked in the glory of winning the gold medal. 16.   intensive: (adj.) involving or requiring concentrated effort; thorough or exhaustive. ·         Example: The company provided intensive training for its new employees. 17.   avidly: (adv.) with great enthusiasm or interest; eagerly or eagerly. ·         Example: She avidly read every book she could find on the topic. 18.   proliferation: (n.) rapid increase in the number or amount of something. ·         Example: The proliferation of fast-food restaurants has led to concerns about obesity. 19.   financial: (adj.) relating to finance or finances; monetary or fiscal. ·         Example: The company's financial situation improved after implementing cost-saving measures. 20.   outlay: (n.) an amount of money spent on something; an expenditure. ·         Example: The initial outlay for the project was significant, but it paid off in the long run. 21.   perpetual: (adj.) never-ending or continuously recurring; lasting for an indefinitely long time. ·         Example: The machine required perpetual maintenance to keep it running smoothly. 22.   detrimental: (adj.) causing harm or damage; injurious or harmful. ·         Example: Smoking has detrimental effects on both physical and mental health. 23.   polluting: (adj.) causing pollution; contaminating or fouling. ·         Example: Industrial factories are major sources of polluting emissions. 24.   self-dispersing: (adj.) capable of spreading or dispersing itself without external intervention. ·         Example: Some plants have self-dispersing seeds that are carried by the wind. 25.   indiscriminate: (adj.) done at random or without careful consideration; haphazard or unselective. ·         Example: The indiscriminate use of force led to civilian casualties. 26.   escalating: (adj.) increasing rapidly in size, amount, intensity, or extent; growing or expanding. ·         Example: The escalating violence in the region raised concerns about the safety of civilians. 27.   ecologically: (adv.) in a way that relates to or concerns the relationships between organisms and their environment. ·         Example: Ecologically sustainable practices aim to minimize environmental impact. 28.   selective: (adj.) involving careful or deliberate selection; discriminating or choosy. ·         Example: The university has a selective admissions process for its graduate programs. 29.   predators: (n.) animals that hunt, kill, and eat other animals. ·         Example: Lions are apex predators, meaning they are at the top of the food chain. 30.   parasites: (n.) organisms that live on or in another organism (the host) and benefit at the host's expense. ·         Example: Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that can cause serious health problems in humans. 31.   eradication: (n.) the complete destruction or elimination of something; the removal or obliteration of something undesirable. ·         Example: The eradication of smallpox is considered one of the greatest achievements in medical history. 32.   nuisance: (n.) a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance. ·         Example: The loud music from the neighbor's party was a nuisance late at night. 33.   infested: (adj.) overrun or inhabited in large numbers by pests or parasites. ·         Example: The abandoned building was infested with rats and cockroaches. 34.   inadequately: (adv.) in a way that does not meet the requirements or standards; insufficiently or unsatisfactorily. ·         Example: The proposal was inadequately prepared and lacked necessary details. 35.   mutations: (n.) changes or alterations in the genetic material of an organism, typically resulting in physical or behavioral differences. ·         Example: Mutations can lead to new traits that are beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the organism. 36.   adverse: (adj.) preventing success or development; harmful or unfavorable. ·         Example: The adverse weather conditions delayed the construction project. 37.   cancer: (n.) a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body; malignant tumor. ·         Example: Lung cancer is often caused by smoking. 38.   institutions: (n.) organizations or establishments founded for a specific purpose, such as education, government, or finance. ·         Example: Universities and hospitals are examples of institutions that serve the public. 39.   non-commercial: (adj.) not engaged in or involving commerce or the buying and selling of goods or services. ·         Example: The organization is non-commercial and relies on donations to fund its activities. 40.   import: (v.) bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale. ·         Example: The country imports a large quantity of oil to meet its energy needs. 41.   export: (v.) send (goods or services) to another country for sale. ·         Example: The company exports electronics to markets around the world. 42.   parthenium: (n.) a genus of plants in the sunflower family, some of which are considered invasive weeds. ·         Example: Parthenium weed can cause allergic reactions in humans and livestock. 43.   noxious: (adj.) harmful, poisonous, or very unpleasant. ·         Example: The smoke from the factory emitted a noxious odor. 44.   hyacinth: (n.) a bulbous plant of the lily family, with straplike leaves and a compact spike of bell-shaped fragrant flowers. ·         Example: Water hyacinth is an invasive species that can clog waterways and disrupt ecosystems. 45.   defoliants: (n.) chemicals used to remove the leaves from trees and plants, typically as part of military operations or agricultural practices. ·         Example: Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War, was a defoliant that had long-lasting environmental and health effects. 46.   biological: (adj.) relating to biology or living organisms; of or relating to life and living organisms. ·         Example: Biological research aims to understand the processes and systems of living organisms. 47.   larval: (adj.) relating to or in the form of a larva (the immature, juvenile form of many animals). ·         Example: The larval stage of butterflies is often called a caterpillar. 48.   forage: (n.) food for horses or cattle; the act of searching for food or provisions. ·         Example: The herd of deer went foraging for acorns in the forest. 49.   implications: (n.) the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated; the logical consequences or significance of an action or event. ·         Example: The implications of the new policy are still being debated. 50.   essentialized: (adj.) reduced to or treated as an essence; simplified or distilled to its most basic form. ·         Example: The theory essentialized complex social phenomena, overlooking important nuances and variations. PASSAGE-3 Collecting Ant Specimens 1.       exhaustive: (adj.) thorough and comprehensive; covering all possible details. ·         Example: The report provided an exhaustive analysis of the environmental impacts of the proposed project. 2.       taxonomy: (n.) the branch of science concerned with the classification and naming of organisms. ·         Example: Taxonomy helps scientists organize and categorize the vast diversity of life on Earth. 3.       abundances: (n.) the state of being plentiful; the degree to which something is present in a particular area or environment. ·         Example: Ecologists study the abundances of different species in an ecosystem to understand their interactions. 4.       castes: (n.) social classes or strata within a society, usually based on heredity or occupation. ·         Example: In ant colonies, there are different castes, such as workers, soldiers, and the queen. 5.       desirable: (adj.) worth having or seeking; advantageous or beneficial. ·         Example: A desirable outcome of the project would be increased biodiversity in the area. 6.       variation: (n.) the occurrence of differences among individuals of the same species or group. ·         Example: Genetic variation within a population allows for adaptation to changing environmental conditions. 7.       compatible: (adj.) able to exist or occur together without conflict or inconsistency. ·         Example: Their personalities were compatible, which made working together enjoyable. 8.       overlook: (v.) fail to notice or consider; ignore or neglect. ·         Example: Don't overlook the importance of proper documentation in your research. 9.       elusive: (adj.) difficult to find, catch, or achieve; evasive or elusive. ·         Example: The answer to the problem remained elusive despite hours of searching. 10.   baits: (n.) substances used to attract animals or insects, often for the purpose of trapping or killing them. ·         Example: Fishermen use various baits to attract different types of fish. 11.   foraging: (v.) searching widely for food or provisions. ·         Example: Bears spend much of the fall foraging for berries to fatten up before winter hibernation. 12.   aspirator: (n.) a device used for suction, often used in collecting small insects or other specimens. ·         Example: The entomologist used an aspirator to collect insects from the field. 13.   preservative: (n.) a substance used to prevent decay or deterioration, often added to food or other perishable items. ·         Example: Vinegar can act as a natural preservative for pickling vegetables. 14.   evaporate: (v.) to change from a liquid to a vapor; to disappear or dissipate gradually. ·         Example: The puddle evaporated quickly under the hot sun. 15.   maintenance: (n.) the process of keeping something in good condition or working order; the act of maintaining or preserving. ·         Example: Regular maintenance of the equipment is essential to prevent breakdowns. 16.   intervention: (n.) the action or process of intervening; interference or involvement in a situation. ·         Example: The teacher's intervention helped resolve the conflict between the students. 17.   encounter: (v.) unexpectedly experience or be faced with (something difficult or hostile). ·         Example: The hikers encountered a bear while hiking in the wilderness. 18.   strata: (n.) layers or levels, especially when arranged in a hierarchical order. ·         Example: The social stratification of society can be understood in terms of different strata based on wealth and power. 19.   heredity: (n.) the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. ·         Example: Traits such as eye color and height are determined by heredity. 20.   occupations: (n.) jobs or professions; activities that a person engages in to earn a living. ·         Example: Teaching and nursing are examples of occupations that require specialized training. 21.   evasive: (adj.) tending to avoid commitment or self-revelation, especially by responding only indirectly. ·         Example: The politician gave evasive answers to the reporter's questions. 22.   suction: (n.) the process of drawing in or pulling something, typically by the action of a partial vacuum. ·         Example: The vacuum cleaner uses suction to remove dirt and debris from carpets. 23.   deterioration: (n.) the process of becoming progressively worse; the decline or worsening of something. ·         Example: The house showed signs of deterioration due to years of neglect. 24.   dissipate: (v.) to disperse or scatter; to disappear or vanish gradually. ·         Example: The morning fog dissipated as the sun rose higher in the sky. 25.   hierarchical: (adj.) arranged in a graded or ranked series; organized according to rank, importance, or authority. ·         Example: The company has a hierarchical structure, with managers at the top and employees at lower levels. 26.   stratification: (n.) the arrangement or formation of layers or strata, especially within a hierarchical system. ·         Example: Social stratification refers to the division of society into different layers based on factors like wealth, status, and power. 27.   traits: (n.) distinguishing qualities or characteristics, typically of a person or animal. ·         Example: Kindness and honesty are admirable traits in a person. 28.   partial: (adj.) existing only in part; incomplete or limited. ·         Example: The report provided only a partial explanation of the problem. 29.   vanish: (v.) to disappear suddenly or completely; to cease to exist. ·         Example: The magician made the rabbit vanish into thin air. 30.   specialized: (adj.) requiring or involving specialized knowledge, skills, or techniques. ·         Example: Brain surgery is a specialized field of medicine that requires years of training and experience.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 PASSAGE-1 Let’s Go Bats Problem: A difficulty or challenge. Example: Bats have a problem finding prey in the dark. Hunt: To search for or pursue something. Example: Bats hunt for insects at night. Prey: An animal that is hunted by another for food. Example: Bats catch insects as their prey. Obstacle: Something that blocks or hinders progress. Example: Bats need to avoid obstacles while flying at night. Exploited: To make full use of or take advantage of. Example: Daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures. Nocturnal: Active during the night. Example: Bats are nocturnal animals. Ancestry: The lineage or family background of a person or animal. Example: Our mammalian ancestors survived by living at night. Extinction: The complete disappearance of a species. Example: The mass extinction of the dinosaurs occurred 65 million years ago. Engineering: The application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build things. Example: Bats face an engineering problem in navigating in the dark. Deep-sea: Referring to the ocean's depths. Example: Deep-sea creatures live in extreme darkness. Muddy: Covered in or containing mud. Example: Fish in extremely muddy water cannot see. Obstructed: Blocked or hindered. Example: Light is obstructed by dirt in muddy water. Scattered: Spread out or dispersed in different directions. Example: Light is scattered by particles in the water. Manufacture: To produce or create something. Example: Fireflies manufacture their own light. Lantern: A portable light source with a protective enclosure. Example: Some animals use a lantern to navigate in the dark. Consumed: Used up or depleted. Example: Manufacturing light can consume a lot of energy. Prohibitive: So high as to prevent or discourage use. Example: The prohibitive energy cost of using light for navigation. Detect: To discover or identify something. Example: Eyes have to detect the light bouncing off the scene. Immense: Extremely large or vast. Example: A headlight must be immensely brighter for navigation. Phantom limb: The sensation of an amputated limb that feels like it's still there. Example: Blind people experience phantom limb sensations. Echos: Reflected sound waves. Example: Blind people use echos to sense obstacles. Manoeuvre: To move skillfully or carefully. Example: Finding ways to manoeuvre in the dark is crucial for bats. Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose. Example: Engineers built instruments to measure sea depth. Exploit: To make full use of something for a specific purpose. Example: Instruments exploit echoes to measure sea depth. Submarines: Watercraft capable of underwater operations. Example: Submarines are difficult to detect without specialized equipment. Pioneers: Early innovators or leaders in a field. Example: The pioneers of radar technology. Strike: To impress or amaze someone. Example: Bats' radar-like abilities would strike an engineer with admiration. Technically: According to the technical details or principles. Example: It's technically sonar, not radar, that bats use. Underlying: Fundamental or foundational. Example: The underlying principles of radar and sonar are similar. Mathematical: Relating to mathematics. Example: Mathematical understanding of bats' echolocation. Details: Specific pieces of information or facts. Example: Scientific understanding of bats' abilities involves studying the details. Coined: Invented or created a new term or phrase. Example: Donald Griffin coined the term 'echolocation.' Echolocation: The use of sound waves to navigate and locate objects. Example: Bats use echolocation to hunt and avoid obstacles. Expenses: Costs or expenditures. Example: The expenses associated with using light for navigation are high. Weird: Strange or unusual. Example: Some weird deep-sea fish have unique adaptations. Detection: The act of discovering or sensing something. Example: Radar technology is used for detection. Navigation: The process of finding one's way. Example: Bats' radar helps them with navigation in the dark. Sonar: A system that uses sound waves for navigation and detection. Example: Bats use sonar to locate prey. Scientific: Relating to the systematic study of the natural world. Example: Scientific understanding of bats' abilities. Achieves: Accomplishes or attains something. Example: Bats' sonar achieves remarkable feats of detection. Incorrect: Not accurate or true. Example: It's incorrect to refer to bat sonar as radar. Admiration: A feeling of respect and approval. Example: Engineers would be filled with admiration for bats' abilities. Apply: To use or employ something for a specific purpose. Example: Applying radar theory to bats' echolocation. Zoologist: A scientist who studies animals. Example: Donald Griffin was an American zoologist. Coined: Invented or created a new term or phrase. Example: Griffin coined the term 'echolocation.' Cover: To include or encompass. Example: The term 'echolocation' covers both sonar and radar. Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose. Example: Sonar and radar are instruments for detection. Exploited: To make full use of something for a specific purpose. Example: Bats have exploited echolocation for millions of years. Scientific: Relating to the systematic study of the natural world. Example: Scientific understanding of echolocation in bats. Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose. Example: Human-made instruments have been developed based on bat echolocation. PASSAGE-2 MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT Entwined: Twisted or woven together. Example: The vines were entwined around the tree branches. Manipulate: To control or handle skillfully. Example: He knew how to manipulate the tools with precision. Aqueducts: Structures for transporting water over long distances. Example: The ancient Romans built impressive aqueducts to supply water to their cities. Innovative: Introducing new ideas or methods. Example: The company's innovative approach to design revolutionized the industry. Occupants: People who reside or live in a place. Example: The occupants of the apartment building were friendly neighbors. Industrial: Relating to industries or manufacturing. Example: The city's economy relied heavily on its industrial sector. Unprecedented: Never seen or done before. Example: The storm's damage was unprecedented in the region's history. Monumental: Extremely large or significant. Example: The construction of the skyscraper was a monumental achievement. Irrigation: The artificial supply of water to land or crops. Example: Farmers use irrigation systems to ensure their fields receive enough water. Hydropower: Electricity generated from the energy of flowing water. Example: Hydropower plants harness the power of rivers to generate electricity. Dark side: The negative or unfavorable aspect. Example: Despite its success, the project had a dark side with unforeseen consequences. Inferior: Lower in quality or rank. Example: The cheap materials used made the product inferior to its competitors. Sanitation: Conditions related to cleanliness and hygiene. Example: Proper sanitation is crucial for preventing the spread of diseases. Preventable: Capable of being avoided or stopped. Example: Many accidents are preventable with the right precautions. Jeopardizing: Putting at risk or endangering. Example: His reckless driving was jeopardizing the safety of everyone on the road. Reservoirs: Artificial lakes or storage areas for water. Example: The city's reservoirs were running low during the drought. Ecosystems: A community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The coral reef ecosystem is a delicate balance of marine life. Degrade: To reduce in quality or value. Example: Pollution can degrade the air and water quality in a region. Aquifers: Underground layers of rock that store water. Example: The town relies on the aquifer beneath it for its water supply. Pumped down: To extract or draw down water from a source. Example: The well was pumped down to reach the underground water table. Disputes: Conflicts or disagreements. Example: The border disputes between the two countries led to tension. Tensions: Mental or emotional strain. Example: The political tensions in the region escalated into violence. Philosophical shift: A change in fundamental beliefs or principles. Example: The company underwent a philosophical shift towards sustainability. Infrastructure: The basic physical structures needed for a society. Example: Roads, bridges, and utilities are essential infrastructure components. Opposition: Resistance or disagreement. Example: There was strong opposition to the proposed law. Universal: Applying to all cases or situations. Example: The principle of human rights should be universal. Pressing problems: Urgent or critical issues. Example: Poverty and hunger remain pressing problems in many parts of the world. Diminished: Reduced or lessened. Example: The value of the currency has diminished over time. Efficiency: The ability to do something with minimal waste. Example: The new manufacturing process improved efficiency and reduced costs. Conservation: The protection and preservation of resources. Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species. Productivity: The measure of output per unit of input. Example: The factory's productivity increased after implementing new technology. Specifications: Detailed requirements or descriptions. Example: The architect provided specifications for the building's construction. Accountability: Being responsible for one's actions or decisions. Example: The government officials were held accountable for their mistakes. Ecological: Related to the study of the environment and ecosystems. Example: Ecological research helps us understand the impact of human activity on nature. Criteria: Standards or guidelines used for evaluation. Example: The selection criteria for the job were clearly defined. Infrastructure projects: Large-scale construction projects. Example: The government invested in infrastructure projects to improve transportation. Warranted: Justified or necessary. Example: The repairs were warranted due to the structural damage. Ecological criteria: Factors related to the impact on the environment. Example: The construction plan must meet ecological criteria to protect local wildlife. Population: The number of people living in an area. Example: The city's population has grown steadily over the years. Account for: To explain or justify. Example: The report will account for the company's financial performance. Impressive: Arousing admiration due to quality or skill. Example: The artist's work was highly impressive and received critical acclaim. Harness: To utilize or control a resource for a specific purpose. Example: Wind turbines harness wind energy to generate electricity. Revise: To make changes or improvements to something. Example: The author needed to revise the manuscript before publication. Unforeseen: Not predicted or expected. Example: The sudden rainstorm was an unforeseen event. Replenished: To fill or restore something to its original state. Example: The water in the reservoir was replenished after heavy rainfall. Soar: To rise or increase rapidly. Example: The company's profits began to soar after the successful product launch. Fall behind: To lag or not keep up with progress. Example: Without proper funding, the school will fall behind in technology. Tremendous: Extremely large or significant. Example: The project's success was due to the tremendous effort of the team. Compensate: To provide something in return for loss or inconvenience. Example: The company compensated the customers for the defective products. Smaller budget: A reduced amount of money allocated for a purpose. Example: The nonprofit organization had to operate on a smaller budget this year. PASSAGE-3 EDUCATING PSYCHE Approaches: Methods or strategies for doing something. Example: There are various approaches to solving this problem. Effects: The results or outcomes of an action. Example: The medication had positive effects on the patient's health. Imagination: The ability to create mental images or ideas. Example: His imagination allowed him to come up with creative solutions. Unconscious: Not aware or not within conscious thought. Example: Dreams often reveal our unconscious thoughts and desires. Processing: The act of dealing with or handling information. Example: The computer's fast processing speed makes tasks quicker. Durable: Able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage. Example: This material is very durable and will last for years. Peripheral: Relating to things on the outer edge or margin. Example: He noticed some peripheral details in the painting. Typeface: A particular design of letters and characters. Example: The book used a classic and elegant typeface. Concentrating: Focusing one's attention on a specific task. Example: She was concentrating intently on her work. Hypnosis: A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility. Example: The therapist used hypnosis to help the patient relax. Memorize: To commit something to memory. Example: She needed to memorize the speech for the presentation. Inducing: Causing or bringing about a particular state or condition. Example: The medication is effective at inducing sleep. Reserve: A supply of something that is saved or stored for future use. Example: They tapped into their reserve of food during the winter. Suggestopedia: A teaching method that focuses on the power of suggestion. Example: The suggestopedia approach has been used in language learning. Curriculum: The subjects and content taught in a course or program. Example: The school's curriculum includes math, science, and literature. Foreign: From another country or culture. Example: Learning a foreign language can be challenging but rewarding. Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: There are several variants of this software available. Listening: Paying attention to and hearing what is being said. Example: Good listening skills are important in effective communication. Classical: Relating to the music of the classical period. Example: Beethoven's symphonies are considered classical masterpieces. Solemnly: In a serious and dignified manner. Example: The judge solemnly declared the verdict. Silence: Complete absence of sound or noise. Example: The room fell into silence as everyone listened. Baroque: A style of music and art characterized by elaborate ornamentation. Example: The baroque architecture of the cathedral was breathtaking. Expectation: The anticipation or belief that something will happen. Example: There is an expectation of success in the company. Preliminary: Happening before or as a preparation for something. Example: The team had a preliminary meeting to discuss their strategy. Stimulated: Encouraged or prompted to take action. Example: The coach stimulated the players to give their best effort. Recall: To remember or bring back into one's mind. Example: She could easily recall the details of the story. Automatic: Operating by itself or without human intervention. Example: The doors opened automatically as we approached. Effortless: Requiring little or no physical or mental exertion. Example: Her dance moves looked effortless on stage. Grammar: The rules and structure of a language. Example: Proper grammar is important for clear communication. Idiom: A phrase or expression with a figurative meaning. Example: "It's raining cats and dogs" is an English idiom. Experimented: Conducted tests or trials to gather data or information. Example: The scientists experimented with different chemicals. Trance: A state of focused attention and reduced awareness. Example: She went into a deep trance during meditation. Essential: Absolutely necessary or fundamental. Example: Water is essential for human survival. Rituals: Formalized and repeated ceremonies or actions. Example: Wedding rituals vary from culture to culture. Placebos: Inactive substances given to some patients as a control in medical experiments. Example: The patients received placebos instead of the actual medication. Effective: Producing the desired result or outcome. Example: The new treatment proved to be highly effective. Dispensed: Distributed or provided to others. Example: The pharmacist dispensed the medication to the patients. Mediocre: of moderate quality; not very good. Example: The restaurant received mediocre reviews for its food. Motivated: Driven or inspired to take action. Example: Her passion for art motivated her to become an artist. Mindset: A person's way of thinking and their beliefs. Example: A positive mindset can lead to success. Faith: Strong belief or trust in something. Example: His faith in the team's abilities never wavered. Real teaching: Traditional or conventional methods of instruction. Example: Some students prefer real teaching with textbooks and lectures. Work: Effort or labor expended on a task. Example: Hard work and dedication are keys to success. Categoric: Absolute or unambiguous. Example: She gave a categoric response to the question. Notoriety: Being well-known, especially for something negative. Example: The criminal gained notoriety for his daring heists. Mind-control: Techniques or methods to influence or control someone's thoughts. Example: Some cults use mind-control tactics to manipulate their members. Ceremonies: Formal events with rituals and traditions. Example: Wedding ceremonies often include vows and ring exchange. Dispensed with: Removed or eliminated. Example: The old policies were dispensed with in favor of new ones. Effective: Producing the desired result or outcome. Example: The new treatment proved to be highly effective. Autocratic: Exercising complete control or authority. Example: The manager had an autocratic leadership style. ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 PASSAGE-1 WHY PAGODAS DON’T FALL DOWN? 1.       Pagodas: Tower-like structures, often associated with Buddhist temples. Example: The ancient pagodas in Kyoto are famous tourist attractions. 2.       Collapsed: To fall down or give way suddenly. Example: The old bridge collapsed under the weight of the heavy truck. 3.       Durable: Able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage. Example: This material is very durable and will last for years. 4.       Devastated: Destroyed or greatly damaged. Example: The hurricane devastated the coastal town. 5.       Unscathed: Not harmed or affected. Example: Despite the accident, she emerged unscathed. 6.       Mystified: Confused or puzzled. Example: The strange phenomenon mystified the scientists. 7.       Shock absorbers: Devices that reduce the impact of shocks or vibrations. Example: The car's shock absorbers made the ride smoother. 8.       Sway: To move gently back and forth. Example: The trees began to sway in the breeze. 9.       Multi-storey: Having multiple levels or floors. Example: The multi-storey building had a modern design. 10.   Adapted: Adjusted or modified for a specific purpose. Example: The novel was adapted into a successful movie. 11.   Eaves: The overhanging edges of a roof. Example: Birds built their nests in the eaves of the house. 12.   Batter: To hit or strike repeatedly. Example: The waves batter the shoreline during a storm. 13.   Porcelain: A type of fine ceramic material. Example: The teacups were made of delicate porcelain. 14.   Overhang: To project or extend beyond the edge of something. Example: The roof's overhang provided shade on hot days. 15.   Earthenware: Pottery made from clay. Example: The ancient earthenware artifacts were well-preserved. 16.   Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or shocks. Example: Her resilience helped her overcome challenges. 17.   Massive: Extremely large or heavy. Example: The elephant had a massive presence. 18.   Trunk-like: Resembling the trunk of a tree. Example: The trunk-like support pillar was central to the building. 19.   Flexes: Bends or becomes pliable under pressure. Example: The gymnast's body flexes as she performs the routine. 20.   Staircase: A set of steps leading from one floor to another. Example: The grand entrance had a sweeping marble staircase. 21.   Watchtowers: Tall structures used for observation or surveillance. Example: The old castle had watchtowers overlooking the valley. 22.   Stack: To arrange items on top of each other. Example: He neatly stacked the books on the shelf. 23.   Tightrope walker: A performer who walks on a thin, high wire. Example: The circus features a skilled tightrope walker. 24.   Anticipated: Expected or predicted. Example: The team anticipated a tough match. 25.   Regulations: Rules or laws governing a particular area or activity. Example: The company must adhere to safety regulations. 26.   Balancing pole: A long stick used for balance, especially by tightrope walkers. Example: The acrobat held the balancing pole steady as she walked. 27.   Jolt: A sudden and strong shake or jerk. Example: The earthquake caused a powerful jolt. 28.   Abrupt: Sudden and unexpected. Example: Her abrupt departure surprised everyone. 29.   Anticipated: Expected or predicted. Example: The team anticipated a tough match. 30.   Concepts: Abstract ideas or mental constructs. Example: Understanding complex concepts can be challenging. 31.   Structural engineering: The branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of structures. Example: Structural engineering plays a crucial role in building safety. 32.   Phenomenon: A remarkable or unusual occurrence. Example: The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon. 33.   Pendulum: A weight suspended from a fixed point that swings back and forth. Example: The pendulum in the clock swings rhythmically. 34.   Transmitting: Sending or conveying something. Example: The radio tower is responsible for transmitting signals. 35.   Counterparts: Similar or equivalent things in different contexts. Example: The American and British versions are counterparts. 36.   Stacked: Arranged in a pile or stack. Example: The firewood was neatly stacked by the cabin. 37.   Design: The plan or arrangement of elements in something. Example: The architect discussed the building's design. 38.   Permitted: Allowed or authorized. Example: Smoking is not permitted in this area. 39.   Tightrope walker: A performer who walks on a thin, high wire. Example: The circus features a skilled tightrope walker. 40.   Preserved: Kept in its original state or condition. Example: The ancient ruins have been well preserved. 41.   Shaketable: A device used to simulate earthquake vibrations. Example: Engineers test building designs on a shaketable. 42.   Loosely: Not firmly or tightly. Example: The rope was tied loosely around the tree. 43.   Suspended: Hung or attached from above. Example: The chandelier was suspended from the ceiling. 44.   Regulations: Rules or laws governing a particular area or activity. Example: The company must adhere to safety regulations. 45.   Puzzled: Confused or uncertain. Example: She was puzzled by the mysterious message. 46.   Advanced: Highly developed or innovative. Example: The smartphone has advanced technology. 47.   Swaying: Moving gently back and forth. Example: The trees were swaying in the breeze. 48.   Graceful: Elegantly beautiful or well-executed. Example: Her graceful dance captivated the audience. 49.   Startling: Surprising or shocking. Example: The startling news left everyone speechless. 50.   Consecutive: Following one after the other without interruption. Example: He scored consecutive goals in the game. PASSAG-2 The True Cost of Food Collateral: Additional, secondary, or accompanying. Example: The collateral damage from the accident was extensive. Enervation: The state of being weakened or drained of energy. Example: The long journey left him in a state of enervation. Monocultures: Farming or cultivation of a single type of crop. Example: Monocultures can lead to soil depletion and pest problems. Battery rearing: The practice of raising livestock in confined spaces. Example: Battery rearing of chickens is criticized for its inhumane conditions. Genetic engineering: The manipulation of an organism's genes to achieve specific traits. Example: Genetic engineering has led to the development of disease-resistant crops. Onward march: The continuous progression or advancement. Example: The onward march of technology has transformed our lives. Yields: The amount of produce or crop produced. Example: The high yields of corn in this field are impressive. Colossal: Extremely large or significant. Example: The task ahead of us is a colossal challenge. Vanished: Disappeared or became extinct. Example: The rare species vanished from the forest. Wildflowers: Flowers that grow naturally in the wild. Example: The meadow is filled with colorful wildflowers. Fertiliser run-off: The movement of fertilizers from soil into water sources. Example: Fertilizer run-off can lead to water pollution. Externalities: Costs or consequences that are not directly involved in a transaction. Example: Environmental externalities can impact public health. Aesthetic: Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of art. Example: The artist's work is known for its aesthetic value. Quantified: Measured or expressed in numerical terms. Example: The impact of the policy was quantified through research. Staggering: Astonishing or overwhelming. Example: The amount of data collected was staggering. Arable land: Land suitable for growing crops. Example: The region has limited arable land for farming. Conservative estimate: A cautious or minimal calculation. Example: The budget includes a conservative estimate of expenses. Nitrates: Chemical compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen. Example: High levels of nitrates in water can be harmful. Phosphates: Chemical compounds containing phosphorus. Example: Phosphates are often used in fertilizers. Cryptosporidium: A microscopic parasite that can cause illness. Example: Contaminated water sources can contain cryptosporidium. Emissions: Release of gases or pollutants into the environment. Example: Car emissions contribute to air pollution. Climate change: Long-term alterations in temperature and weather patterns. Example: Climate change is a global environmental concern. Soil erosion: The process of soil being carried away by wind or water. Example: Soil erosion can lead to land degradation. Organic carbon: Carbon-based compounds in organic matter. Example: Organic carbon is essential for soil fertility. Food poisoning: Illness caused by consuming contaminated food. Example: Proper food handling can prevent food poisoning. Cattle disease: Health issues affecting cattle. Example: Vaccination programs help prevent cattle disease. Sustainable: Capable of being maintained or continued over time. Example: Sustainable farming practices promote long-term environmental health. Diverse: Varied or having a wide range. Example: Biodiversity is essential for a diverse ecosystem. Environmental practices: Actions or methods related to protecting the environment. Example: Recycling and reducing waste are good environmental practices. Agrochemical use: The use of chemicals in agriculture, such as pesticides. Example: Responsible agrochemical use can minimize environmental impact. Land management: The planning and control of land resources. Example: Sustainable land management is crucial for conservation. Water and energy use: The consumption of water and energy resources. Example: Energy-efficient appliances reduce energy use. Food safety: Measures to ensure that food is safe to eat. Example: Food safety regulations protect consumers. Animal health: The well-being and health of animals. Example: Proper veterinary care is essential for animal health. Greener Food Standard: A set of criteria for environmentally friendly food production. Example: The Greener Food Standard encourages sustainable farming. Commitment: Dedication or a promise to do something. Example: Their commitment to conservation is admirable. Shift: A change or movement in a different direction. Example: There is a growing shift towards eco-friendly products. Consumer: A person who purchases goods or services. Example: Consumers are becoming more conscious of their choices. Viable: Capable of working successfully or being effective. Example: Is organic farming a viable alternative to conventional methods? Premium: An additional cost or price for a higher-quality product. Example: Organic products often come with a price premium. Immediate: Happening or occurring without delay. Example: We need to address the immediate concerns. Introduction: The act of bringing something into use or existence. Example: The introduction of new technology improved efficiency. Commitment: Dedication or a promise to do something. Example: Their commitment to conservation is admirable. Criteria: Standards or guidelines for evaluating something. Example: The criteria for selecting the winner were clear. Practices: Actions or procedures carried out regularly. Example: Sustainable farming practices protect the environment. Norm: A standard or typical pattern. Example: Recycling should become the norm in our society. Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources. Example: Conservation efforts aim to save endangered species. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The rainforest is a diverse and complex ecosystem. Minimize: To reduce to the smallest possible extent. Example: We need to minimize our environmental impact. Admirable: Worthy of respect, approval, or admiration. Example: Their dedication to humanitarian causes is admirable. PASSAGE-3 Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project Section A: Rethink: To reconsider or revise a strategy or idea. Example: They had to rethink their marketing plan after poor results. Integrated rural transport: A comprehensive approach to rural transport that aims to improve access to essential goods and services. Example: The integrated rural transport project aimed to make transportation more efficient for rural communities. Objective: A goal or purpose. Example: The objective of the project was to reduce transportation time for rural households. Social and economic development: The improvement of both social and economic conditions. Example: Education and job opportunities are essential for social and economic development. Financial support: Funding or monetary assistance. Example: The project received financial support from various organizations. Section B: Isolated: Cut off or separated from others. Example: The island was isolated from the mainland during the storm. Regional road: A road that connects different regions or areas. Example: The regional road was in poor condition and needed repair. Alternative means: Other options or methods. Example: When the car broke down, they had to consider alternative means of transportation. Restricted to: Limited to or confined to. Example: Access to the area was restricted to authorized personnel only. Arduous: Difficult, strenuous, or demanding. Example: The hike up the mountain was an arduous journey. Section C: Approaches: Methods or strategies. Example: They explored different approaches to solving the problem. Mechanical workshop: A place where machinery and vehicles are repaired. Example: The mechanical workshop repaired the broken equipment. Footbridges: Structures that allow people to cross a river or stream on foot. Example: The footbridges made it easier to cross the river safely. Efficient: Doing something well with minimal waste. Example: The new machine was more efficient and reduced production time. Promotion: The act of supporting or encouraging something. Example: The promotion of eco-friendly products has increased. Local manufacturable: Able to be produced locally. Example: The project focused on using locally manufacturable materials. Section D: Refinement: The process of improving or making something better. Example: The refinement of the design made the product more user-friendly. Essential goods: Basic necessities or required items. Example: Access to clean water and food are essential goods. Fluctuate: To change or vary, often in an unpredictable way. Example: Prices of goods can fluctuate based on supply and demand. Motorised vehicles: Vehicles powered by engines, such as cars and trucks. Example: Motorised vehicles are commonly used for transportation. Resources: Available means or assets. Example: The lack of resources made it difficult to complete the project. Low-cost means of transport: Inexpensive methods of transportation. Example: Bicycles are considered a low-cost means of transport. Section E: Top-down approach: A method where decisions are made by authorities and then implemented by communities. Example: The top-down approach led to challenges in community engagement. Villagers: People living in a village. Example: The villagers worked together to improve their community. Awareness: Knowledge or understanding of a situation or issue. Example: The campaign aimed to raise awareness about environmental issues. Section F: Dedicated: Committed or devoted to a cause. Example: The team was dedicated to making a positive impact in their community. Reference: Something used as a source of information or comparison. Example: The report serves as a reference for future research. Initiative: A plan or action to achieve a specific goal. Example: The government launched an initiative to reduce pollution. Community development: Efforts to improve the well-being of a community. Example: Community development projects focus on education, healthcare, and infrastructure. Well established: Firmly recognized or accepted. Example: The organization is well established in the field of education. ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 PASSAGE-1 Ant Intelligence 1.       Cognition: The mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding. Example: Human cognition involves thinking, perception, and memory. 2.       Repel: To drive away or fend off. Example: The strong odor can repel insects. 3.       Chemical signals: Signals or messages communicated through chemicals. Example: Chemical signals help ants communicate danger. 4.       Embarrassment: A feeling of self-consciousness or discomfort. Example: She felt a sense of embarrassment when she tripped in public. 5.       Aphids: Small insects often found on plants. Example: Aphids can damage crops by feeding on leaves. 6.       Genes: The segments of DNA that carry genetic information. Example: Eye color is determined by our genes. 7.       Cultural transmission: The passing down of knowledge and customs within a culture. Example: Cultural transmission includes language, traditions, and beliefs. 8.       Instincts: Inborn patterns of behavior. Example: Animals rely on instincts for survival. 9.       Continuity: The state of being continuous or unbroken. Example: The river flows with continuity throughout the year. 10.   Advantage: A favorable or superior position. Example: Having prior experience is an advantage in this job. 11.   Sustainable: Capable of being maintained over the long term. Example: We need to adopt sustainable farming practices. 12.   Ruined: Destroyed or severely damaged. Example: The hurricane ruined many homes. 13.   Agribusiness: The business of large-scale agricultural production. Example: Agribusiness is a major industry in the region. 14.   Sophisticated: Highly developed or complex. Example: The new technology is very sophisticated. 15.   Fifty million years: An extended period of time. Example: The fossil record spans fifty million years. 16.   Cellulose: A complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls. Example: Wood contains a high amount of cellulose. 17.   Domesticating: Taming or adapting for human use. Example: Humans have a history of domesticating animals. 18.   Antibiotics: Medications that inhibit the growth of bacteria. Example: Doctors prescribe antibiotics to treat infections. 19.   Weeds: Unwanted plants that compete with cultivated crops. Example: Gardeners need to remove weeds from their gardens. 20.   Fertilize: To add nutrients to the soil to promote plant growth. Example: Farmers fertilize their fields before planting. 21.   Genetically: Relating to genes or genetic material. Example: Genetically modified crops are resistant to pests. 22.   Adaptability: The ability to adjust to new conditions. Example: His adaptability allowed him to thrive in different environments. 23.   Intricately: In a highly detailed or complex manner. Example: The intricately carved designs were impressive. 24.   Technical achievement: A notable accomplishment in a specific field. Example: The invention of the internet is a major technical achievement. 25.   Supercolony: A large and interconnected group of organisms. Example: The supercolony of ants covered a vast area. 26.   Megalopolis: A very large and heavily populated urban area. Example: Tokyo is a megalopolis known for its bustling streets. 27.   Integrate: To combine or bring together into a unified whole. Example: The company aims to integrate new technology into its products. 28.   Consulted: Sought information or advice from a source. Example: She consulted a dictionary to define the word. 29.   Navigate: To find one's way or guide a path. Example: Pilots navigate airplanes through the sky. 30.   Elaborate: Involving many details or complexities. Example: The elaborate plan required careful execution. 31.   Complex messages: Messages with intricate or detailed content. Example: The document contained complex messages about the project. 32.   Individuals: Distinct persons or entities. Example: Each individual has unique characteristics. 33.   Observation: The act of watching or closely examining. Example: Scientific observation is crucial for research. 34.   Exposure: Contact with or experience of something. Example: Her exposure to new cultures broadened her perspective. 35.   Framework: A structure or system that provides support. Example: The framework of the building was made of steel. 36.   Lifestyles: Patterns of living or ways of life. Example: Urban and rural lifestyles can be very different. 37.   Foraging: Searching for food or provisions. Example: Birds engage in foraging for insects and seeds. 38.   Transmit: To send or convey something. Example: Radio waves transmit signals over long distances. 39.   Sequences: Ordered series of events or elements. Example: The movie's sequences were well-choreographed. 40.   Laboratory: A controlled environment for scientific research. Example: The laboratory is equipped with advanced equipment. 41.   Attachments: Connections or links between things. Example: The attachments in the email included photos and documents. 42.   Impressively: In a way that leaves a strong positive impression. Example: Her speech was impressively eloquent. 43.   Consulted: Sought information or advice from a source. Example: She consulted a dictionary to define the word. 44.   Expose: To make something visible or accessible. Example: The report will expose the truth about the situation. 45.   Exhaustive: Comprehensive and thorough. Example: The exhaustive study covered every aspect of the topic. 46.   Attachments: Connections or links between things. Example: The attachments in the email included photos and documents. 47.   Tightrope walker: A performer who walks on a thin, high wire. Example: The circus features a skilled tightrope walker. 48.   Individuals: Distinct persons or entities. Example: Each individual has unique characteristics. 49.   Prehistoric: Relating to a time before recorded history. Example: The fossils provide insights into prehistoric life. 50.   Primitive: Relating to an early or basic stage of development. Example: Primitive tools were made from stone and wood. PASSAGE-2 Population movements and genetics 1.       Archaeological: Relating to the study of past human societies through artifacts and remains. Example: The archaeological dig uncovered ancient pottery shards. 2.       Fossil: The preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms. Example: The fossil of a dinosaur was found in the rock layers. 3.       Objective: Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; impartial. Example: The scientist conducted the experiment with objective analysis. 4.       Distribution: The way something is spread or arranged over an area. Example: The distribution of resources is crucial for survival. 5.       Colonisers: People or groups that establish colonies in new territories. Example: The European colonisers settled in the New World. 6.       Launch: To start or initiate something. Example: They plan to launch a new product next month. 7.       Migration: The movement of people or animals from one place to another. Example: Bird migration patterns vary by species. 8.       Genetic: Relating to genes and heredity. Example: Genetic research has advanced our understanding of DNA. 9.       Markers: Indicators or signs used for identification. Example: The map had markers to show key locations. 10.   Anthropologist: A person who studies human societies and cultures. Example: The anthropologist conducted fieldwork in Africa. 11.   Protein: A biological molecule essential for various functions in the body. Example: Meat and beans are good sources of dietary protein. 12.   Calibrated: Adjusted or measured precisely. Example: The scale needed to be calibrated for accurate readings. 13.   Interbred: To breed or reproduce within a population or group. Example: The animals in the zoo are carefully managed to avoid interbreeding. 14.   Variants: Different versions or forms of something. Example: There are many variants of the flu virus. 15.   Inuit: Indigenous people of the Arctic regions, also known as Eskimo. Example: The Inuit have a rich cultural heritage. 16.   Aleut: Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Example: The Aleut are skilled hunters and fishermen. 17.   Deduced: To arrive at a conclusion through logical reasoning. Example: From the evidence, we can deduce that she was not at the scene. 18.   Ancestral: Relating to one's ancestors or family lineage. Example: She traced her ancestral roots back to Europe. 19.   Micro-evolution: Small-scale changes in traits within a population. Example: Micro-evolution can lead to genetic diversity. 20.   Mitochondrial DNA: Genetic material found in mitochondria, inherited from the mother. Example: Mitochondrial DNA is used in ancestry testing. 21.   Calibrating: Adjusting or setting a standard for measurement. Example: Calibrating the instrument ensures accurate readings. 22.   Teeth: Hard, bony structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing. Example: Proper dental care is essential for healthy teeth. 23.   Crown: The visible part of a tooth above the gum line. Example: The crown of the tooth was damaged and needed repair. 24.   Roots: The parts of a tooth below the gum line that anchor it in the jaw. Example: The dentist examined the roots of the patient's teeth. 25.   Incisor: A type of tooth used for cutting. Example: The dentist extracted the damaged incisor. 26.   Premolars: Teeth located behind the canines, used for grinding food. Example: Chewing tough meat requires strong premolars. 27.   Molars: Flat-topped teeth at the back of the mouth, used for crushing and grinding. Example: The dentist filled a cavity in one of the patient's molars. 28.   Linguist: A person skilled in the study of languages. Example: The linguist could speak multiple languages fluently. 29.   Amerind: A term referring to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Example: Amerind cultures have diverse languages and traditions. 30.   Migration: The movement of people or animals from one place to another. Example: Bird migration patterns vary by species. 31.   Backing: Support or confirmation for a statement or idea. Example: The research provides strong backing for the hypothesis. 32.   Caution: Careful consideration or warning against potential risks. Example: It's important to exercise caution when handling chemicals. 33.   Hard: Difficult to change or refute. Example: The hard evidence supported the detective's theory. 34.   Environmental: Relating to the natural surroundings or conditions. Example: Environmental factors can impact an organism's behavior. 35.   Evidence: Facts or information that indicate the truth or validity of a claim. Example: The fingerprints were crucial evidence in the investigation. 36.   Traits: Characteristics or features of an organism. Example: Eye color is a genetic trait inherited from parents. 37.   Northern: Located in the north or relating to the northern region. Example: Canada is known for its northern wilderness. 38.   Crown: The visible part of a tooth above the gum line. Example: The crown of the tooth was damaged and needed repair. 39.   Roots: The parts of a tooth below the gum line that anchor it in the jaw. Example: The dentist examined the roots of the patient's teeth. 40.   Incisor: A type of tooth used for cutting. Example: The dentist extracted the damaged incisor. 41.   Premolars: Teeth located behind the canines, used for grinding food. Example: Chewing tough meat requires strong premolars. 42.   Molars: Flat-topped teeth at the back of the mouth, used for crushing and grinding. Example: The dentist filled a cavity in one of the patient's molars. 43.   Linguist: A person skilled in the study of languages. Example: The linguist could speak multiple languages fluently. 44.   Amerind: A term referring to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Example: Amerind cultures have diverse languages and traditions. 45.   Backing: Support or confirmation for a statement or idea. Example: The research provides strong backing for the hypothesis. 46.   Cauti: Careful consideration or warning against potential risks. Example: It's important to exercise caution when handling chemicals. 47.   Hard: Difficult to change or refute. Example: The hard evidence supported the detective's theory. 48.   Environmental: Relating to the natural surroundings or conditions. Example: Environmental factors can impact an organism's behavior. 49.   Evidence: Facts or information that indicate the truth or validity of a claim. Example: The fingerprints were crucial evidence in the investigation. 50.   Traits: Characteristics or features of an organism. Example: Eye color is a genetic trait inherited from parents. PASSAGE-3 Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage 1.       Heritage: The cultural, historical, or natural legacy passed down from previous generations. Example: The preservation of our cultural heritage is important. 2.       Imbalances: Lack of proportion or equality. Example: Economic imbalances can lead to social unrest. 3.       Mismanagement: The improper or inefficient handling of something. Example: The company suffered due to mismanagement by its leaders. 4.       Co-ordinate: To organize or harmonize activities for a common purpose. Example: We need to co-ordinate our efforts to achieve success. 5.       Preparatory: Relating to preparation or preliminary work. Example: The preparatory phase of the project took several weeks. 6.       Geographical: Relating to the physical features of a region. Example: The geographical location of the city is ideal for trade. 7.       Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The ecosystem of the rainforest is incredibly diverse. 8.       Biological: Relating to living organisms and their processes. Example: Biological research helps us understand life on Earth. 9.       Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy. Example: Photosynthesis is essential for plant growth. 10.   Renewed: Restored or regenerated. Example: The forest's renewed vitality was evident after the rain. 11.   Unwind: To relax or release tension. Example: After a long day at work, she liked to unwind with a book. 12.   Leisure: Free time for relaxation and enjoyment. Example: Weekends are for leisure activities and hobbies. 13.   Condemned: To express strong disapproval or criticism. Example: The public condemned the government's decision. 14.   Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from adversity. Example: Her resilience helped her overcome life's challenges. 15.   Myth: A traditional story or belief, often with a supernatural element. Example: The myth of Atlantis has fascinated people for centuries. 16.   Primary: Original or existing from the beginning. Example: Primary education is crucial for a child's development. 17.   Transcend: To go beyond or surpass. Example: His artistry transcends mere painting; it's a form of expression. 18.   Vital: Essential or necessary for life. Example: Water is vital for all living organisms. 19.   Declaration: A formal or explicit statement. Example: The president made a declaration of peace. 20.   Surveillance: The monitoring or observation of a place or person. Example: Security cameras provide constant surveillance. 21.   Cumulative: Increasing or growing by accumulation. Example: The cumulative effect of pollution is harming the environment. 22.   Culprits: Those responsible for a wrongdoing. Example: The police are searching for the culprits of the robbery. 23.   Compounds: A combination of two or more elements. Example: Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen compounds. 24.   Climatic: Relating to the climate or weather conditions. Example: The region's climatic patterns are changing. 25.   Imbalances: Lack of proportion or equality. Example: Economic imbalances can lead to social unrest. 26.   Preserve: To protect and maintain something in its original state. Example: We must preserve our natural habitats. 27.   Databank: A collection of data or information stored electronically. Example: The company maintains a vast databank of customer information. 28.   Mountain ecosystem: The complex web of relationships among the living and non-living components in mountain regions. Example: The mountain ecosystem faces unique challenges. 29.   Skiing: The sport or activity of sliding on snow using skis. Example: Many tourists visit the mountains for skiing in the winter. 30.   Physiological: Related to the normal functions of living organisms. Example: Physiological changes occur during exercise. 31.   Biochemical: Related to the chemical processes occurring within living organisms. Example: The study of biochemical reactions is essential in medicine. 32.   Harmonizing: Bringing elements into agreement or balance. Example: Harmonizing different voices in a choir requires skill. 33.   Protection: The act of keeping someone or something safe from harm. Example: The protection of endangered species is a priority. 34.   Frontiers: Boundaries or limits. Example: The explorer crossed the frontiers of uncharted territory. 35.   Participant: Someone who takes part in an activity or event. Example: The participants in the study provided valuable data. 36.   Continuity: The state of maintaining a consistent or uninterrupted flow. Example: Continuity in leadership is important for organizational stability. 37.   Scholarships: Financial support or grants for education. Example: She received a scholarship to attend college. 38.   Framework: A structure or system that provides support or organization. Example: The framework of the project outlines its key components. 39.   Priority: Something that is given greater importance or urgency. Example: Safety is our top priority in this project. 40.   Ecologically: In a manner related to the relationships between organisms and their environment. Example: Ecologically, the wetlands play a crucial role. 41.   Ministerial: Relating to government ministers or their roles. Example: The ministerial conference discussed important policies. 42.   Renewable: Capable of being replaced or restored. Example: Solar energy is a renewable source of power. 43.   Biodiversity: The variety of life forms in a particular habitat or ecosystem. Example: Protecting biodiversity is essential for a healthy planet. 44.   Reversible: Capable of being undone or changed back. Example: The damage to the environment may not be reversible. 45.   Emissions: Releases of substances, often pollutants, into the atmosphere. Example: The reduction of carbon emissions is a global concern. 46.   Harvesting: The process of gathering crops or resources. Example: Harvesting timber must be done sustainably. 47.   Erosion: The gradual wearing away of soil or rock by natural forces. Example: Coastal erosion is a problem in many regions. 48.   Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources. Example: Conservation efforts aim to save endangered species. 49.   Stewardship: The responsible management and care of resources. Example: Environmental stewardship is essential for future generations. 50.   Sustainability: The capacity to endure and maintain balance over time. Example: The goal is to achieve sustainability in agriculture and industry. ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 PASSAGE-1 Pulling string to build pyramids Hieroglyph: A system of writing using pictures or symbols. Example: Ancient Egyptians used hieroglyphs to record their history. Mechanical: Relating to machines or machinery. Example: The mechanical engineer designed the new car engine. Aeronautics: The study and practice of flight and aviation. Example: Aeronautics has led to advances in air travel technology. Modest: Not excessive or extravagant; moderate. Example: She lived a modest life in a small town. Trolley: A wheeled vehicle used for transporting goods. Example: The workers used a trolley to move heavy equipment. Rectangular: Having the shape of a rectangle. Example: The room had a rectangular layout with four walls. Nylon: A synthetic material used in various applications. Example: Her jacket was made of lightweight nylon. Stunned: Extremely surprised or shocked. Example: The unexpected news left him stunned. Force: Strength or power applied to move or change something. Example: The force of the wind pushed against the sail. Vertical: Upright or in an upright position. Example: The flagpole stood vertically in the center of the park. Gentle: Mild or soft in force or effect. Example: The gentle breeze rustled the leaves of the trees. Jerk: A sudden, sharp movement or force. Example: The jerk of the car's brakes made everyone lurch forward. Brute force: The use of sheer strength or power. Example: Opening the jammed door required brute force. Convinced: Firmly persuaded or certain of something. Example: She was convinced that her plan would succeed. Specialists: Experts or professionals in a particular field. Example: Specialists in medicine treat specific health conditions. Non-existent: Not existing or lacking in reality. Example: Evidence for the theory was non-existent. Sailors: People who operate or work on ships. Example: Experienced sailors navigated the rough seas. Pulleys: Wheels with a grooved rim used to change the direction of a force. Example: The pulleys helped lift heavy objects. Artifact: An object made by humans, often of historical or cultural significance. Example: The museum displayed ancient artifacts from different civilizations. Gliders: Aircraft designed for unpowered flight. Example: The pilot controlled the glider as it soared through the sky. Sophistication: The quality of being refined or advanced. Example: The sophistication of the technology amazed everyone. Developing: Advancing or improving over time. Example: The country was developing its infrastructure rapidly. Civilisations: Advanced societies with complex cultural and social systems. Example: Ancient civilizations left behind impressive architectural wonders. Messages: Information or communication sent from one person to another. Example: She received a heartfelt message from her friend. Debris: Scattered fragments or remains of something destroyed. Example: After the explosion, the debris covered the area. Practical: Useful or suitable for a particular purpose. Example: His practical advice helped solve the problem. Access: The ability or right to enter or use something. Example: The keycard provides access to the building. Equipment: Tools or machinery needed for a specific task. Example: The construction site had a lot of heavy equipment. Design: The plan or arrangement of something. Example: The architect presented the building design to the client. Hints: Clues or suggestions about something. Example: She gave him some helpful hints for solving the puzzle. Construction: The process of building or creating something. Example: The construction of the new bridge is underway. Century: A period of 100 years. Example: The 21st century brought many technological advancements. AD: Abbreviation for "Anno Domini," which means "in the year of our Lord" and is used to indicate years after the birth of Jesus Christ. Example: The event took place in 2023 AD. PASSAGE-2 Endless Harvest 1.       Archipelago: A group or chain of islands. Example: The Greek archipelago is known for its beautiful islands. 2.       Inhabitants: People or organisms that live in a particular place. Example: The inhabitants of the forest include various wildlife species. 3.       Bounty: A generous amount or supply of something. Example: The garden produced a bounty of fresh vegetables. 4.       Shellfish: Seafood with a hard protective shell. Example: We enjoyed a delicious meal of shellfish at the seafood restaurant. 5.       Crustaceans: Aquatic animals with a hard exoskeleton, like crabs and lobsters. Example: Crustaceans are commonly found in ocean ecosystems. 6.       Mollusks: Soft-bodied animals with a hard shell, such as snails and clams. Example: Some mollusks are known for their intricate shell patterns. 7.       Ex-vessel: The value of fish or seafood at the point of landing or capture. Example: The ex-vessel price of the fish was recorded by the fisherman. 8.       Cultural: Relating to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group. Example: The festival celebrated the cultural diversity of the community. 9.       Flourish: To grow or thrive in a healthy way. Example: The flowers flourished in the garden with proper care. 10.   Paraconsciously: Beyond or outside of conscious awareness. Example: Some thoughts and behaviors may occur paraconsciously. 11.   Over-fishing: Harvesting fish or seafood from a body of water at a rate that exceeds its natural replenishment. Example: Over-fishing can lead to the depletion of fish populations. 12.   Crashes: Sudden and dramatic declines or failures. Example: The stock market experienced several crashes throughout its history. 13.   Disaster area: A region affected by a natural or man-made disaster. Example: After the hurricane, the coastal town was declared a disaster area. 14.   Sustainable: Capable of being maintained over the long term without causing harm to the environment or resources. Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the land for future generations. 15.   Biologists: Scientists who study living organisms and their interactions. Example: Biologists conduct research to understand ecosystems. 16.   Sonar: A system that uses sound waves to detect and locate objects underwater. Example: Submarines use sonar technology for navigation. 17.   Sport fishing: Recreational fishing for enjoyment rather than for commercial purposes. Example: Sport fishing is a popular activity for anglers. 18.   Prosper: To succeed and thrive, often in terms of wealth or well-being. Example: The company continued to prosper despite economic challenges. 19.   Endangered: At risk of becoming extinct or disappearing from the wild. Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species. 20.   Abundance: A large quantity or plenty of something. Example: The garden was filled with an abundance of colorful flowers. 21.   Judged: Evaluated or assessed based on certain criteria. Example: The talent show contestants were judged by a panel of experts. 22.   Environmental responsibility: The duty to protect and preserve the environment. Example: Companies are increasingly adopting environmental responsibility practices. 23.   Collapsed: Suffered a sudden and complete breakdown or failure. Example: The building's roof collapsed under the weight of heavy snow. 24.   Subsistence: The act of providing for basic needs, often related to food and shelter. Example: Subsistence farming is common in rural areas. 25.   Climatic shifts: Changes in weather patterns and conditions. Example: Climatic shifts can lead to unpredictable weather events. 26.   El Niño/La Niña: Climatic phenomena associated with changes in Pacific Ocean temperatures. Example: The occurrence of El Niño can lead to extreme weather patterns. 27.   Frozen: Turned into ice or subjected to freezing temperatures. Example: The pond was frozen solid in the winter. 28.   Reacted: Responded to a situation or stimulus. Example: The team reacted quickly to the emergency. 29.   Certified: Officially recognized or approved by an authoritative body. Example: The product was certified for meeting safety standards. 30.   Environmental standards: Guidelines or criteria related to environmental protection. Example: Companies must adhere to strict environmental standards. 31.   Appoint: To select or designate someone for a specific role or task. Example: The committee appointed a new chairman. 32.   Criteria: Standards or conditions used for evaluation. Example: Meeting the criteria for the scholarship requires a high GPA. 33.   Devastated: Caused severe emotional or physical damage. Example: The hurricane devastated the coastal town. 34.   Initial: Happening at the beginning or starting point. Example: The initial phase of the project involves planning. 35.   Review: An assessment or evaluation of something. Example: The review of the film was positive. 36.   Required: Necessary or mandatory. Example: Safety equipment is required in the workplace. 37.   Display: To show or present something for others to see. Example: The art gallery will display the new paintings. 38.   Label: A tag or sticker with information about a product. Example: Check the label for the expiration date. 39.   Replenishment: The act of refilling or restocking something. Example: The replenishment of supplies is essential for the project. 40.   Harvests: The process of gathering crops or natural resources. Example: The harvests of apples were bountiful this year. 41.   In-Season: Occurring during the appropriate time or season. Example: Fishing is only allowed in-season to protect fish populations. 42.   Abundance-Based Management: Managing resources based on their current availability. Example: Abundance-based management helps ensure sustainable fishing. 43.   Streamside: Along the banks or edges of a stream or river. Example: We enjoyed a picnic in the streamside meadow. 44.   Cumulative: Accumulative or adding up over time. Example: The cumulative effect of pollution can harm the environment. 45.   Excess: An amount that is more than necessary or usual. Example: There was an excess of food at the buffet. 46.   Salmon eggs: The eggs or roe of the salmon fish. Example: The riverbanks are a crucial spawning ground for salmon eggs. 47.   Certification process: A series of steps to determine if something meets specific standards or criteria. Example: The certification process ensures product quality. 48.   Committee: A group of people appointed for a specific purpose, often to make decisions. Example: The committee met to discuss the budget. 49.   Environmental responsibility: The duty to protect and preserve the environment. Example: Companies are increasingly adopting environmental responsibility practices. 50.   Continuing: Persisting or ongoing over a period of time. Example: The project's continuing success is attributed to teamwork. spawners: fish thai have released eggs spawn: release eggs PASSAGE-3 EFFECTS of Noise 1.       Plausible: Believable or reasonable. Example: His explanation for the accident seemed plausible. 2.       Adapting: Adjusting or changing to fit new conditions. Example: Moving to a new country requires adapting to a different culture. 3.       Countryside: Rural or open areas away from cities. Example: The countryside offers a peaceful escape from city life. 4.       Range: A variety or assortment within a particular limit. Example: The store sells a range of products from electronics to clothing. 5.       Research: The systematic investigation of a subject. Example: Scientists conduct research to gather data and make discoveries. 6.       Exposure: Being subjected to or experiencing something. Example: Her exposure to different cultures enriched her worldview. 7.       Bursts: Sudden and brief releases or instances. Example: The firecrackers created loud bursts of sound. 8.       Physiological: Related to the body's physical functions. Example: Stress can have a negative impact on physiological health. 9.       Disruptive: Causing disturbance or interruption. Example: The noisy construction work was disruptive to the neighborhood. 10.   Arousal: A state of heightened alertness or excitement. Example: Her arousal increased as she approached the finish line. 11.   Interfered: To get in the way or hinder progress. Example: The loud music interfered with her ability to concentrate. 12.   Concentrate: To focus one's attention or efforts. Example: It's important to concentrate when solving complex problems. 13.   Aeroplane: Another term for an airplane. Example: The aeroplane was ready for takeoff. 14.   Interfere: To disrupt or hinder the normal process. Example: The storm could interfere with our travel plans. 15.   Tracking: Monitoring or following the movement of something. Example: The radar system is used for tracking aircraft. 16.   Paraconsciously: Operating at a level below conscious awareness. Example: She made decisions paraconsciously without realizing it. 17.   Predictability: The quality of being able to be anticipated or expected. Example: The predictability of his behavior made him easy to understand. 18.   Chronic: Persistent or ongoing over a long period. Example: Chronic pain can be difficult to manage. 19.   Tune out: To stop paying attention to something. Example: She learned to tune out distractions while studying. 20.   Intrusions: Unwanted interruptions or interference. Example: The constant intrusions made it hard to focus on work. 21.   Annoying: Causing irritation or displeasure. Example: The constant noise from construction was annoying. 22.   Proofreading: Checking and correcting errors in written text. Example: She spent hours proofreading her essay before submitting it. 23.   Fatigue: Physical or mental tiredness. Example: After a long day of work, she felt fatigue. 24.   Variable: A factor that can change or vary. Example: Temperature is a variable that affects plant growth. 25.   Control: The power to influence or manage something. Example: She has control over the company's finances. 26.   Option: A choice or alternative. Example: You have the option to upgrade your membership. 27.   Eliminates: Completely removes or gets rid of. Example: The new software eliminates the need for manual data entry. 28.   Effects: Outcomes or consequences of actions. Example: The effects of climate change are becoming more evident. 29.   Lasting: Continuing for a long time or permanent. Example: The impact of his words had a lasting effect on her. 30.   Follow-up: A subsequent action or investigation. Example: The doctor scheduled a follow-up appointment to check progress. 31.   Distracted: Unable to concentrate due to interruptions. Example: The noisy neighbors distracted him from his work. 32.   Classrooms: Rooms where students receive instruction. Example: The classroom was equipped with modern technology. 33.   Comparable: Similar or equivalent in some way. Example: These two products are comparable in quality. 34.   Ethnicity: Cultural or social background. Example: The festival celebrates the ethnicity of various communities. 35.   Matched: Paired or compared with another. Example: The two teams were evenly matched in skill. 36.   Investigators: People who conduct research or inquiries. Example: The investigators gathered evidence at the crime scene. 37.   Quiet: Free from noise or disturbance. Example: The quiet of the forest was peaceful and serene. 38.   Day after day: Continuously, without interruption. Example: She worked diligently day after day to achieve her goals. 39.   Blood pressure: The force of blood against the walls of the arteries. Example: High blood pressure can increase the risk of heart disease. 40.   Serious: Significant or important. Example: This is a serious matter that requires immediate attention. 41.   Distractible: Easily diverted or unable to focus. Example: The noisy environment made her feel distractible. 42.   Neighborhoods: Local areas or communities. Example: The neighborhoods in the city are diverse and vibrant. 43.   Adaptability: The ability to adjust to new conditions. Example: Her adaptability helped her thrive in different environments. 44.   Worry: To feel anxious or concerned. Example: She couldn't help but worry about her upcoming exams. 45.   Investigators: People who conduct research or inquiries. Example: The investigators gathered evidence at the crime scene. 46.   Serene: Calm and peaceful. Example: The serene lake was a perfect place for meditation. 47.   Impact: The effect or influence of something. Example: The impact of the earthquake was devastating. 48.   Progress: Forward movement or development. Example: She tracked her progress in her journal. 49.   Management: The process of controlling or overseeing. Example: Effective management is essential for a successful business. 50.   Investigation: A systematic inquiry or examination. Example: The police conducted an investigation into the robbery.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 PASSAGE-1 AUSTRALIA'S SPORTING SUCCESS Underpinned (verb): Supported or based on. Example: The success of the team was underpinned by rigorous training and dedication. Commission (noun): An authoritative order or direction; a group of people entrusted with a particular function. Example: The Sports Commission is responsible for promoting and funding various sports programs. Programmes of excellence (noun phrase): High-quality programs that aim for exceptional outcomes. Example: The academy offers programmes of excellence to train future sports champions. Intensive (adjective): Involving a high level of effort, activity, or attention. Example: Athletes undergo intensive training to enhance their performance. Nutritional advice (noun phrase): Guidance on dietary habits and food choices for optimal health and performance. Example: The athletes receive personalized nutritional advice to fuel their training. C Measurement (noun): The process of determining the size, extent, or amount of something. Example: Accurate measurement of an athlete's performance is crucial for improvement. Tweaking (verb): Making small adjustments or improvements. Example: The coach spent hours tweaking the athlete's technique to enhance their speed. Gradual (adjective): Happening slowly over time; step by step. Example: The athlete's recovery was gradual, but consistent efforts led to significant progress. Biomechanical (adjective): Related to the mechanics of movement in living organisms. Example: The biomechanical analysis helped identify flaws in the athlete's posture. Velocity (noun): Speed in a given direction; the rate of change of position. Example: The swimmer's velocity increased as she approached the finish line. D Accuracy (noun): The quality of being precise and correct. Example: The athlete's performance was impressive due to the high level of accuracy in every move. Unobtrusive (adjective): Not conspicuous or easily noticeable; subtle. Example: The sensors were designed to be unobtrusive and not interfere with the athlete's movements. Immunoglobulin A (noun phrase): An antibody that plays a key role in the immune system's defense against infections. Example: The study measured the levels of immunoglobulin A in athletes' saliva to assess their immune health. E Competition model (noun phrase): A strategic plan designed to achieve specific targets in a competitive setting. Example: The coach developed a competition model to guide the athlete's training and performance strategy. Segment (noun): A distinct portion or part of something. Example: The race was divided into several segments, each requiring different techniques. F Coolant-lined jackets (noun phrase): Jackets designed with a cooling system, often used to regulate body temperature during sports. Example: The athletes wore coolant-lined jackets to stay comfortable in extreme weather conditions. Altitude tent (noun phrase): A tent that simulates high-altitude conditions for training purposes. Example: Many athletes use an altitude tent to enhance their endurance and stamina. All-encompassing (adjective): Including or covering everything; comprehensive. Example: Australia's all-encompassing sports system has contributed to its remarkable success. Passage-2 DELIVERING THE GOODS Expansion Meaning: The act of becoming larger or more extensive. Example: The expansion of the company led to the opening of new branches. Revolution Meaning: A sudden and significant change or innovation. Example: The invention of the internet brought about a revolution in communication. Commerce Meaning: The activity of buying and selling goods, especially on a large scale. Example: International commerce involves trade between different countries. Barrier Meaning: Something that prevents progress or access. Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult. Decline Meaning: A decrease or reduction in quantity or quality. Example: There has been a decline in the number of manufacturing jobs. Opening Meaning: The act of allowing access or entry. Example: The opening of new markets is essential for business growth. Friction Meaning: Resistance to motion or movement. Example: There is friction between the two departments due to conflicting goals. Advantages Meaning: Benefits or favorable circumstances. Example: Having a strong network can provide many advantages in business. Dominating Meaning: Exercising control or influence over something. Example: The company is dominating the market with its innovative products. Raw materials Meaning: Unprocessed resources used in manufacturing. Example: The factory relies on raw materials like steel and plastic. Transporting Meaning: Moving goods or people from one place to another. Example: The logistics company specializes in transporting goods internationally. Shifted Meaning: Moved or changed position. Example: The company shifted its focus to digital marketing. Technological Meaning: Relating to technology or technological advancements. Example: The technological revolution has transformed many industries. Components Meaning: Parts or elements that make up a whole. Example: The computer's components include the CPU and memory. Globalization Meaning: The process of businesses and cultures becoming more interconnected on a global scale. Example: Globalization has led to increased international trade. Freight Meaning: Goods transported by air, land, or sea. Example: The freight was shipped from China to the United States. Insignificant Meaning: Unimportant or not worthy of attention. Example: The error was insignificant and did not affect the results. Cargo Meaning: Goods carried by a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. Example: The cargo ship was loaded with containers from various countries. Deregulation Meaning: The removal of government regulations or controls. Example: Deregulation of the telecommunications industry led to increased competition. Tariffs Meaning: Taxes or duties imposed on imported or exported goods. Example: The government reduced tariffs on foreign cars. Restrictions Meaning: Limitations or rules that constrain an action. Example: There are restrictions on smoking in public places. Productivity Meaning: The efficiency of producing goods or services. Example: The new software improved productivity in the office. Monopolies Meaning: Exclusive control of a commodity or service. Example: The government broke up the monopoly to promote competition. Bypass Meaning: To go around or avoid something. Example: We can bypass traffic by taking a different route. Tolerate Meaning: To allow or accept something despite disapproval. Example: The company cannot tolerate unethical behavior. Barriers Meaning: Obstacles or impediments that hinder progress. Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult. Oversee Meaning: To supervise or watch over a process or activity. Example: The manager oversees the daily operations of the team. Significant Meaning: Important or having a noticeable impact. Example: There has been a significant increase in sales this year. Allocation Meaning: The distribution or assignment of resources. Example: The allocation of funds is a critical part of budget planning. Efficiency Meaning: The ability to accomplish a task with minimal waste. Example: The new equipment improved the efficiency of the production process. Regulation Meaning: Rules or laws that govern a particular activity or industry. Example: Financial regulations aim to protect investors. Interconnected Meaning: Linked or connected in various ways. Example: The global economy is interconnected, affecting countries worldwide. Innovation Meaning: The introduction of new ideas or methods. Example: Technological innovation drives progress in the tech industry. Economies Meaning: The wealth and resources of a country or region. Example: The global economy is influenced by various factors. Bureaucracy Meaning: A system of government or management with complex rules and procedures. Example: The bureaucracy of the government can slow down decision-making. Infrastructure Meaning: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society. Example: Investment in infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, is essential for economic growth. Incentives Meaning: Things that motivate or encourage people to take a particular action. Example: Tax incentives can encourage businesses to invest in renewable energy. Regime Meaning: A system or method of government or management. Example: The new regime implemented economic reforms. Stimulate Meaning: To encourage or provoke a reaction or development. Example: Lowering interest rates can stimulate economic growth. Logistics Meaning: The detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. Example: Logistics companies specialize in supply chain management. Reading Passage 3 PASSAGE-3                             Climate change and the Inuit Incidents Meaning: Events or occurrences. Example: Unusual incidents have been reported in the Arctic. Dramatic Meaning: Sudden and striking. Example: The effects of climate change in the Arctic are dramatic. Knock-on effects Meaning: Secondary or indirect consequences. Example: The knock-on effects of climate change include higher sea levels. Precarious Meaning: Not securely held or in position; dangerously likely to fall or collapse. Example: The mountain path was precarious and required careful navigation. Jealously Meaning: With envy or resentment. Example: He jealously guarded his prized possession. Autonomy Meaning: The right or condition of self-government. Example: The region gained autonomy from the central government. Ancestral Meaning: Relating to one's ancestors or family heritage. Example: She inherited the ancestral home from her grandparents. Exploiting Meaning: Making full use of and benefiting from something. Example: The company was accused of exploiting its workers. Meagre Meaning: Lacking in quantity or quality; inadequate. Example: Their meagre savings were not enough to cover the expenses. Surviving Meaning: Continuing to live or exist. Example: Despite the odds, the old building is still surviving. Vanished Meaning: Disappeared suddenly and completely. Example: The ancient civilization mysteriously vanished. Ancestors Meaning: One's forebears or relatives from earlier generations. Example: The traditions of our ancestors are still celebrated today. Harsh Meaning: Severe or difficult to endure. Example: The harsh winter weather made travel dangerous. Provisions Meaning: Supplies of food, drink, or equipment. Example: We packed provisions for our camping trip. Economic Meaning: Relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Example: The economic situation in the country has improved. Scarce Meaning: Insufficient or in short supply. Example: Clean drinking water is scarce in some regions. Depression Meaning: A mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest. Example: She sought treatment for her depression. Mysteries Meaning: Things that are difficult to understand or explain. Example: The ancient pyramids hold many mysteries. Research Meaning: The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources. Example: The research team conducted experiments to gather data. Consult Meaning: Seek information or advice from. Example: It's important to consult with experts before making a decision. Credibility Meaning: The quality of being believable or trustworthy. Example: His credibility as a witness was questioned in court. Bridge Meaning: Connect or link. Example: The project aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Uncertainty Meaning: Lack of certainty or predictability. Example: The uncertainty of the outcome made him anxious. Capriciousness Meaning: Unpredictability or whimsical behavior. Example: The weather's capriciousness can make planning outdoor activities challenging. Consequence Meaning: A result or effect of an action or condition. Example: The consequence of her decision was unexpected. Environmental Meaning: Relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it. Example: Environmental pollution is a pressing global issue. Predications Meaning: Statements made about future events. Example: Weather predictions suggest rain tomorrow. Wisdom Meaning: Knowledge and experience that leads to good judgment. Example: The elder's wisdom was highly respected in the community. Application Meaning: The act of putting something into operation. Example: The application of new technology improved efficiency. Consultations Meaning: Meetings or discussions for seeking advice or information. Example: The consultations with experts helped formulate a plan. Anomalies Meaning: Deviations or irregularities from what is expected. Example: The anomalies in the data raised questions about its accuracy. Precipitation Meaning: Any form of water, liquid or solid, falling from the sky, such as rain, snow, or sleet. Example: The region receives heavy precipitation during the monsoon season. Nomadic Meaning: Roaming or moving from place to place without a permanent home. Example: The nomadic tribe traveled with their herds in search of pasture. Sustainable Meaning: Capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment or depleting resources. Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health. Autonomy Meaning: The right or condition of self-government. Example: The region gained autonomy from the central government. Resilience Meaning: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity. Example: The community's resilience was tested after a natural disaster. Adversity Meaning: Difficulties or misfortune. Example: She faced adversity with determination and courage. Traditional Meaning: Relating to customs, beliefs, or practices handed down from generation to generation. Example: The festival celebrates traditional music and dance. Heritage Meaning: The cultural, historical, and natural legacy passed down to us from previous generations. Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations. Environment Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity. Mitigate Meaning: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change. Vulnerable Meaning: Susceptible to harm or damage. Example: Children are more vulnerable to certain diseases. Respect Meaning: A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something. Example: She has great respect for her elders. Sustainable Meaning: Capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment or depleting resources. Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health. Resilience Meaning: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity. Example: The community's resilience was tested after a natural disaster. Adversity Meaning: Difficulties or misfortune. Example: She faced adversity with determination and courage. Traditional Meaning: Relating to customs, beliefs, or practices handed down from generation to generation. Example: The festival celebrates traditional music and dance. Heritage Meaning: The cultural, historical, and natural legacy passed down to us from previous generations. Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations. Environment Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity. Mitigate Meaning: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change. ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 PASSAGE-1 Advantages of public transport 1.       Efficient ·         Meaning: Performing or functioning effectively with minimal waste. ·         Example: Public transport is more efficient than cars in congested cities. 2.       Proportion ·         Meaning: A part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole. ·         Example: A small proportion of the population lives in rural areas. 3.       Wealth ·         Meaning: Abundance of valuable resources or possessions. ·         Example: His wealth allowed him to travel the world. 4.       Maintaining ·         Meaning: Keeping something in good condition. ·         Example: Regular maintenance is essential for a car's longevity. 5.       Attracting ·         Meaning: Drawing something or someone toward oneself. ·         Example: The city's vibrant culture is attracting tourists. 6.       Structure ·         Meaning: The arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something. ·         Example: The novel has a complex narrative structure. 7.       Preferences ·         Meaning: Personal likes or choices. ·         Example: Everyone has different food preferences. 8.       Broad ·         Meaning: Wide in scope or range. ·         Example: She has a broad understanding of world history. 9.       Environmental ·         Meaning: Related to the natural surroundings or conditions. ·         Example: Environmental protection is essential for our planet. 10.   Economics ·         Meaning: The study of how societies allocate resources. ·         Example: He majored in economics in college. 11.   Bicycle ·         Meaning: A vehicle with two wheels that is powered by pedaling. ·         Example: I ride my bicycle to work every day. 12.   Objection ·         Meaning: An expression of disapproval or disagreement. ·         Example: There was strong objection to the new policy. 13.   Climate ·         Meaning: The long-term pattern of weather conditions in an area. ·         Example: The climate in tropical regions is hot and humid. 14.   Correlation ·         Meaning: A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things. ·         Example: There is a correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 15.   Physical ·         Meaning: Related to the body or the material world. ·         Example: Regular exercise is important for physical health. 16.   Hilly ·         Meaning: Having many hills or steep slopes. ·         Example: San Francisco is known for its hilly terrain. 17.   Democratic ·         Meaning: Relating to or characteristic of a system of government by the people. ·         Example: Voting is a fundamental part of a democratic society. 18.   Referendum ·         Meaning: A general vote by the electorate on a single political question. ·         Example: The referendum decided whether to change the constitution. 19.   Population ·         Meaning: The total number of people in a specific area. ·         Example: The population of the city has been growing rapidly. 20.   Density ·         Meaning: The degree of compactness of a substance. ·         Example: The density of the forest made it difficult to see far. 21.   Stable ·         Meaning: Not likely to change or fail. ·         Example: The economy has been stable for several years. 22.   Infrastructure ·         Meaning: The basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society. ·         Example: Roads and bridges are essential parts of a city's infrastructure. 23.   Congestion ·         Meaning: The state of being overcrowded or blocked. ·         Example: Traffic congestion is a common problem in big cities. 24.   Viable ·         Meaning: Capable of working successfully; feasible. ·         Example: The project is viable if we secure enough funding. 25.   Refutes ·         Meaning: Proves a statement or theory to be false. ·         Example: The evidence refutes the defendant's alibi. 26.   Sprawl ·         Meaning: The spread of urban developments into areas surrounding a city. ·         Example: Urban sprawl leads to increased traffic congestion. 27.   Dispersal ·         Meaning: The action or process of distributing things. ·         Example: The dispersal of resources was carefully planned. 28.   Starkly ·         Meaning: In a clear, harsh, and unrelenting manner. ·         Example: The contrast between the two situations was starkly evident. 29.   Discouraged ·         Meaning: Prevented or hindered from doing something. ·         Example: Don't be discouraged by setbacks; keep trying. 30.   Advocated ·         Meaning: Supported or recommended a particular course of action. ·         Example: She advocated for equal rights for all citizens. 31.   Telecommunications ·         Meaning: The transmission of information over long distances. ·         Example: The telecommunications industry has seen rapid advancements. 32.   Density ·         Meaning: The degree of compactness of a substance. ·         Example: The population density in the city center is very high. 33.   Creativity ·         Meaning: The use of imagination to create something new. ·         Example: Art and music are forms of creative expression. 34.   Flourishes ·         Meaning: Grows or develops in a healthy or vigorous way. ·         Example: The arts scene in the city flourishes with new talent. 35.   Face-to-face ·         Meaning: In direct personal contact. ·         Example: Let's meet face-to-face to discuss the project. 36.   Congested ·         Meaning: Overcrowded or blocked with traffic. ·         Example: The city center is always congested during rush hour. 37.   Urban ·         Meaning: Related to or characteristic of a city or town. ·         Example: Urban development has led to population growth. 38.   Abundance ·         Meaning: A very large quantity of something. ·         Example: There is an abundance of fresh produce at the market. 39.   Proposal ·         Meaning: A plan or suggestion put forward for consideration. ·         Example: The company presented a proposal for a new project. 40.   Sprawling ·         Meaning: Expanding or spreading out in an uncontrolled way. ·         Example: The city's sprawling suburbs are hard to navigate. PASSAGE-2 GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK 1.       Elderly ·         Meaning: Old, typically referring to people in their later years of life. ·         Example: The elderly man enjoyed his retirement. 2.       Afflicting ·         Meaning: Causing pain, suffering, or trouble. ·         Example: The disease has been afflicting many in the community. 3.       Demographer ·         Meaning: A person who studies and analyzes population statistics. ·         Example: The demographer analyzed the population trends in the region. 4.       Contributing ·         Meaning: Playing a part in bringing about a result or effect. ·         Example: Poor diet can be a contributing factor to health problems. 5.       Nutrition ·         Meaning: The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth. ·         Example: Good nutrition is essential for a healthy lifestyle. 6.       Subtle ·         Meaning: Not immediately obvious or noticeable. ·         Example: She made a subtle change to the design. 7.       Correlation ·         Meaning: A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things. ·         Example: There is a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 8.       Influences ·         Meaning: Factors that affect or shape something. ·         Example: Peer influences can impact a teenager's decisions. 9.       Surges ·         Meaning: Sudden and strong increases or rises. ·         Example: There has been a surge in demand for the new product. 10.   Suburbs ·         Meaning: Residential areas on the outskirts of a city. ·         Example: Many people prefer living in the suburbs for a quieter lifestyle. 11.   Influences ·         Meaning: Factors that affect or shape something. ·         Example: Peer influences can impact a teenager's decisions. 12.   Epidemiologist ·         Meaning: A scientist who studies the patterns, causes, and effects of diseases in populations. ·         Example: The epidemiologist investigated the outbreak of the disease. 13.   Retain ·         Meaning: To keep or maintain. ·         Example: She tried to retain her composure during the interview. 14.   Deteriorating ·         Meaning: Becoming worse in condition or quality. ·         Example: The deteriorating infrastructure needed urgent repairs. 15.   Self-reliance ·         Meaning: The ability to depend on oneself for support or decisions. ·         Example: Self-reliance is an important skill for young adults. 16.   Neuroscientist ·         Meaning: A scientist who studies the nervous system, especially the brain. ·         Example: The neuroscientist conducted experiments on brain function. 17.   Coursing ·         Meaning: Flowing or moving swiftly. ·         Example: The river was coursing through the valley. 18.   Hormone ·         Meaning: A regulatory substance produced by glands in the body. ·         Example: Hormones play a key role in growth and development. 19.   Deteriorating ·         Meaning: Becoming worse in condition or quality. ·         Example: The deteriorating infrastructure needed urgent repairs. 20.   Chronic ·         Meaning: Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. ·         Example: Chronic pain can be debilitating. 21.   Isolated ·         Meaning: Alone or separated from others. ·         Example: She felt isolated in the new city. 22.   Impact ·         Meaning: The effect or influence of one thing on another. ·         Example: The impact of the earthquake was devastating. 23.   Common sense ·         Meaning: Practical, sound judgment that is based on experience and reasoning. ·         Example: Using common sense, he made the right decision. 24.   Factors ·         Meaning: Elements or circumstances that contribute to a particular result. ·         Example: Many factors influence a person's health. 25.   Greying ·         Meaning: The process of becoming gray or white-haired with age. ·         Example: His hair was slowly greying as he got older. 26.   Self-esteem ·         Meaning: Confidence and satisfaction in one's own worth. ·         Example: Building self-esteem is important for mental well-being. 27.   Stress ·         Meaning: Mental or emotional strain caused by challenging situations. ·         Example: High levels of stress can impact physical health. 28.   Cortisol ·         Meaning: A hormone produced by the body in response to stress. ·         Example: Chronic stress can lead to elevated cortisol levels. 29.   Underestimating ·         Meaning: To perceive or judge something as less significant than it actually is. ·         Example: Don't underestimate the importance of a healthy diet. 30.   Simple ·         Meaning: Easy to understand or do. ·         Example: The instructions are simple to follow. 31.   Drawbacks ·         Meaning: Disadvantages or negative aspects. ·         Example: The job has many benefits but also some drawbacks. 32.   Independence ·         Meaning: The ability to act or make decisions without external control. ·         Example: Achieving financial independence is a goal for many. 33.   Retain ·         Meaning: To keep or maintain. ·         Example: She tried to retain her composure during the interview. 34.   Functional ·         Meaning: Capable of performing a specific function or task. ·         Example: The car's engine is still functional despite its age. 35.   Motivation ·         Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to take action. ·         Example: Her motivation to succeed led to her achievements. 36.   Physical ·         Meaning: Related to the body or the material world. ·         Example: Regular exercise is important for physical health. 37.   Mental ·         Meaning: Relating to the mind or intellectual processes. ·         Example: Meditation can have a positive impact on mental well-being. 38.   Neurons ·         Meaning: Nerve cells that transmit information in the brain. ·         Example: Neurons play a crucial role in brain function. 39.   Simulations ·         Meaning: Imitations or representations of real-world situations. ·         Example: Flight simulators are used for pilot training. 40.   Challenging ·         Meaning: Testing one's abilities or skills. ·         Example: Solving complex puzzles can be challenging. PASSAGE-3                       Numeration Numeration ·         Meaning: The process or system of using numbers or numerals. ·         Example: Numeration is essential for mathematics. 2.       Conviction ·         Meaning: A strong belief or opinion. ·         Example: She held a deep conviction that honesty is important. 3.       Facility ·         Meaning: Skill or ease in doing something. ·         Example: He has a natural facility for playing the piano. 4.       Imagination ·         Meaning: The ability to form mental images or ideas. ·         Example: Her imagination often leads to creative solutions. 5.       Sophisticated ·         Meaning: Advanced, complex, or highly developed. ·         Example: The software has a sophisticated user interface. 6.       Paramount ·         Meaning: Of the greatest importance or significance. ·         Example: Safety is paramount in the aviation industry. 7.       Indigenous ·         Meaning: Native to a particular region or environment. ·         Example: The indigenous plants are well adapted to the climate. 8.       Semipermanent ·         Meaning: Lasting for a relatively long time but not permanently. ·         Example: They lived in semipermanent settlements. 9.       Gestures ·         Meaning: Movements of the body or limbs to express ideas or feelings. ·         Example: His gestures conveyed his excitement. 10.   Basic ·         Meaning: Fundamental or essential. ·         Example: Learning to read is a basic skill. 11.   Viable ·         Meaning: Capable of working successfully; feasible. ·         Example: The project is not viable without additional funding. 12.   Denoted ·         Meaning: Indicated or represented by a specific word or symbol. ·         Example: The symbol "+" denotes addition in mathematics. 13.   Attachment ·         Meaning: A feeling of connection or affection toward someone or something. ·         Example: Her attachment to her childhood home is strong. 14.   Abstract ·         Meaning: Existing as a concept or idea rather than a tangible object. ·         Example: Love is an abstract concept. 15.   Notational ·         Meaning: Related to a system of symbols or signs used to represent numbers or ideas. ·         Example: Music notation is essential for musicians. 16.   Traces ·         Meaning: Marks or evidence left behind as a sign of something. ·         Example: There were traces of paint on the floor. 17.   Relics ·         Meaning: Surviving remains or traces of a past era. ·         Example: The museum displayed ancient relics. 18.   Diversity ·         Meaning: Variety or a range of different things. ·         Example: The city's diversity is its strength. 19.   Intermixed ·         Meaning: Mixed or blended together. ·         Example: The colors were intermixed to create a new shade. 20.   Convenience ·         Meaning: The state of being suitable or comfortable for use. ·         Example: The convenience of online shopping is undeniable. 21.   Indispensable ·         Meaning: Absolutely necessary or essential. ·         Example: Water is indispensable for survival. 22.   Memorized ·         Meaning: Learned by heart; committed to memory. ·         Example: She memorized all the multiplication tables. 23.   Sequences ·         Meaning: A series of related events or things. ·         Example: The novel follows a sequence of events. 24.   Mechanical ·         Meaning: Relating to machines or devices. ·         Example: The mechanical parts of the engine needed replacement. 25.   Aids ·         Meaning: Tools or resources that assist in a task. ·         Example: Graphs can be helpful aids in understanding data. 26.   Convenience ·         Meaning: The state of being suitable or comfortable for use. ·         Example: The convenience of online shopping is undeniable. 27.   Inhabitants ·         Meaning: People who live in a particular place. ·         Example: The inhabitants of the village were friendly. 28.   Complaints ·         Meaning: Statements expressing dissatisfaction or problems. ·         Example: Customer complaints should be addressed promptly. 29.   Sophisticated ·         Meaning: Advanced, complex, or highly developed. ·         Example: The software has a sophisticated user interface. 30.   Mentally ·         Meaning: Relating to the mind or intellectual processes. ·         Example: She was mentally prepared for the exam. 31.   Numerals ·         Meaning: Symbols or figures used to represent numbers. ·         Example: Roman numerals use letters as numerals. 32.   Facility ·         Meaning: Skill or ease in doing something. ·         Example: He has a natural facility for playing the piano. 33.   Feasible ·         Meaning: Possible and practical to do. ·         Example: The project is feasible within the given budget. 34.   Traced ·         Meaning: Followed or marked a path or course. ·         Example: He traced the route on the map. 35.   Era ·         Meaning: A particular period in history. ·         Example: The Renaissance era was known for its art and culture. 36.   Indigenous ·         Meaning: Native to a particular region or environment. ·         Example: The indigenous plants are well adapted to the climate. 37.   Aid ·         Meaning: Assistance or support provided to help with a task. ·         Example: The aid of a tutor improved her math skills. 38.   Intangible ·         Meaning: Unable to be touched or grasped; not physical. ·         Example: Happiness is often considered an intangible feeling. 39.   Convenience ·         Meaning: The state of being suitable or comfortable for use. ·         Example: The convenience of online shopping is undeniable. 40.   Commit ·         Meaning: To pledge or dedicate oneself to a task or cause. ·         Example: She committed herself to the charity's mission. ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 Cinematographe Meaning: An early motion picture projector. Example: The Lumière Brothers' Cinematographe was a revolutionary invention. Stunned Meaning: Shocked or greatly surprised. Example: The unexpected news left her stunned. Hypnotic Meaning: Having the quality of inducing a trance-like state or fascination. Example: The music had a hypnotic effect on the audience. Dynamic Meaning: Energetic, forceful, or continuously changing. Example: The dynamic performance of the actors captivated the audience. Extraordinary Meaning: Unusual, remarkable, or beyond what is ordinary. Example: Her talent for art was truly extraordinary. Semipermanent Meaning: Lasting for a relatively long time but not permanently. Example: They lived in semipermanent settlements. Dominant Meaning: Having the greatest influence or control. Example: Hollywood has been the dominant force in the film industry. Encyclopedic Meaning: Comprehensive and covering a wide range of topics. Example: His knowledge of history was encyclopedic. Legacy Meaning: Something handed down or inherited from the past. Example: The author left a lasting legacy through her books. Gimmick Meaning: A trick or device used to attract attention. Example: The marketing campaign relied on a catchy gimmick. Narrative Meaning: A story or an account of events. Example: The film had a compelling narrative. Conceive Meaning: To form or develop an idea or plan. Example: The architect conceived a unique design for the building. Trance Meaning: A half-conscious state characterized by an altered sense of awareness. Example: She went into a deep trance during meditation. Fascination Meaning: The state of being intensely interested or captivated. Example: The mystery of the ancient ruins held a great fascination for archaeologists. Astonishing Meaning: Extremely surprising or amazing. Example: The magician's tricks were astonishing. Novel-length Meaning: Referring to the length of a novel, typically longer than short stories. Example: She enjoyed reading novel-length mysteries. Pioneers Meaning: People who are the first to develop or explore something. Example: The pioneers of space exploration made history. Magnified Meaning: Made to appear larger or more significant. Example: The microscope magnified the tiny cells. Convention Meaning: A widely accepted and traditional practice or custom. Example: It's a convention to exchange gifts during the holidays. Astounding Meaning: Extremely impressive or astonishing. Example: The athlete's performance was astounding. Invention Meaning: The creation of something new or a novel idea. Example: The invention of the telephone revolutionized communication. Revolutionary Meaning: Involving a major change or innovation. Example: The internet has had a revolutionary impact on society. Immense Meaning: Extremely large or great in size. Example: The mountain offered an immense challenge to climbers. Acceptance Meaning: The act of agreeing to or embracing something. Example: The acceptance of the new policy was met with mixed reactions. Recorded Meaning: Captured or documented in some form. Example: The event was recorded on video for future reference. Transport Meaning: To carry or convey from one place to another. Example: The subway can transport you quickly across the city. Startled Meaning: Suddenly surprised or alarmed. Example: The loud noise startled the sleeping dog. Familiar Meaning: Well-known and easily recognized. Example: The song had a familiar melody. Novelty Meaning: Something new and unusual. Example: The novelty of the gadget wore off after a few days. Elaborate Meaning: Involving many intricate details or complexities. Example: The plan was quite elaborate and required careful execution. Unique Meaning: One of a kind; having no equal. Example: Her talent for painting was truly unique. Exceptional Meaning: Unusually good or outstanding. Example: He showed exceptional skill in mathematics. Awe Meaning: A feeling of deep respect, often mixed with fear or wonder. Example: The majestic waterfall left us in awe. Unbelievably Meaning: In a manner that is difficult to believe. Example: The magician's tricks were performed unbelievably well. Awareness Meaning: Knowledge or consciousness of something. Example: The campaign aimed to raise awareness about climate change. Convinced Meaning: Firmly persuaded or certain of something. Example: She was convinced that her idea would succeed. Primarily Meaning: Mainly or principally. Example: The store primarily sells electronics. Overwhelming Meaning: Intense or great in amount or effect. Example: The response to the concert was overwhelmingly positive. Enduring Meaning: Lasting for a long time; continuing. Example: Their enduring friendship has lasted for decades. Convention Meaning: A widely accepted and traditional practice or custom. Example: It's a convention to exchange gifts during the holidays. PASSAGE-2 Motivating Employees under Adverse Condition THE CHALLENGEMotivate ·         Meaning: To provide a reason or incentive for someone to take action. ·         Example: The manager tried to motivate the team with a bonus offer. 2.       Expanding ·         Meaning: Growing or increasing in size or scope. ·         Example: The company is expanding its operations to new markets. 3.       Promotional ·         Meaning: Related to promotions or advancing in one's career. ·         Example: He received a promotional offer after years of hard work. 4.       Dynamic ·         Meaning: Energetic, forceful, or continuously changing. ·         Example: The dynamic nature of the business world requires adaptability. 5.       Morale ·         Meaning: The confidence, enthusiasm, and overall spirit of a group of people. ·         Example: The team's morale was boosted after winning the championship. 6.       Redundant ·         Meaning: No longer needed or useful; excessive. ·         Example: Some employees were made redundant due to downsizing. 7.       Productivity ·         Meaning: The efficiency and output of work or production. ·         Example: Improved technology can enhance workplace productivity. 8.       Rumours ·         Meaning: Unverified information or stories spread among people. ·         Example: The office was filled with rumors about upcoming layoffs. 9.       Optimism ·         Meaning: A hopeful and positive outlook on future outcomes. ·         Example: Her optimism helped her overcome challenges. 10.   Entice ·         Meaning: To attract or tempt someone with something appealing. ·         Example: The restaurant's delicious aroma enticed passersby. 11.   Retrenchment ·         Meaning: The act of reducing or cutting back on something, especially in an organization. ·         Example: The retrenchment of staff led to a smaller workforce. 12.   Perceptions ·         Meaning: The way in which something is viewed or understood. ·         Example: People's perceptions of beauty vary widely. 13.   Contingent ·         Meaning: Dependent on certain conditions or factors. ·         Example: His bonus was contingent on meeting sales targets. 14.   Appraisal ·         Meaning: The assessment or evaluation of something. ·         Example: The performance appraisal highlighted her strengths. 15.   Reinforcement ·         Meaning: The act of strengthening or supporting something. ·         Example: Positive feedback serves as reinforcement for good performance. 16.   Visibility ·         Meaning: The state of being seen or noticed. ·         Example: The company's visibility increased after the marketing campaign. 17.   Equitable ·         Meaning: Fair and just; distributing resources fairly. ·         Example: An equitable distribution of wealth is essential for social harmony. 18.   Inputs ·         Meaning: The resources, efforts, or contributions put into a task or process. ·         Example: The team's inputs were crucial for the project's success. 19.   Outcomes ·         Meaning: The results or consequences of actions or events. ·         Example: The positive outcomes of the project were celebrated. 20.   Incongruous ·         Meaning: Not in harmony or inconsistent with something. ·         Example: His behavior was incongruous with the company's values. 21.   Inequity ·         Meaning: Unfairness or lack of fairness in the distribution of resources. ·         Example: The employees protested against the inequity in pay. 22.   Ideal ·         Meaning: A standard or model of perfection or excellence. ·         Example: Achieving the ideal balance between work and personal life is challenging. 23.   Weight ·         Meaning: To give importance or consideration to something. ·         Example: We should weight the pros and cons before making a decision. 24.   Perceive ·         Meaning: To become aware of or understand something through the senses or mental processes. ·         Example: She perceived a change in her colleague's attitude. 25.   Manipulative ·         Meaning: Attempting to influence or control others in a deceptive way. ·         Example: He was known for his manipulative tactics in negotiations. 26.   Externally ·         Meaning: On the outside; coming from or related to the outside. ·         Example: External factors can impact a company's performance. 27.   Validity ·         Meaning: The quality of being logically or factually sound; the extent to which something is true. ·         Example: The validity of the experiment's results was questioned. 28.   Maximising ·         Meaning: To make the best use of something; to increase to the highest possible degree. ·         Example: The company aimed at maximizing its profits. 29.   Eliminating ·         Meaning: Completely removing or getting rid of something. ·         Example: The goal was to eliminate waste in the production process. 30.   Secrecy ·         Meaning: The state of keeping something hidden or confidential. ·         Example: The secrecy surrounding the project raised curiosity among employees. 31.   Autonomy ·         Meaning: The ability or condition of having independence and self-governance. ·         Example: Giving employees autonomy in decision-making can boost motivation. 32.   Lump sum ·         Meaning: A single, large payment made at one time rather than in installments. ·         Example: He received his annual bonus in a lump sum. 33.   Transparent ·         Meaning: Easily understood or seen through; clear and open. ·         Example: The company's financial statements are transparent and easily accessible. 34.   Equity ·         Meaning: Fairness or justice in the treatment of individuals or groups. ·         Example: The organization is committed to promoting gender equity. 35.   Dominant ·         Meaning: Having the greatest influence, control, or power. ·         Example: The dominant player in the market sets the industry standards. 36.   Encourage ·         Meaning: To inspire or stimulate someone to take action. ·         Example: The manager encouraged her team to strive for excellence. 37.   Optimistic ·         Meaning: Having a positive outlook or expecting favorable outcomes. ·         Example: Despite challenges, she remained optimistic about the project's success. 38.   Retrench ·         Meaning: To reduce expenses or staff in order to save money. ·         Example: The company had to retrench some employees due to financial difficulties. 39.   Suffer ·         Meaning: To experience hardship, pain, or loss. ·         Example: Employees suffered job losses during the company's downsizing. 40.   Imposed ·         Meaning: To establish or enforce something, often forcibly. ·         Example: The company imposed strict safety regulations. 41.   Minor ·         Meaning: Lesser or of lower importance. ·         Example: The minor issues were resolved quickly. 42.   Limited ·         Meaning: Restricted or confined within certain boundaries. ·         Example: Due to budget constraints, their options were limited. 43.   Abundance ·         Meaning: A large quantity or an ample supply of something. ·         Example: The region had an abundance of natural resources. 44.   Assign ·         Meaning: To designate or allocate a task or responsibility to someone. ·         Example: The manager will assign specific roles for the project. 45.   Cultural ·         Meaning: Relating to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group. ·         Example: Understanding cultural differences is essential in a global workforce. 46.   Incongruous ·         Meaning: Not in harmony or inconsistent with something. ·         Example: His behavior was incongruous with the company's values. 47.   Dependent ·         Meaning: Relying on something or someone for support or sustenance. ·         Example: Children are dependent on their parents for care. 48.   Effort ·         Meaning: The physical or mental exertion applied to achieve a goal. ·         Example: Success requires persistent effort and dedication. 49.   Schemes ·         Meaning: Plans or strategies for achieving a specific purpose. ·         Example: The company implemented several marketing schemes to boost sales. 50.   Conventional ·         Meaning: Following established customs or practices; traditional. ·         Example: The conference followed conventional formats with keynote speakers. PASSAGE-3 The Search for the Anti-aging Pill Caloric restriction: Meaning: A dietary practice that involves reducing calorie intake while maintaining essential nutrients. Example: Caloric restriction has been shown to extend the lifespan of various organisms. Mimic: Meaning: To imitate or reproduce the appearance or characteristics of something. Example: The robot was designed to mimic human movements. Physiological: Meaning: Related to the normal functioning of an organism's body. Example: The doctor examined the patient's physiological responses to stress. Infirmity: Meaning: Physical or mental weakness, especially due to old age or illness. Example: Her infirmity prevented her from participating in physical activities. Longevity: Meaning: Long life or a great duration of existence. Example: The longevity of some species of tortoises can exceed a century. Rodents: Meaning: Small mammals characterized by continuously growing incisors, such as rats and mice. Example: Rodents can be found in various environments worldwide. Incidence: Meaning: The frequency or rate at which something, such as a disease, occurs. Example: The incidence of flu cases tends to rise during the winter months. Maximum lifespan: Meaning: The oldest attainable age that an organism of a particular species can reach. Example: Some tortoises have a maximum lifespan of over 150 years. Replicated: Meaning: To repeat or duplicate something to verify its accuracy or consistency. Example: The experiment was replicated by multiple research teams. Genetically distant: Meaning: Having significant genetic differences or being from different genetic backgrounds. Example: Humans and fruit flies are genetically distant from each other. Pancreatic: Meaning: Relating to the pancreas, an organ involved in digestion and blood sugar regulation. Example: Diabetes affects the pancreatic function of producing insulin. Hormones: Meaning: Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various bodily functions. Example: Growth hormone plays a vital role in childhood development. Indicators: Meaning: Signs or measurements used to assess or signify a particular condition. Example: Increased heart rate can be an indicator of stress. Triglyceride: Meaning: A type of fat found in the blood that can be a risk factor for heart disease. Example: High levels of triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of heart problems. Secrecy: Meaning: The state of keeping something hidden or not disclosed to others. Example: The secrecy surrounding the new product launch created anticipation. Replicate: Meaning: To duplicate or recreate something exactly. Example: The artist tried to replicate the famous painting. Anti-aging: Meaning: Pertaining to efforts or products aimed at preventing or reversing the effects of aging. Example: Anti-aging creams claim to reduce wrinkles and improve skin texture. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Meaning: A molecule that stores and releases energy for various cellular processes. Example: ATP is often referred to as the "cellular energy currency." Free radicals: Meaning: Highly reactive molecules that can damage cells and are associated with aging and disease. Example: Antioxidants help neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals. Preservation: Meaning: The act of protecting or maintaining something in its original state. Example: Conservation efforts focus on the preservation of endangered species. Metabolism: Meaning: The set of chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life. Example: A high metabolism can result in faster calorie burning. Elixir: Meaning: A magical or medicinal potion believed to have the power to prolong life or bring about improvements in health. Example: In ancient legends, an elixir of immortality was often sought after. Constraints: Meaning: Limitations or restrictions that impede one's actions or choices. Example: Financial constraints prevented them from taking a lavish vacation. Fundamental: Meaning: Basic, essential, or pertaining to the foundation of something. Example: Understanding grammar is a fundamental skill in language learning. Feasibility: Meaning: The likelihood or practicality of an idea or plan being successful. Example: Before launching the project, they assessed its feasibility. Interference: Meaning: The act of obstructing or hindering something. Example: Radio signals can experience interference in areas with electronic devices. Synthesis: Meaning: The combination of separate elements or substances to form a coherent whole. Example: The synthesis of new compounds is a key aspect of chemistry. Incongruous: Meaning: Not in harmony or not in agreement with something else. Example: His casual attire was incongruous with the formal event. Equitable: Meaning: Fair, just, or characterized by equal treatment. Example: The distribution of resources should be equitable among all team members. Inputs: Meaning: Factors, resources, or data that are put into a system or process. Example: Feedback from customers is an important input for product improvement. Outcome: Meaning: The result or consequence of a particular action or event. Example: The outcome of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis. Luxuries: Meaning: Expensive or non-essential items or comforts that are considered enjoyable but not necessary. Example: In times of financial difficulty, people often cut back on luxuries. Constraint: Meaning: A limitation or restriction that hinders one's freedom of action. Example: Lack of time was a major constraint in completing the project. Constrain: Meaning: To restrict or limit something or someone's actions. Example: Budget constraints prevented them from hiring more employees. Pertaining: Meaning: Relating to or concerning a particular subject or topic. Example: The research findings were pertaining to climate change. ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 Doctoring sales 1.       Pharmaceutical ·         Meaning: Related to the production and sale of drugs and medications. ·         Example: The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated. 2.       Representative ·         Meaning: A person who represents or acts on behalf of a company. ·         Example: Kim Schaefer is a sales representative for the pharmaceutical company. 3.       Promotional ·         Meaning: Related to the promotion or advertising of a product or service. ·         Example: They used promotional materials to market their new product. 4.       Extravagance ·         Meaning: Excessive or wasteful spending. ·         Example: The extravagance of the party was evident in the luxurious decorations. 5.       Ethical ·         Meaning: Relating to principles of right and wrong behavior. ·         Example: It's important to make ethical decisions in business. 6.       Bribing ·         Meaning: Giving something valuable to influence someone's behavior, often in an unethical way. ·         Example: Bribing officials is illegal and unethical. 7.       Critiqued ·         Meaning: Evaluated or analyzed, often with a critical perspective. ·         Example: The book was critiqued by literary experts. 8.       Escalating ·         Meaning: Increasing rapidly or intensifying. ·         Example: The escalating cost of living is a concern for many. 9.       Boundaries ·         Meaning: Limits or restrictions. ·         Example: It's essential to establish boundaries in any relationship. 10.   Explosion ·         Meaning: A sudden and rapid increase in something. ·         Example: There was an explosion of new technology in recent years. 11.   Examination ·         Meaning: A close and thorough inspection or analysis. ·         Example: The examination of the evidence revealed important clues. 12.   Influences ·         Meaning: Factors or people that have an effect on something. ·         Example: Parents are often significant influences on their children's behavior. 13.   Glossy ·         Meaning: Having a shiny or polished surface. ·         Example: The magazine cover had a glossy finish. 14.   Brochures ·         Meaning: Pamphlets or booklets used for advertising or information. ·         Example: They distributed brochures about the tourist attractions in the city. 15.   Primary ·         Meaning: First in importance or order. ·         Example: Safety is the primary concern in this project. 16.   Sources ·         Meaning: Origins or places where something comes from. ·         Example: They traced the sources of the contaminated water. 17.   Advantage ·         Meaning: A favorable or beneficial circumstance or position. ·         Example: Having a good education is an advantage in today's job market. 18.   Inundation ·         Meaning: An overwhelming abundance or flooding. ·         Example: The town experienced an inundation of tourists during the summer. 19.   Recipients ·         Meaning: People who receive something. ·         Example: The recipients of the scholarship were honored at the ceremony. 20.   Comprehensive ·         Meaning: Including all or nearly all elements or aspects. ·         Example: The report provided a comprehensive overview of the situation. 21.   Skyrocketing ·         Meaning: Increasing rapidly and dramatically. ·         Example: The prices of houses in the city have been skyrocketing. 22.   Scrutinized ·         Meaning: Carefully examined or analyzed in detail. ·         Example: The financial records were scrutinized by auditors. 23.   Regulation ·         Meaning: The process of controlling or governing something according to rules. ·         Example: Government regulations ensure product safety. 24.   Prescribe ·         Meaning: To recommend or order the use of a medication. ·         Example: The doctor will prescribe antibiotics for the infection. 25.   Loyalty ·         Meaning: Faithfulness or allegiance to a person, cause, or brand. ·         Example: Customer loyalty is crucial for businesses. 26.   Self-reported ·         Meaning: Information provided directly by individuals about themselves. ·         Example: The survey relied on self-reported data from participants. 27.   Bottom line ·         Meaning: The ultimate or most important result or conclusion. ·         Example: The bottom line is that we need to reduce expenses. 28.   Profit ·         Meaning: Financial gain or benefit. ·         Example: The company made a substantial profit last year. 29.   Continues ·         Meaning: Persists or goes on without stopping. ·         Example: The rain continues to fall. 30.   Heavily ·         Meaning: To a great extent or degree. ·         Example: The project is heavily dependent on funding. 31.   Marketing ·         Meaning: The promotion and sale of products or services. ·         Example: Effective marketing can boost product sales. 32.   Strategies ·         Meaning: Plans or methods used to achieve a specific goal. ·         Example: They developed marketing strategies to reach their target audience. 33.   Acceptable ·         Meaning: Meeting the required standards or criteria. ·         Example: The quality of the product is acceptable. 34.   Form ·         Meaning: A particular way or style of something. ·         Example: This contract is in written form. 35.   Pharmacist ·         Meaning: A person trained to prepare and dispense medicines. ·         Example: The pharmacist filled my prescription. 36.   Profile ·         Meaning: A brief summary or description of a person or thing. ·         Example: Her online dating profile described her interests and hobbies. 37.   Honoraria ·         Meaning: Payments made as a token of honor or respect for services. ·         Example: They received honoraria for speaking at the conference. 38.   Huge ·         Meaning: Extremely large in size or amount. ·         Example: The company made a huge profit last quarter. 39.   Influence ·         Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character or behavior of someone. ·         Example: Her words had a significant influence on his decision. 40.   Evident ·         Meaning: Clearly visible or obvious. ·         Example: The damage to the car was evident after the accident. PASSAGE-2 Literate women make better mothers? Developing Meaning: Countries that are in the process of industrialization and economic growth. Example: Many developing countries face challenges in providing healthcare. Survive Meaning: To continue to live or exist, especially in difficult circumstances. Example: The hikers had to survive in the wilderness for a week. Literacy Meaning: The ability to read and write. Example: Literacy rates have improved in recent years. Eliminate Meaning: To remove or get rid of something. Example: We need to eliminate waste to protect the environment. Factors Meaning: Elements or circumstances that contribute to a result. Example: There are many factors that influence climate change. Direct Meaning: To have a clear and immediate impact on something. Example: His actions directly affected the outcome of the project. Infant Meaning: A very young child, typically one who is not yet able to walk or talk. Example: Infant care involves feeding and diapering. Mortality Meaning: The state of being subject to death. Example: High mortality rates can be a sign of a healthcare crisis. Curriculum Meaning: The subjects and courses taught in an educational institution. Example: The school is revising its curriculum to include more STEM subjects. Campaign Meaning: A series of organized activities with a specific purpose. Example: The political campaign aimed to raise awareness about the candidate's platform. Impressive Meaning: Evoking admiration and respect due to excellence. Example: Her presentation was impressive and well-received. Nourished Meaning: Provided with the necessary food for growth and health. Example: Well-nourished children are more likely to thrive. Intervention Meaning: The action or process of intervening in a situation. Example: Humanitarian interventions aim to provide aid in times of crisis. Recommendation Meaning: A suggestion or advice about what to do. Example: The doctor's recommendation was to get more exercise. Budgets Meaning: Financial plans that outline expected income and expenses. Example: The government needs to allocate funds in the budget for education. Economies Meaning: The wealth and resources of a country or region. Example: The global economy is influenced by various factors. Generation Meaning: All the people born and living at about the same time. Example: The younger generation is more tech-savvy. Implications Meaning: Possible effects or consequences of an action or decision. Example: The implications of the new policy are still unclear. Challenges Meaning: Difficulties or obstacles that need to be overcome. Example: Meeting the project deadline poses a significant challenge. Special Meaning: Unique or different from what is usual. Example: This event is a special occasion for our family. Teach Meaning: To impart knowledge or skills to someone. Example: She decided to teach English as a second language. Skills Meaning: Abilities acquired through practice and experience. Example: Communication skills are important in the workplace. Immediate Meaning: Happening or done without delay. Example: The team needed an immediate response to the crisis. Conditions Meaning: Circumstances or situations that affect something. Example: The weather conditions were unfavorable for outdoor activities. Challenge Meaning: A difficult task or problem that requires effort to overcome. Example: Solving this puzzle is a real challenge. Development Meaning: The process of growth and progress. Example: Economic development can lead to improved living standards. Immediate Meaning: Happening or done without delay. Example: The team needed an immediate response to the crisis. Resources Meaning: Available assets or materials. Example: Natural resources like oil are essential for many industries. Significantly Meaning: To a considerable extent. Example: The company's profits increased significantly this year. Thrive Meaning: To grow and develop successfully. Example: The business began to thrive after the new marketing campaign. Influence Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something. Example: Parents have a significant influence on their children's values. Educational Meaning: Related to or concerned with education. Example: The educational system needs reform to be more effective. Workers Meaning: People who are employed to do work, especially for wages or a salary. Example: The factory employs over a thousand workers. Major Meaning: Important, significant, or serious. Example: The company made a major announcement about its future plans. Humanitarian Meaning: Concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare. Example: Humanitarian organizations provide aid to those in need. Effort Meaning: Physical or mental activity aimed at achieving a goal. Example: Success requires a lot of hard work and effort. Difficult Meaning: Requiring much effort or skill to accomplish. Example: Learning a new language can be difficult. Successful Meaning: Achieving the desired outcome or result. Example: The project was successful thanks to teamwork. Curriculum Meaning: The subjects and courses taught in an educational institution. Example: The curriculum includes math, science, and history. Conditions Meaning: Circumstances or situations that affect something. Example: The weather conditions were unfavorable for outdoor activities. PASSAGE-3 PASSAGE-3 Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face. How can it be prevented?Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the SheffieldAnti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education.Here he reports on his findings Bullying Meaning: The act of intimidating or harming others through verbal, physical, or indirect means. Example: Bullying can have long-lasting effects on a person's mental health. Variety Meaning: A range of different things or types. Example: There is a variety of food options at the buffet. Verbal Meaning: Relating to words or speech. Example: Verbal communication is essential in everyday life. Taunted Meaning: Teased or provoked with hurtful remarks. Example: He felt hurt when he was taunted by his classmates. Physical Meaning: Relating to the body or tangible actions. Example: Physical exercise is important for maintaining good health. Shoved Meaning: Pushed forcefully. Example: He was shoved aside in the crowded room. Indirect Meaning: Not done directly; subtle or hidden. Example: Indirect references to the topic were made in the conversation. Excluded Meaning: Left out or not included. Example: She felt hurt when she was excluded from the group outing. Survey Meaning: A research method for collecting data from a group of people. Example: The survey revealed interesting insights into consumer preferences. Conducted Meaning: Carried out or organized. Example: The experiment was conducted by a team of scientists. Experience Meaning: Knowledge gained through personal involvement or exposure. Example: Traveling is a valuable experience. Persistent Meaning: Continuing to exist or endure over a long period. Example: His persistent efforts eventually paid off. Unpleasant Meaning: Not pleasing or enjoyable. Example: The weather took an unpleasant turn. Depressed Meaning: Feeling sad and despondent. Example: She has been feeling depressed since losing her job. Extreme Meaning: Reaching a high degree or intensity. Example: The extreme heat made it difficult to go outside. Suicide Meaning: Taking one's own life intentionally. Example: Suicide is a serious mental health issue. Victimized Meaning: Made to feel like a victim through mistreatment. Example: The victimized individual sought help from a counselor. Interpersonal Meaning: Relating to relationships between people. Example: Good interpersonal skills are important in the workplace. Convicted Meaning: Found guilty in a court of law. Example: He was convicted of theft and sentenced to prison. Recently Meaning: Not long ago; in the recent past. Example: I met her recently at a conference. Available Meaning: Accessible or obtainable. Example: Is there any parking available near the restaurant? Deny Meaning: Refuse to admit or accept something. Example: He denied any involvement in the crime. Consequence Meaning: A result or effect of an action or situation. Example: The consequence of his actions was severe. Awareness Meaning: Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Example: Increasing awareness about climate change is crucial. Materials Meaning: Substances or objects used to create or build something. Example: The construction workers needed building materials. Circulated Meaning: Distributed or spread widely. Example: The news of the event was circulated on social media. Guidelines Meaning: Instructions or recommendations for doing something. Example: The guidelines for the project were provided in a manual. Sanctions Meaning: Penalties or measures imposed as a consequence of breaking rules. Example: Economic sanctions were placed on the country. Consultation Meaning: Seeking advice or input from others. Example: The company held a consultation with employees about the new policy. Implement Meaning: Put into effect; carry out. Example: They plan to implement the new policy next month. Curriculum Meaning: The subjects and courses taught in an educational institution. Example: The school offers a diverse curriculum. Renewing Meaning: Making something new or fresh again. Example: They are renewing their commitment to environmental conservation. Substitute Meaning: A replacement for something. Example: Soy milk can be a substitute for cow's milk. Individual Meaning: A single person or thing. Example: Each individual has their own preferences. Assertiveness Meaning: The quality of being confident and self-assured. Example: Assertiveness can help in effective communication. Liable Meaning: Likely to experience or suffer from something. Example: If you smoke, you are liable to develop health problems. Supervisors Meaning: People who oversee or manage others. Example: The supervisors ensure that the work is completed on time. Distinguish Meaning: Recognize or differentiate between things. Example: He could not distinguish between the two identical twins. Conflict Meaning: A disagreement or argument. Example: The conflict between the two nations escalated. Environment Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives. Example: We must protect the environment for future generations.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 PASSAGE-1                             Johnson's Dictionary published: (verb) to make a document available to the public. Example: Johnson's Dictionary was published in 1775. concern: (noun) a feeling of worry or interest about something important. Example: There had been concern about the state of the English language. standard: (noun) a level of quality or achievement that is considered normal or acceptable. Example: There was no standard way of speaking or writing. agreement: (noun) a decision or arrangement made by two or more parties. Example: There was no agreement as to the best way of bringing order to English spelling. solution: (noun) a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation. Example: Dr. Johnson provided the solution to the chaos of English spelling. compiled: (verb) to put together or compose from materials gathered from various sources. Example: Robert Cawdray compiled a book of English words. scholarly: (adjective) showing knowledge, learning, or devotion to academic pursuits. Example: Cawdray's dictionary tended to concentrate on scholarly words. circumscribe: (verb) to limit or define the boundaries of something. Example: The middle class wanted to circumscribe various aspects of society. heyday: (noun) the period of greatest success, popularity, or vigor. Example: Johnson's Dictionary was published at the beginning of the heyday of the middle class. genius: (noun) exceptional intellectual or creative ability. Example: Johnson raised common sense to the heights of genius. establishment: (noun) a group of people or organizations that have authority or influence. Example: An academy was needed to establish decisions about language. single-handed: (adjective) done by one person without help from others. Example: Johnson decided to write the dictionary single-handed. contract: (noun) a formal agreement between two or more parties. Example: Johnson signed a contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller. instalments: (noun) equal parts into which a sum of money is divided and paid at regular intervals. Example: Johnson was to be paid in instalments for his work. garret: (noun) a small, often cramped, attic or loft. Example: Johnson worked in a garret at the top of a building. chaos: (noun) complete disorder and confusion. Example: The garret was surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. clerks: (noun) people employed to do various tasks, especially in an office. Example: Copying clerks assisted Johnson in his work. synthesis: (noun) the combination of different ideas, influences, or elements to form a coherent whole. Example: Johnson's Dictionary was a work of heroic synthesis. precedent: (noun) an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide for similar cases in the future. Example: Johnson adopted his definitions on the principle of precedent. vicissitudes: (noun) changes and variations occurring in the course of something. Example: The Dictionary faced many vicissitudes during its preparation. lexicographer: (noun) a person who compiles dictionaries or studies the vocabulary of a language. Example: Johnson was a renowned lexicographer. orthography: (noun) the conventional spelling system of a language. Example: Johnson's Dictionary aimed at setting the orthography of English words. significations: (noun) meanings or interpretations. Example: Johnson ascertained the significations of English words. cornerstone: (noun) an important foundation or basis. Example: Johnson's Dictionary is the cornerstone of Standard English. esteem: (noun) respect and admiration for someone. Example: Johnson was well esteemed for his work on the Dictionary. prevail: (verb) to succeed or be victorious. Example: Johnson's friends were able to prevail upon the king to offer him a pension. vicissitudes: (noun) changes and variations occurring in the course of something. Example: The Dictionary faced many vicissitudes during its preparation. folklore: (noun) the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through generations. Example: Johnson became the Johnson of folklore due to his fame. obscurities: (noun) the quality or state of being unclear or unknown. Example: Johnson did not work in the soft obscurities of retirement. ascertaining: (verb) finding out for sure; determining. Example: Johnson's Dictionary aimed at ascertaining the meanings of English words. synonym: (noun) a word or phrase that means the same or nearly the same as another word. Example: In a dictionary, you can often find synonyms for a given word. antonym: (noun) a word that means the opposite of another word. Example: "Hot" is an antonym of "cold." lexicon: (noun) a complete set of words in a language; a dictionary or vocabulary list. Example: The lexicon in Johnson's Dictionary was extensive. etymology: (noun) the study of the origin and historical development of words. Example: Johnson's Dictionary often included etymological information. linguistic: (adjective) relating to the scientific study of language and its structure. Example: Johnson's approach to language was both practical and linguistic. concentration: (noun) the action of focusing one's attention or mental effort on a particular task. Example: Cawdray's dictionary had a concentration on scholarly words. orthodox: (adjective) conforming to established and traditional beliefs or practices. Example: Johnson's dictionary aimed to establish orthodox spelling. impression: (noun) an idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone. Example: The dictionary was meant to convey an impression of fine learning. distraction: (noun) a thing that prevents someone from concentrating on something else. Example: Johnson worked amidst inconvenience and distraction. celebration: (noun) the action of marking a significant event or achievement with festivities or other social activities. Example: The publication of Johnson's Dictionary was cause for much English celebration. monument: (noun) a structure or building that is built to honor a person or event. Example: Johnson's Dictionary is a perpetual monument of fame. obsolete: (adjective) no longer in use; outdated. Example: Some of the words in Johnson's Dictionary are now considered obsolete. academy: (noun) an institution of higher learning, often devoted to specialized instruction or research. Example: Johnson believed he didn't need an academy to settle arguments about language. predecessors: (noun) people who held a job or position before someone else. Example: Johnson drew upon the work of his predecessors in lexicography. et cetera (etc.): (phrase) used at the end of a list to indicate that there are other items that could be included. Example: Johnson included words, meanings, and quotations, etc., in his dictionary. profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance. Example: Johnson's Dictionary had a profound impact on the English language. vernacular: (noun) the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region. Example: Johnson's Dictionary included words from the vernacular as well as scholarly language. obsolete: (adjective) no longer in use; outdated. Example: Some of the words in Johnson's Dictionary are now considered obsolete. patronage: (noun) support or sponsorship, often from influential or wealthy individuals. Example: Johnson did not have the patronage of the great while working on his dictionary. retirement: (noun) the act of leaving one's job or ceasing to work, often after reaching a certain age. Example: Johnson did not work in the soft obscurities of retirement; he worked tirelessly on his dictionary. PASSAGE-2                    Nature or Nurture? Fascinating - extremely interesting or captivating. Example: The documentary on marine life was truly fascinating. Disturbing - causing emotional upset or discomfort. Example: The news of the accident was disturbing to hear. Behavioural - related to actions and conduct. Example: Behavioral therapy aims to modify unwanted behaviors. Willingness - the quality of being ready or eager to do something. Example: Her willingness to help others made her a valuable team member. Obedey - to follow orders or instructions. Example: Children are taught to obey their parents' rules. Noble - having high moral qualities, such as honor and integrity. Example: His noble actions during the crisis were commendable. Punishing - imposing a penalty or consequence for a wrongdoing. Example: The teacher believed in fair but firm punishing of misbehavior. Administer - to give or apply something, such as a treatment or punishment. Example: The nurse will administer the medication to the patient. Severity - the degree or extent of something being harsh, intense, or serious. Example: The severity of the storm forced people to stay indoors. Expletives - offensive or vulgar words or expressions. Example: He used a string of expletives when he stubbed his toe. Denouncing - publicly criticizing or condemning something. Example: The activist denounced the government's policies at the rally. Revulsion - a strong feeling of disgust or repulsion. Example: The gruesome scene in the horror movie caused revulsion among viewers. Psychiatrists - medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. Example: The psychiatrist prescribed medication to manage the patient's anxiety. Anticipated - expected or predicted. Example: The team anticipated a challenging match against their rivals. Consensus - general agreement or harmony. Example: The group reached a consensus on the proposed plan. Predict - to foretell or forecast a future event. Example: It's difficult to predict the outcome of the election. Overwhelming - very intense or powerful. Example: The overwhelming support from the community was heartwarming. Repetitions - the act of doing something again. Example: The athlete's daily repetitions of drills improved his performance. Discrepancy - a lack of agreement or inconsistency. Example: There was a discrepancy between the two reports of the incident. Pressured - subjected to stress or coercion. Example: She felt pressured to meet the tight deadline. Flustered - agitated or confused, especially due to nervousness. Example: He became flustered when asked to speak in public. Cooperative - willing to work together or collaborate. Example: The team members were cooperative and achieved their goal. Activation - the process of making something active or operational. Example: The activation of the alarm system alerted the security team. Primal - relating to the earliest stages or basic instincts. Example: The primal urge for survival is a powerful instinct. Advantageous - beneficial or favorable. Example: Learning multiple languages can be advantageous for a career. Trait - a distinguishing characteristic or quality. Example: Kindness is a positive trait that many admire. Legitimacy - the quality of being lawful, valid, or authentic. Example: The legitimacy of the election results was questioned by some. Evokes - brings to mind or elicits a particular feeling or reaction. Example: The painting evokes a sense of nostalgia. Surrendering - giving up or relinquishing control or possession. Example: Surrendering to the enemy was the only option left. Institutional - related to organizations, systems, or establishments. Example: The university had its own institutional policies. Elucidating - making something clear or explaining it. Example: The professor was skilled at elucidating complex concepts. Bias - a prejudice or inclination in favor of or against something. Example: The news article had a clear political bias. Interaction - communication or engagement between individuals or things. Example: Social interaction is important for human development. Behavior - the actions, conduct, or reactions of a person or organism. Example: Good behavior is rewarded in the classroom. Hard-wired - inherent or deeply ingrained in one's nature. Example: Our hard-wired instincts help us survive in challenging situations. Dictates - strongly influences or determines the course of action. Example: Peer pressure often dictates the choices of teenagers. Animals - living organisms that are not human. Example: Dogs and cats are common domestic animals. Emphasize - to give special importance or focus to something. Example: The teacher emphasized the importance of studying for the exam. Elucidating - making something clear or explaining it. Example: The professor was skilled at elucidating complex concepts. Biological - related to living organisms and their functions. Example: The study of genetics is a branch of biological science. Benevolent - characterized by kindness and goodwill. Example: The benevolent organization helps those in need. Malevolent - having or showing a desire to harm others. Example: The villain in the story had a malevolent plan. Authority - the power or right to make decisions and enforce rules. Example: The police have authority to maintain law and order. Unique - one of a kind, not like anything else. Example: Each snowflake is unique in its intricate pattern. Biological - related to living organisms and their functions. Example: The study of genetics is a branch of biological science. Institutional - related to organizations, systems, or establishments. Example: The university had its own institutional policies. Surrendering - giving up or relinquishing control or possession. Example: Surrendering to the enemy was the only option left. Interaction - communication or engagement between individuals or things. Example: Social interaction is important for human development. Legitimacy - the quality of being lawful, valid, or authentic. Example: The legitimacy of the election results was questioned by some. Advantageous - beneficial or favorable. Example: Learning multiple languages can be advantageous for a career. PASSAGE-3 THE TRUTH ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT Environmentalists - People who advocate for the protection of the environment. ·         Example: Environmentalists are working to reduce pollution and conserve natural resources. 2.       Abundant - Existing in large quantities; plentiful. ·         Example: There is an abundant supply of fresh water in the reservoir. 3.       Exaggerated - Represented as being greater than is actually the case. ·         Example: The media often exaggerates the impact of certain events to gain attention. 4.       Lobby - A group or organization that tries to influence public officials or policies. ·         Example: The oil lobby opposes stricter regulations on emissions. 5.       Altruistic - Showing a selfless concern for the well-being of others. ·         Example: Her altruistic actions, such as volunteering at the homeless shelter, were admirable. 6.       Skepticism - A skeptical attitude; doubt about the truth of something. ·         Example: The scientist approached the new theory with healthy skepticism until more evidence was presented. 7.       Distortions - The act of giving a misleading or false account or impression. ·         Example: The politician's speech was full of distortions aimed at discrediting his opponent. 8.       Encounter - To come across or meet unexpectedly. ·         Example: During their hike, they encountered a rare species of bird. 9.       Phenomenon - A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, typically one whose cause is in question. ·         Example: The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the polar regions. 10.   Adaptation - The process of adjusting to new conditions or environmental changes. ·         Example: The adaptation of plants to desert environments allows them to survive with minimal water. 11.   Emissions - The production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation. ·         Example: Carbon emissions from cars contribute to air pollution. 12.   Radically - In a thorough or extreme way. ·         Example: The company decided to radically change its business model to stay competitive. 13.   Intuition - The ability to understand or know something without the need for conscious reasoning. ·         Example: Her intuition told her that something was wrong when she entered the dark alley. 14.   Analysis - The process of examining something in detail to understand it better. ·         Example: The financial analysis showed that the company's profits had increased significantly. 15.   Universal - Relating to all people or things in the world or in a particular group. ·         Example: Access to clean drinking water should be a universal right. 16.   Sanitation - Conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal. ·         Example: Poor sanitation can lead to the spread of diseases in crowded areas. 17.   Crucial - Extremely important or necessary. ·         Example: The meeting is crucial to the success of the project. 18.   Optimistic - Having a positive outlook or expecting a favorable outcome. ·         Example: Despite the challenges, she remained optimistic about her future. 19.   Pessimistic - Having a negative outlook or expecting unfavorable outcomes. ·         Example: Some people are naturally pessimistic and always anticipate the worst. 20.   Climatic - Relating to the climate or weather conditions. ·         Example: The region's climatic conditions are characterized by hot summers and cold winters. 21.   Sustainability - The ability to maintain or support something over the long term without harming the environment. ·         Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the environment while producing food. 22.   Perception - The way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. ·         Example: Public perception of the government's performance can influence elections. 23.   Resources - Available means, materials, or financial assets used for a particular purpose. ·         Example: Natural resources like oil and minerals are important for economic development. 24.   Population - The total number of people in a specific area, country, or the world. ·         Example: The population of the city has been steadily increasing. 25.   Extinct - No longer in existence; having died out. ·         Example: The dodo bird is an example of an extinct species. 26.   Pollution - The presence or introduction into the environment of contaminants or substances harmful to living organisms. ·         Example: Air pollution can lead to respiratory problems in humans. 27.   Phases - Stages or periods in a process or development. ·         Example: The project is currently in the planning phase. 28.   Profound - Having deep meaning or significance. ·         Example: The book had a profound impact on my understanding of the subject. 29.   Estimates - Rough calculations or assessments of the value, size, or extent of something. ·         Example: The engineer provided estimates for the cost of the construction project. 30.   Lopsidedness - An uneven or unbalanced quality or characteristic. ·         Example: The lopsidedness of the debate made it difficult to reach a consensus. 31.   Overstate - To exaggerate or describe something as being greater or more important than it actually is. ·         Example: He tends to overstate his achievements on his resume. 32.   Rubbish - Waste material; garbage. ·         Example: The park was littered with rubbish after the picnic. 33.   Intensive - Involving a lot of effort or activity in a short period of time. ·         Example: The training program is intensive and requires full dedication. 34.   Devastating - Causing severe damage or destruction. ·         Example: The hurricane had a devastating impact on the coastal town. 35.   Disjunction - A lack of connection or continuity between things. ·         Example: There is a disjunction between the company's mission statement and its actions. 36.   Contribute - To give or supply for a common purpose. ·         Example: Many volunteers contribute their time to charitable organizations. 37.   Allergies - A hypersensitive reaction to a specific substance that causes physical symptoms. ·         Example: Her allergies to pollen made springtime difficult for her. 38.   Impression - An idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone. ·         Example: His first impression of the new employee was positive. 39.   Expelled - Forcefully removed or ejected. ·         Example: The disruptive student was expelled from school for his behavior. 40.   Admirable - Deserving of respect or approval; worthy of admiration. ·         Example: His dedication to helping others is truly admirable. 41.   Diminished - Made or became smaller or less significant. ·         Example: The importance of the issue was diminished over time. 42.   Drought - A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water. ·         Example: The drought in the region caused widespread crop failures. 43.   Mitigate - To make less severe or harmful. ·         Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change. 44.   Economical - Using resources efficiently to avoid waste. ·         Example: She is very economical when it comes to using electricity and water. 45.   Reservoir - A large artificial or natural lake used as a source of water supply. ·         Example: The reservoir provides drinking water to the city. 46.   Magnitude - The great size or extent of something. ·         Example: The magnitude of the earthquake was felt across the entire region. 47.   Scenario - A possible sequence of events or situations. ·         Example: We need to prepare for various scenarios in case of an emergency. 48.   Crisis - A time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger. ·         Example: The financial crisis of 2008 had a global impact on economies. 49.   Consumption - The use of goods and services by people. ·         Example: The government encourages responsible energy consumption. 50.   Adverse - Harmful or unfavorable; having a negative effect. ·         Example: The adverse weather conditions forced the event to be canceled. Test-2 Passage-1 standard: (adjective) conforming to a widely accepted or recognized measurement, criterion, or model. Example: There was no standard way of speaking or writing before Johnson's Dictionary. bringing some order: (phrase) organizing or establishing a sense of structure. Example: There was no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. compiled: (verb) gathered or collected information or data from various sources. Example: Robert Cawdray compiled a dictionary of hard usual English words. scholarly: (adjective) related to academic or intellectual learning. Example: Cawdray's dictionary tended to concentrate on 'scholarly' words. circumscribe: (verb) to define or limit something within certain boundaries. Example: The English middle class wanted to circumscribe the various worlds to conquer, including lexical, social, and commercial ones. heyday: (noun) the period of greatest success, popularity, or vigor. Example: Johnson published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class. genius: (noun) exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability. Example: Johnson raised common sense to the heights of genius. academy: (noun) an institution of specialized learning, often associated with higher education or intellectual pursuits. Example: Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language. single-handed: (adverb) without assistance from others; alone. Example: Johnson decided he would write a dictionary himself and he would do it single-handed. instalments: (noun) payments made in portions or stages. Example: Johnson was to be paid £1,575 in instalments for writing the Dictionary. garret: (noun) a small, often cramped, attic room or space. Example: Boswell described the garret where Johnson worked. rickety: (adjective) poorly constructed or likely to collapse; shaky. Example: Johnson sat on a rickety chair at an old crazy deal table. chaos: (noun) complete disorder and confusion. Example: Johnson worked surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. synthesis: (noun) the combination of different elements to form a coherent whole. Example: Johnson's work was a heroic synthesis of the best of all previous dictionaries. precedent: (noun) an earlier event or action that serves as an Example or guide for future ones. Example: Johnson adopted his definitions according to precedent. vicissitudes: (noun) changes or variations occurring in the course of something. Example: After many vicissitudes, the Dictionary was finally published. landmark: (noun) a significant, distinctive, or important event, development, or achievement. Example: Johnson's Dictionary was instantly recognized as a landmark throughout Europe. lexicographer: (noun) a person who compiles or writes dictionaries. Example: The leading Italian lexicographer praised Johnson's noble work. obscurities: (noun) unclear or unknown aspects or details. Example: Johnson did not work in the soft obscurities of retirement. analogies: (noun) similarities or comparisons between different things or concepts. Example: Johnson's work aimed at regulating the structures and displaying the analogy of English words. orthography: (noun) the conventional spelling system of a language. Example: Johnson's Dictionary played a significant role in setting the orthography of English words. significations: (noun) meanings or interpretations of words. Example: Johnson's work aimed at ascertaining the significations of English words. cornerstone: (noun) a fundamental or essential part that forms the foundation of something. Example: Johnson's Dictionary is considered the cornerstone of Standard English. esteemed: (adjective) highly respected or regarded. Example: Johnson was so well esteemed that he was offered a pension by King George III. folklore: (noun) the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, and practices of a community. Example: Johnson became the Johnson of folklore due to his fame and accomplishments. Passage 2 Nature or Nurture distaste: (noun) a feeling of dislike or aversion. Example: The subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. noble: (adjective) having high moral qualities or ideals; honorable. Example: The experiment was presented as being in the noble cause of education. pupil: (noun) a student or learner. Example: The supposed 'pupil' in the experiment was actually an actor hired by Milgram. simulate: (verb) to imitate or reproduce the appearance or characteristics of something. Example: The actor simulated receiving the shocks by emitting various sounds and reactions. revulsion: (noun) a strong feeling of disgust or repugnance. Example: The teacher-subjects felt revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment. consensus: (noun) a general agreement or opinion. Example: The psychiatrists had an overwhelming consensus that most subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. anticipate: (verb) to expect or predict. Example: The psychiatrists anticipated that only a small percentage of subjects would administer the highest shock level. discrepancy: (noun) a lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more things. Example: The experiment revealed a vast discrepancy between predictions and actual results. flustered: (adjective) agitated or confused. Example: The teacher-subjects were pressured and flustered during the experiment. instinct: (noun) an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in response to certain stimuli. Example: One explanation for the teacher-subjects' actions is the activation of a built-in animal aggression instinct. primal: (adjective) relating to an early stage of development; basic or fundamental. Example: The experiment may have tapped into a primal urge to discharge aggression. advantageous: (adjective) beneficial or favorable. Example: The aggressive instinct may have evolved as an advantageous trait in ancestral struggles for survival. remnant: (noun) a small remaining quantity of something. Example: The aggressive instinct is seen as a remnant of our ancient animal ways. environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The teacher-subjects' actions were influenced by the social environment of the experiment. benevolent: (adjective) well-meaning and kindly. Example: The psychological laboratory was seen as a benevolent setting pursuing scientific truth. trust: (noun) a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something. Example: The psychological laboratory evoked trust and confidence in the participants. surrendering: (verb) giving up or yielding to someone or something. Example: The subjects surrendered their individual properties to the authority of the institutional structure. plausible: (adjective) reasonable or probable; believable. Example: The question of which explanation is more plausible is a challenge for researchers. biologists: (noun) scientists who study living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: Biologists are interested in understanding the biological basis of behavior. elucidating: (verb) to make clear or explain in detail. Example: The field of sociobiology aims at elucidating the biological basis of behavior. hard-wired: (adjective) innate or instinctive, programmed into one's biology. Example: Sociobiology investigates the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming influences behavior. dictates: (verb) to determine or prescribe authoritatively. Example: The study aims to discover to what extent genetic programming dictates behavior. bias: (noun) a tendency or inclination, often towards a particular perspective or opinion. Example: Genetic programming may bias the interaction of animals and humans with their environment. interaction: (noun) the action or influence of two or more things upon each other. Example: Sociobiology seeks to understand the interaction between genetic programming and behavior. behaviour: (noun) the way in which one acts or conducts oneself. Example: Sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour. assortment: (noun) a collection or variety of different things or people. Example: The experiment involved an assortment of shocks ranging from slight to severe. expletive: (noun) an offensive or emphatic word or phrase, often used to express strong emotions or as a profanity. Example: The actor simulated receiving the shocks by uttering a range of expletives and denouncing the experiment. disturbing: (adjective) causing anxiety, unease, or concern. Example: The experiment yielded fascinating yet disturbing results. behavioural: (adjective) relating to behavior or the study of behavior. Example: Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment in the field of behavioural psychology. willingness: (noun) the state of being ready or inclined to do something. Example: The experiment tested the subjects' willingness to obey instructions. obey: (verb) to comply with or follow orders, instructions, or rules. Example: The subjects were instructed to obey the leader's commands. volunteer: (noun) a person who freely offers to do something without being forced or paid. Example: The participants in the experiment were volunteers. noble: (adjective) having high moral qualities; honorable. Example: The experiment was presented as a noble cause of education. pupil: (noun) a student or learner in a school or educational institution. Example: The subjects were told they would administer shocks to the pupil for their mistakes. simulate: (verb) to imitate the appearance or character of something. Example: The actor was hired to simulate receiving the shocks. groans: (noun) deep, mournful sounds expressing pain or despair. Example: The actor emitted groans to create the impression of pain. writhings: (noun) twisting or squirming movements of the body. Example: The actor's writhings were meant to indicate discomfort. expletives: (noun) offensive or vulgar words used to express strong emotions or profanity. Example: The actor uttered expletives while receiving the shocks. revulsion: (noun) a strong feeling of disgust or horror. Example: The subjects felt revulsion toward the actions they were asked to perform. consensus: (noun) general agreement among a group of people. Example: The psychiatrists reached a consensus about the subjects' likely responses. lunatic: (noun) a mentally ill person or someone who behaves in an irrational or unpredictable manner. Example: The psychiatrists believed that only a lunatic fringe would administer the highest shocks. repetitions: (noun) the act of repeating or doing something again. Example: The experiment was replicated in multiple repetitions. discrepancy: (noun) a lack of compatibility or agreement between two or more things. Example: The results revealed a discrepancy between predictions and actual behavior. inclination: (noun) a person's natural tendency or preference. Example: One's inclination might be to argue for a genetic explanation. instinct: (noun) an innate, fixed pattern of behavior in animals or humans. Example: The experiment raised questions about an animal instinct for aggression. primal: (adjective) relating to the earliest stages of development; basic or fundamental. Example: The experiment tapped into primal urges and instincts. malevolent: (adjective) having or showing a wish to do evil to others. Example: The subject's actions were influenced by a **malevolent environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The social environment of the experiment played a significant role in shaping behavior. benevolent: (adjective) well-meaning and kindly. Example: The experiment was perceived as benevolent and serving the pursuit of scientific truth. evokes: (verb) brings a feeling, memory, or image into the mind. Example: The psychological laboratory evokes trust and confidence in the participants. surrendering: (verb) giving up or yielding to a stronger force or authority. Example: The subjects surrendered their individual properties to the service of authority. loyalty: (noun) a strong feeling of support or allegiance. Example: The subjects demonstrated loyalty to the institutional authority figure. self-sacrifice: (noun) the act of giving up one's own interests or well-being for the sake of others. Example: The subjects displayed a sense of self-sacrifice by following the experiment's rules. discipline: (noun) the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior. Example: The subjects exhibited a sense of discipline by carrying on with the experiment. plausible: (adjective) reasonable or likely to be true. Example: Both explanations presented are plausible, but further investigation is needed. biologists: (noun) scientists who study living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: Biologists seek to understand the biological basis of behavior. anthropologists: (noun) scientists who study human societies, cultures, and behavior. Example: Anthropologists examine the social and cultural factors influencing behavior. elucidating: (verb) making something clear or easy to understand. Example: Sociobiology aims at elucidating the biological basis of behavior. dictates: (verb) commands or directs with authority. Example: Genetic programming dictates the behavior of animals and humans to some extent. interaction: (noun) the action or influence of people or things on one another. Example: Sociobiology investigates the interaction between genetics and behavior. behaviour: (noun) the way in which a person or animal acts or conducts oneself. Example: The experiment shed light on the complex behaviour of the teacher-subjects. PASSAGE-3 The truth about the environment abundant: (adjective) existing or available in large quantities. Example: "Energy and natural resources have become more abundant over time." extinct: (adjective) no longer in existence; having died out. Example: "Many species are at risk of becoming extinct." transient: (adjective) lasting only for a short time; temporary. Example: "Most forms of environmental pollution are transient and associated with industrialization." lobby groups: (noun) organized groups seeking to influence public opinion or government decisions in favor of their specific interests. Example: "Environmental groups are considered as lobby groups advocating for environmental causes." scepticism: (noun) a skeptical attitude; doubt or disbelief. Example: "People should apply the same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to other lobby groups." distortions: (noun) changes or alterations that misrepresent the true nature of something. Example: "The media can create distortions of perception by focusing on bad news." perception: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: "People's perception of environmental issues is influenced by media coverage." intuition: (noun) the ability to understand something instinctively, without the need for conscious reasoning. Example: "Despite the intuition that something needs to be done, economic analyses show a different perspective." radically: (adverb) in a thorough or fundamental way; completely. Example: "It would be more expensive to radically cut carbon dioxide emissions." adaptation: (noun) the action or process of adapting or being adapted. Example: "Paying for the costs of adaptation to increased temperatures may be more feasible than cutting emissions." access: (noun) the right or opportunity to use or benefit from something. Example: "Universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation is a pressing health problem." pessimistic: (adjective) having a negative or gloomy outlook; expecting the worst. Example: "Being overly pessimistic can lead to costly decisions." carbon dioxide emissions: (noun phrase) the release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels. Example: "Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is crucial for mitigating the effects of global warming." radically: (adverb) in a complete or extreme way. Example: "It would be more expensive to radically cut carbon dioxide emissions." intuition: (noun) the ability to understand or know something instinctively, without the need for conscious reasoning. Example: "Despite the scientific evidence, some individuals rely on their intuition to form opinions about global warming." analyses: (noun) plural of analysis; a detailed examination or study of something. Example: "Economic analyses show the cost implications of different approaches to tackling climate change." feasible: (adjective) possible to do easily or conveniently; practical. Example: "Adapting to increased temperatures may be more feasible in terms of cost than drastically reducing emissions." pressing: (adjective) urgent; requiring immediate attention or action. Example: "Universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation is a pressing global issue." outlook: (noun) a person's point of view or general attitude toward something. Example: "Having an optimistic outlook can lead to proactive problem-solving." mitigating: (verb) reducing the severity or impact of something. Example: "Efforts to mitigate climate change involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions." gloomy: (adjective) dark or dim; lacking cheer or optimism. Example: "Taking a gloomy perspective can hinder progress and hinder positive action." cost implications: (noun phrase) the financial consequences or effects of a decision or action. Example: "Assessing the cost implications is essential when evaluating different approaches to environmental challenges." disjunction: (noun) a lack of correspondence or connection; a disconnect or gap. Example: "There is a disjunction between public perception and the actual environmental reality." lobby groups: (noun phrase) organized groups or organizations that attempt to influence government policies and decisions in favor of their specific interests. Example: "Environmental lobby groups advocate for policies that promote conservation and sustainability." curious: (adjective) eager to know or learn something; inquisitive. Example: "People are inherently curious about the state of the environment and its impact on their lives." diminished: (verb) made smaller or less significant; reduced in size, importance, or intensity. Example: "Efforts to reduce carbon emissions have diminished the environmental impact of certain industries." adaptation: (noun) the process of adjusting or modifying something to suit new conditions or circumstances. Example: "Species undergo adaptation to survive changes in their habitats." impair: (verb) weaken, damage, or negatively affect something. Example: "Environmental pollution can impair the quality of air, water, and ecosystems." sustainability: (noun) the ability to maintain or support something over the long term, without depleting resources or causing harm to the environment. Example: "Promoting sustainability is crucial for ensuring a better future for generations to come." perception: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted; a person's mental impression or understanding of something. Example: "Public perception plays a significant role in shaping environmental policies and actions." optimistic: (adjective) having a positive outlook or expectation for the future. Example: "Despite challenges, many environmentalists remain optimistic about finding sustainable solutions." pessimistic: (adjective) having a negative or gloomy outlook or expectation for the future. Example: "Some individuals take a pessimistic view of environmental issues, doubting the possibility of positive change." ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 BAKELITE PASSAGE-1The birth of modern plastics 1.       synthetic: (adj.) made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product. ·         Example: Bakelite was the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic. 2.       enormous: (adj.) very large in size, quantity, or extent; huge or immense. ·         Example: The discovery of Bakelite had enormous technological importance. 3.       industry: (n.) economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories. ·         Example: The invention of Bakelite launched the modern plastics industry. 4.       plastic: (n.) a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers. ·         Example: Bakelite was a pioneering plastic material. 5.       thermoplastic: (adj.) capable of being repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling. ·         Example: Some plastics are thermoplastic, meaning they can be reshaped when heated. 6.       thermosetting: (adj.) becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated. ·         Example: Bakelite was the first entirely synthetic thermosetting plastic. 7.       mould: (v.) shape or form (an object) out of a malleable material. ·         Example: The molten plastic was poured into a mould to create the desired shape. 8.       revert: (v.) return to (a previous state, practice, topic, etc.); to go back. ·         Example: Once Bakelite hardens, it cannot revert to its original viscous state. 9.       viscous: (adj.) having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid; viscous. ·         Example: The molten plastic had a highly viscous texture. 10.   launch: (v.) start or set in motion (an activity or enterprise). ·         Example: Baekeland's invention effectively launched the modern plastics industry. 11.   derived: (v.) obtained or received from a source. ·         Example: Some plastics are derived from natural sources, such as plants or animals. 12.   substitutes: (n.) a person or thing acting or serving in place of another. ·         Example: Plastics were developed as substitutes for luxury materials like tortoiseshell and ivory. 13.   impetus: (n.) the force or energy with which a body moves; a driving force. ·         Example: Immense technological progress provided the impetus behind the development of early plastics. 14.   chemistry: (n.) the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed. ·         Example: Baekeland's interest in plastics began during his studies in chemistry. 15.   abandoned: (v.) cease to support or look after (someone); to give up completely. ·         Example: Baekeland initially abandoned his research into phenolic resins. 16.   catalysts: (n.) a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. ·         Example: Catalysts were used to speed up the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde in Bakelite production. 17.   phenolic: (adj.) relating to or denoting compounds containing a hydroxyl group directly linked to an aromatic benzene ring. ·         Example: Bakelite is a phenolic resin, produced from the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde. 18.   volatile: (adj.) easily evaporated at normal temperatures; liable to change rapidly and unpredictably. ·         Example: Aldehydes are volatile fluids similar to alcohol. 19.   commercial: (adj.) concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade. ·         Example: Bakelite was prepared on a commercial basis for industrial use. 20.   grind: (v.) reduce (something) to small particles or powder by crushing it. ·         Example: The hardened Bakelite resin was ground into powder for further processing. 21.   granular: (adj.) resembling or consisting of small grains or particles; grainy or gritty. ·         Example: The Bakelite resin was ground into a granular powder for molding. 22.   streamlined: (adj.) designed or organized in such a way as to allow continuous, smooth movement or activity. ·         Example: The streamlined design of Bakelite objects became popular in the 1930s. 23.   efficient: (adj.) achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. ·         Example: The designer had to consider the most efficient use of machines when designing Bakelite objects. 24.   invention: (n.) the action of creating or designing something new or a new process or device. ·         Example: Baekeland's invention of Bakelite revolutionized the plastics industry. 25.   non-porous: (adj.) not allowing liquid or air to pass through; impermeable. ·         Example: Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being non-porous and germ-free. 26.   sterilizable: (adj.) capable of being made free from bacteria or other living microorganisms. ·         Example: Bakelite kitchen utensils were marketed as being sterilizable and easy to clean. 27.   electrical: (adj.) relating to electricity or the use of electricity. ·         Example: Bakelite was valued for its electrical insulating properties. 28.   insulating: (adj.) preventing the passage of electricity, heat, or sound. ·         Example: Bakelite's insulating properties made it ideal for use in electrical components. 29.   dazzling: (adj.) extremely bright, especially so as to blind the eyes temporarily. ·         Example: The Bakelite objects came in a dazzling array of colors. 30.   despised: (v.) feel contempt or a deep repugnance for. ·         Example: Bakelite fell from favor during the 1950s and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. 31.   renaissance: (n.) a revival of or renewed interest in something. ·         Example: Bakelite has been experiencing something of a renaissance in recent years, with renewed demand for original objects. 32.   collectors: (n.) people who collect objects as a hobby or for investment. ·         Example: Collectors are willing to pay high prices for rare Bakelite items. 33.   originality: (n.) the quality of being novel, unique, or unusual. ·         Example: The style and originality of Bakelite objects are appreciated by collectors. 34.   innovative: (adj.) featuring new methods; advanced and original. ·         Example: Bakelite was an innovative material that revolutionized industrial production. 35.   material: (n.) the matter from which a thing is or can be made. ·         Example: Bakelite was used as a material for manufacturing various objects. 36.   museums: (n.) buildings or institutions dedicated to the acquisition, conservation, study, and exhibition of objects of lasting interest or value. ·         Example: Bakelite objects are displayed in museums around the world. 37.   style: (n.) a distinctive appearance, typically determined by the principles according to which something is designed. ·         Example: The streamlined style of Bakelite objects was characteristic of the Art Deco era. 38.   taper: (v.) diminish or reduce in thickness toward one end. ·         Example: The designer tapered the object towards the deepest part of the mould for easy extraction. 39.   pragmatic: (adj.) dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations. ·         Example: The development of plastics was driven by pragmatic needs for substitutes for luxury materials. Top of Form PASSAGE-2 What's so funny? John McCrone reviews recent research on humour 1.       joke: (noun) a humorous story, anecdote, or statement that is meant to entertain or amuse. Example: "He told a funny joke that made everyone laugh." 2.       luxury: (noun) a state of great comfort, pleasure, or extravagance. Example: "Having a personal chef is a luxury that not everyone can afford." 3.       reflex: (noun) an automatic or instinctive response to a particular stimulus. Example: "His reflex was to duck when something flew towards his face." 4.       biological: (adjective) relating to living organisms and their life processes. Example: "The study of biological diversity focuses on the variety of species in an ecosystem." 5.       pedigree: (noun) the recorded ancestry or background of a person or animal. Example: "The dog breeder provided a detailed pedigree for each puppy." 6.       superiority: (noun) the state or condition of being higher in rank, status, or quality. Example: "She has a sense of superiority that often comes across as arrogance." 7.       psychic: (adjective) relating to or involving supernatural or paranormal phenomena. Example: "Some people claim to have psychic abilities, such as predicting the future." 8.       tension: (noun) a state of mental or emotional strain or excitement. Example: "There was a palpable tension in the room before the exam results were announced." 9.       ludicrousness: (noun) the quality of being absurd, ridiculous, or laughably unreasonable. Example: "The ludicrousness of the situation made it hard to take it seriously." 10.   punchline: (noun) the climactic and humorous ending or final part of a joke or humorous story. Example: "He delivered the punchline with perfect timing, causing everyone to burst into laughter." 11.   incongruity: (noun) the state of being inconsistent, contradictory, or not in harmony with the surroundings or expectations. Example: "The incongruity between his serious demeanor and the silly hat he was wearing made people chuckle." 12.   nonsense: (noun) words or ideas that have little or no meaning or logic. Example: "He was talking complete nonsense and didn't make any sense." 13.   revolve: (verb) to move in a circular or curved path around a central point. Example: "The Earth revolves around the Sun in its annual orbit." 14.   conceptual: (adjective) relating to or based on concepts or ideas. Example: "The artist's work is highly conceptual, exploring abstract ideas and philosophical themes." 15.   apt: (adjective) suitable or appropriate in the circumstances; having a tendency to do something. Example: "Her choice of words was apt for conveying the intended meaning." 16.   semantic: (adjective) relating to the meaning of words, phrases, or language in general. Example: "In linguistics, semantic analysis focuses on the study of meaning." 17.   fit: (noun) a sudden burst or occurrence of something. Example: "He burst into a fit of laughter when he heard the punchline." 18.   leap: (noun) a sudden and large movement or transition from one place 18.   leap: (noun) a sudden and large movement or transition from one place, situation, or perspective to another. Example: "Her unexpected career change was a great leap of faith." 19.   perspective: (noun) a particular way of viewing or understanding a situation or concept. Example: "His travels around the world gave him a broader perspective on different cultures." 20.   appeasement: (noun) the action of pacifying or satisfying someone by giving in to their demands. Example: "The leader's policy of appeasement only served to embolden the aggressor." 21.   crucial: (adjective) extremely important or significant; decisive. Example: "Timely intervention is crucial in preventing the situation from escalating." 22.   scuffle: (noun) a short, confused fight or struggle. Example: "There was a scuffle between the fans after the football match." 23.   mutation: (noun) a change or alteration in a gene or the genetic material of an organism. Example: "Some genetic mutations can lead to inherited diseases." 24.   gaping: (adjective) wide open, with a large or conspicuous gap. Example: "The gaping hole in the fence allowed easy access to the garden." 25.   instinctual: (adjective) relating to or resulting from instinct, an innate, natural, or automatic behavior. Example: "The mother's instinctual response was to protect her young." 26.   markers: (noun) signs, indications, or cues that serve as a guide or reference point. Example: "Her sudden weight loss and fatigue were markers of an underlying health issue." 27.   flag: (verb) to signal or indicate the presence or occurrence of something. Example: "The alarm bells flagged the onset of danger." 28.   cognitive: (adjective) relating to mental processes such as thinking, learning, and understanding. Example: "The study focused on the cognitive development of children." 29.   evaluative: (adjective) involving the process of assessing or making judgments about something. Example: "The teacher provided evaluative feedback on the students' performance." 30.   apparatus: (noun) a complex device or mechanism used for a particular purpose. Example: "The scientific apparatus allowed precise measurements to be taken." 31.   metabolic: (adjective) relating to or involving the chemical processes occurring within a living organism. Example: "Regular exercise can boost metabolic rate and improve overall health." 32.   adjustments: (noun) small changes made to achieve a desired or optimal outcome. Example: "He made some adjustments to the settings to improve the performance of the machine." 33.   palpable: (adjective) able to be touched, felt, or perceived; tangible. Example: "There was a palpable sense of tension in the air before the announcement." 34.   abrupt: (adjective) sudden and unexpected; curt or blunt in manner or speech. Example: "Her abrupt departure left everyone surprised and confused." 35.   pleasurable: (adjective) causing or providing enjoyment, satisfaction, or pleasure. Example: "He found gardening to be a pleasurable and relaxing activity." 36.   milking: (verb) exploiting or taking advantage of something for personal gain or benefit. Example: "Some companies are **milking 36.   milking: (verb) exploiting or taking advantage of something for personal gain or benefit. Example: "Some companies are milking their customers by charging exorbitant fees." 37.   evaluative: (adjective) involving the process of assessing or making judgments about something. Example: "The teacher provided evaluative feedback on the students' performance." 38.   distorted: (adjective) twisted or altered from the original or natural shape, form, or meaning. Example: "The image in the funhouse mirror was distorted, making people appear shorter and wider." 39.   lingual: (adjective) related to language or linguistics. Example: "She has a strong lingual proficiency and can speak multiple languages fluently." 40.   comprehending: (verb) understanding or grasping the meaning or significance of something. Example: "He had difficulty comprehending the complex scientific concepts." 41.   snap: (noun) a sudden and quick movement or action. Example: "With a snap of his fingers, the magician made the coin disappear." 42.   reasoning: (noun) the process of thinking or logical analysis to form conclusions or judgments. Example: "Her reasoning skills allowed her to solve complex problems." 43.   problem-solving: (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues. Example: "Teamwork and effective communication are essential for successful problem-solving." 44.   palpable: (adjective) able to be touched, felt, or perceived; tangible. Example: "The tension in the room was palpable as the final exam approached." 45.   arousal: (noun) a state of being awake, alert, or stimulated. Example: "The loud noise caused a sudden arousal of the dog's senses." 46.   candidate: (noun) a person who applies for or is considered for a particular position, role, or honor. Example: "She is a strong candidate for the leadership position based on her qualifications and experience." 47.   stimulus: (noun) something that causes a response or reaction in a person or organism. Example: "The bright light was a stimulus for her to wake up." 48.   escalating: (verb) increasing in intensity, extent, or severity. Example: "The conflict between the two countries was escalating and could lead to war." 49.   outlook: (noun) a person's point of view or attitude toward something; perspective. Example: "He has a positive outlook on life, always seeing the bright side of things." 50.   evolutionary: (adjective) relating to or undergoing gradual development and change over time. Example: "The theory of evolutionary biology explains the diversity of life on Earth." PASSAGE-3 The Birth of Scientific English 1.       dominated: (verb) controlled or influenced by a particular group or language. Example: "World science is dominated by a few major languages." 2.       Japanese: (adjective) relating to Japan or its language. Example: "Japanese scientists have made significant contributions to the field of technology." 3.       German: (adjective) relating to Germany or its language. Example: "Many important scientific discoveries were made by German researchers." 4.       French: (adjective) relating to France or its language. Example: "French scientists have made significant contributions to various fields of study." 5.       popular: (adjective) widely liked or accepted by many people. Example: "English is the popular choice for scientific communication among researchers." 6.       global: (adjective) relating to the whole world; worldwide. Example: "English has become the global language of science and communication." 7.       research papers: (noun) documents that present the findings and analysis of scientific research. Example: "Scientists publish their findings in research papers to share their discoveries with the scientific community." 8.       international: (adjective) involving or connecting multiple countries or nations. Example: "Scientists collaborate on international research projects to solve global challenges." 9.       prominence: (noun) the state of being important, famous, or well-known. Example: "Due to its prominence in scientific research, English is widely used in academic publications." 10.   lingua franca: (noun) a common language used for communication between people who speak different native languages. Example: "In the past, Latin served as the lingua franca for European intellectuals." 11.   Renaissance: (noun) a period of renewed interest and cultural rebirth, particularly in the arts and sciences. Example: "The European Renaissance led to significant advancements in various fields, including science." 12.   revival: (noun) the act of bringing something back to life or prominence. Example: "The 14th-16th century was a time of revival in learning and the rediscovery of classical knowledge." 13.   knowledge: (noun) information, understanding, or awareness gained through learning or experience. Example: "The scholars of the Renaissance sought to rediscover the knowledge of ancient civilizations." 14.   extend: (verb) to make something larger in scope, size, or range. Example: "Scholars in the Renaissance sought to extend their understanding of the natural world." 15.   nation states: (noun) politically organized territories or countries with defined borders. Example: "The emergence of nation states in Europe contributed to the development of scientific traditions." 16.   exploration: (noun) the act of traveling or investigating new territories or unknown areas. Example: "The Age of Exploration led to the discovery of new lands and cultures." 17.   trade: (noun) the buying and selling of goods and services. Example: "The development of trade routes facilitated the exchange of knowledge and ideas." 18.   compass: (noun) a navigational instrument used to determine directions. Example: "The invention of the compass revolutionized navigation and enabled long-distance travel." 19.   cartography: (noun) the study or practice of making maps. Example: "Advancements in cartography allowed for more accurate and detailed maps." 20.   astronomy: (noun) the scientific study of celestial objects, such as stars, planets, and galaxies. Example: "The field 20.   astronomy: (noun) the scientific study of celestial objects, such as stars, planets, and galaxies. Example: "The field of astronomy explores the mysteries of the universe and its celestial bodies." 21.   Copernicus: (noun) Nicolaus Copernicus, a 16th-century Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system. Example: "The groundbreaking theories of Copernicus challenged the prevailing geocentric view of the universe." 22.   enthusiasm: (noun) intense and eager interest or excitement. Example: "Scientists in England embraced the ideas of Copernicus with great enthusiasm." 23.   language: (noun) a system of communication consisting of words, gestures, and rules used by a community or nation. Example: "John Wallis and John Wilkins had a keen interest in language and its role in scientific communication." 24.   found: (verb) to establish or create something. Example: "John Wallis and John Wilkins helped found the Royal Society, an institution dedicated to promoting scientific research." 25.   Royal Society: (noun) a learned society founded in 1660 in London, dedicated to the promotion of scientific knowledge. Example: "The Royal Society played a crucial role in fostering scientific research and collaboration." 26.   academies: (noun) institutions or societies that promote and support the pursuit of knowledge and learning. Example: "Similar academies and societies emerged across Europe, each contributing to the development of national scientific traditions." 27.   publications: (noun) written materials or works that are published and made available to the public. Example: "Scientific publications play a vital role in sharing research findings with the scientific community." 28.   translations: (noun) the process of converting written material from one language to another. Example: "In the early stages of the scientific revolution, many scientific works were translations of existing texts." 29.   mathematical: (adjective) relating to mathematics or involving mathematical principles. Example: "Isaac Newton's mathematical treatise, the Principia, revolutionized our understanding of physics." 30.   treatise: (noun) a formal and systematic written work on a particular subject. Example: "Isaac Newton's treatise on calculus laid the foundation for modern mathematics." 31.   properties: (noun) characteristics or qualities of something. Example: "Isaac Newton's work on the properties of light contributed to our understanding of optics." 32.   light: (noun) a form of energy that enables us to see objects. Example: "Newton's experiments with prisms revealed the nature of light and its constituent colors." 33.   concern: (noun) a feeling of worry, interest, or attention given to something important. Example: "There was a growing concern about intellectual property rights and the need to protect scientific ideas." 34.   secrecy: (noun) the state of keeping something hidden or not disclosed. Example: "Scientists sometimes resorted to secrecy to protect their preliminary ideas from being exploited or stolen." 35.   intellectual: (adjective) relating to the mind, intelligence, or the process of thinking. Example: "The scientific revolution emphasized the importance of intellectual pursuits and the power of human reason." 36.   labour: (noun) work or effort exerted to accomplish something. Example: "The scientific community recognized the value of private intellectual labour in 36.   labour: (noun) work or effort exerted to accomplish something. Example: "The scientific community recognized the value of private intellectual labour in the pursuit of scientific discoveries." 37.   classical education: (noun) an education system based on the study of classical languages, literature, and culture. Example: "In the 17th century, there was a social distinction between those with a classical education and those without." 38.   linguistic inadequacy: (noun phrase) the lack of sufficient linguistic resources or capabilities. Example: "The linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period posed challenges for scientific communication." 39.   technical vocabulary: (noun phrase) specialized terms or words used in a particular field or profession. Example: "English lacked the necessary technical vocabulary to accurately represent scientific concepts at that time." 40.   grammatical resources: (noun phrase) the linguistic tools and structures required for effective communication. Example: "English lacked the grammatical resources needed to express complex scientific ideas objectively." 41.   suitable: (adjective) appropriate or fitting for a particular purpose or situation. Example: "The Royal Society worked to develop a suitable writing style for scientific communication in English." 42.   monographs: (noun) detailed and specialized scholarly works or publications on a specific subject. Example: "Members of the Royal Society published monographs that contributed to the growth of scientific knowledge." 43.   narrative: (noun) a spoken or written account of connected events; a story. Example: "Robert Hooke's work, Micrographia, presented his experiments with microscopes in a captivating narrative style." 44.   genre: (noun) a category or type of artistic or literary composition. Example: "The establishment of Philosophical Transactions introduced a new genre of scientific writing." 45.   focused: (adjective) directed or concentrated on a specific subject or goal. Example: "Philosophical Transactions encouraged focused accounts of experiments, fostering concise scientific writing." 46.   lexicon: (noun) the vocabulary or set of words used in a particular language or field of study. Example: "Scientific English experienced substantial lexical growth during the industrial revolution." 47.   industrial revolution: (noun) a period of major technological advancements and industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries. Example: "The industrial revolution spurred the need for new technical vocabulary and the establishment of specialized societies." 48.   technical: (adjective) relating to a particular field of study, profession, or skill. Example: "Specialized societies were formed to promote technical knowledge and advancements in specific disciplines." 49.   disciplines: (noun) branches of knowledge, areas of study, or fields of expertise. Example: "The 19th century witnessed the emergence of new scientific disciplines and specialized areas of research." 50.   instituted: (verb) established, introduced, or implemented. Example: "Professional societies were instituted to foster collaboration and the exchange of scientific ideas." ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 PASSAGE-1 Early Childhood Education enhanced: (adjective) improved or increased in quality, value, or extent. Example: "The report argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for early childhood education." equity: (noun) fairness or justice in the distribution of resources or opportunities. Example: "The report aimed to promote equity of access to childcare and early childhood education." funding: (noun) financial resources provided or allocated for a particular purpose. Example: "The report called for better funding for early childhood education institutions." pre-schools: (noun) educational institutions or programs for children before they enter formal schooling. Example: "Parents typically send their children to pre-schools around the age of three." understand: (verb) comprehend, grasp the meaning or significance of something. Example: "According to the Harvard University study, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words by the age of three." ordinary: (adjective) common, usual, or typical. Example: "By the age of three, children have acquired most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation." curiosity: (noun) a strong desire to know or learn something. Example: "Every child is born with a natural curiosity, but it can be suppressed during the second and third years of life." personality: (noun) the combination of characteristics, qualities, and behaviors that make an individual unique. Example: "Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life." skills: (noun) abilities or proficiencies developed through practice or experience. Example: "During the first three years of life, children learn the basic skills that will serve as a foundation for their later learning." expand: (verb) grow, increase, or extend in size, scope, or complexity. Example: "After the age of three, children continue to expand their knowledge and understanding of the world." socio-economic backgrounds: (noun phrase) the combination of social and economic factors that influence a person's life opportunities and experiences. Example: "Young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to perform less well in the education system." under-achievement: (noun) the failure to reach expected levels of performance or achievement. Example: "In an attempt to address educational under-achievement, the United States launched the 'Headstart' programme." disappointing: (adjective) not meeting expectations or hopes. Example: "Despite substantial funding, the results of the 'Headstart' programme were disappointing." bypassing: (verb) avoiding or neglecting to involve or include someone or something. Example: "The 'Headstart' programme's lack of success may be attributed to bypassing the involvement of parents." predicated: (verb) based on or founded upon something. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme was predicated on research showing the importance of working with parents." cross-section: (noun) a representative sample or selection that includes a variety of different types or groups. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme included 380 families that represented a cross-section of socio-economic status and family configurations." intellectual: (adjective) relating to the mind, thinking, or understanding. Example: "The programme focused on fostering the child's intellectual development through guidance and support. social: (adjective) relating to interactions and relationships between individuals or groups. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme aimed to promote the child's social development alongside intellectual growth." motor-skill: (noun) physical abilities and coordination related to movement. Example: "The programme provided guidance in fostering the child's motor-skill development." check-ups: (noun) regular examinations or assessments to monitor progress or detect any issues. Example: "Periodic check-ups of the child's development were conducted to ensure healthy growth and identify potential problems." handicaps: (noun) limitations or impairments that hinder normal functioning or development. Example: "The check-ups aimed to detect possible handicaps that could affect the child's growth and development." referral: (noun) the act of directing or recommending someone to seek help or advice from a specialist or professional. Example: "If any medical problems were identified, they were referred to appropriate professionals." facilitators: (noun) individuals who help or assist in a particular process or activity. Example: "Parent resource centres offered learning materials and facilitators for child care." evaluated: (verb) assessed, examined, or measured for the purpose of determining progress or effectiveness. Example: "The children in the 'Missouri' programme were evaluated alongside a cross-section of their peers." phenomenal: (adjective) remarkable, extraordinary, or highly impressive. Example: "The results of the evaluation were phenomenal, indicating significant advancements in language, problem-solving, and social skills." development: (noun) the process of growth, progress, or advancement. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme showed remarkable outcomes in child development." achievement: (noun) the act of accomplishing or reaching a goal or standard. Example: "Children in the programme performed equally well regardless of socio-economic disadvantages, challenging traditional measures of achievement." disadvantage: (noun) an unfavorable or inferior circumstance or condition. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme helped overcome educational disadvantage in children from various backgrounds." cycle: (noun) a series of events or actions that are repeated over time. Example: "The initiative outlined above could break the cycle of disadvantage in education." concept: (noun) an idea or principle that represents something abstract or theoretical. Example: "The concept of working with parents in their homes contrasts with institutionalized early childhood education." inequity: (noun) lack of fairness or justice, an unfair or unequal situation. Example: "Without a focus on parent education, there is a risk of perpetuating educational inequity." initiative: (noun) a plan or action designed to achieve a particular goal or outcome. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme was a initiative focused on parent involvement and early childhood development." contrasts: (verb) highlights differences or disparities when compared to something else. Example: "The approach of working with parents contrasts with the report's focus on institutionalized early childhood education." educational: (adjective) related to or concerning education. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme aimed to improve children's educational outcomes through early intervention." inequity: (noun) lack of fairness or justice, an unfair or unequal situation. Example: "The evidence suggests that without addressing the importance of the first three years and focusing on parent education, there is a risk of perpetuating educational inequity." initiative: (noun) a plan or action taken to achieve a particular goal or outcome. Example: "The pilot program in Missouri was an initiative that aimed to improve children's development by working with parents as their child's first teachers." break: (verb) to interrupt or disrupt a pattern or cycle. Example: "The proposed initiative has the potential to break the cycle of educational disadvantage for children from socio-economic backgrounds." focus: (noun) attention or emphasis placed on a particular subject or aspect. Example: "The focus of the initiative is on parent education and the vital importance of the first three years of a child's life." educational: (adjective) relating to education or the process of learning. Example: "Addressing parent education is crucial for overcoming educational inequity and improving children's outcomes." inequity: (noun) a lack of fairness or justice, resulting in unequal opportunities or treatment. Example: "The report acknowledges the existence of educational inequity faced by children from disadvantaged backgrounds." outcomes: (noun) the results or consequences of a particular action or situation. Example: "The 'Missouri' program demonstrated positive outcomes in children's language development, problem-solving skills, and social development." early intervention: (noun) taking action or providing support at an early stage to address or prevent problems. Example: "The 'Missouri' program emphasized the importance of early intervention through parent involvement during the first three years of a child's life." perpetuating: (verb) continuing or prolonging a situation, often in a negative sense. Example: "Without addressing parent education, there is a risk of perpetuating the educational disparities experienced by children from disadvantaged backgrounds." disadvantage: (noun) an unfavorable or unfair circumstance or condition that hinders progress or success. Example: "The 'Missouri' program aimed to overcome educational disadvantage by providing support to parents and focusing on early childhood development." institutionalized: (adjective) established as a norm or standard practice within an organization or system. Example: "The report focuses on the role of institutionalized early childhood education and childcare in promoting access for children and mothers." risk: (noun) a possibility of harm, loss, or negative consequences. Example: "Without a similar focus on parent education and the first three years, there is a risk that educational inequity will persist." parent-child interaction: (noun) the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between a parent and their child. Example: "The quality of parent-child interaction was found to be crucial for a child's development, regardless of socio-economic background." challenge: (verb) to question or dispute the validity or effectiveness of something. Example: "The 'Missouri' program challenged traditional measures of achievement and showed that socio-economic disadvantages can be overcome." backgrounds: (noun) the social, economic, or cultural circumstances in which a person grows up or lives. Example: "The 'Missouri' program included families from diverse socio-economic backgrounds to ensure a representative sample." educational outcomes: (noun phrase) the achievements and results in education. Example: "The 'Missouri' program aimed to improve educational outcomes by focusing on early childhood development and parent involvement." intervention: (noun) the act of taking action or providing support to address a problem or improve a situation. Example: "The 'Missouri' program emphasized early intervention through parent-educators working with families to promote child development." equity: (noun) fairness, justice, and equal opportunities for all individuals. Example: "Enhancing access to quality early childhood education and focusing on parent education can contribute to promoting equity in education." policy: (noun) a set of principles or guidelines adopted by an organization or government to guide decision-making and actions. Example: "The findings from the trip can inform New Zealand's education policy by emphasizing the importance of early intervention and parent involvement." findings: (noun) the results or conclusions reached through research or investigation. Example: "Dr. Lockwood Smith's findings from his trip highlight the significance of early childhood development and parent engagement in education." trip: (noun) a journey or visit to a place for a specific purpose. Example: "During his trip to the US and Britain, Dr. Lockwood Smith gathered insights on education practices and their implications for New Zealand." implications: (noun) the potential consequences or effects of something. Example: "Dr. Lockwood Smith discussed the implications of his findings for New Zealand's education policy, considering the importance of early years and parent involvement." childcare: (noun) the care and supervision of children, especially when their parents are working. Example: "The report called for better funding and enhanced equity of access to childcare and early childhood education institutions." access: (noun) the opportunity or ability to use or benefit from something. Example: "The report emphasized the need for improved access to childcare and early childhood education for all children in New Zealand." pre-schools: (noun) educational institutions or programs for children before they enter formal schooling. Example: "Although children typically start attending pre-schools around the age of three, research suggests that the earlier years are crucial for development." equity of access: (noun phrase) ensuring equal opportunities and resources are available to all individuals. Example: "The report called for enhanced equity of access to childcare and early childhood education, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds." PASSAGE-2 Disappearing Delta 1.       astounding: (adjective) astonishing or surprising. Example: The rate at which the land is eroding along the coast is astounding. 2.       eroded: (adjective) worn away or deteriorated. Example: The coastline has been eroded by the actions of the sea. 3.       scoured: (verb) cleaned or polished by rubbing. Example: The sea scoured the land, removing sediment and soil. 4.       sediment: (noun) particles of solid material that settle at the bottom of a liquid. Example: The River Nile carried sediment from Africa's interior to the delta. 5.       deposited: (verb) placed or left in a particular location. Example: The river deposited layers of fertile silt on the delta. 6.       fertilizers: (noun) substances added to soil to promote plant growth. Example: The annual flooding brought nutrient-rich soil, eliminating the need for fertilizers. 7.       accumulated: (verb) gathered or collected over time. Example: The sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated above the dam. 8.       dispensing: (verb) distributing or providing something. Example: The annual flooding played a role in dispensing fertile soil to the delta region. 9.       upstream: (adverb) in the opposite direction of a river's flow. Example: The sediment collected upstream of the dam instead of reaching the delta. 10.   mare: (noun) a female horse. Example: The river sometimes carries more sediment than before, indicating that it is a mare. 11.   strike: (verb) to become apparent or evident. Example: The significance of the sediment issue didn't strike Stanley until later. 12.   silt: (noun) fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment. Example: The river carries silt and sand as it erodes the river bed and banks. 13.   bank: (noun) the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake. Example: The river's banks are being eroded by the force of the water. 14.   replenish: (verb) to fill up again; restore or refresh. Example: Sediment used to replenish the coastline, but that is no longer happening. 15.   trapped: (adjective) caught or held in a confined space. Example: The sediment must be trapped within the delta itself. 16.   diverted: (verb) changed the direction or route of something. Example: Most of the Nile water is diverted into irrigation canals. 17.   proportion: (noun) a part, share, or number considered in relation to a whole. Example: Only a small proportion of the Nile water reaches the sea directly. 18.   canals: (noun) artificial waterways constructed for navigation, irrigation, or drainage. Example: The Nile water is directed into a network of canals for irrigation purposes. 19.   sediment sinks: (verb phrase) sediment settling to the bottom of a body of water. Example: The sediment sinks to the bottom of the irrigation canals. 20.   added to: (verb phrase) included or combined with something. Example: Farmers 20.   added to: (verb phrase) included or combined with something. Example: Farmers add the sediment to the fields for its nutrient content. 21.   freshwater: (adjective) relating to water that is not salty. Example: The sediment is pumped with the water into the four large freshwater lagoons. 22.   coastline: (noun) the outline of a coast, especially with regard to its shape and appearance. Example: Virtually no sediment reaches the coastline to replenish what is being washed away. 23.   plains: (noun) flat, extensive areas of land. Example: The farms on the delta plains contribute to Egypt's food supply. 24.   aquaculture: (noun) the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food. Example: Aquaculture plays a role in Egypt's food production in the lagoons. 25.   account for: (phrasal verb) explain or justify; be responsible for. Example: Farming and aquaculture account for a significant portion of Egypt's food supply. 26.   pollutants: (noun) harmful substances or pollutants in the environment. Example: Pollutants from municipal and industrial waste are building up in the delta. 27.   building up: (verb phrase) accumulating or increasing in quantity or intensity. Example: Pollutants are building up faster and faster in the delta. 28.   coincided: (verb) occurred at the same time or in conjunction with something else. Example: The increase in pollutants coincided with the building of the High Dam. 29.   availability: (noun) the state of being accessible or obtainable. Example: The availability of cheap electricity contributed to the increase in pollutants. 30.   dramatically: (adverb) significantly or strikingly. Example: The lead concentration has dramatically increased since the construction of the dam. 31.   enter the food chain: (phrase) become part of the sequence of organisms consuming each other. Example: These poisons can easily enter the food chain, affecting the ecosystem. 32.   ecology: (noun) the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. Example: The use of fertilizers upsets the ecology of the lagoons. 33.   international: (adjective) involving or existing between different countries. Example: International environmental organizations are concerned about the erosion and pollution. 34.   pay closer attention: (phrase) give more careful consideration or focus. Example: Environmental organizations are starting to pay closer attention to the region. 35.   erosion: (noun) the process of wearing away or eroding something. Example: Erosion and pollution pose significant challenges to the Nile delta. 36.   desalination: (noun) the process of removing salt and other impurities from seawater. Example: Desalination may be an alternative solution to increase the amount of available water. 37.   devise: (verb) plan, invent, or create. Example: Egypt must devise a way to have more water running through the river and the delta. 38.   rapidly: (adverb) quickly or swiftly. Example: The desert region has a rapidly growing population. 39.   delta: (noun) a triangular tract of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river. Example: The Nile delta is experiencing erosion and pollution. 40.   artificial: (adjective) made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally. Example: Artificial floods could be created to flush out the delta waterways. 41.   flush out: (phrasal verb) remove or cleanse something by forcing it out with a flow of water or air. Example: The idea is to flush out the delta waterways to mitigate the sediment issue. 42.   ecosystem: (noun) a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Example: The impact on the Mediterranean coastal ecosystem is a cause for concern. 43.   whole: (noun) entirety or completeness. Example: The impact of the situation on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem is worrisome. 44.   environmental: (adjective) relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition. Example: The erosion and pollution of the Nile delta pose significant environmental challenges. 45.   solutions: (noun) answers or resolutions to problems or difficulties. Example: Finding effective solutions to the erosion and pollution is a complex task. 46.   alternative: (noun) an option or choice that is different from what is usually considered. Example: Desalination may be an alternative process for increasing available water. 47.   available: (adjective) able to be used or accessed. Example: The availability of water is a critical issue in the delta region. 48.   population: (noun) the total number of people living in a particular area. Example: The population of the desert region is growing rapidly. 49.   challenges: (noun) difficulties or problems that require effort to overcome. Example: Erosion and pollution pose significant challenges to the sustainability of the delta. 50.   mitigate: (verb) to make less severe, serious, or painful. Example: The artificial floods could help mitigate the impact of erosion and pollution. PASSAGE-3 The Return of Artificial Intelligence 1.       acceptable: (adjective) able to be agreed on; suitable. Example: It is becoming acceptable again to talk about AI performing human tasks. 2.       performing: (verb) carrying out or executing a task or activity. Example: Computers are performing human tasks such as problem-solving and pattern-recognition. 3.       problem-solving: (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues. Example: AI can be used for advanced problem-solving tasks. 4.       pattern-recognition: (noun) the ability to identify and interpret recurring patterns or structures. Example: AI systems excel in tasks that require pattern-recognition abilities. 5.       wilderness: (noun) a state of neglect or obscurity. Example: AI spent years in the wilderness before making a comeback. 6.       poised: (adjective) ready or prepared for something. Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' (AI) seems poised to make a comeback. 7.       vanished: (verb) disappeared or ceased to exist. Example: AI vanished in the 1990s but is now regaining attention. 8.       re-entered: (verb) entered again or returned. Example: AI re-entered public consciousness with the release of a movie about a robot boy. 9.       ignited: (verb) sparked or triggered. Example: The movie ignited a public debate about AI. 10.   irony: (noun) a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects. Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' is now being used without irony. 11.   expression: (noun) a word, phrase, or particular way of speaking. Example: The term is being used once more within the computer industry as a common expression. 12.   justification: (noun) a reason or explanation that shows an action or event to be right or reasonable. Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' is being applied to products with justification. 13.   over-ambitious: (adjective) excessively ambitious or grand in scale or scope. Example: AI was seen as an over-ambitious field of research in the past. 14.   under-achieving: (adjective) not fulfilling expectations or reaching desired goals. Example: AI was viewed as an under-achieving field in the past. 15.   coined: (verb) invented or created (a new word or phrase). Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' was coined at a conference in 1956. 16.   encompassed: (verb) included or contained. Example: The research program encompassed various fields related to AI. 17.   disparate: (adjective) fundamentally different or distinct. Example: AI unified disparate fields like operations research, cybernetics, and logic. 18.   imagination: (noun) the faculty or action of forming new ideas or concepts. Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' captured the public imagination. 19.   peaked: (verb) reached the highest point or level. Example: AI peaked around 1985 in terms of public interest. 20.   optimism: (noun) a hopeful and positive outlook or attitude. Example: There was undue optimism about AI in the early 1980s. 21.   breakthrough: (noun) a significant development or achievement. Example: AI researchers implied that a breakthrough in creating artificial intelligence was imminent. 22.   prototype: (noun) a first or preliminary version of something. Example: Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs showed promise in the field of AI. 23.   backlash: (noun) a strong negative reaction or response. Example: The failure to materialize thinking computers and household robots led to a backlash against AI. 24.   retrenchment: (noun) a reduction or curtailment of something. Example: Researchers started avoiding the term AI and embraced specific sub-disciplines in a period of retrenchment. 25.   mundane: (adjective) ordinary, commonplace, or lacking interest. Example: Mundane problems were deemed not to fall under the category of AI. 26.   deemed: (verb) regarded or considered in a specified way. Example: Problems that were solved were deemed not to be AI. 27.   blue-sky: (adjective) referring to theoretical or speculative research that may not have immediate practical applications. Example: AI came to refer to blue-sky research that was far from commercialization. 28.   commercialization: (noun) the process of introducing a product or technology into the market. Example: AI research was far from commercialization during that time. 29.   differentiate: (verb) to distinguish or make different. Example: Investors now look for firms using clever technology to differentiate themselves. 30.   information overload: (noun) the difficulty in processing and absorbing excessive amounts of information. Example: The growth of e-mail and the internet has led to information overload. 31.   filter: (verb) to separate or remove unwanted elements from something. Example: AI technologies can help filter and categorize information. 32.   categorize: (verb) to classify or sort into categories. Example: AI can assist in categorizing vast amounts of data. 33.   prospects: (noun) chances or possibilities for success or achievement. Example: The prospects for AI may be improving due to investor interest. 34.   emphasizing: (verb) giving special importance or attention to something. Example: HNC Software is emphasizing the use of AI in their new approach. 35.   camouflaged: (adjective) hidden or disguised by blending in with the surroundings. Example: HNC's AI system claims to be able to spot camouflaged vehicles. 36.   cluster: (noun) a group or collection of similar things. Example: HNC's AI system is based on a cluster of 30 processors. 37.   extract: (verb) to obtain or draw out something. Example: HNC's AI system can extract a voice signal from a noisy background. 38.   elusive: (adjective) difficult to find, catch, or achieve. Example: A general theory of machine intelligence remains elusive. 39.   emerge: (verb) to come into existence or become known. Example: More AI companies may emerge to address the challenge of information overload. 40.   judged: (verb) evaluated or assessed. Example: AI can now be judged based on its capabilities rather than unrealistic expectations. 41.   optimism: (noun) a hopeful and positive outlook or attitude. Example: There was a sense of optimism in the 1960s regarding the widespread presence of intelligent computers. 42.   implications: (noun) the possible consequences or effects of something. Example: The release of the movie Al had significant implications for the public perception of AI. 43.   inverted commas: (phrase) also known as quotation marks, used to indicate that a word or phrase is being used in a non-literal or ironic sense. Example: The term "artificial intelligence" is now being used without inverted commas to indicate a serious application of the technology. 44.   over-ambitious: (adjective) excessively ambitious or aiming too high. Example: AI was previously seen as an over-ambitious field that failed to live up to expectations. 45.   under-achieving: (adjective) not fulfilling its potential or achieving desired results. Example: AI was once regarded as an under-achieving area of research due to the lack of significant breakthroughs. 46.   research programme: (noun) a systematic plan of investigation or study. Example: The term "artificial intelligence" was coined to describe a research programme aiming to mimic human abilities using machines. 47.   public imagination: (noun) the collective ideas, images, and concepts that capture the interest and fascination of the general public. Example: The term "artificial intelligence" captured the public imagination in the early days of AI research. 48.   speech recognition: (noun) the ability of a computer to understand and interpret spoken language. Example: Speech recognition was one of the research areas within the umbrella of AI. 49.   language translation: (noun) the process of converting text or speech from one language into another. Example: Language translation was another aspect of AI research. 50.   decision-support: (noun) tools or systems that assist in making informed decisions. Example: Decision-support software was considered part of AI research in the past. ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 PASSAGE-1 The Impact of Wilderness Tourism 1.                       booming: (adjective) experiencing rapid growth or success. Example: "The market for wilderness tourism is booming, attracting high-spending tourists from around the world." 2.       remote: (adjective) situated far away from any main centers of population or civilization. Example: "Tourism in remote areas offers visitors a chance to explore untouched landscapes." 3.       promoting: (verb) supporting or advertising something to increase its visibility or popularity. Example: "Countries are actively promoting their wilderness regions as tourist destinations." 4.       fragile: (adjective) easily broken, damaged, or destroyed; delicate or vulnerable. Example: "Wilderness regions are fragile, both ecologically and culturally, requiring careful preservation." 5.       proportion: (noun) a part or share considered in relation to a whole. Example: "Deserts, mountains, and Arctic areas cover a significant proportion of the Earth's surface." 6.       prevailing: (adjective) existing or most commonly encountered at a particular time, place, or situation. Example: "In these regions, harsh conditions are prevailing for many months each year." 7.       indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "Tourists are attracted to these regions to experience the unique cultures of their indigenous people." 8.       breed: (noun) a particular kind, group, or category. Example: "The new breed of adventure tourists is visiting previously isolated areas." 9.       decline: (noun) a continuous decrease or deterioration. Example: "The decline in farm output has affected the local economy of hill-regions." 10.   terraces: (noun) level platforms or steps constructed on a sloping terrain to create flat areas for cultivation. Example: "Lack of labor has resulted in the decline of maintaining terraces in hill-regions." 11.   irrigation: (noun) the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically using channels, ditches, or pipes. Example: "Insufficient labor has impacted the maintenance of irrigation systems in hill-farming areas." 12.   dependence: (noun) the state of relying on or being influenced by something or someone for support or aid. Example: "The increasing dependence on bought food has changed traditional food-gathering practices." 13.   undermine: (verb) weaken, sabotage, or erode the foundations or effectiveness of something. Example: "Various factors can undermine traditional survival systems, including wage labor and government handouts." 14.   dilemma: (noun) a difficult situation or problem that requires a choice between two equally undesirable options. Example: "The dilemma arises when new sources of income dry up, leaving communities vulnerable." 15.   deforestation: (noun) the clearing, removal, or destruction of forests. Example: "The demand for cooked food and hot showers in tourist areas can contribute to deforestation." 16.   erosion: (noun) the gradual wearing away or destruction of something, typically by wind, water, or other natural agents. Example: "Attention has been focused on preventing erosion along major trails in mountainous regions." 17.   renaissance: (noun) a revival or renewed interest in something. Example: "Communal cheese production has experienced a renaissance in the Swiss Alps." 18.   exploited: (verb) used or taken advantage of for someone's own benefit. Example: "Some Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies for profit." 19.   repatriate: (verb) send someone back to their own country. Example: "Outside companies often repatriate most of the profits made in Arctic tourist destinations." 20.   accrue: (verb) accumulate or receive (payments or benefits) over time. Example: "Communities operating their own tour businesses ensure that the benefits accrue locally." 21.   pueblos: (noun) communal Native American settlements, typically consisting of multi-story adobe houses. Example: "Native people in the desert regions encourage tourists to visit their pueblos for cultural experiences." 22.   handicrafts: (noun) goods or products made by hand, often using traditional methods or skills. Example: "Native communities sell high-quality handicrafts to tourists as a source of income." 23.   critical: (adjective) of crucial importance; essential. Example: "Communities gaining greater control over tourism ventures is critical for balancing their needs." 24.   decision-making: (noun) the process of making choices or reaching conclusions. Example: "Communities with firm communal decision-making can effectively manage tourism." 25.   imbalance: (noun) a lack of balance or equality; a disparity. Example: "The solution to the imbalance lies in achieving greater control over tourism in fragile environments." 26.   norm: (noun) a standard or pattern that is typical or expected. Example: "Communities demonstrating successful control over tourism should become the norm." 27.   vehicle: (noun) a means or instrument through which something is achieved. Example: "Tourism can be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures and economies." 28.   reinvigorating: (verb) giving new energy or strength to; revitalizing. Example: "Tourism can play a role in reinvigorating the cultural heritage of local communities." 29.   integration: (noun) the act or process of combining or bringing together different elements into a harmonious whole. Example: "Communities are focusing on the integration of tourism with the local economy." 30.   profits: (noun) financial gains or benefits obtained from investments or business activities. Example: "Ensuring that tourism profits benefit the local population is a priority for sustainable development." 31.   transient: (adjective) lasting only for a short time; temporary. Example: "Some Arctic tourist destinations employ transient workers during peak seasons." 32.   aspirations: (noun) strong desires or ambitions. Example: "Balancing the needs and aspirations of local communities with tourism demands is a complex task." 33.   firm: (adjective) strong, solid, or unyielding. Example: "Communal decision-making requires firm commitment and collaboration among community members." 34.   penetrated: (verb) entered or gained access to something. Example: "Tourism has penetrated the homelands of many people living in fragile environments." 35.   visible: (adjective) able to be seen or perceived; noticeable. Example: "The visible effects of tourism on local communities and the environment should not be ignored." 36.   profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance. Example: "The effects of tourism on the 36.   profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance. Example: "The effects of tourism on the local community can be profound and long-lasting." 37.   preservation: (noun) the act of protecting or maintaining something in its original state. Example: "Preservation of the cultural heritage is crucial in wilderness tourism." 38.   sustainable: (adjective) capable of being maintained or continued over the long term. Example: "Achieving sustainable tourism practices is essential for the well-being of fragile environments." 39.   heritage: (noun) the traditions, achievements, beliefs, or attributes that are part of a community's history. Example: "Tourism can contribute to the preservation of local heritage and traditions." 40.   communal: (adjective) shared or done by members of a community. Example: "Communal decision-making involves the active participation of community members." 41.   currency: (noun) the system of money in general use in a particular country. Example: "Tourism brings hard currency to poor governments in isolated areas." 42.   explores: (verb) travels to or through (an unfamiliar place) in order to learn about it. Example: "Tourists are drawn to these regions to explore the natural beauty and unique cultures." 43.   enhance: (verb) intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of something. Example: "Communities are striving to enhance the integration of tourism with the local economy." 44.   societies: (noun) groups of individuals living together in organized communities. Example: "Arctic and desert societies have experienced changes due to the influence of tourism." 45.   purchases: (noun) items bought or acquired by paying money. Example: "Tourists are encouraged to make purchases of local handicrafts and artwork." 46.   imbued: (verb) inspire or permeate with a feeling or quality. Example: "The local communities have imbued their artwork with cultural significance." 47.   success: (noun) the accomplishment of an aim or purpose; the attainment of fame, wealth, or social status. Example: "Communities have achieved success in managing their own tourism ventures." 48.   reliable: (adjective) able to be trusted or depended on; consistently good or accurate. Example: "Communal cheese production has provided the locals with a reliable source of income." 49.   participate: (verb) take part or engage in an activity or event. Example: "Active community participation is crucial in decision-making for sustainable tourism." 50.   complex: (adjective) consisting of many different and connected parts; intricate. Example: "Achieving a balance between tourism and local needs is a complex challenge." PASSAGE-2 Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass 1.       shattered: (verb) broken into pieces, often with a loud noise. Example: "The glass pane shattered into fragments and fell from the roof." 2.       minute: (adjective) extremely small in size or amount. Example: "Experts found minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass." 3.       phenomenon: (noun) a fact or event that can be observed or experienced. Example: "The occurrence of glass breakage due to nickel sulphide is a rare phenomenon." 4.       disagree: (verb) have a different opinion or not share the same view. Example: "Experts disagree on the frequency of nickel sulphide-related failures." 5.       tip of the iceberg: (idiom) a small, visible part of a much larger problem or issue. Example: "The reported cases of glass failures are just the tip of the iceberg." 6.       trace: (noun) a small amount or sign of something. Example: "Raw materials used to make glass contain trace amounts of nickel and sulphur." 7.       impurities: (noun) substances or elements that are present in something in small quantities and make it impure. Example: "Nickel sulphide crystals are formed due to impurities in the glass." 8.       propagate: (verb) spread or transmit. Example: "Cracks can propagate in materials under tension, leading to glass breakage." 9.       compressive: (adjective) relating to or causing compression or squeezing together. Example: "The outer layer of the glass is in a state of compressive force." 10.   molten: (adjective) in a liquefied or melted state, usually due to heat. Example: "Fragments of nickel alloys can fall into the molten glass during the manufacturing process." 11.   phase: (noun) a stage or state in a process or development. Example: "Nickel sulphide crystals can exist in a stable alpha phase or a less dense beta phase." 12.   unstable: (adjective) not steady, firm, or secure; liable to change or collapse. Example: "The presence of unstable alpha crystals in the glass can lead to failure." 13.   revert: (verb) return to a previous state or condition. Example: "Unstable alpha crystals in the glass can revert to the beta phase." 14.   tensile: (adjective) relating to tension or capable of being stretched or extended. Example: "The tensile region of the glass is susceptible to stress and cracking." 15.   elapse: (verb) pass or go by. Example: "The time that elapses before glass failure occurs is unpredictable." 16.   speed up: (phrasal verb) increase the speed or rate of something. Example: "Heating the glass can speed up the process of crystal expansion." 17.   coiled: (adjective) twisted or wound into a series of concentric rings or spirals. Example: "Unstable alpha crystals are like a coiled spring, ready to change phase." 18.   scale: (noun) the extent, size, or range of something. Example: "Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is difficult to find." 19.   batches: (noun) groups or quantities of things produced or processed together. Example: "Nickel sulphide crystals occur in batches, making it challenging to identify and address the problem." 20.   rash: (noun) a series of occurrences or instances happening in a short period. Example: "The Brisbane block experienced a rash of glass failures due to nickel sulphide." 21.   expensive: (adjective) costing a lot of money. Example: "Replacing the panes with dangerous inclusions was a costly process." 22.   time-consuming: (adjective) requiring a lot of time and effort. Example: "The analysis of glass panes for inclusions was a time-consuming task." 23.   cladding: (noun) a covering or protective layer on the surface of something. Example: "Re-cladding the entire building would have been a much more expensive solution." 24.   alternative: (noun) a different or substitute option. Example: "The alternative to replacing the panes was re-cladding the building." 25.   revert: (verb) return to a previous state or condition. Example: "Unstable alpha crystals can revert to the beta phase, causing glass breakage." 26.   compressive: (adjective) relating to or causing compression or squeezing together. Example: "The compressive force on the glass surface helps resist cracking." 27.   propagate: (verb) spread or transmit. Example: "Cracks can propagate through the glass, leading to structural failure." 28.   impurities: (noun) substances or elements that are present in something in small quantities and make it impure. Example: "The presence of nickel sulphide crystals is due to impurities in the glass." 29.   phase: (noun) a stage or state in a process or development. Example: "The crystals exist in the alpha phase at high temperatures and the beta phase at room temperatures." 30.   tensile: (adjective) relating to tension or capable of being stretched or extended. Example: "The tensile strength of the glass determines its resistance to breaking." 31.   elapse: (verb) pass or go by. Example: "The time that elapses before glass failure occurs is unpredictable." 32.   speed up: (phrasal verb) increase the speed or rate of something. Example: "Applying heat can speed up the chemical reactions in the glass." 33.   unstable: (adjective) not steady, firm, or secure; liable to change or collapse. Example: "The presence of unstable crystals increases the risk of glass failure." 34.   revert: (verb) return to a previous state or condition. Example: "Under certain conditions, unstable crystals may revert to their original form." 35.   compressive: (adjective) relating to or causing compression or squeezing together. Example: "The compressive forces on the glass help keep it intact." 36.   propagate: (verb) spread or transmit. Example: "Cracks can propagate rapidly through the glass, leading to complete failure." 37.   molten: (adjective) in a liquefied or melted state, usually due to heat. Example: "The glass is molten during the manufacturing process." 38.   scale: (noun) the extent, size, or range of something. Example: "The scale of the nickel sulphide problem is difficult to determine." PASSAGE -3 The effects of light on plant and animal species 1.       organisms: (noun) living things, such as plants and animals. Example: "Light is important to organisms for various biological processes." 2.       cue: (noun) a signal or indication that prompts a specific response or action. Example: "Day length serves as a reliable cue for triggering breeding behavior in organisms." 3.       rhythms: (noun) regular and repeated patterns of activity or behavior. Example: "Organisms exhibit daily and seasonal rhythms influenced by environmental factors." 4.       assist: (verb) to help, support, or aid. Example: "Light is used to assist in the growth of plants through photosynthesis." 5.       fluctuate: (verb) to vary or change irregularly; to go up and down. Example: "In the temperate zone, temperatures fluctuate greatly during the spring season." 6.       predictable: (adjective) able to be anticipated or expected. Example: "Day length provides a predictable pattern of change within the year." 7.       physiological: (adjective) relating to the functioning of living organisms and their parts. Example: "Day length has a significant impact on physiological responses in organisms." 8.       considerable: (adjective) significant in size, amount, or extent; noteworthy. Example: "There is considerable experimental evidence supporting the phenomenon of photoperiodism." 9.       induced: (verb) brought about, caused, or stimulated. Example: "Increased day length induced breeding behavior in certain species of birds." 10.   artificially: (adverb) not occurring naturally; created or produced by human intervention. Example: "Breeding in birds can be artificially triggered by manipulating day length." 11.   critical: (adjective) crucial, essential, or of vital importance. Example: "A short day plant flowers when the day length is less than a critical threshold." 12.   differ: (verb) to be unlike or distinct; to vary or differ in nature or quality. Example: "The critical day length for flowering differs from species to species." 13.   occupy: (verb) to fill or take up a space, time, or role. Example: "Breeding seasons in animals are timed to occupy periods when survival chances are highest." 14.   reserves: (noun) resources or supplies that are available for future use or contingency. Example: "Food reserves must be built up before the breeding season to support reproduction." 15.   assured: (adjective) certain, guaranteed, or secured. Example: "Increasing day lengths in spring ensure that adequate food resources will be assured." 16.   adaptive: (adjective) relating to or characterized by adaptation, the ability to adjust or change in response to new conditions. Example: "Plants exhibit adaptive traits that help them thrive in specific environments." 17.   maximizing: (verb) making the best or fullest use of something; optimizing. Example: "Short-day plants are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season." 18.   fertilization: (noun) the process of combining male and female reproductive cells (gametes) to initiate the development of offspring. Example: "Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects." 19.   ripening: (noun) the process of becoming fully mature or ready for harvesting. Example: "Long-day plants are adapted for a long period of seed ripening before dispersal." 20.   day-neutral: (adjective) describing plants that are not influenced by day length for flowering. Example: "Some plants, known as day-neutral plants, flower regardless of the photoperiod." 21.   evolved: (verb) developed gradually over time through a process of genetic changes and adaptations. Example: "Breeding seasons in animals have evolved to ensure the survival of offspring." 22.   nesting: (adjective) related to the construction and use of nests for breeding and raising young. Example: "Increasing day lengths signal the onset of the nesting cycle in birds." 23.   resources: (noun) materials, supplies, or assets that can be used or drawn upon. Example: "Adequate food resources are essential for supporting breeding and offspring care." 24.   assurance: (noun) confidence or certainty about something; a guarantee or pledge. Example: "The increasing day lengths provide an assurance of available food resources." 25.   clear: (adjective) evident, obvious, or easy to understand. Example: "The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plants is clear." 26.   germinate: (verb) to begin to grow and develop as a plant from a seed or spore. Example: "Desert annuals germinate and flower whenever suitable rainfall occurs." 27.   regardless: (adverb) without paying attention to or being influenced by something. Example: "Day-neutral plants flower regardless of the day length or photoperiod." 28.   extraordinary: (adjective) exceptional, remarkable, or beyond what is ordinary or usual. Example: "Some plants exhibit extraordinary delays in their breeding seasons." 29.   perennial: (adjective) lasting or continuing for a long time; enduring or recurring. Example: "Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years." 30.   trigger: (verb) to cause or initiate a particular action, event, or response. Example: "The climatic factors that trigger flowering in bamboos are not yet known." 31.   adaptive: (adjective) characterized by adjustment or change in response to new conditions or environmental factors. Example: "Mass flowering of bamboos is an adaptive strategy to ensure seed dispersal." 32.   production: (noun) the process of making or manufacturing something; creation or generation. Example: "Massive production of bamboo seeds overwhelms seed-eating animals." 33.   cope with: (phrasal verb) to deal effectively with or manage something difficult or challenging. Example: "Seed-eating animals cannot cope with the abundance of bamboo seeds." 34.   escape: (verb) to avoid or get away from something dangerous, harmful, or undesirable. Example: "Some bamboo seeds escape being eaten and grow to form the next generation." 35.   essential: (adjective) absolutely necessary or indispensable; vital or crucial. Example: "Light is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert carbon into organic material." 36.   convert: (verb) to change or transform something into a different form or substance. Example: "During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide into organic material." 37.   uptake: (noun) the process of taking in or absorbing something. Example: "The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by calculating the plant's uptake of carbon." 38.   variations: (noun) differences or changes in something, often in terms of quantity, quality, or degree. Example: "Plants exhibit a wide range of photosynthetic responses to variations in light intensity." 39.   range: (noun) the extent or scope of something; a variety or selection. Example: "Different plants have different ranges of optimal light intensity for photosynthesis." 40.   shade-tolerant: (adjective) able to thrive and grow in low-light or shaded conditions. Example: "Some plant species are shade-tolerant and can survive under low light levels." 41.   shade-intolerant: (adjective) requiring or preferring high-light or sunlit conditions for optimal growth. Example: "Shade-intolerant species have higher photosynthetic rates under high light intensities." 42.   classification: (noun) the act or process of categorizing or grouping things based on shared characteristics. Example: "Plants can be divided into different groups based on their classification as shade-tolerant or shade-intolerant." 43.   forestry: (noun) the science and practice of managing and cultivating forests. Example: "The classification of shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species is commonly used in forestry and horticulture." 44.   characteristics: (noun) distinctive features or qualities that distinguish one thing from another. Example: "Plants adapt specific characteristics to survive and thrive in different light conditions." 45.   prevent: (verb) to stop or hinder something from happening; to keep something from occurring. Example: "Plants develop traits that prevent them from occupying unsuitable habitats." 46.   understorey: (noun) the layer of vegetation beneath the forest canopy, consisting of shrubs, small trees, and ground cover plants. Example: "Eastern hemlock seedlings can survive in the understorey due to their low photosynthetic rate." 47.   range: (verb) to extend or stretch over an area or distance. Example: "Plants range in their ability to tolerate different light conditions." 48.   calculate: (verb) to determine or estimate something using mathematical or logical methods. Example: "Scientists calculate the rate of photosynthesis based on carbon uptake measurements." 49.   photosynthesis: (noun) the process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Example: "Photosynthesis is essential for the growth and development of plants." 50.   intensity: (noun) the degree or strength of something, often in terms of brightness, concentration, or force. Example: "Different plants have varying optimal light intensities for efficient photosynthesis."

Cambridge 4 Reading Test-1 PASSAGE-1 Alarming Rate of Loss of Tropical Rainforests alarming: (adjective) causing worry or concern; disturbing. Example: "The alarming rate of deforestation in the rainforests has raised global concerns." loss: (noun) the state or process of losing something or someone. Example: "The loss of biodiversity in the rainforests is a significant environmental issue." tropical: (adjective) relating to or characteristic of the tropics, the region near the equator. Example: "Tropical rainforests are found in regions with high temperatures and abundant rainfall." rainforest: (noun) a dense forest characterized by high levels of rainfall and biodiversity. Example: "The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world." equivalent: (adjective) equal in value, amount, function, or meaning. Example: "The rate of deforestation in the rainforest is equivalent to losing one thousand football fields every forty minutes." duration: (noun) the length of time that something continues or lasts. Example: "The duration of a typical classroom period is around forty minutes." mistaken: (adjective) wrong in one's belief or understanding; incorrect. Example: "Children may have mistaken ideas about rainforests due to misinformation or misconceptions." incorporated: (verb) included or combined as part of a whole. Example: "Misconceptions about rainforests can become incorporated into a child's understanding of the subject." framework: (noun) a basic structure or system used as a guide for organizing and developing ideas. Example: "Children's misconceptions about rainforests become part of a conceptual framework they use to understand the topic." erroneous: (adjective) incorrect; based on false information or beliefs. Example: "Some of the component ideas in children's understanding of rainforests may be erroneous." robust: (adjective) strong and healthy; vigorous. Example: "Children's misconceptions can make their understanding of rainforests more robust but less accurate." accessible: (adjective) easy to approach, reach, or understand. Example: "Misconceptions make children's ideas about rainforests more accessible but may hinder their learning of accurate information." refined: (adjective) improved or perfected by making small changes or adjustments. Example: "Teachers play a vital role in helping children refine their ideas about rainforests through discussion and exploration." extensive: (adjective) covering a large area; broad or widespread. Example: "The destruction of rainforests has received extensive coverage in the media." information: (noun) facts or details about a subject or event. Example: "There is a lack of formal information about children's understanding of rainforests." survey: (verb) examine or investigate something in detail. Example: "The study surveyed children's scientific knowledge and attitudes towards rainforests." geographical: (adjective) relating to the study of the physical features of the Earth and its atmosphere. Example: "The second question in the survey asked about the geographical location of rainforests." dominant: (adjective) having power, influence, or control over others; prevailing. Example: "The dominant idea expressed by most children was that rainforests provide habitats for animals." indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "The indigenous populations of rainforests have a deep connection with their natural environment." sympathetic: (adjective) showing compassion or understanding for others' feelings or situations. Example: "Girls tend to be more sympathetic towards animals and express concern for their well-being." conservation: (noun) the act of protecting and preserving natural resources and environments. Example: "The importance of rainforest conservation cannot be overstated for the preservation of biodiversity." encounter: (verb) come across or meet unexpectedly or by chance. Example: "In 1997 and 1998, America encountered the climatic phenomenon of El Niño." phenomenon: (noun) a remarkable or extraordinary occurrence or event. Example: "El Niño is a natural phenomenon characterized by abnormal warming of ocean waters." accused: (verb) charge someone with an offense or crime. Example: "El Niño was accused of causing disruptions in tourism and affecting weather patterns." estimation: (noun) a rough calculation or judgment of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something. Example: "The estimation of rainforest destruction in terms of football field equivalents was meant to provide a relatable scale." embrace: (verb) accept or support willingly or enthusiastically. Example: "Some children embraced the idea that rainforests are essential habitats for various plant and animal species." compatible: (adjective) able to exist or work together without conflict or contradiction. Example: "Rainforest destruction would be incompatible with sustaining the Earth's atmosphere and its diverse life forms." predominate: (verb) be the strongest or main element; prevail. Example: "Certain ideas predominate in children's thinking about rainforests, shaping their overall understanding." ecosystems: (noun) a community of organisms and their physical environment, interacting as a system. Example: "Rainforests are incredibly diverse ecosystems, housing a wide range of plant and animal species." appreciate: (verb) recognize the value or significance of something; be grateful for. Example: "Older children acquire the ability to appreciate the complexity of environmental issues like rainforest destruction." evaluate: (verb) assess or judge the value, importance, effectiveness, or quality of something. Example: "Environmental education encourages students to evaluate different perspectives and make informed decisions." conflicting: (adjective) opposing or contradictory; in disagreement. Example: "Rainforest conservation can involve conflicting views and interests, requiring careful consideration." arena: (noun) a place or platform where significant events or actions take place. Example: "Environmental education provides an arena for students to explore and discuss important issues." essential: (adjective) absolutely necessary; extremely important. Example: "Rainforests are essential for maintaining biodiversity and supporting the health of the planet." decision-makers: (noun) individuals or groups responsible for making important choices or decisions. Example: "Children today will become the decision-makers of the future, shaping environmental policies and actions." concerns: (noun) worries or anxieties about something. Example: "There are growing concerns about the impact of deforestation on global climate change." biodiversity: (noun) the variety and abundance of plant and animal species in a particular environment. Example: "Rainforests are known for their rich biodiversity, biodiversity: (noun) the variety and abundance of plant and animal species in a particular environment. Example: "Rainforests are known for their rich biodiversity, housing countless species of plants, animals, and microorganisms." deforestation: (noun) the action of clearing forests, typically for agriculture, logging, or urbanization. Example: "The rapid deforestation of rainforests poses a significant threat to global ecosystems." media coverage: (noun) the reporting and portrayal of events or issues by the media. Example: "The media coverage of rainforest destruction has raised public awareness about the urgency of conservation efforts." curriculum: (noun) the subjects, topics, and content taught in a school or educational program. Example: "Misconceptions about rainforests highlight the need for improvements in the science curriculum." tuition: (noun) the teaching or instruction given by a teacher or tutor. Example: "Children may develop misconceptions about rainforests outside formal tuition, influenced by media sources." programs: (noun) planned activities or courses of study designed to achieve specific goals or outcomes. Example: "Schools can develop environmental education programs to enhance children's understanding of rainforests." open-form: (adjective) allowing free expression or open-ended responses, without strict guidelines or limitations. Example: "The questionnaire contained five open-form questions, giving students the opportunity to express their ideas freely." responses: (noun) answers or reactions given in reply to a question, statement, or situation. Example: "The study analyzed children's responses to various questions about rainforests to identify common misconceptions." components: (noun) individual parts or elements that make up a whole. Example: "Children's understanding of rainforests consists of various components, including ideas about habitats and destruction." logging: (noun) the activity of cutting down trees for timber or other wood products. Example: "Logging is one of the human activities responsible for the destruction of rainforests." acid rain: (noun) rainfall with a high level of acidity, often caused by pollution from industrial emissions. Example: "Although acid rain doesn't directly impact rainforests, some children mistakenly associate it with rainforest destruction." pollution: (noun) the presence or introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment. Example: "Children should be educated about the effects of pollution and its role in environmental degradation, including rainforest destruction." oxygen: (noun) a gas that is vital for respiration and the survival of most living organisms. Example: "Rainforests play a crucial role in producing oxygen, supporting the planet's oxygen cycle." global warming: (noun) a long-term increase in Earth's average temperature, primarily due to the buildup of greenhouse gases. Example: "Rainforest destruction contributes to global warming by reducing the Earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis." PASSAGE 2 What Do Whales Feel? Cetaceans: (noun) a group of marine mammals including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Example: "Cetaceans are known for their adaptation to life in the water and their diverse species." Toothed: (adjective) possessing teeth. Example: "Toothed cetaceans, such as dolphins and porpoises, have specialized teeth for capturing prey." Brain structure: (noun) the arrangement and organization of the brain. Example: "The brain structure of cetaceans provides insights into their sensory capabilities and adaptations." Smell: (verb) the act of perceiving odors or scents through the nose. Example: "Toothed cetaceans are believed to lack the ability to smell due to their brain structure." Baleen: (noun) a flexible material made of keratin found in the mouths of some whales. Example: "Baleen species of cetaceans, such as humpback whales, use their baleen plates to filter small prey from the water." Function: (verb) to work or operate in a specific way. Example: "The functionality of related brain structures in baleen species is not yet fully understood." Functional: (adjective) capable of working or operating effectively. Example: "It remains uncertain whether the related brain structures in baleen species are functional." Speculated: (verb) to form a theory or conjecture without conclusive evidence. Example: "Scientists have speculated that the migration of blowholes in cetaceans may have affected their sense of smell." Degenerated: (verb) to decline or deteriorate in quality or function. Example: "The nerves serving taste buds in cetaceans have degenerated or become rudimentary." Responsive: (adjective) reacting or replying quickly and positively. Example: "Trainers have observed that captive dolphins and small whales are responsive to being touched or rubbed." Contact: (noun) the act of touching or communicating with someone or something. Example: "Cetaceans, including adults and calves, frequently make contact with each other as part of their social interactions." Maintain: (verb) to keep in existence or continue. Example: "Contact among cetaceans may help maintain order within their social groups." Courtship ritual: (noun) a set of behaviors or actions performed by animals to attract a mate. Example: "Stroking or touching is often part of the courtship ritual in many cetacean species." Vision: (noun) the ability to see or perceive with the eyes. Example: "Different cetacean species have varying degrees of vision, adapted to their specific environments." Stereoscopic vision: (noun) the ability to perceive depth and three-dimensionality. Example: "Dolphins and porpoises, with their forward and downward eye position, likely have stereoscopic vision." Field of vision: (noun) the extent or range of what can be seen with the eyes. Example: "The field of vision in baleen whales is limited due to the position of their eyes." Keen: (adjective) having a sharp, highly developed sense or ability. Example: "Bottlenose dolphins have an extremely keen vision in water, allowing them to track and catch fast-moving prey." Interface: (noun) the boundary or area where two different substances or entities meet. Example: "The air-water interface is the boundary between the air and water, where different optical properties affect vision. Preliminary: (adjective) happening or done at an early stage, before more complete information is available. Example: "Preliminary experimental evidence suggests that the in-air vision of dolphins may be poor." Accuracy: (noun) the quality or state of being correct or precise. Example: "Dolphins display remarkable accuracy when leaping high to catch small fish out of a trainer's hand." Compensated for: (phrase) to make up for or offset a deficiency or weakness. Example: "Cetaceans compensate for their reduced senses of smell and taste with their well-developed acoustic sense." Acoustic: (adjective) related to sound or the sense of hearing. Example: "Cetaceans rely heavily on their acoustic sense, using vocalizations and echolocation to navigate and communicate." Repertoire: (noun) a collection or range of skills, abilities, or performances. Example: "Toothed cetaceans have a wider variety of sounds in their vocal repertoire compared to baleen species." Communicative: (adjective) relating to the act of communication or conveying information. Example: "Some of the complex sounds produced by cetaceans are believed to serve communicative purposes." Social life: (noun) the interactions and relationships within a community or group. Example: "The role of complex sounds in the social life and 'culture' of cetaceans is still a subject of speculation." Solid science: (noun phrase) established and reliable scientific knowledge or research. Example: "Further studies are needed to move beyond speculation and gather solid science on the social behaviors of cetaceans." Habitats: (noun) the natural environments in which organisms live and thrive. Example: "The variation in sensory abilities among cetacean species can be explained by their respective habitats." Inhabiting: (verb) living or occupying a particular place or environment. Example: "Cetacean species inhabiting clear open waters may rely more on vision than those living in turbid rivers." Turbid: (adjective) cloudy or opaque due to stirred-up sediment or pollutants. Example: "Cetaceans living in turbid rivers may have limited vision due to the reduced visibility in their environment." Limited: (adjective) restricted or constrained in some way. Example: "Certain cetacean species, like the South American boutu and Chinese beiji, have limited vision." Blind: (adjective) unable to see or lacking the sense of sight. Example: "The Indian susus are blind, with their eyes reduced to slits that only allow them to sense light direction and intensity." Deteriorated: (verb) to become worse or decline in quality or effectiveness. Example: "The senses of taste and smell in cetaceans appear to have deteriorated over time." Acoustic sense: (noun phrase) the ability to perceive and interpret sound waves or vibrations. Example: "Cetaceans rely on their well-developed acoustic sense for communication and navigation." Vocal: (adjective) relating to the production of sound or voice. Example: "Cetaceans are highly vocal, producing a range of sounds as part of their communication repertoire." Forage: (verb) to search or hunt for food. Example: "Many cetacean species use echolocation to forage for food, emitting high-frequency sounds and listening for the echoes to detect prey. Frequency spectrum: (noun phrase) the range of frequencies present in a sound or signal. Example: "Toothed cetaceans utilize a wider frequency spectrum in their vocalizations compared to baleen species." Monotonous: (adjective) dull, repetitive, or lacking in variety. Example: "The vocalizations of the sperm whale are primarily a monotonous series of high-energy clicks." Social interactions: (noun phrase) the behaviors and relationships between individuals within a social group. Example: "Complex sounds produced by cetaceans play a role in their social interactions and communication." Wild speculation: (noun phrase) unfounded or speculative ideas without solid scientific evidence. Example: "The role of complex sounds in cetacean social life has been the subject of wild speculation." Solid science: (noun phrase) reliable and well-founded scientific knowledge or research. Example: "More studies and research are needed to establish solid science on the role of sounds in cetacean communication." Adaptations: (noun) physical or behavioral changes that help organisms survive and thrive in their environments. Example: "Cetaceans have undergone various adaptations to their aquatic lifestyle, including sensory modifications." Echolocation: (noun) a process used by animals to navigate and locate objects using reflected sound waves. Example: "Cetaceans use echolocation to navigate, find food, and detect potential threats in their environment." Navigating: (verb) finding one's way or directing a course through a particular area. Example: "Dolphins rely on echolocation for navigating through their marine habitats." Communication: (noun) the exchange of information or ideas between individuals or groups. Example: "Cetaceans use vocalizations and body language for communication within their social groups." Optical properties: (noun phrase) characteristics or behaviors of light, particularly how it interacts with substances. Example: "The optical properties of water can affect the visibility and perception of objects for cetaceans." Environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which an organism lives or operates. Example: "Cetaceans have evolved to thrive in their aquatic environments, adapting their senses accordingly." Prey: (noun) an animal that is hunted and eaten by another animal. Example: "Cetaceans use their sensory abilities, including echolocation, to locate and capture prey." Vocalizations: (noun) sounds or calls produced by animals for communication purposes. Example: "Cetaceans use a variety of vocalizations, including clicks, whistles, and songs, to communicate with each other." Culture: (noun) the shared behaviors, beliefs, and practices within a social group. Example: "The existence of cetacean 'culture,' including unique vocalizations and behaviors, is a topic of ongoing study." Solidify: (verb) to strengthen or establish firmly. Example: "Ongoing research aims to solidify our understanding of cetacean sensory capabilities and social behaviors." Sonar: (noun) a system that uses sound waves and their echoes to determine the location and distance of objects in the environment. Example: "Cetaceans employ a natural form of sonar, known as echolocation, to navigate and locate prey." Acoustic communication: (noun phrase) the transmission of information through the use of sound signals. Example: "Acoustic communication plays a vital role in the social interactions and coordination of cetaceans." Stereoscopic vision: (noun phrase) the ability to perceive depth and three-dimensional spatial relationships using both eyes. Example: "Dolphins, with their forward-facing eyes, have the potential for stereoscopic vision, aiding their perception of objects in the water." Habitats: (noun) the natural environments in which organisms live and are best suited to thrive. Example: "Different cetacean species have adapted to various marine habitats, such as open oceans, coastal areas, or rivers." Range of sounds: (noun phrase) the variety of different sounds produced by cetaceans. Example: "Cetaceans exhibit a wide range of sounds, including clicks, whistles, songs, and other vocalizations." Cetacean species: (noun phrase) the different types or kinds of cetaceans, including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Example: "There are numerous cetacean species, each with its own unique characteristics and adaptations." Visual acuity: (noun phrase) the sharpness or clarity of vision. Example: "Cetaceans have varying degrees of visual acuity, depending on the species and their habitats." Underwater environment: (noun phrase) the conditions and surroundings present below the water's surface. Example: "Cetaceans have evolved to thrive in the underwater environment, which presents unique challenges and opportunities." Courtship ritual: (noun phrase) a series of behaviors or actions performed by individuals to attract mates and initiate reproduction. Example: "Stroking and touching are part of the courtship ritual in most cetacean species, contributing to mate selection and bonding." Environmental adaptations: (noun phrase) changes or modifications in response to the specific conditions and demands of the environment. Example: "Cetaceans have developed various environmental adaptations, including their sensory systems, to survive and thrive in aquatic habitats." 1. echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave echoes. PASSAGE-3 You should spend no more than 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Visual Symbols and the Blind 1.       appreciate: (verb) to understand or recognize the value, importance, or quality of something. Example: "Blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives in describing objects." 2.       outlines: (noun) the outer edge or shape of something; a line that defines the outer limits or shape of an object. Example: "The blind woman used outlines to depict the arrangement of objects in space." 3.       perspectives: (noun) a particular way of regarding or interpreting something; a point of view. Example: "Blind people can understand the perspectives used to describe objects." 4.       literal: (adjective) taking words or statements in their usual or most basic sense, without metaphor or exaggeration. Example: "Pictures are not always literal representations of objects." 5.       spinning: (adjective) rotating rapidly around a central axis or point. Example: "The blind woman drew a wheel as it was spinning." 6.       curve: (noun) a smooth, rounded line, shape, or path without sharp angles. Example: "To show the wheel's motion, she traced a curve inside the circle." 7.       motion: (noun) movement or a change in position of objects or individuals. Example: "The blind subjects used different lines of motion to represent movement." 8.       invention: (noun) the creation or development of something that did not exist before. Example: "Lines of motion are a relatively recent invention in illustration." 9.       rendition: (noun) an interpretation or representation of something, usually in a particular artistic style or manner. Example: "Several blind subjects showed a clever rendition of the spinning wheel." 10.   metaphorical: (adjective) used in a way that suggests a comparison or analogy; figurative. Example: "Blind subjects described the curved lines as metaphorical representations of motion." 11.   indicator: (noun) a sign, signal, or device that shows or suggests something. Example: "The bent spokes were taken as an indicator that the wheel was jerking." 12.   idiosyncratic: (adjective) peculiar or individualistic; characteristic of a particular person. Example: "I wanted to determine if the lines of motion were merely idiosyncratic marks." 13.   interpreting: (verb) explaining the meaning or significance of something; making sense of or understanding something. Example: "I wanted to discover the differences in how the blind and sighted were interpreting lines of motion." 14.   depicting: (verb) representing or showing something in a picture, painting, or other artistic form. Example: "I created raised-line drawings depicting different wheels." 15.   volunteers: (noun) individuals who offer themselves for a service or activity willingly and without pay. Example: "Eighteen blind volunteers participated in the study." 16.   distinctive: (adjective) characteristic or unique; easily recognizable as different from others. Example: "Blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel." 17.   wobbling: (verb) moving unsteadily from side to side in a rocking or swaying motion. Example: "Blind subjects associated wavy spokes with the wheel wobbling." 18.   jerking: (verb) making a sudden, sharp 19.   braking: (noun) the action of slowing down or stopping the motion of something, typically a vehicle or a wheel. Example: "Spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter were taken as an indicator that the wheel had its brakes on." 20.   spinning: (verb) rotating rapidly around a central axis or point. Example: "Dashed spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning quickly." 21.   consensus: (noun) general agreement or opinion reached by a group of people. Example: "There was a consensus among the blind subjects regarding the meaning of the motion lines." 22.   familiar: (adjective) well-known, recognized, or acquainted with something. Example: "Motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind." 23.   problem solving: (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues or challenges. Example: "The task given to the blind subjects involved some problem solving." 24.   figured out: (phrasal verb) understood or solved a problem through careful thinking or analysis. Example: "The blind subjects figured out the meaning behind each motion line." 25.   symbolism: (noun) the use of symbols to represent ideas, qualities, or concepts. Example: "We explored how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes like hearts." 26.   directly: (adverb) without anything intervening or without deviation. Example: "Shapes such as hearts do not directly represent their meaning." 27.   pairs: (noun) two corresponding or matching things considered together. Example: "We presented twenty pairs of words to the sighted subjects." 28.   related: (verb) connected or linked to something else; having a logical or causal connection. Example: "We asked the sighted subjects to pick the term that best related to a circle." 29.   depict: (verb) to represent or show something in a picture, painting, or other form of visual representation. Example: "One blind woman drew a picture depicting a child inside a heart." 30.   surrounded: (verb) encircled or enclosed by something; having something all around. Example: "The blind woman chose the heart to show that love surrounded the child." 31.   explore: (verb) to investigate, study, or analyze in detail. Example: "We have begun exploring how well blind people understand visual metaphors." 32.   doctoral: (adjective) relating to a doctorate or a doctoral degree; advanced or highest level of academic achievement. Example: "Chang Hong Liu is a doctoral student from China." 33.   assumed: (verb) accepted something as true or probable without evidence or proof. Example: "Subjects assumed that the spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter indicated the wheel had its brakes on." 34.   barely: (adverb) only just; almost not; by the narrowest of margins. Example: "The consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind." 35.   unfamiliar: (adjective) not known or recognized; not familiar or acquainted with. Example: "Motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind subjects." 36.   device: (noun) a tool or instrument designed for a particular purpose; a mechanism or apparatus. Example: "Motion lines are a device used to represent movement in drawings." 37.   involved: (adjective) complicated or intricate 38.   determine: (verb) to ascertain or establish something through examination, investigation, or analysis. Example: "I wanted to determine if the lines of motion were effective in showing movement." 39.   interpretation: (noun) the act or process of explaining or understanding the meaning or significance of something. Example: "I wanted to understand the differences in interpretation between the blind and sighted individuals." 40.   participants: (noun) individuals who take part or engage in an activity, event, or study. Example: "Eighteen blind individuals were participants in the study." 41.   understand: (verb) to comprehend or grasp the meaning or significance of something. Example: "Blind subjects were able to understand the meaning behind each motion line." 42.   group: (noun) a collection of individuals who are considered together as a unit or category. Example: "As a group, the blind subjects generally came up with the same meaning for each motion line." 43.   visual: (adjective) relating to sight or vision; connected with the sense of seeing. Example: "Blind people may not have visual perception, but they can still understand visual metaphors." 44.   metaphor: (noun) a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to represent something else, typically by suggesting a comparison. Example: "The curved lines used by blind subjects were metaphorical representations of motion." 45.   comparison: (noun) the act or process of examining the similarities and differences between two or more things. Example: "The blind subjects' use of curved lines allowed for a comparison to spinning motion." 46.   analysis: (noun) the process of breaking down a complex topic or issue into its constituent parts for examination or interpretation. Example: "We conducted an analysis of the blind subjects' interpretations of motion lines." 47.   logic: (noun) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity and soundness. Example: "Blind subjects used their logic and reasoning skills to interpret the meaning of each motion line." 48.   deviation: (noun) a departure or divergence from a standard or expected course. Example: "Shapes like hearts deviate from directly representing their meaning." 49.   corresponding: (adjective) matching or connected to something else in a related or equivalent way. Example: "In each pair of words, the sighted subjects chose the term that best corresponded to a circle." 50.   logical: (adjective) characterized by clear, sound reasoning or thinking; following the principles of logic. Example: "The sighted subjects used their logical thinking skills to select the appropriate term for each shape." Cambridge 4 Reading Test-2 PASSAGE-1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Lost for Words Many minority languages are on the danger list. sprawls: (verb) spreads out over a large area in an irregular or untidy way. Example: "The Native American Navajo nation sprawls across four states in the American southwest." linguists: (noun) experts or scholars in the study of language and its structure. Example: "According to linguists, half of the world's languages are likely to vanish within two generations." vanish: (verb) disappear or become extinct. Example: "Many languages are in danger of vanishing within a century." linguistic diversity: (noun phrase) the variety of languages spoken in a particular region or the world. Example: "The decline of languages leads to a reduction in linguistic diversity." dominating: (adjective) having control or influence over others; prevailing. Example: "Only a few languages will end up dominating the world if the current trend continues." mass extinction: (noun phrase) a widespread and rapid decrease in the number of species or languages. Example: "The decline of languages is compared to a mass extinction due to its rapid pace." isolation: (noun) the state of being separated or alone; lack of contact or connection with others. Example: "The geographical isolation of communities can contribute to the preservation of their unique languages." endangered: (adjective) at risk of becoming extinct or disappearing. Example: "Navajo, despite having 150,000 speakers, is considered an endangered language." faith: (noun) strong belief or confidence in something. Example: "Loss of faith in their culture can lead people to reject their native language." voluntary: (adjective) done, given, or acting of one's own free will. Example: "Language shifts are not always voluntary, but can be influenced by external factors." ban: (verb) officially or legally prohibit something. Example: "Government policies can ban the use of minority languages in public or educational settings." discouraging: (adjective) causing someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm; demoralizing. Example: "Governments may implement policies discouraging the use of minority languages to promote national unity." globalization: (noun) the process of international integration and interdependence among countries, societies, and cultures. Example: "Economic globalization can put pressure on communities to adapt to the dominant language." pride: (noun) a feeling of deep satisfaction and pleasure in one's achievements, qualities, or cultural heritage. Example: "Native Americans have not lost their pride in their language, but economic pressures have forced them to adapt." diversity: (noun) a range of different things or elements; variety. Example: "The loss of linguistic diversity deprives us of different ways of looking at the world." physiological: (adjective) relating to the functions and processes of the body. Example: "Learning a language can have physiological effects on the brain." structures: (noun) arrangements or organization of parts or elements. Example: "Linguistic habits shape the patterns and structures of our thoughts and perceptions." fostering: (verb) promoting or encouraging the development or growth of something. Example: "The key to fostering linguistic diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue." degree: (noun) a level or stage in a scale or series, especially of rank, size, or intensity. Example: "Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism." erosion: (noun) the gradual wearing away or reduction of something, such as language or culture. Example: "Language classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori in New Zealand." rekindled: (verb) revived or reignited. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages have rekindled interest in their use." indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "Volunteer 'apprentices' learn from the last living speakers of indigenous languages." transmit: (verb) pass on or cause to pass on from one person or place to another. Example: "Fluent speakers of endangered languages can transmit the language to the next generation." preserve: (verb) protect or keep alive or in existence. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages are essential for their survival." revival: (noun) the act or process of bringing something back to life or into use again. Example: "Written forms can contribute to the revival of languages that have become extinct." unique: (adjective) being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else. Example: "Each language carries its own unique cultural and linguistic characteristics." heritage: (noun) valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, customs, or languages that have been passed down through generations. Example: "Preserving endangered languages helps protect cultural heritage." jar: (noun) a glass or ceramic container with a lid, used for storing food or preserving fruits. Example: "Preserving a language is like preserving fruits in a jar; it keeps it intact for future generations." evolution: (noun) the gradual development and change of something over time. Example: "The study of languages and their evolution relies on the availability of diverse languages." comparison: (noun) the act or process of examining the similarities and differences between two or more things. Example: "Data for the study of languages relies on comparisons between living and dead languages." data: (noun) facts, statistics, or information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. Example: "The loss of languages results in a loss of data for linguistic studies." perceptions: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: "Different languages can shape our perceptions of the world around us." ancestral: (adjective) relating to or inherited from one's ancestors or family heritage. Example: "Learning one's ancestral tongue helps connect individuals to their cultural roots." degree: (noun) a qualification awarded by a university or college to indicate the successful completion of a course or program of study. Example: "Language revitalization programs can offer degrees or certifications in endangered languages." bilingualism: (noun) the ability to speak two languages fluently. Example: "A bilingualism: (noun) the ability to speak two languages fluently. Example: "A large degree of bilingualism is crucial for the survival of endangered languages." erosion: (noun) the gradual wearing away or reduction of something, such as language or culture. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages aim to slow down the erosion of linguistic diversity." heritage: (noun) valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, customs, or languages that have been passed down through generations. Example: "Preserving endangered languages is a way to protect cultural heritage." apprentice: (noun) a person who is learning a trade or profession from a skilled employer, having agreed to work for a fixed period at low wages. Example: "In California, volunteer 'apprentices' are paired with the last living speakers of indigenous languages to learn traditional skills." indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "Efforts to revitalize indigenous languages have shown positive results in Hawaii." instruction: (noun) the act of teaching or providing knowledge and information. Example: "The 'apprentice' programs provide instruction in endangered languages, focusing on traditional skills." generation: (noun) all of the people born and living at about the same time. Example: "The transmission of endangered languages to the next generation is crucial for their survival." written form: (noun phrase) a system of representing a language using a set of written symbols. Example: "A written form is essential for the revival of languages that have become extinct." existence: (noun) the fact or state of living or having objective reality. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages aim to ensure their continued existence." cultural identity: (noun phrase) the feeling of belonging to a particular group or culture and sharing its customs, beliefs, and values. Example: "Learning one's ancestral tongue contributes to a sense of cultural identity." preservation: (noun) the act of protecting or maintaining something in its original or existing state. Example: "The preservation of endangered languages requires collective efforts from communities and institutions." diversity: (noun) a range of different things or elements; variety. Example: "The loss of languages leads to a reduction in linguistic diversity." tradition: (noun) the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way. Example: "The rejection of native languages can result from a crisis of confidence in one's cultural tradition." interest: (noun) the feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone. Example: "Efforts to revitalize endangered languages have sparked renewed interest in their use." revive: (verb) restore to life or consciousness. Example: "Some languages have been revived by later generations through written forms and language revitalization efforts." external: (adjective) relating to or coming from outside a particular place or source. Example: "Language shifts can be influenced by external factors such as government policies and economic pressures." PASSAGE-2 ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA 1.       alternative medicine: (noun) non-traditional or unconventional medical practices and treatments. Example: "Many people turn to alternative medicine as a complementary approach to conventional treatments." 2.       acupuncture: (noun) a traditional Chinese medical practice that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate energy flow and promote healing. Example: "The use of acupuncture has gained popularity as an alternative therapy for pain management." 3.       regulate: (verb) to control, manage, or adjust something according to specific rules or principles. Example: "The practice of yoga can help regulate breathing and reduce stress." 4.       Qi: (noun) in traditional Chinese medicine, the vital energy or life force that flows through the body. Example: "According to Chinese philosophy, Qi is essential for maintaining health and well-being." 5.       establishment: (noun) the existing system or structure, particularly referring to organizations or institutions that have authority or influence. Example: "The medical establishment plays a significant role in shaping healthcare policies and practices." 6.       conservative: (adjective) resistant to change or innovation; holding traditional values and beliefs. Example: "Some medical professionals hold conservative views and are skeptical of alternative therapies." 7.       pretender: (noun) someone who lays claim to a particular role or position without proper qualifications or authority. Example: "The medical community may view practitioners of alternative medicine as pretenders without proper medical training." 8.       industrialized: (adjective) highly developed, particularly in terms of industry, technology, and economic advancement. Example: "Germany is known for its industrialized economy and efficient manufacturing processes." 9.       orthodox: (adjective) conforming to established or traditional beliefs, practices, or standards. Example: "In some countries, orthodox medicine is the dominant form of healthcare." 10.   pharmaceutical: (adjective) relating to drugs or medications; pertaining to the production and sale of drugs. Example: "The pharmaceutical industry plays a vital role in developing and distributing medications." 11.   scientifically: (adverb) based on or supported by scientific methods, principles, or evidence. Example: "It is important to conduct scientifically rigorous studies to validate the effectiveness of medical treatments." 12.   disenchantment: (noun) a feeling of disappointment or disillusionment, typically resulting from unmet expectations. Example: "Some individuals turn to alternative therapies out of disenchantment with conventional medicine." 13.   popularity: (noun) the state of being widely liked, admired, or supported by a large number of people. Example: "The popularity of yoga has grown significantly in recent years as a form of mind-body exercise." 14.   skeptical: (adjective) having doubts or reservations; questioning or doubting the validity or truth of something. Example: "Some people are skeptical about the effectiveness of alternative therapies." 15.   educate: (verb) to provide knowledge, information, or instruction to someone; to teach. Example: "It is important to educate the public about the benefits and risks of different medical treatments." 16.   expensive: (adjective) costing a lot of money; having a high price. Example: "Some alternative therapies can be expensive, especially when not covered by insurance." 17.   clientele: (noun) the customers or clients of a particular business or professional. Example: "The acupuncture clinic attracts a diverse clientele seeking alternative treatments." 18.   financial: (adjective) relating to money or finances; concerning monetary matters. Example: "The decision to offer alternative therapies was partly driven by financial considerations." 19.   exodus: (noun) a mass departure or migration of people from a place. Example: "The increasing popularity of alternative therapies has led to an exodus from traditional medical clinics." 20.   relevant: (adjective) closely connected or appropriate to the matter at hand; pertinent. Example: "The survey provided relevant data on patients' experiences with alternative therapists." 21.   inadequacies: (noun) deficiencies or shortcomings; the state of being insufficient or lacking in some way. Example: "The study highlighted the inadequacies of orthodox doctors in addressing chronic illnesses." 22.   mainstream: (noun) the dominant or prevailing trend, ideology, or group in society. Example: "Alternative therapies are gradually gaining acceptance in the mainstream healthcare system." 23.   concurs: (verb) to agree or be in harmony with someone or something. Example: "The president of the medical association concurs that alternative therapists have valuable insights." 24.   musculo-skeletal: (adjective) relating to the muscles, bones, and other structures involved in movement and support of the body. Example: "Chiropractors specialize in treating musculo-skeletal conditions such as back pain." 25.   complaints: (noun) ailments, disorders, or problems that individuals experience and seek treatment for. Example: "Alternative therapists address a wide range of complaints, including digestive issues and emotional problems." 26.   represent: (verb) to stand for or symbolize something; to act as a typical or characteristic Example of something. Example: "These statistics represent the prevalence of different health conditions among patients seeking alternative therapies." 27.   respiratory: (adjective) relating to the organs and processes involved in breathing and the respiratory system. Example: "Some individuals turn to alternative therapies for relief from respiratory conditions like asthma." 28.   candida: (noun) a type of yeast or fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, commonly causing oral or vaginal infections. Example: "Alternative therapies may be sought by individuals dealing with chronic candida infections." 29.   headache: (noun) a continuous or recurrent pain in the head; a common symptom of various conditions. Example: "Many people seek alternative treatments for headaches as a non-pharmaceutical approach." 30.   general ill health: (phrase) a state of poor physical well-being or a range of unexplained symptoms indicating overall poor health. Example: "Some individuals visit alternative therapists for a holistic approach to addressing general ill health." 31.   maintenance: (noun) the process of preserving or keeping something in good condition or working order. Example: "Regular exercise and a healthy diet are essential for the maintenance of good health." 32.   survey: (noun) a systematic collection of data or opinions from a sample of individuals or a population. Example: "The survey aimed to gather information about the experiences and preferences of alternative therapy patients." 33.   adjunct: (noun) something added or connected to a larger or more important thing; an accessory or supplement. Example: "Alternative medicine can be viewed as an adjunct to conventional medicine, providing additional options for patients. 34.   disillusionment: (noun) a feeling of disappointment or loss of faith in something or someone previously believed in. Example: "The lack of improvement with conventional treatments led to disillusionment and the search for alternative therapies." 35.   conventional: (adjective) following traditional or widely accepted practices, methods, or standards. Example: "Conventional medicine relies on evidence-based practices supported by scientific research." 36.   mind-body: (adjective) relating to the connection between mental and physical well-being; involving the interaction of the mind and body. Example: "Yoga and meditation are popular practices for promoting mind-body wellness." 37.   validation: (noun) the process of confirming or verifying the accuracy, effectiveness, or legitimacy of something. Example: "Clinical trials are conducted to provide validation for the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments." 38.   risks: (noun) potential dangers, hazards, or negative consequences associated with a particular action or decision. Example: "Alternative therapies, like any medical intervention, carry certain risks that should be considered." 39.   complementary: (adjective) combining or working well together; used to describe treatments that enhance or support each other. Example: "Some patients use complementary therapies alongside conventional treatments for a more holistic approach." 40.   holistic: (adjective) considering the whole person or a comprehensive approach that addresses all aspects of a person's well-being. Example: "Holistic medicine takes into account physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects of a patient's health." 41.   prevalence: (noun) the occurrence or frequency of something within a population or specific group. Example: "The prevalence of alternative therapy use has increased in recent years." 42.   search: (verb) to look or seek diligently or systematically; to explore or investigate. Example: "Patients often search for alternative treatments when conventional options are limited." 43.   dominant: (adjective) having the greatest influence, control, or power; prevailing or most common. Example: "Conventional medicine remains the dominant approach in the healthcare system." 44.   insights: (noun) valuable or enlightening information, understanding, or perspectives. Example: "Alternative therapists bring unique insights and perspectives to patient care." 45.   ailments: (noun) minor illnesses or health problems; physical or mental disorders that are not severe. Example: "Alternative therapies can provide relief for common ailments such as headaches or muscle pain." 46.   relief: (noun) a lessening or alleviation of pain, discomfort, or distress. Example: "Massage therapy can provide relief from muscle tension and promote relaxation." 47.   prevalent: (adjective) widespread or commonly found; existing or occurring in a large number or amount. Example: "Back pain is a prevalent condition that many individuals seek alternative therapies for." 48.   non-pharmaceutical: (adjective) not involving or related to the use of pharmaceutical drugs. Example: "Some individuals prefer non-pharmaceutical approaches for managing chronic conditions." 49.   personalized: (adjective) tailored or customized to meet an individual's specific needs or preferences. Example: "Alternative therapists often provide personalized treatment plans based on the patient's unique circumstances." 50.   answer: (noun) a solution or response to a problem or question; a resolution or explanation. Example: "When conventional medicine fails to provide an answer, individuals may turn to alternative therapies in search of different approaches to their health concerns. PASSAGE-3 PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS engrossed: (adjective) completely absorbed or focused on something. Example: "The children were so engrossed in their make-believe game that they didn't notice the time passing." make-believe: (noun) pretending or imaginative play. Example: "Children often engage in make-believe scenarios, using their imagination to create new worlds." carefree: (adjective) without worries or responsibilities; free from concern. Example: "During their summer break, the children enjoyed a carefree lifestyle, playing and exploring without any worries." exuberant: (adjective) full of energy, excitement, and enthusiasm. Example: "The kittens displayed their exuberant nature as they chased after a ball of string." cost: (verb) to cause a loss or negative consequence. Example: "Playing near the edge of the cliff cost the young fox its life, as it failed to notice the approaching predator." predator: (noun) an animal that hunts and feeds on other animals. Example: "The lions in the savannah are powerful predators, preying on herbivores for their survival." expensive: (adjective) requiring a large amount of money, resources, or effort. Example: "Playing sports can be physically expensive, as it demands a lot of energy and stamina." cavort: (verb) to jump or move around in a lively and playful manner. Example: "The playful dolphins cavorted in the waves, leaping out of the water with joy." wasting: (verb) using or spending something unnecessarily or without purpose. Example: "Leaving the lights on when not needed is wasting electricity and increasing energy consumption." optimum: (noun) the best or most favorable point, degree, or amount. Example: "The optimum time to water plants is early in the morning when the soil can absorb the moisture effectively." advantageous: (adjective) beneficial; providing an advantage or benefit. Example: "For a bird, having a keen sense of sight is advantageous for finding food and avoiding predators." suckling: (noun) a young mammal that is still being nourished with milk from its mother. Example: "The suckling instinctively seeks its mother for milk and warmth." decline: (verb) to become smaller, weaker, or less in quantity, importance, or quality. Example: "As the puppies grew older, their interest in play started to decline, and they became more focused on other activities." interpretation: (noun) the act of explaining or understanding the meaning or significance of something. Example: "Different people can have different interpretations of a work of art based on their own perspectives." predatory: (adjective) related to or characteristic of predators or predation. Example: "The predatory instincts of a lion are honed through play and practice during its early stages of life." hunting prowess: (noun phrase) exceptional skill or ability in hunting. Example: "The cheetah's hunting prowess is unmatched, allowing it to chase down prey with incredible speed." measurement: (noun) the action of measuring something or the result of a measurement. Example: "Scientists conducted precise measurements to determine the correlation between brain size and playfulness in mammals." converse: (verb) to have a conversation or discussion; to exchange ideas or opinions. Example: "During the conference, researchers conversed about their findings and shared insights with one another." mould: (verb) to shape or form something; to influence or guide the development of something. Example: "Early experiences and interactions mould a child's personality and behavior." stimuli: (noun) plural form of stimulus; things that provoke a reaction or response. Example: "Children exposed to various stimuli from a young age tend to have better cognitive development." absorb: (verb) to take in or soak up something; to understand or comprehend information. Example: "Children's brains are like sponges, able to absorb knowledge quickly and effortlessly." variable: (adjective) changing or able to be changed; not consistent or fixed. Example: "The weather in this region is highly variable, with frequent shifts in temperature and precipitation." unpredictable: (adjective) not able to be predicted or anticipated; uncertain. Example: "The stock market can be highly unpredictable, with prices fluctuating rapidly." likens: (verb) to compare or equate someone or something to another. Example: "The researcher likens the brain's activity during play to a kaleidoscope, with constantly changing patterns." reciprocity: (noun) the practice of exchanging things or actions with others for mutual benefit or cooperation. Example: "In social interactions, reciprocity plays a crucial role in building and maintaining relationships." specialised: (adjective) designed or developed for a particular purpose, function, or area of study. Example: "Certain birds have specialised beaks that are adapted for specific feeding habits, such as cracking nuts or probing flowers." rules: (noun) principles or guidelines that define how something should be done or how people should behave. Example: "In sports, it's important to follow the rules to ensure fair play and maintain a level playing field." activation: (noun) the process of making something active or causing it to function or operate. Example: "During play, there is increased activation in different regions of the brain, facilitating learning and cognitive development." link-ups: (noun) connections or associations between different elements or parts. Example: "Play can create unexpected link-ups between brain areas, fostering creativity and innovative thinking." enhance: (verb) to improve or increase the quality, value, or effectiveness of something. Example: "Regular exercise can enhance physical fitness and overall well-being." creativity: (noun) the ability to produce original and imaginative ideas, solutions, or expressions. Example: "Engaging in artistic activities can nurture a child's creativity and self-expression." experimentation: (noun) the act of conducting experiments or tests to gather data or explore a hypothesis. Example: "Scientists rely on experimentation to validate theories and expand our understanding of the natural world." interact: (verb) to communicate or engage with someone or something; to have an effect on each other. Example: "Children learn social skills by **inter interact: (verb) to communicate or engage with someone or something; to have an effect on each other. Example: "Children learn social skills by interacting with their peers and practicing cooperation." denied: (verb) to refuse or withhold something from someone; to not allow or grant access. Example: "The rat pups were denied the opportunity to play, resulting in stunted brain development." components: (noun) parts or elements that make up a whole. Example: "The brain consists of various components that contribute to different functions and processes." apply: (verb) to use or implement something in a practical or relevant way. Example: "Children need to apply the social rules they learn during play when interacting with their peers." peers: (noun) people of the same age, status, or ability as oneself; colleagues or companions. Example: "In school, children learn from and interact with their peers, fostering social development and cooperation." exam-orientated: (adjective) focused or centered around examinations or tests. Example: "In some educational systems, the curriculum becomes increasingly exam-orientated, putting pressure on students to perform well in tests." result: (noun) the outcome or consequence of an action or event. Example: "The result of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis and provided valuable insights." ratified: (verb) to officially approve or confirm something, especially through a formal process. Example: "The findings of the study were ratified by a panel of experts in the field." correlation: (noun) a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things. Example: "The study revealed a strong positive correlation between physical activity and overall well-being." influence: (verb) to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something. Example: "Parents play a crucial role in shaping and influencing their children's values and beliefs." foster: (verb) to encourage or promote the development or growth of something. Example: "The school aims to foster a supportive and inclusive learning environment for all students." insights: (noun) deep understanding or perceptions gained from a situation or experience. Example: "The researcher's insights shed new light on the relationship between play and cognitive development." ability: (noun) the power or skill to do something; competence or proficiency. Example: "Musical ability can be nurtured through practice and dedicated training." nurture: (verb) to care for, protect, and encourage the growth or development of someone or something. Example: "Parents play a vital role in nurturing their child's emotional well-being and self-esteem." perspectives: (noun) individual points of view or ways of looking at and interpreting a situation or idea. Example: "Different cultures have diverse perspectives on societal norms and values." fluctuating: (adjective) changing or varying unpredictably; experiencing ups and downs. Example: "The stock market is known for its fluctuating nature, with prices constantly changing." effortlessly: (adverb) with ease or without much effort or difficulty. Example: "The skilled pianist played the complex piece effortlessly, showcasing years of practice and dedication." resultant: (adjective) following as a consequence or outcome; resulting from a particular situation or action. Example: "The resultant effect of regular exercise is improved physical fitness and overall well-being." Cambridge 4 Reading Test-3 PASSAGE-1 Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth adequately: (adverb) in a manner that is sufficient or suitable. Example: "The school needs to be adequately funded to provide quality education." dearth: (noun) a scarcity or lack of something. Example: "There is a dearth of job opportunities in the rural areas." demand: (noun) the desire or need for a particular product or service. Example: "The demand for organic food has been increasing in recent years." income: (noun) money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments. Example: "Her monthly income comes from her job and rental properties." breakdown: (noun) a failure of a relationship or system. Example: "The breakdown of communication between the team members led to misunderstandings." exploitative: (adjective) taking advantage of someone unfairly for personal gain. Example: "Some employers engage in exploitative practices by paying low wages and providing poor working conditions." urban: (adjective) relating to a city or characteristic of city life. Example: "He prefers the urban lifestyle with its convenience and cultural opportunities." entrepreneurship: (noun) the activity of setting up and running a business, taking on financial risks in the hope of making a profit. Example: "She has a strong passion for entrepreneurship and wants to start her own company." flexible: (adjective) able to change or adapt easily to different circumstances or requirements. Example: "He appreciates a job with flexible working hours as it allows him to balance work and personal life." domestic: (adjective) relating to the running of a home or to family relations. Example: "She enjoys taking care of domestic tasks such as cooking and cleaning." innovative: (adjective) introducing new ideas, methods, or products. Example: "The company is known for its innovative approach to product design." parcels: (noun) packages or objects wrapped in paper or packaging for transportation or delivery. Example: "The courier delivered several parcels to our office this morning." gradually: (adverb) happening slowly or in small stages over a period of time. Example: "She gradually improved her language skills through regular practice." individual: (adjective) relating to or belonging to a single person or thing. Example: "Each individual has unique talents and strengths." relationship: (noun) the way in which two or more people or things are connected or the state of being connected. Example: "They have a close relationship built on trust and mutual respect." assets: (noun) valuable or useful qualities or things. Example: "Her knowledge and experience are her greatest assets in the job market." modest: (adjective) not excessive or elaborate; moderate. Example: "He lives a modest lifestyle, avoiding unnecessary luxury." concept: (noun) an abstract idea or general notion. Example: "She struggled to grasp the concept of quantum mechanics." provision: (noun) the action of providing or supplying something for use. Example: "The government's provision of healthcare services is essential for the well-being of citizens." ambitions: (noun) strong desires or aspirations to achieve something. Example: "She has ambitious ambitions to become a successful entrepreneur and make a positive impact on society." critical: (adjective) of crucial importance; essential. Example: "Time management skills are critical for success in a fast-paced work environment." productive: (adjective) producing or achieving a significant amount or result. Example: "He has been very productive at work, completing all his tasks ahead of schedule." impoverished: (adjective) extremely poor; lacking financial resources. Example: "The government should implement policies to alleviate the conditions of the impoverished communities." fulfill: (verb) to satisfy or meet a requirement, desire, or expectation. Example: "Her promotion at work fulfilled her long-held career goals." extended: (adjective) lasting for a longer period or greater length. Example: "The project timeline had to be extended due to unexpected delays." association: (noun) a connection or relationship between people or organizations. Example: "She has a strong association with various charitable organizations." procedure: (noun) a series of actions conducted in a particular order or manner. Example: "Before surgery, the doctors followed a strict procedure to ensure patient safety." enforce: (verb) to compel or ensure compliance with rules, regulations, or laws. Example: "The police officers are responsible for enforcing traffic laws." tremendous: (adjective) very large, great, or intense. Example: "The team made a tremendous effort to complete the project ahead of schedule." emphasis: (noun) special importance, value, or prominence given to something. Example: "The teacher placed emphasis on the importance of critical thinking skills." financial: (adjective) relating to money or the management of money. Example: "She has extensive financial knowledge and experience in investment banking." initiative: (noun) a new plan or action taken to solve a problem or improve a situation. Example: "The government launched an initiative to promote renewable energy sources." enterprise: (noun) a project or business venture, typically involving some risk or innovation. Example: "He started his own enterprise in the tech industry and has seen significant growth." savings: (noun) money that is saved or set aside for future use. Example: "She has a habit of regularly depositing a portion of her income into her savings account." program: (noun) a planned series of activities or actions with a particular purpose. Example: "The training program provided participants with essential skills and knowledge." partner: (noun) a person or organization that shares in an activity or venture. Example: "He is looking for a business partner to help launch his startup." expansion: (noun) the action of becoming larger or more extensive. Example: "The company's expansion into international markets has increased its global presence." exposure: (noun) the state of being exposed to a particular situation, often involving risks or vulnerabilities. Example: "Children living on the streets face constant exposure to danger and exploitation." exploit: (verb) to make use of someone or something unfairly or for personal gain .Example: "Some individuals exploit the vulnerability of street children for their own benefit." joint: (adjective) done by or involving two or more parties working together. Example: "The project was a joint effort between the government and several NGOs." training: (noun) the action of teaching a person or group of people specific skills or knowledge. Example: "The employees underwent extensive training to improve their customer service skills." skills: (noun) abilities or expertise acquired through training, practice, or experience. Example: "Effective communication and problem-solving are essential skills in the workplace." credit: (noun) money lent or borrowed, typically with a specified interest rate. Example: "He applied for a bank credit to finance his new business venture." participants: (noun) individuals who take part in or are involved in a particular activity. Example: "The conference attracted participants from various industries and countries." lessons: (noun) knowledge or skills acquired through study, experience, or teaching. Example: "She learned valuable lessons about teamwork and leadership in her previous job." concepts: (noun) abstract ideas or principles that help explain or understand something. Example: "The trainer explained complex marketing concepts in a simple and understandable way." in association with: (phrase) in partnership or collaboration with. Example: "The company organized a charity event in association with local nonprofits." critical skills: (noun phrase) essential abilities or competencies that are crucial for success. Example: "Effective communication and problem-solving are critical skills in today's competitive job market." life skills: (noun phrase) abilities and knowledge necessary for managing one's life effectively. Example: "The school curriculum includes teaching life skills such as financial literacy and time management." loan amounts: (noun phrase) the specific sum of money borrowed or lent as part of a loan agreement. Example: "The loan amounts provided by the organization range from $500 to $10,000." bank rates: (noun phrase) the interest rates charged by banks for borrowing money or earning interest on deposits. Example: "The bank rates have been fluctuating due to changes in the economy." economic lives: (noun phrase) the financial aspects and activities that individuals or communities engage in to sustain their livelihoods. Example: "The organization aims to improve the economic lives of marginalized communities through entrepreneurship programs." poverty: (noun) the state of being extremely poor, lacking the resources or means to meet basic needs. Example: "The government implemented policies to alleviate poverty and provide social support to vulnerable populations." knowledge: (noun) information, skills, and understanding acquired through experience, education, or training. Example: "She has extensive knowledge in the field of environmental sustainability." paper: (noun) a document or piece of writing, often in the form of a sheet or roll, made of paper or a similar material. Example: "She signed the legal paper to finalize the contract." management: (noun) the process of planning, organizing, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals. Example: "Effective management is crucial for the success of any organization." PASSAGE-2 Volcanoes – earth-shattering news 1. Volcanoes - Noun: Openings in the Earth's crust from which hot magma, ash, and gases are discharged during an eruption. Example: The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 was one of the most devastating volcanic events in recent history. 2. Eruption - Noun: A sudden and violent release of magma, gases, and ash from a volcano. Example: The eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 destroyed the ancient city of Pompeii. 3. Kilometres - Noun: Units of measurement equivalent to 1,000 meters. Example: The marathon race is approximately 42.195 kilometers long. 4. Ash - Noun: Fine, powdery residue that is ejected from a volcano during an eruption. Example: The ash cloud from the volcanic eruption disrupted air travel across the region. 5. Globe - Noun: The Earth; the world. Example: The explorer's journey took him to various corners of the globe. 6. Stratosphere - Noun: The second major layer of Earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, characterized by its stability and the presence of the ozone layer. Example: High-altitude aircraft fly in the stratosphere, above most weather systems. 7. Continent - Noun: One of the seven large landmasses on Earth, such as Asia, Africa, Europe, etc. Example: Australia is the smallest continent by land area. 8. Volcanism - Noun: The processes and activities associated with volcanoes. Example: The study of volcanism helps us understand the geothermal energy potential of certain regions. 9. Rifted - Verb (Past tense of "rift"): Split or divided. Example: The tectonic plates rifted apart, creating a deep oceanic trench. 10. Mountain Chains - Noun: A series or row of connected mountains. Example: The Rocky Mountains and the Andes are two famous mountain chains in the Americas. 11. Constructed - Verb (Past tense of "construct"): Built; created. Example: The ancient Egyptians constructed impressive pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs. 12. Topography - Noun: The physical features and characteristics of the surface of a place or region. Example: The topography of the area includes valleys, hills, and rivers. 13. Basement - Noun: The lowermost layer of rock on which other layers of sedimentary rock are deposited. Example: The basement rocks in this region are primarily composed of granite. 14. Atmosphere - Noun: The layer of gases surrounding a celestial body, such as the Earth. Example: The Earth's atmosphere contains a mixture of gases, including nitrogen and oxygen. 15. Stable - Adjective: Not likely to change or undergo a significant shift. Example: The economy has been relatively stable over the past decade. 16. Oceans - Noun: Large bodies of saltwater covering most of the Earth's surface. Example: The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean on Earth. 17. Rivers - Noun: Natural watercourses that flow towards an ocean, sea, or lake. Example: The Nile River is the longest river in the world. 18. Ice-caps - Noun: Masses of ice that cover a significant portion of the Earth's polar regions. Example: The melting of ice caps contributes to rising sea levels. 19. Active - Adjective: Currently erupting or showing signs of volcanic activity. Example: The volcano is considered active and closely monitored by geologists. 20. Cubic Kilometres - Noun: A unit of volume equal to the space occupied by a cube with sides of one kilometer in length. Example: The volcanic eruption released several cubic kilometers of lava and ash into the atmosphere. 21. Smoking Away - Phrase: Continuously emitting smoke or gases. Example: The volcano has been smoking away for days, indicating a potential eruption. 22. Gases - Noun: Substances that are not solid or liquid, such as air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Example: The atmosphere is composed of a mixture of different gases. 23. Water Vapour - Noun: Gaseous form of water. Example: When water boils, it turns into water vapor. 24. Nitrogen - Noun: A colorless, odorless gas that makes up the majority of Earth's atmosphere. Example: Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth. 25. Carbon Dioxide - Noun: A greenhouse gas produced by the respiration of living organisms and the combustion of fossil fuels. Example: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 26. Sulphur Dioxide - Noun: A gas produced by volcanic eruptions and industrial processes. Example: The emissions from the power plant contain high levels of sulfur dioxide. 27. Methane - Noun: A potent greenhouse gas released from sources like livestock, wetlands, and landfills. Example: Methane is a key component of natural gas. 28. Ammonia - Noun: A pungent-smelling gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen. Example: Ammonia is used in household cleaning products. 29. Hydrogen - Noun: A colorless, odorless gas that is the lightest element. Example: Hydrogen is used as fuel in some hydrogen-powered vehicles. 30. Quantity - Noun: The amount or number of something. Example: The quantity of rainfall this year has been unusually high. 31. Mass - Noun: A measure of the amount of matter in an object. Example: The asteroid's mass determines its gravitational pull. 32. Alive - Adjective: Having life; living. Example: Plants and animals are living organisms, and they are considered alive. 33. Soil - Noun: The top layer of the Earth's surface, composed of minerals, organic matter, and water. Example: Good soil is essential for healthy plant growth. 34. Air - Noun: The mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. Example: We need clean air to breathe and sustain life. 35. Stable Atmosphere - Phrase: A consistent and balanced state of the Earth's atmosphere. Example: A stable atmosphere helps regulate weather patterns. 36. Basalt - Noun: A dark, dense volcanic rock that makes up a significant portion of the Earth's crust. Example: The Hawaiian Islands were formed by the accumulation of basalt lava flows. 37. Geothermal Energy - Noun: Energy generated from the heat of the Earth's interior. Example: Geothermal energy is used to produce electricity in some regions. 38. Tectonic Plates - Noun: Large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that move and interact with each other. Example: The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity. 39. Oceanic Trench - Noun: A long, narrow depression on the ocean floor caused by the subduction of one tectonic plate beneath another. Example: The Mariana Trench is the deepest oceanic trench in the world. 40. Impressive - Adjective: Producing admiration or awe due to grandeur or excellence. Example: The view from the mountaintop was truly impressive. 41. Tombs - Noun: Burial places for the dead. Example: The ancient Egyptians constructed elaborate tombs for their pharaohs. 42. Ancient - Adjective: Belonging to a time long past; very old. Example: The ancient city of Rome is rich in history and culture. 43. Troposphere - Noun: The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where weather occurs and temperature decreases with altitude. Example: Most of the Earth's weather occurs in the troposphere. 44. Ozone Layer - Noun: A region in the stratosphere containing a high concentration of ozone molecules that absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation. Example: The ozone layer helps protect life on Earth from the sun's harmful rays. 45. Melting - Verb (Present participle of "melt"): Changing from a solid to a liquid state due to increased temperature. Example: The polar ice caps are melting due to global warming. 46. Geologists - Noun: Scientists who study the Earth's structure, materials, and processes. Example: Geologists use various tools to analyze rocks and minerals. 47. Geothermal - Adjective: Relating to the heat from the Earth's interior. Example: Geothermal energy is harnessed from underground heat sources. 48. Polar Regions - Noun: The regions near the North and South Poles of the Earth. Example: Polar bears are well-adapted to living in the harsh conditions of the polar regions. 49. Atmosphere - Noun: The layer of gases surrounding a celestial body, such as the Earth. Example: The Earth's atmosphere plays a crucial role in supporting life. 50. Geothermal Energy Potential - Phrase: The possibility of using geothermal energy as a renewable power source. Example: Iceland has substantial geothermal energy potential due to its active volcanic activity. 1. Geologists - Noun: Scientists who study the Earth's structure, materials, and processes. Example: Geologists use various tools to analyze rocks and minerals. 2. Molten Core - Noun: The central part of the Earth, believed to be in a liquid state. Example: The molten core generates Earth's magnetic field. 3. Semi-molten Mantle - Noun: The layer of the Earth's interior between the core and the crust, partially melted and ductile. Example: Convection currents in the semi-molten mantle drive tectonic plate movement. 4. Brittle - Adjective: Easily broken or shattered. Example: The brittle nature of some rocks can cause them to fracture under stress. 5. Squishy - Adjective: Soft and easily deformed when squeezed. Example: The marshmallow had a squishy texture. 6. Yolk - Noun: The yellow part of an egg surrounded by the egg white. Example: The chef separated the egg yolk from the egg white. 7. Firm - Adjective: Solid and resistant to pressure. Example: The cake had a firm texture but was still moist. 8. Convection Currents - Noun: Circular currents of heat within a fluid, caused by temperature differences. Example: Convection currents in the Earth's mantle drive plate tectonics. 9. Fracture - Verb: To break or crack, especially due to pressure or stress. Example: The rock fractured when exposed to extreme heat and pressure. 10. Crust - Noun: The outermost layer of the Earth's surface. Example: The Earth's crust is composed of various types of rocks. 11. Plates - Noun: Large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that move and interact with each other. Example: The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity. 12. Overlapping - Verb: Extending over or covering part of something else. Example: The two tectonic plates were overlapping, leading to increased seismic activity. 13. Earthquakes - Noun: Sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Example: The earthquake caused significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. 14. Mid-Ocean Floor - Noun: The oceanic crust that forms at the boundaries of tectonic plates. Example: The mid-ocean floor is characterized by underwater mountain ranges and deep trenches. 15. Lava - Noun: Hot molten rock expelled during a volcanic eruption. Example: The lava flows from the volcano destroyed nearby villages. 16. Atlantic - Noun: The ocean located between the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. Example: The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean on Earth. 17. Philippine - Adjective: Relating to the Philippines, an archipelago in Southeast Asia. Example: The Philippine islands are known for their stunning beaches and diverse marine life. 18. Japan - Noun: An island country in East Asia known for its technological advancements and rich culture. Example: Mount Fuji is one of the most iconic symbols of Japan. 19. Tectonic Plates - Noun: Large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that move and interact with each other. Example: The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity. 20. Dramatic - Adjective: Striking or impressive in appearance or effect. Example: The volcano's eruption created a dramatic display of ash and lava. 21. Explosions - Noun: Violent and sudden releases of energy, often accompanied by loud sounds and forceful ejections of materials. Example: The explosion of the fireworks lit up the night sky. 22. Rockies - Noun: Short for the Rocky Mountains, a mountain range in North America. Example: The Rockies are a popular destination for hikers and outdoor enthusiasts. 23. Archipelago - Noun: A group or chain of islands. Example: The Philippines is an archipelago composed of over 7,000 islands. 24. Mantle - Noun: The layer of the Earth's interior between the core and the crust, partially melted and ductile. Example: The mantle plays a crucial role in plate tectonics and volcanic activity. 25. Halter - Adjective: Slow or sluggish. Example: The flow of the mantle is halter but continuous. 26. Treacle - Noun: A thick, dark, and sticky syrup made from molasses. Example: The dessert was drizzled with treacle for added sweetness. 27. Convection - Noun: The transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature and density. Example: Convection currents in the atmosphere influence weather patterns. 28. Plug - Noun: A solid, often hardened, mass that blocks an opening or hole. Example: The lava cooled and formed a plug in the volcanic vent. 29. Irresistible - Adjective: Too appealing or powerful to be resisted or ignored. Example: The smell of freshly baked cookies was irresistible. 30. Pelée - Noun: A volcano on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean. Example: The eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902 caused widespread devastation. 31. Blast - Noun: A violent explosion. Example: The blast from the bomb shattered windows in nearby buildings. 32. Indonesia - Noun: A country in Southeast Asia consisting of thousands of islands. Example: Indonesia is known for its rich biodiversity and cultural diversity. 33. Stratosphere - Noun: The second major layer of Earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, characterized by its stability and the presence of the ozone layer. Example: High-altitude aircraft fly in the stratosphere, above most weather systems. 34. Europe - Noun: The continent that includes countries such as France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Example: Europe has a diverse cultural heritage and historical landmarks. 35. North America - Noun: The continent that includes the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Example: North America is the third-largest continent in terms of land area. 36. Volcanoes - Noun: Openings in the Earth's crust from which hot magma, ash, and gases are discharged during an eruption. Example: The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 was one of the most devastating volcanic events in recent history. 37. Cap - Verb: To cover or seal something. Example: The volcano capped itself with a layer of solidified lava. 38. Harvest - Noun: The process of gathering crops from the fields. Example: The harvest season is a busy time for farmers. 1. Magma - Noun: Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, often associated with volcanic activity. Example: The volcano erupted, sending hot magma into the air. 2. Surges - Verb: Moves or rushes suddenly and powerfully. Example: The river surged after heavy rainfall, causing flooding. 3. Gases - Noun: Substances that are not solid or liquid, such as air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Example: The atmosphere is composed of a mixture of different gases. 4. Expand - Verb: To increase in size or volume. Example: As the balloon is heated, it expands and takes up more space. 5. Froth - Verb: To form bubbles or foam on the surface of a liquid. Example: The milk froths when steamed, creating a creamy texture. 6. Tremendous - Adjective: Very large or powerful; extraordinary. Example: The explosion caused tremendous damage to the surrounding area. 7. Cooler - Adjective: Having a lower temperature than something else. Example: The weather is cooler in the evening after the sun sets. 8. Crater - Noun: A bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano, formed by an eruption. Example: The astronauts explored the crater of the dormant volcano. 9. Mars - Noun: The fourth planet from the sun in our solar system. Example: Mars is often referred to as the "Red Planet" due to its reddish appearance. 10. Moon - Noun: The natural satellite of the Earth. Example: Neil Armstrong was the first human to walk on the moon. 11. Jupiter - Noun: The largest planet in our solar system, known for its prominent storm called the Great Red Spot. Example: Jupiter is a gas giant and has a large number of moons. 12. Uranus - Noun: The seventh planet from the sun, known for its unique tilt on its axis. Example: Uranus appears bluish-green due to the presence of methane in its atmosphere. 13. Vulcanologists - Noun: Scientists who study volcanoes and volcanic activity. Example: Vulcanologists monitor volcanic activity to assess potential hazards. 14. Evidence - Noun: Information or data that supports a conclusion or claim. Example: The detective gathered evidence to solve the mystery. 15. Pumice - Noun: A light, porous volcanic rock formed from frothy lava with trapped gas bubbles. Example: Pumice stones are used for exfoliating and smoothing skin. 16. Crystalline - Adjective: Composed of crystals or having a regular crystal structure. Example: The snowflakes had a beautiful crystalline pattern. 17. Basalt - Noun: A dark, dense volcanic rock that makes up a significant portion of the Earth's crust. Example: The Hawaiian Islands were formed by the accumulation of basalt lava flows. 18. Giant's Causeway - Noun: A famous basalt formation in Northern Ireland with distinctive hexagonal columns. Example: The Giant's Causeway is a popular tourist attraction. 19. Gentle - Adjective: Mild or gradual in effect or action. Example: The gentle rain helped to water the plants. 20. Vulcanologists - Noun: Scientists who study volcanoes and volcanic activity. Example: Vulcanologists monitor volcanic activity to assess potential hazards. 21. Mantle - Noun: The layer of the Earth's interior between the core and the crust, partially melted and ductile. Example: The mantle plays a crucial role in plate tectonics and volcanic activity. 22. Evidence - Noun: Information or data that supports a conclusion or claim. Example: The detective gathered evidence to solve the mystery. 23. Mid-Ocean Floor - Noun: The oceanic crust that forms at the boundaries of tectonic plates. Example: The mid-ocean floor is characterized by underwater mountain ranges and deep trenches. 24. Moons - Noun: Natural satellites that orbit planets. Example: Jupiter has numerous moons, including Io, Europa, and Ganymede. 25. Philippine - Adjective: Relating to the Philippines, an archipelago in Southeast Asia. Example: The Philippine islands are known for their stunning beaches and diverse marine life. 26. Dramatic - Adjective: Striking or impressive in appearance or effect. Example: The volcano's eruption created a dramatic display of ash and lava. 27. Explosions - Noun: Violent and sudden releases of energy, often accompanied by loud sounds and forceful ejections of materials. Example: The explosion of the fireworks lit up the night sky. 28. Rockies - Noun: Short for the Rocky Mountains, a mountain range in North America. Example: The Rockies are a popular destination for hikers and outdoor enthusiasts. 29. Archipelago - Noun: A group or chain of islands. Example: The Philippines is an archipelago composed of over 7,000 islands. 30. Force - Noun: Strength or energy applied to an object to make it move or change direction. Example: The force of the wind caused the tree branches to sway. 31. Mount Pinatubo - Noun: A volcano located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Example: The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 was one of the most significant volcanic events of the 20th century. 32. Manila - Noun: The capital city of the Philippines. Example: Manila is a bustling metropolis with a rich cultural heritage. 33. Pacific 'Ring of Fire' - Noun: A region in the Pacific Ocean known for its frequent seismic and volcanic activity. Example: The Pacific 'Ring of Fire' is characterized by its many active volcanoes and earthquake-prone areas. 34. El Chichón - Noun: A volcano in Mexico that erupted in 1982. Example: The eruption of El Chichón caused significant devastation in the surrounding region. 35. Decade - Noun: A period of ten years. Example: The company celebrated its 50th anniversary last decade. 36. World-shaking - Adjective: Having a significant and widespread impact on the world. Example: The world-shaking event changed the course of history. 37. Blasts - Noun: Explosions or sudden releases of energy. Example: The powerful blast from the volcano sent ash and debris high into the sky. 38. Krakatoa - Noun: A volcanic island in Indonesia famous for its massive eruption in 1883. Example: The eruption of Krakatoa caused a global climatic impact and resulted in the deaths of thousands of people. 39. Sunda Straits - Noun: The strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. Example: The Sunda Straits are an important maritime route connecting the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean. 40. Predictable - Adjective: Able to be foreseen or anticipated. Example: The scientist's predictions about the weather were remarkably accurate. PASSAGE-3 Obtaining Linguistic Data 1. Procedures - Noun: A set of actions or steps taken to achieve a particular goal or outcome. Example: The medical team followed strict procedures during the surgery. 2. Obtaining - Verb (Present participle of "obtain"): To acquire or get hold of something. Example: The researchers are obtaining data from various sources for their study. 3. Utterances - Noun: Spoken or written words or phrases. Example: The linguist analyzed the meaning of the speaker's utterances. 4. Casual - Adjective: Relaxed, informal, or not planned in advance. Example: We had a casual conversation over coffee. 5. Introspection - Noun: The examination or observation of one's own thoughts and feelings. Example: Through introspection, she gained insight into her emotions. 6. Norm - Noun: A standard or accepted pattern of behavior. Example: Punctuality is considered a norm in many cultures. 7. Generative - Adjective: Relating to the process of generating or producing something. Example: The generative approach to language focuses on the rules underlying sentence structure. 8. Uncertain - Adjective: Not sure or definite; lacking confidence. Example: The outcome of the experiment is uncertain at this point. 9. Disagree - Verb: To have a different opinion or to express a conflicting view. Example: The two experts disagree on the best approach to the problem. 10. Objective - Adjective: Based on facts and free from personal bias or opinions. Example: The report presents an objective analysis of the data. 11. Enquiry - Noun: An investigation or search for information. Example: The police conducted an enquiry to determine the cause of the accident. 12. Scrupulous - Adjective: Diligent and thorough in attending to details. Example: The scrupulous researcher double-checked the data for accuracy. 13. Sampling Theory - Noun: The branch of statistics that deals with the selection of a subset of individuals or items from a larger population. Example: The sampling theory is crucial for ensuring the representativeness of the data. 14. Investigative - Adjective: Related to or involving investigation and research. Example: The detective used various investigative techniques to solve the case. 15. Naturalistic - Adjective: Realistic or resembling nature. Example: The filmmaker aimed to capture the naturalistic beauty of the landscape. 16. Paradox - Noun: A statement or situation that seems contradictory or logically absurd but may still be true. Example: The Fermi Paradox questions the apparent contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial life and the lack of contact. 17. Ethical - Adjective: Relating to principles of right and wrong conduct. Example: The company adheres to strict ethical guidelines in its business practices. 18. Stimulates - Verb (Present tense of "stimulate"): To encourage or arouse interest or activity. Example: The teacher used games to stimulate the students' creativity. 19. Non-verbal - Adjective: Not involving spoken words. Example: Non-verbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions, and body language. 20. Transcriptions - Noun: Written or typed records of spoken language. Example: The linguist carefully transcribed the interview recordings. 21. Facial Expression - Noun: The movements and changes in the face that convey emotions and attitudes. Example: Her facial expression showed surprise when she saw the birthday cake. 22. Elicited - Verb (Past tense of "elicit"): To draw out or bring forth. Example: The therapist elicited memories from the patient to explore past traumas. 23. Participant - Noun: A person who takes part in an activity or event. Example: The participants in the study were asked to complete a questionnaire. 24. Context - Noun: The circumstances or setting in which something happens. Example: The context of a conversation can influence its meaning. 25. Limitations - Noun: Constraints or restrictions that prevent something from being fully effective or complete. Example: The study's limitations were taken into account when interpreting the results. 26. Bilingual - Adjective: Able to speak two languages fluently. Example: Growing up in a multilingual household, she became bilingual from an early age. 27. Interpreter - Noun: A person who translates spoken language from one language to another. Example: The conference had interpreters to help attendees who spoke different languages. 28. Questionnaires - Noun: Written surveys used to gather information or opinions from respondents. Example: The researchers distributed questionnaires to collect data from the participants. 29. Elicitation - Noun: The act of drawing out information or responses from someone. Example: The teacher used elicitation techniques to encourage student participation. 30. Bilingual Informant - Phrase: A person who is fluent in two languages and provides language data for analysis. Example: The linguist conducted interviews with bilingual informants to study language contact phenomena. 31. Hypothesis - Noun: A proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through research. Example: The scientist's hypothesis suggested that the new drug would improve patient outcomes. 32. Corpus - Noun: A representative collection of language data used for linguistic analysis. Example: The linguist analyzed the corpus to identify patterns in the language usage. 33. Unbiased - Adjective: Free from bias or prejudice; impartial. Example: The judge made an unbiased decision based on the evidence presented in court. 34. Frequency - Noun: The rate or occurrence of something within a specific period. Example: The frequency of earthquakes in the region has increased in recent years. 35. Transcriptions - Noun: Written or typed records of spoken language. Example: The linguist carefully transcribed the interview recordings. 36. Extent - Noun: The degree or scope to which something happens or is true. Example: The extent of the damage caused by the storm was extensive. 37. Hypothesis - Noun: A proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through research. Example: The scientist's hypothesis suggested that the new drug would improve patient outcomes. 38. Researcher - Noun: A person who conducts research or investigations to gain knowledge or understanding. Example: The researcher collected data from various sources to support the study's findings. 39. Variable - Noun: A factor or element that can change or vary in value. Example: The scientist studied the relationship between temperature and plant growth as the independent variable. 40. Pronunciation - Noun: The way in which words are spoken or pronounced. Example: She worked on improving her pronunciation of difficult sounds in the foreign language. 41. Elicit - Verb: To draw out or bring forth (a response or reaction). Example: The teacher used questions to elicit responses from the students. 42. Substitution Frame - Noun: A linguistic structure in which one or more elements are replaced with specific words or phrases. Example: The linguist used a substitution frame to study different verb forms. 43. Direct Methods - Noun: Techniques or approaches that involve directly asking for specific language data. Example: The linguist used direct methods of elicitation to collect information about word usage. 44. Major Research Projects - Phrase: Large-scale studies that involve extensive investigation and data collection. Example: The university received funding for a major research project on language acquisition. 45. Principle - Noun: A fundamental truth or law that serves as the basis for a belief or action. Example: The principle of equality advocates for fairness and equal treatment for all. 46. Inevitably - Adverb: In a way that is certain to happen; unavoidably. Example: With time, technological advancements are inevitably made. 47. Supplemented - Verb (Past tense of "supplement"): To add to or enhance something by providing additional support or information. Example: The report was supplemented with charts and graphs for better understanding. 48. Derived - Verb (Past participle of "derive"): To obtain or receive from a source. Example: The researcher derived valuable insights from analyzing the data. 49. Intuitions - Noun: The ability to understand or know something immediately without the need for conscious reasoning. Example: Her intuitions about people often proved accurate. 50. Experimentation - Noun: The process of conducting experiments to test hypotheses or gather data. Example: The scientist performed controlled experimentation to investigate the effects of a new drug. Cambridge 4 Reading Test-4 PASSAGE-1 How much higher? How much faster? 1. Endurance - Noun: The ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort. Example: Marathon runners need great endurance to complete the race. 2. Dramatic - Adjective: Striking or impressive in appearance or effect. Example: The dramatic improvement in his performance surprised everyone. 3. Complement - Noun: A thing that completes or brings to perfection. Example: His speed and strength are a complement to his athletic abilities. 4. Appreciably - Adverb: To a noticeable or significant degree. Example: The temperature dropped appreciably overnight. 5. Genetics - Noun: The study of genes and heredity, and their influence on traits and characteristics. Example: Genetics plays a crucial role in determining physical traits. 6. Emphasizing - Verb (Present participle of "emphasize"): To give special importance or prominence to something. Example: The coach is emphasizing the importance of teamwork. 7. Endow - Verb: To provide with a quality or ability. Example: Some individuals are endowed with natural athletic talent. 8. Plyometrics - Noun: A training technique that focuses on explosive movements to improve power. Example: Plyometrics exercises help athletes enhance their jumping ability. 9. Trace Minerals - Noun: Essential minerals required by the body in small amounts for proper functioning. Example: Iron and zinc are examples of trace minerals necessary for good health. 10. Nutritional - Adjective: Related to nutrition and the process of nourishment. Example: Athletes need a well-balanced nutritional diet to perform at their best. 11. Methodologies - Noun: Methods or approaches used in a particular field of study. Example: Researchers are exploring new methodologies to understand athletic performance. 12. Biomechanics - Noun: The study of the mechanical principles of movement in living organisms. Example: Biomechanics helps analyze the efficiency of an athlete's movements. 13. Digitizes - Verb: To convert data into a digital format. Example: The scientist digitizes the athlete's performance for analysis. 14. Three Dimensions - Noun: The measurements of length, width, and depth in a three-dimensional space. Example: The 3D model of the building shows all three dimensions. 15. Jumper - Noun: A person who participates in a jumping event, such as high jump or long jump. Example: The high jumper cleared the bar with ease. 16. Comprehending - Verb (Present participle of "comprehend"): To understand or grasp the meaning of something. Example: The students have difficulty comprehending complex mathematical concepts. 17. Unorthodox - Adjective: Contrary to what is usual, traditional, or established. Example: The athlete's unorthodox technique surprised the coaches. 18. Vexingly - Adverb: In a way that causes annoyance or frustration. Example: The complicated instructions were vexingly difficult to follow. 19. Equation - Noun: A mathematical statement showing that two expressions are equal. Example: Solving this equation requires advanced algebra skills. 20. Innovation - Noun: A new idea, method, or device. Example: The latest innovation in athletic equipment improved performance. 21. Resourcefulness - Noun: The ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties. Example: The athlete's resourcefulness allowed him to adapt to changing conditions. 22. Humbled - Verb (Past participle of "humble"): To cause someone to feel less important or proud. Example: The challenging competition humbled the confident athlete. 23. Resourcefulness - Noun: The ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties. Example: The athlete's resourcefulness allowed him to adapt to changing conditions. 24. Equation - Noun: A mathematical statement showing that two expressions are equal. Example: Solving this equation requires advanced algebra skills. 25. Innovation - Noun: A new idea, method, or device. Example: The latest innovation in athletic equipment improved performance. 26. Resourcefulness - Noun: The ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties. Example: The athlete's resourcefulness allowed him to adapt to changing conditions. 27. Humbled - Verb (Past participle of "humble"): To cause someone to feel less important or proud. Example: The challenging competition humbled the confident athlete. 28. Fundamental - Adjective: Basic, essential, or foundational. Example: Proper nutrition is fundamental to an athlete's performance. 29. Futile - Adjective: Pointless or incapable of producing any useful result. Example: Despite their efforts, the team's attempts to win seemed futile. 30. Continues - Verb (Present tense of "continue"): To persist or go on without interruption. Example: The athlete's training regimen continues throughout the year. 31. Breakthrough - Noun: A significant and notable discovery or development. Example: The new training technique was a breakthrough in athletic performance. 32. Impressive - Adjective: Producing admiration or awe due to grandeur or excellence. Example: The athlete's impressive jump set a new record. 33. Optimal - Adjective: Best or most favorable; optimum. Example: Finding the optimal training routine is essential for peak performance. 34. Efficient - Adjective: Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Example: The athlete's efficient technique allowed for faster running times. 35. Swiftness - Noun: The quality of being quick or rapid. Example: The swiftness of his movements impressed the spectators. 36. Long Jump - Noun: A track and field event in which athletes attempt to leap the greatest distance horizontally from a take-off point. Example: She won the gold medal in the long jump event. 37. Vexing - Adjective: Causing annoyance or frustration. Example: The athlete faced vexing challenges during the race. 38. Breakthrough - Noun: A significant and notable discovery or development. Example: The new training technique was a breakthrough in athletic performance. 39. Propelled - Verb (Past participle of "propel"): To drive or push forward; to cause to move in a particular direction. Example: The strong winds propelled the sailboat across the water. 40. Prowess - Noun: Exceptional skill or ability, especially in a particular field or activity. Example: The gymnast's prowess on the balance beam impressed the judges. 41. Flawlessly - Adverb: In a manner without any mistakes or imperfections. Example: The athlete executed the routine flawlessly. 42. Perseverance - Noun: Steadfastness in doing something despite difficulties or delays in achieving success. Example: The athlete's perseverance in training paid off with a victory. 43. Medley - Noun: A mixture or combination of various elements. Example: The swimming competition includes a medley of different strokes. 44. Thwarted - Verb (Past participle of "thwart"): To prevent someone from accomplishing something. Example: The opposing team thwarted the athlete's attempt to score. 45. Indomitable - Adjective: Impossible to subdue or defeat. Example: The athlete displayed indomitable spirit, never giving up despite the odds. 46. Resilience - Noun: The ability to recover quickly from setbacks or difficulties. Example: The athlete's resilience allowed her to bounce back after a disappointing performance. 47. Unyielding - Adjective: Firm and determined, not giving way to pressure or persuasion. Example: The athlete's unyielding commitment to training led to success. 48. Victories - Noun (Plural of "victory"): Achievements or successes in competitions. Example: The athlete celebrated multiple victories throughout the season. 49. Obstacles - Noun: Challenges or barriers that impede progress. Example: The athlete overcame numerous obstacles to reach the top. 50. Astonishing - Adjective: Extremely surprising or impressive. Example: The athlete's astonishing feat set a new world record. PASSAGE-2 The Nature and Aims of Archaeology Archaeology - Noun: The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains. Example: The archaeologists uncovered ancient pottery fragments at the dig site. 2. Scientific Analyst - Noun: A professional who examines and interprets data using scientific methods and techniques. Example: The scientific analyst studied the chemical composition of the rock samples. 3. Creative Imagination - Noun: The ability to come up with original and inventive ideas. Example: The artist's paintings were a result of her creative imagination. 4. Excavation - Noun: The process of digging and uncovering archaeological remains. Example: The team conducted an excavation to unearth ancient artifacts. 5. Inuit - Noun: A group of indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, and Alaska. Example: The Inuit have a rich cultural heritage and a deep connection to the environment. 6. Sewers - Noun: Underground channels or pipes that carry wastewater and sewage away from buildings. Example: The city's sewer system was designed to prevent flooding during heavy rains. 7. Interpretation - Noun: The act of explaining or understanding the meaning of something. Example: The museum guide provided an interpretation of the ancient artifacts on display. 8. Conservation - Noun: The protection and preservation of cultural, historical, and natural resources. Example: The organization focuses on the conservation of endangered species. 9. Intellectual Pursuit - Noun: A scholarly or academic pursuit involving the exploration of ideas and knowledge. Example: Pursuing a Ph.D. in philosophy is an intellectual pursuit. 10. Detective Work - Noun: Investigative and analytical work to uncover facts and solve problems. Example: Solving complex mathematical problems requires detective work and logical reasoning. 11. Fiction Writers - Noun: Authors who write imaginative stories and novels. Example: Many fiction writers draw inspiration from real-life events for their plots. 12. Portrayals - Noun: Representations or depictions of something or someone in a particular way. Example: The actor's portrayal of the historical figure was praised by critics. 13. Reality - Noun: The state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined or believed to be. Example: The documentary provides a glimpse of the harsh reality of life in a war-torn region. 14. Quest - Noun: A journey or search for something valuable or important. Example: The knight embarked on a quest to find the mythical sword. 15. Discipline - Noun: A branch of knowledge or field of study. Example: Physics is a discipline that explores the fundamental laws of the universe. 16. Anthropology - Noun: The study of humanity, including its physical characteristics, culture, and social behavior. Example: Anthropologists study the customs and traditions of various indigenous tribes. 17. Ethnography - Noun: The detailed study and description of individual cultures and societies. Example: The ethnography of the tribe provided insights into their unique customs and rituals. 18. Ethnology - Noun: The comparative study of different cultures to understand human society's diversity. Example: Ethnologists analyze similarities and differences between cultural practices in various regions. 19. Ethnoarchaeology - Noun: The study of contemporary communities to understand past human behavior and material culture. Example: The ethnoarchaeologists lived among the indigenous tribe to learn about their traditional pottery-making techniques. 20. Conservation - Noun: The protection and preservation of cultural, historical, and natural resources. Example: The organization focuses on the conservation of endangered species. 21. Heritage Studies - Noun: The field of research and practice concerned with preserving cultural heritage. Example: The heritage studies program aims to safeguard historical landmarks and artifacts. 22. Written Records - Noun: Documents, texts, or inscriptions in written form that provide historical information. Example: The ancient scrolls contain written records of religious ceremonies and rituals. 23. Conventional - Adjective: In line with widely accepted norms or practices. Example: The conventional method of farming has been used for generations. 24. Span - Noun: A period of time or duration. Example: The bridge has a span of 500 meters. 25. Distinction - Noun: A difference or contrast between similar things. Example: The distinction between right and wrong is essential in ethical decision-making. 26. Oral Histories - Noun: Verbal accounts of historical events or traditions passed down through generations by word of mouth. Example: The elder storyteller shared the tribe's oral histories with the younger members. 27. Humanistic Study - Noun: An academic discipline focused on understanding human culture, history, and values. Example: Literature and philosophy are examples of humanistic studies. 28. Historical Discipline - Noun: A field of study concerned with investigating and interpreting the past. Example: The historian's research contributes to the historical discipline's understanding of ancient civilizations. 29. Directly - Adverb: In a straightforward or immediate manner. Example: The witness testified directly about the events they had observed. 30. Scientist - Noun: A person who engages in systematic study and investigation of the natural world using scientific methods. Example: The scientist conducted experiments to test the hypothesis. 31. Data - Noun: Facts, information, or measurements used for analysis and research. Example: The survey collected data on consumer preferences and behavior. 32. Hypothesis - Noun: A proposed explanation based on limited evidence, subject to further testing and verification. Example: The scientist formulated a hypothesis about the relationship between temperature and plant growth. 33. Conclusion - Noun: A reasoned judgment or decision based on evidence and analysis. Example: After analyzing the data, the researcher drew a conclusion about the study's findings. 34. Coherent - Adjective: Logical, consistent, and connected in a clear manner. Example: The speaker delivered a coherent presentation, addressing each point systematically. 35. View - Noun: A particular way of considering or understanding something. Example: The author's book offers a unique view of historical events. 36. Natural World - Noun: The physical universe and its phenomena, excluding human-made or artificial constructs. Example: Scientists study the natural world to understand its laws and principles. 37. Humankind - Noun: The entire human race; humanity as a collective group. Example: The evolution of humankind has been shaped by various factors over time. 38. Written Evidence - Noun: Documentary records or accounts in written form that provide historical information. Example: The historian analyzed written evidence from ancient manuscripts to reconstruct historical events. 39. Conventional - Adjective: In line with widely accepted norms or practices. Example: The conventional method of farming has been used for generations. 40. Physical Characteristics - Noun: The visible and measurable attributes of an individual or group, such as height, weight, and facial features. Example: The anthropologist studied the physical characteristics of different populations to understand human diversity. 41. Biological Characteristics - Noun: Traits and attributes related to the biology and genetics of an organism. Example: The study explored the biological characteristics of endangered species to assess their conservation status. 42. Cultural Characteristics - Noun: Aspects of a society's behavior, beliefs, customs, and traditions. Example: The cultural characteristics of the community were influenced by its history and environment. 43. Summarise - Verb: To condense or present the main points or substance of something in a concise manner. Example: The executive summarized the quarterly report for the board meeting. 44. Pattern - Noun: A regular and consistent arrangement or sequence of elements. Example: The data revealed a distinct pattern of consumer preferences over time. 45. Scientist - Noun: A person who engages in systematic study and investigation of the natural world using scientific methods. Example: The scientist conducted experiments to test the hypothesis. 46. Picture - Noun: A mental image or representation of something. Example: The historian pieced together the evidence to form a picture of the ancient civilization's daily life. 47. Quest - Noun: A journey or search for something valuable or important. Example: The knight embarked on a quest to find the mythical sword. 48. Discipline - Noun: A branch of knowledge or field of study. Example: Physics is a discipline that explores the fundamental laws of the universe. 49. Ethnoarchaeology - Noun: The study of contemporary communities to understand past human behavior and material culture. Example: The ethnoarchaeologists lived among the indigenous tribe to learn about their traditional pottery-making techniques. 50. Humankind - Noun: The entire human race; humanity as a collective group. Example: The evolution of humankind has been shaped by various factors over time. The Problem of Scarce Resources Allocate - Verb: To distribute or assign resources or tasks for a specific purpose. Example: The government allocated funds to improve healthcare facilities in rural areas. 2. Apportioned - Adjective: Divided or distributed among different individuals or groups. Example: The budget was apportioned based on the needs of various departments. 3. Just - Adjective: Fair and morally right; based on principles of justice and equity. Example: The court's decision was seen as just and impartial. 4. Efficient - Adjective: Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or resources. Example: The new manufacturing process is more efficient and cost-effective. 5. Community - Noun: A group of people living in the same area or sharing common interests. Example: The local community organized a charity event to raise funds for the homeless. 6. Proportion - Noun: A part or share of a whole; a relative size or amount. Example: The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing. 7. Apportioned - Verb (Past tense of "apportion"): To distribute or divide resources among different individuals or groups. Example: The resources were apportioned based on the needs of each department. 8. Priority - Noun: Something that is given greater importance or considered more urgent than other things. Example: Providing education for all children is a top priority for the government. 9. Cost-effective - Adjective: Producing the best possible results for the least amount of money. Example: Investing in renewable energy sources is a cost-effective way to reduce carbon emissions. 10. Finitude - Noun: The state of being limited or having an end. Example: The concept of finitude reminds us that resources are not infinite. 11. Exhaustible - Adjective: Capable of being used up or depleted. Example: Fossil fuels are exhaustible resources that will eventually run out. 12. Sustain - Verb: To maintain or support something over time. Example: It is essential to sustain efforts to protect the environment. 13. Capacity - Noun: The maximum amount that something can hold or produce. Example: The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000 spectators. 14. Revelation - Noun: A surprising or remarkable discovery or disclosure. Example: The scientific study led to a revelation about the origins of the universe. 15. Sustainable - Adjective: Capable of being maintained or continued without depleting resources or causing harm to the environment. Example: Sustainable agriculture practices aim to protect natural resources and biodiversity. 16. Invisible Hand - Phrase: A metaphorical representation of the self-regulating nature of the market forces in a free-market economy. Example: Adam Smith famously introduced the concept of the invisible hand in his book "The Wealth of Nations." 17. Autonomous - Adjective: Having the freedom and capacity to make independent decisions. Example: As adults, we strive to be autonomous and responsible for our choices. 18. Poverty-stricken - Adjective: Extremely poor or lacking basic necessities. Example: The charity organization helps support poverty-stricken families with food and shelter. 19. Obligation - Noun: A duty or commitment to do something. Example: It is the government's obligation to protect the rights of its citizens. 20. Formal - Adjective: Official and in accordance with established rules or procedures. Example: The company issued a formal apology for the mistake. 21. Generate - Verb: To produce or create something. Example: The wind turbines generate electricity from the natural breeze. 22. Provided - Verb (Past tense of "provide"): To supply or make available something needed or desired. Example: The hospital provided medical assistance to the accident victims. 23. Public Good - Noun: A good or service that benefits society as a whole and is not exclusive to any particular individual. Example: Clean air and water are considered public goods. 24. Indispensable - Adjective: Absolutely necessary or essential. Example: The internet has become an indispensable tool for research and communication. 25. Liberal - Adjective: Open to new ideas and willing to respect the rights and freedoms of others. Example: The liberal approach to politics emphasizes individual rights and freedoms. 26. Extrapolations - Noun: The act of estimating or projecting something based on known data or trends. Example: The scientists made extrapolations about future climate patterns. 27. Demographic - Adjective: Relating to the characteristics of a specific population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Example: The demographic changes in the country have led to increased demand for healthcare services. 28. Scenario - Noun: A sequence of events or a possible situation. Example: The company prepared a contingency plan for various business scenarios. 29. Administrators - Noun: Individuals responsible for managing and organizing an organization or institution. Example: The school administrators implemented new policies to improve student performance. 30. Economist - Noun: An expert in economics, the study of how societies produce, distribute, and consume goods and services. Example: The economist predicted a downturn in the economy based on current trends. 31. Obligation - Noun: A duty or commitment to do something. Example: It is the government's obligation to protect the rights of its citizens. 32. Provision - Noun: The act of providing or making something available for use. Example: The hospital has adequate provisions for emergency medical care. 33. Fundamental - Adjective: Basic and essential; forming the foundation of something. Example: Education is a fundamental right for every child. 34. Distinction - Noun: A clear difference or contrast between things. Example: The distinction between right and wrong is taught from an early age. 35. Liberal Society - Noun: A society that emphasizes individual rights, freedoms, and the rule of law. Example: A liberal society values freedom of speech and expression. 36. Consequence - Noun: The result or effect of an action or event. Example: The consequences of climate change are becoming increasingly evident. 37. Extrapolations - Noun: The act of estimating or projecting something based on known data or trends. Example: The scientists made extrapolations about future climate patterns. 38. Major - Adjective: Significant or important in size, quantity, or influence. Example: The discovery of a new species is a major breakthrough in biology. 39. Demographic - Adjective: Relating to the characteristics of a specific population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Example: The demographic changes in the country have led to increased demand for healthcare services. 40. Proportion - Noun: A part or share of a whole; a relative size or amount. Example: The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing. 41. Declining - Adjective: Becoming smaller, weaker, or less in quantity or quality. Example: The declining population of bees is a concern for agriculture and biodiversity. 42. Doomsday - Noun: A day of final judgment or the end of the world; a catastrophic or disastrous event. Example: Some people believe that a doomsday event will lead to the end of civilization. 43. Proportion - Noun: A part or share of a whole; a relative size or amount. Example: The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing. 44. GDP - Acronym: Gross Domestic Product - the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given period. Example: The country's GDP increased by 5% last year. 45. Projected - Verb (Past tense of "project"): To estimate or forecast future trends or events. Example: The economists projected an economic growth rate of 3% for the next quarter. 46. GDP - Acronym: Gross Domestic Product - the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given period. Example: The country's GDP increased by 5% last year. 47. Health Administrators - Noun: Individuals responsible for managing and organizing healthcare organizations or institutions. Example: Health administrators play a crucial role in optimizing healthcare delivery. 48. Economists - Noun: Experts in economics, the study of how societies produce, distribute, and consume goods and services. Example: Economists analyze market trends and economic policies. 49. Proportion - Noun: A part or share of a whole; a relative size or amount. Example: The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing. 50. Extrapolations - Noun: The act of estimating or projecting something based on known data or trends. Example: The scientists made extrapolations about future climate patterns.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 PASSAGE-1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on the following reading passage: THE ROCKET - FROM EAST TO WEST concept: (noun) an abstract or general idea. Example: "Understanding the concept of gravity is fundamental to studying physics." propelling: (verb) driving or pushing something forward. Example: "The engine is responsible for propelling the car at high speeds." mechanism: (noun) a system or process that works in a particular way. Example: "The alarm clock's mechanism triggers the ringing sound at the set time." milestones: (noun) significant events or stages in the progress or development of something. Example: "Graduating from university is a major milestone in one's academic journey." intrigued: (adjective) interested or curious about something. Example: "The detective was intrigued by the mysterious clues found at the crime scene." sophisticated: (adjective) complex, advanced, or refined in terms of technology or design. Example: "The new smartphone features a sophisticated facial recognition system." fiction: (noun) literature or storytelling that is not based on real events or people. Example: "I enjoy reading fiction novels to escape into imaginary worlds." analogy: (noun) a comparison between two things to highlight similarities. Example: "The professor used an analogy of a car engine to explain how the human heart works." particles: (noun) tiny, separate pieces or units of matter. Example: "When you crush a rock, it breaks into smaller particles." invention: (noun) a new device, process, or method created through human creativity and ingenuity. Example: "The telephone is considered a groundbreaking invention by Alexander Graham Bell." compounded: (verb) mixed or combined elements to create a whole. Example: "The chemist compounded various substances to form a new compound." incendiary: (adjective) capable of causing fire or combustion. Example: "The terrorist attack involved an incendiary device that caused a massive explosion." repel: (verb) drive back or keep away; resist the force or effect of something. Example: "The insect repellent helps repel mosquitoes and other bugs." technology: (noun) the application of scientific knowledge to practical purposes, especially in industry and engineering. Example: "Advancements in technology have revolutionized the way we communicate." stability: (noun) the state of being firmly fixed, balanced, or secure. Example: "The architect ensured the building's stability by using strong foundations." aggressive: (adjective) characterized by assertiveness, forcefulness, or readiness to attack. Example: "The dog displayed aggressive behavior towards strangers." barrage: (noun) a concentrated outpouring or overwhelming quantity of something. Example: "The team faced a barrage of criticism after their defeat in the championship." predictable: (adjective) able to be foreseen or anticipated. Example: "The weather forecast predicted a predictable increase in temperatures for the weekend." devastating: (adjective) causing severe damage or destruction. Example: "The hurricane had a devastating impact foundations: (noun) the basis or groundwork on which something is built or developed. Example: "Education provides the foundations for a successful career." reality: (noun) the state of things as they actually exist. Example: "It's important to face reality and deal with problems as they arise." incentive: (noun) something that motivates or encourages action. Example: "A bonus at work can provide an incentive for employees to work harder." encased: (adjective) enclosed or covered in a protective or enclosing case. Example: "The fragile item was encased in bubble wrap to prevent damage during shipping." encounter: (verb) to come across or meet someone or something unexpectedly. Example: "I encountered an old friend at the grocery store yesterday." fortuitous: (adjective) happening by chance or luck. Example: "Winning the lottery was a fortuitous event that changed his life." ingenious: (adjective) clever, inventive, or resourceful. Example: "The engineer came up with an ingenious solution to the complex problem." phenomenon: (noun) a remarkable or exceptional occurrence or event. Example: "The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon that amazes spectators." revolutionized: (verb) radically changed or transformed something. Example: "The invention of the internet revolutionized the way we access information." simultaneously: (adverb) at the same time or concurrently. Example: "She was listening to music and studying simultaneously." conceptualize: (verb) to form a concept or mental representation of something. Example: "It took me some time to conceptualize the abstract ideas in the book." innovative: (adjective) introducing new ideas, methods, or techniques. Example: "The company is known for its innovative approach to product design." adaptation: (noun) the act of adjusting or modifying something to suit a new purpose or environment. Example: "Animals undergo adaptation to survive in their natural habitats." comparable: (adjective) able to be likened or similar in nature or quality. Example: "The two novels have comparable themes and writing styles." preceding: (adjective) coming before in time or order. Example: "The preceding chapter provided the necessary background information." significant: (adjective) important, notable, or meaningful. Example: "The discovery of a new species is a significant scientific achievement." contemporary: (adjective) belonging to the present time; modern or current. Example: "The artist's work reflects contemporary social issues." foresee: (verb) to predict or anticipate something before it happens. Example: "The economist can foresee potential economic trends based on market analysis." dimension: (noun) a particular aspect or feature of a situation or problem. Example: "The issue has many dimensions that need to be considered." comprise: (verb) to consist of; to be made up of. Example: "The committee is comprised of experts from various fields." maneuver: (noun) a planned movement or series of moves, especially in a military context. Example: "The soldiers executed a tactical maneuver to outflank the enemy." implement: (verb) to put into effect or action; to carry out. Example: "The government plans to implement new policies to improve healthcare." feasible: (adjective) possible to do or achieve; practical. Example: "The proposed project is not financially feasible at the moment." prototype: (noun) an early model or version of a product used for testing or development. Example: "The engineers built a functional prototype of the new car design." sophistication: (noun) refinement, complexity, or advanced level of development. Example: "The restaurant is known for the sophistication of its cuisine." trajectory: (noun) the path followed by an object moving through space or air. Example: "The rocket's trajectory was carefully calculated to reach its intended destination." unveil: (verb) to reveal or make known for the first time. Example: "The company plans to unveil its latest product at the upcoming conference." groundbreaking: (adjective) innovative or pioneering; introducing new ideas or methods. Example: "The scientist made a groundbreaking discovery in the field of genetics." comprehensive: (adjective) complete, including all important aspects or details. Example: "The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current market trends." strive: (verb) to make great efforts or struggle to achieve something. Example: "The athletes strive for excellence and push their limits in training." endeavor: (noun) a sincere and determined effort to achieve a goal. Example: "Starting her own business was a challenging endeavor, but she succeeded." READING PASSAGE 2 The Risks of Cigarette Smoke nicotianine: (noun) the early name for nicotine, an oily essence found in tobacco. Example: "Nicotianine, later known as nicotine, was discovered in the early 1800s." active ingredient: (noun phrase) the component of a substance responsible for its primary effects. Example: "Nicotine is the main active ingredient in tobacco." cancer-causing: (adjective) having the potential to cause cancer. Example: "Cigarette smoke contains cancer-causing substances." vastly: (adverb) to a very great extent; greatly. Example: "Years of cigarette smoking vastly increase the risk of developing fatal medical conditions." leukemia: (noun) a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Example: "Smoking is thought to cause about 14% of leukemia cases." preventable: (adjective) able to be avoided or prevented. Example: "Smoking represents the most important preventable cause of cancer." passive smoking: (noun phrase) the inhalation of smoke from another person's tobacco. Example: "Exposure to passive smoking poses a serious health risk." emphasized: (verb) gave special importance or prominence to something. Example: "The report emphasized the health dangers of second-hand smoke." deposited: (verb) laid down or settled. Example: "Side-stream smoke is more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs." illustration: (noun) a specific example or instance used to clarify or explain something. Example: "As an illustration of the health risks, a non-smoking spouse has a higher risk of heart disease due to passive smoking." philosophical: (adjective) relating to the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, and more. Example: "Leaving aside the philosophical question, the report focuses on the health effects of second-hand smoke." adverse: (adjective) harmful or unfavorable; having a negative effect. Example: "Second-hand smoke can have adverse effects on a person's heart and lungs." review: (noun) a critical evaluation or assessment of something, typically involving examination or analysis. Example: "The report includes a review of studies conducted over the past few years." opponent: (noun) a person who actively disagrees with or resists something. Example: "The American Medical Association is a strong opponent of smoking." compensate: (verb) to make up for something; to offset or counterbalance. Example: "The cardiovascular system compensates for the effects of smoking." inhalation: (noun) the action or process of breathing in. Example: "Non-smokers do not have the benefit of their system adapting to smoke inhalation." component: (noun) a part or element of a larger whole. Example: "Cigarette smoke contains many harmful components." interferes: (verb) interrupts, disrupts, or hinders the normal functioning of something. Example: "Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke interferes with the blood platelets: (noun) small blood cells involved in clotting and blood coagulation. Example: "Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate platelets, increasing the likelihood of blood clots." likelihood: (noun) the probability or chance of something happening. Example: "The activation of platelets in cigarette smoke increases the likelihood of blood clots." underestimating: (verb) to underestimate or undervalue something; to judge as less important or significant than it actually is. Example: "Scientists working with the tobacco industry are underestimating the damage caused by passive smoking." previous: (adjective) existing or occurring before in time or order. Example: "The researchers cite some previous research that points to passive smoking as a cause of heart attacks." attributed: (verb) regarded as being caused by or resulting from something. Example: "A percentage of lung cancer cases can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand smoke." adverse effects: (noun phrase) negative or harmful consequences or outcomes. Example: "The report highlights the adverse effects of second-hand smoke on a person's heart and lungs." circulation: (noun) the movement of blood through the body's blood vessels. Example: "Cigarette smoke affects blood circulation throughout the body." consultants: (noun) professionals who provide expert advice or services in a specific field. Example: "Some scientific consultants working with the tobacco industry downplay the effects of cigarette smoke." damage done: (noun phrase) the harm or injury caused. Example: "Those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking." support: (verb) to provide evidence or reasons in favor of something. Example: "The researchers cite previous research to support their findings." establish: (verb) to set up or create something. Example: "The simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free environments." workplaces: (noun) locations where people work or carry out their job responsibilities. Example: "Smoke-free workplaces help protect non-smokers from second-hand smoke." substantial: (adjective) considerable in amount, size, or importance. Example: "Second-hand smoke can have substantial adverse effects on a person's health." adapting: (verb) adjusting or changing in response to new circumstances or conditions. Example: "The cardiovascular system adapts to the effects of smoking." particles: (noun) small pieces or fragments of something. Example: "Side-stream smoke contains more particles that can be deposited in the lungs." emphasizes: (verb) gives special importance or prominence to something. Example: "The report emphasizes the need for smoke-free public places." dangers: (noun) risks or hazards that can cause harm or injury. Example: "The report highlights the health dangers of second-hand smoke." medical conditions: (noun phrase) illnesses or diseases that affect a person's health. Example: "Years of cigarette smoking increase the risk of developing fatal medical conditions." toxins: (noun) poisonous substances produced by living organisms. Example: "Cigarette smoke contains toxins that can harm the body." influenza: (noun) a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system; commonly known as the flu. Example: "Smoking can contribute to problems such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and influenza." review: (verb) to examine, assess, or evaluate something in a detailed and critical manner. Example: "The researchers reviewed studies conducted over the past few years." researchers: (noun) individuals who conduct systematic investigation and study to discover new knowledge or understand phenomena. Example: "The researchers at the University of California conducted a study on second-hand smoke." benefit: (noun) an advantage, improvement, or positive outcome. Example: "Non-smokers do not have the benefit of their cardiovascular system adapting to smoke inhalation." cardiovascular: (adjective) relating to the heart and blood vessels. Example: "Smoking damages the cardiovascular system." exposure: (noun) the state of being exposed to or in contact with something. Example: "High levels of exposure to second-hand smoke can contribute to lung cancer." consequently: (adverb) as a result or effect of something. Example: "The effects of passive smoking are far greater on non-smokers, consequently, than on smokers." compounds: (noun) substances formed by the combination of two or more elements. Example: "Cigarette smoke contains over 4,700 chemical compounds." damage: (verb) to cause harm, injury, or destruction. Example: "Passive smoking can damage a person's cardiovascular system." evaluate: (verb) to assess, analyze, or judge the value or quality of something. Example: "The researchers evaluated the impact of second-hand smoke on non-smokers." harmful: (adjective) causing or likely to cause harm or damage. Example: "Second-hand smoke has harmful effects on a person's heart and lungs." substance: (noun) a particular kind of matter with consistent properties. Example: "Nicotine is an oily substance found in tobacco." alcohol-related: (adjective) associated with or influenced by the consumption of alcohol. Example: "Passive smoking is the third most preventable cause of death after active smoking and alcohol-related diseases." READING PASSAGE 3 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1.       Hypotheses: (noun) plural form of hypothesis; proposed explanations or ideas that are yet to be tested. Example: "Scientists formulate hypotheses to guide their research and investigations." 2.       Imaginative: (adjective) creative, characterized by the ability to generate new and original ideas. Example: "The field of art is known for its imaginative expressions and innovative techniques." 3.       Inspirational: (adjective) providing inspiration or motivation; encouraging creative or imaginative thinking. Example: "The speaker delivered an inspirational speech that motivated the audience to pursue their dreams." 4.       Adventures: (noun) exciting and daring experiences or undertakings. Example: "Exploring unknown territories can be thrilling and filled with unexpected adventures." 5.       Arguing: (verb) presenting reasons or evidence to support a particular point of view. Example: "The debaters were arguing their cases passionately, each defending their perspective." 6.       Position: (noun) a particular stance or viewpoint on a subject or issue. Example: "The author's position on climate change was clearly stated in the introduction." 7.       Interpretations: (noun) explanations or understandings of something, often based on personal perspectives or viewpoints. Example: "Different scholars provided diverse interpretations of the ancient text." 8.       Researcher: (noun) a person engaged in systematic investigation or study to discover new knowledge or reach conclusions. Example: "The researcher spent years collecting and analyzing data for their groundbreaking study." 9.       Discouraged: (adjective) feeling demotivated, disheartened, or lacking enthusiasm. Example: "The initial setbacks in the project made the team members feel discouraged." 10.   Cheating: (noun) acting dishonestly or unfairly, typically to gain an advantage. Example: "Plagiarism is considered a form of academic cheating and can result in severe consequences." 11.   Essential: (adjective) absolutely necessary; of utmost importance. Example: "Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining good health." 12.   Raw: (adjective) unprocessed, in its natural or original state. Example: "The raw data needed to be analyzed and organized before drawing conclusions." 13.   Evidence: (noun) facts, information, or proof that supports or disproves a claim or hypothesis. Example: "The detective gathered evidence to solve the crime and identify the culprit." 14.   Senses: (noun) the faculties by which the body perceives and responds to stimuli, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Example: "The artist used vibrant colors to appeal to the viewer's senses and evoke emotions." 15.   Generalizations: (noun) broad statements or conclusions drawn from specific observations or facts. Example: "Stereotypes are often based on generalizations that oversimplify and categorize people." 16.   Array: (noun) an ordered arrangement or display of things. Example: "The store had an impressive array of products on its shelves." 17.   Factual: (adjective) based on facts or reality; true and accurate. Example: "The journalist was praised for presenting factual information in their investigative report." 18.   Observation: (noun) the act or process of closely watching or examining something. Example 18.   Observation: (noun) the act or process of closely watching or examining something. Example: "The scientist made careful observations to gather data for their study." 19.   Function: (verb) to work or operate in a particular way or fulfill a specific role. Example: "The heart functions as a pump, circulating blood throughout the body." 20.   Experimental: (adjective) relating to or based on experiments or testing. Example: "The laboratory conducted experimental studies to investigate the effects of the new drug." 21.   Exploratory: (adjective) done or undertaken to gain knowledge or understanding. Example: "The researcher conducted an exploratory study to explore the potential causes of the phenomenon." 22.   Expectation: (noun) a strong belief or anticipation about the outcome of a situation. Example: "The team had high expectations for their performance in the upcoming tournament." 23.   Influence: (verb) to have an effect on the thoughts, actions, or behavior of someone or something. Example: "Parents can have a significant influence on their children's values and beliefs." 24.   Relevant: (adjective) closely connected or applicable to the matter at hand; important and significant. Example: "The lawyer presented relevant evidence to support their client's case." 25.   Discarded: (verb) thrown away or rejected as no longer useful or valuable. Example: "The old, broken appliances were discarded and replaced with new ones." 26.   Rigorous: (adjective) strict, precise, or demanding in terms of quality, accuracy, or standards. Example: "The professor set rigorous criteria for grading the research papers." 27.   Deducing: (verb) to arrive at a conclusion or inference by reasoning or logical thinking. Example: "Based on the available evidence, the detective began deducing the identity of the suspect." 28.   Retained: (verb) kept or continued to be held or used; not discarded or replaced. Example: "She retained her position as team captain for another season." 29.   Accident: (noun) an unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance. Example: "The car crash was a tragic accident that resulted in multiple injuries." 30.   Antidote: (noun) a substance that counteracts or neutralizes the effects of a poison or harmful substance. Example: "The doctor administered the antidote to reverse the toxic effects of the snakebite." 31.   Myth: (noun) a widely held but false belief or idea; a traditional story or legend. Example: "The notion that lightning never strikes the same place twice is a myth." 32.   Serial: (adjective) arranged or presented in a series or sequence. Example: "The TV show released a new serial episode every week." 33.   Logical: (adjective) characterized by clear, sound reasoning and coherence. Example: "The mathematician presented a logical proof to solve the complex equation." 34.   Behavioural: (adjective) related to actions, reactions, or conduct. Example: "The psychologist studied the behavioural patterns of children with attention-deficit disorder." 35.   Worth: (noun) value or importance. Example: "The antique furniture had sentimental worth for the family." 36.   Output: (noun) the result or product of a process or activity 36.   Output: (noun) the result or product of a process or activity. Example: "The company's annual output increased by 20% compared to the previous year." 37.   Evaluated: (verb) assessed or examined to determine value, significance, or quality. Example: "The teacher evaluated the students' essays based on their content and writing skills." 38.   Holistic: (adjective) considering or treating something as a whole, rather than separate parts. Example: "The holistic approach to healthcare focuses on addressing the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of patients." 39.   Reworkings: (noun) revised or modified versions of something, often involving changes or adjustments. Example: "The author made several reworkings of the manuscript before finalizing it for publication." 40.   Corrections: (noun) changes made to rectify errors or mistakes. Example: "The editor provided helpful corrections to improve the clarity and grammar of the document." 41.   Blind alleys: (noun) paths or approaches that lead to no useful or successful outcome. Example: "The researchers encountered several blind alleys in their quest to find a cure for the disease." 42.   Inspiration: (noun) a creative or influential force that stimulates new ideas, thoughts, or actions. Example: "Traveling to different countries often provides inspiration for writers and artists." 43.   Serial: (adjective) appearing or occurring in regular succession, one after another. Example: "The crime novel was published as a serial, with each chapter released weekly in a magazine." 44.   Thesis: (noun) a long essay or dissertation presenting the author's research and findings as part of an academic degree. Example: "She spent months writing her doctoral thesis on the impact of climate change on coastal ecosystems." 45.   Published: (adjective) made available to the public through printed or digital media. Example: "The scientist's groundbreaking research findings were published in a prestigious scientific journal." 46.   Described: (verb) provided an account or explanation in words; conveyed information about something. Example: "The witness described the suspect's appearance to the police." 47.   Writing up: (phrase) the process of documenting or presenting research findings in written form. Example: "After completing the experiments, the scientist began writing up the results for publication." 48.   Carrying out: (phrase) performing or executing a task or activity. Example: "The team was responsible for carrying out the fieldwork and data collection." 49.   Undertaking: (noun) a task, project, or assignment that requires effort or commitment. Example: "Starting a business is a challenging undertaking that involves careful planning and hard work." 50.   Carried it out: (phrase) performed or completed a task or action. Example: "The researchers carried out a series of experiments to test their hypothesis." ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 PASSAGE-1                    A Remarkable Beetle 1.       remarkable: (adjective) worthy of attention; extraordinary. Example: "Dung beetles have undergone remarkable adaptations to survive in different climates." 2.       adapted: (adjective) adjusted or modified to fit a particular environment or condition. Example: "These dung beetles are adapted to thrive in Australia's diverse climates." 3.       climates: (noun) the prevailing weather conditions in a particular region or area. Example: "Dung beetles have evolved to withstand various climates, from hot and dry to cool and temperate." 4.       dung: (noun) animal feces; excrement. Example: "Dung beetles play a crucial role in processing and decomposing dung." 5.       coarse: (adjective) rough or uneven in texture or structure. Example: "Native dung beetles specialize in processing coarse marsupial droppings." 6.       scrub: (noun) an area covered with low or stunted vegetation. Example: "Australia's native dung beetles are found in scrub and woodland habitats." 7.       woodland: (noun) land covered with trees and shrubs; forested area. Example: "Dung beetles inhabit woodland areas where they can find suitable dung sources." 8.       breed: (verb) produce offspring sexually; reproduce. Example: "Bush flies and buffalo flies breed in soft cattle dung." 9.       premier: (adjective) most important or leading; highest in rank or position. Example: "The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is Australia's premier research organization." 10.   research: (noun) systematic investigation to discover or establish facts or principles. Example: "George Bornemissza conducted research on dung beetles and their potential impact on controlling flies." 11.   organisation: (noun) a structured group of people with a common purpose; an organized body or institution. Example: "The CSIRO is a renowned scientific organization known for its contributions to various fields." 12.   insects: (noun) small arthropod animals with six legs and typically one or two pairs of wings. Example: "The CSIRO imported insects, including different species of dung beetles, to Australia." 13.   species: (noun) a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Example: "The CSIRO imported dung beetles from around 50 different species." 14.   integrate: (verb) combine or bring together to form a whole; incorporate. Example: "Several dung beetle species have successfully integrated into the local environment." 15.   ecology: (noun) the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Example: "Dung beetles play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the local ecology." 16.   multiply: (verb) increase or cause to increase in number or quantity. Example: "Once established, dung beetles multiply and contribute to the health of the ecosystem." 17.   predators: (noun) animals that hunt, kill, and eat other animals. Example: "Dung beetles working from inside the dung pats are protected from predators." 18.   burrow: (verb) excavate a hole or tunnel for habitation or refuge. Example: "Dung 19.   tunnelling: (noun) the act of digging or creating tunnels. Example: "Dung beetles engage in tunnelling activities to bury dung and create chambers." 20.   hollowed out: (adjective) emptied or excavated from within; made into a hollow shape. Example: "The dung pats are hollowed out by the dung beetles as they burrow beneath them." 21.   excavate: (verb) dig out or make a hole or tunnel by removing material. Example: "Some large dung beetle species from France excavate tunnels deep below the dung pat." 22.   sausage-shaped: (adjective) having a shape resembling that of a sausage; elongated and cylindrical. Example: "The large French dung beetles create sausage-shaped brood chambers along their tunnels." 23.   hang like fruit: (verb phrase) suspend or dangle in a manner resembling fruit. Example: "The small Spanish dung beetle buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches." 24.   narrow: (adjective) having a small width; not wide. Example: "South African dung beetles dig narrow tunnels below the surface of the dung pat." 25.   surface-dwelling: (adjective) living or existing on the surface or top layer. Example: "Some surface-dwelling dung beetles roll dung into perfectly-shaped balls." 26.   attached: (verb) fastened or joined to something. Example: "The dung beetles attach the rolled dung balls to the bases of plants." 27.   overlapping: (adjective) extending or covering a shared area or period. Example: "Farmers require dung beetle species with overlapping periods of activity for optimal dung burial." 28.   temperate: (adjective) having a mild or moderate climate. Example: "The temperate-climate Spanish dung beetle species is well-suited for cooler environments." 29.   generation: (noun) all the people born and living at about the same time. Example: "Dung beetles can produce multiple generations within a single year." 30.   annually: (adverb) once a year; every year. Example: "The temperate-climate Spanish dung beetles can produce two to five generations annually." 31.   subtropical: (adjective) relating to or characteristic of regions with a climate between tropical and temperate. Example: "The South African ball-rolling dung beetle species prefers subtropical climates." 32.   inhabitat: (verb) live in or occupy (a place or environment). Example: "Different dung beetle species inhabit various climatic zones in Australia." 33.   fertiliser: (noun) a substance added to soil to promote plant growth. Example: "The residue left by dung beetles serves as a natural fertiliser for the soil." 34.   aeration: (noun) the process of providing air or oxygen to something. Example: "Dung beetle tunnels contribute to soil aeration and improved oxygenation." 35.   channels: (noun) passages or routes through which something flows or is conveyed. Example: "The abandoned dung beetle tunnels serve as natural water channels for the soil." 36.   decompose: (verb) break down or decay into simpler substances or components. Example: "Earthworms help decompose the dig 37.   essential: (adjective) absolutely necessary; extremely important. Example: "The decomposed dung in the abandoned burrows provides essential nutrients for the soil." 38.   polluting: (verb) contaminating or making impure. Example: "Without dung beetles, dung and chemical fertilizers could potentially pollute water sources." 39.   courses: (noun) a path or route along which something moves. Example: "Uncontrolled dung and fertilizers could flow into water courses and cause environmental damage." 40.   blooms: (noun) rapid growth or reproduction of organisms, often causing visible changes in the environment. Example: "Unregulated dung and fertilizer runoff can lead to blooms of blue-green algae in water bodies." 41.   dispose of: (verb phrase) get rid of or eliminate. Example: "Dung beetles play a vital role in helping to dispose of cow dung and prevent its accumulation." 42.   litter: (verb) make (a place) untidy with rubbish or a large number of objects scattered about. Example: "Without dung beetles, cow pats would litter pastures and hinder cattle's access to grass." 43.   pastures: (noun) land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing animals. Example: "The accumulation of cow pats would make pastures unsuitable for cattle to graze." 44.   smother: (verb) cover or suffocate (someone or something) entirely. Example: "The sheer amount of cow dung produced would smother vast areas of pasture." 45.   integral: (adjective) necessary to complete a whole; essential. Example: "Dung beetles have become an integral part of dairy farm management in Australia." 46.   management: (noun) the process of dealing with or controlling something effectively. Example: "Dung beetles contribute to the successful management of dairy farms." 47.   private: (adjective) belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group; not public. Example: "Some dung beetle species are available through private breeders." 48.   specialised: (adjective) requiring or involving specific knowledge or training. Example: "Former CSIRO entomologists have opened specialized businesses focused on dung beetles." 49.   knowledge: (noun) information, understanding, or skills acquired through experience, education, or training. Example: "Private breeders possess knowledge about dung beetles and their rearing." 50.   competition: (noun) the activity or condition of striving to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others. Example: "Private breeders are in competition with the CSIRO in providing dung beetles to farmers." PASSAGE-2 1.       inescapable: (adjective) unavoidable; unable to be avoided or escaped. Example: "The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable." 2.       exploitation: (noun) the action of using and benefiting from resources, often in an unfair or harmful manner. Example: "Governments sometimes subsidize the exploitation of natural resources, causing environmental damage." 3.       harmful: (adjective) causing or capable of causing damage or harm. Example: "Governments often engage in activities that are even more harmful to the environment." 4.       subsidize: (verb) provide financial support or assistance to (a person, organization, or activity) with public funds. Example: "Governments may subsidize the consumption of natural resources through various policies." 5.       two-fold: (adjective) having two parts or aspects; dual. Example: "Scrapping harmful policies would provide a two-fold benefit: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy." 6.       bonus: (noun) an extra benefit or advantage; something additional or unexpected. Example: "Eliminating harmful policies would result in a bonus: a healthier environment and improved economic efficiency." 7.       environmentalism: (noun) the advocacy or work towards protecting the natural environment from harm or exploitation. Example: "The goal of environmentalism is to promote sustainable practices and conserve natural resources." 8.       courage: (noun) the ability to do something difficult or face danger without fear. Example: "Politicians need to have the courage to confront vested interests and promote environmental policies." 9.       confront: (verb) face or address (a problem or difficult situation) directly. Example: "To make progress, politicians must confront the vested interests that hinder environmental protection." 10.   vested interest: (noun phrase) a personal or financial stake or involvement in a particular situation, often creating bias or self-interest. Example: "Politicians must confront the vested interests that benefit from harmful environmental policies." 11.   surface: (noun) the outside layer or topmost part of something. Example: "Farming has a significant impact on the Earth's surface, shaping a third of the planet's land area." 12.   proportion: (noun) a part, share, or amount considered in relation to a whole. Example: "Farming shapes a significant proportion of the Earth's land area." 13.   cultivation: (noun) the process of preparing and using land for growing crops or plants. Example: "Increased food output is a result of advances in cultivation techniques." 14.   plough: (noun) a large farming implement with blades used to turn over soil in preparation for planting. Example: "More land has been brought under the plough to increase food production." 15.   irrigation: (noun) the artificial application of water to land or crops to assist in their growth. Example: "Higher yields in farming have been achieved through improved techniques such as irrigation." 16.   yield: (noun) the amount of agricultural or industrial output produced. Example: "Increases in yield per acre have contributed to higher food production." 17.   pesticides: (noun) substances used to kill or control pests (insects, weeds, etc.) that damage crops or plants. Example: "The use 17.   pesticides: (noun) substances used to kill or control pests (insects, weeds, etc.) that damage crops or plants. Example: "The use of pesticides has increased to protect crops from pests and maximize yields." 18.   chemical fertilisers: (noun phrase) synthetic substances used to provide essential nutrients to plants for their growth. Example: "The increased use of chemical fertilisers has contributed to higher crop yields." 19.   deforestation: (noun) the clearing or destruction of forests, typically for agriculture or logging purposes. Example: "Land clearing for agriculture is a major cause of deforestation worldwide." 20.   contaminate: (verb) make (something) impure, polluted, or harmful by adding something undesirable. Example: "Chemical fertilisers and pesticides can contaminate water supplies if not used properly." 21.   exacerbate: (verb) make (a problem, situation, or negative feeling) worse or more severe. Example: "Intensive farming practices tend to exacerbate soil erosion." 22.   mono-culture: (noun) the cultivation or growth of a single crop species over a large area. Example: "The spread of mono-culture reduces biodiversity and increases vulnerability to pests and diseases." 23.   vanishing: (adjective) disappearing or becoming extinct. Example: "Topsoil in India and China is vanishing at an alarming rate." 24.   compounded: (verb) made worse or more severe by the addition or combination of various elements. Example: "Government policies have compounded the environmental damage caused by farming." 25.   subsidies: (noun) financial assistance or support given by the government to particular industries or activities. Example: "Subsidies for farming can drive up the price of land and distort the market." 26.   output: (noun) the amount of something produced or generated by a person, machine, or industry. Example: "The aim is to increase food output while minimizing environmental impact." 27.   crop: (noun) a cultivated plant that is grown as food, livestock fodder, or for other economic purposes. Example: "Farmers need incentives to grow food crops sustainably." 28.   acre: (noun) a unit of land area equal to 43,560 square feet or about 4,047 square meters. Example: "To increase crop yields per acre, farmers often rely on chemical inputs." 29.   denmark: (noun) a country in Northern Europe known for its agricultural practices. Example: "Fertilizer use doubled in Denmark between 1960 and 1985." 30.   netherlands: (noun) a country in Northwestern Europe known for its agricultural productivity. Example: "The use of fertilizers increased by 150% in The Netherlands." 31.   frequency: (noun) the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time. Example: "The frequency of pesticide application increased in Denmark during the three years from 1981." 32.   dramatic: (adjective) sudden and striking, having a powerful effect. Example: "New Zealand's decision to scrap most farm support had a dramatic impact on fertilizer use." 33.   environmentally: (adverb) in a way that relates to the natural world and its surroundings. Example: "Efforts are being made to encourage farmers to treat their land environmentally friendlier." 34.   friendlier: (adjective) more favorable 34.   friendlier: (adjective) more favorable or conducive to a positive relationship or outcome. Example: "New payments aim to encourage farmers to adopt friendlier practices towards the environment." 35.   ethanol: (noun) a type of alcohol produced from crops, used as a fuel or fuel additive. Example: "Crop residues can be used to produce ethanol, which is a more environmentally friendly fuel." 36.   biomass: (noun) organic matter derived from plants or animals used as a source of renewable energy. Example: "Crop residues can be converted into biomass for fueling power stations." 37.   competitive: (adjective) characterized by rivalry or the ability to compete effectively. Example: "Fuels produced from crop residues are rarely competitive with fossil fuels without subsidies." 38.   aggravate: (verb) make (a problem, situation, or condition) worse or more severe. Example: "Government subsidies for pesticides and fertilizers aggravate their overuse and environmental impact." 39.   waste: (verb) use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose. Example: "Subsidies for pesticides often lead to the waste of these chemicals in farming." 40.   lethal: (adjective) causing or capable of causing death or serious harm. Example: "Farmers resort to using more lethal pesticides as pests become resistant to lower doses." 41.   resistant: (adjective) not affected or harmed by something. Example: "Pests develop resistance to pesticides, requiring farmers to use more resistant varieties or higher doses." 42.   poisoning: (noun) the condition of being affected by or exposed to a harmful or toxic substance. Example: "Pesticide poisoning poses a serious health risk, especially in developing countries." 43.   moderate: (adjective) average in amount, intensity, or degree. Example: "Even moderate pesticide applications can cost farmers more than the benefits they provide." 44.   rotating: (verb) regularly changing the crops grown in a particular field or area. Example: "Overuse of fertilizers may discourage farmers from rotating crops or leaving their land fallow." 45.   habitat: (noun) the natural environment or home of a particular plant, animal, or organism. Example: "The conversion of natural habitat into farmland can have detrimental effects on biodiversity." 46.   intensity: (noun) the degree or extent of strength, force, or severity of something. Example: "The intensity of farming in the rich world is expected to decline with reduced subsidies." 47.   desirable: (adjective) worth having or seeking, pleasing or advantageous. Example: "The reduction in farm subsidies can have many desirable environmental effects." 48.   vulnerability: (noun) the state of being exposed to the possibility of being harmed or attacked. Example: "Mono-culture increases the vulnerability of crops to pests and diseases." 49.   sustainable: (adjective) able to be maintained at a certain rate or level without depleting resources or causing harm. Example: "Farmers in poor countries need incentives to manage their land in sustainable ways." 50.   effectively: (adverb) in a way that produces a desired or intended result. Example: "Farmers need incentives to use their soil and water effectively and efficiently." PASSAGE-3 THE CONCEPT OF ROLE THEORY 1.       occupies: (verb) takes up or fills a particular space, position, or role. Example: "Any individual in any situation occupies a role in relation to other people." 2.       analysis: (noun) the process of examining something in detail in order to understand it better or draw conclusions. Example: "The analysis of a situation helps in understanding the dynamics of roles and interactions." 3.       focal: (adjective) central or main; pertaining to the main point of interest or focus. Example: "The individual in the center of a group is referred to as the focal person." 4.       interacts: (verb) communicates or acts with others; engages in social or communicative exchanges. Example: "The focal person interacts with members of their role set in various ways." 5.       role set: (noun phrase) a group of people with whom an individual interacts and has a relationship in a particular situation. Example: "In the family situation, an individual's role set includes immediate family members." 6.       trivial: (adjective) of little importance or significance; unimportant. Example: "The role set should include individuals with whom the focal person has meaningful interactions, not just trivial ones." 7.       combination: (noun) the act or process of combining two or more things to form something new or different. Example: "The role definition of an individual is a combination of the expectations held by the role set members." 8.       occupationally: (adverb) related to or concerning a particular occupation or profession. Example: "Role expectations can be occupationally defined, particularly for professions like lawyers and doctors." 9.       legally: (adverb) in accordance with the law; related to legal requirements or regulations. Example: "Certain roles, such as lawyers and doctors, have legally defined responsibilities and expectations." 10.   constrained: (adjective) restricted or limited by external factors or circumstances. Example: "The required role behavior for certain professions can be so constrained that it becomes ingrained in one's personality." 11.   likely: (adjective) probable; expected to happen or be true. Example: "There is a likelihood that individuals in the same role will exhibit similar traits or behaviors." 12.   alike: (adjective) similar; having resemblance or similarities. Example: "The expectations of a particular role can shape individuals to become alike in their behaviors or characteristics." 13.   emphasis: (noun) special importance, significance, or attention given to something. Example: "There has been a decline in the emphasis placed on traditional marriage rituals in recent times." 14.   indication: (noun) a sign, signal, or piece of information that indicates or suggests something. Example: "The declining emphasis on marriage rituals is an indication of changing societal attitudes towards marriage." 15.   rituals: (noun) formal or ceremonial acts or procedures that have symbolic or traditional significance. Example: "Rituals serve as signs of significant role changes and transitions in society." 16.   democratic: (adjective) relating to or supporting democracy; characterized by equality and fairness. Example: "The trend of blurring role signs in dress can be seen as a democratic approach, but it can also create insecurity." 17.   insecure: (adjective) uncertain or anxious about oneself; lacking continue ChatGPT 18.   subordinate: (noun) a person who is lower in rank or position; someone who is under the authority of another. Example: "Without proper role signs, a subordinate may continue to perceive and respond to their superior as their boss." 19.   outward: (adjective) relating to the outside; external or visible. Example: "When changing roles, it is important to have some outward sign or indication to communicate the shift to others." 20.   decline: (noun) a gradual and continuous decrease or reduction in something. Example: "There has been a decline in the importance attached to traditional role signs in modern society." 21.   status: (noun) the position or standing of a person in relation to others; social rank or prestige. Example: "Dress can sometimes indicate the social status of individuals present in a gathering." 22.   perquisites: (noun) special privileges, benefits, or advantages associated with a particular position or role. Example: "Office signs and furniture are often used as perquisites to signify the status and role of individuals in organizations." 23.   frowned upon: (verb phrase) to disapprove or have a negative opinion of something; to consider something unacceptable or undesirable. Example: "Although they may be frowned upon, role signs can serve a purpose in establishing clarity and expectations." 24.   complete: (adjective) whole or entire; including all necessary parts or elements. Example: "Job descriptions are seldom complete role definitions, especially at higher management levels." 25.   subtle: (adjective) not obvious or easily noticeable; requiring careful observation or attention to perceive. Example: "Job descriptions often fail to capture the subtle and informal expectations associated with a role." 26.   unsaid: (adjective) not expressed or communicated in words; implied or understood without being explicitly stated. Example: "Incomplete job descriptions can leave individuals with a sense of things left unsaid about their role responsibilities." 27.   heighten: (verb) to increase or intensify; to make something more pronounced or extreme. Example: "Incomplete job descriptions can heighten the sense of role ambiguity and uncertainty." 28.   insecurity: (noun) a lack of confidence or certainty; a feeling of being uncertain or insecure about something. Example: "Lack of clarity in the role of the focal person can cause insecurity and irritation among members of the role set." 29.   confidence: (noun) a feeling of self-assurance or belief in one's abilities or qualities. Example: "Clarity in the role of the focal person can instill confidence and trust among members of the role set." 30.   irritation: (noun) a feeling of annoyance or frustration; a state of being bothered or irritated. Example: "Role ambiguity can lead to irritation and misunderstandings within the role set." 31.   anger: (noun) a strong feeling of displeasure, hostility, or rage. Example: "Unclear role expectations can cause anger and resentment among the members of the role set." 32.   executive: (noun) a person in a high-level managerial position, typically responsible for making important decisions. Example: "One of the roles of a manager is that of an executive, making strategic decisions for the organization." 33.   planner: (noun) someone who develops or formulates plans or strategies. Example: "A manager also serves as a planner, developing plans and strategies for achieving organizational goals." 34.   policy maker: (noun) an individual who formulates or establishes policies, rules, or guidelines. Example: "A manager may also have the role of a policy maker, shaping the direction and principles of the organization." 35.   expert: (noun) a person who has a high level of knowledge or skill in a particular field or subject. Example: "A manager is expected to be an expert in their area of specialization, providing guidance and expertise." 36.   controller: (noun) a person or entity that exercises authority or control over something. Example: "As a controller of rewards and punishments, a manager is responsible for managing performance and enforcing consequences." 37.   counselor: (noun) a person who provides advice, guidance, or support to others, often in a professional setting. Example: "A manager may take on the role of a counselor, offering guidance and support to their team members." 38.   friend: (noun) a person with whom one has a bond of mutual affection and trust. Example: "A manager can also play the role of a friend, fostering positive relationships and camaraderie within the team." 39.   teacher: (noun) a person who instructs or imparts knowledge or skills to others. Example: "A manager may assume the role of a teacher, providing coaching and mentoring to develop their team members." 40.   operational: (adjective) relating to the actual functioning or practical aspects of something. Example: "The role signs help determine which role is currently operational and guide appropriate responses." 41.   react: (verb) to respond or behave in a particular way in response to something. Example: "If the role of the focal person is unclear, the other party may not react appropriately to their communication." 42.   appropriate: (adjective) suitable, fitting, or proper in a particular context or circumstance. Example: "Role signs help ensure that individuals respond in an appropriate manner to the focal person's role." 43.   message: (noun) a piece of information or communication conveyed from one person to another. Example: "If role signs are absent, there is a risk of misinterpreting the intended message of the focal person." 44.   communicate: (verb) to convey or exchange information, thoughts, or feelings through speech, writing, or other means. Example: "Role signs serve as a way to communicate and signify the role one is occupying in a given context." 45.   ambiguity: (noun) the quality of being open to more than one interpretation or having uncertain meaning. Example: "Role ambiguity arises when there is uncertainty about the expectations and boundaries of a particular role." 46.   crucial: (adjective) extremely important or necessary; decisive or critical in determining an outcome. Example: "One of the crucial factors in shaping role definition is the individual's own understanding and expectations." 47.   shape: (verb) to influence the development or formation of something; to give a particular form or character to something. Example: "Role expectations shape and define the behaviors and responsibilities associated with a particular role." 48.   freedoms: (noun) the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Example: "The ability to shape one's own role is seen as one of the freedoms individuals desire in their professional lives." 49.   stress: (noun) mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from demanding circumstances or challenges. Example: " Role stress can occur when there is ambiguity or conflicting expectations within a role, leading to feelings of pressure and strain. 50.   job descriptions: (noun) written statements that outline the duties, responsibilities, and requirements of a particular job or role. Example: "Job descriptions provide a framework for role clarity and help reduce role ambiguity by defining the expectations of a position." 51. ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 PASSAGE-1 THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY 1.       Ethnography: (noun) the scientific study and systematic recording of human cultures, customs, and social behavior. Example: "The Department of Ethnography focuses on studying and documenting various cultural practices and traditions." 2.       Antiquities: (noun) valuable and historically significant objects or artifacts from ancient times. Example: "The original Department of Antiquities collected and preserved archaeological treasures from different civilizations." 3.       Significance: (noun) the importance or meaning of something. Example: "The Department seeks to understand the significance of objects in different cultural contexts." 4.       Mundane: (adjective) ordinary, commonplace, or lacking interest or excitement. Example: "The Department collects both extraordinary artifacts and mundane objects that are part of everyday life." 5.       Artifacts: (noun) objects made by humans, usually of historical, cultural, or archaeological importance. Example: "The collections of the Department of Ethnography include a wide range of artifacts from diverse cultures." 6.       Emphasis: (noun) special attention or importance given to something. Example: "The Department places emphasis on understanding the cultural expressions of different societies." 7.       Anthropological: (adjective) relating to the study of human societies, cultures, and their development. Example: "Museum staff conducted anthropological projects to gather insights into cultural practices and traditions." 8.       Assemblages: (noun) collections or groups of objects brought together or assembled for a specific purpose. Example: "The field assemblages from various regions provided a comprehensive representation of material culture." 9.       Ecological: (adjective) relating to the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Example: "The Department documents how different cultures adapt to ecological constraints and limited resources." 10.   Disposable: (adjective) designed to be thrown away after use; not intended for long-term use. Example: "In some cultures, what might be considered disposable in the West is recycled and reused." 11.   Assimilation: (noun) the process of adapting or integrating into a different cultural or social group. Example: "The assumption of rapid economic progress leading to the assimilation of small-scale societies proved incorrect." 12.   Marginal: (adjective) relating to a marginalized or peripheral group or community. Example: "Marginal communities can still survive and adapt despite changes in the global economy." 13.   Ingenuity: (noun) cleverness, inventiveness, or resourcefulness in solving problems or overcoming challenges. Example: "Traditional practices often rely on local ingenuity to overcome limited resources." 14.   Indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "The importation of cheap goods often leads to the decline of indigenous markets and local skills." 15.   Utilitarian: (adjective) designed for practical use or usefulness rather than beauty or decoration. Example: "Objects that may seem utilitarian to Westerners can hold aesthetic value in other cultures." 16.   Database: (noun) a structured collection of data stored and accessed electronically. Example: "Collections in the Department of Ethnography serve as an ever-expanding database for scholars and researchers." 17.   Multicultural: (adjective) relating to or consisting 17.   Multicultural: (adjective) relating to or consisting of multiple cultures or cultural groups. Example: "The Department of Ethnography operates in an increasingly multicultural European society." 18.   Context: (noun) the circumstances, environment, or setting in which something exists or occurs. Example: "Understanding the cultural practices requires considering the context in which they are performed." 19.   Documentation: (noun) the process of recording or providing written evidence or information. Example: "Acquisitions in the Department come with documentation that includes records and photographs of the social context." 20.   Aesthetics: (noun) the study or appreciation of beauty, especially in art and design. Example: "The Department provides information on non-Western aesthetics and techniques to artists and designers." 21.   Techniques: (noun) methods, skills, or procedures used in a particular field or activity. Example: "The Department explores various artistic techniques employed by different cultures." 22.   Educational: (adjective) relating to or providing education or instruction. Example: "The Department's collections serve educational purposes for schools, universities, and colleges of art and design." 23.   Adaptation: (noun) the process of adjusting to new conditions or modifying oneself to fit a different environment. Example: "The survival of marginal communities often relies on their ability to adapt to changing circumstances." 24.   Documentation: (noun) the process of recording or providing written evidence or information. Example: "The Museum emphasizes the importance of documentation to preserve cultural knowledge and practices." 25.   Categorize: (verb) to classify or arrange objects or ideas into categories or groups based on similarities or characteristics. Example: "The West often categorizes imported objects as 'art' based on their aesthetic value." 26.   Responsibility: (noun) the state or fact of being accountable or obligated to do something. Example: "The Department has a growing responsibility to provide information about non-Western cultures to a diverse audience." 27.   Scholars: (noun) people engaged in advanced study or research in a particular field, typically academia. Example: "The Department's collections are valuable resources for scholars studying various aspects of non-Western cultures." 28.   Material culture: (noun) the physical objects, artifacts, and possessions of a particular society or culture. Example: "The Department of Ethnography focuses on studying and documenting material culture from different regions." 29.   Ritual: (noun) a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed in a prescribed order. Example: "The collections include objects used in rituals and religious ceremonies from diverse cultural traditions." 30.   Political structures: (noun) the organization, systems, or institutions that govern or influence political activities. Example: "The Department studies the political structures of ancient empires and complex kingdoms." 31.   Recycled: (verb) to convert waste materials into reusable materials through a process of treatment or reprocessing. Example: "In some cultures, waste is recycled and repurposed instead of being discarded." 32.   Fieldwork: (noun) research or investigation conducted in the field, usually involving direct observation or data collection. Example: "Museum staff conducted extensive fieldwork to collect artifacts and study cultural practices." 33.   Documentation: (noun) written or printed material that provides evidence or information about something. Example: "Acquisitions in the Department are accompanied by detailed documentation about their origins 34.   Preference: (noun) a greater liking or inclination towards one thing over another. Example: "The Department documents the evolving preferences in personal adornment and dress among different cultures." 35.   Middle Eastern: (adjective) relating to the countries or cultures of the region between Africa and Asia, including the Arabian Peninsula. Example: "The Department collects and studies cultural artifacts from various Middle Eastern countries." 36.   Evolution: (noun) the gradual development or change over time. Example: "The Department tracks the evolution of ceremony and material forms through its collections." 37.   Contact: (noun) communication or interaction between two or more groups or individuals. Example: "The Department possesses collections formed after the first contact with Europeans, representing a significant historical period." 38.   Perseverance: (noun) persistence in doing something despite challenges, obstacles, or setbacks. Example: "The survival of small-scale societies demonstrates their perseverance in maintaining their cultural traditions." 39.   Documentation: (noun) the process of recording or providing written evidence or information. Example: "Accompanying documentation helps researchers and scholars understand the historical and cultural context of the artifacts." 40.   Inverted: (adjective) reversed or turned inside out; opposite in position, direction, or effect. Example: "Attitudes toward trade and exchange can be inverted when considering the value and significance of objects in different cultures." 41.   Integration: (noun) the act or process of combining or bringing different parts together into a unified whole. Example: "Marginal communities often experience partial integration into the global economy while maintaining their cultural practices." 42.   Fickle: (adjective) changing frequently and unexpectedly; not constant or reliable. Example: "The global economy is known for its fickle nature, which impacts local communities and traditional markets." 43.   Manufactured: (adjective) produced or made in large quantities using machinery or industrial processes. Example: "The importation of manufactured goods has had a significant impact on local industries and craftsmanship." 44.   Prized: (adjective) highly valued or esteemed; cherished. Example: "Objects transformed by local ingenuity can become prized possessions in certain cultures due to their aesthetic value." 45.   Documentation: (noun) the process of recording or providing written evidence or information. Example: "The documentation accompanying acquisitions provides valuable insights into the social and cultural context." 46.   Indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "The Department focuses on preserving and studying indigenous art forms and cultural practices." 47.   Preserve: (verb) to protect, maintain, or keep intact from harm, decay, or loss. Example: "The Department's mission is to preserve and document the cultural heritage of different communities." 48.   Comprehensive: (adjective) complete, including all aspects or elements; thorough. Example: "The field assemblages provide a comprehensive representation of a particular culture's material culture." 49.   Ingest: (verb) to consume or take in (food, drink, or other substances) through the mouth. Example: "Some cultures have unique practices regarding the ingestion of food and the rituals associated with it." 50.   Cultural traditions: (noun) the customs, practices, beliefs, or rituals passed down through generations within a particular culture. Example: "The Department studies and documents various cultural traditions to understand their significance and evolution over 51.   Artifacts: (noun) objects made or modified by humans, typically of historical or cultural significance. Example: "The Department of Ethnography houses a vast collection of artifacts from different regions and time periods." 52.   Cultural expressions: (noun) the manifestations or representations of culture through various forms such as art, music, dance, and language. Example: "The Department focuses on studying the cultural expressions of small-scale societies around the world." 53.   Textiles: (noun) woven or knitted fabrics or materials used for clothing, decoration, or practical purposes. Example: "The Department has extensive collections of traditional textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala, Indonesia, and West Africa." 54.   Boats: (noun) watercraft used for transportation or leisure activities on water bodies. Example: "The Department's collections include diverse types of boats from different cultures, such as coracles, reed boats, kayaks, and dug-out canoes." 55.   Non-Western: (adjective) relating to or originating from cultures or regions outside of Western Europe and North America. Example: "The Department focuses on documenting and showcasing the art and material culture of non-Western societies." 56.   Societies: (noun) organized communities or groups of individuals sharing common customs, institutions, and cultural practices. Example: "The primary focus of the Department is to study small-scale societies and their cultural practices." 57.   Banal: (adjective) lacking in originality, freshness, or significance; ordinary or uninteresting. Example: "The Department explores the significance of both extraordinary and banal objects in different cultural contexts." 58.   Institution: (noun) an organization or establishment founded for a particular purpose, such as education, research, or preservation. Example: "The Department collaborates with various national governments and other institutions to carry out fieldwork and research." 59.   Ecological: (adjective) relating to the interrelationship between organisms and their environment. Example: "Limited resources and ecological constraints influence the material culture and practices of different societies." 60.   Herdsman: (noun) a person who tends, raises, and takes care of a herd of animals, typically livestock. Example: "The Department documents the necessities of life and material culture of an African herdsman." PASSAGE-2                SECRETS OF THE FORESTS 1.       ventured: (verb) to undertake a risky or daring journey or course of action. Example: "Allan R Holmberg ventured into the jungle to study the Siriono Indians." 2.       isolated: (adjective) far away from other places, buildings, or people; remote. Example: "The Siriono Indians lived in an isolated area deep in the Bolivian Amazonia." 3.       strikingly: (adverb) in a way that is particularly noticeable or impressive. Example: "Holmberg described the Siriono's existence as strikingly backward." 4.       perpetual: (adjective) never-ending or constantly recurring. Example: "The Siriono's life was a perpetual search for food in the challenging environment." 5.       punishing: (adjective) extremely demanding or difficult; causing hardship. Example: "The Siriono faced a punishing task of finding enough food to sustain themselves." 6.       depleted: (adjective) used up or emptied of resources or supplies. Example: "When local resources became depleted, the tribe had to move on to find new ones." 7.       technology: (noun) the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Example: "According to Holmberg, the Siriono had limited access to technology and tools." 8.       handicapped: (adjective) having a physical or mental disability that significantly limits a person's abilities. Example: "Holmberg described the Siriono as one of the most handicapped peoples in the world." 9.       relics: (noun) objects or customs from a past time that are still surviving or remembered. Example: "The Siriono were seen as relics of a Stone Age culture in Amazonia." 10.   conception: (noun) a general idea or understanding of something. Example: "The popular conception of life in Amazonia portrayed it as hostile to civilization." 11.   ageless: (adjective) not affected or changed by time; timeless. Example: "The luxuriant forests of Amazonia were seen as ageless and unconquerable." 12.   hostile: (adjective) unfriendly, unfavorable, or antagonistic. Example: "The habitat in Amazonia was considered hostile to human settlement." 13.   simplicity: (noun) the quality or state of being simple or uncomplicated. Example: "Indian ways of life were seen as simplicity, adapted to the forest environment." 14.   adaptation: (noun) the process of adjusting or modifying something to suit new conditions or circumstances. Example: "The apparent adaptation of Indian lifestyles to the forest ecology was noted." 15.   evolutionarily: (adverb) in a manner related to or involving the process of biological evolution. Example: "The view that Amazonian tribes were evolutionarily backward was challenged." 16.   sustained: (verb) supported, maintained, or continued over a long period. Example: "Amazonia has supported sustained indigenous cultures for thousands of years." 17.   prehistoric: (adjective) relating to or existing in the period before recorded history. Example: "The prehistoric people of Amazonia developed advanced technologies and cultures." 18.   uncompromising: (adjective) not making concessions; inflexible or unyielding. Example: "The tropical environment of Amazonia was described as uncompromising." 19.   projection: (noun) the act of attributing one's own feelings, emotions, or characteristics to others. Example: "Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past." 20.   revised: (adjective) changed or corrected from a previous version. Example: "The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia challenges previous assumptions." 21.   tenable: (adjective) capable of being defended or maintained. Example: "An approach that excludes people from the equation is no longer tenable." 22.   ecosystems: (noun) a community of living organisms and their environment. Example: "Ecologists have studied the ecosystems of Amazonia and their interactions." 23.   inhabitants: (noun) the people or animals that live in a particular place. Example: "The inhabitants of Amazonia have a rich history of indigenous cultures." 24.   intervening: (adjective) occurring or situated between two points or events. Example: "In the intervening decades, the lives of the Siriono have undergone changes." 25.   legislation: (noun) laws, rules, or regulations enacted by a governing body. Example: "Policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation." 26.   extreme: (adjective) reaching a high degree or intensity; excessive. Example: "Opposing all development in Amazonia has led to extreme consequences." 27.   casualty: (noun) a person or thing that suffers as a result of a particular action or event. Example: "The environment has become a casualty in the clash between environmentalists and developers." 28.   habits: (noun) repeated behaviors or actions performed regularly. Example: "The hunting, fishing, and cultivation habits of indigenous Amazonians were misunderstood." 29.   representation: (noun) the act of depicting or portraying something. Example: "The habits of indigenous Amazonians were represented as harmful to the habitat." 30.   crucial: (adjective) extremely important or essential. Example: "The presence of indigenous tribes is crucial for the survival of the forest." 31.   judicious: (adjective) showing good judgment or wisdom in making decisions. Example: "With judicious management, selected parts of Amazonia can support more people." 32.   buried: (verb) placed or concealed under the ground or a solid surface. Example: "The buried past of Amazonia reveals insights into its prehistoric cultures." 33.   hope: (noun) a feeling of expectation or desire for something to happen. Example: "The long-buried past of Amazonia offers hope for its future." 34.   realization: (noun) an awareness or understanding of something previously unknown or unnoticed. Example: "The realization of Amazonia's human history challenges previous assumptions." 35.   political: (adjective) relating to government, public affairs, or power within a society. Example: "Leaders met to discuss how to balance economic development with political and environmental concerns." 36.   advance: (verb) to move forward or make progress. Example: "Developing countries seek to ** 36.   advance: (verb) to move forward or make progress. Example: "Developing countries seek to advance their economies while preserving natural resources." 37.   legitimate: (adjective) conforming to the law or rules; valid or authentic. Example: "The challenge is to find a legitimate balance between development and environmental conservation." 38.   opposed: (adjective) in conflict or disagreement with; against. Example: "Some environmentalists are opposed to any kind of development in Amazonia." 39.   destructive: (adjective) causing great damage or harm. Example: "The region has experienced destructive development that harms the environment." 40.   representation: (noun) the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or something. Example: "The indigenous Amazonians need representation to protect their rights and interests." 41.   clash: (noun) a conflict or disagreement between two groups or individuals. Example: "The clash between environmentalists and developers has caused harm to the indigenous tribes." 42.   decades: (noun) periods of ten years; plural of "decade." Example: "The lives of the Siriono have changed over the decades since Holmberg's visit." 43.   understanding: (noun) knowledge or comprehension of a subject or situation. Example: "The understanding of Amazonia's history has evolved through recent research." 44.   assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof. Example: "The evidence challenges previous assumptions about Amazonia's human history." 45.   endured: (verb) suffered patiently or persistently; tolerated. Example: "The image of the Siriono as Stone Age relics has endured over time." 46.   abandoned: (verb) left behind or deserted; no longer in use or occupied. Example: "Some archaeological sites were abandoned by earlier cultures in Amazonia." 47.   ruins: (noun) the remains of a building, city, or civilization that has been destroyed or decayed. Example: "Archaeological ruins provide evidence of past cultures in Amazonia." 48.   interaction: (noun) the action or influence of people or things on one another. Example: "The interaction between humans and the natural environment shaped Amazonia's history." 49.   consequences: (noun) the results or effects of an action or decision. Example: "Extreme positions on development in Amazonia have had unintended consequences." 50.   wisdom: (noun) the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment. Example: "The understanding of Amazonia's history provides valuable wisdom for the future." PASSAGE-3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below: HIGHS & LOWS gloomy: (adjective) dark and depressing; lacking light or cheer. Example: "The gloomy weather affected her mood, making her feel sad." depression: (noun) a state of sadness and low mood. Example: "She experienced a period of depression during the winter months." drastically: (adverb) in a way that is extreme or severe. Example: "The change in weather affected her routine drastically." affected: (adjective) influenced or touched by something. Example: "His work and social life were affected by his low energy levels." condition: (noun) the state of someone's physical or mental health. Example: "Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a condition related to mood changes during specific seasons." sufferers: (noun) people who experience pain, illness, or hardship. Example: "SAD sufferers often find it challenging to cope with the winter months." exposed: (adjective) not protected or covered; subjected to a particular influence or condition. Example: "Children who are frequently exposed to ultraviolet light may have improved learning abilities." ultraviolet: (adjective) relating to electromagnetic radiation beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. Example: "Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays can be harmful to the skin." arranged: (verb) organized or planned in a particular way. Example: "Working hours are often arranged to accommodate breaks during the hottest part of the day." siesta: (noun) a short nap or rest taken after the midday meal, especially in hot countries. Example: "In Spain, many people take a siesta during the afternoon to escape the heat." links: (noun) connections or relationships between different things. Example: "Scientists are studying the links between weather patterns and human moods." tempers: (noun) a person's state of mind in terms of their anger and emotional control. Example: "Hot weather is often associated with shorter tempers and increased irritability." muggy: (adjective) uncomfortably warm and humid. Example: "The muggy weather made it difficult to concentrate." relationship: (noun) the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected or related. Example: "There is a relationship between temperature and the occurrence of street riots." frequency: (noun) the rate at which something occurs or is repeated. Example: "The frequency of riots increases during warmer weather." dramatically: (adverb) in a striking or impressive manner. Example: "Crime rates can change dramatically depending on the weather conditions." merely: (adverb) only; simply. Example: "The increase in trouble during hot weather is not merely due to mood changes." distraction: (noun) a thing that prevents someone from giving their full attention to something else. Example: "Feeling cold served as a distraction for the divers and affected their performance." skeptical: (adjective) doubtful; inclined to question or doubt accepted opinions or beliefs. Example: "People may become less skeptical and more optimistic during sunny weather." apparently: (adverb) as far as one knows or can see; seemingly. Example: "Apparently, the length of daylight hours affects people's m temperature-controlled: (adjective) adjusted or regulated according to the desired temperature. Example: "The restaurant had a temperature-controlled environment to ensure comfort for its customers." borne out: (phrasal verb) confirmed or supported by evidence. Example: "The study's findings bore out the belief that rainy weather affects people's mood." cues: (noun) signals or indications that guide or prompt a particular action or response. Example: "Changing lengths of day and night provide time cues for animals' behavioral changes." coping: (noun) dealing effectively with something difficult or challenging. Example: "Animals develop behavioral changes as a way of coping with the cycle of seasons." disturbed: (adjective) agitated or unsettled; not calm or peaceful. Example: "Her disturbed mood was noticeable during the thunderstorm." irritable: (adjective) easily annoyed or provoked; having a tendency to be grouchy or short-tempered. Example: "The hot and humid weather made her irritable and impatient." reactive: (adjective) responsive or sensitive to external stimuli; prone to reacting quickly. Example: "High levels of serotonin can make individuals more reactive and prone to aggression." aggressive: (adjective) hostile or forceful in behavior or attitude. Example: "Some individuals exhibit aggressive behavior during thunderstorms due to increased serotonin levels." wind: (noun) a natural movement of air, especially a current moving along or parallel to the ground. Example: "Certain winds, like the Mistral in southern France, can affect people's mood and increase the number of accidents." concentration: (noun) the action or power of focusing one's attention or mental effort. Example: "The noise from the wind disturbed her concentration while studying." ionizers: (noun) devices or machines that produce ions, usually negative ions, to improve air quality. Example: "Ionizers are used to increase the number of negative ions in the air, creating a better environment." associated: (adjective) connected or linked with something. Example: "There is an associated increase in negative emotions during a thunderstorm." evidence: (noun) facts or information that support a belief, claim, or hypothesis. Example: "Scientific studies provide evidence of the relationship between weather and human moods." suicidal: (adjective) having a tendency or inclination to commit suicide. Example: "People experiencing suicidal feelings may be more likely to reach out for help during rainy weather." brewing: (adjective) developing or beginning to form. Example: "The brewing thunderstorm created a sense of anticipation in the air." irritable: (adjective) easily annoyed or provoked; having a tendency to be grouchy or short-tempered. Example: "She becomes irritable when the weather is hot and humid." edge: (noun) a state of nervousness or tension. Example: "The impending storm put everyone on edge." intense: (adjective) extreme in degree, strength, or force. Example: "Large thunderclouds can generate intense electrical fields during a storm." serotonin: (noun) a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood and other functions. Example: "High levels of serotonin in the brain can affect a person's mood and behavior." impair: (verb) weaken or damage something (such as mental or physical abilities). functioning: (noun) the way in which something works or operates. Example: "The diver's mental functioning was impaired by the cold water." divers: (noun) individuals who engage in underwater activities such as diving. Example: "The researchers compared the performance of divers in different water temperatures." significantly: (adverb) in a noteworthy or important manner; to a significant degree. Example: "The diver's performance was significantly affected by the temperature of the water." counseling: (noun) the process of providing guidance, support, and advice to someone. Example: "The counseling service received more calls from individuals during rainy weather." associates: (verb) connects or links with something or someone. Example: "People often associate rainy weather with negative emotions." believable: (adjective) capable of being believed or accepted as true. Example: "The evidence for a connection between weather and mood makes the relationship believable." pineal gland: (noun) a small endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin. Example: "The pineal gland is responsible for the production of melatonin, a hormone related to sleep and mood." triggered: (verb) caused or set off a reaction or response. Example: "Changes in melatonin levels can trigger behavioral changes in certain animals." weight: (noun) the amount or quantity of heaviness of a person or thing. Example: "Hamsters put on more weight when their melatonin levels are decreasing." negative: (adjective) characterized by the absence or opposite of a positive quality. Example: "Many people claim to feel better in negatively charged air." ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 READING PASSAGE 1 focus: (noun) the center of interest, attention, or activity. Example: "Air pollution is increasingly becoming the focus of government and citizen concern." implemented: (verb) put into effect; carried out. Example: "New solutions to air pollution are being implemented around the globe." enforcement: (noun) the act of ensuring compliance with rules, laws, or regulations. Example: "Improved enforcement of anti-pollution laws is necessary to combat air pollution." innovative: (adjective) introducing or using new ideas, methods, or technologies. Example: "Innovative technology is being employed to tackle air pollution." legislation: (noun) laws, rules, or regulations created and enacted by a governing body. Example: "New legislation is being introduced to address air pollution concerns." renting out: (verb phrase) allowing someone to use or occupy something in exchange for payment. Example: "In Singapore, renting out road space is seen as a future solution to air pollution." offenders: (noun) individuals or entities that commit an offense or a wrongdoing. Example: "Older cars were identified as the worst offenders in terms of air pollution." decrepit: (adjective) worn out or ruined due to age or neglect. Example: "California aims to remove the most decrepit vehicles from the roads." gauges: (verb) measures or estimates the amount, quantity, or extent of something. Example: "An infra-red spectrometer is used to gauge the pollution emitted by vehicles." infra-red: (adjective) relating to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light. Example: "The council is using an infra-red spectrometer to measure vehicle pollution." disturbing: (adjective) causing anxiety, worry, or unease; unsettling. Example: "Research in Southern California has reached disturbing conclusions about particulate matter pollution." implicated: (verb) shown or proven to be involved in or connected to something negative or harmful. Example: "PM10, a sub-category of particulate matter, has been implicated in thousands of deaths." acutely: (adverb) intensely; in a severe or extreme manner. Example: "The elderly and ill are acutely vulnerable to the effects of polluted air." linger: (verb) stay in a place longer than necessary, typically because of a reluctance to leave. Example: "A cloud of exhaust fumes lingered over London for over a week." reverse: (verb) change to an opposite or different direction, position, or course. Example: "Efforts are being made to reverse established trends in air pollution." proportion: (noun) a part, share, or number considered in relation to a whole. Example: "The pressure to combat air pollution will grow in proportion to the growth of cities." combat: (verb) take action to reduce, eliminate, or prevent something undesirable. Example: "Public officials are taking measures to combat air pollution." enacted: (verb) make (a bill or proposal) law. Example: "New regulations have been enacted to address the issue of air pollution." vulnerable: (adjective) susceptible to physical or emotional harm, often due to being weak or unprotected. Example: "Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution." proposed: (adjective) suggested or put forward for consideration or discussion. Example: "New solutions to air pollution are being proposed by governments and organizations." megacities: (noun) extremely large cities with populations exceeding 10 million. Example: "According to the United Nations, there will be twenty-four megacities by the year 2000." guidelines: (noun) recommended principles or rules used to inform or direct actions or decisions. Example: "Many cities exceed the guidelines set by the World Health Organization for air quality." implication: (noun) a likely consequence or result of something. Example: "The implication of increased air pollution is a rise in respiratory illnesses." congestion: (noun) excessive overcrowding or blockage, typically causing a hindrance or delay. Example: "Increasing the number of people in cars would help alleviate traffic congestion." sophistication: (noun) the quality of being advanced, complex, or intricate. Example: "Electronic innovations have allowed for increasing sophistication in road-pricing systems." controversial: (adjective) causing disagreement, discussion, or argument. Example: "Road-pricing can be a controversial topic, as it involves charging drivers for road usage." reversal: (noun) a change to an opposite or previous condition or direction. Example: "Efforts to reduce air pollution aim for a reversal of current trends." acquisition: (noun) the process of gaining or obtaining something. Example: "The acquisition of clean cars is a crucial step in reducing air pollution." reluctance: (noun) unwillingness or hesitation in doing something. Example: "There is a reluctance among some individuals to adopt car-pooling as a solution." innocuous: (adjective) not harmful or offensive; unlikely to cause any negative effects. Example: "Some pollutants are relatively innocuous, while others pose significant health risks." particulate: (adjective) composed of tiny particles or solid matter suspended in a liquid or gas. Example: "Particulate matter in the air can have adverse effects on human health." estimated: (adjective) roughly calculated or approximated. Example: "The estimated cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions is quite high." conclusions: (noun) final decisions or judgments reached after considering all the information. Example: "The researchers drew alarming conclusions about the impact of particulate matter pollution." campaigning: (verb) engaging in a series of organized activities or efforts to achieve a goal. Example: "Local authorities in London are campaigning for the power to enforce anti-pollution laws." compliance: (noun) the act of adhering to rules, regulations, or laws. Example: "Improved compliance with pollution control measures is essential for reducing air pollution." infrastructure: (noun) the basic physical structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or system. Example: "Investing in sustainable schemes: (noun) planned or organized systems or projects designed to achieve a particular goal. Example: "Singapore has implemented various schemes to address air pollution, such as road-pricing." opposition: (noun) resistance or disagreement expressed against a person, idea, or action. Example: "The local government faced opposition when considering implementing Singaporean techniques." conducted: (verb) carried out; performed. Example: "Research is being conducted to understand the effects of air pollution on public health." leverage: (noun) the power or ability to influence or control situations or people. Example: "Governments are using their leverage to push for stricter air pollution regulations." standard: (noun) a level of quality, achievement, or attainment regarded as typical or acceptable. Example: "The annual stationary test is the current standard for measuring vehicle pollution." estimates: (noun) approximate calculations or assessments of the value, quantity, or extent of something. Example: "The United Nations has provided estimates on the future growth of cities and their pollution levels." participation: (noun) the act of taking part in or engaging in an activity or event. Example: "Increased participation in car-pooling would help reduce individual car usage." environmental: (adjective) relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition. Example: "An environmental programme aims to address the issues of air pollution in a London council." tendency: (noun) a likelihood or inclination to act or behave in a particular way. Example: "The tendency to drive cars more is contributing to the increase in air pollution." overcrowding: (noun) a situation in which there are too many people or things in a particular space. Example: "Megacities often face challenges related to overcrowding and its impact on air quality." hasten: (verb) cause something to happen sooner or more quickly. Example: "Polluted air can hasten health problems and even lead to premature death." emissions: (noun) substances or gases released into the atmosphere, typically as a result of human activities. Example: "Reducing vehicle emissions is a key strategy in combating air pollution." established: (adjective) accepted and recognized as a standard or authority. Example: "Efforts are being made to challenge established norms and practices in pollution control." phenomenon: (noun) a fact or event that can be observed and is considered interesting or significant. Example: "The rise in allergies and asthma is a phenomenon linked to increased air pollution." PASSAGE-2 VOTES FOR WOMEN suffragette: (noun) a woman advocating for the right to vote, especially as a member of the women's suffrage movement. Example: "The suffragette movement fought for women's right to vote." militant: (adjective) engaging in confrontational or aggressive actions in support of a cause. Example: "The suffragette movement included both peaceful protesters and more militant activists." archive: (noun) a collection of historical records or documents. Example: "The Museum of London used its archive collection to create the suffragette exhibition." corporate: (adjective) relating to a unified group or organization. Example: "The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) projected a corporate identity with their color scheme." nationwide: (adjective) extending or reaching across an entire nation. Example: "The WSPU aimed to create a nationwide image for the suffragette movement." campaigner: (noun) a person actively involved in promoting a cause or influencing public opinion. Example: "Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst was a prominent campaigner for women's suffrage." enfranchise: (verb) give the right to vote to. Example: "The suffragettes aimed to enfranchise women and secure their voting rights." cohesion: (noun) the action or fact of forming a united whole. Example: "The color scheme brought cohesion to the suffragette movement." deserted: (verb) left or abandoned completely. Example: "Women deserted other groups to join the WSPU." headquarters: (noun) the main office or central location of an organization. Example: "The WSPU established their headquarters in Charing Cross Road." communication: (noun) the imparting or exchanging of information or news. Example: "Despite limited communication channels, the suffragette message spread across the country." invaluable: (adjective) extremely useful or valuable. Example: "The newspapers produced by the WSPU were invaluable in disseminating information." fund-raising: (noun) the act of collecting money for a particular purpose. Example: "The suffragettes engaged in various fund-raising activities to support their cause." advertising: (noun) the activity of promoting products or services through paid announcements. Example: "Large department stores engaged in advertising in suffragette newspapers." merchandising: (noun) the activity of promoting and selling products through various methods. Example: "The WSPU engaged in merchandising of goods in their signature colors." opportunity: (noun) a favorable or advantageous circumstance or occasion. Example: "British women wanted the opportunity to vote, like their counterparts in other countries." coffers: (noun) a store or supply of money or valuables. Example: "Fund-raising activities filled the coffers of the WSPU's 'war chest'." exhibition: (noun) a public display of works of art, artifacts, or other items of interest. Example: "The Museum of London's suffragette exhibition showcased numerous items from that era." uniform: (adjective) consistent or identical in form, nature, or design. Example: "The suffragettes adopted a uniform of a white frock with purple, white, and green accessories." accessories: (noun) additional items that enhance or accompany something. Example: "Suffragettes wore purple, white, and green accessories to symbolize their cause." trinkets: (noun) small decorative items of little value. Example: "The WSPU sold trinkets in the suffragette colors as part of their merchandising." communication: (noun) the imparting or exchanging of information or news. Example: "Photographs and banners were used as a means of communication during suffragette marches." responsible: (adjective) having an obligation to do something or care for someone. Example: "The suffragettes felt responsible for advocating women's rights and equality." talented: (adjective) having a natural aptitude or skill in a particular area. Example: "The WSPU had talented members who contributed artwork for the movement." propaganda: (noun) information, especially biased or misleading, used to promote a particular political cause or point of view. Example: "The suffragette movement utilized propaganda to raise awareness about their cause." cinema: (noun) a theater where movies are shown. Example: "The short film shown at the exhibition included old newsreels and cinema footage." depicting: (verb) showing or representing by a drawing, painting, or other art form. Example: "The film began by depicting a negative portrayal of suffragettes by their opponents." fierce: (adjective) having or displaying an intense or ferocious aggressiveness. Example: "The antis portrayed suffragettes as fierce and aggressive individuals." opposed: (adjective) in conflict or disagreement with something or someone. Example: "The 'antis' were opposed to the idea of women gaining the right to vote." original: (adjective) existing from the beginning; first or earliest. Example: "The exhibition displayed original newsreel footage of key suffragette events." PASSAGE-3 MEASURING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE 1.       evidence: (noun) facts or information that indicate whether something is true or valid. Example: "There is clear-cut evidence to support the effectiveness of supervision in increasing productivity." 2.       significant: (adjective) important or notable; having a meaning or impact. Example: "The study found significant differences in productivity between the two experimental programs." 3.       organised: (adjective) arranged or structured in a systematic manner. Example: "The four divisions were organised in the same way, using identical technology and performing similar tasks." 4.       aptitude: (noun) natural ability or talent for a particular skill or activity. Example: "The employees in all divisions had comparable aptitude for clerical work." 5.       entail: (verb) involve or require as a necessary part or consequence. Example: "The nature of the business entailed processing accounts and generating invoices." 6.       random: (adjective) lacking a pattern or plan; happening without a specific order. Example: "The divisions were assigned to experimental programs in a random manner to eliminate bias." 7.       continuous: (adjective) happening without interruption or break. Example: "Productivity was continuously measured and computed throughout the year." 8.       attitude: (noun) a person's opinions, beliefs, or feelings toward something. Example: "The study measured employees' attitudes toward their work before and after the experimental period." 9.       endeavor: (verb) attempt or try to achieve something. Example: "Managers were trained in group leadership methods, which they endeavored to use during the experiment." 10.   label: (verb) assign a particular name or category to something. Example: "The experimental changes in the two divisions were labeled as the 'participative program'." 11.   modify: (verb) make partial changes to something; alter or adjust. Example: "The supervision in the other two divisions was modified to increase closeness and higher decision levels." 12.   extension: (noun) an act of making something larger, longer, or more extensive. Example: "The scientific management approach was extended to make changes in the hierarchically controlled divisions." 13.   overstaffed: (adjective) having more staff or employees than necessary. Example: "The study revealed that the two divisions were overstaffed by approximately 30%." 14.   dismiss: (verb) remove or discharge someone from employment or a position. Example: "No one was to be dismissed, but staff reductions were achieved through transfers." 15.   reflect: (verb) show or demonstrate a particular quality or attribute. Example: "Figure 1 reflects the changes in productivity in the different divisions." 16.   substantial: (adjective) significant in amount, size, or importance; considerable. Example: "Direct pressures resulted in a substantial increase in production." 17.   participate: (verb) take part in an activity or event. Example: "Clerks in the participative program participated in the decision-making process to reduce the work group size." 18.   improvement: (noun) a positive change or progress in something. Example: "The participative division experienced an improvement in productivity." 19.   respects: (noun) aspects or features 20.   adverse: (adjective) unfavorable or harmful in nature; negative. Example: "The hierarchically controlled program led to shifts in adverse factors such as attitudes and loyalty." 21.   responsibility: (noun) the state or fact of being accountable for something or someone. Example: "In the participative program, employees felt a greater responsibility to ensure the work got done." 22.   absent: (adjective) not present; missing or unavailable. Example: "In the hierarchically controlled program, work tended to stop when the supervisor was absent." 23.   closer: (adjective) having a shorter physical or emotional distance; more intimate or connected. Example: "Employees in the participative program felt that their managers were closer to them." 24.   pull: (verb) support or advocate for someone or something; promote or favor. Example: "In the participative program, supervisors were seen as more likely to pull for both the employees and the company." 25.   trend: (noun) a general direction or pattern of change over time. Example: "In the hierarchically controlled program, an opposite trend occurred in employees' perceptions of their supervisors." 26.   accompanied: (verb) go or be together with something; coexist. Example: "The productivity increases in the hierarchically controlled program were accompanied by negative shifts in attitudes." 27.   loyalty: (noun) faithfulness or allegiance to a person, group, or cause. Example: "Attitudes of loyalty towards the company decreased in the hierarchically controlled program." 28.   interest: (noun) the state of wanting to know or learn about something. Example: "In the hierarchically controlled program, employees showed a decrease in interest in their work." 29.   involvement: (noun) the act or state of being included or participating in something. Example: "Employees in the participative program had a higher sense of involvement in their work." 30.   achievement: (noun) something accomplished successfully; a notable accomplishment. Example: "The study measured the achievements of the different programs in terms of productivity." 31.   impact: (noun) the effect or influence that something has on a person, thing, or situation. Example: "The direct pressures had a significant impact on production." 32.   adhere: (verb) stick or hold firmly to something; follow or comply with. Example: "Managers were trained to adhere to the principles of group leadership." 33.   strategy: (noun) a plan or approach designed to achieve a specific goal or objective. Example: "The two divisions implemented different strategies in terms of supervision and decision-making." 34.   evaluate: (verb) assess, appraise, or determine the value, importance, or effectiveness of something. Example: "The study aimed to evaluate the impact of different programs on productivity and attitudes." 35.   conduct: (verb) carry out or manage a particular activity or process. Example: "Management was responsible for conducting the experiments and collecting data." 36.   eliminate: (verb) completely remove or get rid of something. Example: "The study aimed to eliminate bias by assigning divisions to programs on a random basis." 37.   indicate: (verb) point out, show, or suggest as a sign or indication of something. Example 38.   achieve: (verb) successfully bring about or accomplish a desired result. Example: "The study aimed to achieve an increase in productivity through the experimental programs." 39.   factor: (noun) a circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result or outcome. Example: "The hierarchically controlled program had an adverse effect on factors such as attitudes and involvement." 40.   shift: (noun) a change or movement in something; a departure from the previous state. Example: "The productivity increases in the hierarchically controlled program were accompanied by shifts in attitudes." 41.   perception: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: "Employees' perception of their managers changed in the participative program." 42.   implementation: (noun) the process of putting a decision, plan, or policy into effect. Example: "The two programs differed in their implementation of supervision and decision-making methods." 43.   comparable: (adjective) similar or equivalent in certain respects; able to be compared. Example: "The four divisions had employees of comparable aptitude for clerical work." 44.   method: (noun) a particular way of doing something; a systematic or organized approach. Example: "Managers were trained in group methods of leadership." 45.   extent: (noun) the degree, scope, or range to which something applies or is valid. Example: "The study aimed to determine the extent to which a manager's earnings record could be influenced." 46.   poorest: (adjective) lowest in quality, value, or performance; worst. Example: "The historically poorest division in the participative program showed a smaller increase in productivity." 47.   conscious: (adjective) aware of and responding to one's surroundings; awake and alert. Example: "The clerks in the participative program were conscious of the productivity increases sought by management." 48.   compute: (verb) calculate or reckon a figure or amount. Example: "Standard times were computed to assess the staffing needs in the hierarchically controlled divisions." 49.   division: (noun) a separate part or section of something. Example: "The study covered 500 clerical employees in four parallel divisions." 50.   experiments: (noun) scientific tests or investigations conducted to gather data or validate a hypothesis. Example: "The managers were responsible for conducting the experiments and measuring productivity."

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 PASSAGE-1 AIRPORTS ON WATER difficult: (adjective) not easy; requiring effort or skill. Example: "River deltas are difficult places for map makers." map makers: (noun phrase) people who create maps. Example: "The changes in the river deltas pose challenges for map makers." outlines: (noun) the outer edges or shapes of something. Example: "The outlines of river deltas are always changing." fluctuations: (noun) changes or variations that occur over time. Example: "The river delta experiences natural fluctuations due to erosion and sedimentation." dramatic: (adjective) striking, impressive, or significant. Example: "The changes in China's Pearl River delta are more dramatic than natural fluctuations." created: (verb) brought into existence; made. Example: "An island is being created in the Pearl River delta." interested: (adjective) having an interest in something; curious or engaged. Example: "Civil engineers are interested in the performance and speed of the delta's development." endure: (verb) to continue to exist or last despite challenges or difficulties. Example: "The civil engineers want the new island to endure over time." rumbling: (verb) making a low, continuous, and resonant sound. Example: "Giant dumper trucks are rumbling across Chek Lap Kok island." breakneck: (adjective) extremely fast or dangerous; done at great speed. Example: "The construction of the airport is progressing at a breakneck pace." sinking: (verb) moving downward into or below the surface. Example: "Another Asian island is sinking back into the sea." geological: (adjective) related to the study of the Earth's structure, rocks, and processes. Example: "The differences between the two islands are both political and geological." reclaim: (verb) to recover or restore something, especially land from water or waste. Example: "The usual way to reclaim land is to pile sand and rock on the seabed." oozes: (verb) flows or seeps slowly out of something. Example: "When the seabed oozes with mud, settlement issues can occur." settle: (verb) to sink or come to rest; to establish or become fixed. Example: "The weight of the sand squeezes the water out, causing both water and sponge to settle lower." rarely: (adverb) not often; infrequently. Example: "Settlement is rarely even in areas with muddy seabeds." buckle: (verb) to bend, warp, or become distorted under pressure or strain. Example: "Buildings and roads can buckle due to uneven settlement." crack: (verb) to break or split, often with a sharp sound. Example: "Settlement can cause pipes and roads to crack." engineering: (noun) the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build structures, machines, and systems. Example: "Engineers can find ways to engineer around settlement issues." political: (adjective) relating to government, public affairs, or the conduct of individuals or groups within a society. Example: "The differences between the two islands are both political and geological." supposed: (adjective) assumed or believed to be the case. Example: "Kansai was supposed to be built just one kilometer offshore." offshore: (adjective) situated or occurring in the sea, relatively close to the shore. Example: "Kansai was supposed to be built offshore in solid seabed areas." protested: (verb) expressed strong objection or disagreement. Example: "Fishermen protested the original location of the Kansai airport." shifted: (verb) moved or changed position. Example: "The site of the Kansai airport was shifted further away due to protests." deposits: (noun) layers or accumulations of substances such as sediment or minerals. Example: "The seabed consisted of soft alluvial silt and mud deposits." glacial: (adjective) relating to or produced by glaciers or ice. Example: "Below the soft mud deposits was a not-very-firm glacial deposit." recognized: (verb) acknowledged the existence, validity, or legality of something. Example: "The Kansai builders recognized that settlement was inevitable." strengthen: (verb) make stronger or more resilient. Example: "Sand was driven into the seabed to strengthen it before the landfill was piled on top." cope: (verb) deal effectively with something difficult or challenging. Example: "Kansai's giant terminal is designed to cope with settlement using adjustable pillars." jacked up: (verb phrase) raised or lifted using a mechanical device. Example: "The pillars supporting Kansai's terminal can be jacked up individually." wedges: (noun) objects or pieces used to fill gaps or provide support. Example: "Wedges can be added underneath the pillars to keep the building level." tricky: (adjective) difficult, complicated, or likely to be problematic. Example: "Ensuring the building remains level can be a tricky task." conditions: (noun) the circumstances or factors affecting a situation. Example: "The conditions at Chek Lap Kok are different from those at Kansai." begin with: (phrase) start from a particular point or stage. Example: "There was some land there to begin with, the original little island of Chek Lap Kok." outcrop: (noun) a visible exposure of rock or geological formation. Example: "The new island includes the original outcrop called Lam Chau." granite: (noun) a hard, coarse-grained rock commonly used in construction. Example: "Between the two outcrops, there was a layer of soft mud, but also hard, weathered granite." opted: (verb) chose or decided on a particular course of action. Example: "The consortium opted for a more aggressive approach in building the island." fleet: (noun) a group of ships or vehicles operated together or under the same ownership. Example: "The consortium assembled the world's largest fleet of dredgers." sucked: (verb) drew in forcefully or extracted using suction. Example: "The dredgers sucked up clay and mud from the seabed." dumped: (verb) disposed of or unloaded in a careless or hasty manner. Example: "The dredgers dumped the clay and mud in deeper waters." layer: (noun) a single thickness or stratum of material lying over or under another. Example: "Sand was dredged and piled on top of the layer of stiff clay." blasted: (verb) destroyed or shattered with explosives. Example: "The original granite island was drilled and blasted into smaller boulders." foundations: (noun) the base or support on which a structure is built. Example: "The granite boulders became the foundations for the airport's runways." equivalent: (adjective) equal in value, amount, function, or meaning. Example: "The heap of boulders represents the equivalent of 105m cubic meters of landfill." unyielding: (adjective) rigid, inflexible, or resistant to change. Example: "Granite is an unyielding material used for the airport's foundations." capping: (noun) a covering layer or cap placed on top of something. Example: "The sand dredged from the waters provides a two-meter capping layer over the granite platform." utilities: (noun) services, facilities, or systems necessary for the functioning of a community or building. Example: "The sand layer makes it easier for utilities to dig trenches." trenches: (noun) long, narrow excavations made in the ground, typically for utilities or drainage. Example: "The sand layer facilitates the digging of trenches for utility installation." bolstered: (verb) strengthened, reinforced, or supported. Example: "The new coastline is being bolstered with sea defenses to protect the airport." formidable: (adjective) inspiring fear or respect due to being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable. Example: "The twelve kilometers of sea defenses are a formidable barrier against the forces of nature." PASSAGE-2 Changing Our Understanding of Health 1.       notions: (noun) ideas or beliefs. Example: "Different cultures have different notions of beauty." 2.       oriented: (adjective) aligned or focused towards a particular direction or goal. Example: "The training program is oriented towards improving customer service skills." 3.       holistically: (adverb) considering or addressing something as a whole, rather than focusing on its individual parts. Example: "Holistic medicine takes into account the patient's physical, mental, and emotional well-being." 4.       emphasis: (noun) special attention or importance given to something. Example: "The teacher placed a strong emphasis on critical thinking skills." 5.       individualistic: (adjective) characterized by an emphasis on individual interests, rights, or freedoms. Example: "Western societies tend to have an individualistic culture." 6.       underemployment: (noun) a situation in which a person is employed in a job that is below their skill level or qualifications. Example: "Many graduates face underemployment and struggle to find jobs in their field." 7.       root cause: (noun phrase) the fundamental reason or source behind a problem or issue. Example: "Identifying the root cause of a malfunction is crucial for effective troubleshooting." 8.       alienation: (noun) a state of feeling isolated, disconnected, or estranged from others. Example: "The new employee experienced a sense of alienation due to the unfriendly work environment." 9.       depletion: (noun) the act or process of reducing or using up a resource or supply. Example: "The depletion of natural resources poses a serious threat to future generations." 10.   interacting: (adjective) engaging or communicating with one another. Example: "The interacting factors contribute to the complexity of the problem." 11.   interdependent: (adjective) mutually reliant on one another; needing each other to function or succeed. Example: "In a healthy ecosystem, plants and animals are interdependent for survival." 12.   complex interrelationships: (noun phrase) intricate connections or associations between different elements. Example: "Understanding the complex interrelationships between social, economic, and environmental factors is crucial for effective policy-making." 13.   promote: (verb) to support, encourage, or advance the growth or development of something. Example: "The company launched a new advertising campaign to promote their latest product." 14.   charter: (noun) a formal document outlining principles, rights, or responsibilities. Example: "The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a charter that sets forth fundamental freedoms." 15.   dimension: (noun) an aspect or feature of something. Example: "Education is an important dimension of personal development." 16.   harmful: (adjective) causing damage, injury, or negative effects. Example: "Excessive exposure to sunlight can have harmful effects on the skin." 17.   fundamental: (adjective) forming a necessary base or core; essential. Example: "Learning basic math skills is fundamental to understanding more advanced concepts." 18.   approaches: (noun) methods or strategies for dealing with a problem or situation. Example: "There are various approaches to teaching foreign languages." 19.   enabling: (verb) empowering or providing the means for someone to do or achieve something. Example: "The new software 20.   scope: (noun) the extent or range of something. Example: "The project's scope includes research, analysis, and implementation." 21.   philosophy: (noun) a system of beliefs or values that guides one's behavior or thinking. Example: "Stoicism is a philosophy that emphasizes self-control and resilience." 22.   control: (noun) the power or ability to influence or direct something. Example: "The manager has control over the decision-making process." 23.   quality of life: (noun phrase) the overall well-being and satisfaction with one's living conditions and circumstances. Example: "Improving healthcare services can greatly enhance the quality of life for individuals." 24.   practical: (adjective) relating to or suitable for actual use or application; realistic. Example: "The workshop provided practical tips and techniques for effective time management." 25.   fundamental strategies: (noun phrase) core or essential approaches or plans. Example: "The company's fundamental strategies focus on innovation and customer satisfaction." 26.   development: (noun) the process of growth, progress, or advancement. Example: "The city invested in infrastructure development to attract new businesses." 27.   political: (adjective) relating to government, public affairs, or the exercise of power. Example: "The candidates discussed their political agendas during the debate." 28.   economic: (adjective) related to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Example: "The government implemented new economic policies to stimulate growth." 29.   cultural: (adjective) pertaining to the beliefs, customs, and practices of a particular group or society. Example: "The museum showcases various cultural artifacts from around the world." 30.   environmental: (adjective) relating to the natural surroundings or the impact of human activities on nature. Example: "The company aims to reduce its environmental footprint by implementing sustainable practices." 31.   behavioural: (adjective) relating to actions, conduct, or behavior. Example: "The study focused on the behavioural patterns of children in different social settings." 32.   biological: (adjective) related to living organisms and their functions. Example: "The scientist conducted experiments to study the biological effects of a new drug." 33.   favour: (verb) to support or show preference for something. Example: "The new tax law favours small businesses by providing tax breaks." 34.   harmful: (adjective) causing damage, injury, or negative effects. Example: "Excessive exposure to sunlight can have harmful effects on the skin." 35.   fundamental: (adjective) forming a necessary base or core; essential. Example: "Learning basic math skills is fundamental to understanding more advanced concepts." 36.   approaches: (noun) methods or strategies for dealing with a problem or situation. Example: "There are various approaches to teaching foreign languages." 37.   enabling: (verb) empowering or providing the means for someone to do or achieve something. Example: "The new software includes features that enable users to automate tasks." 38.   endorse: (verb) to publicly support or approve of something. Example: "The celebrity endorsed the new product in a television commercial." 39.   appropriate: (adjective) suitable or fitting for a particular purpose or situation. Example: "The teacher 40.   declaration: (noun) a formal or explicit statement or announcement. Example: "The government issued a declaration condemning the act of terrorism." 41.   resources: (noun) assets, materials, or capabilities that can be used or drawn upon. Example: "The company allocated sufficient resources to complete the project on time." 42.   equity: (noun) fairness or justice in the distribution of resources, opportunities, or treatment. Example: "The organization advocates for social equity and equal rights for all individuals." 43.   conditions: (noun) circumstances or factors that affect a situation or environment. Example: "The working conditions in the factory were unsafe and led to frequent accidents." 44.   promoting: (verb) actively supporting or encouraging the growth or development of something. Example: "The government launched a campaign aimed at promoting renewable energy sources." 45.   secure: (adjective) safe, protected, or free from danger or risk. Example: "The bank offers secure online banking services with encrypted transactions." 46.   foundation: (noun) the base or underlying support of something. Example: "Education is the foundation for personal and professional growth." 47.   pollution: (noun) the presence or introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment. Example: "Air pollution from factories contributes to respiratory problems in nearby communities." 48.   urbanization: (noun) the process of the growth and development of urban areas. Example: "Rapid urbanization has led to increased demands for housing and infrastructure." 49.   stability: (noun) the state of being steady, balanced, or not easily disrupted. Example: "Economic stability is crucial for attracting investments and promoting growth." 50.   working conditions: (noun phrase) the circumstances and environment in which people work. Example: "The union negotiated better wages and improved working conditions for its members." PASSAGE-3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which arc based on Reading Passage 3 below CHILDREN'S THINKING eminent: (adjective) famous, respected, or distinguished in a particular field. Example: "Albert Einstein was an eminent physicist who revolutionized our understanding of the universe." psychologists: (noun) professionals who study the human mind and behavior. Example: "Clinical psychologists help individuals cope with mental health issues and emotional challenges." reasoning: (noun) the process of thinking logically and making judgments based on evidence or facts. Example: "Critical thinking and reasoning skills are essential for problem-solving." segments: (noun) parts or sections into which something is divided. Example: "The report is divided into several segments that address different aspects of the research." novel: (adjective) new, original, or unusual. Example: "The artist's novel approach to painting captured the attention of art enthusiasts." explicitly: (adverb) clearly and directly stated. Example: "The instructions were explicitly written, leaving no room for confusion." principles: (noun) fundamental truths or beliefs that serve as a foundation for behavior or thought. Example: "The company's success is built on the principles of integrity and customer satisfaction." sequence: (noun) a particular order in which related events, actions, or objects follow one another. Example: "The sequence of steps in the experiment must be followed precisely for accurate results." readily: (adverb) easily and willingly; without hesitation. Example: "He readily agreed to help his friend with the project." integrate: (verb) to combine or bring together separate parts into a whole. Example: "The new software system will integrate all the different departments' data into a unified database." terminology: (noun) specialized language or vocabulary used in a particular field or subject. Example: "Medical students must learn the complex terminology used in anatomy and physiology." deductive: (adjective) based on logical reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions. Example: "In Sherlock Holmes stories, the detective uses deductive reasoning to solve mysterious cases." mystery: (noun) something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain. Example: "The disappearance of the ancient civilization remains a mystery to historians." analogy: (noun) a comparison between two things that highlights their similarities in certain aspects. Example: "The professor used an analogy to explain the concept of electricity by comparing it to water flow." psychologically: (adverb) relating to the mind and its processes, emotions, and behaviors. Example: "Experiencing trauma can have long-term psychological effects on an individual." perplexing: (adjective) puzzling, confusing, or difficult to understand. Example: "The math problem was perplexing, and the students struggled to find the solution." apparatus: (noun) equipment or tools used for a specific purpose or activity. Example: "The chemistry lab is equipped with a variety of apparatus for conducting experiments." procedure: (noun) a series of steps or actions followed to achieve a particular result. Example: "The doctor explained the surgical procedure to the patient before the operation." inferential: (adjective) involving or based on inference, the act of drawing conclusions or making deductions based on evidence or reasoning. Example: "In a murder investigation, detectives use inferential reasoning to connect the pieces of evidence and identify the culprit." crucial: (adjective) extremely important or necessary for the success or outcome of something. Example: "Effective communication skills are crucial for building strong relationships in both personal and professional settings." modifications: (noun) changes or alterations made to something to improve or adapt it. Example: "The car underwent several modifications to enhance its performance and fuel efficiency." equivalence: (noun) the state of being equal or equivalent in value, meaning, or function. Example: "In mathematics, the symbol '=' represents equivalence between two expressions." swapping: (noun) the act of exchanging or trading one thing for another. Example: "During the class party, the students enjoyed swapping their snacks and treats with each other." jump: (noun) a significant increase or improvement in quantity, quality, or performance. Example: "The company experienced a huge jump in sales after launching its new advertising campaign." performance: (noun) the manner in which something or someone functions, operates, or behaves. Example: "The athlete's outstanding performance earned him a gold medal in the Olympic Games." improvement: (noun) the act or process of making something better or more satisfactory. Example: "The recent renovations have brought significant improvement to the old building's appearance and functionality." resulted: (verb) to happen or occur as an outcome or consequence of something. Example: "The heavy rainfall resulted in flooding in low-lying areas." clarification: (noun) the act of making something clearer or easier to understand by providing additional information or explanation. Example: "The teacher provided clarification on a difficult concept, helping the students grasp the topic better." capability: (noun) the ability or capacity to do something. Example: "With dedication and practice, anyone can develop the capability to play a musical instrument." real: (adjective) genuine, actual, or existing in reality rather than in appearance or imagination. Example: "She felt a real sense of accomplishment after completing her first marathon." taken: (verb) past participle of "take," meaning to have acquired or accepted something. Example: "He has taken on the responsibility of managing the project." proof: (noun) evidence or information that establishes the truth or validity of something. Example: "The DNA test provided proof of the suspect's involvement in the crime." incapable: (adjective) lacking the necessary ability, qualification, or capacity to do something. Example: "Due to a physical disability, he is incapable of performing certain tasks." perception: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: "People's perception of beauty can vary based on cultural and personal preferences." ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 PASSAGE-1 IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY operates: (verb) runs, manages, or controls. Example: "Australian Hotels Inc (AHI) operates nine hotels in Australia." permanent: (adjective) lasting or intended to last indefinitely; not temporary. Example: "AHI employs over 2000 permanent full-time staff." part-time: (adjective) involving or working fewer hours than a full-time job. Example: "AHI employs 300 permanent part-time employees." casual: (adjective) employed irregularly or temporarily; not on a regular or permanent basis. Example: "AHI employs 100 casual staff." ventures: (noun) business projects or activities that involve some degree of risk. Example: "The Sydney Airport hotel (SAH) is one of AHI's latest ventures." accommodation: (noun) a place to live, stay, or reside in. Example: "SAH is designed to provide the best available accommodation near Sydney Airport." implications: (noun) the likely consequences or effects of something. Example: "The change in management structure had several implications for the organization." front-line: (adjective) relating to or involving direct contact or responsibility with customers or clients. Example: "Front-line employees are responsible for interacting directly with guests." satisfaction: (noun) the feeling of fulfillment or contentment. Example: "Improving customer satisfaction is a key goal for SAH." fit in: (phrasal verb) to integrate or blend harmoniously into a particular group or environment. Example: "SAH preferred to hire employees who would fit in with its new policies." predominantly: (adverb) mainly, mostly, primarily. Example: "The remaining positions at the hotel were predominantly filled by transfers." applicants: (noun) individuals who apply for a job or position. Example: "Over 7000 applicants filled in application forms for the jobs at SAH." initiatives: (noun) new projects, plans, or actions undertaken to achieve a specific goal. Example: "AHI implemented several initiatives to improve its hotel organization model." management flexibility: (noun phrase) the ability to adapt or adjust management practices according to changing circumstances. Example: "A multi-skilled workforce provides greater management flexibility for SAH." benchmarking: (noun) the process of comparing one's performance or practices with those of others as a standard for improvement. Example: "SAH implemented a benchmarking process to improve service delivery." reservations: (noun) bookings or arrangements made in advance, especially for accommodation. Example: "The front office team discovered that many AHI Club member reservations were incomplete." collated: (verb) gathered or collected together in an organized manner. Example: "Customer comments were collated to identify areas for improvement." perceptions: (noun) the way something is viewed, understood, or interpreted. Example: "Improving guest perceptions of service was a priority for SAH." implementation: (noun) the process of putting a plan or decision into effect. Example: "Employee suggestions for improvement were reviewed valid: (adjective) legally or logically acceptable; sound or justifiable. Example: "If a valid reason is given, employee suggestions may not be implemented immediately." analysis: (noun) the process of examining or studying something in detail to understand its nature or structure. Example: "Suggestions requiring analysis or data collection were given a specific timeframe." recommendations: (noun) suggestions or advice offered based on careful consideration or evaluation. Example: "The Take Charge team provided recommendations for addressing employee suggestions." limited: (adjective) restricted or confined in quantity, scope, or extent. Example: "Quantitative evidence of AHI's initiatives at SAH is currently limited." anecdotal: (adjective) based on personal accounts or stories rather than on systematic evidence. Example: "The anecdotal evidence suggests that these practices are working." progressively: (adverb) gradually, steadily, or in stages. Example: "AHI is progressively rolling out these initiatives in other hotels in Australia." rolling out: (phrasal verb) introducing or implementing gradually or in stages. Example: "The company is rolling out the initiatives to other hotels in a step-by-step manner." emphasize: (verb) to give special importance or attention to something; to highlight. Example: "The report findings may emphasize different aspects compared to the original article." condensed: (adjective) reduced in size, volume, or extent; summarized or abridged. Example: "This article has been condensed from the original source for brevity." cycle: (noun) a series of events or processes that repeat in a regular pattern. Example: "The article discusses the implementation of the cycle of success in a case study." journal: (noun) a periodical publication containing academic articles, research, or reports. Example: "The Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources published the original article." grateful: (adjective) feeling or showing appreciation or thanks. Example: "We are grateful to the author and the journal for allowing us to use the material." venture: (noun) a business or project involving some degree of risk or uncertainty. Example: "The Sydney Airport hotel was one of AHI's latest ventures." labour-cost structure: (noun phrase) the overall expenses related to labor or workforce. Example: "AHI faced challenges in achieving long-term profits due to the country's high labour-cost structure." significant: (adjective) important, notable, or meaningful. Example: "The change in management structure had a significant impact on the organization." communication: (noun) the exchange of information or ideas between individuals or groups. Example: "With the new structure, communication within the organization greatly improved." reference: (noun) the act of consulting or seeking information from a source or authority. Example: "Front-line employees can usually meet guest requests without reference to a supervisor." initiatives: (noun) new projects, plans, or actions undertaken to achieve a specific goal. Example: "AHI implemented several initiatives to improve its hotel organization model." predominantly: (adverb) mainly, mostly, primarily. Example: "The remaining positions at the hotel were predominantly filled by transfers." applicants: (noun) individuals who apply for a job or position. Example: "Over 7000 applicants filled in application forms for the jobs at SAH." leadership: (noun) the ability to guide or direct others; the position or role of a leader. Example: "Category A was for applicants exhibiting strong leadership qualities." qualities: (noun) characteristics or attributes that define a person or thing. Example: "Category B was for applicants with both leader and follower qualities." prospective: (adjective) potential or likely to become or be something in the future. Example: "Department heads and shift leaders composed prospective teams." employment: (noun) the state of being employed or having a job. Example: "Offers of employment were made to team members." multi-skilled: (adjective) having multiple skills or abilities in different areas or fields. Example: "SAH adopted a multi-skilled workforce to enhance flexibility." wide variety: (noun phrase) a broad range or diverse selection of something. Example: "Employees at SAH can work in a wide variety of positions." temporary: (adjective) lasting for only a limited period; not permanent. Example: "During quiet periods, employees from other departments can temporarily fill in for office staff." productivity: (noun) the measure of the efficiency or output of a person, machine, or system. Example: "Benchmarking improved SAH's ability to enhance productivity and quality." quality: (noun) the standard or level of excellence of something. Example: "The benchmarking process aimed to improve service delivery across a range of quality criteria." feedback: (noun) information or reactions given in response to a person's performance or behavior. Example: "Take Charge provides an effective feedback loop from both customers and employees." improvement: (noun) the act or process of making something better or enhancing its quality. Example: "Employee suggestions for improvement were reviewed and implemented promptly." Passage-2 Solution for: Overcoming the language barrier barrier: (noun) something that prevents or obstructs progress or communication. Example: "The language barrier can impede communication between people from different countries." communication: (noun) the process of exchanging information or ideas between individuals or groups. Example: "The lack of a common language can severely impede communication." encounter: (verb) to come across or meet someone or something unexpectedly or by chance. Example: "Encountering unfamiliar dialects or styles within a single language can pose communication challenges." metaphorical: (adjective) describing something using a figure of speech or metaphor. Example: "'They don't talk the same language' has a major metaphorical meaning alongside its literal one." consequences: (noun) the results or effects of a particular action or event. Example: "A failure to communicate can have major consequences, such as lost orders or legal problems." fatal: (adjective) causing or resulting in death. Example: "Communication failures can sometimes lead to fatal accidents." remedy: (noun) a solution or treatment for a problem or difficulty. Example: "No remedy was known for the poisonous mushroom incident." chemist: (noun) a scientist who specializes in the study of chemistry. Example: "A chemist knew of a treatment for the poisonous mushroom case." published: (verb) made available or released for public consumption, typically in written or printed form. Example: "The treatment had been successfully used in 1959 and published in 1963." journals: (noun) periodicals or publications containing articles on specific topics or academic disciplines. Example: "The report of the treatment had been published in journals written in European languages." avoidance: (noun) the act of staying away from or preventing something undesirable. Example: "Studies of the use or avoidance of foreign-language materials have shed light on the language barrier." consulted: (verb) sought information, advice, or guidance from a source or person. Example: "Surveys of books and documents consulted in libraries showed limited use of foreign-language material." periodicals: (noun) magazines, newspapers, or other publications issued at regular intervals. Example: "Only 13 percent of library requests were for foreign-language periodicals in the field of science." cited: (verb) referred to or quoted as evidence or support. Example: "Studies of sources cited in publications revealed low usage of foreign-language materials." insularity: (noun) the state of being isolated or detached from others; narrow-mindedness or lack of openness. Example: "British industry has been criticized for its linguistic insularity." awareness: (noun) knowledge or understanding of a particular fact or situation. Example: "Industrial training schemes have promoted an increase in linguistic and cultural awareness." translation: (noun) the act or process of rendering written or spoken content from one language to another. Example: "Many firms now have their own translation services to cater to international customers." part-time: (adjective) involving or working for only a portion of the usual working day or week. Example: "Some firms run part-time language courses for employees involved with specific countries." glossaries: (noun) lists of terms and their definitions specific to a particular subject or field. glossaries: (noun) lists of terms and their definitions specific to a particular subject or field. Example: "Some firms produce their own technical glossaries to ensure consistency in translations." market: (verb) promote or sell products or services in a particular market or to a specific group of customers. Example: "Firms face the challenge of marketing their products in foreign countries with different languages." insularity: (noun) the state of being isolated or detached from others; narrow-mindedness or lack of openness. Example: "The linguistic insularity of British firms has been a subject of criticism." comprehension: (noun) the ability to understand or grasp the meaning of something. Example: "Regional and social variation in speech can cause problems of listening comprehension." linguistic: (adjective) relating to language or linguistics. Example: "Awareness of other languages is important for overcoming linguistic barriers in communication." realisation: (noun) an understanding or awareness of something. Example: "The realisation that not everyone knows English well has led to improved linguistic practices." negotiate: (verb) engage in formal discussions or bargaining to reach an agreement. Example: "Not everyone knows English well enough to negotiate effectively in the language." official: (adjective) relating to or done by an authority, organization, or government. Example: "English is not an official language of public administration in most parts of the Far East." permeates: (verb) spreads throughout or pervades. Example: "Regional and social variation permeates speech, making comprehension challenging." linguistic needs: (noun phrase) the language-related requirements or preferences of individuals or groups. Example: "Failure to consider the linguistic needs of customers can disrupt marketing efforts." charge: (noun) a responsibility or duty. Example: "The Take Charge team reviews employee feedback and implements suggestions." listening: (noun) the act of paying attention to and actively trying to hear and understand spoken language. Example: "Listening comprehension can be challenging due to variations in speech." emphasis: (noun) special importance, value, or significance given to something. Example: "The report findings may have been given a different emphasis from the original." awareness: (noun) knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Example: "Industrial training schemes have promoted an increase in linguistic and cultural awareness." dissemination: (noun) the act of spreading or distributing information or knowledge. Example: "The lack of a common language can impede data dissemination in international contexts." impede: (verb) hinder or obstruct the progress or movement of something. Example: "The language barrier can impede the smooth functioning of international business transactions." damaged: (adjective) harmed or impaired. Example: "Marketing efforts can be damaged if the linguistic needs of the customer are not considered." isolated: (adjective) separated or detached from others; alone. Example: "Firms who do not address language barriers may find themselves isolated from potential customers." consulted: (verb) sought advice, information, or opinions from someone or something. Example: "Surveys showed that very little foreign-language material was consulted in English-speaking libraries." prioritize: (verb) treat or consider something as more important than other things. Example: "Awareness of other languages is now seen as a priority in international marketing." correspondence: (noun) written or printed communication exchanged between people. Example: "Many British firms were using English for outgoing correspondence with non-English-speaking customers." literature: (noun) written or printed works, especially those regarded as having artistic or intellectual value. Example: "Some firms had their sales literature available only in English, limiting their reach to non-English speakers." PASSAGE-3 What is a port city? 1.       fascinating: (adjective) extremely interesting or captivating. Example: "The history of port cities is fascinating, with their diverse cultural influences." 2.       livelihood: (noun) the means of supporting oneself; a person's occupation or source of income. Example: "Fishing has been the traditional livelihood for many residents of coastal port cities." 3.       generic: (adjective) general or common; not specific to a particular item or category. Example: "Port cities share certain generic characteristics related to their economic functions." 4.       distinguished: (verb) recognized as different or distinct; set apart from others. Example: "A port must be distinguished from a harbour based on their different functions." 5.       concept: (noun) an abstract idea or general notion. Example: "Understanding the concept of a port involves considering its economic significance." 6.       shelter: (noun) a place of protection or refuge; a structure that provides cover. Example: "Harbours provide shelter for ships during storms or rough weather." 7.       economic: (adjective) relating to the production, distribution, and use of wealth and resources. Example: "A port is an economic hub, facilitating trade and commerce." 8.       hinterland: (noun) the land or region lying behind or beyond a port or coastal area. Example: "A port's hinterland includes the areas it serves as a trade gateway." 9.       expensively: (adverb) at great cost or expense. Example: "The harbours of Madras and Colombo were expensively improved to accommodate larger ships." 10.   enlarging: (verb) making larger or bigger in size. Example: "The capacity of the harbour was increased by enlarging it through dredging." 11.   breakwaters: (noun) offshore barriers built to protect a harbour or shoreline from the force of waves. Example: "Breakwaters were constructed to provide a safer environment for ships entering the port." 12.   industrial: (adjective) relating to the manufacturing or production of goods using machinery and technology. Example: "Port cities often become industrial centers due to their transportation connections." 13.   financial: (adjective) relating to money, banking, or investments. Example: "Ports can develop into financial hubs with banking and financial services." 14.   service: (noun) an occupation or work that is performed for others. Example: "Port cities offer a wide range of service industries such as tourism and hospitality." 15.   concentration: (noun) the action or process of gathering or clustering together in one place. Example: "The water connections of port cities attract concentration of people and economic activities." 16.   railways: (noun) a system of tracks and trains used for transportation. Example: "Railways play a vital role in connecting port cities to inland regions." 17.   highways: (noun) major roads or routes that connect different cities or regions. Example: "Port cities often have well-developed highways to facilitate transportation." 18.   urban: (adjective) relating to a city or town. Example: "Port cities are characterized by their urban nature and bustling atmosphere." 19.   dominant: (adjective) having power, influence, or control over others; most important or prominent 20.   cosmopolitan: (adjective) having a diverse and international character, reflecting a mixture of cultures and influences. Example: "A port city is often cosmopolitan, with people from different backgrounds and nationalities." 21.   jostle: (verb) to push, elbow, or bump against someone or something in a crowded or busy manner. Example: "In port cities, different cultures and ideas jostle together, creating a vibrant atmosphere." 22.   enrich: (verb) to improve or enhance the quality or value of something. Example: "The diverse influences in port cities enrich the cultural fabric of the community." 23.   microcosm: (noun) a small-scale representation or model of a larger system or society. Example: "Port cities often serve as a microcosm of the global connections and interactions between people." 24.   transformed: (verb) changed or converted completely in form, appearance, or nature. Example: "The advent of powered vessels transformed sea ports, enabling larger and more efficient ships." 25.   accessible: (adjective) easy to reach, enter, or use; able to be reached or approached. Example: "Some formerly important ports have become less accessible due to changes in transportation technology." 26.   by-passed: (verb) avoided or passed by; to go around or bypass. Example: "As shipping routes changed, many ports were by-passed in favor of more direct routes." 27.   backwaters: (noun) remote or isolated areas that are slow to change or develop. Example: "Some ports that were once thriving trade hubs have become backwaters due to shifts in global trade patterns." 28.   museums: (noun) institutions that preserve and display objects of artistic, historical, scientific, or cultural significance. Example: "Former port cities like Galle and Melaka have acquired the character of museums, preserving their maritime heritage." 29.   recorded: (verb) documented or registered; written down or captured in some form. Example: "Much of the domestic port trade has not been recorded in historical documents." 30.   external: (adjective) relating to or coming from outside; not internal or local. Example: "While ports engage in external trade, they also have significant internal trade within their own regions." 31.   engaged: (adjective) involved or occupied; actively participating in something. Example: "A city's engaged population plays a crucial role in providing goods and services for the local community." 32.   basic: (adjective) fundamental or essential; forming the foundation or starting point. Example: "Basic workers in a port city contribute to the core functions of trade and commerce." 33.   estimates: (noun) approximate calculations or judgments based on available information. Example: "Different estimates suggest varying ratios of basic to service workers in port cities." 34.   refining: (verb) the process of purifying or improving something, often by removing impurities or unwanted elements. Example: "Ports are ideal locations for refining industries such as oil refining and ore refining." 35.   bulk: (noun) large quantities or volumes; the main mass or shape of something. Example: "Ports play a role in breaking up the bulk of raw materials for further processing or distribution." 36.   minimised: (verb) reduced to the smallest possible amount or degree; made as small or insignificant as possible. 37.   alter: (verb) to change or modify; to make different without completely changing the essence or nature. Example: "Ports often alter or modify the goods they receive before they are reshipped." 38.   process: (verb) to perform a series of actions or operations on something to achieve a desired outcome. Example: "Ports process and handle a wide range of goods and materials for import and export." 39.   range: (noun) a variety or selection of different things within a particular set or category. Example: "Ports handle a range of goods, from perishable items to manufactured goods." 40.   immediately: (adverb) without delay or hesitation; happening or done without any intervening time or space. Example: "Not all port functions are immediately related to ships or docks." 41.   retained: (verb) kept or preserved; continued to possess or have. Example: "Cities that started as ports have retained their commercial and administrative centers near the waterfront." 42.   commercial: (adjective) relating to the buying and selling of goods and services; related to commerce or trade. Example: "The commercial activities in port cities contribute to their economic growth." 43.   administrative: (adjective) relating to the management and organization of tasks, duties, or affairs. Example: "The administrative functions of a port city involve overseeing trade regulations and customs procedures." 44.   prosimity: (noun) nearness in space, time, or relationship; closeness or immediacy. Example: "The proximity of the commercial and administrative centers to the waterfront is a characteristic of port cities." 45.   metropolis: (noun) a large, important city; a capital or chief city of a region or country. Example: "Over time, some port cities have expanded and evolved into bustling metropolises." 46.   visitor: (noun) a person who comes to a place for a short period, often for leisure, tourism, or exploration. Example: "Even a visitor can sense the maritime heritage of port cities when they see the waterfront areas." 47.   draws: (verb) attracts or pulls something or someone towards a particular place or person. Example: "The allure of port cities draws people seeking opportunities, trade, and cultural experiences." 48.   refuge: (noun) a place of safety or shelter; a sanctuary or protection from danger or harm. Example: "Harbours provide a refuge for ships during storms or adverse weather conditions." 49.   vibrant: (adjective) full of energy, enthusiasm, and activity; lively and dynamic. Example: "Port cities are known for their vibrant atmosphere, bustling markets, and diverse communities." 50.   interactions: (noun) the actions or behaviors that occur when people or things affect one another. Example: "The cultural interactions in port cities create a unique and vibrant social fabric." ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 PASSAGE-1        ABSENTEEISM IN NURSING:                               A LONGITUDINAL STUDY absenteeism: (noun) the habitual or intentional absence from work or school without a valid reason. Example: "The company implemented measures to reduce absenteeism among its employees." disruptive: (adjective) causing disturbance or interruption; tending to interrupt the normal course of something. Example: "The noisy construction work was highly disruptive to the office environment." occurrence: (noun) an instance or event happening; something that takes place. Example: "The occurrence of accidents at the construction site raised concerns about safety measures." entitlement: (noun) the fact of having a right to something; the amount or type of benefits or privileges one is entitled to. Example: "Employees are entitled to a certain number of paid vacation days each year." prevalent: (adjective) widespread or commonly occurring; widely accepted or practiced. Example: "Burnout is a prevalent issue in the healthcare industry." recognition: (noun) acknowledgement or appreciation of someone's abilities, achievements, or qualities. Example: "The company gave out awards to show recognition for outstanding performance." rewarded: (adjective) given a reward or recognition for something; compensated or recognized for one's efforts or actions. Example: "Employees who exceeded their sales targets were rewarded with bonuses." shift work: (noun) a work schedule that involves rotating or irregular shifts, often including night shifts. Example: "Nurses working in hospitals often have to adapt to shift work schedules." fairly: (adverb) in a just or impartial manner; without bias or favoritism. Example: "The supervisor ensured that work assignments were distributed fairly among the team members." longitudinal: (adjective) relating to or involving the study or observation of a phenomenon or group over an extended period. Example: "The researchers conducted a longitudinal study to analyze the long-term effects of the treatment." bereavement: (noun) the state of being deprived of a loved one through death; the period of mourning or grief. Example: "The company provided compassionate leave for employees dealing with bereavement." incentives: (noun) things offered or given to motivate or encourage someone to do something. Example: "The company introduced performance-based incentives to boost employee productivity." rostering: (noun) the process of creating work schedules or assigning shifts to employees. Example: "The HR department was responsible for rostering the staff members." communicated: (verb) conveyed or transmitted information or a message to someone. Example: "The manager communicated the new company policies to all the employees." excessive: (adjective) more than what is considered normal, necessary, or appropriate; too much or overly. Example: "The employee's excessive absences raised concerns about their commitment to the job." tangible: (adjective) perceptible by touch; capable of being touched or felt; real or concrete. Example: "The company's success was evident in its tangible increase in sales and revenue." progressed: (verb) moved forward or advanced; developed or improved over time. Example: "The project ** progressed: (verb) moved forward or advanced; developed or improved over time. Example: "The team progressed steadily towards completing the project on time." ceasing: (noun) the act of coming to an end or stopping; termination. Example: "The company's decision to downsize resulted in the ceasing of several departments." empowered: (adjective) having the authority, power, or confidence to take action or make decisions. Example: "The new manager empowered the team members to make independent decisions." contention: (noun) a heated disagreement or dispute; an assertion or claim made in an argument. Example: "There was a contention between the two departments regarding resource allocation." collaborative: (adjective) involving the cooperation and active participation of multiple individuals or groups. Example: "The team members had a collaborative approach to problem-solving, working together to find solutions." facilitated: (verb) made easier or more convenient; assisted or supported the progress of something. Example: "The new software facilitated the data analysis process, saving time and effort." tangibly: (adverb) in a way that can be touched, felt, or perceived physically; in a concrete or measurable manner. Example: "The company's efforts to improve customer service were tangibly reflected in the increased customer satisfaction ratings." communication: (noun) the act of exchanging information or ideas; the process of conveying messages between individuals or groups. Example: "Effective communication is essential for a productive work environment." disappointing: (adjective) not meeting expectations; causing disappointment or dissatisfaction. Example: "The sales figures for the quarter were disappointing, falling short of the projected targets." ownership: (noun) the state or condition of possessing something; having legal or rightful control or possession. Example: "The employees were encouraged to take ownership of their projects and initiatives." measurable: (adjective) capable of being measured, quantified, or evaluated. Example: "Setting specific goals with measurable outcomes helps track progress and success." effects: (noun) the result or outcome of something; the impact or influence produced by a cause. Example: "The new marketing campaign had positive effects on brand awareness and customer engagement." short term: (noun) a relatively brief period of time; the immediate or near future. Example: "The company implemented short-term measures to address the urgent issues at hand." momentum: (noun) the strength or force gained by motion or progress; the tendency to continue moving forward. Example: "The team's successful project completion created momentum for future initiatives." impact: (noun) the effect or influence that an event, action, or decision has on something or someone. Example: "The new policy had a significant impact on employee morale and job satisfaction." cooperation: (noun) the act of working together towards a common goal; joint effort or collaboration. Example: "The success of the project relied on the cooperation of all team members." measures: (noun) actions or steps taken to achieve a particular purpose or goal; methods or approaches used to address a problem. Example: "The company implemented cost-cutting measures to improve financial stability." prior: (adjective) existing or occurring before in time, order, or importance. Example: "The team held a meeting to discuss the prior issues that needed to be addressed." genuine: (adjective) authentic, real, or sincere; not counterfeit or fake. Example: "She showed a genuine interest in helping others and making a positive impact." impact: (verb) to have a strong effect or influence on someone or something. Example: "The new regulations will impact the way businesses operate in the industry." colleagues: (noun) people with whom one works, typically in a professional setting. Example: "She collaborated closely with her colleagues to complete the project." cohesive: (adjective) well-integrated, unified, or closely connected; forming a united whole. Example: "The team had a cohesive working relationship, supporting each other's efforts." management: (noun) the process of planning, organizing, and controlling resources and activities to achieve organizational goals. Example: "Effective management is crucial for the success of any business." organizational: (adjective) relating to the structure, policies, and practices of an organization. Example: "The organizational culture of a company can greatly impact employee satisfaction." implementation: (noun) the act of putting a plan, decision, or system into effect; the process of carrying out something. Example: "The implementation of the new software required training and support for the employees." commitment: (noun) a strong dedication or loyalty to a cause, task, or obligation. Example: "His commitment to the project was evident through his hard work and long hours." productivity: (noun) the measure of how efficiently and effectively work is completed; the output or results achieved. Example: "The company introduced new tools to enhance employee productivity." resource: (noun) a supply or available means to accomplish a purpose; something that can be used to achieve a goal. Example: "The company invested in training programs as a valuable resource for employee development." allocation: (noun) the act of distributing or assigning resources or tasks based on a plan or system. Example: "The project manager oversaw the allocation of responsibilities to the team members." projected: (adjective) estimated or forecasted based on available information or data. Example: "The projected revenue for the next quarter looks promising." initiatives: (noun) new plans or actions undertaken to achieve a particular goal or solve a problem. Example: "The company launched several sustainability initiatives to reduce its environmental impact." success: (noun) the achievement of desired results or the favorable outcome of an endeavor. Example: "The team celebrated the success of their collaborative project." policies: (noun) guidelines or rules established by an organization to guide decision-making and behavior. Example: "The company has strict policies regarding data security and confidentiality." stability: (noun) the state of being stable, secure, or consistent; the ability to withstand changes or disruptions. Example: "Financial stability is a crucial factor in business planning and growth." PASSAGE-2 The Motor Car 1.       motor vehicles: (noun phrase) automobiles or vehicles powered by engines, usually referring to cars. Example: "The increasing number of motor vehicles on the roads contributes to traffic congestion." 2.       depletion: (noun) the act of reducing or using up a resource, often referring to the exhaustion of natural resources. Example: "The depletion of oil resources is a concern for global energy security." 3.       congestion: (noun) the state of being overcrowded or blocked, often referring to traffic congestion. Example: "The city's downtown area experiences heavy congestion during rush hour." 4.       pollution: (noun) the introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment, causing damage or harm. Example: "Industrial activities are a major source of water and air pollution." 5.       emissions: (noun) gases or substances released into the air, usually referring to exhaust gases from vehicles or industrial processes. Example: "Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is essential for mitigating climate change." 6.       fumes: (noun) smoke, gas, or vapor, often with an unpleasant or harmful odor. Example: "The fumes from the factory were causing respiratory problems for nearby residents." 7.       urban: (adjective) relating to cities or characteristic of city life. Example: "Rapid urban development has led to the expansion of infrastructure and population." 8.       afflicted: (verb) affected or troubled by something, usually referring to negative circumstances. Example: "Many cities are afflicted by high levels of air pollution." 9.       inland: (adjective) situated or occurring in the interior of a country or region, away from the coast. Example: "The company specializes in transporting goods to inland destinations." 10.   freight: (noun) goods or cargo transported by various means, especially by ship, aircraft, truck, or train. Example: "The company operates a large fleet of trucks for freight delivery." 11.   revert: (verb) to return to a previous state or condition; to go back. Example: "The government decided to revert to the original plan after considering public feedback." 12.   convenient: (adjective) suitable, easy to use, or helpful in particular circumstances. Example: "Having a nearby grocery store is very convenient for daily shopping." 13.   sprawl: (noun) the spreading out of a city or urban area into the surrounding countryside. Example: "Urban sprawl has led to the loss of agricultural land." 14.   assigned: (verb) allocated or designated for a particular purpose or use. Example: "The parking lot is assigned for employees of the company." 15.   alienation: (noun) the feeling of being isolated, estranged, or disconnected from others or society. Example: "The sense of alienation among the urban population is a growing concern." 16.   external: (adjective) relating to or existing on the outside; coming from outside. Example: "The external costs of pollution include environmental damage and health impacts." 17.   cropland: (noun) land used for growing crops or agriculture. Example: "The expansion of cities often leads to the conversion of cropland into urban areas." 18.   realistic: (adjective) 18.   realistic: (adjective) having a practical understanding of what is achievable or likely to happen. Example: "It's important to set realistic goals that can be accomplished within the given timeframe." 19.   transit: (noun) the act or process of moving from one place to another; transportation. Example: "The city has invested in improving public transit to reduce reliance on private cars." 20.   flexible: (adjective) capable of bending or adapting easily without breaking; versatile. Example: "A bicycle is a flexible mode of transportation that allows for quick maneuvering in traffic." 21.   unrealistic: (adjective) having expectations or ideas that are not based on reality or practicality. Example: "It's unrealistic to expect immediate results without putting in the necessary effort." 22.   scenario: (noun) a possible or imagined sequence of events or situation. Example: "In a worst-case scenario, the company may have to lay off employees to cut costs." 23.   hybrid: (adjective) combining two or more different elements or systems; utilizing multiple sources of power. Example: "Hybrid cars use a combination of gasoline and electric power to increase fuel efficiency." 24.   tolled: (adjective) subject to a toll or fee for usage, often referring to toll roads. Example: "Some cities have implemented tolled expressways to manage traffic and generate revenue." 25.   geared: (adjective) designed or adjusted to fit a particular purpose or need. Example: "The new policy is geared towards promoting sustainable energy practices." 26.   feasible: (adjective) possible to do or achieve; practical and realistic. Example: "The proposed project is technically and economically feasible within the given constraints." 27.   predominate: (verb) to be the most common, prevalent, or influential; to have control or authority. Example: "In rural areas, traditional farming methods still predominate over modern agricultural practices." 28.   adaption: (noun) the process of adjusting or changing to suit new conditions or circumstances. Example: "Successful adaption to new technologies is essential for business growth and sustainability." 29.   vision: (noun) the ability to imagine or think about what the future could be like; foresight. Example: "Great leaders have a clear vision and can inspire others to work towards a common goal." 30.   profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance; intense or significant. Example: "The discovery of life on another planet would have profound implications for our understanding of the universe." 31.   capital: (noun) financial resources, wealth, or assets used to invest in or fund businesses and projects. Example: "The company secured capital from investors to expand its operations and develop new products." 32.   profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance; intense or significant. Example: "The discovery of life on another planet would have profound implications for our understanding of the universe." 33.   afflict: (verb) to cause pain, suffering, or trouble to someone or something. Example: "The region was afflicted by a severe drought, leading to crop failure and food shortages." 34.   urban: (adjective) relating to cities or characteristic of city life. Example: "Many people are drawn to the urban lifestyle due to the availability of job opportunities and cultural amenities." 35.   pollution: (noun) 35.   pollution: (noun) the presence or introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment, particularly air, water, or soil. Example: "Industrial activities and vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution in urban areas." 36.   hazard: (noun) a source of danger or risk; something that can cause harm or injury. Example: "Exposure to toxic chemicals poses a serious hazard to human health." 37.   efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task or achieve a goal with the least amount of wasted resources, time, or effort. Example: "Improving energy efficiency can help reduce costs and minimize environmental impact." 38.   technology: (noun) the application of scientific knowledge, tools, and techniques to solve practical problems or improve processes. Example: "Advancements in technology have revolutionized communication and transformed various industries." 39.   convenience: (noun) the state of being convenient or easily accessible; something that saves time or effort. Example: "Online shopping offers the convenience of purchasing products from the comfort of your home." 40.   population: (noun) the total number of people or organisms in a particular area, region, or country. Example: "The rapid growth of the urban population has put pressure on infrastructure and resources." 41.   infrastructure: (noun) the basic physical structures and facilities necessary for the functioning of a society or organization. Example: "Investments in transportation, communication, and utilities are vital for developing a country's infrastructure." 42.   residential: (adjective) relating to or designed for housing or living purposes. Example: "The city has a variety of residential neighborhoods, ranging from apartments to single-family homes." 43.   reduction: (noun) the act or process of making something smaller, lesser, or decreasing in size, quantity, or intensity. Example: "The government implemented policies to promote waste reduction and recycling." 44.   sustainable: (adjective) capable of being maintained or continued over the long term without depleting resources or causing harm. Example: "Renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are considered sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels." 45.   consumption: (noun) the act of using up or consuming resources, goods, or services. Example: "The excessive consumption of single-use plastics contributes to environmental pollution." 46.   mitigating: (verb) reducing or lessening the severity, impact, or harm caused by something. Example: "Planting trees is an effective way of mitigating the effects of climate change." 47.   improvement: (noun) the act or process of making something better or enhancing its quality, condition, or performance. Example: "The company invested in research and development to drive continuous improvement in its products." 48.   emphasize: (verb) to give special importance or attention to something; to highlight or stress. Example: "The speaker emphasized the need for sustainable practices in order to protect the environment." 49.   feasible: (adjective) capable of being done or carried out successfully; practical or achievable. Example: "Before implementing a new project, a feasibility study is conducted to assess its viability." 50.   sustainability: (noun) the practice of using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Example: "Achieving sustainability requires a balance between social, economic, and 50.   sustainability: (noun) the practice of using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Example: "Achieving sustainability requires a balance between social, economic, and environmental factors." PASSGE-3                     THE KEYLESS SOCIETY 1.       authenticate: (verb) to confirm or verify the identity or authenticity of someone or something. Example: "The security system requires users to authenticate their identities through a fingerprint scan." 2.       scanner: (noun) a device or machine that scans and captures information from an object or individual. Example: "The electronic scanner at the entrance of the building captures the biometric data for identification." 3.       voiceprint: (noun) a unique pattern or representation of an individual's voice used for identification purposes. Example: "The security system analyzes the voiceprint of the person speaking to determine their identity." 4.       biometrics: (noun) the use of physical or biological characteristics to identify individuals. Example: "The advancement of biometrics has led to more secure identification methods." 5.       monitor: (verb) to observe, keep track of, or supervise something or someone. Example: "The facility uses biometric technology to monitor the fingerprints of employees entering and exiting." 6.       retina: (noun) the sensitive layer at the back of the eye that contains cells responsible for detecting light and sending signals to the brain. Example: "Retinal scans are a type of biometric technology that analyze the unique patterns in a person's retina." 7.       deployed: (adjective) used or put into action for a specific purpose. Example: "Fingerprint scanners have been deployed in various locations to enhance security measures." 8.       enforcement: (noun) the act of ensuring compliance with laws, rules, or regulations. Example: "Law-enforcement agencies rely on biometric technology to verify the identities of suspects." 9.       commercial: (adjective) related to or involved in business or trade. Example: "The commercial application of biometric systems has expanded in recent years." 10.   viable: (adjective) capable of working or functioning successfully. Example: "The technology has become more viable as prices have dropped and performance has improved." 11.   awareness: (noun) knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or situation. Example: "There is a growing awareness of biometrics and its applications in various industries." 12.   thorny: (adjective) difficult or complicated, often involving controversial or sensitive issues. Example: "The issue of privacy is a thorny concern when it comes to biometric technology." 13.   potential: (noun) the possibility or likelihood of something happening or being developed. Example: "The potential for abuse of biometric data raises ethical and privacy concerns." 14.   tempted: (adjective) strongly attracted or inclined to do something, often despite knowing it is wrong or problematic. Example: "There is concern that governments may be tempted to misuse biometric data for surveillance purposes." 15.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "The fingerprint plan was criticized for its invasive procedure and potential stigmatization." 16.   stigmatize: (verb) to mark or identify someone or something in a way that implies disgrace or shame. Example: "The welfare fingerprint plan was seen as an attempt to stigmatize recipients." 17.   support: (noun) endorsement, approval, or assistance given to someone or something. Example: "There is growing support for the implementation of biometric systems in many communities." 18.   complicated: (adjective) intricate, complex, or difficult to understand or deal with. 19.   identity: (noun) the distinguishing characteristics or qualities that define an individual or a group. Example: "Biometrics help in verifying the identity of individuals based on their unique physical traits." 20.   record: (noun) a written or digital account or documentation of information or data. Example: "Biometric security systems store a record of individuals' unique features for identification purposes." 21.   corresponding: (adjective) matching or related to something else in a particular way. Example: "The biometric system compares the scanned characteristics with the corresponding records to authenticate the user." 22.   market: (noun) the commercial activity of buying and selling goods and services. Example: "The market for biometric technology is experiencing rapid growth and expansion." 23.   irises: (noun) the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil, used as a unique identifier. Example: "Certain biometric systems use the patterns of individuals' irises for identification purposes." 24.   development: (noun) the process of gradually improving or advancing something. Example: "Various biometric technologies are still in the development stage, such as those based on typing patterns and body odors." 25.   particular: (adjective) specific or distinct from others; relating to a specific case or situation. Example: "Biometric systems can be tailored to meet the particular needs of different facilities or organizations." 26.   ensuring: (verb) making certain that something happens or is the case. Example: "Biometric systems play a crucial role in ensuring the security and accuracy of identification processes." 27.   shape: (noun) the form or outline of an object or person. Example: "Hand scanners capture the unique shape of an individual's hand to establish their identity." 28.   size: (noun) the dimensions or extent of something, often measured in terms of length, width, or volume. Example: "The hand scanner analyzes the size of a person's hand as part of the biometric identification process." 29.   irregularities: (noun) deviations or abnormalities from the usual or expected pattern. Example: "Biometric hand scanners detect unique irregularities in hand features to enhance the accuracy of identification." 30.   pop up: (phrasal verb) to appear suddenly or unexpectedly. Example: "Biometrics technology is popping up in various industries and everyday applications." 31.   facilities: (noun) buildings or structures that provide a particular service or function. Example: "More than 10,000 facilities, ranging from prisons to day-care centers, have implemented biometric systems for identification." 32.   ensue: (verb) to happen as a consequence or result of something. Example: "Biometric technology has improved, and as a result, the prices have dropped, making them more commercially viable." 33.   privacy: (noun) the state or condition of being free from unwanted or unauthorized intrusion or disclosure of personal information. Example: "The use of biometrics raises concerns about individual privacy and the protection of personal data." 34.   abuse: (noun) the misuse or improper use of something, often causing harm or damage. Example: "There are concerns about the abuse of biometric data for surveillance or discriminatory purposes." 35.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "Biometric scanning is a common procedure used to authenticate the identity of individuals." 36.   critics: (noun) individuals who express disapproval or objections to something. Example: "Some critics argue that the use of biometrics for welfare programs could violate individuals' rights." 37.   invasive: (adjective) involving the intrusion or invasion of privacy or personal space. Example: "The fingerprint plan was criticized for its invasive nature, as it required individuals to provide their biometric data." 38.   policy: (noun) a set of principles or rules adopted or followed by an organization or government. Example: "The government should establish clear policies to regulate the use and protection of biometric data." 39.   ethical: (adjective) relating to principles of right and wrong or moral values. Example: "The ethical implications of biometric technology need to be carefully considered to ensure its responsible use." 40.   surveillance: (noun) the monitoring, observation, or tracking of individuals or activities for the purpose of gathering information or maintaining security. Example: "Biometrics can raise concerns about surveillance and potential infringements on personal freedom and privacy." 41.   behaviour: (noun) the way in which a person acts or conducts themselves. Example: "Biometrics should not be misused to monitor or control individuals' personal behavior beyond the intended purposes." 42.   awareness: (noun) knowledge or consciousness about a particular fact, situation, or issue. Example: "There is a growing awareness of the benefits and risks associated with the use of biometric technology." 43.   technology: (noun) the application of scientific knowledge and advancements to practical purposes. Example: "Biometric technology continues to evolve and improve, opening up new possibilities and applications." 44.   attendance: (noun) the act of being present or attending an event or place. Example: "Biometric systems can accurately track employee attendance through the use of hand scanners or other methods." 45.   privacy: (noun) the state of being free from public attention or intrusion into one's personal matters or affairs. Example: "The protection of individual privacy is a fundamental concern when implementing biometric systems." 46.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "The use of biometrics requires clear guidelines and procedures to ensure responsible and ethical practices." 47.   stigmatize: (verb) to characterize or label someone or something in a way that brings about shame, disgrace, or negative perception. Example: "It is important to avoid stigmatizing individuals or groups through the use of biometric identification." 48.   support: (noun) assistance, backing, or encouragement provided to someone or something. Example: "Public support for biometric systems is increasing due to their potential benefits in enhancing security and efficiency." 49.   technology: (noun) the knowledge, tools, and techniques used in practical applications to achieve specific objectives. Example: "Advancements in biometric technology have led to more accurate and reliable identification methods." 50.   complicated: (adjective) intricate, complex, or challenging to understand or deal with. Example: "The implementation of biometric systems involves addressing various complicated factors, including privacy and security considerations." 51.   authentication: (noun) the process of verifying or confirming the identity of an individual or entity. Example: "Biometric systems provide a high level of authentication by using unique physical characteristics to verify identities." 52.   record: (noun) a written or digital account or documentation of information. Example: "Biometric security systems store a digitized record of individuals' unique physical features for identification purposes." 53.   corresponding: (adjective) matching or related to something else. Example: "The biometric system scans a person's characteristics and compares them to the corresponding features in the stored records." 54.   market: (noun) the commercial activity or demand for a particular product or service. Example: "The biometric market is experiencing rapid growth due to the increasing need for secure identification and access control." 55.   commercially viable: (phrase) economically feasible or profitable in a business context. Example: "As the technology improved and prices dropped, biometric systems became commercially viable for a wide range of applications." 56.   thorny: (adjective) difficult or complex, often involving challenges or complications. Example: "Biometrics raise thorny questions regarding privacy and potential misuse of personal information." 57.   potential: (adjective) having the possibility or capability to become or develop into something. Example: "Biometrics have the potential to enhance security and streamline processes in various industries." 58.   abuse: (noun) the misuse or improper use of something, often resulting in harm or negative consequences. Example: "Concerns exist regarding the abuse of biometric data for surveillance or unauthorized access." 59.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "Strict procedures should be in place to ensure the secure handling and storage of biometric information." 60.   technology: (noun) the application of scientific knowledge and tools to practical purposes. Example: "The advancements in biometric technology have revolutionized the way we identify and authenticate individuals." 61.   awareness: (noun) knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or fact. Example: "There is a growing awareness of biometrics and their applications in various industries." 62.   privacy: (noun) the state of being free from public attention or intrusion into one's personal affairs. Example: "The use of biometrics raises concerns about personal privacy and the protection of sensitive information." 63.   monitor: (verb) to observe, keep track of, or oversee something. Example: "Biometric systems can monitor and track individuals' access to secure areas." 64.   individual: (noun) a single person, considered separately from a group or society. Example: "Biometric technology enables the identification of an individual based on their unique physical characteristics." 65.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "The procedure for using biometric authentication involves scanning the physical feature and comparing it with stored data." 66.   insurance: (noun) a contract in which an individual or entity receives financial protection or compensation against specified risks. Example: "Biometric data should be securely stored to prevent potential misuse, such as in health insurance or credit applications." 67.   stigmatize: (verb) to mark or characterize someone or something as disgraceful, shameful, or undesirable. Example: "Some critics argue that the use of biometrics can stigmatize certain individuals or groups." 68.   community: (noun) a group of people living in the same locality or sharing common interests. Example: "Support for biometrics is growing within the community due to its potential for enhanced security." 69.   complicated: (adjective) intricate, complex, or difficult to understand. Example: "Biometric technology can simplify access control processes in complicated environments, such as airports or high-security facilities." 70.   identification: (noun) the act of recognizing or proving who or what someone or something is. Example: "Biometrics provide reliable methods of personal identification based on unique physical characteristics." ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 PASSAGE-1 Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping 1.       flourish: (verb) to thrive or grow vigorously. Example: "Green consumers continue to flourish as an influential group in the market." 2.       significant: (adjective) important or meaningful; having a notable effect. Example: "The report highlights the significant role of green consumers in shaping consumerism." 3.       misjudging: (verb) making an incorrect or mistaken judgment or assessment. Example: "Politicians may be misjudging the public mood by underestimating the importance of environmentalism." 4.       recession: (noun) a period of economic decline characterized by a reduction in business activity, widespread unemployment, and falling prices. Example: "Despite the recession, more people are interested in purchasing environmentally friendly products." 5.       financial pressures: (noun phrase) economic constraints or burdens related to money and finances. Example: "Even with financial pressures, consumers are willing to pay more for green products." 6.       environmentally friendly: (adjective) not harmful to the environment; designed or produced in a way that has minimal impact on nature. Example: "The 'green wave' represents a growing interest in environmentally friendly products." 7.       swept through: (verb phrase) spread quickly or extensively; affected a large number of people. Example: "A 'green wave' has swept through consumerism, attracting individuals who were previously not concerned about the environment." 8.       ethical: (adjective) related to moral principles or values; involving questions of right and wrong. Example: "The report suggests that 'ethical' concerns, such as fair trade and social responsibility, will also gain prominence." 9.       honest: (adjective) truthful, sincere, and free from deceit or dishonesty. Example: "Companies will need to be more honest and transparent in response to the growing demand for ethical products." 10.   open: (adjective) transparent; willing to share information and engage in dialogue. Example: "The report emphasizes the importance of companies being open about their environmental practices." 11.   proportion: (noun) a part or share of a whole; a comparative relationship between different parts. Example: "The proportion of consumers seeking green products has increased over the years." 12.   climbed: (verb) increased or ascended steadily; rose to a higher level. Example: "The number of consumers looking for green products has climbed since 1990." 13.   pay more: (verb phrase) be willing to spend a higher amount of money. Example: "On average, consumers are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products." 14.   substantially: (adverb) significantly or considerably; to a large degree. Example: "The number of green spenders among older people and manual workers has substantially increased." 15.   concerns: (noun) worries or anxieties; matters that cause unease or interest. Example: "Regions like Scotland have caught up with environmental concerns in the south of England." 16.   eccentric: (adjective) unconventional or strange in behavior, appearance, or beliefs. Example: "The image of green consumerism as associated with eccentrics has virtually disappeared." 17.   mainstream: (noun) the prevailing or dominant trend, opinion, or belief within a society or group. Example: "Green consumerism has become firmly established as a mainstream market, appealing to a wide range of consumer groups. 18.   survey: (noun) a research method that involves collecting data from a sample of individuals to gather information or opinions. Example: "Mintel's survey provided insights into consumers' attitudes towards green products." 19.   dark green: (adjective phrase) used to describe individuals who consistently buy environmentally friendly products. Example: "Approximately 13 percent of consumers are classified as dark green." 20.   pale green: (adjective phrase) used to describe individuals who occasionally buy green products if they come across them. Example: "Around 21 percent of consumers fall into the pale green category." 21.   armchair greens: (noun phrase) people who express concern for environmental issues but do not reflect it in their purchasing habits. Example: "A significant percentage of consumers are considered armchair greens." 22.   unconcerned: (adjective) not worried or troubled about something; lacking interest or attention. Example: "Only 10 percent of consumers claim to be unconcerned about green issues." 23.   ethical spenders: (noun phrase) individuals who prioritize buying goods that align with their ethical values and principles. Example: "Four in ten people are considered ethical spenders." 24.   dealings: (noun) transactions, interactions, or business relationships with others. Example: "Ethical spenders avoid goods involving dealings with oppressive regimes." 25.   oppressive: (adjective) unjustly harsh or controlling; exercising power in a burdensome or unjust manner. Example: "Ethical consumers show concerns about products linked to oppressive regimes." 26.   agenda: (noun) a list of things to be addressed or accomplished; a set of goals or objectives. Example: "Consumers may feel that the government and businesses have taken on the environmental agenda." 27.   animal testing: (noun phrase) the practice of conducting experiments or tests on animals to assess product safety or efficacy. Example: "Animal testing is a top issue of concern among green consumers." 28.   deterred: (verb) discouraged or prevented someone from doing something; dissuaded. Example: "A significant percentage of consumers would be deterred from purchasing a product if it had been tested on animals." 29.   irresponsible: (adjective) not showing a sense of responsibility or accountability; careless or negligent. Example: "Consumers express concerns about irresponsible selling practices." 30.   ozone layer: (noun phrase) a region of the Earth's stratosphere that contains a high concentration of ozone, which protects against harmful ultraviolet radiation. Example: "The ozone layer depletion is an environmental issue that worries green consumers." 31.   pollution: (noun) the presence or introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment. Example: "Consumers are increasingly concerned about river and sea pollution." 32.   forest destruction: (noun phrase) the act of clearing or destroying forests or woodlands. Example: "The issue of forest destruction raises alarm among green consumers." 33.   recycling: (noun) the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials to prevent them from being discarded as trash. Example: "Consumers show interest in promoting recycling and reducing waste." 34.   factory farming: (noun phrase) a system of intensive livestock production that aims to maximize output by confining animals in small spaces. Example: "Green consumers are concerned about the ethical implications of factory farming. 35.   specific: (adjective) particular or detailed; relating to a precise or definite thing. Example: "Consumer concern for specific environmental issues has decreased since 1990." 36.   Government: (noun) the governing body of a nation, state, or community; the system or group responsible for making and enforcing laws and regulations. Example: "Many consumers believe that the Government should take on the environmental agenda." 37.   business: (noun) an organization or enterprise engaged in commercial, industrial, or professional activities. Example: "Consumers also expect businesses to play a role in addressing environmental concerns." 38.   history: (noun) the past events, experiences, or developments related to a particular subject or entity. Example: "Consumers will be encouraged to consider the history of the products they purchase." 39.   services: (noun) activities or tasks performed for others, usually for a fee or compensation. Example: "Consumers should evaluate the environmental impact of the services they use." 40.   policies: (noun) principles, rules, or guidelines adopted or followed by an organization or individual. Example: "Consumers will be more conscious of the policies of companies they support." 41.   honesty: (noun) the quality of being truthful, sincere, and free from deceit or dishonesty. Example: "Consumer demand for greater honesty from companies will increase." 42.   animal welfare: (noun phrase) the well-being and ethical treatment of animals. Example: "Animal welfare is a key concern for many green consumers." 43.   sustainable: (adjective) able to be maintained or continued at a certain level without causing significant harm to the environment. Example: "Consumers seek sustainable products and practices." 44.   carbon footprint: (noun phrase) the total amount of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, emitted directly or indirectly by an individual, organization, or product. Example: "Green consumers are conscious of their carbon footprint and strive to reduce it." 45.   renewable energy: (noun phrase) energy obtained from sources that can be naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind, or water. Example: "Consumers show support for renewable energy and its adoption." 46.   eco-friendly: (adjective) environmentally friendly; not harmful to the environment. Example: "The demand for eco-friendly products is on the rise." 47.   conservation: (noun) the protection, preservation, and careful management of natural resources and the environment. Example: "Consumers value efforts towards conservation and biodiversity preservation." 48.   sustainability: (noun) the ability to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Example: "The concept of sustainability resonates with green consumers." 49.   consumerism: (noun) the preoccupation of society with the acquisition of goods and services as a primary social and economic activity. Example: "The 'green wave' challenges traditional notions of consumerism." 50.   occupations: (noun) the types of jobs or professions that people engage in as their means of livelihood. Example: "Green consumerism extends across various occupations and age groups." PASSAGE-2 18.   repetitive: (adjective) characterized by repetition; occurring in a repeated or recurrent manner. Example: "Books with only one sentence full of repetitive phrases can hinder language development." 19.   redundant: (adjective) no longer needed or useful; exceeding what is necessary or essential. Example: "The pictures in picture books often make the language redundant and hinder imagination." 20.   mental image: (noun phrase) a mental representation or visualization formed in the mind. Example: "Looking at a picture actively prevents children from creating a mental image while reading." 21.   comprehend: (verb) to understand the meaning or significance of something; to grasp or make sense of. Example: "In order to improve reading, children need to practice comprehending and creating their own meaning." 22.   wean off: (phrasal verb) to gradually reduce or eliminate dependence on something. Example: "It can be challenging to wean children off picture books as they become more visually oriented." 23.   formative: (adjective) relating to or affecting the development or foundation of something. Example: "The use of pictures in early reading experiences has a formative impact on children's reading habits." 24.   vulnerable: (adjective) susceptible to physical or emotional harm, attack, or influence. Example: "The least intelligent children are the most vulnerable to the negative effects of picture books." 25.   stimuli: (noun) plural of stimulus; any object or event that evokes a response or reaction. Example: "Children who had no illustrated stimuli learned more words than those exposed to pictures." 26.   detrimental: (adjective) causing harm or damage; disadvantageous or harmful. Example: "Studies have shown that pictures are detrimental to beginner readers' word learning." 27.   pointed: (verb) directed attention or gesture towards a particular object or direction. Example: "Children who ignored the pictures and pointed at the words learned more words." 28.   creative skills: (noun phrase) abilities or aptitudes related to imagination, inventiveness, or artistic expression. Example: "Presenting pictures to save children from developing creative skills may hinder their learning." 29.   dissent: (verb) to hold or express opinions that are at variance or in disagreement with prevailing views. Example: "Some researchers dissent from the notion that pictures are beneficial for beginner readers." 30.   cite: (verb) to refer to or quote as evidence, justification, or authority for an argument or claim. Example: "Academic journals cite experiments that demonstrate the detrimental effects of pictures." 31.   demonstrate: (verb) to show or make evident by reasoning or evidence; to prove or illustrate. Example: "Experiments demonstrate how pictures negatively impact beginner readers." 32.   clear and consistent: (phrase) easily understandable and showing uniformity or coherence. Example: "The research results of Dale Willows were clear and consistent in showing the negative effects of pictures." 33.   misled: (verb) to lead someone to have a wrong or inaccurate idea or impression. Example: "Children looking to pictures for word meanings may be misled by irrelevant aspects of the pictures." 34.   superior: (adjective) of higher quality, value, or importance; better or greater than something else. Example: "Research shows that a word without a picture is **superior 34.   superior: (adjective) of higher quality, value, or importance; better or greater than something else. Example: "Research shows that a word without a picture is superior in promoting word learning." 35.   ignore: (verb) to pay no attention to; to disregard or overlook. Example: "Children who ignore the pictures and focus on the words learn more effectively." 36.   undergraduates: (noun) students who are pursuing their first degree at a university or college. Example: "Oxford and Cambridge universities expressed concern over the decline in literacy among their undergraduates." 37.   motivate: (verb) to stimulate or inspire someone's interest, enthusiasm, or action. Example: "Pictures are used to motivate children to engage in reading through their visual appeal." 38.   weaving: (verb) integrating or combining different elements or aspects into a unified whole. Example: "Listening to well-read stories helps children weave their imagination in response to the narrative." 39.   predominantly: (adverb) mainly, primarily, or mostly; having the greatest influence or presence. Example: "In our increasingly visual culture, picture books are predominantly favored by young children." 40.   distraction: (noun) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration; a source of interruption. Example: "Pictures can serve as a distraction from the words and hinder reading comprehension." 41.   cultural heritage: (noun phrase) the customs, beliefs, traditions, and achievements of a particular society or group. Example: "As our culture becomes more visual, preserving the cultural heritage of reading without pictures becomes crucial." 42.   noticeably: (adverb) in a way that is easily observed or perceived; significantly or strikingly. Example: "Educators have observed a noticeably rapid decline in literacy among students." 43.   conferences: (noun) formal meetings or gatherings for discussion, exchange of ideas, or presentation of research. Example: "The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge held joint conferences to address the declining literacy issue." 44.   exposure: (noun) the state of being subjected to or experiencing something; the act of coming into contact with. Example: "Rich language exposure at school can help counterbalance limited language experiences at home." 45.   psycholinguistics: (noun) the study of the psychological and cognitive processes involved in language use and comprehension. Example: "Psycholinguistics is a field of research that investigates how pictures affect reading development." 46.   significant: (adjective) important, meaningful, or having a notable impact or influence. Example: "Jay Samuels' research findings were significant in highlighting the negative impact of pictures on word learning." 47.   prevailing: (adjective) existing or accepted at a particular time; dominant or widespread in influence or opinion. Example: "Some researchers dissent from the prevailing view that pictures are beneficial for beginner readers." 48.   variance: (noun) a state of disagreement or difference between two or more things. Example: "Some researchers have expressed variance with the belief in the benefits of pictures for early readers." 49.   evokes: (verb) to bring or recall a feeling, memory, or response; to elicit or produce a reaction. Example: "Stimulating stories well read can evoke children's imagination and understanding of the language." 50.   aptitudes: (noun) natural talents, skills, or abilities; 50.   aptitudes: (noun) natural talents, skills, or abilities; inherent or acquired capabilities. Example: "Children's aptitudes for reading can be enhanced through activities that promote language development." PASSAGE-3 In search of the Holy Grail Glossary:1DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, molecules responsible for the transference of genetic characteristics. The science of2 Eugenics improving the qualities of the human race; especially the careful selection of parents. 1.       Holy Grail: (noun phrase) a highly sought-after and revered goal or object. Example: "Finding a cure for cancer has long been considered the Holy Grail of medical research." 2.       ambitious: (adjective) having a strong desire and determination to achieve success or make significant accomplishments. Example: "The Human Genome Project is an ambitious undertaking that aims to unravel the mysteries of human genetics." 3.       ailments: (noun) physical or mental illnesses or disorders. Example: "The Human Genome Project is expected to provide new treatments for various ailments such as cancer and heart disease." 4.       afflict: (verb) cause pain, suffering, or hardship. Example: "Millions of people around the world are afflicted by genetic diseases." 5.       genetic blueprint: (noun phrase) the complete set of genetic instructions or information encoded in an organism's DNA. Example: "The Human Genome Project aims to unravel the genetic blueprint of human beings." 6.       eugenics: (noun) the study or practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population through selective breeding or other interventions. Example: "There are concerns that the Human Genome Project could lead to a resurgence of eugenics ideologies." 7.       compendium: (noun) a collection or summary of information or knowledge. Example: "The human genome is a vast compendium of genetic information." 8.       proof-reader: (noun) a person who checks written material for errors and corrects them. Example: "Nature acts as a meticulous proof-reader when it comes to the human genome." 9.       crippling: (adjective) causing severe damage or impairment. Example: "Cystic fibrosis can have crippling effects on a person's respiratory system." 10.   pre-programmed: (adjective) already determined or set in advance. Example: "Single-gene disorders are pre-programmed into an individual's genetic makeup." 11.   curative: (adjective) able to cure or heal a disease or condition. Example: "The development of curative drugs for genetic disorders remains a challenge." 12.   defect: (noun) an imperfection, flaw, or abnormality. Example: "A genetic defect can lead to the manifestation of various diseases." 13.   muscular dystrophy: (noun) a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. Example: "Advancements in genetic research have improved our understanding of conditions like muscular dystrophy." 14.   sequence: (noun) the order in which genetic information is arranged. Example: "Scientists are working to determine the sequence of genes within the human genome." 15.   foetuses: (noun) the plural form of "foetus," referring to an unborn or developing human being. Example: "Prenatal testing can provide information about genetic conditions in foetuses." 16.   currency: (noun) general acceptance or prevalence; widespread use or circulation. Example: "The idea gained currency within the scientific community, leading to support for the Human Genome Project." 17.   extravagance: (noun) excessive or unnecessary abundance, luxury, or exaggeration. Example: "Claims of great scientific breakthroughs must be scrutinized for any signs of extravagance." 18.   distort: (verb) twist, misrepresent, or alter the true meaning or form of something. Example: "Some people worry that focusing solely on genetic constitution may distort our understanding of what it means to be human." 19.   values: (noun) principles or beliefs that guide one's behavior and choices. Example: "The emphasis on genetic makeup may challenge our sense of values and ethics." 20.   discrimination: (noun) unfair or unjust treatment of individuals or groups based on certain characteristics or attributes. Example: "The Human Genome Project raises concerns about potential discrimination based on genetic information." 21.   oppression: (noun) prolonged and unjust treatment or control of individuals or groups, often leading to hardship or suffering. Example: "If misused, the knowledge from the Human Genome Project could result in new forms of oppression." 22.   interactions: (noun) actions, influence, or communication between two or more entities. Example: "Height and intelligence are influenced by complex interactions between genes and the environment." 23.   precisely: (adverb) exactly, accurately, or with great attention to detail. Example: "Understanding the precise genetic constitution related to intelligence is a complex task." 24.   potential: (noun) the possibility or capacity for something to develop or become actual. Example: "The Human Genome Project holds the potential to revolutionize our understanding of human genetics." 25.   alter: (verb) change or modify. Example: "The Human Genome Project raises ethical questions about the potential to alter our genetic inheritance." 26.   mastery: (noun) comprehensive knowledge or skill in a particular subject or area. Example: "The mastery of atomic power has had a profound impact on the world." 27.   potential: (adjective) capable of becoming or developing into something. Example: "Genetic research offers potential benefits for treating various diseases." 28.   potential: (adjective) having the capacity or ability to happen or exist. Example: "Genetic information holds potential for personalized medicine." 29.   central: (adjective) of primary importance or significance; main or essential. Example: "The central moral problem lies in the responsible use of genetic knowledge." 30.   promise: (noun) a declaration or assurance that something will or will not be done, given, or achieved. Example: "The Human Genome Project holds great promise for advancing medical treatments." 31.   destiny: (noun) the predetermined course of events or outcomes. Example: "The mastery of atomic power shaped the destiny of nations." 32.   potential: (noun) latent qualities or abilities that may be developed and lead to future success or achievements. Example: "The Human Genome Project taps into the vast potential of genetic research." 33.   potential: (noun) a person's or group's ability to grow, improve, or succeed. Example: "Every individual has potential for personal and professional growth." 34.   potential: (adjective) having or showing the capacity to become or develop into something in the future. Example: "Stem cell research has potential applications in regenerative medicine." 35.   potential: (adjective) likely to happen or exist; possible. Example: "There are potential risks associated with the use of genetic information." 36.   potential: (adjective) capable of being or becoming; possible or probable. Example: "The discovery of new genes opens up potential avenues 36.   potential: (adjective) capable of being or becoming; possible or probable. Example: "The discovery of new genes opens up potential avenues for medical research." 37.   precision: (noun) the quality of being exact, accurate, or careful in detail. Example: "The Human Genome Project aims to sequence the genome with precision and accuracy." 38.   scrutinized: (verb) examined or inspected closely and critically. Example: "Scientific claims should be scrutinized to ensure their validity and reliability." 39.   genetic makeup: (noun phrase) the combination of genes and genetic information that an individual inherits from their parents. Example: "The Human Genome Project provides insights into the genetic makeup of human beings." 40.   ethics: (noun) moral principles or values that govern human behavior and decision-making. Example: "The ethical implications of genetic research are a subject of ongoing debate." 41.   complex: (adjective) consisting of interconnected or interwoven parts; intricate or complicated. Example: "The relationship between genes and intelligence is a complex topic." 42.   revolutionize: (verb) to completely change or transform something, often in a fundamental way. Example: "The Human Genome Project has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of genetics." 43.   inherited: (adjective) received or passed down from one generation to another. Example: "Genetic disorders can be inherited from parents." 44.   unborn: (adjective) not yet born; still in the womb. Example: "Prenatal testing can provide insights into the health of unborn babies." 45.   manifestation: (noun) the act of showing, displaying, or demonstrating something. Example: "Genetic defects can lead to the manifestation of various diseases." 46.   genetic information: (noun phrase) the data or instructions encoded in an organism's genes. Example: "The Human Genome Project aims to unlock the secrets of genetic information." 47.   scrutinize: (verb) examine or inspect closely and critically. Example: "Scientists scrutinize the human genome to understand its intricacies." 48.   genetic research: (noun phrase) scientific investigation focused on the study of genes and heredity. Example: "Advancements in genetic research have led to breakthroughs in understanding human diseases." 49.   genetic disorders: (noun phrase) conditions or diseases caused by abnormalities in an individual's genes. Example: "The Human Genome Project seeks to shed light on the causes of genetic disorders." 50.   genetic inheritance: (noun phrase) the passing of genetic traits or characteristics from parents to offspring. Example: "The study of genetic inheritance helps us understand the transmission of traits across generations."

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1 PASSAGE-1 A spark, a flint: How fire leapt to life Here are 50 vocabulary words from the passage, excluding levels A1 and A2: divine (adjective): relating to or coming from a god; sacred. Example: "To early man, fire was seen as a divine gift from the gods." randomly (adverb): happening without a definite plan or pattern; by chance. Example: "Early humans believed that fire was delivered randomly through natural events like lightning." slow-burning (adjective): burning or smoldering at a slow and steady pace. Example: "Early peoples stored fire by keeping slow-burning logs alight." friction (noun): the resistance encountered when one surface rubs against another; the act of rubbing. Example: "The earliest method of making fire involved creating friction by rubbing wooden drills together." concentrate (verb): to bring or draw together in one place; to focus. Example: "The Ancient Greeks used lenses to concentrate the sun's rays for fire-lighting." efficient (adjective): achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Example: "The technique of chipping flints to produce sparks became more efficient with the discovery of iron." compound (noun): a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Example: "The Eskimos produced a spark by striking quartz against iron pyrites, a compound containing sulphur." tinder (noun): dry, flammable material that can be ignited to start a fire. Example: "Steel, flint, and tinder were commonly used for fire-lighting in Europe." combustibility (noun): the ability of a substance to burn or ignite. Example: "Chemists were impressed by the combustibility of phosphorus and used it in early fire-lighting devices." inflammable (adjective): easily set on fire; flammable. Example: "The results of using phosphorus in fire-lighting devices were dangerously inflammable." matches (noun): small wooden sticks with a combustible tip that can be ignited by friction. Example: "The first matches resembling those used today were made in 1827." pharmacist (noun): a person trained in preparing and dispensing medicinal drugs. Example: "John Walker, an English pharmacist, made the first matches similar to modern ones." patented (verb): obtained exclusive rights to a product or invention through an official process. Example: "John Walker never patented his match invention." toxic (adjective): poisonous or harmful to living organisms. Example: "The use of white phosphorus in matches proved to be toxic and caused health issues." substitute (verb): to use or put in place of another; to replace. Example: "Charles Sauria created the first "strike-anywhere" match by substituting white phosphorus with another ingredient." necrosis (noun): the death of cells or tissue in the body, often caused by injury or disease. Example: "Match-makers exposed to white phosphorus fumes suffered from necrosis, a disease affecting the jawbones." exploited (verb): used to one's advantage, often unfairly or selfishly. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom **explo exploited (verb): used to one's advantage, often unfairly or selfishly. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom exploited the commercial potential of non-toxic red phosphorus for safety matches." ignition (noun): the process or action of igniting or starting a fire. Example: "The match tip contained potassium chlorate with a relatively high ignition temperature." lagged behind (phrase): to be slower or behind in progress or development compared to others. Example: "America lagged behind Europe in match technology and safety standards." patent (noun): a government license granting the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a certain period of time. Example: "The Diamond Match Company bought a French patent for safety matches." innovation (noun): a new idea, method, or product introduced for the first time. Example: "The Diamond Match Company pioneered innovations like book matches." prevailing (adjective): existing or most commonly encountered at a particular time or place. Example: "The French patent did not work properly in the different prevailing climatic conditions in America." adapted (verb): made suitable or adjusted to fit a new or different purpose or situation. Example: "Scientists adapted the French patent for the US by making necessary modifications." novel (adjective): new, original, or unusual in an interesting way. Example: "A brewery had the novel idea of advertising its product in match books." after-glow (noun): a glowing light or lingering brightness that remains after something has been extinguished. Example: "An anti-after-glow solution prevented the match from smoldering after it was blown out." smoldering (adjective): burning with little or no flame and producing smoke. Example: "The match had a tendency to keep smoldering even after it was extinguished." waterproof (adjective): resistant to the penetration of water, preventing water from entering or affecting it. Example: "The invention of the waterproof match allowed it to be ignited even after being submerged in water for hours." quest (noun): a long or arduous search for something. Example: "The quest for a practical match led to various experiments and innovations." transmute (verb): to change or alter in form, nature, or substance. Example: "The German alchemist was trying to transmute silver into gold when he discovered phosphorus." chemists (noun): scientists who specialize in the study of chemistry and the properties of substances. Example: "Several 17th-century chemists used phosphorus in their fire-lighting experiments." hazardous (adjective): involving risk or danger; potentially harmful. Example: "The early fire-lighting devices made with phosphorus were hazardous and could easily catch fire." splints (noun): thin, narrow pieces of wood or other material used for lighting or igniting a fire. Example: "Splints treated with chemicals were dipped in a bottle of sulphuric acid in the Instantaneous Light Box." invention (noun): a unique device, method, or process created by human skill and imagination. Example: "John Walker's match-making invention revolutionized fire invention (noun): a unique device, method, or process created by human skill and imagination. Example: "John Walker's match-making invention revolutionized fire-lighting." formula (noun): a set of prescribed ingredients or instructions for preparing or making something. Example: "John Walker borrowed the formula for matches from a military rocket-maker." compatriot (noun): a person from one's own country or with whom one shares a common nationality. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom, a Swedish compatriot of Pasch, exploited the commercial potential of non-toxic red phosphorus." catch on (phrase): to become popular or widely accepted. Example: "Book matches didn't catch on until they were used for advertising." climatic (adjective): relating to the climate or weather conditions of a particular region. Example: "The French patent didn't work properly in the climatic conditions prevailing in America." commercially (adverb): in a way that is related to or intended for buying and selling products or services. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom exploited non-toxic red phosphorus commercially for safety matches." dispensing (verb): preparing and giving out a product or substance, typically in a measured quantity. Example: "A pharmacist is trained in dispensing medicinal drugs." splinter (noun): a small, sharp, thin piece of wood or other material that has broken off from a larger piece. Example: "The match was ignited by striking it against a splinter of glass paper." toxicity (noun): the degree to which a substance can cause harm or damage to living organisms. Example: "The toxicity of white phosphorus led to health issues among match-makers." ignition temperature (noun): the minimum temperature at which a substance will ignite and sustain combustion. Example: "The match tip contained potassium chlorate, which had a relatively high ignition temperature." marketing (noun): the action or business of promoting and selling products or services. Example: "The Diamond Match Company pioneered match marketing techniques." innovations (noun): new or improved ideas, devices, or methods. Example: "The Diamond Match Company introduced various innovations like book matches." catch fire (phrase): to start burning suddenly or become engulfed in flames. Example: "The early fire-lighting devices made with phosphorus could easily catch fire." modifications (noun): changes or adjustments made to something in order to improve it or make it suitable for a specific purpose. Example: "Scientists made necessary modifications to adapt the French patent for the US." expensive (adjective): costing a lot of money; high-priced. Example: "The first matches made with phosphorus were expensive due to the high cost of the element." phosphoric (adjective): relating to or containing phosphorus. Example: "The Phosphoric Candle contained a twist of paper tipped with phosphoric materials." non-toxic (adjective): not harmful or poisonous to living organisms. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom's safety matches used non-toxic red phosphorus." exposed to (phrase): subjected to or affected by something, typically something negative or harmful. Example: "Match-makers who were exposed to the fumes of white phosphorus suffered from health issues." banned (verb): officially prohibited or not allowed. Example: "White phosphorus was banned in 1906 due to its harmful effects." discovered (verb): found or learned something for the first time. Example: "A Swedish chemist called Pasch discovered non-toxic red phosphorus." red phosphorus (noun): a non-toxic form of phosphorus that is used in the production of safety matches. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom utilized red phosphorus in the creation of safe matches." compound (noun): a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Example: "Iron pyrites is a compound that contains sulphur, used by Eskimos to produce sparks." combustibility (noun): the ability to catch fire and burn. Example: "Chemists were impressed by the element's combustibility when they discovered phosphorus." Alchemist (noun): a person who practices alchemy, a medieval chemical philosophy and precursor to modern chemistry. Example: "The German alchemist attempted to transmute silver into gold and discovered phosphorus." self-combust (verb): ignite or catch fire on its own without an external flame. Example: "When the sealed glass tube was broken, the phosphorus would self-combust due to the rush of air." chemically treated (phrase): subjected to a process involving the use of chemicals. Example: "Splints were chemically treated before being dipped in sulphuric acid in the Instantaneous Light Box." pharmacist (noun): a person who is trained and licensed to prepare and dispense medicinal drugs. Example: "John Walker, an English pharmacist, invented the first matches resembling those used today." pioneered (verb): introduced or developed something for the first time. Example: "The Diamond Match Company pioneered the concept of book matches." PASSAGE-2 Zoo Conservation Programmes distort (verb): to alter or twist the meaning or appearance of something. Example: The media often distort information to create sensational stories. endangered (adjective): at risk of becoming extinct or disappearing. Example: The conservationists are working to protect endangered species in the rainforest. sceptical (adjective): having doubts or reservations; inclined to question or doubt something. Example: She was sceptical about the politician's promises and wanted to see real action. mediocre (adjective): of only average quality; not very good. Example: The restaurant received mediocre reviews and struggled to attract customers. conservation (noun): the protection, preservation, and careful management of natural resources and wildlife. Example: The government implemented strict conservation measures to protect the national park. unrealistic (adjective): not based on reality; not practical or achievable. Example: His plans to become a millionaire overnight were unrealistic and lacked a solid foundation. estimate (verb): to make an approximate judgment or calculation. Example: The experts estimated that the project would take six months to complete. underestimate (verb): to underestimate or undervalue something or someone. Example: Don't underestimate her abilities; she's capable of achieving great things. masquerade (verb): to pretend to be someone or something else; to disguise oneself. Example: The spy masqueraded as a waiter to gather information at the secret meeting. flaw (noun): a defect or imperfection; a weakness or mistake. Example: The design of the building had a major flaw, causing leaks during heavy rain. faith (noun): complete trust or confidence in someone or something; belief in the absence of proof. Example: He had faith in his team's ability to win the championship. criteria (noun): standards or principles used to evaluate or assess something. Example: The selection committee has specific criteria for choosing the best candidate. dubious (adjective): doubtful or uncertain; questionable. Example: The politician's dubious ethics raised concerns among the voters. censure (verb): to express strong disapproval or criticism. Example: The committee voted to censure the senator for his unethical behavior. redevelopment (noun): the process of renovating or rebuilding an area or property for a new purpose. Example: The city invested in redevelopment projects to revitalize the downtown area. incorporating (verb): including or integrating something as part of a whole. Example: The new software update will incorporate several user-requested features. potential (noun): the possibility or likelihood of something happening or being realized. Example: The candidate has great potential for success in the field of technology. proposition (noun): a suggested plan or idea; a proposal. Example: The company presented a business proposition to the investors. failings (noun): weaknesses or shortcomings; areas where someone or something falls short. Example: The coach addressed the team's failings and worked on improving their performance. resounding (adjective): resounding (adjective): impressive and unmistakable; producing a loud and echoing sound. Example: The team's victory was met with resounding applause from the crowd. optimism (noun): a hopeful and positive outlook; the belief that things will turn out well. Example: Despite the challenges, she maintained an attitude of optimism and never gave up. breeding (noun): the process of producing offspring through reproduction. Example: The farm specializes in the breeding of rare and exotic species of birds. progress (noun): forward or onward movement towards a goal or destination. Example: The construction project is making steady progress and is expected to be completed on time. target (noun): a specific goal or objective to be achieved. Example: The company set ambitious sales targets for the upcoming quarter. captive (adjective): held or confined as a prisoner or under someone's control. Example: The captive animals were eventually released back into their natural habitat. propagation (noun): the act of reproducing or multiplying; the process of spreading or disseminating. Example: The propagation of ideas through social media has led to rapid information sharing. implement (verb): to put into effect or action; to carry out or execute a plan. Example: The company plans to implement new strategies to improve customer satisfaction. dedicated (adjective): committed and devoted to a task or cause. Example: She is a dedicated teacher who goes above and beyond to help her students succeed. behaviour (noun): the way in which a person or animal acts or conducts oneself. Example: The child's disruptive behaviour in class led to a meeting with the parents. cooperate (verb): to work together willingly and actively towards a common goal. Example: The two companies agreed to cooperate on a joint marketing campaign. proposition (noun): a suggested plan or idea; a proposal. Example: The company presented a business proposition to the investors. captivity (noun): the state of being confined or held prisoner. Example: The animals showed signs of stress after years of captivity in the small cages. conservationist (noun): a person who advocates for the protection and preservation of the environment and wildlife. Example: The conservationist worked tirelessly to save the endangered species from extinction. endorsed (verb): publicly support or recommend. Example: The famous athlete endorsed the new sports drink in a television commercial. core (noun): the central or essential part of something. Example: The core of the argument was the need for stricter environmental regulations. scheme (noun): a plan, design, or system. Example: The government introduced a new tax scheme to encourage renewable energy. document (noun): a written or printed piece of information that provides evidence or records facts. Example: The legal document outlined the terms of the contract. flawed (adjective): having errors, defects, or weaknesses. Example: The study's methodology was flawed, resulting in inaccurate conclusions. considered (adjective): thought about or contemplated. Example: After careful thought, she made a considered decision to pursue a different considered (adjective): thought about or contemplated. Example: After careful thought, she made a considered decision to pursue a different career path. select (adjective): carefully chosen or picked out. Example: The art gallery showcased a select collection of contemporary paintings. membership (noun): the state of being a member or part of a group or organization. Example: The membership in the club provides access to exclusive benefits and events. roundly (adverb): in a forceful and comprehensive manner; thoroughly. Example: The company was roundly criticized for its unethical business practices. veterinary (adjective): relating to the medical care and treatment of animals. Example: She decided to pursue a career in veterinary medicine to help sick and injured animals. inspector (noun): a person who officially examines or investigates something to ensure compliance or quality. Example: The building inspector checked the construction site to ensure it met safety regulations. notorious (adjective): famous or well-known, typically for something negative or unfavorable. Example: The city had a notorious reputation for its high crime rates. obliged (verb): to be legally or morally bound to do something; to feel compelled or required. Example: She felt obliged to help her neighbor with the heavy groceries. standards (noun): a level of quality or attainment that is considered acceptable or desirable. Example: The company has high standards for customer service and satisfaction. overall (adjective): taking everything into account; considering all aspects. Example: The overall performance of the team was outstanding, leading to their victory. reputation (noun): the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something. Example: The restaurant has built a reputation for its delicious and innovative cuisine. rapid (adjective): happening quickly or with great speed; fast-paced. Example: Technological advancements have led to rapid changes in the way we communicate. PASSAGE-3 ARCHITECTURE - Reaching for the Sky architecture: (noun) the art and science of designing buildings and structures. Example: "The city's skyline is dominated by impressive architecture." reflect: (verb) to show or express a particular quality or feature. Example: "The building's design reflects the cultural heritage of the region." aspiration: (noun) a strong desire or ambition. Example: "The architect's aspiration was to create a sustainable and functional space." controversial: (adjective) causing disagreement or discussion. Example: "The proposed design for the new museum has sparked controversial debates among architects." style: (noun) a particular form or approach to artistic expression. Example: "The building's architectural style is a blend of modern and traditional elements." movement: (noun) a group or trend with a particular artistic or ideological focus. Example: "The Modernist movement challenged conventional architectural norms." origins: (noun) the point or place where something begins or is derived from. Example: "The origins of this architectural style can be traced back to the early 20th century." technological: (adjective) relating to technology or technological advancements. Example: "The architect incorporated technological innovations into the building's design." materials: (noun) substances used to make or construct something. Example: "The choice of materials in sustainable architecture is crucial for reducing environmental impact." concrete: (noun) a building material made from a mixture of cement, sand, and gravel. Example: "The walls of the structure were constructed using reinforced concrete." strengthened: (verb) made stronger or more resilient. Example: "The use of steel bars strengthened the building's foundation." urban: (adjective) relating to a city or town. Example: "The rapid growth of urban areas led to increased demand for housing." slums: (noun) overcrowded and poor neighborhoods with substandard living conditions. Example: "Efforts are being made to improve living conditions in urban slums." emerged: (verb) came into existence or prominence. Example: "A new architectural style emerged in the mid-20th century." idealistic: (adjective) characterized by the pursuit of noble or high-minded principles. Example: "The architect had idealistic visions of creating a harmonious urban environment." geometric: (adjective) relating to or characterized by geometric shapes or forms. Example: "The building's design featured clean lines and geometric patterns." decoration: (noun) ornamentation or embellishment added to enhance appearance. Example: "The minimalist design avoided unnecessary decoration." influential: (adjective) having great influence or impact. Example: "Le Corbusier was one of the most influential architects of the Modernist movement." economic: (adjective) relating to the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. Example: "The economic conditions influenced architectural development in the post-war era." realized: (verb) made into reality or achieved. Example: "The architect's vision was realized in the construction of the iconic building." standardized: (verb) made uniform or consistent in quality, style, or appearance. Example: "The International Style standardized the design of buildings worldwide." exploited: (verb) used or taken advantage of for personal gain. Example: "The developers exploited the demand for affordable housing by cutting corners in construction." improvement: (noun) the act or process of making something better. Example: "The renovation project brought significant improvements to the building's functionality." preserving: (verb) protecting or maintaining something in its original state. Example: "The organization is dedicated to preserving historic buildings for future generations." facades: (noun) the front-facing side of a building. Example: "The architect retained the original facades of the historic structure." emerging: (adjective) developing or coming into existence. Example: "The city has an emerging architectural scene with innovative designs." sophisticated: (adjective) complex, advanced, or refined. Example: "The building's sophisticated design incorporates cutting-edge technology." coexistence: (noun) the state of existing together or simultaneously. Example: "The architectural style reflects the coexistence of different historical influences." trend: (noun) a general direction in which something is developing or changing. Example: "Green architecture is becoming a popular trend in sustainable design." awareness: (noun) knowledge or understanding of a particular situation or fact. Example: "There is a growing public awareness of the importance of environmentally friendly architecture." efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task or produce results with minimal waste or effort. Example: "Energy efficiency is a key consideration in modern building design." quality: (noun) the standard or level of excellence of something. Example: "The architect focused on ensuring the highest quality in every detail of the design." economical: (adjective) cost-effective or efficient in the use of resources. Example: "The use of sustainable materials makes the building more economical in the long run." land: (noun) an area of ground, especially in terms of ownership or use. Example: "The skyscraper was built to maximize the land usage in the city center." construction: (noun) the process of building or assembling something. Example: "The construction of the new bridge is scheduled to begin next year." techniques: (noun) methods or procedures used to accomplish a specific task. Example: "The architect employed innovative construction techniques in the project." parading: (verb) displaying or showing off openly or proudly. Example: "The building's design embraced the idea of parading its structural elements." imitations: (noun) copies or replicas that attempt to resemble the original. Example: "The market was flooded with cheap imitations of famous architectural designs." interest: (noun) the state of wanting to know or learn more about something. Example: "There is a renewed interest in sustainable and eco-friendly architecture." classical: (adjective) relating to the ancient Greek and Roman architectural style. Example: "The building's classical columns and proportions evoke a sense of grandeur." context**: (noun) the circumstances or conditions in which something exists or occurs. Example: "The architectural design must consider the context of the surrounding environment." tradition: (noun) a long-established or inherited way of thinking or doing something. Example: "The architect drew inspiration from local architectural traditions." environmental: (adjective) relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it. Example: "The building incorporates environmental features such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting." tall: (adjective) of great height; high. Example: "The city skyline is dotted with tall skyscrapers." frames: (noun) rigid structures that provide support or enclosure. Example: "The building's steel frames allowed for flexible floor plans." passenger: (noun) a person traveling in a vehicle, such as a car or an elevator. Example: "The passenger elevator can transport people between floors quickly." originated: (verb) had its source or beginning. Example: "The concept of the skyscraper originated in the late 19th century." reality: (noun) the state of existing or being actual. Example: "The architect's vision became a reality with the completion of the building." improved: (adjective) made better than before. Example: "The renovated building features improved accessibility and energy efficiency." demand: (noun) the desire or need for a particular product or service. Example: "There is a growing demand for sustainable housing solutions." ACADEMIC READING TEST-2 PASSAGE-1 Right and left-handedness in humans left-handedness: (noun) the preference or inclination to use the left hand more dominantly than the right hand. Example: "Left-handedness is less common in the population compared to right-handedness." asymmetry: (noun) lack of symmetry or balance; the condition of being unequal or uneven. Example: "The human brain displays a certain degree of asymmetry in terms of its functions." genetic: (adjective) relating to genes or heredity. Example: "There is evidence to suggest that genetic factors play a role in determining handedness." offspring: (noun) the child or children of a person or animal. Example: "The offspring of left-handed parents may have a higher likelihood of being left-handed themselves." identical: (adjective) exactly alike or the same. Example: "Even identical twins can exhibit different handedness preferences." dominance: (noun) the condition of being more powerful, influential, or prevalent than others. Example: "In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain typically shows dominance in language processing." hemisphere: (noun) half of a sphere, especially one of the halves of the brain. Example: "The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with language functions in most right-handed people." bilateral: (adjective) relating to or affecting both sides. Example: "Left-handers may exhibit a more bilateral distribution of speech functions in the brain." embryos: (noun) the early stage of development in an organism before it is born or hatched. Example: "Studies on human embryos have shown the existence of left-right brain asymmetry before birth." lateralised: (verb) to show a preference or tendency for one side over the other. Example: "Some individuals may have less lateralised brain development, leading to left-handedness." superior: (adjective) higher in quality, skill, or ability. Example: "Left-handed individuals may exhibit superior skills in certain areas associated with the left hemisphere." logic: (noun) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity. Example: "Left-handers tend to excel in logic and abstract thinking." rationality: (noun) the quality of being based on reason or logic. Example: "The left hemisphere of the brain is often associated with rationality and analytical thinking." abstraction: (noun) the process of thinking about or representing something in a general or conceptual way. Example: "Left-handers may have a predisposition for abstraction and creative thinking." attitudes: (noun) a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior. Example: "Attitudes towards left-handed people are slowly changing as more research is conducted." subliminally: (adverb) below the threshold of conscious perception; without conscious awareness. Example: "Language can subliminally influence our perception and biases." sinister: (adjective) giving the impression of harmful or evil intent; threatening or ominous. Example: "The word "left" is sometimes associated with a sinister connotation." freedom: (noun) the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Example: "Left-handed children forced to use their right hand may feel their freedom of expression is limited." attitudes: (noun) a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior. consolation: (noun) comfort or solace in a time of distress or disappointment. Example: "The research findings provide some consolation for left-handers who have faced challenges in a right-handed world." virtue: (noun) a quality or trait considered morally good or desirable. Example: "The word "right" is often associated with positive connotations and seen as a virtue." compliments: (noun) polite expressions of praise or admiration. Example: "Left-handed compliments are backhanded remarks that may seem flattering but actually contain a hidden insult." robbed: (verb) to deprive someone of something valuable or important. Example: "Left-handed children forced to use their right hand may feel robbed of their natural inclination." attitudes: (noun) a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior. Example: "As research progresses, attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually becoming more inclusive." journalist: (noun) a person who reports, writes, or edits news stories or articles for newspapers, magazines, or broadcast media. Example: "Charles Moore, a renowned journalist, has highlighted the biases associated with right-handedness in language and society." subconscious: (adjective) existing or operating in the mind beneath or beyond consciousness. Example: "Language can have a subconscious influence on our thoughts and perceptions." research: (noun) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Example: "Ongoing research on the causes of left-handedness contributes to a better understanding of this trait." changing: (verb) undergoing a transformation or becoming different. Example: "As more information becomes available, attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing." champion: (noun) a person who has surpassed all rivals in a competition or activity. Example: "Ivan Lendl, a renowned tennis champion, expressed a desire to be left-handed to enhance his game." lefthander: (noun) a person who predominantly uses their left hand for activities. Example: "Among mathematicians and architects, lefthanders are more common than in other professions." stammer: (verb) to speak with involuntary pauses or repetitions of sounds, often due to nervousness or speech impediments. Example: "Left-handed children forced to switch to their right hand may experience difficulties and develop a stammer as they struggle to adjust." logic: (noun) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity. Example: "Certain superior skills, such as logic, rationality, and abstraction, are associated with the left hemisphere of the brain." rationality: (noun) the quality of being based on or in accordance with reason or logic. Example: "Left-handed individuals may possess a greater inclination towards rationality due to the specialization of the left hemisphere of the brain." abstraction: (noun) the process of considering something independently of its associations, attributes, or concrete existence. Example: "The left hemisphere's involvement in abstraction allows left-handed individuals to excel in creative and conceptual thinking." superior: (adjective) higher in quality, value, or skill level. Example: "Left-handed individuals have been found to demonstrate superior skills in certain fields such as mathematics and architecture." masculine: (adjective) having qualities or characteristics typically associated with men or boys. Example: "Research suggests that the development of a male brain may contribute to the prevalence of left-handedness and certain masculine traits." embryos: (noun) unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development. Example: "Studies on human embryos have revealed that left-right brain asymmetry exists even before birth." lateralised: (adjective) having a tendency or preference for using one side of the body or brain more than the other. Example: "The brain's lateralised development during pregnancy can influence handedness and language dominance." specialisation: (noun) the process of concentrating on and becoming an expert in a particular subject or skill. Example: "The specialisation of brain functions, including language processing, contributes to the development of handedness." foetus: (noun) an unborn or unhatched offspring of a mammal, in particular, an unborn human more than eight weeks after conception. Example: "During the development of a male foetus, hormonal factors can influence brain lateralisation and the likelihood of left-handedness." skills: (noun) abilities or competencies developed through training, practice, or experience. Example: "Left-handed individuals may possess certain skills and advantages, such as enhanced spatial reasoning abilities." origins: (noun) the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived from. Example: "The origins of left-handedness and its correlation with brain hemispheres have been the subject of extensive scientific investigation." gradually: (adverb) happening or changing slowly or in small increments over time. Example: "Attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually becoming more inclusive and accepting." inclination: (noun) a person's natural tendency or preference towards a particular course of action or behavior. Example: "Left-handed individuals have an innate inclination to use their left hand for various activities." information: (noun) facts or knowledge acquired through study, research, or experience. Example: "Ongoing research provides valuable information about the factors influencing handedness and brain lateralisation." inclusive: (adjective) including or covering all items, services, facilities, or categories. Example: "Society is becoming more inclusive by recognizing and accommodating the needs and preferences of left-handed individuals." prevalence: (noun) the condition of being widespread widespread: (adjective) existing or happening over a large area or among many people. Example: "The prevalence of right-handedness is widespread in human populations, with approximately 90 percent of individuals being right-handed." consolation: (noun) comfort or solace in a time of disappointment or loss. Example: "The research findings may offer some consolation to left-handed individuals who have historically faced challenges in a right-handed world." virtue: (noun) a quality or trait that is considered morally good or desirable. Example: "Mr. Charles Moore highlights that the word 'right' in language often reinforces its own virtue, while the left is associated with negative connotations." sinister: (adjective) suggesting or indicating harm, evil, or malevolence. Example: "Language and cultural biases have historically associated the left with sinister meanings, perpetuating negative stereotypes." attitudes: (noun) opinions, beliefs, or feelings towards something or someone. Example: "The attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing, fostering a more inclusive and accepting environment." journalist: (noun) a person who collects, writes, or reports news for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio. Example: "Mr. Charles Moore, a renowned writer and journalist, sheds light on the biases and challenges faced by left-handed individuals." subliminally: (adverb) in a manner that is not consciously perceived or understood. Example: "According to Mr. Charles Moore, language subliminally reinforces biases by associating positive qualities with the right and negative qualities with the left." freedom: (noun) the power or right to act, speak, or think without hindrance or restraint. Example: "Mr. Charles Moore suggests that left-handed children forced to use their right hand may experience a loss of freedom of speech." tournament: (noun) a competition or contest in which players or teams compete against each other to determine a winner. Example: "Left-handed tennis player Ivan Lendl, a former champion, expressed his desire to become a left-hander to improve his game in a tournament." researchers: (noun) individuals who engage in systematic investigation, study, or analysis to contribute to knowledge in a specific field. Example: "Various researchers have dedicated their efforts to understanding the factors influencing handedness, brain lateralisation, and associated traits." asymmetry: (noun) the lack of equality or balance between two sides or parts. Example: "The human brain's asymmetry between the left and right hemispheres contributes to handedness and language dominance." speech impediments: (noun) difficulties or disorders that affect the ability to produce or articulate speech sounds. Example: "Some left-handed children forced to switch to their right hand may develop speech impediments as they adapt to the change." champion: (noun) a person who has defeated all competitors in a competition and holds the title or highest rank. Example: "Ivan Lendl, a renowned tennis champion, recognized the advantages associated with being a left-handed player." PASSAGE-2 MIGRATORY BEEKEEPING eke out: (phrasal verb) to make a living or obtain something with difficulty or by using limited resources. Example: "The beekeepers managed to eke out a living from their honeybee business." commercial: (adjective) relating to or engaged in commerce or business activities. Example: "The United States has a significant number of commercial beekeepers." honeybee: (noun) a type of bee that produces honey and plays a crucial role in pollination. Example: "Honeybees are important for both honey production and crop pollination." pollinate: (verb) to transfer pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ of a flower, resulting in fertilization. Example: "Bees help to pollinate crops, contributing to their growth and reproduction." scramble: (verb) to move or act quickly and eagerly, often in a chaotic or disorganized manner. Example: "Beekeepers scramble to secure pollination contracts in high-demand areas." fertile: (adjective) capable of producing abundant crops, offspring, or other desirable results. Example: "California's Central Valley is known for its fertile agricultural land." migration: (noun) the regular seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, often in search of better resources or suitable conditions. Example: "The migration of beekeepers allows their bees to access more flowering fields." blooming: (adjective) in the process of producing flowers or in full flower. Example: "The migratory beekeepers move their bees to blooming fields for optimal honey production." keepers: (noun) those who take care of or manage something. Example: "Beekeepers are responsible for the well-being of their honeybee colonies." rent: (verb) to allow someone to use or occupy property in exchange for payment. Example: "Farmers rent bees from beekeepers to ensure their crops are adequately pollinated." migratory: (adjective) relating to or characterized by migration. Example: "The migratory behavior of bees is essential for their survival and honey production." experimented: (verb) tried or tested a new idea, method, or activity to see how it works or what results it produces. Example: "North American beekeepers experimented with moving bees on barges and railroads." affordable: (adjective) reasonably priced and within one's financial means. Example: "The affordability of cars and trucks facilitated the growth of migratory beekeeping." catch on: (phrasal verb) become popular or widely accepted. Example: "Migratory beekeeping began to catch on when transportation options improved." pollination: (noun) the process of transferring pollen from the male to the female reproductive organs of a plant, resulting in fertilization. Example: "Effective pollination is crucial for the successful reproduction of many plant species." grove: (noun) a small group of trees, especially fruit trees. Example: "Almond groves provide essential resources for honeybees during the pollination season." bonanza: (noun) a situation or event that creates a sudden increase in wealth, success, or good fortune. Example: "The bonanza: (noun) a situation or event that creates a sudden increase in wealth, success, or good fortune. Example: "The pollination season is a bonanza for both beekeepers and their bees, as they can earn significant income from almond groves." pacify: (verb) to calm or soothe someone or something. Example: "Beekeepers use smoke to pacify the bees and keep them relatively calm during hive transportation." fragrant: (adjective) having a pleasant or sweet smell. Example: "Honey produced from orange groves is known for its fragrant aroma." stack: (verb) to pile or arrange things in a neat and orderly manner. Example: "The beekeepers stack the beehives onto wooden pallets for transportation." extra: (adjective) additional or supplementary. Example: "Beekeepers add extra boxes called supers to the hives to encourage honey production." temporary: (adjective) lasting for a limited period of time. Example: "Supers are temporary hive extensions used during the honey production period." stash: (verb) to store or hide something in a secret or secure place. Example: "The bees stash honey in the brood chamber for future consumption." insert: (verb) to put or place something into something else. Example: "Beekeepers can insert a screen between the brood chamber and the supers to prevent the queen from accessing the top." gather: (verb) to collect or bring together in one place. Example: "Beekeepers gather the honey-filled supers and take them to a warehouse for further processing." extracting: (adjective) relating to the process of removing or obtaining something. Example: "The extracting room is where the honeycombs are prepared for honey extraction." frame: (noun) a structure that holds or supports something. Example: "The beekeepers remove the frames from the hives for honey extraction." uncapper: (noun) a device used to remove the wax covering from honeycombs. Example: "The beekeepers use an uncapper equipped with rotating blades to remove the wax from the honeycombs." carousel: (noun) a rotating mechanism or device that holds or carries objects. Example: "The frames are placed in a carousel within a large stainless steel drum for honey extraction." revolutions: (noun) complete circular movements or rotations. Example: "The frames in the carousel begin to whirl at 300 revolutions per minute." centrifugal force: (noun) the apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center. Example: "The honey is expelled from the combs due to the centrifugal force generated by the spinning frames." barrels: (noun) large cylindrical containers, typically made of wood or metal. Example: "The honey is poured into barrels for storage and shipment." weakened: (adjective) made less strong or powerful. Example: "A quarter of the hives become weakened due to various factors such as disease or an aging queen." mites: (noun) tiny arachnids, often parasites, that can affect bee colonies. Example: "Beekeepers need to address issues caused teeming: (adjective) full of or swarming with. Example: "A healthy double hive is teeming with bees, indicating a thriving colony." separated: (verb) divided or set apart from something or someone else. Example: "Beekeepers can separate a double hive into two boxes to create new colonies." colony: (noun) a group of organisms, such as bees, living together as a community. Example: "Each hive functions as a colony with different roles for bees." bloom: (verb) to produce flowers; to be in flower. Example: "By the time the flowers bloom, the new queens will be laying eggs." worker: (noun) a bee that performs various tasks within the hive, such as foraging or nursing. Example: "The hives are filled with worker bees responsible for different hive functions." summer location: (noun phrase) the place where the beekeeper and their bees relocate during the summer season. Example: "The beekeeper's family migrates with the bees to their summer location for optimal conditions." disease: (noun) an abnormal condition or illness that affects the body or an organism. Example: "A quarter of the hives may weaken due to disease, requiring replacement." queen: (noun) the reproductive female bee responsible for laying eggs and maintaining the colony. Example: "A healthy hive requires a strong and productive queen bee." queens: (noun) plural form of queen, referring to multiple reproductive female bees. Example: "The beekeeper can introduce young, mated queens to create new colonies." beehive: (noun) a structure or container where bees live and store honey. Example: "Beekeepers carefully manage and maintain their beehives for optimal bee health." migration: (noun) the act of moving from one place to another on a regular basis. Example: "The migration of beekeepers and their bees allows for extended blooming seasons." insects: (noun) small animals with six legs and a segmented body, such as bees. Example: "Bees are important insects known for their role in pollination." fee: (noun) a payment or charge for a service provided. Example: "Beekeepers charge a fee for pollinating crops with their bees." practical: (adjective) sensible and realistic in terms of achieving an objective. Example: "Using cars and trucks for migratory beekeeping proved to be more practical than other methods." optimal: (adjective) best or most favorable; ideal. Example: "Beekeepers strive for optimal conditions to maximize honey production." PASSAGE-3 TOURISM phenomena: (noun) observable facts or events; plural of phenomenon. Example: "Tourism and travel are significant social phenomena in modern society." commentators: (noun) people who provide commentary or analysis on a particular subject. Example: "Many commentators have overlooked the significance of tourism as a social phenomenon." trivial: (adjective) of little importance or significance. Example: "Although some may consider tourism a trivial topic, it has profound social implications." weightier: (adjective) more serious or important in nature. Example: "Social scientists often grapple with explaining weightier topics like work or politics." deviance: (noun) behavior that deviates from what is considered normal or acceptable. Example: "The study of deviance sheds light on social practices that may be considered unusual." idiosyncratic: (adjective) peculiar or unique to an individual or group. Example: "Deviant behaviors can be idiosyncratic, varying in their acceptance across different societies." presupposes: (verb) assumes or requires something as a precondition. Example: "Tourism presupposes the existence of regulated and organized work in society." manifestation: (noun) an instance or embodiment of something. Example: "Tourism is one manifestation of how work and leisure are separated in modern societies." regulated: (adjective) controlled or governed according to specific rules or regulations. Example: "Work and leisure are regulated as distinct spheres in modern social practice." spheres: (noun) areas or domains of activity or knowledge. Example: "Work and leisure are separate spheres in modern society, each with its own characteristics." characteristics: (noun) distinguishing features or qualities. Example: "Acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of modernity." regularized: (adjective) made regular or standardized; conforming to a set pattern or schedule. Example: "Tourism typically occurs within regularized periods of time and specific places." destinations: (noun) places to which people travel or are sent. Example: "Tourists choose various destinations for their travel experiences." necessarily: (adverb) inevitably; as a logical consequence. Example: "Tourism necessarily involves movement and a temporary stay in new places." temporary: (adjective) lasting for a limited period; not permanent. Example: "Tourism often involves a temporary stay in places outside one's usual residence." proportion: (noun) a part or share of a whole; a ratio or percentage. Example: "A substantial proportion of the population engages in tourist practices." gazes: (noun) the act of looking steadily or intently; plural of gaze. Example: "Tourism involves the collective gazes of many tourists exploring different places." anticipation: (noun) a feeling of excitement or expectation about something to come. Example: "Tourists have an anticipation of intense pleasures and unique experiences." daydreaming: (noun) a series of pleasant thoughts or fantasies that distract one's attention from the present. Example: " fantasy: (noun) an imagined or unreal mental image or scenario. Example: "The anticipation of intense pleasures is often fueled by fantasies of unique experiences." constructed: (adjective) deliberately created or formed. Example: "Anticipation is constructed and reinforced through various media sources." sustained: (adjective) d or maintained over a period of time. Example: "Anticipation is sustained through ongoing exposure to films, literature, and other media." non-tourist: (adjective) not directly related to tourism; opposite of tourist. Example: "Anticipation is fostered through non-tourist practices such as films and magazines." viewing: (noun) the act of looking at something, especially with attention or interest. Example: "Tourists engage in viewing aspects of landscape and townscape that are considered extraordinary." scape: (noun) a combining form meaning "view" or "scene." Example: "Tourists are drawn to unique features of landscape and townscape." patterning: (noun) the arrangement or organization of visual elements. Example: "Tourists exhibit different forms of social patterning in their engagement with sights." linger: (verb) to stay in a place longer than necessary or expected. Example: "Tourists often linger at tourist sights, taking their time to observe and appreciate." objectified: (verb) to treat something as an object, separate from its context or meaning. Example: "The vision of tourist sights is often objectified through photographs and postcards." captured: (verb) to record or preserve a moment or image through various means. Example: "Tourists capture the essence of their experiences through photographs and videos." dissertations: (noun) formal, lengthy essays or papers discussing a particular subject. Example: "Boorstin's analysis of the pseudo event is one of the earliest dissertations on tourism." pseudo: (adjective) false or pretended; not genuine. Example: "Boorstin argues that tourists engage in pseudo experiences rather than authentic ones." contemporary: (adjective) existing or occurring at the same time; modern. Example: "Boorstin's analysis applies to contemporary Americans' engagement with tourism." contrived: (adjective) deliberately created or planned rather than arising naturally or spontaneously. Example: "Tourists often enjoy contrived attractions designed to cater to their desires." gullibly: (adverb) in a naive or easily deceived manner. Example: "Some tourists may gullibly accept and enjoy the pseudo events presented to them." disregarding: (verb) paying no attention to; ignoring or overlooking. Example: "Tourists may often disregard the real world outside their isolated tourist bubble." constitute: (verb) to form or make up; be equivalent to. Example: "Over time, the images generated of tourist sights constitute a closed system of illusions." interplay: (noun) the way in which two or more things or people influence each other's actions or behavior. Example: "The changing hierarchy of tourist attractions depends on the interplay between various interests." hierarchy: (noun) a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked above one another. Example: "The hierarchy of tourist attractions is influenced by competition and changing tastes." burgeoning: (adjective) rapidly growing or expanding; flourishing. Example: "To meet the demands of the burgeoning tourist industry, professionals create new attractions." array: (noun) a large or impressive collection or arrangement of things. Example: "Professionals in the tourist industry offer an array of objects and places for visitors to explore." reproduce: (verb) to create or make a copy or replica of something. Example: "Professionals strive to reproduce and create new objects of interest for tourists." distinctions: (noun) differences or contrasts between similar things or people. Example: "Changing tastes reflect class, gender, and generational distinctions among potential tourists." marker: (noun) a distinctive feature or characteristic that signifies or represents something. Example: "Travel serves as a marker of status and is considered an essential part of the modern experience." insulates: (verb) to protect or shield from outside influences. Example: "American-style hotels often insulate tourists from the unfamiliarities of the host environment." cater: (verb) to provide what is desired or needed; to satisfy. Example: "Professionals in the tourist industry cater to the needs and tastes of their clientele." overall: (adjective) considering or including everything; overall. Example: "Professionals aim to meet the overall expectations of tourists in terms of services and experiences." buoyant: (adjective) cheerful, lighthearted, or optimistic. Example: "The tourist industry is buoyant due to the increasing interest in travel and exploration." commodification: (noun) the process of turning something into a commodity or marketable product. Example: "The commodification of tourist attractions has led to their commercialization and sale." authentic: (adjective) genuine, real, or true to its origins or nature. Example: "Some tourists seek authentic experiences that connect them to the local culture and environment." commodity: (noun) an item that is bought or sold; a product that can be traded. Example: "Tourist attractions are often treated as commodities in the tourism industry." ACADEMIC READING TEST-3 PASSAGE-1 Spoken Corpus Comes To Life compiling: (verb) creating or putting together something by gathering information or data. Example: "The process of compiling a dictionary involves collecting and organizing words and their definitions." provenance: (noun) the origin or source of something. Example: "The provenance of the manuscript was traced back to the 18th century." bespectacled: (adjective) wearing glasses. Example: "The bespectacled professor had a vast knowledge of ancient languages." pore over: (phrasal verb) to study or examine something carefully and attentively. Example: "The students had to pore over the textbook to prepare for the exam." nuances: (noun) subtle differences or variations in meaning, expression, or understanding. Example: "She was able to capture the nuances of the character's emotions in her performance." revolutionising: (verb) radically changing or transforming something. Example: "The invention of the internet revolutionised the way people communicate." vibrant: (adjective) full of life, energy, or activity. Example: "The city's downtown area is known for its vibrant nightlife and entertainment." vernacular: (noun) the native language or dialect spoken by ordinary people in a particular region or country. Example: "The author wrote the novel in the vernacular of the local community to capture its authenticity." studied: (adjective) deliberate, intentional, or calculated. Example: "He gave a studied response, carefully choosing his words." discreetly: (adverb) cautiously, without drawing attention or being noticed. Example: "She placed the gift discreetly on his desk, hoping he would find it later." transcribed: (verb) converted spoken or written words into a written or printed form. Example: "The court reporter transcribed every word spoken during the trial." corpus: (noun) a collection of written or spoken texts used as a reference for linguistic analysis. Example: "The linguistic researcher analyzed a large corpus of ancient manuscripts to study the evolution of language." keywords: (noun) significant or essential words used to indicate or express the essence or main points of something. Example: "When conducting an online search, it's important to use relevant keywords for accurate results." pick out: (phrasal verb) to choose or select from a group or assortment. Example: "She picked out a few books from the library that caught her interest." intuitively: (adverb) based on instinct, gut feeling, or immediate understanding without conscious reasoning. Example: "He intuitively knew the answer to the puzzle without having to think it through." sifting out: (phrasal verb) separating or filtering out based on certain criteria. Example: "The hiring manager was sifting out resumes to identify the most qualified candidates." vital: (adjective) essential, necessary, or of critical importance. Example: "Regular exercise is vital for maintaining good health." inventive: (adjective) creative, resourceful, or able to think and create new ideas. Example: "The artist's inventive use of recycled materials made her sculptures unique and environmentally friendly." twisting: (verb) distorting or changing the meaning or form of something, often for artistic or creative purposes. Example: "The comedian had a talent for twisting common sayings and turning them into hilarious jokes." pauses: (noun) temporary stops or breaks in speech or action. Example: "The speaker used strategic pauses to emphasize key points in the presentation." convey: (verb) to communicate or express a message or feeling. Example: "Her facial expression and tone of voice conveyed her disappointment." irony: (noun) a figure of speech or situation where there is a contrast between what is expected and what actually happens. Example: "The irony of the situation was that the firefighter's house burned down." benefiting: (verb) gaining an advantage or receiving a positive outcome. Example: "The new tax policy is benefiting small businesses by reducing their financial burden." accurate: (adjective) correct, precise, or without errors. Example: "The scientist conducted multiple experiments to ensure the accurate measurement of the data." initiative: (noun) a new plan, project, or action taken to solve a problem or achieve a goal. Example: "The government launched an initiative to promote renewable energy sources." publisher: (noun) a person or company that produces and distributes books, magazines, or other printed material. Example: "The publisher was excited about the release of their new bestselling novel." universities: (noun) higher education institutions that offer academic degrees and conduct research. Example: "She enrolled in multiple universities to pursue her passion for learning." database: (noun) a structured collection of data stored and organized for easy retrieval and analysis. Example: "The company's customer database contains information about their clients and their preferences." linguistic: (adjective) related to language, its structure, and how it is used. Example: "She was fascinated by the linguistic diversity of the world's languages." evolution: (noun) the gradual development or change over time. Example: "The evolution of technology has transformed the way we communicate." frequent: (adjective) happening or occurring often; regular. Example: "He was a frequent visitor to the museum, attending various exhibits and events." learner: (noun) a person who is acquiring knowledge or skills in a particular subject or field. Example: "The language learner practiced speaking with native speakers to improve their fluency." authenticity: (noun) the quality of being genuine, real, or true. Example: "The artist's paintings were praised for their authenticity and emotional depth." transformed: (verb) changed or converted completely in form, appearance, nature, or character. Example: "The dilapidated building was transformed into a modern art gallery." disagreement: (noun) a lack of consensus or conflicting opinions or views. Example: "The board members had a heated disagreement over the proposed budget." **literally literally: (adverb) in a strict or exact sense, without exaggeration or metaphor. Example: "When she said she was "starving," she meant it literally; she hadn't eaten all day." enquiry: (noun) an act of asking for information or seeking knowledge about something. Example: "The customer made an enquiry about the availability of a product in the store." phrase: (noun) a small group of words that expresses a particular meaning or idea. Example: "The teacher asked the students to identify the main idea in each phrase of the poem." inventive: (adjective) creative, resourceful, or able to think and create new ideas. Example: "The inventor's inventive solution to the problem revolutionized the industry." resourceful: (adjective) skilled at finding solutions or using available resources effectively. Example: "During the camping trip, he showed his resourceful nature by building a shelter from fallen branches." pause: (noun) a momentary break or hesitation in speech or action. Example: "After delivering the punchline, he waited for a pause to let the audience react with laughter." emotion: (noun) a strong feeling such as happiness, sadness, anger, or fear. Example: "Her voice trembled with emotion as she delivered her heartfelt speech." contrast: (noun) a noticeable difference or dissimilarity between two or more things. Example: "The contrast between the two paintings was striking; one was vibrant, while the other was monochromatic." outcome: (noun) the result or consequence of a particular action or event. Example: "The outcome of the negotiation was a win-win situation for both parties." policy: (noun) a set of rules or guidelines implemented by an organization or government. Example: "The company adopted a strict no-smoking policy within its premises." release: (verb) to make available or give out to the public. Example: "The author was excited to release their new book after months of hard work." academic: (adjective) related to education, learning, or scholarship. Example: "She pursued an academic career and became a professor at a prestigious university." structure: (noun) the way something is organized, arranged, or built. Example: "The structure of the essay consisted of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion." gradual: (adjective) happening slowly or in small increments over time. Example: "The student's gradual improvement in math was evident from their test scores." fluency: (noun) the ability to speak or write a language smoothly, accurately, and effortlessly. Example: "Through consistent practice, she achieved fluency in speaking French." vernacular: (noun) the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region or country. Example: "The poet incorporated local vernacular in his verses to capture the essence of the community." corpus: (noun) a collection of written or spoken texts used as a basis for linguistic analysis. Example: "The linguist analyzed a large corpus of written novels to study the evolution of language." depth: (noun) the distance from the top or surface to the bottom or innermost part of something. Example: "The diver explored the depth of the ocean, discovering beautiful marine life." transcribe: (verb) to make a written or typed copy of spoken or recorded material. Example: "The secretary was responsible for transcribing the meeting minutes." sifting out: (phrase) the process of carefully selecting or filtering out certain items or information. Example: "The editor began sifting out irrelevant details from the manuscript to improve its clarity." intuitively: (adverb) based on instinct or without conscious reasoning. Example: "She intuitively knew the right answer without needing to analyze the problem." pauses: (noun) brief stops or breaks in speech or action for various purposes. Example: "The comedian used well-timed pauses to enhance the comedic effect of his jokes." irony: (noun) a literary device or situation characterized by a contrast between expectations and reality. Example: "The irony of the situation was that the fire station burned down." linguist: (noun) a person skilled in the study of language and its structure. Example: "The renowned linguist conducted extensive research on the syntax of ancient languages." evolution: (noun) the gradual development or change over time, often involving improvement or adaptation. Example: "The theory of evolution explains how species have diversified and changed over millions of years." PASSAGE-2 Moles happy as homes go underground falling foul of: (phrase) to come into conflict with or violate something. Example: "The builders ended up falling foul of the strict building regulations." individualistic: (adjective) characterized by independence and uniqueness; distinctive. Example: "The homeowners wanted to express their individualistic style through their houses." subterranean: (adjective) situated, operating, or taking place below the surface of the earth. Example: "The concept of subterranean living is gaining popularity among certain groups." cosseted: (adjective) pampered, protected, or treated with great care. Example: "The luxury homes were cosseted away inside an earth-covered embankment." embankment: (noun) a raised bank or mound of earth, often used for support or protection. Example: "The houses were hidden within a high embankment along the main road." queued up: (phrasal verb) lined up or waited in a line. Example: "Customers excitedly queued up to purchase the unique submerged houses." part-submerged: (adjective) partially immersed or below the surface of a liquid or element. Example: "The houses had a distinctive design, with a part-submerged structure." mound: (noun) a raised area or hill of earth or other material. Example: "The back wall of the houses consisted of a grassy mound, blending with the landscape." gallery: (noun) a long, narrow room or passageway, often with a glass front, used for display or exhibition. Example: "The front of the houses featured a long glass gallery, providing a panoramic view." burrowing: (noun) the act of creating tunnels or underground spaces. Example: "Growing numbers of people are embracing burrowing to create unique living spaces." discos: (noun) establishments or venues for dancing and entertainment, typically featuring music and lights. Example: "Some individuals are even building discos underground to enjoy a unique club experience." shopping malls: (noun) large indoor complexes with multiple retail stores and services. Example: "Underground shopping malls have become common in many cities around the world." disfiguring: (adjective) spoiling the appearance or attractiveness of something. Example: "Building underground can help avoid disfiguring the natural beauty of the landscape." environmentally sensitive: (adjective) referring to areas or aspects of the environment that require special care or protection. Example: "Developers must consider environmentally sensitive areas when planning construction projects." consumes: (verb) uses up or takes in something, especially resources or energy. Example: "Large commercial buildings consume significant amounts of land and resources." cinemas: (noun) movie theaters or venues for watching films. Example: "Underground cinemas provide a unique movie-watching experience away from the surface." warehouses: (noun) large buildings used for the storage of goods or materials. Example: "Underground warehouses can efficiently utilize space without the need for windows." insulation: (noun) material used to prevent the passage of heat, sound, or electricity. Example: "Living underground provides excellent natural insulation: (noun) material used to prevent the passage of heat, sound, or electricity. Example: "Living underground provides excellent natural insulation against temperature fluctuations." enquiries: (noun) requests for information or investigations. Example: "The British Earth Sheltering Association receives numerous enquiries about underground homes." squeezed into: (verb phrase) fitted tightly or crammed into a small space. Example: "In Japan, a large population is squeezed into a limited land space." minimal: (adjective) very small in amount or degree; negligible. Example: "Living underground provides minimal exposure to external noise." imparticular view: (phrase) to provide or reflect a particular perspective or outlook. Example: "The underground departments at the University of Minnesota have periscopes to imparticular views for the occupants." conventional: (adjective) traditional or usual; conforming to established practices. Example: "Many local authorities and developers prefer conventional mass-produced housing." greeted with: (verb phrase) received or welcomed in a particular way. Example: "The Dutch development was greeted with relief by the local planners." chronic: (adjective) persistent or long-lasting; characterized by a particular quality or behavior. Example: "Holland has a chronic shortage of land for housing." planners: (noun) individuals responsible for designing and organizing projects or developments. Example: "The South Limburg planners were relieved to have a solution to the land shortage." mixture: (noun) a combination of different elements or substances. Example: "The "space creation" systems in Japan utilize a mixture of light, sound, and scents." stimulate: (verb) to encourage or provoke a response or reaction. Example: "The "space creation" systems are designed to stimulate people's senses underground." equipped with: (verb phrase) provided or furnished with necessary items or features. Example: "Underground offices in Japan are equipped with virtual windows and mirrors." vibrations: (noun) movements or oscillations, often referring to subtle or imperceptible movements. Example: "Living close to the earth, the family drew strength from its natural vibrations." adapt: (verb) to adjust or modify oneself to fit new circumstances or environments. Example: "Not everyone is able to adapt easily to living underground." heatwave: (noun) a period of unusually hot weather. Example: "During the heatwave, the family found relief by sleeping in their underground cool room." evolved: (verb) developed gradually or changed over time. Example: "The family's underground home evolved from a small cool room into a full living space." boast: (verb) to possess or have something desirable or impressive. Example: "The children boast about having rabbits watching them through their playroom windows." terrain: (noun) a particular type of land or physical features of a region. Example: "Building underground allows homeowners to make use of the natural terrain." acclaimed: (adjective) highly praised or recognized. Example: "The Olivetti residential center in Italy is an acclaimed example of subterranean architecture." maisonettes: (noun) small apartments on two levels within a larger building. Example: "The Olivetti residential center comprises 82 one-bedroomed apartments and 12 maisonettes." facade: (noun) the front face or exterior of a building. Example: "From the outside, the Olivetti residential center has a sleek glass facade." resident: (noun) a person who lives in a particular place. Example: "Patnzia Vallecchi has been a resident of the Olivetti residential center since 1992." shimizu Corporation: (noun) a company involved in construction and engineering projects. Example: "The Shimizu Corporation has developed innovative systems for underground spaces." periscopes: (noun) optical devices that reflect or redirect light to provide a view from a different angle or position. Example: "Underground offices at the University of Minnesota are equipped with periscopes." bakery: (noun) a place where bread and other baked goods are made or sold. Example: "Frank Siegmund dug a cool room for his bakery business in the hill." heatwave: (noun) a period of unusually hot weather. Example: "During the heatwave, the underground rooms provided a cool escape from the high temperatures." vibrations: (noun) subtle movements or oscillations. Example: "The Siegmund family drew strength from the natural vibrations of the earth." nature: (noun) the natural world and its phenomena. Example: "Living close to the earth allowed the Siegmund family to feel connected to nature." hobbit: (noun) a fictional race from J.R.R. Tolkien's novels, known for living in underground homes. Example: "Frank Siegmund and his family embraced a hobbit lifestyle in their underground home." conventional: (adjective) following traditional or established practices. Example: "Living in an underground home is unconventional compared to conventional above-ground houses." boast: (verb) to proudly possess or have something. Example: "The Siegmund children boast about the unique features of their underground home." rabbit: (noun) a small mammal with long ears and a short tail, often associated with living underground. Example: "Rabbits are often seen near the Siegmund's underground home, watching the children play." playroom: (noun) a room specifically designed for children to play in. Example: "The Siegmund children enjoy spending time in their playroom within their underground home." PASSAGE-3 A Workaholic Economy productivity: (noun) the measure of how efficiently resources, such as time and labor, are used to produce goods or services. Example: "Increased productivity in the manufacturing sector led to higher profits for the company." decrease: (verb) to become smaller or less; to reduce. Example: "The company decided to decrease its production capacity to match the lower demand." shrinking: (adjective) becoming smaller or reducing in size. Example: "The company faced financial difficulties due to the shrinking market for their products." generation: (noun) a group of people born and living during the same period of time. Example: "The older generation often has different values and perspectives than the younger one." bothered: (adjective) worried, concerned, or troubled by something. Example: "The parents were bothered by their child's sudden change in behavior." output: (noun) the amount of something produced or generated by a person, machine, or system. Example: "The factory increased its output by implementing new manufacturing techniques." noticeably: (adverb) in a way that is easily seen or recognized; visibly. Example: "The quality of the product has improved noticeably since the company changed its production methods." economist: (noun) an expert in economics, the study of how resources are allocated and managed. Example: "The economist provided insights into the impact of government policies on the economy." decoupled: (verb) separated or disconnected from something else; to break the connection between two things. Example: "The company decoupled its operations in order to focus on different market segments." downsizing: (noun) the process of reducing the size or number of employees in a company or organization. Example: "The company underwent downsizing to cut costs and improve efficiency." labour: (noun) work, especially physical work done by hand. Example: "The factory relied on manual labour to assemble the products." incentive: (noun) something that motivates or encourages someone to take action or do something. Example: "The company offered financial incentives to employees who achieved their sales targets." compensation: (noun) payment or benefits given to someone in exchange for their work or services. Example: "The company provided competitive compensation packages to attract top talent." quirks: (noun) peculiar or unusual traits or characteristics; idiosyncrasies. Example: "The boss had some quirks that made him different from other managers." diminishing: (adjective) decreasing or becoming less over time. Example: "The diminishing returns of the investment led to a decline in profitability." efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task or produce a desired result with the least amount of wasted resources. Example: "The new production process improved the company's overall efficiency." arable: (adjective) suitable for farming or growing crops. Example: "The fertile land in the region was highly arable and ideal for agriculture." proxy: (noun) a person or thing that represents or stands in for someone else underlings: (noun) people who are subordinate or lower in rank or position. Example: "The manager delegated tasks to his underlings to ensure smooth workflow." redundancy: (noun) the state of being no longer needed or useful; unnecessary repetition or duplication. Example: "The company implemented cost-cutting measures that resulted in job redundancy." culture: (noun) the shared beliefs, customs, behaviors, and values of a particular group or society. Example: "The company has a strong corporate culture that promotes teamwork and innovation." skewed: (adjective) distorted or biased; not balanced or impartial. Example: "The survey results were skewed due to the limited sample size." assumption: (noun) a belief or supposition taken for granted without proof. Example: "The project's success was based on the assumption that demand would remain high." microprocessor: (noun) an integrated circuit that contains the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. Example: "The latest smartphone models are equipped with powerful microprocessors for faster performance." appropriate: (adjective) suitable or fitting for a particular purpose or situation. Example: "She chose an appropriate outfit for the formal event." inversion: (noun) a reversal or opposite of the normal or usual order or position. Example: "The inversion of roles between the teacher and student created a unique learning experience." flexible: (adjective) able to change or adapt easily to different circumstances or requirements. Example: "The company offers flexible working hours to accommodate employees' personal needs." financial: (adjective) relating to money or the management of money. Example: "The company hired a financial advisor to help with budget planning." cultural: (adjective) relating to the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular group or society. Example: "The festival showcased various cultural performances and traditions." structures: (noun) the way in which parts are arranged or organized; systems or frameworks. Example: "The architect designed innovative building structures that combined aesthetics and functionality." employment: (noun) the state of being employed or having paid work. Example: "The government implemented policies to promote employment and reduce unemployment rates." households: (noun) a group of people living together in the same residence, usually sharing common resources. Example: "The survey analyzed the spending habits of different households in the city." manufacture: (verb) to make or produce goods on a large scale, usually using machinery. Example: "The company manufactures high-quality automobiles for the global market." developer: (noun) a person or company involved in the construction or renovation of buildings or land. Example: "The real estate developer built a new residential complex in the city center." goods: (noun) tangible products or merchandise that can be bought or sold. Example: "The store offers a wide range of electronic goods at affordable prices." skilled: (adjective) having a high level of knowledge, ability, or expertise in a particular field or profession. Example: "The company hired skilled professionals to handle complex projects." income: (noun) money received, especially on a regular basis, through work, investments, or other sources. Example: "He relied on his monthly income to cover his expenses." crises: (noun) a time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger; a critical or unstable situation. Example: "The company faced multiple crises due to supply chain disruptions and financial setbacks." corporate: (adjective) relating to a corporation or large company. Example: "The corporate headquarters oversees the operations of all regional branches." contribution: (noun) the act of giving or doing something, especially to a common cause or project. Example: "Her contribution to the team's success was recognized and appreciated." proxy: (noun) a person or thing that represents or stands in for someone else. Example: "The attorney acted as his client's proxy during the legal proceedings." proxy: (noun) a person or thing that represents or stands in for someone else. Example: "The attorney acted as his client's proxy during the legal proceedings." appropriation: (noun) the act of setting aside or allocating something for a specific purpose or use. Example: "The government announced the appropriation of funds for infrastructure development." strategy: (noun) a plan or course of action designed to achieve a specific goal or objective. Example: "The marketing team developed a new strategy to target younger demographics." innovation: (noun) the introduction of new ideas, methods, or products; the act of creating something new. Example: "The company fosters a culture of innovation to stay ahead of competitors." segment: (noun) a distinct part or section of something. Example: "The market can be divided into different segments based on consumer preferences." effort: (noun) the physical or mental exertion required to accomplish a task or goal. Example: "He put a lot of effort into studying for the exam." managerial: (adjective) relating to the role or responsibilities of a manager or management. Example: "She attended a managerial training program to enhance her leadership skills." flexibility: (noun) the ability to adapt or change easily in response to different situations or circumstances. Example: "The company's flexibility allowed it to quickly adjust to market fluctuations." ACADEMIC READING TEST-4 GLASS Capturing the dance of light imposing: (adjective) impressive or grand in appearance. Example: "The cathedral's towering spires were imposing against the city skyline." versatile: (adjective) able to adapt or be used for various purposes. Example: "She is a versatile actress who can perform in both comedy and drama roles." adaptable: (adjective) able to adjust or change according to different circumstances or requirements. Example: "The software is highly adaptable and can be customized to suit individual needs." fiberglass: (noun) a material made of thin fibers of glass, often used for insulation or reinforcement. Example: "The car's body is made of lightweight fiberglass for improved fuel efficiency." ceramics: (noun) objects made from clay or other non-metallic minerals, which are hardened by firing at high temperatures. Example: "The art exhibition showcased a variety of beautiful ceramics, including vases and sculptures." dose: (noun) a measured quantity of a substance, typically a medicine, taken at one time. Example: "The doctor prescribed a daily dose of antibiotics to treat the infection." fashioned: (verb) made or shaped in a particular way. Example: "She fashioned a beautiful necklace using beads and wire." dispose of: (phrasal verb) to get rid of or eliminate something. Example: "The company developed a new method to dispose of hazardous waste safely." horizon: (noun) the line at which the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet. Example: "The sun dipped below the horizon as the day turned into night." optical: (adjective) relating to vision or sight. Example: "He visited an optical shop to get his eyes examined and choose new glasses." pulses: (noun) brief bursts or flashes of energy or light. Example: "The laser emits short pulses of light for precise measurements." emerging: (adjective) appearing, growing, or developing. Example: "The company invested in emerging technologies to stay ahead of the competition." commission: (noun) an order or request for a work of art or design. Example: "The artist received a commission to paint a mural on the city's main street." fee: (noun) a payment or charge for services or professional advice. Example: "The lawyer's hourly fee was quite high due to his expertise." ultra-modern: (adjective) extremely modern or advanced in design or style. Example: "The house featured an ultra-modern kitchen with state-of-the-art appliances." plunged: (verb) dropped or fell quickly or suddenly. Example: "The temperature plunged as a cold front moved in." envelope: (noun) a covering or wrapping for something, typically made of paper or a similar material. Example: "She sealed the letter in an envelope and put a stamp on it." rate: (noun) a measure or quantity of something in relation to another quantity or measure. Example: "The unemployment rate has been steadily declining over the past year." team: (noun) a group of people working together to achieve a common goal. Example: "The team of engineers collaborated on the project to design a new bridge." rigid: (adjective) stiff or inflexible; not easily bent or changed in shape. Example: "The metal frame provided rigid support for the structure." random: (adjective) lacking a pattern or regularity; unpredictable. Example: "He chose a random number between 1 and 100 for the lottery." disordered: (adjective) lacking order or organization; chaotic. Example: "Her thoughts were disordered, making it difficult to concentrate." crystalline: (adjective) having a regular, repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules, resembling crystals. Example: "The snowflakes formed intricate crystalline structures." looseness: (noun) the state of being loose or not tightly bound. Example: "The looseness of the knot made it easy to untie." formability: (noun) the quality of being easily shaped or molded. Example: "The clay had excellent formability, allowing the sculptor to create intricate details." experiment: (verb) to try or test something to see how it works or what results it produces. Example: "The scientists experimented with different chemical combinations to find a new drug." mixtures: (noun) combinations of different substances that are blended together. Example: "The chef prepared a delicious dish using a variety of mixtures of herbs and spices." designers: (noun) people who create or plan the look, function, or structure of something. Example: "The designers collaborated to develop a new line of fashion clothing." molecular: (adjective) relating to the structure and properties of molecules. Example: "The scientists studied the molecular composition of the compound." chemistry: (noun) the branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances. Example: "She has a strong background in chemistry and conducts experiments in the lab." dynamic: (adjective) characterized by constant change, activity, or progress. Example: "The business world is dynamic, with new trends and technologies emerging regularly." skin: (noun) a thin outer layer or covering of something. Example: "The snake sheds its old skin as it grows larger." react: (verb) to respond or behave in a particular way as a result of a stimulus or situation. Example: "Some people react to stress by becoming anxious, while others remain calm." opaque: (adjective) not transparent or allowing light to pass through; not able to be seen through. Example: "The frosted glass window was opaque, providing privacy to the room." symphony: (noun) a complex musical composition performed by an orchestra. Example: "The orchestra played a beautiful symphony that captivated the audience." instant: (adjective) happening immediately or without delay. Example: "The coffee machine delivers instant hot water for a quick cup of tea." exorbitant: (adjective) unreasonably high or excessive. Example: "The price of the luxury car was exorbitant, making it out of reach for most people." fulfillment: (noun) the achievement or satisfaction of a desire, need, or goal. Example: "Winning the championship brought a sense of fulfillment to the team." imaginations: (noun) the faculty or action of forming new ideas, images, or concepts in the mind. Example: "Children have vivid imaginations and can create fantastical worlds in their play." perform: (verb) to carry out, accomplish, or execute a task or action. Example: "The actor will perform a monologue in tonight's theater production." vision: (noun) the ability to see or the act of seeing. Example: "Her vision was impaired, so she wore glasses to correct her eyesight." treated: (verb) subjected to a process or action in order to improve or alter its condition. Example: "The wood was treated with a protective coating to prevent decay." curtains: (noun) fabric or material hung to cover a window or divide a space. Example: "She drew the curtains to block out the sunlight." cost: (noun) the amount of money required or spent to acquire something. Example: "The cost of living in the city is higher than in rural areas." exhibition: (noun) a public display or show of works of art, products, or items of interest. Example: "The museum hosted an exhibition of contemporary photography." architect: (noun) a person who designs buildings and oversees their construction. Example: "The architect drew up plans for a modern, sustainable office building." electric: (adjective) relating to or operated by electricity. Example: "She plugged in the electric kettle to boil water for tea." currents: (noun) the flow of electric charge or a steady flow of air or water in a particular direction. Example: "The currents in the ocean affect the movement of marine life." symphony: (noun) a complex musical composition performed by an orchestra. Example: "The orchestra played a beautiful symphony that captivated the audience." fulfillment: (noun) the achievement or satisfaction of a desire, need, or goal. Example: "Winning the championship brought a sense of fulfillment to the team." PASSAGE-2 Why some women cross the finish line ahead of men recruitment: (noun) the process of finding and hiring suitable candidates for job positions. Example: "The company is conducting a thorough recruitment process to find qualified candidates." apply: (verb) to make a formal request or submit an application for a job or position. Example: "She decided to apply for the managerial position at the company." success rate: (noun) the percentage or proportion of successful outcomes in a particular context or situation. Example: "The success rate of women applying for senior management positions is higher than that of men." employment survey: (noun) a research study conducted to gather information and data about employment-related topics. Example: "The employment survey revealed interesting insights into gender differences in job applications." shortlist: (noun) a select list of candidates who have been chosen for further consideration in a hiring process. Example: "After reviewing all the applications, the hiring manager created a shortlist of potential candidates." private sector: (noun) the part of the economy that is composed of privately owned businesses or organizations. Example: "She has extensive experience working in the private sector." public sector: (noun) the part of the economy that is controlled or owned by the government and provides public services. Example: "He has been working in the public sector for over a decade." qualify: (verb) to meet the necessary requirements or criteria for a particular position or opportunity. Example: "To qualify for the job, candidates must have a minimum of five years of relevant experience." conservative: (adjective) cautious or careful in behavior, beliefs, or opinions. Example: "She took a conservative approach to risk-taking in her business decisions." job search: (noun) the process of actively looking for employment or job opportunities. Example: "He dedicated several hours each day to his job search and submitted numerous applications." employers: (noun) individuals or organizations that hire and employ workers. Example: "The company is known for being one of the largest employers in the region." sell themselves: (phrase) to present or promote oneself in a favorable light to potential employers or clients. Example: "During the job interview, she made sure to sell herself by highlighting her skills and accomplishments." shortcomings: (noun) weaknesses or areas where one's performance or abilities are not as strong. Example: "Although she had a few shortcomings, she was determined to improve and overcome them." managerial: (adjective) related to the role of a manager or management. Example: "He attended a managerial training program to enhance his leadership skills." progress: (noun) forward or onward movement towards a goal or desired outcome. Example: "She has made significant progress in her career over the past year." non-executive: (adjective) not holding a senior or executive position within a company. Example: "The board of directors includes both executive and non-executive members." barriers: (noun) obstacles or hindrances that prevent progress or success. Example: "There are many barriers that women face in the workplace." top: (noun) the highest or most senior level or position in a hierarchy. Example: "She aspires to reach the top of the company and become a CEO." flexibility**: (noun) the ability to adapt to changing circumstances or requirements. Example: "Employers are increasingly valuing flexibility in their employees to meet evolving business needs." demographic: (adjective) relating to the characteristics of a particular group of people, such as age, gender, or education level. Example: "The company conducted a demographic analysis to better understand its target market." higher education: (noun) education beyond the secondary level, typically referring to colleges, universities, or professional schools. Example: "She pursued a degree in business administration in higher education." workforce: (noun) the total number of people who are employed or available for work. Example: "Diversity and inclusion initiatives aim to create a more inclusive workforce." organisations: (noun) groups or associations of people formed for a particular purpose, such as professional or social organizations. Example: "There are many organisations that support the advancement of women in the workplace." skills: (noun) abilities or expertise developed through training, experience, or practice. Example: "He has a wide range of technical and interpersonal skills." contacts: (noun) people with whom one has professional or social connections or relationships. Example: "Networking events provide an opportunity to expand one's professional contacts." recruitment patterns: (noun) trends or tendencies observed in the hiring process or the selection of candidates. Example: "The company is analyzing its recruitment patterns to identify areas for improvement." hurdles: (noun) obstacles or challenges that must be overcome to achieve a goal. Example: "She faced several hurdles during her career but persevered and succeeded." belief: (noun) a strong conviction or acceptance that something is true or real. Example: "The company has a strong belief in the power of diversity and inclusion." value: (verb) to recognize or appreciate the importance, worth, or significance of something. Example: "Employers should value the diverse perspectives and experiences that women bring to the table." equality: (noun) the state of being equal in rights, opportunities, or status. Example: "The company strives for gender equality in all levels of the organization." workforce: (noun) the total number of people who are employed or available for work. Example: "Diversity and inclusion initiatives aim to create a more inclusive workforce." change: (verb) to make or become different or alter in some way. Example: "To achieve progress, organizations must be willing to change and adapt to new realities." gender: (noun) the state of being male or female, typically used in the context of social and cultural differences. Example: "The company is committed to promoting gender diversity and equality in the workplace." anecdotal: (adjective) based on personal accounts, stories, or experiences rather than systematic evidence or data. Example: "Although there is limited research on the topic, there are some anecdotal reports of positive changes in recruitment practices." employers: (noun) individuals or organizations that hire and employ workers. Example: "Employers play a crucial role in creating inclusive and equitable workplaces." difference: (noun) a distinguishing characteristic or quality that sets someone or something apart. Example: "Embracing diversity means recognizing and valuing the difference that each individual brings to the table, whether it's their background, skills, or unique perspective." de-layering: (noun) the process of reducing the number of hierarchical layers or levels within an organization. Example: "The de-layering of management structures can have both positive and negative impacts on career progression." aspiring: (adjective) desiring to achieve or attain a particular goal or position. Example: "She is an aspiring entrepreneur who dreams of starting her own business someday." recession: (noun) a period of economic decline characterized by a decrease in economic activity, often leading to job losses. Example: "The company had to downsize its workforce due to the recession." started up: (phrasal verb) to establish or launch a new business or enterprise. Example: "Many women have started up their own businesses during challenging economic times." business: (noun) an organization or enterprise engaged in commercial, industrial, or professional activities. Example: "She runs a successful business in the technology sector." factor: (noun) a circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a particular result or outcome. Example: "There are multiple factors that contribute to gender inequality in the workforce." prospect: (noun) the possibility or likelihood of something happening in the future. Example: "There is a prospect of achieving greater gender equality in the workplace." network: (verb) to interact or connect with others for professional or social purposes. Example: "She actively networks with professionals in her industry to expand her opportunities." enhance: (verb) to improve or increase the quality, value, or effectiveness of something. Example: "Continuing education courses can help enhance your skills and knowledge." belief: (noun) a strong conviction or acceptance that something is true or real. Example: "The company has a strong belief in the power of diversity and inclusion." employers: (noun) individuals or organizations that hire and employ workers. Example: "Employers play a crucial role in creating inclusive and equitable workplaces." value: (verb) to recognize or appreciate the importance, worth, or significance of something. Example: "Employers should value the diverse perspectives and experiences that women bring to the table." equality: (noun) the state of being equal in rights, opportunities, or status. Example: "The company strives for gender equality in all levels of the organization." change: (verb) to make or become different or alter in some way. Example: "To achieve progress, organizations must be willing to change and adapt to new realities." PASSAGE-2 Population Viability Analysis 1.    extent: (noun) the degree or scope of something. Example: "To make informed decisions, it is crucial to understand the extent of the environmental impact." 2.    forestry: (noun) the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests. Example: "Sustainable forestry practices aim to balance resource extraction with conservation." 3.    consequences: (noun) the results or effects of an action or event. Example: "Political decisions about deforestation can have long-term consequences for the ecosystem." 4.    viability: (noun) the ability to exist, develop, or function successfully. Example: "Population viability analysis helps assess the likelihood of a species' survival." 5.    ecosystem: (noun) a community of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: "Human activities can disrupt the balance of an ecosystem, leading to negative impacts on biodiversity." 6.    assessment: (noun) the act of evaluating or judging something. Example: "Environmental assessment is essential for understanding the ecological impacts of human actions." 7.    species: (noun) a group of living organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed. Example: "Protecting endangered species is crucial for biodiversity conservation." 8.    extinct: (adjective) no longer in existence; having died out. Example: "The dodo bird is an extinct species that no longer exists today." 9.    prediction: (noun) a statement or estimate about what will happen in the future. Example: "Scientists use data and models to make predictions about climate change." 10.  processes: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to achieve a particular result. Example: "Understanding the natural processes that drive evolution is fundamental to biology." 11.  contribute: (verb) to give or bring something, such as ideas, resources, or support. Example: "Individual actions can contribute to reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change." 12.  demographic: (adjective) related to the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, or income. Example: "A demographic study analyzes population trends and patterns." 13.  fluctuate: (verb) to vary or change irregularly; to go up and down. Example: "The stock market fluctuates based on economic conditions and investor sentiment." 14.  extinction: (noun) the state or process of being completely gone or no longer in existence. Example: "Habitat destruction is a leading cause of species extinction." 15.  inbreeding: (noun) the mating of closely related individuals within a population. Example: "Excessive inbreeding can lead to genetic abnormalities and reduced fitness in offspring." 16.  descended: (verb) to come down or be derived from a particular ancestor or source. Example: "Humans are descended from ancient primates." 17.  capacity: (noun) the ability or power to do, experience, or understand something. Example: "Education has the capacity to transform lives and empower individuals." 18.  variability: (noun) the quality or state of being variable or changeable. Example: "Climate variability affects weather patterns and agricultural productivity." 19.  evolve: (verb) to develop or change gradually over time. 20.  adapt: (verb) to adjust or change in response to new conditions or circumstances. Example: "Animals adapt to their environment through physical and behavioral changes." 21.  predators: (noun) animals that hunt, kill, and feed on other animals. Example: "Lions and tigers are fierce predators at the top of the food chain." 22.  diseases: (noun) illnesses or disorders that affect living organisms. Example: "Vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases." 23.  research: (noun) systematic investigation to gather information or expand knowledge. Example: "Scientists conduct research to uncover new discoveries and advancements." 24.  fluctuations: (noun) variations or changes, especially in an irregular or unpredictable manner. Example: "Economic fluctuations can impact business profits and consumer spending." 25.  catastrophes: (noun) sudden and widespread disasters or extreme events. Example: "Natural catastrophes like earthquakes and hurricanes can cause significant damage." 26.  logging: (noun) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes. Example: "Uncontrolled logging can lead to deforestation and habitat loss." 27.  forced: (verb) to compel or make someone do something against their will. Example: "Deforestation forces wildlife to seek new habitats or face extinction." 28.  density: (noun) the degree of compactness or concentration in a given area or population. Example: "High population density in urban areas can lead to increased traffic and pollution." 29.  theory: (noun) a well-substantiated explanation based on evidence and reasoning. Example: "The theory of evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth." 30.  model: (noun) a simplified representation or simulation of a system or phenomenon. Example: "Computer models help scientists simulate and understand complex processes." 31.  reduction: (noun) the act or process of making something smaller or less in quantity, size, or importance. Example: "Energy reduction measures aim to decrease carbon emissions and conserve resources." 32.  genetic: (adjective) relating to genes, heredity, or inherited characteristics. Example: "Genetic research explores the role of DNA in determining traits and diseases." 33.  distribution: (noun) the way in which something is shared, spread, or apportioned. Example: "The distribution of resources can have a significant impact on social and economic equality." 34.  probability: (noun) the likelihood or chance of something happening or being true. Example: "The probability of winning the lottery is very low." 35.  logging: (noun) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes. Example: "Uncontrolled logging can lead to deforestation and habitat loss." 36.  arboreal: (adjective) relating to trees; living or moving in trees. Example: "Sloths are arboreal creatures that spend most of their lives in trees." 37.  reduced: (verb) made smaller or less in size, amount, or degree. Example: "Efforts to recycle and reuse materials can reduce waste and environmental impact." 38.  diversity: (noun) the state of being diverse or varied; the range of different elements present. Example: "Biodiversity refers to the diversity of plant and animal species in an ecosystem." 39.  region: (noun) a particular area or part of the world 40.  persist: (verb) to  to exist or endure over a prolonged period. Example: "Certain traditions persist in cultures despite the passage of time." 41.  isolated: (adjective) separated or detached from others; alone or single. Example: "The small village was isolated from the rest of the world, accessible only by a single road." 42.  locality: (noun) a particular place, especially in relation to its surroundings or context. Example: "The locality of the archaeological site provided valuable insights into ancient civilizations." 43.  dependent: (adjective) relying on or requiring the support or aid of something or someone else. Example: "Children are dependent on their parents for care and guidance." 44.  populations: (noun) groups of organisms of the same species living in a particular area. Example: "Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered populations of animals from extinction." 45.  listed: (verb) included or mentioned in a particular list or inventory. Example: "The endangered species was listed under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)." 46.  loaded: (adjective) filled or supplied with a large quantity or amount. Example: "The ship was loaded with cargo bound for international markets." 47.  confident: (adjective) feeling or showing certainty and self-assurance. Example: "With adequate preparation, students can feel confident before taking an exam." 48.  dependent: (adjective) relying on or requiring the support or aid of something or someone else. Example: "Children are dependent on their parents for care and guidance." 49.  forest-dependent: (adjective) relying on or closely associated with forests for survival. Example: "Many species of birds are forest-dependent and rely on forest habitats for nesting and feeding." 50.  extinct: (adjective) no longer in existence; having died out. Example: "The Tasmanian tiger, also known as the thylacine, is an extinct marsupial species."

Unit One: People or Institutions Making History Lesson 1 The Unforgettable History Overflowing with grief - Meaning: Filled with deep sorrow; (বিষণ্ণতায় প্রবল); Synonyms: overwhelmed with sorrow, brimming with sadness, inundated with grief, flooded with anguish, engulfed in misery; Antonym: devoid of sorrow Aware of - Meaning: Having knowledge or perception of something; (সচেত); Synonyms: conscious of, cognizant of, informed about, acquainted with, mindful of; Antonym: unaware of Cope with - Meaning: Deal effectively with a difficult situation; (মোকাবেলা করা); Synonyms: manage, handle, tackle, confront, deal with; Antonym: succumb to Awash with - Meaning: Flooded or overflowing with something; (ধারণায় মোজাম); Synonyms: flooded with, inundated with, overwhelmed by, saturated with, filled with; Antonym: devoid of Tragic - Meaning: Involving or causing great suffering or sorrow; (দু: খিত); Synonyms: sorrowful, calamitous, grievous, woeful, lamentable; Antonym: joyful Inflicted on - Meaning: Caused harm or suffering to someone; (উপাদান); Synonyms: imposed on, brought upon, wreaked on, caused to, afflicted on; Antonym: spared from Victors - Meaning: Winners or conquerors in a conflict or competition; (বিজয়ী); Synonyms: winners, champions, conquerors, triumphant, achievers; Antonym: losers Martial Law - Meaning: Military rule or control imposed by a government; (সামরিক আইন); Synonyms: military rule, state of emergency, armed forces governance, military dictatorship, martial governance; Antonym: civilian rule Reins of the government - Meaning: Control or authority over the government; (সরকারের দড়ি); Synonyms: control of governance, helm of administration, authority over the state, command of the government, governance control; Antonym: lack of control Constitute - Meaning: Be (a part) of a whole; (গঠিত); Synonyms: comprise, form, make up, compose, constitute; Antonym: disband Slaughterhouse - Meaning: A place where animals are killed for food; (মাংসপেশীর গোশালা); Synonyms: abattoir, butchery, slaughterhouse, meatpacking plant, killing floor; Antonym: sanctuary Postponed - Meaning: Delayed or rescheduled to a later time; (স্থগিত); Synonyms: delayed, deferred, rescheduled, put off, postponed; Antonym: expedited Prorogued - Meaning: Temporarily suspended or discontinued; (আলপিত); Synonyms: suspended, adjourned, halted, postponed, prorogued; Antonym: resumed Protested - Meaning: Expressed strong disapproval or objection; (প্রতিষ্ঠা); Synonyms: objected, opposed, resisted, denounced, protested; Antonym: supported General Strike - Meaning: A strike involving workers across various industries; (সাধারণ অবরোধ); Synonyms: nationwide strike, industrial action, work stoppage, walkout, protest; Antonym: normalcy Wretched - Meaning: Miserable or pitiful in condition or circumstances; (দুর্ভাগ্যজনক); Synonyms: miserable, pitiful, distressed, desolate, forlorn; Antonym: fortunate Downtrodden - Meaning: Oppressed or treated unfairly by those in power; (অপমানিত); Synonyms: oppressed, exploited, disadvantaged, subjugated, marginalized; Antonym: privileged Aimed at - Meaning: Directed or targeted towards something; (লক্ষ্য করা); Synonyms: targeted at, directed at, focused on, aimed towards, intended for; Antonym: diverted from Constitute - Meaning: Be (a part) of a whole; (গঠিত); Synonyms: comprise, form, make up, compose, constitute; Antonym: disband Suppress - Meaning: Prevent or subdue by force; (নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা); Synonyms: repress, quell, suppress, subdue, stifle; Antonym: encourage Carried out discussions - Meaning: Conducted talks or negotiations; Synonyms: conducted conversations, held discussions, negotiated, deliberated, conferred; Antonym: ignored Negotiations (আলোচনা) - Meaning: Discussions aimed at reaching agreements; Synonyms: discussions, talks, bargaining, mediation, diplomacy; Antonym: confrontation Shut down - Meaning: Ceased operation or closed forcibly; Synonyms: closed, halted, ceased, suspended, discontinued; Antonym: opened Slaughterhouse (খুনখাওয়ার বাড়ি) - Meaning: A place where animals are killed for food; Synonyms: abattoir, butchery, killing floor, slaughter yard, meatpacking plant; Antonym: sanctuary Declared - Meaning: Announced formally or officially; Synonyms: announced, proclaimed, stated, asserted, pronounced; Antonym: undisclosed Postponed - Meaning: Delayed or rescheduled to a later time; Synonyms: delayed, deferred, rescheduled, put off, postponed; Antonym: expedited Session (অধিবেশন) - Meaning: A meeting or period devoted to a particular activity; Synonyms: meeting, gathering, assembly, sitting, session; Antonym: recess Dissolved - Meaning: Disbanded or ended; Synonyms: disbanded, disintegrated, dispersed, dissolved, terminated; Antonym: united Blame (দোষ) - Meaning: Responsibility for a fault or wrong; Synonyms: fault, culpability, accusation, responsibility, accountability; Antonym: exoneration Prorogued (বিস্থাপিত হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Temporarily suspended or discontinued; Synonyms: suspended, adjourned, halted, postponed, prorogued; Antonym: resumed General Strike (সাধারণ ধর্মঘট) - Meaning: A strike involving workers across various industries; Synonyms: nationwide strike, industrial action, work stoppage, walkout, protest; Antonym: normalcy Wretched (বদলা) - Meaning: Miserable or pitiful in condition or circumstances; Synonyms: miserable, pitiful, distressed, desolate, forlorn; Antonym: fortunate Downtrodden (পিছিয়ে নামা) - Meaning: Oppressed or treated unfairly by those in power; Synonyms: oppressed, exploited, disadvantaged, subjugated, marginalized; Antonym: privileged Massacred (গোলিবারুদ্ধ করা) - Meaning: Killed in a brutal or indiscriminate manner; Synonyms: slaughtered, butchered, massacred, annihilated, exterminated; Antonym: spared Observations (মন্তব্য) - Meaning: Comments or remarks based on careful examination; Synonyms: comments, remarks, observations, statements, opinions; Antonym: ignorance Mowed down (আপনি করা হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Killed or severely injured, especially by gunfire; Synonyms: gunned down, cut down, slaughtered, massacred, mowed down; Antonym: spared Deprived (সংবাদ) - Meaning: Denied the possession or use of something; Synonyms: deprived, disadvantaged, bereft, impoverished, lacking; Antonym: provided Judgement (বিচার) - Meaning: Opinion or decision formed after consideration; Synonyms: opinion, decision, verdict, ruling, determination; Antonym: uncertainty Round Table Conference (গোল টেবিল সম্মেলন) - Meaning: A meeting for discussion or negotiation; Synonyms: conference, summit, forum, convention, symposium; Antonym: unilateral decision-making Withdraw (উত্তোষ) - Meaning: Remove or take back something previously granted; Synonyms: remove, retract, revoke, rescind, retract; Antonym: grant Investigate (তদন্ত করা) - Meaning: Examine or inquire into systematically; Synonyms: examine, inquire, probe, scrutinize, investigate; Antonym: ignore Suppress (দমন করা) - Meaning: Prevent or subdue by force; Synonyms: repress, quell, suppress, subdue, stifle; Antonym: encourage Assist (সাহায্য করা) - Meaning: Help or support someone in need; Synonyms: help, aid, support, assist, facilitate; Antonym: hinder Taint (মলিনতা) - Meaning: Contaminate or pollute something in a negative way; Synonyms: contaminate, pollute, tarnish, corrupt, defile; Antonym: purify Exterminate (নিষ্প্রয়াত করা) - Meaning: Destroy completely, especially a group of living things; Synonyms: annihilate, eradicate, exterminate, obliterate, eliminate; Antonym: preserve Revolutionary (প্রতিক্রিয়াশীল) - Meaning: Relating to or involving radical change or innovation; Synonyms: radical, innovative, transformative, rebellious, revolutionary; Antonym: conservative Striving (চেষ্টা) - Meaning: Making great efforts to achieve or obtain something; Synonyms: endeavoring, struggling, laboring, striving, exerting; Antonym: relaxing Sacrifice (বলিদান) - Meaning: Give up something valuable for the sake of others; Synonyms: surrender, forfeit, relinquish, sacrifice, renounce; Antonym: retain Emancipation (মুক্তি) - Meaning: The act of setting someone free from oppression or restraint; Synonyms: liberation, freedom, emancipation, release, independence; Antonym: oppression Lesson 2 Nelson Mandela, from Apartheid Fighter to President Apartheid - Meaning: Racial segregation and discrimination system; Synonyms: segregation, discrimination, racial separation, racial inequality, racial injustice; Antonym: integration Multi-racial democracy (বহুরঙ্গীন গণতান্ত্রিকতা) - Meaning: System of government where people of different races have equal rights and representation; Synonyms: diverse democracy, inclusive democracy, mixed-race democracy, pluralistic democracy, heterogeneous democracy; Antonym: monoracial democracy Reconciliation (সমন্বয়) - Meaning: Restoration of friendly relations or harmony; Synonyms: harmony, agreement, conciliation, peace, unity; Antonym: conflict Embody (প্রতিনিধিত্ব করা) - Meaning: Represent or symbolize; Synonyms: symbolize, represent, epitomize, incarnate, personify; Antonym: conceal Resolve (দৃঢ় ইচ্ছাশক্তি) - Meaning: Determination or firmness of purpose; Synonyms: determination, willpower, steadfastness, commitment, perseverance; Antonym: indecision Prestige (মর্যাদা) - Meaning: High regard or respect earned by achievements or reputation; Synonyms: status, reputation, honor, esteem, dignity; Antonym: disgrace Charisma (আকর্ষণ) - Meaning: Compelling attractiveness or charm that inspires devotion in others; Synonyms: charm, magnetism, allure, appeal, enchantment; Antonym: repulsion Manifestations (প্রকাশ্যতা) - Meaning: Evident signs or indications; Synonyms: signs, indications, displays, expressions, demonstrations; Antonym: concealment Acceptance speech (গ্রহণ উপলক্ষ) - Meaning: Speech delivered upon receiving an award or honor; Synonyms: acknowledgment speech, gratitude speech, recognition speech, appreciation speech, thank-you speech; Antonym: refusal speech Chasms (খাই) - Meaning: Wide breaches or gaps; Synonyms: gaps, gulfs, abysses, rifts, divides; Antonym: bridges Emancipation (মুক্তিপ্রাপ্তি) - Meaning: Liberation or freedom from oppression; Synonyms: liberation, freedom, deliverance, independence, release; Antonym: oppression Adoring (ভক্তিপ্রদর্শন) - Meaning: Expressing deep love or admiration; Synonyms: loving, worshipful, devoted, affectionate, adulatory; Antonym: indifferent Revered (পূজ্য) - Meaning: Deeply respected or admired; Synonyms: respected, honored, esteemed, venerated, revered; Antonym: disrespected Mythic stature (পৌরাণিক উচ্চতা) - Meaning: Legendary or iconic status; Synonyms: legendary status, mythical stature, iconic status, fabled height, storied prominence; Antonym: ordinary stature Capital offences (মূল্যবান অপরাধ) - Meaning: Serious crimes punishable by death; Synonyms: capital crimes, felonies, heinous crimes, grave offenses, mortal offenses; Antonym: minor offenses Testimony (সাক্ষ্য) - Meaning: Formal statement or evidence given in a court of law; Synonyms: evidence, statement, declaration, affirmation, attestation; Antonym: denial Democratic society (গণতান্ত্রিক সমাজ) - Meaning: Society where people have equal rights and opportunities; Synonyms: egalitarian society, free society, open society, fair society, participatory society; Antonym: authoritarian society Dedicated (অনুরাগী) - Meaning: Committed or devoted to a cause or purpose; Synonyms: devoted, committed, loyal, faithful, dedicated; Antonym: indifferent Cherished (প্রিয়) - Meaning: Held dear or valued highly; Synonyms: valued, treasured, prized, beloved, esteemed; Antonym: despised Dignity (গরিমা) - Meaning: State or quality of being worthy of honor or respect; Synonyms: honor, respect, pride, self-respect, integrity; Antonym: humiliation Clan name (গোত্র নাম) - Meaning: Name indicating a family or social group; Synonyms: family name, tribal name, lineage name, group name, surname; Antonym: individual name Laureate (পুরস্কৃত) - Meaning: Person honored with an award or honor; Synonyms: awardee, recipient, winner, prizewinner, victor; Antonym: non-recipient Political prisoner (রাজনৈতিক কারাগার) - Meaning: Person imprisoned for their political beliefs or actions; Synonyms: dissident, detainee, captive, detainee, internee; Antonym: free citizen Oppressed (দবিত) - Meaning: Subjected to harsh or unjust treatment or control; Synonyms: persecuted, downtrodden, subjugated, suppressed, exploited; Antonym: liberated Mythical (পৌরাণিক) - Meaning: Existing only in myth or legend; Synonyms: legendary, mythical, fictional, imaginary, fanciful; Antonym: real Charged (চার্জ) - Meaning: Accused formally of a crime; Synonyms: accused, indicted, alleged, incriminated, criminally charged; Antonym: exonerated Humanity (মানবতা) - Meaning: Compassion or benevolence towards others; Synonyms: compassion, kindness, benevolence, empathy, humanity; Antonym: cruelty Spent behind bars (বাড়ির পিছনে কাটানো) - Meaning: Time served in prison; Synonyms: incarcerated, imprisoned, jailed, detained, confined; Antonym: freed Reverence (শ্রদ্ধা) - Meaning: Deep respect or admiration; Synonyms: respect, admiration, veneration, esteem, reverence; Antonym: disrespect Adulatory (উপলক্ষিতপ্রশংসা) - Meaning: Excessively praising or admiring; Synonyms: flattering, fawning, sycophantic, obsequious, adulatory; Antonym: critical Lesson 3 Two Women Cosmonaut (অন্তরিক্ষযাত্রী) - Meaning: A Russian astronaut; Synonyms: astronaut, space traveler, spaceman, cosmonaut; Antonym: terrestrial Selection (নির্বাচন) - Meaning: Process of choosing someone or something; Synonyms: choice, picking, election, appointment, nomination; Antonym: rejection Proletaria (প্রলেতারিয়া) - Meaning: A member of the working class; Synonyms: worker, laborer, proletarian, wage earner, blue-collar worker; Antonym: bourgeoisie Training (প্রশিক্ষণ) - Meaning: Process of learning or teaching a skill or profession; Synonyms: education, instruction, coaching, preparation, schooling; Antonym: ignorance Isolation (পৃথকতা) - Meaning: State of being separated from others; Synonyms: solitude, seclusion, segregation, quarantine, insulation; Antonym: integration Centrifuge (সেন্ট্রিফিউজ) - Meaning: Device that rotates rapidly to separate substances of different densities; Synonyms: separator, extractor, purifier, spinner, clarifier; Antonym: immobile Faultlessly (নিষ্পক্ষে) - Meaning: In a perfect or flawless manner; Synonyms: perfectly, flawlessly, impeccably, accurately, precisely; Antonym: faultily Nausea (মতিশীতলতা) - Meaning: Feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit; Synonyms: queasiness, sickness, vomiting, nausea, seasickness; Antonym: wellness Orbit (কক্ষ) - Meaning: Circular path of an object around another object; Synonyms: trajectory, revolution, rotation, circuit, loop; Antonym: straight line Log (দৈনন্দিন লেখা) - Meaning: Record of events or activities; Synonyms: journal, diary, record, register, chronicle; Antonym: erase Approached (অবতীর্ণ) - Meaning: Came near to or made contact with; Synonyms: neared, came close, advanced, drew near, reached; Antonym: receded Communication (যোগাযোগ) - Meaning: Exchange of information or messages; Synonyms: interaction, connection, dialogue, correspondence, transmission; Antonym: silence Legislature (আইন-নির্মাণকর্তা) - Meaning: Body of government responsible for making laws; Synonyms: parliament, congress, assembly, senate, council; Antonym: lawlessness Desire (কামনা) - Meaning: Strong feeling of wanting or wishing for something; Synonyms: wish, longing, craving, yearning, aspiration; Antonym: aversion Sub-continent (উপমহাদেশ) - Meaning: Large landmass that is part of a continent; Synonyms: region, landmass, territory, area, mainland; Antonym: island Determined (নির্ধারিত) - Meaning: Having a firm decision or resolution; Synonyms: resolute, decisive, steadfast, committed, unwavering; Antonym: indecisive Citizenship (নাগরিকত্ব) - Meaning: Status of being a legal member of a country; Synonyms: nationality, allegiance, legal status, naturalization, residency; Antonym: statelessness Spacewalk (অন্তরিক্ষ ভ্রমণ) - Meaning: Activity of an astronaut outside their spacecraft; Synonyms: extravehicular activity, EVA, spacewalk, space excursion, orbital walk; Antonym: indoors Microgravity (মাইক্রোগ্র্যাভিটি) - Meaning: Very weak gravitational force experienced in orbit; Synonyms: weightlessness, zero gravity, free fall, absence of gravity; Antonym: gravity Disintegrated (বিচ্ছিন্ন) - Meaning: Broke apart into small pieces; Synonyms: fragmented, shattered, crumbled, collapsed, disassembled; Antonym: integrated Fatal (মরণকর) - Meaning: Resulting in death; Synonyms: deadly, lethal, mortal, disastrous, fatalistic; Antonym: nonfatal Insulating (তাপ নিরোধক) - Meaning: Preventing heat or electricity from passing through; Synonyms: isolating, protective, nonconductive, shielding, thermal; Antonym: conducting Penetrated (আতিক্রমণ করা) - Meaning: Entered or pierced through; Synonyms: pierced, permeated, entered, infiltrated, invaded; Antonym: exited Intense (তীব্র) - Meaning: Extreme or very strong in degree; Synonyms: severe, acute, profound, intense, vehement; Antonym: mild Scheduling (সময়সূচী) - Meaning: Planning or arranging events or activities according to a timetable; Synonyms: planning, arrangement, organization, coordination, timing; Antonym: spontaneity Conducted (পরিচালনা করা) - Meaning: Carried out or performed; Synonyms: performed, executed, organized, managed, supervised; Antonym: neglected Investigation (গবেষণা) - Meaning: Process of examining or researching to discover facts or information; Synonyms: inquiry, examination, scrutiny, analysis, inspection; Antonym: ignorance Peeling off (ছোড়া) - Meaning: Coming off or removing in layers; Synonyms: removing, shedding, flaking, stripping, detaching; Antonym: adhering Support structure (সমর্থন কাঠামো) - Meaning: Framework or frame providing support; Synonyms: framework, scaffold, skeleton, chassis, infrastructure; Antonym: instability Disaster (বিপর্যস্ত) - Meaning: Sudden event causing widespread destruction or suffering; Synonyms: catastrophe, calamity, tragedy, misfortune, havoc; Antonym: success Unit Two: Education and Life Lesson 1Why Education Function meaningfully - (প্রভাবশালী ভাবে কাজ করা) - Meaning: Perform tasks with significance and purpose; Synonyms: operate effectively, work meaningfully, perform purposefully; Antonyms: function aimlessly, work insignificantly Articulate our thoughts - (আমাদের ভাবনা প্রকাশ করা) - Meaning: Express our ideas clearly and effectively; Synonyms: express thoughts, vocalize opinions, communicate clearly; Antonyms: mumble, stutter, hesitate Manage our affairs well - (আমাদের কাজ সম্পাদন করা) - Meaning: Handle our responsibilities and tasks efficiently; Synonyms: handle affairs effectively, organize tasks competently; Antonyms: mismanage, neglect responsibilities Critical of deviations - (অব্যতিক্রম সমালোচনার) - Meaning: Disapproving of departures from the usual or expected standards; Synonyms: disapproving of differences, skeptical of deviations; Antonyms: accepting of variations, tolerant of changes Awareness about ourselves - (আমাদের নিজের সম্পর্কে সচেতনতা) - Meaning: Knowledge or understanding of ourselves; Synonyms: self-awareness, self-knowledge, consciousness of oneself; Antonyms: self-ignorance, unawareness of oneself Sense of belonging - (সম্পর্কের মনের সংজ্ঞা) - Meaning: Feeling of being connected or attached to a particular group or place; Synonyms: feeling of membership, affiliation, connection; Antonyms: feeling of alienation, detachment Active member - (সক্রিয় সদস্য) - Meaning: Engaged and involved participant; Synonyms: engaged member, participating individual, involved party; Antonyms: passive observer, inactive bystander Inner strengths - (আন্তরিক শক্তি) - Meaning: Personal qualities or attributes that provide resilience or determination; Synonyms: internal resources, inherent capabilities, innate abilities; Antonyms: weaknesses, vulnerabilities Sharpens our intellect - (আমাদের মনোবুদ্ধিতে একটানা অনুভব করা) - Meaning: Improves our mental acuity or understanding; Synonyms: enhances intelligence, boosts mental capacity; Antonyms: dulls intellect, diminishes mental sharpness Progressive and liberal - (প্রগতিশীল এবং উদার) - Meaning: Forward-thinking and open-minded; Synonyms: forward-looking, tolerant, open to change; Antonyms: conservative, traditional, closed-minded Competencies - (দক্ষতা) - Meaning: Skills, abilities, or knowledge necessary for effective performance; Synonyms: skills, capabilities, proficiencies, aptitudes; Antonyms: incompetencies, deficiencies, inadequacies Challenging of circumstances - (কঠিন অবস্থা) - Meaning: Difficult or demanding situations; Synonyms: tough situations, adverse conditions, difficult environments; Antonyms: favorable circumstances, easy situations Fosters critical thinking - (কৃতিত্ব চিন্তার সৃজন) - Meaning: Encourages the development of analytical and evaluative thinking skills; Synonyms: promotes critical analysis, encourages logical reasoning; Antonyms: inhibits critical thinking, discourages questioning Cherish - (মূর্তি পূজা করা) - Meaning: Hold dear; deeply appreciate or value; Synonyms: treasure, value, appreciate, adore, hold in high esteem; Antonyms: disregard, neglect, abandon Frantically - (উত্তেজিত অবস্থা) - Meaning: In a panicked or frenzied manner; Synonyms: desperately, hurriedly, wildly, hectically, madly; Antonyms: calmly, leisurely, relaxedly Illustrate - (প্রকাশ করা) - Meaning: Explain or demonstrate with examples or pictures; Synonyms: clarify, demonstrate, depict, elucidate, exemplify; Antonyms: obscure, confuse, obfuscate Philosopher - (দর্শনবিদ) - Meaning: A person who studies or teaches philosophy; Synonyms: thinker, sage, scholar, intellectual, theorist; Antonyms: ignoramus, fool, simpleton Guide - (নির্দেশনা) - Meaning: Lead or direct someone to a particular course of action; Synonyms: lead, direct, advise, steer, mentor; Antonyms: mislead, deceive, confuse Deviate - (পথভ্রষ্ট করা) - Meaning: Depart from an established course or standard; Synonyms: diverge, stray, veer, digress, drift; Antonyms: conform, adhere, stick to, follow Motto - (মতবাদ) - Meaning: A short phrase expressing a guiding principle or ideal; Synonyms: slogan, maxim, motto, watchword, creed; Antonyms: indifference, apathy, neglect Combine - (যুক্ত করা) - Meaning: Join or merge together to form a single entity; Synonyms: unite, merge, integrate, amalgamate, blend; Antonyms: separate, divide, segregate Pursuit of happiness - (সুখের অনুসন্ধান) - Meaning: Effort or endeavor to find joy and contentment in life; Synonyms: quest for happiness, search for fulfillment; Antonyms: avoidance of joy, neglect of contentment Seminar - (সেমিনার) - Meaning: Meeting or conference for discussion or training on a particular subject; Synonyms: workshop, symposium, conference, forum, meeting; Antonyms: lecture, monologue, sermon Illustration - (উদাহরণ) - Meaning: Visual explanation or example used to clarify or demonstrate; Synonyms: example, demonstration, elucidation, clarification; Antonyms: ambiguity, obscurity, vagueness Respect - (শ্রদ্ধা) - Meaning: Admiration or regard for someone or something; Synonyms: esteem, honor, reverence, admiration, deference; Antonyms: disrespect, disdain, contempt Compassion - (দয়া) - Meaning: Sympathetic concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others; Synonyms: empathy, kindness, pity, mercy, sympathy; Antonyms: cruelty, indifference, apathy Fellow feeling - (বান্ধবতা) - Meaning: Sympathy or understanding between people based on shared experiences; Synonyms: camaraderie, solidarity, empathy, mutual understanding; Antonyms: hostility, animosity, enmity Chaos - (অস্ততা) - Meaning: Complete disorder and confusion; Synonyms: confusion, disorder, turmoil, pandemonium, anarchy; Antonyms: order, organization, calm, tranquility Colliding - (সংঘর্ষ) - Meaning: Crashing or coming into violent contact with each other; Synonyms: crashing, bumping, clashing, striking, smashing; Antonyms: avoiding, dodging, evading Cherished - (অমূর্তিপূজা) - Meaning: Treasured or held dear; Synonyms: valued, esteemed, beloved, cherished, precious; Antonyms: despised, scorned, rejected, neglected, disdained Lesson 2 The Parrot’s Tale Unlettered - (অশিক্ষিত) - Meaning: Illiterate; lacking education; Synonyms: uneducated, ignorant, unschooled, untutored, uninformed; Antonyms: educated, literate, schooled, knowledgeable Recite - (উচ্চারণ করা) - Meaning: Repeat aloud from memory; Synonyms: repeat, rehearse, declaim, quote, narrate; Antonyms: forget, omit, skip, neglect Devours - (বেড়ায়) - Meaning: Eats greedily and voraciously; Synonyms: consumes, gulps, ingests, engulfs, swallows; Antonyms: savors, nibbles, grazes, abstains, fasts Profits - (লাভ) - Meaning: Financial gain; Synonyms: earnings, income, revenue, gains, proceeds; Antonyms: losses, debts, deficits, expenses Deliberated - (বিচার করা) - Meaning: Considered carefully and thoughtfully; Synonyms: pondered, contemplated, weighed, reflected, discussed; Antonyms: rushed, hastened, impulsive, hasty Pandered - (সন্তুষ্ট করা) - Meaning: Gratified or indulged someone's desires; Synonyms: appeased, catered, satisfied, indulged, gratified; Antonyms: resisted, opposed, thwarted, disapproved, denied Exquisite - (অত্যন্ত মুদ্রিত) - Meaning: Extremely beautiful and delicate; Synonyms: beautiful, elegant, splendid, superb, fine; Antonyms: crude, rough, plain, ordinary, ugly Sacred - (পবিত্র) - Meaning: Regarded with reverence and respect; Synonyms: holy, divine, blessed, consecrated, revered; Antonyms: profane, secular, mundane, unholy, irreligious Chanted - (গীতিবাচন) - Meaning: Sung or recited with a musical rhythm; Synonyms: intoned, sung, recited, vocalized, hummed; Antonyms: spoke, whispered, muttered, murmured Supervise - (নিরীক্ষণ করা) - Meaning: Oversee and direct a process, activity, or personnel; Synonyms: oversee, manage, monitor, control, direct; Antonyms: neglect, ignore, abandon, overlook, disregard Detractors - (নিন্দাকারী) - Meaning: Critics or those who disparage or belittle someone or something; Synonyms: critics, cynics, naysayers, fault-finders, skeptics; Antonyms: supporters, admirers, advocates, proponents, allies Resort - (ব্যবহার করা) - Meaning: Turn to or make use of something for help or support; Synonyms: utilize, employ, turn to, use, apply; Antonyms: abstain, avoid, eschew, shun, reject Negligible - (অগ্রহণযোগ্য) - Meaning: So small or unimportant as to be not worth considering; Synonyms: insignificant, trivial, minor, minimal, immaterial; Antonyms: significant, important, substantial, considerable, notable Astonishing - (বিস্ময়কর) - Meaning: Extremely surprising or impressive; Synonyms: amazing, astounding, remarkable, stunning, staggering; Antonyms: ordinary, commonplace, expected, predictable, unremarkable Merrily - (আনন্দে) - Meaning: In a cheerful and lively manner; Synonyms: happily, joyfully, gleefully, cheerfully, buoyantly; Antonyms: sadly, gloomily, miserably, somberly, unhappily Predictably - (পূর্বানুমানিত) - Meaning: In a way that can be expected or foreseen; Synonyms: expectedly, anticipatedly, foreseeably, inevitably, reliably; Antonyms: unexpectedly, surprisingly, unpredictably, shockingly, suddenly Innate - (অনুজ্ঞান) - Meaning: Inherent; existing from birth; Synonyms: inherent, intrinsic, natural, inherent, congenital; Antonyms: acquired, learned, acquired, developed, taught Impudence - (ধৈর্যহীনতা) - Meaning: Lack of respect; boldness or rudeness; Synonyms: insolence, impertinence, audacity, temerity, effrontery; Antonyms: respect, politeness, humility, deference, courtesy Thunderous - (গরজায়) - Meaning: Very loud or powerful; Synonyms: deafening, booming, resounding, roaring, tumultuous; Antonyms: quiet, subdued, gentle, soft, faint Flourished - (উন্নত হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Grew or developed in a healthy or vigorous way; Synonyms: prospered, thrived, bloomed, blossomed, expanded; Antonyms: declined, withered, shriveled, weakened, deteriorated Reprehensible - (শাস্ত্রীয়) - Meaning: Deserving criticism or condemnation; Synonyms: blameworthy, culpable, objectionable, objectionable, censurable; Antonyms: commendable, praiseworthy, laudable, admirable, commendable Impudence - (ধৈর্যহীনতা) - Meaning: Lack of respect; boldness or rudeness; Synonyms: insolence, impertinence, audacity, temerity, effrontery; Antonyms: respect, politeness, humility, deference, courtesy Thunderous - (গরজায়) - Meaning: Very loud or powerful; Synonyms: deafening, booming, resounding, roaring, tumultuous; Antonyms: quiet, subdued, gentle, soft, faint Flourished - (উন্নত হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Grew or developed in a healthy or vigorous way; Synonyms: prospered, thrived, bloomed, blossomed, expanded; Antonyms: declined, withered, shriveled, weakened, deteriorated Chanted - (গীতিবাচন) - Meaning: Sung or recited with a musical rhythm; Synonyms: intoned, sung, recited, vocalized, hummed; Antonyms: spoke, whispered, muttered, murmured Melancholy - (মেলাঞ্চলিক) - Meaning: A feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause; Synonyms: sadness, sorrow, gloom, depression, despondency; Antonyms: happiness, joy, cheerfulness, contentment, elation Regarded - (বিবেচনা) - Meaning: Considered or thought of in a specified way; Synonyms: considered, esteemed, viewed, thought of, perceived; Antonyms: disregarded, ignored, neglected, overlooked, dismissed Rustling - (ভরাভরি) - Meaning: A soft, muffled crackling sound like that made by the movement of dry leaves or paper; Synonyms: murmuring, whispering, rustling, swishing, soughing; Antonyms: silence, stillness, quietness, hush, calm Detractors - (নিন্দাকারী) - Meaning: Critics or those who disparage or belittle someone or something; Synonyms: critics, cynics, naysayers, fault-finders, skeptics; Antonyms: supporters, admirers, advocates, proponents, allies Tutors - (শিক্ষক) - Meaning: A private teacher, typically one who teaches a single student or a small group; Synonyms: instructor, educator, mentor, coach, guide; Antonyms: student, learner, disciple, protege, novice Reams - (রেম) - Meaning: A large quantity of something, typically paper; Synonyms: piles, stacks, lots, heaps, abundance; Antonyms: scarcity, shortage, deficiency, dearth, inadequacy Flutter - (বাতাসে তাড়া) - Meaning: Move or fall with a light irregular motion; Synonyms: flit, flap, wave, flicker, quiver; Antonyms: stillness, stability, immobility, calmness, tranquility Innate - (অনুজ্ঞান) - Meaning: Inherent; existing from birth; Synonyms: inherent, intrinsic, natural, inherent, congenital; Antonyms: acquired, learned, acquired, developed, taught Impudence - (ধৈর্যহীনতা) - Meaning: Lack of respect; boldness or rudeness; Synonyms: insolence, impertinence, audacity, temerity, effrontery; Antonyms: respect, politeness, humility, deference, courtesy Thunderous - (গরজায়) - Meaning: Very loud or powerful; Synonyms: deafening, booming, resounding, roaring, tumultuous; Antonyms: quiet, subdued, gentle, soft, faint Flourished - (উন্নত হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Grew or developed in a healthy or vigorous way; Synonyms: prospered, thrived, bloomed, blossomed, expanded; Antonyms: declined, withered, shriveled, weakened, deteriorated Chanted - (গীতিবাচন) - Meaning: Sung or recited with a musical rhythm; Synonyms: intoned, sung, recited, vocalized, hummed; Antonyms: spoke, whispered, muttered, murmured Melancholy - (মেলাঞ্চলিক) - Meaning: A feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause; Synonyms: sadness, sorrow, gloom, depression, despondency; Antonyms: happiness, joy, cheerfulness, contentment, elation Regarded - (বিবেচনা) - Meaning: Considered or thought of in a specified way; Synonyms: considered, esteemed, viewed, thought of, perceived; Antonyms: disregarded, ignored, neglected, overlooked, dismissed Rustling - (ভরাভরি) - Meaning: A soft, muffled crackling sound like that made by the movement of dry leaves or paper; Synonyms: murmuring, whispering, rustling, swishing, soughing; Antonyms: silence, stillness, quietness, hush, calm Lesson 3 Civic Engagement Civic engagement - (সাভার্থক সংলাপ) - Meaning: Active participation in community affairs; Synonyms: community involvement, civic responsibility, social activism, public participation, citizen engagement; Antonyms: apathy, disengagement, indifference, passivity, noninvolvement Contrasted - (বিপরীত) - Meaning: Compared in such a way as to emphasize differences; Synonyms: compared, juxtaposed, distinguished, opposed, differentiated; Antonyms: likened, assimilated, equated, identified, matched Illuminate - (আলোকিত) - Meaning: To enlighten or provide insight; Synonyms: elucidate, clarify, explain, enlighten, reveal; Antonyms: obscure, confuse, obscure, befuddle, mystify Protest - (প্রতিবাদ) - Meaning: An action expressing disapproval or objection; Synonyms: demonstration, rally, march, strike, dissent; Antonyms: support, approval, endorsement, agreement, compliance Injustices - (অন্যায়) - Meaning: Unfair treatment; violation of rights; Synonyms: unfairness, inequality, oppression, discrimination, wrongdoing; Antonyms: justice, fairness, equity, equality, rectitude Atrocities - (অত্যাচার) - Meaning: Horrible acts; brutal and inhumane deeds; Synonyms: cruelties, barbarities, horrors, atrocities, savageries; Antonyms: kindness, humanity, compassion, benevolence, mercy Solidarity - (ঐকতা) - Meaning: Unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; Synonyms: unity, cohesion, camaraderie, brotherhood, cooperation; Antonyms: division, disunity, discord, conflict, disagreement Humbled - (পিছলা) - Meaning: Made to feel less important or proud; Synonyms: humiliated, abased, degraded, demeaned, subjugated; Antonyms: honored, esteemed, exalted, dignified, respected Commission - (কমিশন) - Meaning: An official group given authority to perform certain tasks; Synonyms: committee, board, council, agency, authority; Antonyms: disband, dissolve, discontinue, abolish, terminate Accommodated - (অবস্থান দেওয়া) - Meaning: Provided with a place to stay or live; Synonyms: housed, lodged, sheltered, harbored, quartered; Antonyms: evicted, expelled, ousted, ejected, displaced Plight - (অশুভ অবস্থা) - Meaning: A difficult or adverse situation; Synonyms: predicament, dilemma, quandary, adversity, hardship; Antonyms: advantage, boon, blessing, fortune, prosperity Distressing - (বিবেচনা) - Meaning: Causing worry or anxiety; upsetting; Synonyms: troubling, alarming, disturbing, upsetting, disquieting; Antonyms: comforting, soothing, reassuring, calming, alleviating Introvert - (অন্তর্মুখী) - Meaning: A person who tends to be inward-turning or focused on their own thoughts and feelings; Synonyms: shy person, solitary, reserved, reticent, withdrawn; Antonyms: extrovert, outgoing, sociable, gregarious, talkative Plea - (অনুরোধ) - Meaning: A request or an appeal; Synonyms: appeal, entreaty, petition, supplication, solicitation; Antonyms: demand, command, requirement, dictate, instruction Monitored - (অনুযায়ী) - Meaning: Kept under systematic observation or surveillance; Synonyms: observed, supervised, watched, tracked, checked; Antonyms: neglected, ignored, overlooked, disregarded, abandoned Contribution - (অবদান) - Meaning: The action of giving or donating something; Synonyms: donation, contribution, offering, gift, benefaction; Antonyms: withdrawal, subtraction, deduction, removal, deprivation Sufficient - (যথেষ্ট) - Meaning: Adequate; enough to meet the needs of a situation; Synonyms: adequate, satisfactory, ample, plentiful, abundant; Antonyms: insufficient, inadequate, lacking, deficient, meager Priority - (অগ্রাধিকার) - Meaning: A thing that is regarded as more important than others; Synonyms: precedence, preference, primacy, importance, superiority; Antonyms: triviality, insignificance, irrelevance, unimportance, inconsequence Municipality - (পৌরসভা) - Meaning: A local governing body, typically a city or town council; Synonyms: local government, city council, town hall, borough, corporation; Antonyms: rural area, countryside, wilderness, suburb, village Project - (প্রকল্প) - Meaning: A planned endeavor; a task or scheme that requires concerted effort; Synonyms: venture, enterprise, initiative, undertaking, assignment; Antonyms: inactivity, idleness, passivity, apathy, disinterest Civic engagement - (সাভার্থক সংলাপ) - Meaning: Active participation in community affairs; Synonyms: community involvement, civic responsibility, social activism, public participation, citizen engagement; Antonyms: apathy, disengagement, indifference, passivity, noninvolvement Solidarity - (ঐকতা) - Meaning: Unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; Synonyms: unity, cohesion, camaraderie, brotherhood, cooperation; Antonyms: division, disunity, discord, conflict, disagreement Refugees - (শরণার্থী) - Meaning: People who have been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster; Synonyms: asylum seekers, displaced persons, exiles, migrants, fugitives; Antonyms: citizens, natives, residents, settlers, inhabitants Atrocities - (অত্যাচার) - Meaning: Horrible acts; brutal and inhumane deeds; Synonyms: cruelties, barbarities, horrors, atrocities, savageries; Antonyms: kindness, humanity, compassion, benevolence, mercy Commission - (কমিশন) - Meaning: An official group given authority to perform certain tasks; Synonyms: committee, board, council, agency, authority; Antonyms: disband, dissolve, discontinue, abolish, terminate Accommodated - (অবস্থান দেওয়া) - Meaning: Provided with a place to stay or live; Synonyms: housed, lodged, sheltered, harbored, quartered; Antonyms: evicted, expelled, ousted, ejected, displaced Volunteerism - (স্বেচ্ছাসেবকতা) - Meaning: The practice of offering one's time or talents for charitable, educational, or other worthwhile activities; Synonyms: altruism, philanthropy, benevolence, charity, humanitarianism; Antonyms: selfishness, self-centeredness, greed, egotism, self-interest Plight - (অশুভ অবস্থা) - Meaning: A difficult or adverse situation; Synonyms: predicament, dilemma, quandary, adversity, hardship; Antonyms: advantage, boon, blessing, fortune, prosperity Contributed - (অবদান) - Meaning: Given or donated something, typically money or effort; Synonyms: donated, gave, contributed, presented, bestowed; Antonyms: withdrew, subtracted, deducted, removed, deprived Substantial - (প্রাচুর্যময়) - Meaning: Large in amount, size, or importance; Synonyms: significant, considerable, ample, substantial, considerable; Antonyms: insignificant, trivial, minor, negligible, inconsequential Priority - (অগ্রাধিকার) - Meaning: A thing that is regarded as more important than others; Synonyms: precedence, preference, primacy, importance, superiority; Antonyms: triviality, insignificance, irrelevance, unimportance, inconsequence Bedecked - (অলঙ্কৃত) - Meaning: Decorated or adorned in a showy or impressive manner; Synonyms: adorned, decorated, embellished, festooned, ornamented; Antonyms: plain, unadorned, unembellished, unornamented, unadorned Distressing - (বিবেচনা) - Meaning: Causing worry or anxiety; upsetting; Synonyms: troubling, alarming, disturbing, upsetting, disquieting; Antonyms: comforting, soothing, reassuring, calming, alleviating Impoverished - (দরিদ্র) - Meaning: Made poor; deprived of strength or richness; Synonyms: destitute, poor, impoverished, needy, indigent; Antonyms: wealthy, affluent, rich, prosperous, privileged Emotional - (ভাবনাময়) - Meaning: Relating to or characterized by intense feeling or deep emotion; Synonyms: heartfelt, passionate, fervent, intense, emotional; Antonyms: unemotional, indifferent, impassive, apathetic, detached Satisfied - (সন্তুষ্ট) - Meaning: Pleased or contented because one's desires or needs have been fulfilled; Synonyms: content, pleased, gratified, fulfilled, satisfied; Antonyms: dissatisfied, discontented, displeased, unhappy, unsatisfied Monitored - (অনুযায়ী) - Meaning: Kept under systematic observation or surveillance; Synonyms: observed, supervised, watched, tracked, checked; Antonyms: neglected, ignored, overlooked, disregarded, abandoned Continually - (অবিরত) - Meaning: Repeatedly; over and over again; without interruption; Synonyms: constantly, repeatedly, persistently, incessantly, perpetually; Antonyms: occasionally, intermittently, sporadically, irregularly, infrequently Carried out - (প্রযুক্ত) - Meaning: Completed or executed; Synonyms: executed, implemented, performed, accomplished, fulfilled; Antonyms: abandoned, canceled, revoked, rescinded, terminated Assessed - (মূল্যায়ন) - Meaning: Evaluated or judged; Synonyms: evaluated, judged, appraised, examined, analyzed; Antonyms: ignored, disregarded, overlooked, neglected, dismissed

Unit Three: Dreams Lesson 1 What is a Dream? Colour - (রং) - Meaning: Pigmentation of something; Synonyms: hue, shade, tint, tone, dye; Antonyms: monochrome, grayscale, colorless, achromatic, bland Nightmare - (দুঃস্বপ্ন) - Meaning: A terrifying or deeply distressing dream; Synonyms: bad dream, night terror, hallucination, phantasm, horror; Antonyms: pleasant dream, sweet dream, pleasant experience, delightful vision, good dream Imagination - (কল্পনা) - Meaning: The ability to form mental images or concepts of things not present to the senses; Synonyms: creativity, fantasy, invention, vision, creativity; Antonyms: reality, fact, truth, actuality, certainty Day-dream - (দিবাচিন্তা) - Meaning: A series of pleasant thoughts that distract one's attention from the present; Synonyms: reverie, fantasy, reverie, castle in the air, wishful thinking; Antonyms: reality, actuality, fact, truth, certainty Reverie - (স্বপ্নাবস্থা) - Meaning: A state of being pleasantly lost in one's thoughts; Synonyms: daydream, trance, fantasy, hallucination, reverie; Antonyms: alertness, wakefulness, awareness, reality, consciousness Romantic - (রোমান্টিক) - Meaning: Conducive to or characterized by the expression of love; Synonyms: amorous, passionate, sentimental, affectionate, loving; Antonyms: unromantic, practical, realistic, unemotional, unsentimental Hallucination - (ময়মোহ) - Meaning: An experience involving the apparent perception of something not present; Synonyms: delusion, illusion, fantasy, mirage, phantasmagoria; Antonyms: reality, fact, truth, actuality, certainty Shadowy - (ছায়াময়) - Meaning: Indistinct or faintly perceptible; Synonyms: dim, vague, obscure, murky, nebulous; Antonyms: clear, bright, distinct, vivid, evident Silvery - (রূপশীল) - Meaning: Resembling or characterized by the color or luster of silver; Synonyms: shiny, gleaming, sparkling, radiant, luminous; Antonyms: dull, matte, tarnished, lackluster, drab Short lasting - (সাময়িক) - Meaning: Not enduring for a long time; Synonyms: fleeting, temporary, transient, momentary, ephemeral; Antonyms: enduring, permanent, everlasting, prolonged, perpetual Dreamy - (স্বপ্নময়) - Meaning: Lost in dreams; Synonyms: fanciful, romantic, idealistic, whimsical, ethereal; Antonyms: realistic, practical, pragmatic, down-to-earth, sensible Dreamer - (স্বপ্নদৃষ্টা) - Meaning: A person who dreams, especially habitually; Synonyms: visionary, idealist, romantic, fantasist, utopian; Antonyms: realist, pragmatist, skeptic, cynic, materialist Reality - (বাস্তবতা) - Meaning: The state of things as they actually exist; Synonyms: actuality, fact, truth, existence, realness; Antonyms: fantasy, illusion, dream, unreality, fiction Pleasant - (সুখদ) - Meaning: Giving a sense of happy satisfaction or enjoyment; Synonyms: enjoyable, agreeable, pleasing, delightful, gratifying; Antonyms: unpleasant, disagreeable, distasteful, miserable, unpleasant Haunting - (প্রাণনাদ) - Meaning: Persistent in one's mind; Synonyms: eerie, spooky, ghostly, unsettling, eerie; Antonyms: comforting, reassuring, soothing, calming, peaceful Fragments - (অংশ) - Meaning: Small parts broken off or separated from something; Synonyms: pieces, bits, particles, shards, splinters; Antonyms: whole, entirety, completeness, unity, aggregate Signal - (সংকেত) - Meaning: A gesture, action, or sound conveying information or an instruction; Synonyms: sign, indication, cue, clue, hint; Antonyms: noise, confusion, misunderstanding, obscurity, secrecy Vague - (অস্পষ্ট) - Meaning: Of uncertain, indefinite, or unclear character or meaning; Synonyms: ambiguous, unclear, hazy, indistinct, foggy; Antonyms: clear, distinct, precise, explicit, definite Psychotherapy - (মনোচিকিত্সা) - Meaning: The treatment of mental disorder by psychological rather than medical means; Synonyms: counseling, therapy, analysis, treatment, intervention; Antonyms: medication, surgery, physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, medical treatment Puzzling - (অবস্থান) - Meaning: Confusing or perplexing; Synonyms: perplexing, confusing, baffling, mystifying, bewildering; Antonyms: clear, understandable, straightforward, evident, comprehensible Function - (কার্য) - Meaning: An activity that is natural to or the purpose of a person or thing; Synonyms: role, purpose, task, duty, responsibility; Antonyms: dysfunction, malfunction, inactivity, disuse, failure Baffling - (অদৃশ্য) - Meaning: Impossible to understand; perplexing; Synonyms: confusing, bewildering, mystifying, puzzling, perplexing; Antonyms: clear, understandable, comprehensible, obvious, evident Cognitive - (জ্ঞানসংক্রান্ত) - Meaning: Relating to cognition; Synonyms: intellectual, mental, thinking, cerebral, reasoning; Antonyms: emotional, instinctive, non-cognitive, irrational, non-intellectual Incidentally - (দৈনন্দিন) - Meaning: In a way that is not the main subject or aim; Synonyms: by the way, as an aside, casually, accidentally, unintentionally; Antonyms: intentionally, purposely, deliberately, by design, knowingly Clarity - (স্পষ্টতা) - Meaning: The quality of being coherent and intelligible; Synonyms: clearness, lucidity, transparency, intelligibility, precision; Antonyms: obscurity, ambiguity, vagueness, confusion, uncertainty Enigma - (গুপ্তসূত্র) - Meaning: A person or thing that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand; Synonyms: mystery, puzzle, riddle, conundrum, puzzle; Antonyms: explanation, clarity, solution, answer, certainty Intriguing - (উদ্দীপনকর) - Meaning: Arousing one's curiosity or interest; Synonyms: fascinating, captivating, interesting, stimulating, enticing; Antonyms: boring, dull, uninteresting, mundane, pedestrian Phenomenon - (ঘটনা) - Meaning: A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen; Synonyms: occurrence, event, incident, happening, circumstance; Antonyms: non-event, inactivity, stagnation, absence, non-occurrence Manifestation - (প্রকাশ) - Meaning: An event, action, or object that clearly shows or embodies something abstract or theoretical; Synonyms: expression, indication, demonstration, display, representation; Antonyms: concealment, suppression, hiding, obfuscation, repression Elusive - (অদৃশ্য) - Meaning: Difficult to find, catch, or achieve; Synonyms: evasive, slippery, tricky, elusive, slippery; Antonyms: accessible, attainable, catchable, obtainable, achievable Lesson 2 Dream Poems Recesses of the mind - (মনের অদূরের অংশ) - Meaning: Innermost depths or hidden parts of the mind; Synonyms: depths of the mind, inner recesses, subconscious, innermost thoughts, hidden corners; Antonyms: surface thoughts, conscious mind, superficial, external, apparent Dusty - (ধূলিত) - Meaning: Covered with or consisting of dust; Synonyms: dirty, grimy, soiled, dusty, muddy; Antonyms: clean, clear, spotless, pristine, polished Make something come true - (কিছুকিছু সত্যিকার করা) - Meaning: To bring about the realization or fulfillment of something; Synonyms: actualize, realize, achieve, fulfill, materialize; Antonyms: negate, nullify, undo, obstruct, prevent Vanity - (অহঙ্কার) - Meaning: Excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements; Synonyms: conceit, egotism, narcissism, self-importance, arrogance; Antonyms: humility, modesty, selflessness, unpretentiousness, humbleness A broken-winged bird - (ভাঙ্গা পাখি) - Meaning: A metaphorical representation of someone or something that has lost the ability to achieve its potential or fulfill its purpose; Synonyms: crippled bird, impaired bird, disabled bird, hindered bird, incapacitated bird; Antonyms: soaring bird, flying bird, healthy bird, unimpaired bird, capable bird Barren field - (শুষ্ক মাঠ) - Meaning: An unproductive, infertile, or desolate area of land; Synonyms: arid field, sterile field, unproductive field, desolate field, infertile field; Antonyms: fertile field, productive field, lush field, fruitful field, fertile land Frozen - (হিমবিত্ত) - Meaning: Turned into ice or hardened by cold temperatures; Synonyms: icy, frosty, glacial, frozen, chilled; Antonyms: thawed, melted, liquid, warm, unfrozen Fast - (দৃঢ়) - Meaning: Firmly fixed or held in place; Synonyms: secure, steady, stable, immovable, steadfast; Antonyms: loose, unstable, insecure, unsteady, shaky Winged - (পঙ্খিত) - Meaning: Having wings or wing-like structures; Synonyms: flying, airborne, winged, avian, aerial; Antonyms: wingless, flightless, grounded, earthbound, terrestrial Snow - (তুষার) - Meaning: Atmospheric water vapor frozen into ice crystals and falling in light white flakes; Synonyms: snowfall, snowflakes, snowstorm, blizzard, frost; Antonyms: thaw, melt, warmth, sunshine, heat Lesson 3 I Have A Dream Sweltering - (বাতুঘটিত) - Meaning: Uncomfortably hot; Synonyms: scorching, boiling, blistering, roasting, sultry; Antonyms: cool, chilly, cold, freezing, frigid Vicious - (ক্রূর) - Meaning: Cruel or violent; Synonyms: brutal, savage, ferocious, ruthless, malicious; Antonyms: kind, gentle, benign, compassionate, merciful Racist - (বর্ণবাদী) - Meaning: Discriminating against or believing that one race is superior to another; Synonyms: discriminatory, prejudiced, bigoted, intolerant, supremacist; Antonyms: tolerant, unbiased, accepting, inclusive, egalitarian Exalted - (উচ্চ) - Meaning: Raised or elevated in status or rank; Synonyms: elevated, high, noble, dignified, sublime; Antonyms: humble, lowly, degraded, debased, base Crooked - (ঠিকনা) - Meaning: Bent or twisted out of shape; Synonyms: bent, twisted, curved, contorted, warped; Antonyms: straight, even, aligned, level, upright Jangling - (ঝিনাঝিনি) - Meaning: Making or causing a harsh, discordant sound; Synonyms: clashing, discordant, harsh, grating, cacophonous; Antonyms: melodic, harmonious, soothing, pleasant, melodious Symphony - (সিমফোনি) - Meaning: Elaborate musical composition typically consisting of multiple movements; Synonyms: orchestration, concerto, sonata, composition, opus; Antonyms: silence, noise, cacophony, dissonance, disharmony Molehill - (মোল চুলকা) - Meaning: A small hill or mound of earth; Synonyms: hillock, knoll, mound, rise, bump; Antonyms: valley, canyon, trench, depression, gully Hamlet - (গ্রাম) - Meaning: A small village; Synonyms: village, town, settlement, community, rural area; Antonyms: city, metropolis, urban area, megalopolis, cosmopolis Gentile - (গেন্টাইল) - Meaning: Someone who is not Jewish; Synonyms: non-Jew, heathen, pagan, unbeliever, outsider; Antonyms: Jew, Hebrew, Israelite, Semite, member of the chosen people Manacles - (হাতকড়ি) - Meaning: Shackles or restraints for the hands; Synonyms: handcuffs, fetters, irons, chains, bonds; Antonyms: freedom, liberation, release, emancipation, independence Segregation - (বিভাজন) - Meaning: Separation or isolation of a race, class, or group; Synonyms: discrimination, apartheid, division, separation, exclusion; Antonyms: integration, inclusion, unity, desegregation, assimilation Exile - (নিষ্ঠুর বিদেশবাসী) - Meaning: Banishment or forced removal from one's home or country; Synonyms: expulsion, deportation, displacement, ostracism, banishment; Antonyms: return, repatriation, homecoming, citizenship, inclusion Dramatize - (নাটকীয় রূপে প্রদর্শন করা) - Meaning: To present or portray something in a dramatic or exaggerated manner; Synonyms: theatricalize, sensationalize, exaggerate, overstate, magnify; Antonyms: downplay, understate, minimize, play down, de-emphasize Rooted - (উদ্ভূত) - Meaning: Deeply established or firmly grounded; Synonyms: entrenched, established, grounded, fixed, ingrained; Antonyms: uprooted, unestablished, transient, superficial, shallow Creed - (ধর্মপ্রণালী) - Meaning: A set of beliefs or principles; Synonyms: doctrine, dogma, tenet, belief, faith; Antonyms: disbelief, skepticism, heresy, apostasy, unbelief Oasis - (উদ্দিপন কেন্দ্র) - Meaning: A place of relief, refuge, or sanctuary in the midst of difficulty; Synonyms: haven, sanctuary, refuge, retreat, shelter; Antonyms: desert, wasteland, wilderness, barrenness, desolation Judged - (মতামত প্রদান) - Meaning: Formed an opinion or evaluation about someone or something; Synonyms: assessed, evaluated, appraised, determined, adjudicated; Antonyms: pardoned, acquitted, absolved, excused, cleared Character - (চরিত্র) - Meaning: The qualities or attributes that distinguish an individual; Synonyms: personality, nature, disposition, temperament, integrity; Antonyms: dishonesty, immorality, corruption, deceitfulness, dishonor Jail - (জেল) - Meaning: A place of confinement for prisoners; Synonyms: prison, penitentiary, detention center, correctional facility, lockup; Antonyms: freedom, liberty, release, emancipation, liberation Prodigious - (বিরাট) - Meaning: Remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree; Synonyms: enormous, colossal, immense, extraordinary, massive; Antonyms: small, tiny, insignificant, negligible, ordinary Alleghenies - (আলেগেনি) - Meaning: A mountain range in the eastern United States; Synonyms: Appalachian Mountains, Appalachian Range, Appalachians; Antonyms: plains, valleys, lowlands, flatlands, prairies Hamlet - (গ্রাম) - Meaning: A small village; Synonyms: village, townlet, settlement, community, rural area; Antonyms: city, metropolis, urban area, megalopolis, cosmopolis Gentiles - (গেন্টাইল) - Meaning: People who are not Jewish; Synonyms: non-Jews, heathens, pagans, unbelievers, outsiders; Antonyms: Jews, Hebrews, Israelites, Semites, chosen people Drip - (টিপটিপ করা) - Meaning: To fall in drops or trickle down slowly; Synonyms: dribble, trickle, ooze, seep, drizzle; Antonyms: pour, gush, stream, flow, flood Interposition - (সন্নিহিত) - Meaning: The act of intervening or coming between something; Synonyms: intervention, interference, mediation, intrusion, intercession; Antonyms: nonintervention, abstention, withdrawal, neutrality, noninvolvement Nullification - (বাতিলকরণ) - Meaning: The act of cancelling or rendering void; Synonyms: cancellation, annulment, invalidation, repeal, revocation; Antonyms: validation, affirmation, confirmation, enactment, ratification Despair - (নিরাশা) - Meaning: A feeling of hopelessness or pessimism; Synonyms: hopelessness, discouragement, despondency, gloom, misery; Antonyms: hope, optimism, encouragement, cheer, happiness Symphony - (সিমফোনি) - Meaning: Elaborate musical composition typically consisting of multiple movements; Synonyms: orchestration, concerto, sonata, composition, opus; Antonyms: silence, noise, cacophony, dissonance, disharmony Discords - (বিরোধ) - Meaning: Disagreement or lack of harmony; Synonyms: disagreements, conflicts, disharmonies, dissensions, discordances; Antonyms: harmony, agreement, concord, unity, accord Unit Four: Youthful Achievers Lesson 1 Sheikh Kamal: Life of an Achiever Eldest - (প্রবর্তমান) - Meaning: Oldest in a family or group; Synonyms: senior, firstborn, oldest, initial, primary; Antonyms: youngest, junior, youngest-born, secondary, last-born Academic - (শিক্ষাগত) - Meaning: Related to education or scholarly pursuits; Synonyms: educational, scholastic, intellectual, theoretical, studious; Antonyms: nonacademic, practical, vocational, experiential, hands-on Passion - (আগ্রহ) - Meaning: Strong and intense enthusiasm or desire; Synonyms: enthusiasm, fervor, zeal, ardor, craving; Antonyms: apathy, indifference, lethargy, disinterest, ennui Tutelage - (শিক্ষাদান) - Meaning: Instruction or guardianship provided by a tutor or mentor; Synonyms: guidance, teaching, coaching, instruction, supervision; Antonyms: neglect, abandonment, independence, self-reliance, autonomy Prominent - (গৌরবময়) - Meaning: Well-known or distinguished; Synonyms: notable, renowned, eminent, celebrated, distinguished; Antonyms: obscure, insignificant, unknown, inconspicuous, unremarkable Perseverance - (ধৈর্য) - Meaning: Persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success; Synonyms: persistence, determination, tenacity, endurance, resolve; Antonyms: quitting, giving up, surrender, abandonment, fickleness Commitment - (প্রতিশ্রুতি) - Meaning: Dedication or obligation to a cause or activity; Synonyms: dedication, devotion, loyalty, allegiance, fidelity; Antonyms: indifference, apathy, disloyalty, irresponsibility, negligence Genocide - (নরশহা) - Meaning: The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular ethnic group or nation; Synonyms: mass murder, ethnic cleansing, holocaust, slaughter, annihilation; Antonyms: peace, harmony, coexistence, reconciliation, tolerance Perpetrators - (অপরাধী) - Meaning: Those who commit or carry out a crime or wrongdoing; Synonyms: offenders, culprits, criminals, wrongdoers, perpetrators; Antonyms: victims, innocents, righteous, defenders, protectors Assassinated - (হত্যা করা) - Meaning: Killed violently, especially as a political act; Synonyms: murdered, killed, executed, slaughtered, terminated; Antonyms: spared, rescued, preserved, safeguarded, protected Dint - (শক্তি) - Meaning: Force or power, especially as the result of effort; Synonyms: effort, strength, power, influence, impact; Antonyms: weakness, feebleness, frailty, impotence, insignificance Dignity - (গরিমা) - Meaning: The quality of being worthy of honor or respect; Synonyms: respectability, honor, integrity, pride, nobility; Antonyms: dishonor, shame, humiliation, degradation, indignity Engage - (ব্যবহৃত করা) - Meaning: To occupy or involve oneself in a particular activity or cause; Synonyms: involve, participate, immerse, occupy, absorb; Antonyms: disengage, detach, withdraw, dissociate, abstain Unique - (অনন্য) - Meaning: Being the only one of its kind; Synonyms: distinct, individual, singular, exclusive, unparalleled; Antonyms: common, ordinary, typical, commonplace, standard Cowardly - (ভীতিপূর্ণ) - Meaning: Lacking courage or bravery; Synonyms: timid, fearful, spineless, craven, pusillanimous; Antonyms: brave, courageous, fearless, valiant, intrepid Tall - (লম্বা) - Meaning: Having a great height, especially when impressive or dignified; Synonyms: towering, lofty, high, imposing, grand; Antonyms: short, low, petite, diminutive, small Remarkable - (অবাককর) - Meaning: Worthy of attention or notice due to being unusual or exceptional; Synonyms: extraordinary, notable, impressive, outstanding, noteworthy; Antonyms: ordinary, mundane, average, unremarkable, commonplace Legacy - (পরম্পরা) - Meaning: Something handed down or received from an ancestor or predecessor; Synonyms: inheritance, bequest, heritage, tradition, endowment; Antonyms: novelty, innovation, departure, deviation, renunciation Cultural - (সাংস্কৃতিক) - Meaning: Relating to the customs, arts, and social institutions of a particular group or society; Synonyms: ethnic, traditional, artistic, societal, social; Antonyms: uncultured, barbaric, unsophisticated, crude, philistine Assassination - (হত্যাপ্রবণতা) - Meaning: The action of killing someone, typically a prominent figure, suddenly or secretly; Synonyms: murder, killing, execution, homicide, slaying; Antonyms: protection, preservation, safeguarding, defense, security Lesson 2 Affectionate, Lively and Always Smiling Sheikh Kamal Tribute - (শ্রদ্ধাঞ্জলি) - Meaning: An act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration; Synonyms: homage, honor, eulogy, accolade, commendation; Antonyms: disrespect, criticism, condemnation, reproach, disdain Recalls - (মনে করা) - Meaning: Remembering or bringing back to mind; Synonyms: remembers, reminisces, evokes, retrieves, reminisces; Antonyms: forgets, disregards, ignores, overlooks, neglects Exceptional - (অসাধারণ) - Meaning: Unusually good or outstanding; Synonyms: extraordinary, remarkable, outstanding, exceptional, uncommon; Antonyms: ordinary, average, common, mediocre, usual Greeted - (অভিবাদন করা) - Meaning: Welcomed or addressed someone with a gesture of recognition or friendliness; Synonyms: welcomed, saluted, acknowledged, addressed, hailed; Antonyms: ignored, neglected, disregarded, shunned, avoided Hugely - (অত্যন্ত) - Meaning: To a very great extent or degree; Synonyms: greatly, enormously, immensely, exceedingly, tremendously; Antonyms: slightly, minimally, scarcely, moderately, insignificantly Tireless - (অবিরাম) - Meaning: Showing great effort or energy that does not diminish; Synonyms: indefatigable, untiring, energetic, unflagging, relentless; Antonyms: lethargic, lazy, weary, sluggish, idle Regaled - (আনন্দিত করা) - Meaning: Entertained or amused someone with talk or stories; Synonyms: entertained, amused, delighted, pleased, gratified; Antonyms: bored, annoyed, disinterested, displeased, discouraged Spontaneously - (স্বাভাবিকভাবে) - Meaning: Occurring or done without premeditation or external stimulus; Synonyms: naturally, impulsively, instinctively, voluntarily, freely; Antonyms: intentionally, deliberately, artificially, consciously, planned Instinctively - (স্বাভাবিকভাবে) - Meaning: In a way that is natural or based on instinct; Synonyms: naturally, intuitively, inherently, innately, reflexively; Antonyms: deliberately, intentionally, consciously, artificially, unnaturally Cross-section - (ক্রসঅনুভাগ) - Meaning: A representative sample of a group or population; Synonyms: sample, subset, selection, segment, portion; Antonyms: entirety, whole, aggregate, total, entirety Augment - (বৃদ্ধি করা) - Meaning: To make something greater by adding to it; Synonyms: increase, enlarge, expand, boost, enhance; Antonyms: decrease, diminish, reduce, lower, shrink Eloquent - (সুনির্ভর) - Meaning: Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing; Synonyms: articulate, expressive, persuasive, fluent, impressive; Antonyms: inarticulate, hesitant, faltering, tongue-tied, unconvincing Vivid - (স্পষ্ট) - Meaning: Producing very clear and detailed images in the mind; Synonyms: clear, graphic, lively, striking, vibrant; Antonyms: dull, vague, indistinct, blurry, obscure Stirred - (উত্তেজিত করা) - Meaning: Caused to feel an emotion, typically one of excitement or compassion; Synonyms: aroused, provoked, moved, stimulated, excited; Antonyms: calmed, soothed, pacified, tranquilized, placated Treasure - (ধন) - Meaning: To regard or treat as precious or valuable; Synonyms: cherish, value, prize, appreciate, adore; Antonyms: neglect, discard, abandon, despise, disregard Drift - (পৃথক্কৃত হত্তয়া) - Meaning: Move or be carried slowly by a current of air or water; Synonyms: float, glide, wander, meander, stray; Antonyms: remain, stay, settle, anchor, dock Renegade - (ধর্ম ত্যাগী) - Meaning: A person who deserts and betrays an organization, country, or set of principles; Synonyms: traitor, rebel, defector, apostate, turncoat; Antonyms: loyalist, patriot, adherent, supporter, faithful Attractive - (আকর্ষণীয়) - Meaning: Appealing or pleasing in appearance or character; Synonyms: appealing, charming, captivating, alluring, enchanting; Antonyms: unattractive, repellent, repulsive, unappealing, disagreeable Stunned - (অবাক) - Meaning: Shocked or surprised to the point of being unable to react; Synonyms: astonished, amazed, bewildered, flabbergasted, dumbfounded; Antonyms: unsurprised, indifferent, unmoved, unimpressed, unaffected Blessed - (ধন্যবাদ) - Meaning: Favored or endowed with good fortune; Synonyms: fortunate, lucky, favored, privileged, blessed; Antonyms: unlucky, unfortunate, cursed, doomed, hapless Lesson 3 Brojen Das: On Conquering the English Channel Legendary - (ঐতিহাসিক) - Meaning: Remarkably famous or well-known; Synonyms: mythical, iconic, celebrated, renowned, fabled; Antonyms: obscure, unknown, unremarkable, ordinary, insignificant Swim across - (দক্ষিণে সাঁতার করা) - Meaning: To travel by swimming from one side to another; Synonyms: traverse, cross, navigate, pass, journey; Antonyms: avoid, circumvent, bypass, detour, evade Record-breaking - (রেকর্ড ভেঙে নেওয়া) - Meaning: Achieving a feat or performance that surpasses previous records; Synonyms: groundbreaking, unprecedented, unparalleled, exceptional, extraordinary; Antonyms: ordinary, average, typical, conventional, unremarkable Honoured - (সম্মানিত) - Meaning: Respected or recognized with an award, prize, or distinction; Synonyms: acclaimed, esteemed, revered, lauded, respected; Antonyms: dishonored, disgraced, shamed, disrespected, disregarded Posthumously - (পরম্পরাগতভাবে) - Meaning: Occurring after the death of the person to whom it is awarded; Synonyms: posthumous, after death, post-mortem; Antonyms: prehumously, during life, before death Electrified - (বিদ্যুতপূর্ণ) - Meaning: Filled with excitement, enthusiasm, or energy; Synonyms: energized, charged, thrilled, excited, stimulated; Antonyms: demotivated, disinterested, bored, unenthusiastic, indifferent Striving - (অভিযান) - Meaning: Making great efforts to achieve or obtain something; Synonyms: endeavoring, struggling, endeavoring, endeavoring, endeavoring; Antonyms: idling, procrastinating, neglecting, giving up, abandoning Goaded - (উদ্দীপিত) - Meaning: Urged or driven into action by something; Synonyms: prodded, motivated, incited, spurred, encouraged; Antonyms: discouraged, deterred, demotivated, dissuaded, hindered Treachery - (গদ্ধতা) - Meaning: Betrayal of trust or faith; Synonyms: betrayal, deceit, deception, treason, disloyalty; Antonyms: loyalty, faithfulness, honesty, fidelity, allegiance Subdue - (দমন করা) - Meaning: To overcome, quieten, or bring under control; Synonyms: conquer, suppress, control, restrain, quell; Antonyms: incite, provoke, encourage, stimulate, exacerbate Ill luck - (দুর্ভাগ্য) - Meaning: Misfortune or bad luck; Synonyms: misfortune, adversity, calamity, setback, disaster; Antonyms: fortune, luck, success, prosperity, advantage Fixated - (লাগা হওয়া) - Meaning: Obsessively focused on or preoccupied with something; Synonyms: obsessed, absorbed, engrossed, captivated, fixated; Antonyms: indifferent, apathetic, disinterested, unconcerned, uninterested Oblivious - (অজ্ঞান) - Meaning: Unaware or unconscious of what is happening around; Synonyms: unaware, unconscious, ignorant, oblivious, inattentive; Antonyms: aware, conscious, alert, attentive, mindful Saps - (ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত করা) - Meaning: Weakens or drains the strength or energy of; Synonyms: weakens, drains, depletes, exhausts, undermines; Antonyms: strengthens, invigorates, energizes, fortifies, reinforces Famished - (ক্ষুধার্ত) - Meaning: Extremely hungry; Synonyms: hungry, starving, ravenous, voracious, famished; Antonyms: full, satiated, satisfied, content, fed Momentum - (চলাচলের অবস্থা) - Meaning: The force or speed of movement; Synonyms: impetus, drive, thrust, propulsion, force; Antonyms: inertia, stagnation, stillness, sluggishness, lethargy Inch by inch - (প্রতি ইঞ্চি) - Meaning: Very slowly and gradually; Synonyms: gradually, slowly, steadily, progressively, bit by bit; Antonyms: rapidly, swiftly, quickly, abruptly, suddenly Dangling - (ঝুলন্ত) - Meaning: Hanging or swinging loosely; Synonyms: hanging, swinging, swaying, dangling, suspended; Antonyms: fixed, stationary, stable, immobile, secure Craggy - (খোরামি) - Meaning: Rugged, rough, or uneven in texture; Synonyms: rugged, rough, uneven, rocky, jagged; Antonyms: smooth, even, flat, level, uniform Shore - (তীর) - Meaning: The land along the edge of a sea, lake, or river; Synonyms: coastline, beach, coast, shore, seashore; Antonyms: inland, interior, mainland, countryside, hinterland Opposition - (প্রতিপক্ষ) - Meaning: Resistance or disagreement; Synonyms: resistance, defiance, opposition, dissent, disagreement; Antonyms: agreement, compliance, conformity, concordance, acquiescence Captivating - (আকর্ষণীয়) - Meaning: Fascinating or enchanting; Synonyms: enchanting, mesmerizing, enthralling, captivating, spellbinding; Antonyms: boring, dull, uninteresting, mundane, pedestrian Eloquence - (বাক্পটুতা) - Meaning: Fluent or persuasive speaking or writing; Synonyms: articulateness, fluency, rhetoric, oratory, expressiveness; Antonyms: inarticulateness, incoherence, stuttering, mumbling, speechlessness Top of the world - (বিশ্বের শীর্ষে) - Meaning: In a state of great happiness or triumph; Synonyms: ecstatic, elated, jubilant, euphoric, thrilled; Antonyms: dejected, disheartened, crestfallen, discouraged, despondent Prayer - (প্রার্থনা) - Meaning: A solemn request for help or expression of thanks addressed to God or a deity; Synonyms: invocation, supplication, entreaty, plea, petition; Antonyms: blasphemy, curse, imprecation, malediction, profanity Imploring - (বিনয়) - Meaning: Making an earnest or desperate appeal; Synonyms: beseeching, entreating, begging, pleading, supplicating; Antonyms: commanding, demanding, ordering, insisting, requiring Crowning - (মুকুটাধারণ) - Meaning: Concluding or completing with an ultimate achievement or honor; Synonyms: crowning, culminating, pinnacle, zenith, apex; Antonyms: beginning, initiation, start, opening, introduction Unpredictable - (অনিয়ন্ত্রিত) - Meaning: Not able to be predicted or foreseen; Synonyms: erratic, capricious, volatile, uncertain, variable; Antonyms: predictable, certain, reliable, stable, consistent Swollen - (ফুলে উঠা) - Meaning: Enlarged or distended, especially due to pressure or injury; Synonyms: inflamed, distended, puffed, bloated, swollen; Antonyms: deflated, shrunken, contracted, compressed, diminished Proverbial - (প্রবৃদ্ধিপ্রাপ্ত) - Meaning: Widely known or recognized, especially due to being frequently mentioned in proverbs; Synonyms: traditional, stereotypical, customary, proverbial, conventional; Antonyms: atypical, unusual, unconventional, non-traditional, unorthodox Lesson 4 Scaling a Mountain Peak Icon - (প্রতিমা) - Meaning: A symbol or representation of something revered or idolized; Synonyms: symbol, emblem, representation, figure, idol; Antonyms: ordinary, common, unremarkable, unimportant, insignificant Modest - (মিতব্যয়) - Meaning: Unassuming or humble in manner or appearance; Synonyms: humble, unassuming, unpretentious, simple, plain; Antonyms: arrogant, boastful, conceited, flamboyant, extravagant Extraordinarily - (অসাধারণভাবে) - Meaning: In an exceptional or remarkable manner; Synonyms: exceptionally, remarkably, unusually, incredibly, remarkably; Antonyms: ordinarily, typically, commonly, routinely, normally Accepting - (গ্রহণযোগ্য) - Meaning: Willing to receive or consider; Synonyms: receptive, open, welcoming, accommodating, tolerant; Antonyms: rejecting, refusing, denying, repudiating, dismissing Freedom fighter - (স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামী) - Meaning: A person who fights against oppression or for freedom, especially in a war or conflict; Synonyms: revolutionary, insurgent, guerrilla, patriot, rebel; Antonyms: oppressor, tyrant, dictator, despot, autocrat Inspiration - (অনুপ্রেরণা) - Meaning: The process of being mentally stimulated to do or feel something, especially to do something creative; Synonyms: motivation, influence, encouragement, stimulation, impulse; Antonyms: discouragement, demotivation, inhibition, repression, hindrance Obstacles - (বাধা) - Meaning: Something that obstructs or hinders progress; Synonyms: hindrance, barrier, impediment, obstruction, hurdle; Antonyms: facilitator, advantage, aid, assistance, help Pillar of support - (সহায়তা এর স্তম্ভ) - Meaning: A person or thing providing essential support or stability; Synonyms: cornerstone, mainstay, anchor, foundation, backbone; Antonyms: liability, weakness, hindrance, instability, frailty Courage - (সাহস) - Meaning: The ability to do something that frightens one; Synonyms: bravery, valor, fearlessness, audacity, fortitude; Antonyms: cowardice, timidity, fearfulness, spinelessness, pusillanimity Determination - (দৃঢ়তা) - Meaning: Firmness of purpose; resoluteness; Synonyms: resolve, perseverance, persistence, tenacity, grit; Antonyms: indecision, wavering, vacillation, irresolution, uncertainty Hardworking - (পরিশ্রমী) - Meaning: Diligent or industrious in nature; Synonyms: diligent, industrious, assiduous, conscientious, zealous; Antonyms: lazy, indolent, idle, slothful, lethargic Calamitous - (বিপর্যয়কারী) - Meaning: Involving calamity; catastrophic or disastrous; Synonyms: disastrous, catastrophic, tragic, devastating, ruinous; Antonyms: fortunate, auspicious, propitious, advantageous, favorable Inspirational - (অনুপ্রেরক) - Meaning: Providing or showing creative or spiritual inspiration; Synonyms: motivational, uplifting, encouraging, inspiring, stimulating; Antonyms: demotivating, discouraging, disheartening, uninspiring, unstimulating Mountaineer - (পাহাড় চাড়াবালা) - Meaning: A person who climbs mountains as a sport or profession; Synonyms: climber, alpinist, scaler, peak bagger, mountaineer; Antonyms: valley dweller, lowlander, flatlander, non-climber, non-mountaineer Discipline - (নিয়ম) - Meaning: Training oneself to follow a set of rules or code of behavior; Synonyms: self-control, self-discipline, restraint, obedience, control; Antonyms: indiscipline, disorder, chaos, anarchy, unruliness Perseverance - (ধৈর্য) - Meaning: Persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success; Synonyms: persistence, tenacity, determination, doggedness, endurance; Antonyms: quitting, giving up, surrendering, abandonment, desistance Institutional - (প্রতিষ্ঠানিক) - Meaning: Relating to or characteristic of institutions; Synonyms: organizational, official, formal, structured, systematic; Antonyms: informal, unofficial, non-institutional, unconventional, unstructured Ambassador - (দূত) - Meaning: A representative or promoter of a specified activity or campaign; Synonyms: representative, spokesperson, advocate, envoy, messenger; Antonyms: opponent, adversary, antagonist, critic, detractor Expedition - (প্রয়াত্ন) - Meaning: A journey or voyage undertaken by a group of people with a particular purpose, especially that of exploration, research, or war; Synonyms: journey, tour, excursion, trip, voyage; Antonyms: stay, halt, stop, cessation, pause Jointly - (সহযোগিতায়) - Meaning: In cooperation or collaboration with others; Synonyms: together, cooperatively, collectively, collaboratively, conjointly; Antonyms: individually, separately, autonomously, independently, singly Lesson 5 The Unbeaten Girls Traditional society - (ঐতিহাসিক সমাজ) - Meaning: A society characterized by customs, beliefs, and practices passed down through generations; Synonyms: conservative society, conventional society, orthodox society; Antonyms: modern society, progressive society, innovative society Vigour - (শক্তি) - Meaning: Physical strength and energy; Synonyms: energy, vitality, strength, vigor, robustness; Antonyms: weakness, lethargy, feebleness, frailty, debility Naive - (সরল) - Meaning: Showing a lack of experience, wisdom, or judgment; Synonyms: innocent, unsophisticated, gullible, inexperienced, credulous; Antonyms: sophisticated, worldly, experienced, shrewd, cynical Conclusively - (চূড়ান্তভাবে) - Meaning: In a decisive and indisputable manner; Synonyms: decisively, definitively, unequivocally, irrefutably, categorically; Antonyms: inconclusively, tentatively, ambiguously, doubtfully, uncertainly Illuminate - (আলোকিত করা) - Meaning: To light up or brighten with light; Synonyms: light up, brighten, light, irradiate, illuminate; Antonyms: darken, dim, obscure, overshadow, dull Metaphorically - (রুপক) - Meaning: In a figurative or symbolic sense, not literal; Synonyms: symbolically, figuratively, allegorically, emblematically, representatively; Antonyms: literally, realistically, directly, concretely, plainly Dominated - (বাধাগ্রস্ত করা) - Meaning: Exercised a commanding influence or control over; Synonyms: controlled, governed, commanded, ruled, dictated; Antonyms: submitted, yielded, obeyed, acquiesced, surrendered Adversities - (প্রতিকূল পরিস্থিতি) - Meaning: Difficulties or misfortune; Synonyms: hardships, difficulties, troubles, adversities, challenges; Antonyms: advantages, benefits, opportunities, advantages, aids Persuaded - (প্রবর্তন করা) - Meaning: Convinced someone to do something through reasoning or argument; Synonyms: convinced, induced, influenced, urged, prompted; Antonyms: dissuaded, discouraged, deterred, prevented, inhibited Inhibition - (বাধা) - Meaning: A feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way; Synonyms: restraint, shyness, reserve, self-consciousness, hesitation; Antonyms: boldness, confidence, assurance, audacity, fearlessness Grooming - (পরিচ্ছন্নতা) - Meaning: Preparing or training someone for a particular role or function; Synonyms: training, preparing, educating, coaching, cultivating; Antonyms: neglecting, ignoring, abandoning, disregarding, overlooking Epic - (মহাকাব্য) - Meaning: A long poem, typically derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures; Synonyms: saga, tale, narrative, legend, chronicle; Antonyms: concise, brief, short, succinct, terse Jerseys - (জার্সি) - Meaning: Shirts or tops worn as part of a sports uniform; Synonyms: shirts, tops, uniforms, kits, sweaters; Antonyms: pants, trousers, skirts, dresses, shorts Conclusively - (চূড়ান্তভাবে) - Meaning: In a decisive and indisputable manner; Synonyms: decisively, definitively, unequivocally, irrefutably, categorically; Antonyms: inconclusively, tentatively, ambiguously, doubtfully, uncertainly Literally - (শব্দস্পষ্টভাবে) - Meaning: In a literal or exact sense; Synonyms: exactly, precisely, truly, accurately, verbatim; Antonyms: figuratively, metaphorically, symbolically, allegorically, representatively Progressive - (প্রগতিশীল) - Meaning: Characterized by continuous improvement or advancement; Synonyms: forward-thinking, innovative, modern, dynamic, liberal; Antonyms: conservative, traditional, regressive, backward, old-fashioned Orthodox - (পরম্পরাগত) - Meaning: Adhering to traditional or established beliefs, customs, or practices; Synonyms: traditional, conservative, conventional, traditionalist, reactionary; Antonyms: unorthodox, unconventional, nonconformist, avant-garde, progressive Unconvinced - (অসন্দেহে) - Meaning: Not convinced or persuaded; Synonyms: doubtful, skeptical, unsure, dubious, hesitant; Antonyms: convinced, persuaded, assured, certain, confident Unambitious - (অস্থির) - Meaning: Lacking in ambition or aspiration; Synonyms: unmotivated, unenterprising, apathetic, indifferent, aimless; Antonyms: ambitious, motivated, enterprising, aspirational, driven Energetic - (শক্তিশালী) - Meaning: Showing or involving great activity or vitality; Synonyms: dynamic, lively, vigorous, spirited, animated; Antonyms: lethargic, sluggish, inactive, inert, lazy

Unit Five: Relationships Lesson 1 Family Relationship 1. Instinct: (অবস্থা), Meaning: An innate behavior; Synonyms: intuition, inherent drive, natural impulse, gut feeling; Antonym: learned behavior 2. Companionship: (সহবাস), Meaning: State of mutual support and friendship; Synonyms: camaraderie, fellowship, togetherness, company; Antonym: solitude 3. Pursues: (অনুসরণ করে), Meaning: Actively seeks or strives for something; Synonyms: seeks, follows, chases, endeavors; Antonym: abandons 4. Familial: (পরিবারিক), Meaning: Relating to family or kin; Synonyms: family, related, hereditary, ancestral; Antonym: non-familial 5. Bonds: (বন্ধন), Meaning: Connections formed based on shared experiences; Synonyms: connections, relationships, links, ties; Antonym: disconnection 6. Fostered: (প্রতিপালিত), Meaning: Encouraged development; Synonyms: nurtured, cultivated, encouraged, promoted; Antonym: hindered 7. Affection: (অনুরাগ), Meaning: Fondness or tenderness; Synonyms: love, care, attachment, warmth; Antonym: indifference 8. Loneliness: (একাকিত্ব), Meaning: Feeling sad due to lack of companionship; Synonyms: solitude, isolation, aloneness, desolation; Antonym: companionship 9. Redoubles: (দুগুন করে), Meaning: Increases twofold; Synonyms: intensifies, amplifies, magnifies, doubles; Antonym: diminishes 10. Quarrelling: (ঝগড়া), Meaning: Engaging in argument; Synonyms: arguing, disputing, bickering, squabbling; Antonym: agreeing 11. Misery: (দুঃখ), Meaning: State of great suffering; Synonyms: suffering, sorrow, anguish, pain; Antonym: happiness 12. Trust: (বিশ্বাস), Meaning: Firm belief in reliability; Synonyms: confidence, faith, reliance, assurance; Antonym: distrust 13. Respect: (শ্রদ্ধা), Meaning: Admiration or deference; Synonyms: esteem, honor, reverence, regard; Antonym: disrespect 14. Selfish: (স্বার্থী), Meaning: Concerned only with oneself; Synonyms: egotistical, self-centered, narcissistic, self-absorbed; Antonym: selfless 15. Possessive: (অধিকারী), Meaning: Demanding total attention; Synonyms: controlling, dominating, jealous, clingy; Antonym: unpossessive 16. Effective: (কার্যকর), Meaning: Producing desired result; Synonyms: efficient, successful, productive, potent; Antonym: ineffective 17. Quarrelling: (ঝগড়া), Meaning: Engaging in argument; Synonyms: arguing, disputing, bickering, squabbling; Antonym: agreeing 18. Fighting: (যুদ্ধ), Meaning: Engaging in confrontation; Synonyms: battling, struggling, clashing, combatting; Antonym: peacemaking 19. Emotional: (ভাবাত্মক), Meaning: Relating to feelings; Synonyms: sentimental, affective, passionate, heartfelt; Antonym: rational 20. Health: (স্বাস্থ্য), Meaning: State of being free from illness; Synonyms: well-being, fitness, robustness, vitality; Antonym: illness Lesson 2 Love and Friendship blueblack (নীল-কালো) - Meaning in English: Very dark blue, almost black. Synonyms: navy, midnight, sapphire, ebony, inky. Antonym: bright. banked (ব্যাংক করা) - Meaning in English: Gathered or piled up. Synonyms: stacked, accumulated, heaped, amassed, piled. Antonym: dispersed. chronic (অবশ্যই প্রাণস্থিতিমূলক) - Meaning in English: Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Synonyms: persistent, enduring, long-lasting, continual, recurrent. Antonym: temporary. indifferently (তোমার সাথে বেদেশে) - Meaning in English: Without interest or concern; apathetically. Synonyms: unconcernedly, disinterestedly, apathetically, impassively, nonchalantly. Antonym: attentively. austere (মর্যাদাপূর্ণ) - Meaning in English: Severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance. Synonyms: stern, strict, ascetic, rigorous, Spartan. Antonym: lavish. offices (দায়িত্ব) - Meaning in English: Duties or responsibilities, especially of a formal or official nature. Synonyms: duties, obligations, functions, tasks, roles. Antonym: leisure. Lesson 3 A Mother in Mannville orphanage (অনাথালয়) - Meaning in English: A residential institution for the care and education of orphans. autumn (শরৎকাল) - Meaning in English: The season between summer and winter, often characterized by cooler temperatures and falling leaves. isolation (বিদ্বেষনা) - Meaning in English: The state of being separated from others; solitude. malaria (জ্বরজন্য) - Meaning in English: A serious tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes, causing fever and often aches and fatigue. subtropics (উপনীহারপ্রদেশ) - Meaning in English: Regions located between the tropical and temperate zones, characterized by mild winters and hot summers. homesick (গৃহেরজন্য) - Meaning in English: Longing for one's home or native country. com (কঁচি খুটির ধান) - Meaning in English: Corn on the cob, especially when harvested but not yet shelled. pumpkins (মিষ্টি কুমড়া) - Meaning in English: Large, round, orange squash fruit with a thick rind, edible flesh, and many seeds. black-walnut trees (কালো আখ গাছ) - Meaning in English: Trees that produce walnuts with a dark, hard shell. overalls (অভারঅল) - Meaning in English: Loose-fitting trousers with a piece covering the chest and attached suspenders. tom shirt (টম শার্ট) - Meaning in English: A simple shirt, typically made of cotton, often worn by boys. barefooted (নির্জনপদযুক্ত) - Meaning in English: Without shoes or socks; barefoot. rhythmic (রবানুরব) - Meaning in English: Having a regular pattern or beat. stoop (কুঁচকরা) - Meaning in English: A small porch, platform, or staircase leading to the entrance of a house. neat (সাবলীল) - Meaning in English: Tidy and orderly. vermilion (সিমেন্তাচূর্ণ) - Meaning in English: A bright red pigment or color resembling the red of blood. imperial yellow (ইমপিরিয়াল হলুদ) - Meaning in English: A rich, deep shade of yellow. fury (ক্রোধ) - Meaning in English: Wild or violent anger. spinster (অবিবাহিতা নারী) - Meaning in English: An unmarried woman, typically older and beyond the usual age for marriage. duplicate (নকল করা) - Meaning in English: To make an exact copy of something. predicated (প্রকট করা) - Meaning in English: Based on or derived from something else. eccentricity (উত্কৃষ্টতা) - Meaning in English: The quality of being unconventional or slightly strange. inarticulate (অকথ্য) - Meaning in English: Unable to speak clearly or express oneself effectively. stolid (অচঞ্চল) - Meaning in English: Calm, dependable, and showing little emotion or animation. reticent (অদ্ভুতকথা) - Meaning in English: Reserved or reluctant to speak freely; taciturn. ingenuous (প্রতিভাহী) - Meaning in English: Innocent and unsuspecting. parsimony (কঞ্জুসি) - Meaning in English: Extreme unwillingness to spend money or use resources. benevolent (দয়ালু) - Meaning in English: Well-meaning and kindly. stoicism (নৈর্বচ্য) - Meaning in English: The endurance of pain or hardship without the display of feelings and without complaint. furtive (চোরাচোরি) - Meaning in English: Attempting to avoid notice or attention, typically because of guilt or a belief that discovery would lead to trouble. expedient (কাজের কাজে ব্যবহারী) - Meaning in English: Convenient and practical, although possibly improper or immoral. impudent (ঘৃণিত) - Meaning in English: Not showing due respect for another person; impertinent. precocious (অগ্রবতী) - Meaning in English: Having developed certain abilities or inclinations at an earlier age than usual. sagacious (বিচক্ষণ) - Meaning in English: Having or showing keen mental discernment and good judgment; wise or shrewd. perfunctory (মৌলিক) - Meaning in English: Carried out with a minimum of effort or reflection. elusive (অলক্ষ্য) - Meaning in English: Difficult to find, catch, or achieve. disconsolate (অসন্তুষ্ট) - Meaning in English: Without consolation or comfort; unhappy. serendipitous (আপন প্রশংসা) - Meaning in English: Occurring or discovered by chance in a happy or beneficial way. trepidation (অস্থিরতা) - Meaning in English: A feeling of fear or agitation about something that may happen. resilient (টেনে ওঠা) - Meaning in English: Able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions. Unit Six: Adolescence Lesson 1 The Storm and Stress of Adolescence adolescence (কিশোরবয়স) - Meaning in English: The period between childhood and adulthood, typically characterized by rapid physical and psychological changes. determinants (নির্ধারক) - Meaning in English: Factors or conditions that determine the outcome or course of events. acquisition (অর্জন) - Meaning in English: The act of gaining possession or control of something. tremendous (অত্যন্ত) - Meaning in English: Extremely large or great in amount, scale, or intensity. exert (প্রয়োগ করা) - Meaning in English: Apply or bring to bear (a force, influence, or quality). consequence (ফলাফল) - Meaning in English: A result or effect of an action or condition. vulnerable (ভঙ্গিম) - Meaning in English: Susceptible to physical or emotional harm or attack. intervene (বলাবয়দ্ধ) - Meaning in English: Take action to prevent an undesirable outcome. transition (পরিবর্তন) - Meaning in English: The process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another. infancy (শিশুত্ব) - Meaning in English: The early stage of life from birth to about two years old, characterized by rapid growth and development. early childhood (প্রাথমিক শিশুত্ব) - Meaning in English: The stage of development from ages three to eight, marked by significant physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional growth. later childhood (পরপর শিশুত্ব) - Meaning in English: The stage of development from ages nine to twelve, characterized by further cognitive and social development. adolescence (কিশোরবয়) - Meaning in English: The transitional period between childhood and adulthood, typically ranging from ages thirteen to eighteen, marked by rapid physical, cognitive, and emotional changes. puberty (পুরুষাঙ্গম) - Meaning in English: The period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction. social status (সামাজিক অবস্থা) - Meaning in English: The position or rank of an individual within a society, often determined by factors such as wealth, occupation, or education. biological processes (জৈবিক প্রক্রিয়া) - Meaning in English: Processes related to the functioning and development of living organisms, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. universal (সার্বজনীন) - Meaning in English: Applicable or common to all cases or instances. socio-economic (সামাজিক-আর্থিক) - Meaning in English: Relating to the social and economic factors that influence individuals or communities. characteristics (বৈশিষ্ট্য) - Meaning in English: Distinguishing features or qualities of something or someone. attitudes (মনোভাব) - Meaning in English: Beliefs or opinions about something or someone, often influencing behavior. behaviors (আচরণ) - Meaning in English: Actions or conduct exhibited by individuals in response to various stimuli or situations. adjustment (সমন্বয়) - Meaning in English: The process of adapting to new or changing circumstances or environments. mental health problems (মানসিক স্বাস্থ্য সমস্যা) - Meaning in English: Conditions or disorders affecting the psychological well-being of individuals. reproductive health (প্রজনন স্বাস্থ্য) - Meaning in English: The state of physical, mental, and social well-being related to the reproductive system and its functions. provider attitudes (প্রদানকারীর মনোভাব) - Meaning in English: The beliefs or opinions held by healthcare providers or service providers, often influencing the delivery of care or services. intervention (ব্যবস্থাপনা) - Meaning in English: Action taken to improve a situation or prevent it from worsening. transition (পরিণতি) - Meaning in English: The process or period of changing from one state or condition to another. coping skills (প্রতিসাম্য দক্ষতা) - Meaning in English: Abilities or strategies used to deal effectively with stress, adversity, or challenges. social institutions (সামাজিক প্রতিষ্ঠান) - Meaning in English: Established patterns of social behavior or structures, such as family, education, and healthcare systems. Lesson 2 Adolescence and Some (Related) Problems in Bangladesh adolescents (কিশোর) - Meaning in English: Individuals who are in the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. transition (পরিণতি) - Meaning in English: The process or period of changing from one state or condition to another. subordination (নিম্নাধিকার) - Meaning in English: The act of placing someone in a lower or inferior position, often in terms of power or authority. inequality (অসমানতা) - Meaning in English: Lack of equality or fairness, especially in terms of opportunities, treatment, or access to resources. marginalization (অপেক্ষিততা) - Meaning in English: The social process of being relegated to a position of lesser importance or power within a society. exclusion (অবমূল্যকরণ) - Meaning in English: The act of preventing someone from participating fully in society or from accessing certain rights or opportunities. vulnerability (ভুয়োগ্যতা) - Meaning in English: The state of being susceptible to harm, injury, or exploitation. child marriage (শিশু বিবাহ) - Meaning in English: The practice of marrying off children, usually girls, before they reach the age of adulthood. dowry (যৌতুক) - Meaning in English: Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage. marginalized (অবমূল্যিত) - Meaning in English: Made to feel insignificant or of lesser importance within a society. maternal mortality rate (মাতৃমৃত্যু হার) - Meaning in English: The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. mobility (চলনশীলতা) - Meaning in English: The ability to move freely and easily from one place to another. undernourished (অপুষ্ট) - Meaning in English: Not receiving adequate nutrition to maintain good health and proper growth. anaemia (রক্তহীনতা) - Meaning in English: A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness. fertility rate (উর্বরতা হার) - Meaning in English: The number of live births per 1,000 women of reproductive age in a given population. neonatal mortality (নবজাতক মৃত্যু) - Meaning in English: The death of a newborn within the first 28 days of life. criminal activities (অপরাধী কার্যকলাপ) - Meaning in English: Unlawful acts or behaviors that violate the law and may result in punishment. exposed to (সম্মুখীন) - Meaning in English: Placed in a situation where one is at risk of experiencing something unpleasant or harmful. dowry (যৌতুক) - Meaning in English: Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage. mobility (চলনশীলতা) - Meaning in English: The ability to move freely and easily from one place to another. contraception (গর্ভনিরোধ) - Meaning in English: Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. undernourished (অপুষ্ট) - Meaning in English: Not receiving adequate nutrition to maintain good health and proper growth. vulnerable (ভুয়োগ্য) - Meaning in English: Susceptible to harm, injury, or exploitation. Lesson 3 Why Does a Child Hate School? joyless (আনন্দহীন) - Meaning in English: Lacking joy or happiness; dreary. Synonyms: gloomy, dismal, bleak, somber, melancholy. dour-faced (দড়তন্দ্র) - Meaning in English: Having a stern or gloomy facial expression. Synonyms: grim, stern, austere, morose, sullen. drudgery (দীর্ঘসময় ও বিরক্তিকর শ্রম) - Meaning in English: Hard, menial, or dull work; tedious labor. Synonyms: toil, labor, slog, grind, monotony. pent up (কারাগৃহে বা সংকীর্ণ অবস্থায় আবদ্ধ) - Meaning in English: Confined or restrained within a limited space or situation. Synonyms: confined, restricted, enclosed, cramped, constrained. dismay (ভীতিহীনতা) - Meaning in English: A sudden loss of courage or resolution in the face of trouble or danger. Synonyms: consternation, alarm, apprehension, dismay, concern. drooping (লম্বমান) - Meaning in English: Hanging down or bending downwards limply; sagging. Synonyms: sagging, wilting, slumping, bending, hanging. tender (নরম) - Meaning in English: Easily bruised or injured; delicate. Synonyms: fragile, delicate, sensitive, gentle, soft. buds (কুমুদিনী) - Meaning in English: Small protuberances on a plant that will develop into leaves, flowers, or shoots. Synonyms: shoots, sprouts, blossoms, flowers, blooms. blossoms (পুষ্প) - Meaning in English: Flowers collectively, especially on a tree or bush. Synonyms: flowers, blooms, blossoms, petals, buds. mellowing (মৃদুতা আনা) - Meaning in English: Becoming more relaxed, pleasant, or mature over time. Synonyms: ripening, softening, maturing, tempering, aging. joyless (অমনোজ্ঞ) - Meaning in English: Lacking happiness or enjoyment. drudgery (পশ্চাদপশ্চাত্ কঠিন কাজ) - Meaning in English: Hard, menial, or dull work. lecture (প্রবচন) - Meaning in English: A talk or speech given to a group of people, typically to teach or inform them about a particular subject. winds his horn (হর্ণ বাজায়) - Meaning in English: Plays a musical instrument, often associated with hunting, called a horn. drooping (নিকৃষ্ট) - Meaning in English: Hanging or bending downwards; sagging. buds are nipped (কুমড়া কেটে দেওয়া হয়েছে) - Meaning in English: Immature flower buds are damaged or destroyed. blossoms blown away (ফুল হারিয়ে গেছে) - Meaning in English: Flowers are removed or scattered by the wind. tender plants are stripped (কোমরের গাছগুলি খুলছে) - Meaning in English: Delicate or young plants are forcibly removed of their leaves or branches. mellowing year (ধীরে পরিপূর্ণ বছর) - Meaning in English: A year that becomes more gentle and pleasant over time, often associated with ripening or maturing. blasts of winter (শীতের আবহাওয়া) - Meaning in English: Harsh and cold winds and weather associated with the winter season. cages (বাড়ি) - Meaning in English: Confined spaces or enclosures, typically associated with animals. pent up (সংকীর্ণ) - Meaning in English: Confined or restricted in a small or limited space. unacceptable (অগ্রাহ্য) - Meaning in English: Not satisfactory or allowable; intolerable. pleasant (মনোরম) - Meaning in English: Giving a sense of happy satisfaction or enjoyment. learning-friendly (শেখা-প্রিয়) - Meaning in English: Supportive of and conducive to learning. harsh words (কঠোর শব্দ) - Meaning in English: Unpleasant or cruel language used to criticize or scold. special care (বিশেষ যত্ন) - Meaning in English: Extra attention or consideration given to someone's needs or circumstances. learning disabilities (শেখার সমস্যা) - Meaning in English: Conditions that interfere with an individual's ability to process information and learn effectively. freedom (স্বাধীনতা) - Meaning in English: The power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. cruel (ক্রূর) - Meaning in English: Willfully causing pain or suffering to others. outdoors (বাইরে) - Meaning in English: Outside; in the open air. pleads (মানাবল চায়) - Meaning in English: Makes an emotional appeal or earnest request. rescue (নিয়ন্ত্রণে আনা) - Meaning in English: Save (someone) from a dangerous or distressing situation. poem (কবিতা) - Meaning in English: A piece of writing in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by particular attention to diction (sometimes involving rhyme), rhythm, and imagery. pleads (মানাবল চায়) - Meaning in English: Makes an emotional appeal or earnest request. relaxed (শান্ত) - Meaning in English: Free from tension or anxiety; calm and composed. supportive (সমর্থনমূলক) - Meaning in English: Providing encouragement or emotional help. indifferent (অবচেতন) - Meaning in English: Having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned. austere (সঙ্কোচমূলক) - Meaning in English: Severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance. lonely (একাকী) - Meaning in English: Sad because one has no friends or company. Lesson 4 The Story of Shilpi empowerment (শক্তিপ্রাপ্তি) - Meaning in English: The process of enabling individuals or groups to have control over their own lives and circumstances. adolescent (কিশোর) - Meaning in English: Relating to or characteristic of adolescence, the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. peer-to-peer (সমবর্ধীতে) - Meaning in English: Involving or relating to the sharing of information, resources, or services between individuals or groups with similar status or abilities. maternal mortality (মাতৃত্ব মৃত্যুতে) - Meaning in English: The death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management. hemorrhage (রক্তস্রাব) - Meaning in English: Excessive bleeding, typically internal or from a wound. fistula (ফিস্টুলা) - Meaning in English: An abnormal connection between two body parts, such as organs or vessels, that do not normally connect. morbidity (অসুস্থতা) - Meaning in English: The condition of being diseased or unhealthy; the incidence or prevalence of disease. social exclusion (সামাজিক অপরিহার্যতা) - Meaning in English: The process of being shut out, either physically or socially, from normal social interactions or activities. family planning (পরিবার পরিকল্পনা) - Meaning in English: The practice of controlling the number of children one has and the intervals between their births, particularly by means of contraception or voluntary sterilization. pressurize (চাপ দেওয়া) - Meaning in English: To apply pressure or coercion, especially to persuade someone to do something. cultural practices (সাংস্কৃতিক অভ্যন্তর) - Meaning in English: Customs, beliefs, rituals, and behaviors that are characteristic of a particular social group or community. traditions (ঐতিহ্য) - Meaning in English: The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way. rift (ভেদ) - Meaning in English: A serious break in friendly relations between people, groups, or countries. insulted (অপমান) - Meaning in English: To offend someone by treating them with disrespect or scorn. criticized (নিন্দা) - Meaning in English: To express disapproval of someone or something based on perceived faults or mistakes. convinced (সংশ্লিষ্ট) - Meaning in English: Persuaded or caused to believe in something; convinced. trained (প্রশিক্ষিত) - Meaning in English: Educated or instructed in a particular skill or type of behavior. support (সমর্থন) - Meaning in English: To give assistance, encouragement, or approval to someone or something. rooted (মূলভূত) - Meaning in English: Firmly implanted or established; deeply ingrained. villagers (গ্রামীণ) - Meaning in English: People who inhabit or live in a village. speak out against (বিরোধ করা) - Meaning in English: To express strong disapproval or criticism of someone or something publicly. extended family (পরিবার) - Meaning in English: A family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household. tools (যন্ত্র) - Meaning in English: Resources or strategies used to achieve a particular goal or purpose. counselling (পরামর্শ) - Meaning in English: The provision of professional assistance and guidance in resolving personal or psychological problems. risks (ঝুঁকি) - Meaning in English: Situations involving exposure to danger or harm. health care provider (স্বাস্থ্য যন্ত্রপাতি) - Meaning in English: An individual or organization involved in the delivery of medical services or healthcare. parents and neighbours (পিতা-মাতা এবং প্রতিষ্ঠান) - Meaning in English: The immediate family members and individuals living in close proximity to one's residence. potentially harmful effects (সম্ভাব্য ক্ষতিকর প্রভাব) - Meaning in English: Possible adverse consequences or outcomes that could result from certain actions or situations. delay (বিলম্ব) - Meaning in English: To postpone or put off until a later time or date. access (অ্যাক্সেস) - Meaning in English: The ability or right to use, enter, or make use of something. empowerment - শক্তিপ্রাপ্তি (Meaning in English: The process of enabling individuals or groups to have control over their own lives and circumstances. Synonyms: ক্ষমতা প্রাপ্তি, ক্ষমতা অর্জন, অধিকার দান | Antonym: দমন (restraint) reproductive - প্রজননশীল (Meaning in English: Relating to the biological process of reproduction, especially human reproduction.) Synonyms: প্রজনন, উত্পাদনশীল | Antonym: অপ্রজনন (non-reproductive) counselling - পরামর্শ (Meaning in English: The provision of professional assistance and guidance in resolving personal or psychological problems.)Synonyms: পরামর্শদাতা, উপদেষ্টা, সাহায্য | Antonym: বিপদ্যতা (misguidance) peer - সমবর্ধী (Meaning in English: A person who is equal to another in abilities, qualifications, age, background, or social status.) Synonyms: সহকর্মী, সহশিক্ষার্থী | Antonym: আধিক্য (inequality) potential - সম্ভাব্যতা (Meaning in English: Having or showing the capacity to become or develop into something in the future.) Synonyms: সম্ভাব্য, সম্ভাবনামূলক | Antonym: অকার্যক্ষম (incompetent) hemorrhage - রক্তস্রাব (Meaning in English: Excessive bleeding, typically internal or from a wound.) Synonyms: রক্তপাত, রক্তবহণ | Antonym: স্থিতিশীলতা (stasis) obstructed - বাধাগ্রস্ত (Meaning in English: Blocked, hindered, or impeded; having obstacles preventing normal movement or progress.) Synonyms: বাধাযুক্ত, অবরোধিত | Antonym: অবাধিত (unobstructed) morbidity - অসুস্থতা (Meaning in English: The condition of being diseased or unhealthy; the incidence or prevalence of disease.) Synonyms: অসুস্থতাযুক্ততা, রোগত্ব | Antonym: সুস্থতা (health) option - বিকল্প (Meaning in English: A choice or alternative available for consideration.) Synonyms: পছন্দ, সম্ভাবনা, বাছাই | Antonym: নিষেধ (restriction) advocate - প্রতিনিধি (Meaning in English: A person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy.) Synonyms: একত্রিত, একাঙ্গী, বক্তা | Antonym: বিরোধী (opponent) Lesson 5 Say ‘No’ to Bullying Verbal bullying Teasing - (ছিদ্রান্বেষণ) - Making fun of or mocking someone in a hurtful way. Name calling - (নামের অপমান) - Insulting or using derogatory names to address someone. Inappropriate sexual comments - (অযৌক্তিক যৌন মন্তব্য) - Making unwelcome or offensive remarks of a sexual nature. Taunting - (উপদেশ দেওয়া) - Provoking or challenging someone in a mocking or insulting manner. Threatening to cause harm - (ক্ষতি করার হুমকি দেওয়া) - Intimidating or frightening someone by suggesting harm or violence. Social bullying Leaving someone out on purpose - (অপশব্দ ছড়ানো) - Excluding or ignoring someone deliberately. Telling other children not to be friends with someone - (অন্য শিশুদেরকে কেউ সাথে বন্ধুত্ব করতে বলা হচ্ছে না) - Encouraging others to reject or avoid a particular person. Spreading rumours about someone - (অনুপ্রাণিত কোনও বিষয়ে জনসমাগমে গুজব ছড়ানো) - Circulating false or damaging information about someone to harm their reputation. Physical bullying Hitting/kicking/pinching - (আঘাত/লাথি/চুম্বন) - Physically attacking or assaulting someone by hitting, kicking, or pinching them. Spitting - (থুতু ফেলা) - Disrespectfully expelling saliva towards someone as an act of aggression. Tripping/pushing - (পা বারানো/ধাক্কা দেওয়া) - Deliberately causing someone to stumble or fall by tripping or pushing them. Taking or breaking someone’s things - (কোনওর বস্তু নেওয়া বা ভাঙ্গা) - Stealing or damaging someone's belongings. Making mean facial or hand gestures - (মন্থর মুখের বা হাতের ইঙ্গিত করা) - Using facial expressions or hand movements to mock or intimidate someone. 35% of school students experience bullying in Bangladesh: UNICEF bullied (বাধ্য করা) - Meaning in English: Harassed or intimidated by others, typically repeatedly over a period of time. physical fight (শারীরিক ঝড়ত) - Meaning in English: A physical altercation or confrontation between individuals involving violence. peer-to-peer violence (পীয়ারের মধ্যে হিংসা) - Meaning in English: Violence occurring between individuals of similar age, status, or position. bullying (বাধ্যতা) - Meaning in English: The use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively dominate others. data (উপাত্ত) - Meaning in English: Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis. Global School-based Student Health Surveys (বিশ্ব স্কুল-ভিত্তিক শিক্ষার্থী স্বাস্থ্য জরিপ) - Meaning in English: Surveys conducted globally to assess health behaviors and protective factors among students. physical punishment (শারীরিক শাস্তি) - Meaning in English: Punishment inflicted on someone's body as a means of discipline. fully protected (সম্পূর্ণ রক্ষিত) - Meaning in English: Completely safeguarded or defended against harm or danger. Executive Director (কার্যনির্বাহী পরিচালক) - Meaning in English: The senior leader responsible for managing an organization or department. depression (অবসন্নতা) - Meaning in English: Feelings of severe despondency and dejection. anxiety (উদ্বেগ) - Meaning in English: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. suicide (আত্মহত্যা) - Meaning in English: The act of intentionally taking one's own life. disseminating (প্রচারণা করা) - Meaning in English: Spreading or distributing information, knowledge, or ideas widely. hurtful (অপমানজনক) - Meaning in English: Causing distress or injury; offensive. humiliating (অবমাননাপূর্ণ) - Meaning in English: Causing someone to feel ashamed or foolish. industrialised countries (শিল্পবিদ্যুতগত দেশ) - Meaning in English: Countries characterized by a high level of industrialization and economic development. psychological forms of bullying (মানসিক ধরণের বাধ্যতা) - Meaning in English: Bullying that involves emotional or mental manipulation rather than physical violence. threats (আক্রমণের প্রতিশোধ) - Meaning in English: Statements or actions indicating one's intention to cause harm, pain, or trouble. digital world (ডিজিটাল বিশ্ব) - Meaning in English: The environment characterized by the use of digital technology and communication tools. click of a button (এক বাটনের ক্লিক) - Meaning in English: With a simple action on a computer mouse or similar device. claim lives (জীবন ক্ষেত্রে দাবি করা) - Meaning in English: To cause death or fatalities. adolescents (কিশোর) - Meaning in English: Individuals in the stage of development between childhood and adulthood. digital (ডিজিটাল) - Meaning in English: Relating to or using computer technology. protective factors (রক্ষণাত্মক অংশ) - Meaning in English: Factors that reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes or promote positive outcomes. Reply given to Shila’s letter by a legal practitioner. cyber bullying (সাইবার বুলি) - Meaning in English: Bullying through electronic communication, such as social media or messaging platforms. electronic communication (ইলেকট্রনিক যোগাযোগ) - Meaning in English: Communication conducted via electronic devices or technology. social media (সামাজিক যোগাযোগ) - Meaning in English: Websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or participate in social networking. hurtful (অস্বীকার্য) - Meaning in English: Causing emotional pain or distress. scorned at (অপবাদ করা) - Meaning in English: Disapproved or rejected with disdain. punishable (দন্ডনীয়) - Meaning in English: Deserving of punishment. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Act (তথ্য এবং যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তি আইন) - Meaning in English: Legislation regulating the use of information and communication technologies. obscene (অত্যপচারমূলক) - Meaning in English: Offensive or indecent, typically relating to sexual matters. corrupting (দূর্নীতি) - Meaning in English: Causing someone to become immoral or dishonest. prejudice (পূর্বধারণা) - Meaning in English: Bias or discrimination against a particular group or individual. religious belief (ধার্মিক বিশ্বাস) - Meaning in English: Faith or conviction regarding spiritual matters. instigate (উত্তেজনা দেত্তয়া) - Meaning in English: Encourage or provoke (someone) to do something, especially something bad or violent. offence (অপরাধ) - Meaning in English: A violation or breach of a law, rule, or code of conduct. inter alia (মধ্যে মধ্যে) - Meaning in English: Among other things; indicating that there are other items not specifically mentioned. imprisonment (বন্দীবাস) - Meaning in English: The state of being confined in prison; incarceration. complaint (অভিযোগ) - Meaning in English: A formal allegation made against someone. Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) (টেলিযোগাযোগ নিয়ান্ত্রণ কমিশন) - Meaning in English: A regulatory body overseeing telecommunications in Bangladesh. perpetrators (অপরাধী) - Meaning in English: Individuals who carry out a harmful, illegal, or immoral act. lodge (প্রবেশ করানো) - Meaning in English: To submit or register (a complaint, appeal, etc.). helpline (হেল্পলাইন) - Meaning in English: A telephone service providing advice or assistance in emergencies. criminal intimidation (অপরাধী হুমকি) - Meaning in English: The act of threatening someone with harm or violence to coerce or frighten them. liable (দায়ী) - Meaning in English: Legally responsible for something; subject to the law. Penal Code 1860 (দণ্ড বিধি ১৮৬০) - Meaning in English: Legislation outlining criminal offences and their punishments in Bangladesh. internal reporting process (অভ্যন্তরীণ প্রতিবেদনের প্রক্রিয়া) - Meaning in English: The procedure for reporting incidents within an organization or system. photos and comments (ছবি ও মন্তব্য) - Meaning in English: Images and written remarks made on social media or other online platforms. perpetrator (অপরাধী) - Meaning in English: A person who carries out a harmful, illegal, or immoral act. blocking (বাধা দেওয়া) - Meaning in English: Preventing someone from accessing or interacting with certain content or users online. industrialised countries (শিল্পকৃষি সমৃদ্ধ দেশ) - Meaning in English: Countries with developed economies and advanced technological infrastructure. psychological (মানসিক) - Meaning in English: Relating to the mind or mental processes. weapons (অস্ত্র) - Meaning in English: Instruments or devices used for inflicting harm or damage, such as knives or guns. Seven Ways to Deal with Cyber Bullying respond - (প্রতিক্রিয়া দিন) - Meaning in English: To react or reply. screenshot - (স্ক্রিনশট) - Meaning in English: A digital image of what is displayed on a screen. privacy - (গোপনীয়তা) - Meaning in English: The state of being free from public attention or observation. parents - (পিতামাতা) - Meaning in English: One's mother and father or guardians. opportunity - (সুযোগ) - Meaning in English: A chance for advancement or progress. immediately - (তাতপর্য়) - Meaning in English: Without delay or hesitation. attitude - (অবস্থান) - Meaning in English: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something. evidence - (প্রমাণ) - Meaning in English: Information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. panic - (হতাশা) - Meaning in English: A sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety, often causing wildly unthinking behavior. reaction - (প্রতিক্রিয়া) - Meaning in English: An action performed or a feeling experienced in response to a situation or event. power - (ক্ষমতা) - Meaning in English: The capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of others or the course of events. texts - (পাঠ) - Meaning in English: Written or printed communication in the form of words or characters. complaining - (অভিযোগ করা) - Meaning in English: Expressing dissatisfaction or annoyance about something. genuine - (সত্য) - Meaning in English: Truly what something is said to be; authentic. lower - (নিম্ন) - Meaning in English: Reduce or make less in quantity or value. harassed - (আতঙ্কিত) - Meaning in English: Subjected to aggressive pressure or intimidation. settings - (সেটিংস) - Meaning in English: The adjustments or preferences in software or digital devices. protect - (রক্ষা করা) - Meaning in English: To keep safe from harm or danger. passwords - (পাসওয়ার্ড) - Meaning in English: A secret word or phrase that must be used to gain admission to something. advisable - (উপযুক্ত) - Meaning in English: Worthy of being recommended or suggested; prudent. bystander - (অবলম্বী) - Meaning in English: A person who is present at an event or incident but does not take part. empower - (শক্তি প্রদান করা) - Meaning in English: To give someone the authority or power to do something. participating - (অংশগ্রহণ) - Meaning in English: Taking part or engaging in an activity or event. hurts - (ক্ষতি) - Meaning in English: Causes emotional or physical pain or injury. report - (প্রতিবেদন) - Meaning in English: A spoken or written account of an event, especially one intended for publication or broadcast. digital - (ডিজিটাল) - Meaning in English: Relating to or using signals or information represented by discrete values of a physical quantity. bully - (পোলা) - Meaning in English: A person who uses strength or power to harm or intimidate those who are weaker. block - (অবরোধ করা) - Meaning in English: To prevent access or passage. genuine - (সত্য) - Meaning in English: Truly what something is said to be; authentic.

Unit Nine: Peace and Conflict Lesson I Conflict: Causes and Types Conflict - ঝগড়া - A disagreement or argument. Disagreement - অমিল - Lack of agreement or consensus. Antagonism - বিরোধ - Active hostility or opposition. Brutality - নিষ্ঠুরতা - Savage physical violence; great cruelty. Resolution - সমাধান - The action of solving a problem, dispute, or contentious matter. Contentious - বিতর্কিত - Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. Misunderstandings - মিথ্যা অববোধ - A failure to understand something correctly. Stress - তনাব - Mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances. Frustration - বিরক্তি - The feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially because of inability to change or achieve something. Communication - যোগাযোগ - The imparting or exchanging of information or news. Escalation - বৃদ্ধি - A rapid increase; a rise. Hostility - শত্রুতা - Hostile behavior; unfriendliness or opposition. Inevitable - অনিবার্য - Certain to happen; unavoidable. Varied - বিবিধ - Diverse in form or character; differing. Principles - নীতি - A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior. Wars - যুদ্ধ - A state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state. Contending - প্রতিযোগী - Competing or fighting to achieve something. Aggressive - আক্রামক - Hostile and unfriendly in the way one expresses oneself. Maximize - সর্বোচ্চ করা - Make as large or great as possible; make the best use of. Harmony - সমগ্রতা - The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole. Competition - প্রতিযোগিতা - The activity or condition of striving to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others. Opinions - মতামত - A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge. Ideas - ধারণা - A thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action. Beliefs - বিশ্বাস - Trust, faith, or confidence in someone or something. Rigid - কঠিন - Unable to bend or be forced out of shape; not flexible. Expression - অভিব্যক্তি - The process of making known one's thoughts or feelings. Resources - সম্পদ - A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively. Hostilities - শত্রুতা - Acts of warfare; conflict or opposition. Psychological - মানসিক - Relating to the mental and emotional state of a person. Interpersonal - ব্যক্তিগত - Relating to relationships or communication between people. Intrapersonal - আত্মবিষয়ক - Existing or occurring within the individual self or mind. Intragroup - সমূহের মধ্যে - Within a particular group or organization. Intergroup - প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা - Relating to or involving two or more groups. Disputes - বিতর্ক - A disagreement or argument. Agreements - চুক্তি - A negotiated arrangement between two or more parties as a settlement for a dispute. Insight - অন্তর্দৃষ্টি - The capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something. Competing - প্রতিযোগিতা - Striving to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others. Achievement - অর্জন - A thing done successfully, typically by effort, courage, or skill. Guidance - নির্দেশনা - Advice or information aimed at resolving a problem or difficulty, especially as given by someone in authority. Resolution - সমাধান - The action of solving a problem, dispute, or contentious matter. Lesson 2 Cruelties of Conflict Lying - শুয়েছিলাম - Resting in a horizontal position. Soul - আত্মা - The spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal. Thirsty - ক্ষুধার্ত - Feeling a need to drink something. Loaf - রুটির টুকরা - A quantity of bread that is shaped and baked in one piece. Bread - পাউরুটি - Food made of flour, water, and yeast or another leavening agent, mixed together and baked. Stone - পাথর - The hard, solid, non-metallic mineral matter of which rock is made. Ironically - পরিপূর্বানুরূপে - In a way that is contrary to what is expected or intended. Millionaires - লক্ষ্মীপতি - People whose wealth amounts to a million or more in money or property. Banshees - রাতে ঘুরতে ঘোমটা - (In Irish legend) a female spirit whose wailing warns of an impending death in a house. Expensive - দামী - Costing a lot of money. Doctors - ডাক্তার - A qualified practitioner of medicine; a physician. Cure - প্রতিষেধ - Relief from the symptoms of an illness. Heart - হৃদয় - A hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation. Storm - ঝড় - A violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow. Gathering - সংগ্রহ - A coming together of people or things. Wind - বাতাস - The perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current blowing from a particular direction. Suffering - দুঃখ - The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship. Moan - অত্যন্ত স্তব্ধভাবে উচ্চারণ করা - A long, low sound made by a person expressing physical or mental suffering or sexual pleasure. Race - প্রজাতি - Each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics. Lying - শুয়েছিলাম - Resting in a horizontal position. Soul - আত্মা - The spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal. Thirsty - ক্ষুধার্ত - Feeling a need to drink something. Loaf - রুটির টুকরা - A quantity of bread that is shaped and baked in one piece. Bread - পাউরুটি - Food made of flour, water, and yeast or another leavening agent, mixed together and baked. Stone - পাথর - The hard, solid, non-metallic mineral matter of which rock is made. Ironically - পরিপূর্বানুরূপে - In a way that is contrary to what is expected or intended. Millionaires - লক্ষ্মীপতি - People whose wealth amounts to a million or more in money or property. Banshees - রাতে ঘুরতে ঘোমটা - (In Irish legend) a female spirit whose wailing warns of an impending death in a house. Expensive - দামী - Costing a lot of money. Doctors - ডাক্তার - A qualified practitioner of medicine; a physician. Cure - প্রতিষেধ - Relief from the symptoms of an illness. Heart - হৃদয় - A hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation. Storm - ঝড় - A violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow. Gathering - সংগ্রহ - A coming together of people or things. Wind - বাতাস - The perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current blowing from a particular direction. Suffering - দুঃখ - The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship. Moan - অত্যন্ত স্তব্ধভাবে উচ্চারণ করা - A long, low sound made by a person expressing physical or mental suffering or sexual pleasure. Race - প্রজাতি - Each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics. Man - মানুষ - An adult human male. Progress - অগ্রগতি - Forward or onward movement towards a destination. Gonna' - চলবে - Informal contraction of "going to." Blow - বাতাসের ঝড় - A current of air in motion. Suffering - দুঃখ - The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship. Race - প্রজাতি - Each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics. Storm - ঝড় - A violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow. Gathering - সংগ্রহ - A coming together of people or things. Wind - বাতাস - The perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current blowing from a particular direction. Suffering - দুঃখ - The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship. Moan - অত্যন্ত স্তব্ধভাবে উচ্চারণ করা - A long, low sound made by a person expressing physical or mental suffering or sexual pleasure. From 'September 1, 1939' by W. H. Auden Dives - অবান্ধবপন্থান - Informal bars or nightclubs, typically of a low standard. Uncertain - অনিশ্চিত - Not completely confident or sure of something. Afraid - ভীত - Feeling fear or anxiety. Clever - কুশল - Quick to understand, learn, and devise or apply ideas. Hopes - আশা - A feeling of expectation and desire for a particular thing to happen. Expire - মেয়াদোত্তীর্ণ হত্তয়া - (of a document, authorization, or agreement) come to the end of the period of validity. Dishonest - অসাধু - Behaving or prone to behave in an untrustworthy or fraudulent way. Decade - দশক - A period of ten years. Waves - তরঙ্গ - A long body of water curling into an arched form and breaking on the shore. Anger - রাগ - A strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility. Fear - ভয় - An unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm. Circulate - প্রচলিত হত্তয়া - Move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area. Bright - উজ্জ্বল - Giving out or reflecting a lot of light; shining. Darkened - অন্ধকারময় - Made dark or darker, especially through lack of light. Lands - জমি - The part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water, as opposed to the sea or the air. Obsessing - আবিষ্ট হত্তয়া - Preoccupying or filling the mind of (someone) continually, intrusively, and to a troubling extent. Private - ব্যক্তিগত - Belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only. Unmentionable - অকথ্য - Too embarrassing, offensive, or shocking to mention or talk about. Odour - গন্ধ - A distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one. Lesson 3 'The Old Man at the Bridge" by Ernest Hemingway Uncertain - অনিশ্চিত - Not completely confident or sure of something. Clever - কুশল - Quick to understand, learn, and devise or apply ideas. Hopes - আশা - A feeling of expectation and desire for a particular thing to happen. Expire - মেয়াদোত্তীর্ণ হত্তয়া - (of a document, authorization, or agreement) come to the end of the period of validity. Dishonest - অসাধু - Behaving or prone to behave in an untrustworthy or fraudulent way. Decade - দশক - A period of ten years. Waves - তরঙ্গ - A long body of water curling into an arched form and breaking on the shore. Anger - রাগ - A strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility. Fear - ভয় - An unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm. Circulate - প্রচলিত হত্তয়া - Move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area. Bright - উজ্জ্বল - Giving out or reflecting a lot of light; shining. Darkened - অন্ধকারময় - Made dark or darker, especially through lack of light. Lands - জমি - The part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water, as opposed to the sea or the air. Private - ব্যক্তিগত - Belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only. Unmentionable - অকথ্য - Too embarrassing, offensive, or shocking to mention or talk about. Odour - গন্ধ - A distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one. September - সেপ্টেম্বর - The ninth month of the year, in the northern hemisphere usually considered the first month of autumn. Blankly - ফাঁকা - Without expression or understanding; vacantly. Dully - মধ্যস্থভাবে - In a manner lacking brightness, vividness, or sharpness. Fascists - ফ্যাসিস্ট - Members of a political party or movement advocating authoritarian government, extreme nationalism, and racism. Pontoon (English): A flat-bottomed boat or float used for supporting temporary bridges or floating platforms. - পন্তু নৌকা (Bangla) Stagger (ed) (English): Walk or move unsteadily, as if about to fall. - লম্বমানে চলা বা অস্থিরভাবে চলা (Bangla) Plodded (English): Walk doggedly and slowly with heavy steps. - ভারে হাটা (Bangla) Blankly (English): Without expression or understanding; vacantly. - শূন্যতায়, অজ্ঞানে (Bangla) Fascist (English): A member of a political party or movement advocating authoritarian government, extreme nationalism, and racism. - ফ্যাসিস্ট (Bangla) Unit Ten : Environment and Nature Lessen 1 Water, Water Everywhere... Harrowing (English): Acutely distressing. - বিরহজনক (Bangla) Curse (English): An appeal or prayer for evil or misfortune to befall someone or something. - অভিশাপ (Bangla) Crisis (English): A time of intense difficulty or danger. - সঙ্কট (Bangla) Access (English): The means or opportunity to approach or enter a place. - প্রবেশের সুযোগ (Bangla) Plenty (English): A large or sufficient amount or quantity; an abundance. - অধিকতম (Bangla) Perpetual (English): Never ending or changing. - চিরস্থায়ী (Bangla) Stench (English): A strong and very unpleasant smell. - দুর্গন্ধ (Bangla) Tributary (English): A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. - উপ-নদী (Bangla) Bounty (English): Generosity; liberality. - উপহার (Bangla) Discharge (English): Release or let out. - প্রসারিত (Bangla) Toxic (English): Poisonous. - বিষাক্ত (Bangla) Digest (English): Break down (food) in the alimentary canal into substances that can be absorbed and used by the body. - পাচন করা (Bangla) Cruel (English): Willfully causing pain or suffering to others, or feeling no concern about it. - ক্রুর (Bangla) Thoughtless (English): Lacking consideration for others; inconsiderate. - চিন্তামুক্ত (Bangla) Harrowing (English): Acutely distressing. - বিরহজনক (Bangla) Curse (English): An appeal or prayer for evil or misfortune to befall someone or something. - অভিশাপ (Bangla) Crisis (English): A time of intense difficulty or danger. - সঙ্কট (Bangla) Access (English): The means or opportunity to approach or enter a place. - প্রবেশের সুযোগ (Bangla) Plenty (English): A large or sufficient amount or quantity; an abundance. - অধিকতম (Bangla) Perpetual (English): Never ending or changing. - চিরস্থায়ী (Bangla) Stench (English): A strong and very unpleasant smell. - দুর্গন্ধ (Bangla) Tributary (English): A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. - উপ-নদী (Bangla) Bounty (English): Generosity; liberality. - উপহার (Bangla) Discharge (English): Release or let out. - প্রসারিত (Bangla) Toxic (English): Poisonous. - বিষাক্ত (Bangla) Digest (English): Break down (food) in the alimentary canal into substances that can be absorbed and used by the body. - পাচন করা (Bangla) Cruel (English): Willfully causing pain or suffering to others, or feeling no concern about it. - ক্রুর (Bangla) Thoughtless (English): Lacking consideration for others; inconsiderate. - চিন্তামুক্ত (Bangla) Shrink (English): Become or make smaller in size or amount. - হ্রাস (Bangla) Literature (English): Written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit. - সাহিত্য (Bangla) Economy (English): The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services. - অর্থনীতি (Bangla) Polluted (English): Contaminated with harmful or poisonous substances. - দূষিত (Bangla) Trade (English): The action of buying and selling goods and services. - বাণিজ্য (Bangla) Capital (English): The most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center. - রাজধানী (Bangla) Chronic (English): Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. - স্থায়ী (Bangla) Solid waste (English): Unwanted or discarded solid material. - ঠোঁটমুঁট (Bangla) Monster (English): An imaginary creature that is typically large, ugly, and frightening. - রাক্ষস (Bangla) Unquiet (English): Causing or characterized by unrest or turmoil; uneasy. - অসন্তুষ্ট (Bangla) Mysterious (English): Difficult or impossible to understand, explain, or identify. - রহস্যময় (Bangla) Harmony (English): The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole. - সান্নিধ্য (Bangla) Abundance (English): A very large quantity of something. - প্রচুরতা (Bangla) Generosity (English): The quality of being kind and generous. - উদারতা (Bangla) Pollution (English): The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects. - দূষণ (Bangla) Government (English): The group of people with the authority to govern a country or state; a particular ministry in office. - সরকার (Bangla) Unit Ten : Environment and Nature Lessen 2 The Hakaluki Haor Biodiversity (English): The variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat or ecosystem. - বায়োডাইভার্সিটি (Bangla) Inland (English): Situated in or relating to the interior of a country or region. - অভ্যন্তরীণ (Bangla) Floodplains (English): Flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. - বন্যা উপত্যকা (Bangla) Ecologically Critical Area (English): An area recognized for its significant ecological importance and vulnerability, often designated for special protection and conservation efforts. - পারিস্থিতিকভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ এলাকা (Bangla) Ecosystem (English): A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. - জীববৃত্ত (Bangla) Tributaries (English): A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. - উপ-নদী (Bangla) Administrative (English): Relating to the management of public affairs. - প্রশাসনিক (Bangla) Shelter (English): A place giving temporary protection from bad weather or danger. - আশ্রয় (Bangla) Poaching (English): Illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, typically associated with land use rights. - অবৈধ শিকার (Bangla) Deforestation (English): The action of clearing a wide area of trees. - বনকাটা (Bangla) Conservation (English): The action of conserving something, in particular, the environment and natural resources. - সংরক্ষণ (Bangla) Swamp (English): An area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a bog or marsh. - হাওর (Bangla) Evergreen (English): (Of a plant) having green leaves throughout the year. - চিরহরিত (Bangla) Thatching (English): The craft of covering a roof with dry vegetation such as straw or reeds. - ছাল বা কাশের ছাচ (Bangla) Economic (English): Relating to economics or the economy. - অর্থনৈতিক (Bangla) Scenic (English): Providing or relating to views of impressive or beautiful natural scenery. - দৃশ্যমণ্ডলীয় (Bangla) Tourists (English): A person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure. - পর্যটক (Bangla) Rearing (English): The process of bringing up and training someone, especially a child. - পালন (Bangla) Aquatic (English): Relating to water. - জলজ (Bangla) Flash floods (English): A sudden, violent flood resulting from a heavy rainfall in a relatively short period of time. - প্রচণ্ড বন্যা (Bangla) Floodplains (English): Flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. - বন্যা উপত্যকা (Bangla) Ecosystem (English): A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. - জীববৃত্ত (Bangla) Tributary (English): A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. - উপ-নদী (Bangla) Fry (English): Young fish, especially of a size suitable for frying. - ছোট মাছ (Bangla) Aquatic (English): Relating to water. - জলজ (Bangla) Waterfowls (English): Birds that live on or near water, such as ducks, geese, and swans. - জলচর পাখি (Bangla) Swamp forests (English): Forests that grow in low-lying, waterlogged areas, characterized by dense vegetation and a high water table. - হাওর বন (Bangla) Vegetation (English): Plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular area or habitat. - উদ্ভিদসমূহ (Bangla) Reed (English): A tall, slender-leaved plant of the grass family that grows in water or on marshy ground. - তারা (Bangla) Flash flood (English): A sudden, rapid flooding of low-lying areas, typically caused by heavy rainfall. - অপ্রত্যাশিত বন্যা (Bangla) Lesson 3 The Lake Isle of Inisfree Glimmer (English): A faint or wavering light. - অলোকিততা (Bangla) Cricket (English): A nocturnal insect known for its chirping sound, typically associated with warm summer evenings. - শিঙা (Bangla) Glade (English): An open space in a forest, especially one that is free of undergrowth. - মরুমণ্ডল (Bangla) Linnet (English): A small songbird with a melodious voice, often found in woodland areas. - পানকোয়া (Bangla) Lapping (English): The gentle sound made by water as it strikes against a surface repeatedly, such as waves against a shore. - টলমল আওয়াজ (Bangla) Hive (English): A structure in which bees live and raise their young, typically consisting of a series of wax cells constructed by the bees. - মৌমাছির ঘর (Bangla) Wattle (English): A framework of interwoven sticks or branches, used typically to form fences and walls. - বেত (Bangla) Arise (English): To get up from a sitting, lying, or kneeling position; to move upwards. - উত্থিত হত্তয়া (Bangla) Cabin (English): A small, simple dwelling, typically constructed of wood and located in a rural or remote area. - কুটীর (Bangla) Arise (English): To get up or stand up. - উঠা (Bangla) Isle (English): A small island. - দ্বীপ (Bangla) Cabin (English): A small, simple house, typically of wood. - ছোট গুহা (Bangla) Wattles (English): Framework consisting of stakes interwoven with branches to form a fence. - ডালে ঘেট (Bangla) Bee-loud (English): A place filled with the buzzing sound of bees. - মধু মাখা বিস্তৃত জায়গা (Bangla) Glade (English): An open space in a forest. - বনমুখ (Bangla) Veils (English): Thin curtains or coverings. - কাপড় (Bangla) Cricket (English): A small insect that makes a chirping sound by rubbing its wings together. - গুটি (Bangla) Glimmer (English): A faint or unsteady light. - আলোর অস্থির ধার (Bangla) Linnet (English): A small songbird. - আলিট (Bangla) Pavements (English): The surface of a road or sidewalk. - প্রদর্শনী (Bangla) Core (English): The central or most important part. - কেন্দ্র (Bangla) Lesson 4 A Minor Bird Nostalgia (English): A sentimental longing or affection for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations. - পুরাতন স্মৃতির প্রতি বিনোদনান্বেষণ (Bangla) Recited (English): Repeat aloud or declaim (a poem or passage) from memory before an audience. - মুখোপমান করা (Bangla) Inauguration (English): The formal admission of someone to office. - উদ্বোধন (Bangla) Delight (English): A high degree of pleasure or enjoyment; joy. - আনন্দ (Bangla) Wisdom (English): The quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment; the quality of being wise. - বিবেক (Bangla) Emotions (English): A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. - ভাবনা (Bangla) Grief (English): Intense sorrow, especially caused by someone's death. - দুঃখ (Bangla) Loneliness (English): Sadness because one has no friends or company. - একাকি ভাব (Bangla) Clapped (English): Strike the palms of (one's hands) together repeatedly, typically in order to applaud. - একটা বাজি দেওয়া (Bangla) Silence (English): Complete absence of sound. - শান্তি (Bangla) Poem "The Tyger" by William Tyger (English): A tiger, symbolizing power and ferocity. - বাঘ (Bangla) Burning (English): On fire; aflame. - প্রজ্বলিত (Bangla) Blight (English): A plant disease, especially one caused by fungi such as mildews, rusts, and smuts. - রোগ (Bangla) Immortal (English): Living forever; never dying or decaying. - অমর (Bangla) Fearful (English): Causing fear or apprehension. - ভীতিজনক (Bangla) Symmetry (English): The quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis. - সমবিন্যাস (Bangla) Deeps (English): Deep parts of the ocean. - গভীরতা (Bangla) Skies (English): The region of the atmosphere and outer space seen from the earth. - আকাশ (Bangla) Burnt (English): Past tense of "burn." - দহকৃত (Bangla) Aspire (English): Direct one's hopes or ambitions toward achieving something. - উচ্চাকাঙ্খা প্রকাশ করা (Bangla) Sinews (English): Tendons or connective tissues. - পেশী (Bangla) Hammer (English): A tool with a heavy metal head mounted at right angles at the end of a handle, used for jobs such as breaking things and driving in nails. - হাতুড়ি (Bangla) Chain (English): A connected flexible series of metal links used for fastening or securing objects and pulling or supporting loads. - শর্তরী (Bangla) Furnace (English): An enclosed structure in which material can be heated to very high temperatures, e.g., for smelting metals. - ভক্ষন (Bangla) Anvil (English): A heavy iron block with a flat top, concave sides, and typically a pointed end, on which metal can be hammered and shaped. - আনভিল (Bangla) Grasp (English): A firm hold or grip. - ধরা (Bangla) Stars (English): A fixed luminous point in the night sky that is a large, remote incandescent body like the sun. - তারা (Bangla) Spears (English): A weapon with a long shaft and a sharp pointed head, used both for thrusting and throwing. - বরা (Bangla) Tears (English): A drop of clear salty liquid secreted by glands in a person's eye when they cry or when the eye is irritated. - অশ্রু (Bangla) Lamb (English): A young sheep. - ছাগল (Bangla) Unit Eleven: Tours and Travels Lesson 1 Travelling to a Village in Bangladesh scarce (English) - অভাবমূলক (Bangla): Insufficient; not plentiful. loaves (English) - রুটি (Bangla): Bread that has been shaped and baked in one piece. tea (English) - চা (Bangla): A hot drink made by infusing the dried, crushed leaves of the tea plant in boiling water. milk (English) - দুধ (Bangla): The white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. cheese (English) - পনির (Bangla): A food made from the pressed curds of milk. jam (English) - জ্যাম (Bangla): A sweet spread or preserve made from fruit and sugar boiled to a thick consistency. Intermediate (English) - মধ্যস্থ (Bangla): Coming between two things in time, place, character, etc. crowded (English) - সম্পূর্ণ (Bangla): Filled with many people or things. loveliness (English) - মনোহর (Bangla): The quality of being beautiful or attractive. moonlit (English) - চাঁদের আলোয় আলোকিত (Bangla): Illuminated by the light of the moon. paddy (English) - ধান (Bangla): Rice before it is milled. palms (English) - তালু (Bangla): The inner surface of the hand between the wrist and fingers. reflected (English) - প্রতিফলিত (Bangla): Thrown back or turned back. glow (English) - আলো (Bangla): A steady light source. cooling-fire (English) - শীতল আগুন (Bangla): A fire used for cooling purposes. lantern (English) - লালটেন (Bangla): A portable source of light. country boat (English) - দেশী নৌকা (Bangla): A traditional boat used for transportation in rural areas. tranquil (English) - শান্ত (Bangla): Free from disturbance; calm. blaze (English) - আলোর ধারাবাহিক (Bangla): A strong, bright, and steady light or flame. celebrity (English) - বিখ্যাত ব্যক্তি (Bangla): A famous person. suitcase (English) - স্যুটকেস (Bangla): A rectangular traveling bag. dawn (English) - ভোর (Bangla): The first appearance of light in the sky before sunrise. glance (English) - ঝকঝকে দেখা (Bangla): To take a brief or hurried look. remote (English) - দুরবৃত্ত (Bangla): Far away in distance or time. remonstrated (English) - তাণ্ডব করা (Bangla): To make a forcefully reproachful protest. zoo (English) - চিড়িয়াখানা (Bangla): An establishment that maintains a collection of wild animals, typically in a park or gardens, for study, conservation, or display to the public. permanent (English) - স্থায়ী (Bangla): Lasting or intended to last indefinitely. court (English) - আদালত (Bangla): A place where trials or other legal cases are heard. district commissioner (English) - জেলা কমিশনার (Bangla): An official who heads the administrative district of a country. character (English) - চরিত্র (Bangla): The mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual gather (English) - সংগ্রহ করা (Bangla): To bring together; collect. weave (English) - বুনা (Bangla): To form fabric by interlacing threads. intricate (English) - জটিল (Bangla): Very complicated or detailed. permanent (English) - স্থায়ী (Bangla): Lasting or intended to last indefinitely. remote (English) - দুরবৃত্ত (Bangla): Far away in distance or time. remonstrate (English) - তাণ্ডব করা (Bangla): To make a forcefully reproachful protest. tranquil (English) - শান্ত (Bangla): Free from disturbance; calm. Lesson 2 Arriving in the Orient porpoises - small aquatic mammals resembling dolphins - শিশুড়শিংঘী ploughed - moved forcefully through something - সাগর সমুদ্র পার করা enamel-like - resembling the glossy finish of enamel - আইলেস্ট limned - outlined in a bright color - ছবির রূপান্তর করা flecks - small spots or marks - ছত্রক phosphorescent - emitting light without combustion or heat - প্রকাশযুক্ত punkahs - large fans suspended from the ceiling and operated by a cord - পঙ্খা salaaming - bowing down with respect - প্রণাম জানানো maidans - open fields or grounds - মাঠ galloped - ran quickly - বেগে দৌড়ানো besought - urgently requested - বিনম্রভাবে অনুরোধ করা nave - ignorant or uninformed - অজ্ঞ discharged - spat out forcefully - প্রক্ষেপ করা savory - pleasant or agreeable - সুগন্ধিত foamed - produced foam or froth - ফেনা ছিটানো parched - extremely dry - পরিতপ্ত egrets - long-legged birds with white plumage - ছাগল supine - lying face upward - প্রতিষ্ঠিত pagoda - a tiered tower with multiple eaves, common in Eastern architecture - প্যাগোডা barbaric - uncivilized or primitive - জঙ্গলী demonic - resembling or characteristic of demons - অশুভ jolted - moved suddenly with a jerk - হান্ডাক্রাফ্ট saurian - resembling a lizard or reptile - সারগ্যো half-whistle - a whistle made with less than full breath - অর্ধশব্দে সিটি exclaimed - cried out suddenly or loudly - অবাক হওয়া seized - grabbed or took hold of forcibly - বদ্ধ করা torches - handheld light sources - মশাল wailing - crying mournfully - হাহাকার niece - a daughter of one's brother or sister - ভাতুজা warmly - with enthusiasm or affection - তাপমাত্রা বা গরম পরিমাণে Lesson 3 Ecotourism Ecotourism - Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education. Undisturbed - Not disrupted or disturbed; unaffected by human activity. Impoverished - Poor; lacking the basic necessities of life. Classification - The act or process of grouping things based on similarities. Conservation - The protection, preservation, management, or restoration of natural environments and wildlife. Low impact - Having minimal or little effect on the environment. Participation - Involvement or engagement in an activity or process. Biodiversity - The variety of life forms in a given area or ecosystem. Empowerment - The process of giving power or authority to someone. Endangered - Seriously at risk of extinction or danger. Cultural practices - The customs, beliefs, and traditions of a particular group of people. Minimize - To reduce to the smallest possible amount or degree. Respect - A feeling of admiration or deference towards something or someone. Awareness - Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Positive experiences - Pleasant or beneficial encounters or events. Financial aid - Assistance or support provided in the form of money. Hosts - The local people or communities in a tourist destination. Political climate - The prevailing political situation or conditions in a country. Environmental climate - The condition or state of the natural environment. Conservation - The act of preserving, protecting, or restoring natural habitats and ecosystems. Sustainable - Capable of being maintained or continued over time. Diverse - Varied; having different forms or types. Marine life - Living organisms that inhabit the oceans and seas. Erosion - The process of wearing away or breaking down of land by natural forces such as wind, water, or ice. Contamination - The introduction of harmful or undesirable substances into the environment. Displacement - The forced movement of people or animals from their usual environment or habitat. Biodiversity - The variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat or ecosystem. Exploitation - The act of using resources or people selfishly or unethically for one's own gain. Adverse effects - Unfavorable or harmful consequences or outcomes. Infrastructure - The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Endangered (বিপন্নস্থিতি অবস্থায়) - At risk of extinction or extinction in the near future due to various factors such as habitat loss, climate change, or human activities. (ঝুঁকিতে) Conservation (সংরক্ষণ) - The careful management and protection of natural resources, ecosystems, and wildlife to ensure their continued existence for future generations. (সংরক্ষণ) Impoverished (বিপন্ন) - Lacking in financial resources or basic necessities, often resulting in poverty or deprivation. (দরিদ্র) Biodiversity (বায়োডাইভার্সিটি) - The variety and variability of life forms within a given ecosystem, habitat, or area, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. (জৈব বৈচিত্র্য) Hiking (হাইকিং) - The activity of walking or trekking for extended periods, typically in natural environments such as mountains, forests, or trails, for recreation, exercise, or exploration. (পাহাড় ও বনে হেঁটে যাওয়া) Critic (মতামতদাতা) - A person who evaluates or analyzes something, typically works of art, literature, or performances, and expresses their opinions or judgments about its quality or significance. (সমালোচক) Species (প্রজাতি) - A group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring in nature, sharing common characteristics and occupying a specific ecological niche. (প্রজাতি) Degradation (অবশেষণ) - The process of deterioration or decline, especially in the quality or condition of something, often resulting from environmental damage, pollution, or misuse. (অবসাদন) Unit Twelve: Art and Craft Loosen 1 What is Beauty? Appreciate (মূল্যায়ন করা) - To recognize the value or quality of something; to admire or enjoy something. Define (সংজ্ঞা করা) - To explain the meaning or significance of something; to give a precise definition. Objective (বৈষম্যহীন) - Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; based on facts or reality. Universal (সার্বজনীন) - Applicable or common to all cases or situations; existing or occurring everywhere. Dependent (অবলম্বনশীল) - Reliant on or influenced by something else; needing support or assistance. Perceptions (ধারণা) - The way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted; the process of becoming aware of or understanding something. Beholder (দর্শক) - A person who observes or looks at something, especially with admiration or fascination. Manifests (প্রকাশ করা) - To show or demonstrate a quality, feeling, or characteristic clearly. Repulsed (অসহ্য করা) - To feel strong disgust or aversion towards something; to be unwilling to accept or tolerate something. Injustice (অন্যায়) - Lack of fairness or justice; unfair treatment or behavior 'She Walks in Beauty' by Lard Byron Climes (অঞ্চল) - Regions with a particular climate or geographical feature. Mellowed (শিতল) - Made softer or more gentle; having a pleasant and soothing quality. Impaired (ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত) - Damaged or weakened; having a reduced quality or ability. Tress (কেশ) - A long lock or curl of a person's hair. Eloquent (অচ্ছাদিত) - Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing; expressing oneself clearly and effectively. Innocent (নির্দোষ) - Free from sin, guilt, or wrongdoing; not causing harm or injury to others. Adjusted (সমন্বিত) - Set or arranged in a particular way; adapted or made suitable for a specific purpose. Adjoining (অতিক্রমী) - Next to or joined to something else, especially geographically or in space. Kinsmen (আত্মীয়) - Male relatives collectively; members of the same family or kinship group. Moss (ছাই) - A small flowerless plant that typically grows in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. Aspect (দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি) - The appearance or quality of something, especially when considered from a particular perspective. দিক, দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি, পরিমিতি Gaudy (অশোভন) - Extravagantly bright or showy, typically so as to be tasteless. উল্লাসপ্রদ, ভ্রমণের সময় নাগাদ পরিধান করা, আলাদাভাবে চমকপ্রদ Impair (অক্ষম করা) - Weaken or damage something, especially a human faculty or function. ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত করা, প্রতিবন্ধ করা Scarce (অভিলম্ব) - Insufficient for the demand; not enough. অপর্যাপ্ত, বাজে থাকা Adjoining (সংলগ্ন) - Next to or joined with something else, especially buildings or rooms. অনুবাদিত, সন্নিহিত Brethren (সহপ্রাণ) - Fellow members of a particular religion, society, or profession; brothers. ভাইবোন, বন্ধুবান্ধব Lesson 2 Folk Music Folk music - লোকসঙ্গীত - Songs and music of a community that are not influenced by sophisticated musical rules or standard musical styles. Heritage - ঐতিহ্য - The traditions, achievements, beliefs, etc., that are part of the history of a group or nation. Secular - ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ - Not religious or spiritual; relating to worldly things. Sprang - উৎপন্ন হত্তয়া - To originate or arise from a particular source. Transmission - প্রেরণ - The act or process of sending something from one person, place, or thing to another. Illiterate - অশিক্ষিত - Unable to read or write. Semi-literate - অর্ধ-শিক্ষিত - Having some but not extensive literacy skills. Dialect - উপভাষা - A form of a language that is spoken in a particular area and that uses some of its own words, grammar, and pronunciations. Metaphor - রূপক - A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to describe something as something else. Riverine - নদীপরিসর - Relating to, formed by, or resembling a river. Manifestation - প্রকাশ - A clear appearance of a particular condition or quality. Ethnic - নৃত্বিজ - Relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions. Chores - কাজ - Routine tasks or duties, especially a household or farm work. Regional - অঞ্চলিক - Relating to or characteristic of a particular region or district. Roof-beating - ছাদের পিটবার গান - A traditional practice of singing songs while beating down and firming rooftops. Wedding songs - বিবাহের গান - Songs performed during wedding ceremonies. Pastoral songs - গ্রাম্য গান - Songs that depict rural life, especially those sung by shepherds or rural workers. Bhawaiya - ভাওয়াইয়া - A genre of folk music popular in northern Bangladesh. Gambhira - গম্ভীরা - A type of folk song characterized by its serious and philosophical themes, often performed in Malda, Bangladesh. Kabigan - কবিগান - A form of folk music involving the performance of songs accompanied by storytelling. Leto - লেতো - A traditional form of folk music involving group singing and dancing. Alkap - আলকাপ - A traditional folk art form in Bangladesh, often performed during religious festivals. Folk music (লোকসঙ্গীত) - Music originating from the traditions of ordinary people, typically transmitted orally. লোকসঙ্গীত Influenced (প্রভাবিত) - Having an effect on or being affected by something. প্রভাবিত, প্রভাব পেয়েছে Ancient (প্রাচীন) - Belonging to the very distant past. প্রাচীন, প্রাচীনকালীন Transmitted (প্রেরিত) - Passed on or conveyed from one person or place to another. প্রেরিত, প্রেরণ করা Illiterate (অশিক্ষিত) - Unable to read or write. নিরক্ষর, নিরবিচ্ছিন্ন Semi-literate (অর্ধাক্ষর) - Having some basic ability to read and write. অর্ধাক্ষর, অবিশেষ্টিত Dialect (বোলি) - A particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group. বাস্তুতন্ত্র, নিজস্ব ভাষা Supernatural (অতিপ্রাকৃতিক) - Beyond what is natural or observable; not explainable by natural laws or phenomena. অতিপ্রাকৃতিক, অদ্ভুত Metaphors (রূপক) - A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. রূপক, মেটাফর Riverine (নদীবাসী) - Relating to or situated on the banks of a river. নদীবাসী, নদীর পারবত্য Genre (ধরণ) - A category of artistic composition, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. ধরণ, জাতি Interaction (প্রতিক্রিয়া) - Reciprocal action or influence. প্রতিক্রিয়া, পরস্পর প্রভাবাধী Ethnic (নৃত্যজাতীয়) - Relating to a population subgroup with a common cultural or national tradition. নৃত্যজাতীয়, নৃত্যজাতীয় Chorus (কোরাস) - A part of a song which is repeated after each verse. কোরাস, অনুপ্রেরণা Distinctively (পরিষ্কারভাবে) - In a way that is readily distinguishable from others of the same type. বিশিষ্টভাবে, পরিষ্কারভাবে Composition (গঠন) - The action of putting things together; formation or construction. গঠন, রচনা Joys and sorrows (আনন্দ এবং দু:খ) - Happiness and sadness. আনন্দ এবং দু:খ, খুশি ও দু:খ Rhythms (তাল) - A strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound. তাল, রিদ্ধান্ত Emotive (কার্যাত্মক) - Arousing or able to arouse intense feeling. ভাবাত্মক, কার্যাত্মক Separation (পৃথক্করণ) - The action or state of moving or being moved apart. পৃথক্করণ, আলাদা করা Lalon Shah Icon (আইকন) - A person or thing regarded as a representative symbol or as worthy of veneration. চিহ্ন, প্রতীক Preached (প্রচার করা) - Publicly proclaim or teach (a religious message or belief). প্রচার করা, শিক্ষা দেওয়া Tolerance (সহিষ্ণুতা) - The ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with. সহিষ্ণুতা, ধৈর্য Rejected (প্রত্যাখ্যাত করা) - Dismiss as inadequate, inappropriate, or not to one's taste. প্রত্যাখ্যাত করা, অগ্রাহ্য মন্তব্য করা Creed (ধর্মনীতি) - A system of religious belief; a faith. ধর্মনীতি, বিশ্বাস Philosophical (দার্শনিক) - Relating or devoted to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. দার্শনিক, তত্ত্ববিদ্যাসংক্রান্ত Insights (অনুমান) - The capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something. অনুমান, সূক্ষ্ম বোধ Formal education (আধিকারিক শিক্ষা) - Education received in a structured and organized environment, typically provided by schools, colleges, or universities. আধিকারিক শিক্ষা, অনুষ্ঠিত শিক্ষা Pilgrimage (তীর্থযাত্রা) - A journey to a place of particular interest or significance, typically religious. তীর্থযাত্রা, পথপ্রস্থ Smallpox (ডাকাতি) - A highly contagious viral disease, with fever and distinctive pustules that leave permanent scars. ডাকাতি, চক্ষুধ্বংস Asceticism (ব্রতচর্যা) - Severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons. ব্রতচর্যা, তপস্যা Initiated (আরম্ভ করা) - Cause (a process or action) to begin. আরম্ভ করা, আগত্য করা Composing (সৃজন করা) - Create or put together (a musical or written work). সৃজন করা, গীত বা কবিতা রচনা করা Accompaniment (সহচালন) - A musical part that supports or provides background for other musical parts or for the main melody. সহচালন, সহকারী অংশ Admired (প্রশংসিত) - Regarded with approval or respect. প্রশংসিত, প্রশংসিত Influenced (প্রভাবিত) - Having an effect on or being affected by something. প্রভাবিত, প্রভাব পেয়েছে Shahajiya philosophy (শাহাজিয়া দর্শন) - The attainment of the self through the simple truths that reside in one's own body and soul—not outside. শাহাজিয়া দর্শন, নিজের শরীর এবং আত্মার মধ্যে অবস্থিত সহজ সত্যের মাধ্যমে আত্মতা অর্জন Disciples (শিষ্য) - A follower or student of a teacher, leader, or philosopher. শিষ্য, অনুগামী Monastery (মনাস্তির) - A building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows. মনাস্তির, সন্নিধানস্থল Nursed (পোষা) - Care for and protect (someone) while they are growing. পোষা, দেখাশোনা করা Lesson 3 Our Art and Craft Imagination (কল্পনা) - The ability to form a mental image or concept of something that is not present to the senses. কল্পনা, মানসিক ছবি Creative skills (সৃজনাত্মক দক্ষতা) - Abilities or talents related to generating new and innovative ideas or producing original works. সৃজনাত্মক দক্ষতা, নতুন ও আদির কাজ তৈরি করার দক্ষতা Painting (চিত্রকলা) - The process or art of using paint, in a picture, design, or decoration. চিত্রকলা, পেইন্টিং Sculpture (ভাস্কর্য) - The art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster. ভাস্কর্য, ভাস্কর্য করা Architecture (স্থাপত্যকলা) - The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. স্থাপত্যকলা, ভবন তৈরি ও নকশা করার দক্ষতা Evoke (প্রেরণ করা) - Bring or recall (a feeling, memory, or image) to the conscious mind. প্রেরণ করা, মনে জাগা করা Aesthetic (রসবোধপ্রাপ্ত) - Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty. রসবোধপ্রাপ্ত, সৌন্দর্য বা সৌন্দর্যগ্রাহ্য সম্পর্কিত Commendatory (প্রশংসাযোগ্য) - Expressing praise or approval. প্রশংসাযোগ্য, প্রশংসামূলক Ravaged (লুটা-পুটি) - Severely damaged; devastated. লুটা-পুটি, পরাজিত Appreciate (সম্মান করা) - Recognize the full worth of. সম্মান করা, মূল্যায়ন করা Profound (গভীর) - Very great or intense. গভীর, খুবই গভীর Traditions (ঐতিহ্য) - The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way. ঐতিহ্য, প্রথা Industrial revolution (শিল্প বিপ্লব) - The rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. শিল্প বিপ্লব, শিল্পের দ্রুত উন্নতি Styles (শৈলী) - A particular manner or way of doing something. শৈলী, প্রণালী Techniques (পদ্ধতি) - A way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution Colloquial (অভিধানিক) - Used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary. অভিধানিক, সাধারণ বা পরিচিত কথ্যে ব্যবহৃত Intricate (জটিল) - Very complicated or detailed. জটিল, অত্যন্ত জটিল বা বিস্তৃত Accompaniment (সঙ্গীত অনুবাদ) - A musical part that supports or partners a solo instrument, voice, or group. সঙ্গীত অনুবাদ, সঙ্গীত অনুবাদ Asceticism (তপস্যা) - The practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons. তপস্যা, ধর্মীয় কারণে সঙ্গীত অনুবাদ Initiated (উদ্বোধন করা) - Introduce someone to a particular activity or skill, especially a difficult or obscure one. উদ্বোধন করা, কারওয়ার বিষয়ে উদ্বোধন করা Famine (দুর্ভিক্ষ) - Extreme scarcity of food in a region, often accompanied by starvation, malnutrition, and death. দুর্ভিক্ষ, অত্যন্ত খাদ্য স্কার্সিটি Haunting (আত্মা আবহ) - Poignant and evocative; difficult to ignore or forget. আত্মা আবহ, শোকাকুলকর এবং উত্তেজক; উপেক্ষা বা ভুলা কঠিন Prominent (প্রমুখ) - Important; famous. প্রমুখ, গুরুত্বপূর্ণ; বিখ্যাত Spectacular (আকর্ষণীয়) - Beautiful in a dramatic and eye-catching way. আকর্ষণীয়, নাটকীয় এবং চোখে প্রকাশ করা উপায়ে সুন্দর Experimentations (পরীক্ষাবিচার) - The action or process of trying out new ideas, methods, or activities. পরীক্ষাবিচার, নতুন ধারণা, পদ্ধতি, বা ক্রিয়া পরীক্ষা করার অ্যাকশন বা প্রক্রিয়া Reshaped (পুনর্নির্মিত) - Give a new shape or form to. পুনর্নির্মিত, নতুন আকার বা রূপ দিন Limit (সীমা) - A point or level beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass. সীমা, যে কোনও জিনিস বা পার্শ্বের একটি বিন্দু বা স্তর, যেখানে অতিক্রান্ত বা পার হতে পারে না Gallery (গ্যালারি) - A room or building for the display or sale of works of art. গ্যালারি, কার্যকলাপ বা শিল্পের প্রদর্শন বা বিক্রয়ের জন্য একটি কক্ষ বা ভবন Reflects (প্রতিফলিত করে) - Show; demonstrate. প্রতিফলিত করে, প্রদর্শন করা Insightful (জ্ঞানদায়ক) - Having or showing an accurate and deep understanding; perceptive. জ্ঞানদায়ক, সঠিক C. Intuitive (অনুভূতিগত) - Based on or using intuition or instinct. অনুভূতিগত, মতিবেদনা বা অনুবোধে ভিত্তি করে Visionary (দর্শনমূলক) - Thinking about or planning the future with imagination or wisdom. দর্শনমূলক, ভবিষ্যদ্বাণীমূলক Practical application (প্রায়োগিক অ্যাপ্লিকেশন) - The use or implementation of knowledge or skills in real-life situations. প্রায়োগিক অ্যাপ্লিকেশন, সত্যিকার জীবনে জ্ঞান বা দক্ষতা ব্যবহার Artisans (শিল্পী) - Skilled workers who make things by hand. শিল্পী, হাতে কিছু তৈরি করে দক্ষ কর্মীগণ On-the-job (চাকুরীতে) - Relating to the practical experience gained while working in a particular job. চাকুরীতে, একটি নির্দিষ্ট চাকরির সময়ে অর্জিত অভিজ্ঞতায় সম্পর্কিত Dependent on (নির্ভরশীল) - Needing someone or something in order to survive or be successful. নির্ভরশীল, জীবিত থাকার জন্য কাউকে বা কিছুকে প্রয়োজন Household items (পরিবারিক জিনিস) - Objects or products used within a household, typically for domestic purposes. পরিবারিক জিনিস, সাধারণত গৃহজীবনের উদ্দেশ্যে Social occasions (সামাজিক অনুষ্ঠান) - Events or gatherings that involve socializing or interaction among people. সামাজিক অনুষ্ঠান, মানুষের মধ্যে সামাজিকভাবে যোগাযোগ বা পরিচিতির সাথে ঘটবার ঘটনা বা সম্মেলন Evolve (বিকাশ) - Develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form. বিকাশ, প্রগতিশীলভাবে বিকাশ হত্তয়া, সহজ থেকে একটি আরও জটিল রূপে Anonymity (নাম অজ্ঞাততা) - The state of being unknown or unrecognized. নাম অজ্ঞাততা, অজানা বা অবোধ্য অবস্থা Motifs (মোটিফ) - A decorative design or pattern. মোটিফ, একটি সাজানো নকশা বা মোটিফ Tactile (স্পর্শগত) - Perceptible by touch; capable of being felt. স্পর্শগত, স্পর্শ করা যায়; অনুভব করা যায় Dynamic (গতিশীল) - Characterized by constant change, activity, or progress. গতিশীল, স্থির পরিবর্তন, ক্রিয়া, বা অগ্রগতি দ্বারা চিহ্নিত Abreast (সম্মুখে) - Up to date with the latest news, ideas, or information. সম্মুখে, সর্বশেষ সংবাদ, ধারণা বা তথ্যের সাথে Aesthetic preferences (রসনৈতিক পছন্দ) - Individual or collective tastes or choices regarding what is considered beautiful or pleasing. রসনৈতিক পছন্দ, সে কী রসিকতা বা প্রিয়তের বিষয়ের সাথে সম্পর্কিত ব্যক্তিগত বা সংগঠিত পছন্দ Signifier (চিহ্নিতকারী) - Something that indicates or signifies something else. কিছু যা অন্য কিছুর সূচনা বা চিহ্নিত করে। Personal touch (ব্যক্তিগত মুখোমুখি) - A distinctive feature or quality that reflects an individual's personality or involvement. একটি বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য বা গুণ যা একটি ব্যক্তির ব্যক্তিত্ব বা সঙ্গের প্রতিফলন করে। Stature (মর্যাদা) - The level of respect or esteem accorded to a person or thing. একটি ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে যে সম্মান অথবা শ্রেষ্ঠতা প্রদান করা হয়। Terracotta (টেরাকোটা) - Unglazed, typically brownish-red earthenware, used chiefly as an ornamental building material. অস্থির কাচের প্লাস্টিক, প্রধানত আভূষণ ভবন সামগ্রী হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত। Industrial Revolution (শিল্প বিপ্লব) - The transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. সন্ধান থেকে নতুন উৎপাদন প্রক্রিয়াতে মানব প্রকৃতির পাশে হাসপাতালে যান। Graphic art (গ্রাফিক শিল্প) - The art of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc. বিজ্ঞাপন, সাময়িকী, বই ইত্যাদির মধ্যে লেখা ও চিত্র মিলিয়ে আসা শিল্প। Prominent (প্রখ্যাত) - Important; famous. গুরুত্বপূর্ণ; বিখ্যাত। Inspired (অনুপ্রেরিত) - Filled with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative. কিছু করতে বা অনুভব করতে ইচ্ছুক বা সক্ষম অবস্থায় ভরা। Salvation (মুক্তি) - Deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Christ. পাপ এবং তার ফলাফল থেকে মোক্ষ, যেহেতু যুক্তিবাদীরা খ্রিস্টের বিশ্বাসের মাধ্যমে উপলব্ধ হয়। Experimentations (প্রয়োগাভিযোগ) - The action of trying out new ideas, methods, or activities. নতুন ধারণা, পদ্ধতি বা কার্যকলাপ পরীক্ষা করার অ্যাকশন। Reshaped (আবদ্ধ করা) - Changed or altered significantly. চমৎকার পরিবর্তন বা পরিবর্তন। Dynamic object (গতিশীল বস্তু) - An object that is constantly changing or evolving. সর্বদা পরিবর্তনশীল বা উন্নত হচ্ছে এমন একটি বস্তু। Stable (স্থির) - Not likely to change or fail; firmly established. পরিবর্তন বা ব্যর্থ হতে সম্ভব না; দৃঢ়ভাবে স্থাপিত। Aesthetic (রসনৈতিক) - Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty. Unit Thirteen : Myths and Literature Lesson 1 Bengal's Face Gazing (তাকানো) - Looking steadily and intently, especially in admiration, surprise, or thought. প্রবীণভাবে এবং স্থিরভাবে তাকানো, বিশেষত আদর, অবাক, বা চিন্তাযুক্ত অবস্থায়। Roosting (টানা বা বাস করা) - Settling or resting, especially for the night. সেট বা বিশেষত রাতের জন্য স্থির বা আরাম করা। Dome (গর্ভগ্রাহ) - A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base. একটি গোলাকার গম্বুজ যা একটি ভবন বা কাঠামোর ছাদ তৈরি করে, সাধারণত একটি বৃত্তাকার ভিত্তিতে। Hush (শান্তি) - A sudden silence or stillness. একটি অসাধারণ চুপকথ্য বা নির্দলতা। Honeycombed (মৌমাছি কোঠা বা খোলার মত) - Having a structure or texture resembling that of a honeycomb, typically with many small, uniform cavities or compartments. মৌমাছি কোঠা বা এর মতো মানের বা টেক্সচারের একটি স্ট্রাকচার, সাধারণত অনেকগুলি ছোট, একটিরকম গর্ত বা বিভাগসমূহ সহ। Waning (ক্ষীণ হওয়া) - (of the moon) have a progressively smaller part of its visible surface illuminated, so that it appears to decrease in size. (চাঁদের) অপারেশন করে এমন একটি অবস্থা যেখানে এর দেখা সারণির সাথে প্রগতিশীলভাবে ছোট অংশের আলো প্রকাশিত হতে থাকে, তাই এটি আকারে কমে প্রতীত হয়। Desolate (উপলক্ষ) - (of a place) deserted of people and in a state of bleak and dismal emptiness. (একটি জায়গা) মানুষহীন এবং অবহেলিত একটি অবস্থায় এবং বিষণ্ণ এবং অবস্থা ফাঁকা দু: খান্ডে। Wagtail (মুক্তাপাখি) - A small, long-tailed bird with a distinctive habit of constantly wagging its tail up and down while walking or standing. একটি ছোট, দীর্ঘ-লম্বা পাখি যার নিখুত বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুযায়ী অবিরত তার টেলিগ্রাফ আপ এবং নীচে হতে চলা বা দাঁড়িয়া চলা সময় অত্যন্ত উন্নত হওয়া। Wailed (চিত্কার করা) - Gave a cry of pain, grief, or anger. ব্যথা, দু: খ, বা রাগের একটি ক্রী দেওয়া। fig-tree (English) - ডুমুর গাছ (Bangla): A tree of the mulberry family, native to the Mediterranean and western Asia, which bears edible fruit. roosting (English) - ঘাসে বাস করা (Bangla): The action of perching or settling, especially for the night. umbrella-like (English) - ছাতা-সম্মত (Bangla): Resembling or having the shape of an umbrella. leaves (English) - পাতা (Bangla): The main organs of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants. leafy (English) - পাতিত (Bangla): Covered with or having many leaves. dome (English) - গোলক (Bangla): A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base. clumps (English) - গুচ্ছ (Bangla): A compacted mass or lump of something. cactus (English) - ক্যাকটাস (Bangla): A succulent plant with thick, fleshy stems that typically bear spines, lack leaves, and have brilliantly colored flowers. Native to arid regions of the Americas. bushes (English) - গাছবৃক্ষ (Bangla): A woody plant that is smaller than a tree and typically has many branches arising from the base. honeycombed (English) - মধুশালু (Bangla): Having a structure or appearance resembling a honeycomb. blue (English) - নীল (Bangla): Of a color intermediate between green and violet, as of the sky or sea on a sunny day. shade (English) - ছায়া (Bangla): Partial darkness or shadow. sank (English) - লম্বা হত্তয়া (Bangla): To descend or submerge in water or other liquid. sandbanks (English) - মোলা (Bangla): A submerged or partly exposed ridge of sand or coarse sediment that is built up by waves or currents parallel to a shore. thrush's (English) - কেওয়া পাখির (Bangla): Of or relating to a thrush, a small or medium-sized songbird. soft (English) - নরম (Bangla): Easy to mold, cut, compress, or fold; not hard or firm to the touch. raft (English) - ফাটাকা (Bangla): A flat buoyant structure of timber or other materials fastened together, used as a boat or floating platform. wailed (English) - কাঁদা (Bangla): To make a long, high cry of pain or sadness. strings (English) - তারার (Bangla): Thin pieces of cord, fiber, or wire used to fasten or secure something. bells (English) - ঘন্টা (Bangla): A hollow object, typically bell-shaped and made of metal, that sounds a clear musical note when struck. feet (English) - পায় (Bangla): The lower extremity of the leg below the ankle, on which a person stands or walks. celebrity (English) - প্রতিষ্ঠা (Bangla): A famous person or personality. planned (English) - পরিকল্পিত (Bangla): Decided or arranged in advance. blaze (English) - উত্তেজনা (Bangla): A strong fire that burns brightly. alas (English) - অপরিপূর্ণ কথা (Bangla): An expression of grief, pity, or concern. rain (English) - বৃষ্টি (Bangla): Moisture condensed from the atmosphere that falls visibly in separate drops. miles (English) - মাইল (Bangla): A unit of linear measure equal to 5,280 feet, or approximately 1.609 kilometers. filled (English) - ভরা (Bangla): To make or become full. gazing (English) - তাকাতাকি (Bangla): To look steadily and intently, especially in admiration, surprise, or thought. offer (English) - অফার (Bangla): To present or proffer (something) for (someone) to accept or reject as desired. legendary (English) - দ্বন্দ্বতাত্মক (Bangla): Of, described in, or based on legends. heroine (English) - নায়িকা (Bangla): A woman admired or idealized for her courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. main (English) - প্রধান (Bangla): Chief in size, extent, or importance; principal. medieval (English) - মধ্যযুগীয় (Bangla): Relating to the Middle Ages, the period in European history from about the 5th century to the 15th century. epic (English) - প্রামাণিক মহাকাব্য (Bangla): A long poem, typically derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation. beautiful (English) - সুন্দর (Bangla): Pleasing the senses or mind aesthetically. intelligent (English) - বুদ্ধিমান (Bangla): Having or showing intelligence, especially of a high level. married (English) - বিবাহিত (Bangla): Joined in marriage. devotee (English) - শ্রদ্ধালু (Bangla): A person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about someone or something. boasted (English) - বিস্ময়ের কথা বলা (Bangla): Talked with excessive pride and self-satisfaction about one's achievements, possessions, or abilities. impregnable (English) - অজিত (Bangla): Unable to be captured or broken into. sent (English) - প্রেরণ করা (Bangla): Caused to go or be taken to a particular destination; dispatched. strand (English) - পর্যবেষ্টিত জায়গা (Bangla): A single thin length of something such as thread, fiber, or wire, especially as twisted together with others. minute (English) - সুক্ষ (Bangla): Extremely small; tiny. bit (English) - ছেড়ে দেওয়া (Bangla): Past tense of "bite" - to grip or cut off with or as if with the teeth or jaws. refused (English) - অস্বীকার করা (Bangla): Indicated or proved unwilling to do or accept something. corpse (English) - মৃতদেহ (Bangla): A dead body, especially of a human being rather than an animal. banana (English) - কলা (Bangla): A long curved fruit that grows in clusters and has soft pulpy flesh and yellow skin when ripe. hazardous (English) - বিপজ্জনক (Bangla): Involving risk or danger. encountered (English) - সম্মিলিত হয়েছিল (Bangla): Past tense of "encounter" - unexpectedly be faced with or experience (something hostile or difficult). Lesson 3 The Legend of Gazi Pir myths (English) - পৌরাণিক কথা (Bangla): Traditional stories or legends, especially ones that concern supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes, that embody and propagate a particular belief system. legends (English) - ধারাবাহিক কথা (Bangla): Traditional stories sometimes popularly regarded as historical but unauthenticated. Muslim (English) - মুসলিম (Bangla): A follower of the religion of Islam. preacher (English) - ধর্মপ্রচারক (Bangla): A person who preaches, especially a minister of religion. creed (English) - ধর্মাবলম্বন (Bangla): A system of religious belief; a faith. credited (English) - প্রশংসিত (Bangla): Publicly acknowledge someone as a participant in the production of (something published or broadcast). calm (English) - শান্ত করা (Bangla): Make (someone) tranquil and quiet; soothe. docile (English) - নম্র (Bangla): Ready to accept control or instruction; submissive. depicted (English) - বর্ণিত (Bangla): Represented in a picture or sculpture. scroll (English) - পত্রময় লিপি (Bangla): A roll of parchment or paper for writing or painting on. Lesson 4 Hercules Hercules (English) - হারকিউলিস (Bangla): In Greek mythology, a hero and son of Jupiter, known for his exceptional strength and courage. Eurystheus (English) - ইউরিস্থেউস (Bangla): A king of Mycenae in Greek mythology, who assigned Hercules the twelve labours. lion (English) - সিংহ (Bangla): A large, powerful carnivore of the family Felidae, known for its strength and majestic appearance. valley (English) - উপত্যকা (Bangla): A low area of land between hills or mountains, typically with a river or stream flowing through it. monster (English) - রাক্ষস (Bangla): An imaginary creature that is typically large, ugly, and frightening. Hydra (English) - হাইড্রা (Bangla): In Greek mythology, a serpent-like monster with multiple heads, known for its ability to regenerate heads after they are cut off. immortal (English) - অমর (Bangla): Living forever; never dying or decaying. striking (English) - ভান্ডারী (Bangla): Impressive or remarkable. triumphed (English) - বিজয়ী হত্তয়া (Bangla): Achieved a great victory or success. reputation (English) - খ্যাতি (Bangla): The beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something. possessing (English) - মালিক (Bangla): Owning or having. arduous (English) - কঠিন (Bangla): Involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring. myths (English) - পুরানো কথা (Bangla): Traditional stories or legends, especially ones that explain the beliefs or customs of a society. legendary (English) - দ্রুত (Bangla): Remarkable enough to be famous; well-known and celebrated in stories. devotee (English) - শ্রদ্ধালু (Bangla): A person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about someone or something. boasted (English) - ঘোষণা করা (Bangla): Talked with excessive pride and self-satisfaction about one's achievements, possessions, or abilities. impregnable (English) - অসংখ্যাযোগ্য (Bangla): Unable to be captured or broken into; invincible. temptations (English) - প্রলোভন (Bangla): Things that attract or entice someone, especially to do something that they know is wrong or unwise. immense (English) - অত্যন্ত বড় (Bangla): Extremely large or great, especially in degree or amount. relying (English) - নির্ভর করা (Bangla): Depend on with full trust or confidence.

Formal and informal language are two different styles of communication used in various contexts. Here's an overview of what they are, their uses, and the key differences between them: Formal Language: What: Formal language refers to the use of standard language conventions, proper grammar, and vocabulary typically associated with professional or academic settings. Uses: Academic Writing: Formal language is commonly used in academic papers, essays, and research reports. Professional Settings: It is employed in business correspondence, official letters, reports, and presentations. Legal Documents: Formal language is essential in legal documents, contracts, and agreements to ensure precision and clarity. Public Speaking: It's often used in speeches, presentations, and formal addresses. Features: Vocabulary: Formal language tends to use more complex and specialized vocabulary. Grammar: Formal language adheres strictly to grammatical rules and avoids contractions and slang. Tone: The tone in formal language is serious, respectful, and authoritative. Audience: It is typically used when addressing a professional or academic audience. Structure: Formal language often follows a structured format and employs specific conventions such as headings, subheadings, and citations. Informal Language: What: Informal language refers to relaxed language conventions, colloquialisms, and everyday speech patterns. Uses: Casual Conversations: Informal language is used in everyday conversations with friends, family, and acquaintances. Texting and Social Media: It's prevalent in text messages, social media posts, and online chats. Informal Writing: Informal language can be used in personal emails, blogs, and informal letters. Entertainment: It's often used in informal settings such as comedy shows, podcasts, and entertainment media. Features: Vocabulary: Informal language may include slang, colloquialisms, and abbreviated forms. Grammar: Informal language may be less strict in adhering to grammatical rules and may include contractions and sentence fragments. Tone: The tone in informal language is casual, friendly, and familiar. Audience: It is typically used when communicating with friends, family, or in relaxed social settings. Structure: Informal language may lack strict structure and formatting seen in formal communication. In summary, formal language is used in professional, academic, and official contexts, characterized by proper grammar, vocabulary, and a serious tone. Informal language, on the other hand, is used in casual conversations and everyday communication, featuring relaxed language conventions, colloquialisms, and a casual tone. Understanding the appropriate use of formal and informal language is essential for effective communication in various contexts. Formal and Informal Vocabulary More: 100 pairs of formal and informal vocabulary: Formal and informal linkers:

Written English Vs Spoken English Set-01 Set-02 SET-03 Set-04 Set-05

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush - Meaning: It's better to have something tangible now than the possibility of something better in the future. Example: "I'm not going to risk my stable job for a chance at a higher salary. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." A blessing in disguise - Meaning: Something that seems bad at first but turns out to be good. Example: "Failing the exam was a blessing in disguise because it made me work harder." A drop in the ocean - Meaning: Something very small or insignificant compared to the whole. Example: "My donation to the charity was just a drop in the ocean compared to what they need." A friend in need is a friend indeed - Meaning: A true friend is someone who helps you when you are in need. Example: "When I was sick, she brought me soup and stayed with me. A friend in need is a friend indeed." A leopard can't change its spots - Meaning: People can't change their innate nature or behavior. Example: "I've tried to get him to be more organized, but a leopard can't change its spots." A penny saved is a penny earned - Meaning: Saving money is just as valuable as earning it. Example: "I'm putting aside a portion of my salary each month. A penny saved is a penny earned." A picture paints a thousand words - Meaning: Visual images can convey complex ideas more effectively than words alone. Example: "This infographic illustrates the concept better than any verbal explanation. A picture paints a thousand words." A piece of cake - Meaning: Very easy. Example: "The speaking test was a piece of cake for me." A rolling stone gathers no moss - Meaning: Someone who keeps moving or changing jobs avoids becoming stagnant or complacent. Example: "I prefer to keep traveling and exploring new opportunities. A rolling stone gathers no moss." A stitch in time saves nine - Meaning: Dealing with a problem early prevents it from becoming larger and more difficult to solve later. Example: "I fixed the leaky faucet as soon as I noticed it. A stitch in time saves nine." A watched kettle never boils - Meaning: Time seems to move slowly when you're waiting for something to happen. Example: "I keep refreshing the webpage, but the results still aren't out. A watched kettle never boils." Absence makes the heart grow fonder - Meaning: Being apart from someone makes you appreciate them more. Example: "I miss my family back home. They say absence makes the heart grow fonder." Actions speak louder than words - Meaning: What someone does is more important than what they say they will do. Example: "He promised to help, but actions speak louder than words." All bark and no bite - Meaning: Someone who talks tough but doesn't act on their threats. Example: "Don't worry about him, he's all bark and no bite." All ears - Meaning: Fully attentive and ready to listen. Example: "I'm all ears, go ahead and tell me your idea." All is fair in love and war - Meaning: In difficult or intense situations, anything goes. Example: "I know it seems harsh, but all is fair in love and war." Ball is in your court - Meaning: It's your turn to make a decision or take action. Example: "I've given you all the information you need. Now the ball is in your court." Barking up the wrong tree - Meaning: Looking for something in the wrong place or pursuing the wrong course of action. Example: "You're barking up the wrong tree if you think he'll lend you money." Beat around the bush - Meaning: To avoid talking about something directly. Example: "Stop beating around the bush and tell me what you really think." Beauty is in the eye of the beholder - Meaning: Beauty is subjective and can vary from person to person. Example: "Some people find modern art beautiful, but beauty is in the eye of the beholder." Beggars can't be choosers - Meaning: People who are in need shouldn't be picky about what they receive. Example: "I know it's not exactly what you wanted, but beggars can't be choosers." Better late than never - Meaning: It's better to do something late than to not do it at all. Example: "I finally apologized to her for my mistake. Better late than never." Birds of a feather flock together - Meaning: People who are similar in character or interests tend to associate with one another. Example: "It's no surprise they're best friends. Birds of a feather flock together." Bite the bullet - Meaning: To endure a painful or difficult situation. Example: "I had to bite the bullet and apologize, even though I didn't want to." Blood is thicker than water - Meaning: Family relationships are stronger and more important than other relationships. Example: "I may have disagreements with my siblings, but blood is thicker than water." Break a leg - Meaning: Good luck. Example: "You're going to do great in the speaking test. Break a leg!" Break the ice - Meaning: To start a conversation in a social situation. Example: "I tried to break the ice by asking about her weekend plans." Burn the midnight oil - Meaning: To work late into the night. Example: "I had to burn the midnight oil to finish my assignment on time." Bury the hatchet - Meaning: To make peace and reconcile with someone. Example: "After years of feuding, they finally decided to bury the hatchet and move on." Call it a day - Meaning: To stop working on something. Example: "I'm tired, let's call it a day and continue tomorrow." Cost an arm and a leg - Meaning: To be very expensive. Example: "The speaking course cost me an arm and a leg, but it was worth it." Cross that bridge when you come to it - Meaning: Deal with a problem when it arises, not before. Example: "I'll worry about the speaking test tomorrow. Let's cross that bridge when we come to it." Curiosity killed the cat - Meaning: Being too curious can lead to trouble. Example: "I'm curious about what's inside that box, but I know curiosity killed the cat." Cut to the chase - Meaning: To get to the point without wasting time. Example: "Let's cut to the chase and discuss the main issue." Don't bite off more than you can chew - Meaning: Don't take on more responsibility or work than you can handle. Example: "I signed up for too many extracurricular activities and now I'm overwhelmed. I shouldn't have bitten off more than I could chew." Don't cry over spilled milk - Meaning: Don't waste time worrying about things that have already happened and can't be changed. Example: "Yes, we made a mistake, but there's no point in crying over spilled milk. Let's focus on finding a solution." Don't judge a book by its cover - Meaning: Don't judge someone or something based on appearance alone. Example: "She may seem quiet, but don't judge a book by its cover." Don't put all your eggs in one basket - Meaning: Don't risk everything on a single venture or investment. Example: "I'm diversifying my portfolio so I'm not putting all my eggs in one basket." Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today - Meaning: Don't procrastinate or delay tasks. Example: "I know you're tired, but don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today." Don't put the cart before the horse - Meaning: Don't do things in the wrong order. Example: "Let's plan the event first before we start designing invitations. We shouldn't put the cart before the horse." Easy come, easy go - Meaning: Something obtained quickly and easily is also easily lost. Example: "I won the lottery, but I spent it all just as quickly. Easy come, easy go." Every cloud has a silver lining - Meaning: There is something positive to be found in every difficult situation. Example: "Losing my job was tough, but it gave me the opportunity to pursue my passion. Every cloud has a silver lining." Every dog has his day - Meaning: Everyone gets a chance or opportunity at some point. Example: "I may not be successful now, but every dog has his day." Forget cold feet - Meaning: To suddenly become nervous or hesitant about doing something. Example: "I was planning to speak up in the meeting, but I got cold feet at the last minute." Haste makes waste - Meaning: Acting too quickly can result in mistakes that take longer to fix. Example: "I rushed through the project and made so many errors. Haste makes waste." Hit the nail on the head - Meaning: To describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem. Example: "You really hit the nail on the head with that analysis." It takes two to tango - Meaning: Both parties involved are responsible for a situation or argument. Example: "They keep blaming each other for the project's failure, but it takes two to tango." It's a small world - Meaning: The world is interconnected and people often have unexpected connections. Example: "I ran into my childhood friend while traveling abroad. It's a small world." It's not rocket science - Meaning: Something is not overly complex or difficult to understand. Example: "Cooking dinner isn't rocket science. Just follow the recipe." It's raining cats and dogs - Meaning: It's raining heavily. Example: "We can't go out right now, it's raining cats and dogs." It's the tip of the iceberg - Meaning: Only a small, visible part of a much larger problem or issue. Example: "The corruption scandal we uncovered is just the tip of the iceberg." Jump on the bandwagon - Meaning: To join a popular activity or trend. Example: "Everyone's doing yoga these days, so I decided to jump on the bandwagon." Keep an eye on - Meaning: To watch or monitor something closely. Example: "Keep an eye on the time so we don't run out during the speaking test." Kick the bucket - Meaning: To die. Example: "He kicked the bucket last night after a long illness." Kill two birds with one stone - Meaning: To accomplish two things with a single action. Example: "By studying during my commute, I can kill two birds with one stone." Let sleeping dogs lie - Meaning: Avoid bringing up old issues or conflicts. Example: "I know you want to confront her about what she said, but let sleeping dogs lie." Let the cat out of the bag - Meaning: To reveal a secret. Example: "I accidentally let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party." Make a long story short - Meaning: To summarize something briefly. Example: "To make a long story short, I ended up getting the job after all." On the same page - Meaning: In agreement or understanding about something. Example: "It's important that we're all on the same page before we make any decisions." Once bitten, twice shy - Meaning: After an unpleasant experience, you become cautious to avoid a similar situation in the future. Example: "I got scammed once, so now I'm extra careful with online purchases. Once bitten, twice shy." Once in a blue moon - Meaning: Something that happens very rarely. Example: "I only see my old friends from college once in a blue moon." Out of the frying pan into the fire - Meaning: Escaping one difficult situation only to end up in another that is just as bad or worse. Example: "I thought quitting my job would solve my problems, but now I can't find another one. It's like jumping out of the frying pan into the fire." Practice makes perfect - Meaning: You can become skilled at something by repeating it regularly. Example: "I may not be good at speaking English now, but practice makes perfect." Pull someone's leg - Meaning: To tease or joke with someone. Example: "I'm just pulling your leg. Of course, I know you're joking." Rome wasn't built in a day - Meaning: Great achievements take time and effort. Example: "Learning a new language can be frustrating, but remember, Rome wasn't built in a day." Speak of the devil - Meaning: Used when someone you were just talking about appears unexpectedly. Example: "Speak of the devil, there's Sarah now." Take the bull by the horns - Meaning: To confront a problem directly and with confidence. Example: "I decided to take the bull by the horns and address the issue head-on." The ball is in your court - Meaning: It's your turn to make a decision or take action. Example: "I've given you all the information you need. Now the ball is in your court." The devil is in the details - Meaning: Small details are important and can cause problems if overlooked. Example: "We need to review the contract carefully. The devil is in the details." The early bird catches the worm - Meaning: Being proactive and starting early leads to success. Example: "I always arrive at work before anyone else. You know what they say, the early bird catches the worm." The elephant in the room - Meaning: An obvious problem or issue that everyone is aware of but nobody wants to address. Example: "We need to talk about the elephant in the room – our declining sales." The grass is always greener on the other side - Meaning: People often think that others have it better than them, but in reality, they may not. Example: "I envy her job, but the grass is always greener on the other side." The last straw - Meaning: The final, intolerable thing that causes someone to lose patience or give up. Example: "When he forgot my birthday, that was the last straw." The pot calling the kettle black - Meaning: Hypocritically criticizing someone for a fault you also possess. Example: "You accuse me of being lazy when you spend all day watching TV. That's the pot calling the kettle black." Time flies when you're having fun - Meaning: Time seems to pass quickly when you're enjoying yourself. Example: "I can't believe it's already midnight! Time flies when you're having fun." To be in hot water - Meaning: To be in trouble or facing consequences. Example: "He's really in hot water with his boss after missing the deadline." To kill time - Meaning: To pass time doing something unproductive. Example: "I'm just killing time until the bus arrives." To let the cat out of the bag - Meaning: To reveal a secret. Example: "I accidentally let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party." To paint the town red - Meaning: To go out and enjoy oneself flamboyantly. Example: "After the exam, we're going to paint the town red." To pull someone's leg - Meaning: To tease or joke with someone. Example: "I'm just pulling your leg. Of course, I know you're joking." To see eye to eye - Meaning: To agree or have the same opinion as someone else. Example: "We don't always see eye to eye, but we respect each other's opinions." To turn over a new leaf - Meaning: To start fresh or make a positive change in one's life. Example: "After getting sober, he decided to turn over a new leaf and pursue his passion for painting." Two heads are better than one - Meaning: Two people working together can solve a problem more effectively than one person alone. Example: "Let's work on this project together. Two heads are better than one." Two wrongs don't make a right - Meaning: Responding to a wrongdoing with another wrongdoing doesn't solve the problem. Example: "He insulted me, but that doesn't mean I should insult him back. Two wrongs don't make a right." Under the weather - Meaning: Feeling ill or sick. Example: "I'm feeling a bit under the weather today." You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink - Meaning: You can provide someone with an opportunity, but you can't force them to take it. Example: "I gave him all the study materials, but he refuses to study. You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink." You can't have your cake and eat it too - Meaning: You can't have everything you want; you must make choices. Example: "You want to travel the world, but you also want to save money. You can't have your cake and eat it too." You can't judge a book by its cover - Meaning: You shouldn't judge someone or something based solely on appearance. Example: "I know she seems shy, but you can't judge a book by its cover." You can't teach an old dog new tricks - Meaning: It is difficult to teach new skills or habits to someone who is set in their ways. Example: "My grandfather refuses to learn how to use a computer. You know what they say, you can't teach an old dog new tricks." You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours - Meaning: If you do something for me, I'll do something for you in return. Example: "I'll help you move this weekend if you help me paint my room next weekend. You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours." Exercise: Instructions: Choose the correct idiom from the list provided to complete each sentence. She always gets straight to the point and _______________. Despite his tough talk, he's _______________ when it comes to confrontation. I've been feeling a bit _______________ lately, so I might not be very productive. We need to _______________ and discuss the real issue. I've been studying for hours, but I'm afraid I'm just _______________ until the exam starts. The manager _______________ after everyone kept avoiding the main topic. I know it's not what you wanted, but _______________. Despite the setback, there's always _______________. The company's financial troubles were just _______________ of the iceberg. I have a feeling we're just seeing _______________ of the problem. He always arrives early for meetings because _______________. After losing her job, she discovered it was a _______________ because it led her to pursue her passion. I don't want to put all my eggs in one basket, so I'm _______________ my options. My friend promised to help, but _______________ when I needed him the most. Let's _______________ and focus on finding a solution. I envy her success, but _______________. We've been working together for years, so we're _______________. He promised to contribute, but _______________. I may not be successful now, but _______________. Learning a new language is challenging, but _______________. Answer: Hit the nail on the head All bark and no bite Under the weather Cut to the chase Killing time Broke the ice Better late than never The tip of the iceberg Barking up the wrong tree Every cloud has a silver lining The early bird catches the worm Blessing in disguise Keeping an eye on Turn over a new leaf Practice makes perfect Birds of a feather flock together Actions speak louder than words Jump on the bandwagon Beggars can't be choosers It's raining cats and dogs Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate idiom from the list provided. I always arrive early for meetings because ______________. Don't judge a book by its cover; you never know what someone is like until you get to know them ______________. After failing the exam, she realized it was ___________________ because it motivated her to study harder. It's important to _______________ and address the main issue without wasting time. My friend is always _______________, so I never know when he's telling the truth. I'm feeling _______________ today, so I might not perform my best in the test. Let's _______________ and plan our next move carefully. He promised to help, but _______________ when it came time to do the work. I made a mistake, but there's no point in _______________ about it now. They keep blaming each other for the project's failure, but _______________. After years of feuding, they finally decided to _______________ and make peace. I may not be successful now, but _______________. Learning a new language can be challenging, but _______________. Don't worry about him, he's always _______________ and never follows through. We need to _______________ and deal with the problem directly. She's been feeling _______________ lately, so she's taking a few days off work. My grandfather refuses to learn how to use a computer. You know what they say, _______________. He's really _______________ with his boss after missing the deadline. I always wake up early to study. _______________. I accidentally _______________ about the surprise party. After quitting his job, he realized he had jumped _______________. Losing my job led me to discover a new career path. _______________. Being apart from someone makes you appreciate them more. _______________. Some people find modern art beautiful, but _______________. I keep refreshing the webpage, but the results still aren't out. _______________. I envy her job, but _______________. You want to travel the world, but _______________. I made a mistake, but _______________. I finally apologized to her for my mistake. _______________. I'm putting aside a portion of my salary each month. _______________. What someone does is more significant than what they say. _______________. In difficult or intense situations, anything goes. _______________. People who are in need shouldn't be picky about what they receive. _______________. It's better to do something late than to not do it at all. _______________. Being too curious can lead to trouble. _______________. Don't assume success until it's certain. _______________. You can't have everything you want; you must make choices. _______________. Escaping one difficult situation only to end up in another that is just as bad or worse. _______________. Saving money is just as valuable as earning it. _______________. A true friend is someone who helps you when you are in need. _______________. Two people working together can solve a problem more effectively than one person alone. _______________. Beauty is subjective and can vary from person to person. _______________. Time seems to move slower when you're waiting for something to happen. _______________. Family relationships are stronger and more important than other relationships. _______________. If you do something for me, I'll do something for you in return. _______________. I know it seems harsh, but _______________. After an unpleasant experience, you become cautious to avoid a similar situation in the future. _______________. There's something positive to be found in every difficult situation. _______________. I know it's not exactly what you wanted, but _______________. Time seems to move slower when you're waiting for something to happen. _______________. Answer: Hit the nail on the head Break the ice A blessing in disguise Cut to the chase Beat around the bush Under the weather Jump on the bandwagon Pull someone's leg Break a leg Bite the bullet Call it a day Keep an eye on Let the cat out of the bag Cost an arm and a leg Kick the bucket Don't judge a book by its cover Burn the midnight oil Cross that bridge when you come to it Make a long story short On the same page Speak of the devil Take the bull by the horns The ball is in your court The early bird catches the worm The elephant in the room The last straw Time flies when you're having fun To be in hot water To kill time To let the cat out of the bag All bark and no bite Beggars can't be choosers Don't cry over spilled milk Don't put all your eggs in one basket Every cloud has a silver lining Every dog has its day Haste makes waste It's raining cats and dogs It's the tip of the iceberg Jump on the bandwagon Practice makes perfect The devil is in the details Two heads are better than one You can't judge a book by its cover A leopard can't change its spots Don't count your chickens before they hatch Easy come, easy go The early bird catches the worm A watched pot never boils To turn over a new leaf

Verb A verb is a word used to describe an action, state or occurrence. A verb is “any member of a class of words that function as the main element of predicates, that typically express action, state, or a relation between two things, and that may be inflected for tense, aspect, voice, mood, and to show agreement with their subject or object.” Classification of Verb Several other kinds of verb: Dynamic(Action) Verb State Verb Factitive verb Quasi-passive verb Copulative verb Causative verb Cognate verb Impersonal verb Reflexive verb Prepositional verb Perception verb Linking verb Verbs are also primarily divided into Finite and Infinite (Non-Finite): Finite Verb: The verb form that agrees with its subject in person, number and time is called finite verb. It is so called because it is limited to its subject. Therefore, it changed its form according to person, number and tense. For example, in the sentence,           "She is singing loudly", `is singing' is the Present Tense and 'she' is the Pronoun and the statement refers to `she'(the Subject). `Is singing' is determined by the tense and pronoun and is therefore a Finite Verb. Note: Every sentence must have at least one, Finite Verb. You promised me the last ticket. I am excited about going to the amusement park. I went for a walk around the park. She was waiting in the room before he came in. Does your brother know my brother? ·         We want John to act as club secretary. ·         I like taking photographs of insects. ·         Coming home last night, I saw a deer run across the road. Non-Finite Verb: A nonfinite verb is a verb that is not finite. When a verb is not limited by Number and Person, it is known as the Non-Finite Verb. These verbs cannot be the main verb of a clause or sentence and they do not indicate any tense, mood or gender. A non-finite verb is not controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject. ·         I enjoy shopping for clothes and shoes. ·         You enjoy shopping for clothes and shoes. ·         They enjoy shopping for clothes and shoes. It is dangerous to drive on this slippery road. I felt it difficult to comprehend. It is good to know that you can cook as well. We ate a lot of roasted meat. I have completed the given task. Robert is the most wanted player on the team. Shaun gave up smoking a few years ago. Walking is a habit you should develop from the beginning. Sleeping in the afternoon is not healthy at all. A flying bird is more watchful than a sitting bird. The Verb Non-Finite can be of three types - the Infinitive, the Gerund and the Participle. For example, in the sentence, "To forgive your enemy is good", `to forgive' is not limited by either Tense or Number or Person. It is an example of the Verb Infinite‑ Gerunds A gerund is a verbal that ends in '-ing' and functions as a noun. In other words, when a verb becomes a noun, it is called gerund. Since it functions as a noun, it occupies the same position in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would such as subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition. Words like swimming, tying, dreaming, eating, fishing, and drinking can all be used as gerunds. List of sentences with gerunds: Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. Blowing bubbles on a windy day is a fun activity for children. ('Blowing bubbles on a windy day' is the subject of the verb 'is'.) Piling too much laundry into a washing machine will cause it to malfunction. ('Piling too much laundry into a washing machine' is the subject of the verb 'will cause'.) Ethan narrowly avoided driving off the cliff. ('Driving off the cliff' is the direct object of the verb 'avoided'.) Eating ice cream on a hot day can be a good way to cool off. ('Eating ice cream on a hot day' is the subject of the verb 'can be'.) Jessica really enjoys bothering the neighbors with loud music. ('Bothering the neighbors with loud music' is the direct object of the verb 'enjoys'.) Participles A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed. It has some features of verbs and some of adjectives, but it is basically a type of adjective. There are two types of participles: Present participles and Past participles. Present participles can be used to act like an adjective, a verbal noun or accompany an auxiliary verb to make continuous past or present tenses. The past participle is the third principal part of a verb. With regular verbs, we have an easy case of creating these words. We create it by adding '-ed,' '-d,' or '-t' ‘tn, to the base of a regular verb. Present participles usually describe what a thing does and Past Participles usually describe what was done to a thing. Perfect participles are a kind of participle that are used in combination with the verb 'have,' and imply a particular meaning. Perfect participles are used to express actions or states that have just finished. They indicate that one action or event happened before another. Perfect participle is not technically a third type of participle. It is a grammatical phrase constructed by:having + past participle. Examples: She is buying a talking bird for her daughter. [Present Participle] He was trapped inside the burning house. [Present Participle] A broken clock stood on the mantelpiece. [Past Participle] I finally found the hose stolen from my garden. [Past Participle] Having talked to him, she felt awful. [Perfect Participle] Having started to rain, we decided not to leave home. [Perfect Participle] Having been caught, the thief admitted his crime. [Perfect Participle] Infinitives An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word 'to' plus a verb and functioning as a noun, adjective or adverb. Example: To wait seemed foolish when action was required. The children need a garden to play in. I decided not to go to London. Note: Be sure not to confuse an infinitive, a verbal consisting of 'to' +verb with a prepositional phrase beginning with to, which consists of 'to'+ a noun or pronoun and any modifiers. Finite Verbs --Principal and Auxiliary Finite Verbs are divided into two main classes: - Principal Verb: Verbs which have a meaning of their own, agree with the Person and Number of the Subject of a sentence and can be used independently are called principal verb. Main verbs have meanings related to actions, events and states. Most verbs in English are main verbs. Verb : call, go, work, etc. Auxiliary Verb:  When a verb is used only to help some other verb to form voices, moods and tenses, it is called an Auxiliary Verb (auxiliary =helping). §  I am writing a book. §  He has done the work. §  We will be there in a minute. §  Would you help me with this homework? §  Can you open the door? §  Did you visit New York last holiday? §  Do you like chocolate? §  They must get there on time. Auxiliary verbs are of two types: Primary auxiliary verb Modal auxiliary verb Primary auxiliary verb: And those verb words which merely help to express statements of fact are called Primary Auxuliary.  “Be” and its forms; “do” and its forms and “have” and its forms belong to this group. These Primary Auxiliaries can be used as Main Verbs as well as Helping Verbs. The primary auxiliary verbs are to be, to have, and to do. They appear in the following forms: ·         To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be ·         To Have: has, have, had, having, will have ·         To Do: does, do, did, will do Primary Auxiliary Verbs may also be used. as Principal Verbs: Auxiliary                                    Principal I am helped by him.                   I am happy. He has gone.                               He has a dog. We eat that we may live.           You man go. He does not know it.              He did it. I shall do it.                                  You shall do it. lie will do it.                                I will do it. Modal Auxiliary Verb: The modal auxiliary verbs are auxiliary verbs that specifically affect the mood of the verb. Remember that verb mood is about the attitude in which the action or state is expressed-as a statement of fact or opinion, as a wish, as a possibility, or as a command. Modality is about a speaker’s or a writer’s attitude towards the world. A speaker or writer can express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity and ability by using modal words and expressions. The word ‘Modal’ comes from the word “mood” which is related to the mind! Core modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, must Semi-modals: dare, need, ought to, used to Other verbs with modal meanings: have (got) to, be going to and be able to Examples of modal auxiliary verbs in a sentence: §               I can run a mile in 8 minutes. (expresses a fact or possibility) §               You must clean your plate before you have dessert. (expresses a command) §               I might go to the park after school today. (expresses a possibility) §               It would be nice if a rainbow appeared. (expresses a wish) §               Do you think it will rain today? (expresses a possibility or a wish) §               Grandma could arrive any minute! (expresses a possibility) §               You should try some of this spaghetti. (expresses a statement of opinion) §               Will you give me some money? (expresses a wish or possibility) These Modal Auxiliaries have three common characteristics: 1.      They are never used alone – a Main Verb in its ‘bare-infinitive’ form is either present or understood: {except ‘need’, ‘dare’ and ‘used to’} I will to school.  [wrong – no main verb] I will go to school.   [correct – main verb ‘go’ is present] 2.      These Auxiliaries have a ‘single form’ through out the Present Tense, whatever be the Person and Number of the subject of the sentence: e.g. I can swim.  You can swim.   She can swim. 3.      The Modal Auxiliaries do not take the ‘to-infinitive’ or the ‘participle’ – present or past – forms directly: e.g. You shall to go. [wrong] She can gone.  [wrong] He may coming here. [wrong] You shall go.   [correct] She can go.      [correct] He may come here.   [correct] Principal Verbs are divided into two classes: — Transitive verbs are those that require an object to make the sense clear: He did this. I love him. Who made it ? ·         I admire your courage. ·         We need to maintain product quality. ·         I couldn’t face him today. ·         She loves animals. Some transitive verbs (like fell, teach, ask, show, give, send, etc.) take two objects, Direct and Indirect. 2. Intransitive verbs are those that do not require any object to make the sense clear: He sleeps. I run. Birds fly. §  The baby was crying. §  I work for a large firm in Paris. §  They laughed uncontrollably. §  We talked for hours. Object: The object of a sentence is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. It is the who or what that the subject does something to. It can be a noun, a noun phrase, a pronoun or a longer complex object, which is modified (in a similar way to a complex subject). An object in grammar is a part of a sentence, and often part of the predicate. It refers to someone or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb. It is what the verb is being done to. Direct object You can find the direct object by finding the verb and asking "what?". A direct object answers the question "what?" or "who?" Examples: David repaired his car → his car is the direct object of the verb repaired. ( What did David repair?) He invited Mary to the party → Mary is the direct object of the verb invited. (Who did he invite?) Indirect Object An indirect object names the person for or to whom something is done. An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?" Remember that once you have found the direct object, you have to ask who (or what) is receiving it to find the indirect object An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. In other words an indirect object cannot exist without a direct object. Examples: They sent him a postcard - him is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To whom did they send a postcard?) He bought his son a bike - his son is the indirect object of the verb bought. (For whom did he buy a bike?) Indirect Objects Are Usually People. Indirect objects usually people, but not always. This means that, occasionally, you might have to ask "for or to what?" as opposed to "for or to whom?" to find the indirect object. ·         I have given the room a quick inspection. ·         Metaphors give your writing some spice. ·         Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity. (Educational reformer Horace Mann) A Transitive verb becomes Intransitive, when (a)     The verb is used in such a general sense that the object can be easily understood from the context : Fire burns. We eat to live. (b)     The reflexive pronoun is omitted: Move (yourself) aside. He keeps (himself) aloof. He drew (himself) near me. (c)     An adverb is added to the verb : Cholera has broken out. (d)     The verb is used quasi-passively : Rice sells cheap. An Intransitive verb becomes transitive when it is used (a) Grouped with -preposition: He laughs at me. We act on this rule. (b)      In a causal sense : He flies (causes to I 1\ ) a kite. I grow (cause to grow) corn in my field. (See Art. 160) (c)       With over and with placed before it : We withstood the attack. He overcame the difficulties. (d )With a Reflexive or Personal object: They set them down. (e) With a Cognate object: He ran a race. Both Transitive and Intransitive verbs are divided into following two types depending on formation of its 2nd and 3rd forms. Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Regular Verbs A verb whose past-simple and past-participle are formed simply by adding ‘-ed’ to it, is called a regular verb. Irregular Verbs A verb whose past-simple and past-participle are formed in different ways (not by adding ‘-ed’) is called an irregular verb. A few verb remains the same in all three forms (base, past-simple and past-participle). Other Types of Verb: Action verbs Action verbs (also called dynamic verbs) express activities, processes, momentary actions or physical conditions: Examples of action verbs Ache, arrive, ask, call , change,  cook, dance ,eat, fall, feel, go, grow, help, hit, hurt ,Itch ,kick, knock, leave, melt read, say, shrink, sing, speak, talk, throw, travel, watch They may be used in continuous forms: Who was he dancing with?Someone's knocking at the door.I've been reading this book for weeks. State verbs Stative verbs (or state verbs) describe a status or quality of something… NOT an action. Verbs of perception, opinion, the senses, emotion, possession, and state of being are often stative verbs. Examples of state verbs appear, believe,  belong, consider, consist, contain,cost , doubt, exist ,fit, hate ,hear, have know like love, matter, mean, need ,owe ,own, prefer ,remember, resemble, seem, suppose, suspect, understand, want ,wish COMMON STATE VERBS Senses Feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste Mental and emotional states Doubt, believe , feel (have an opinion),  hate, like/dislike, love ,imagine, know, realise, prefer, recognize, remember, see (understand),suppose, think (have an opinion) ,understand ,want, wish Communication Agree, disagree, deny, appear, look (seem), seem, astonish, impress, surprise , promise, please, mean Other state verbs Belong, consist, deserve, involve, owe In sentence: ·         Susan recognizes the need for a discussion. ·         The wine tastes very fruity, but still has a dry finish. ·         I think that's a good idea. ·         I love this song! ·         That coffee smells good. ·         Do you have a pen? ·         Do these keys belong to you? ·         I see a bird in the bush. ·         Jason believes the news about the company, but I don't. ·         How much does that book cost? ·         I get the situation, but I still don't know the answer. ·         Does Tom impress you with all his knowledge? ·         He is from Dallas, TX in the Southwest. ·         She hates ironing clothes, but doesn't want to wear them wrinkled. ·         I like spending time with my friends. ·         She loves her children just as any mother loves her children. ·         I'm afraid I don't need a new pair of shoes. ·         She knows the answer, but she doesn't want to give it away. ·         Can I reach and take the hamburger? ·         Do you understand the question? State verbs are not normally used in continuous forms: I am needing a new phone. I need a new phone.Who is this bag belonging to? Who does this bag belong to?They are seeming tired. They seem tired. State verbs in the continuous form Some state verbs may be used in the continuous form if they refer to a temporary action or an action in progress at a certain moment, rather than a permanent attitude: ·         I'm having second thoughts about moving abroad. ·         Jones is appearing in Hamlet this evening. ·         You're looking great in those jeans. There are also state verbs which may be used in the continuous form, but with a different, active meaning: Factitive Verb: Factitive Verb is a form of transitive verb that takes both a direct object and an object complement, the two of which are in apposition Factitive verbs have both direct objects and object complements. Direct objects are phrases, clauses, nouns, and pronouns that directly receive the action of the verb. Object complements are adjectives, nouns, or pronouns that follow direct objects in order to indicate what the direct object's new state is. In other words, object complements reveal what the direct object has become. List of  the factitive verb: appoint, call,         choose,           keep, consider,           designate, elect,         label, find, imagine, judge,   make, name, prove, think Subject      Verb        Object Complement I                  found     him        tired. People       elected   him        their chairman. They          called     me         a liar. We              found     him        asleep. My parents   named me         Hassan. He              made      me         nervous. We              nominated  him   our president. They          appointed  me      their manager. We              consider  him       honest. They appointed Sanders, accountant. (noun as complement) He found the bag empty. (adjective as complement) They named their dog, Rex. (noun as complement) She considers him faithful. He named his son, Williams. Copulative verb: Definition : A copulative verb is a verb followed by a complement (adjective or noun phrase) which can be "equated" to the subject of the sentence. Copulative verbs are intransitive verb but they cannot express their meaning completely without the help of a word.For this reason they are called Intransitive verb of incomplete prediction. For example : be, become, get, grow, seem, appear, look, sound, taste, feel, smell, prove, remain, stay, resemble, turn Examples: ·         John is / became an architect  (John = an architect) ·         Paula seemed / appeared / sounded /grew angry (Paula = angry) ·         The roses smell / look  wonderful. ( The roses = wonderful) ·         The hypothesis proved wrong. (the hypothesis = wrong) Subject        Intransitive verb Complement The man         seems                 to be tired. Samira            looks                   - happy. The flower      is                         beautiful. The man         has fallen            asleep. These books  are                       of no use. The woman    bas fallen            sick. The man         became               angry. He       appears          to be The linking verb :A linking verb is a verb that describes the subject. Linking verbs connect the subject to a predicate noun or a predicate adjective. List of linking verb: be, am, is, are, was, were, has been, being, become, and seem, smell, appear, fall, remain, get, become, keep, go, feel, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, run, seem, look, burn, stay, taste, sound There are other verbs that can be both linking verbs and action verbs. All of the sense verbs; look, smell, touch, appear, sound, taste, and feel can be linking verbs. Other examples of verbs that can be linking verbs and action verbs include turn, remain, prove, and grow. ·         Fried fish smells delicious. ·         The moon appears gloomy. ·         The man went mad. ·         Reba seems cheerless. ·         The man grew tired. ·         Seema looks beautiful. ·         The milk turned sour. ·         These mangoes tasted sweet. ·         It appears that you have made many mistakes. ·         There appears to have been a mistake. ·         There seems to be some problems. Quasi-Passive verb The transitive verbs  which expresse the meaning as a passive voice though it is in an active voice are called quasi-passive verb.  Examples Green mango tastes sour. The book reads well. Rice sells cheap. The bed feels soft. Iron feels hard. The red rose seems sweet. Honey tastes sweet. The box feels heavy. The mango tastes sweet. Rice sells cheap. ·         This book reads well. ·         The bed feels soft. ·         The egg smells bad. ·         The house is to let. Reflexive verb A reflexive verb is a transitive verb whose subject and object always refer to the same person or thing, so the object is always a reflexive pronoun. Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves, oneself, thyself, own self. ·         The woman killed herself. ·         One should help oneself. ·         They learn themselves. ·         He hurt himself. ·         We should co-operate our-selves. Causative Verb: The causatives are the verbs that are used to indicate that one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something or be something. The verbs ‘make’, ‘get’, ‘have’, 'help' and ‘let’ are the most common causative verbs in English. Other causative verbs include: allow,  require, allow, motivate,  convince, hire, assist, encourage, permit, employ, force fly, show, remind, feed, raise, teach, set Have (give someone the responsibility to do something) §  I had John fix the car §  I had my hair cut §  Professor Villa had her students read four short novels in one week. Make (force someone to do something) §  The teacher made the students work in groups §  Our boss made us work extra hours. Get (convince or trick someone into doing something) §  He got the mechanic to repair the machine. §  She got him to read more. Let (allow someone do something) §  Jane let her son go out. §  They let the children play in the yard . §  However, she let them skip the final exam. Help (assist someone in doing something) He helped me carry the boxes Reading before bed helps me relax. More Causative Verb He showed me a picture on the wall. Mother remind me the incident of independent war. The boy is flying a kite with great joy. The Passive Causative Get & Have Subject (person) + Have / Get + Object (thing) + Past Participle Can causative sentences be passive? Yes! The passive causative is quite common for services. For more information, see our blog post on the Passive Causative. He had his car fixed (by a mechanic). She got her hair cut yesterday. My sister got her nails done. Cognate Verb The intransitive which verb accepts object similar to that verb, is cognate verb. A verb that is regularly intransitive sometimes takes as object a noun whose meaning closely resembles its own. Subject       Cognate verb Cognate object He                ran                    a race. Rina             sang                 a sweet song. I                   slept                 a sound sleep. He                died                  a pathetic I                   dreamt             a sweet dream. She              cried                 a bitter cry. Rita              laughed           a hearty laugh. He                died                  the death of a hero. He ran a race. The mayor coughed a dubious, insinuating cough. A scornful laugh laughed he. The trumpeter blew a loud blast. She sleeps the sleep of death. I slept a sound sleep last night. They fought a great fight for the country. She dances sweet dance. He ran a race. The girl laughs a sweet laugh. He walks morning walk every morning. The woman cried a touching cry. Didn’t Reba sing a sweet song? Perception Verb a verb of perception is a verb that conveys the experience of one of the physical senses. See, feel, hear, taste, smell, observe, appear, recognize etc. are of this verb. ·         The verb that is only used for feeling with nose, eye, skin, ear and tongue is called perception verb. ·         Examples Animals see with eyes. ·         The mango tastes sweet. ·         The rose smells sweet. ·         I like vegetables. ·         We heard a hue & cry. Prepositional or Group Verb A prepositional verb is a verb that is followed by a preposition. The meaning of these two words together is usually very similar to the original meaning of the verb. Some verbs require specific prepositions to be used after them in a sentence. The combination of such a verb and its required preposition is called a prepositional verb ·          She is waiting for him. He is knocking at the door. She is listening to music. The kids are laughing at a joker. We believe in God. She is suffering from fever. I agree with you. I agree to your proposal.

Paragraph Writing THE LIBERATION WAR The Bangladesh Liberation War, also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence, was a significant revolution and armed conflict that led to the creation of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. It was ignited by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement in East Pakistan in response to severe oppression and atrocities committed by the Pakistani military junta. The conflict began on March 25, 1971, when the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight to suppress the Bengali populace. This operation involved mass killings, deportations, and genocidal acts targeting Bengali civilians, students, intellectuals, and religious minorities. Throughout the war, rural and urban areas of East Pakistan experienced extensive military operations and airstrikes aimed at quelling civil disobedience. The Pakistan Army, supported by Islamist groups and radical militias, perpetrated widespread violence and atrocities against the Bengali population. The capital city, Dhaka, witnessed numerous massacres, including the infamous Operation Searchlight and the Dhaka University massacre. The Bangladesh Liberation War saw the formation of the Mukti Bahini, the national liberation army composed of Bengali military personnel, paramilitaries, and civilians. Led by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders, the Bangladesh Forces waged guerrilla warfare against the Pakistani military. Despite facing initial setbacks, they managed to liberate several towns and cities. The conflict took a significant turn when India intervened on December 3, 1971, after Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on North India. The Indo-Pakistani War that followed resulted in decisive victories for the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India, leading to Pakistan's surrender in Dhaka on December 16, 1971. The aftermath of the war saw the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation, marking a profound change in the geopolitical landscape of South Asia. The majority of United Nations member states recognized Bangladesh as a sovereign nation in 1972. Additionally, the war had implications for Cold War tensions, involving the United States, the Soviet Union, and China. Overall, the Bangladesh Liberation War was a pivotal event in history, leading to the birth of a new nation and reshaping the dynamics of the region. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, known as the Father of the nation, served as the first president of Bangladesh from March 26, 1971, to January 11, 1972. Born on March 17, 1920, in the village of Tungipara, under Gopalganj subdivision in the district of Faridpur, his father, Sheikh Lutfar Rahman, worked as a serestadar in the civil court of Gopalganj. Among six siblings, Mujib was the third child. He attended Gimadanga School for his primary education, although he faced difficulties due to eye problems for about four years. He completed his Matriculation from Gopalganj Missionary School in 1942, Intermediate of Arts from Calcutta Islamia College in 1944, and BA from the same college in 1947. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman led the first government of post-liberation Bangladesh for a brief period of three and a half years. His government faced numerous challenges in rebuilding a country devastated by war. Under his guidance, the process of state-building and nation-building began, addressing various crucial aspects. Tasks such as restoring law and order, recovering illegal arms, rehabilitating freedom fighters, reconstructing communication systems, protecting individuals opposed to the War of Liberation from public anger, and ensuring food for the hungry masses were among the significant challenges his administration tackled. Tragically, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated on August 15, 1975, along with all his family members who were present, by a group of dissident army personnel. This unfortunate event marked a significant loss for the nation. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, born on 17 March 1920 in Tungipara village, is the revered founding figure of independent Bangladesh. From his early years, he displayed leadership qualities and a commitment to the welfare of his people. Despite facing various challenges, including expulsion from university and imprisonment, Bangabandhu continued his political journey with determination and resilience. Throughout his political career, Bangabandhu played key roles in various organizations and movements, advocating for the rights and interests of the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). His famous six-point program, aimed at ensuring self-rule for East Pakistan, garnered widespread support and galvanized the Bengali population. Despite facing imprisonment and persecution under the Ayub regime, Bangabandhu's popularity continued to grow, culminating in the historic mass uprising of 1969, which led to his release from jail and earned him the title "Bangabandhu" (Friend of the Bengalis). Following the landmark general elections of December 1970, where the people overwhelmingly supported his six-point doctrine, Bangabandhu emerged as the undisputed leader of East Pakistan. However, the refusal of the ruling junta to honor the election results and implement the six-point program triggered a non-cooperation movement in East Pakistan, ultimately leading to the declaration of independence on 26 March 1971. Throughout the Liberation War, Bangabandhu's leadership served as a unifying force, inspiring millions to fight for the freedom of Bangladesh. Following the victory of the Liberation War and the establishment of Bangladesh as an independent nation, Bangabandhu assumed the leadership of the new country, facing numerous challenges in rebuilding the war-torn nation. Despite his efforts to steer Bangladesh towards stability and progress, his tenure was cut short tragically by his assassination on 15 August 1975. Bangabandhu's legacy continues to inspire generations of Bangladeshis, symbolizing the struggle for freedom, democracy, and social justice. Bangabandhu's contributions to the birth of Bangladesh and his enduring impact on its history make him a revered figure in the hearts of millions.

Paragraph Writing Courtesy in the Perspective of Bangladesh and the Perspective of the Western World Courtesy, defined as politeness in attitude, behavior, and manner towards others, varies significantly between Bangladesh and the Western World. In Bangladesh, respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and individuals typically address them with titles such as uncle, aunt, brother, sister, sir, or madam, depending on their relationship. Conversely, in the Western World, it is generally acceptable to address elders by their first names, even among students and teachers, which would be considered unusual in Bangladesh. Greetings also differ between the two cultures. In Bangladesh, elders are often greeted with a Salaam or according to religious customs, while in the Western World, the common greetings are Hello or Hi. Moreover, social norms regarding physical contact also contrast. In the Western World, it is customary for men and women to shake hands as a gesture of greeting or farewell, whereas in Bangladesh, such interactions between unrelated men and women are less common and may even be perceived as inappropriate in certain contexts. These variations in courtesy and social norms have evolved due to the distinct cultural backgrounds and traditions of each region. While Bangladesh places a strong emphasis on respect for elders and adherence to traditional customs, the Western World tends to prioritize individualism and informality in social interactions. Understanding and respecting these cultural differences are essential for effective communication and interaction between people from different parts of the world. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing