Cambridge IELTS 12 Reading Vocabulary

        ACADEMIC READING TEST-1

PASSAGE-1

Cork

1.       Cork - the thick bark of the cork oak tree.

·         Example: Wine bottles are often sealed with a cork stopper.

2.       Remarkable - extraordinary or deserving attention.

·         Example: The cork oak's properties make it a remarkable tree.

3.       Elastic - able to stretch and return to its original shape.

·         Example: Rubber bands are known for their elastic properties.

4.       Buoyant - able to float or stay afloat.

·         Example: Cork is buoyant due to the air-filled cells in its structure.

5.       Fire-resistant - not easily damaged or destroyed by fire.

·         Example: Firefighters wear fire-resistant suits for protection.

6.       Millennia - plural of millennium, referring to thousands of years.

·         Example: The pyramids have stood for millennia.

7.       Sarcophagi - plural of sarcophagus, a stone coffin.

·         Example: The ancient Egyptians used cork to seal their sarcophagi.

8.       Beehives - shelters for bees to live and produce honey.

·         Example: Beekeepers use beehives to house their colonies.

9.       Sandals - open shoes typically made of leather or other materials.

·         Example: In ancient times, Romans often wore sandals.

10.   Insulating - providing thermal or electrical insulation.

·         Example: The cork bark insulates the tree from extreme temperatures.

11.   Constant - unchanging or consistent.

·         Example: The inside of the cork oak remains at a constant 20°C.

12.   Defence - protection or safeguarding against harm.

·         Example: The bark of the cork oak serves as a defense mechanism.

13.   Cellular - related to cells, the basic units of living organisms.

·         Example: The cellular structure of cork is unique.

14.   Replicating - copying or reproducing.

·         Example: Scientists are trying to replicate the properties of cork.

15.   Harvest - the process of gathering crops or resources.

·         Example: Farmers usually harvest their crops in the fall.

16.   Thrive - to grow and prosper.

·         Example: Cork oaks thrive in warm climates with minimal rainfall.

17.   Nutrients - essential substances for growth and health.

·         Example: Plants need nutrients from the soil to grow.

18.   Region - a specific area or part of a larger area.

·         Example: The Alentejo region in Portugal is known for cork production.

19.   Producer - someone or something that creates or manufactures.

·         Example: Portugal is a major producer of cork.

20.   Patience - the ability to endure waiting or difficulties calmly.

·         Example: Growing cork trees requires a lot of patience.

21.   Sapling - a young tree.

·         Example: They planted cork saplings in the forest.

22.   Mechanical - related to machines or machinery.

·         Example: Mechanical devices can make tasks easier.

23.   Invented - created or developed for the first time.

·         Example: Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.

24.   Skilled - having expertise or competence.

·         Example: The workers are highly skilled in cork harvesting.

25.   Vertical - in an upright position.

·         Example: The tower's vertical structure is impressive.

26.   Semi-circular - in the shape of half a circle.

·         Example: The arch had a semi-circular design.

27.   Husk - the outer covering of a seed or fruit.

·         Example: Corn kernels are protected by a husk.

28.   Granules - small particles or grains.

·         Example: Sugar is made up of tiny granules.

29.   Insects - small animals with six legs and typically wings.

·         Example: Bees and ants are common insects.

30.   Substitutes - replacements or alternatives.

·         Example: Some people use honey as a substitute for sugar.

31.   Manufacture - the process of making products on a large scale.

·         Example: Automobile manufacturing is a major industry.

32.   Convenient - easy to use or suitable for one's needs.

·         Example: The new software update adds convenient features.

33.   Advantages - favorable circumstances or benefits.

·         Example: One of the advantages of living here is the beautiful scenery.

34.   Sustainable - capable of being maintained over the long term.

·         Example: Recycling is a sustainable practice.

35.   Biodiversity - the variety of plant and animal life in an ecosystem.

·         Example: Rainforests are known for their high biodiversity.

36.   Desertification - the process of turning fertile land into desert.

·         Example: Overgrazing can lead to desertification.

37.   Environmental - related to the natural world and its surroundings.

·         Example: Environmental protection is essential for the planet.

38.   Monopoly - exclusive control or dominance of a market.

·         Example: The company had a monopoly on the industry.

39.   Contents - what is contained or included within something.

·         Example: The contents of the box were a surprise.

40.   Chemical - relating to substances and their properties.

·         Example: Chemistry is the study of chemicals and their reactions.

41.   Compound - a substance formed by the combination of two or more elements.

·         Example: Water is a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

42.   Interact - to act upon one another or have an effect.

·         Example: Different chemicals can interact in unexpected ways.

43.   Concentrations - the amount of a substance in a given volume.

·         Example: High concentrations of pollution can harm the environment.

44.   Spoil - to ruin or diminish the quality of something.

·         Example: Leaving food out too long can spoil it.

45.   Substances - materials with specific properties.

·         Example: Chemical substances have distinct characteristics.

46.   Gradual - happening slowly over time.

·         Example: The decline in population was gradual.

47.   Recycled - used again or turned into a new product.

·         Example: Many plastic bottles are recycled into new containers.

48.   Resource - a source of supply or support.

·         Example: Natural resources include water and minerals.

49.   Promising - showing potential for success or improvement.

·         Example: The results of the experiment are promising.

50.   Ancient - very old or from a long time ago.

·         Example: The ancient ruins are a popular tourist attraction.

PASSAGE-2

Collecting as a hobby

1.       Variied - having a wide range or diversity.

·         Example: Collecting is one of the most varied of human activities.

2.       Dignified - characterized by a sense of honor or respect.

·         Example: Many forms of collecting have been dignified with technical names.

3.       Archtophilist - a collector of teddy bears.

·         Example: My friend is an archtophilist who has a vast teddy bear collection.

4.       Philatelist - a collector of postage stamps.

·         Example: Philatelists often attend stamp exhibitions to showcase their collections.

5.       Deltiologist - a collector of postcards.

·         Example: The deltiologist has postcards from all over the world.

6.       Amassing - gathering or collecting a large quantity of something.

·         Example: He spent years amassing a collection of rare coins.

7.       Instrumental - serving as a means to achieve a specific end.

·         Example: Some collectors view their hobby as an instrumental way to make money.

8.       Triumph - a great victory or achievement.

·         Example: Finding a valuable antique at a low price can bring a sense of triumph to a collector.

9.       Online - connected to the internet or accessible via the internet.

·         Example: Many collectors now sell their items online through auction websites.

10.   Develop - to grow or progress.

·         Example: Collectors often develop their collections over time.

11.   Variant - a different or modified form of something.

·         Example: Attending collectors' meetings is a variant of social interaction.

12.   Bridge - a card game played by four players in two partnerships.

·         Example: Some collectors join bridge clubs for social engagement.

13.   Motive - a reason or incentive for doing something.

·         Example: Their motive for collecting rare books is to expand their knowledge.

14.   Aimless - lacking a clear purpose or goal.

·         Example: Without a hobby, his life felt aimless.

15.   Educational - related to learning or providing knowledge.

·         Example: Stamp collecting has educational value, teaching about different countries.

16.   Amassed - collected or gathered together.

·         Example: She has amassed a remarkable collection of ancient artifacts.

17.   Fossils - the preserved remains of ancient organisms.

·         Example: Fossils are often collected by paleontologists for study.

18.   Inferior - lower in quality or value.

·         Example: Our knowledge of the natural world would be inferior without collections.

19.   Popularity - the state of being widely liked or accepted.

·         Example: Trainspotting was a popular hobby among boys in the past.

20.   Locomotive - a powered rail vehicle used for pulling trains.

·         Example: Trainspotters aim to see every locomotive of a particular type.

21.   Knowledgeable - possessing a deep understanding or expertise.

·         Example: Trainspotters are often very knowledgeable about railways.

22.   Reflect - to show or indicate something.

·         Example: Dolls can reflect cultural preferences and trends.

23.   Notions - ideas or beliefs about something.

·         Example: Dolls can reflect notions of beauty and play.

24.   Neatly - in a tidy or orderly manner.

·         Example: Stamp collectors organize their collections neatly in albums.

25.   Organizing - arranging or structuring in a systematic way.

·         Example: Organizing stamps by country is a common practice among collectors.

26.   Commonplace - ordinary or widely accepted.

·         Example: Stamp collectors often group stamps by common themes.

27.   Individualism - the belief in the uniqueness of each person.

·         Example: Collecting dog collars may be an expression of individualism.

28.   Eccentric - unconventional or unusual in behavior or appearance.

·         Example: Some collectors have eccentric tastes in art.

29.   Engrossing - captivating or absorbing one's attention completely.

·         Example: Collecting can be an engrossing and fulfilling hobby.

30.   Fulfilment - a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment.

·         Example: Building a model train set gave him a sense of personal fulfilment.

31.   Non-collectors - individuals who do not engage in collecting as a hobby.

·         Example: Non-collectors may not understand the passion of collectors.

32.   Harmless - not causing harm or danger.

·         Example: Collecting can be seen as a harmless way to spend time.

33.   Passion - a strong and intense feeling or enthusiasm.

·         Example: Her passion for collecting antique dolls is evident in her extensive collection.

34.   Potentially - with the possibility of becoming something in the future.

·         Example: Collecting has the potential to provide both pleasure and knowledge.These words are drawn from various levels of vocabulary, excluding the simplest A1 and A2 words.

35.   Expansion - the action of becoming larger or more extensive.

·         Example: The collector's expansion of his coin collection included rare ancient coins.

36.   Insecurity - a lack of confidence or uncertainty about oneself.

·         Example: Some people collect as a way to cope with their feelings of insecurity.

37.   Conveying - communicating or expressing something.

·         Example: Collecting unusual items may be a way of conveying one's uniqueness.

38.   Exhibition - a public display of items for viewing.

·         Example: Stamp collectors often participate in exhibitions to showcase their collections.

39.   Specimens - individual examples or samples of something.

·         Example: The museum has a vast collection of insect specimens.

40.   Diverse - showing a variety of different characteristics.

·         Example: Her doll collection is diverse, representing various time periods and cultures.

41.   Artifacts - objects made by humans, typically of historical or cultural significance.

·         Example: Archaeologists excavated ancient artifacts from the site.

42.   Relatable - able to be related to or connected with.

·         Example: Collectors find it easier to connect with others who share their hobby.

43.   Inferiority - a feeling of being lower in status or value.

·         Example: Comparing oneself to others can lead to feelings of inferiority.

44.   Trends - prevailing tendencies or popular styles.

·         Example: Collectors of vintage clothing track fashion trends from different eras.

45.   Indulgence - the act of satisfying one's desires or whims.

·         Example: Collecting can be seen as a personal indulgence, bringing joy to the collector.

46.   Intense - characterized by strong or extreme feelings.

·         Example: His intense passion for collecting rare coins was evident to everyone.

47.   Enthusiastic - showing intense and eager interest or excitement.

·         Example: The enthusiastic collector was always eager to discuss his collection.

48.   Completely - in a thorough or absolute manner.

·         Example: She was completely absorbed in her stamp collection.

49.   Perceive - to become aware of or recognize something.

·         Example: Some people perceive collecting as a form of art appreciation.

50.   Motivation - the reason or incentive that drives someone to do something.

·         Example: Understanding the motivation behind collecting can be complex and multifaceted.

PASSAGE-2

What’s the purpose of gaining knowledge?

1.       Collecting - the activity of gathering and accumulating items or objects.

·         Example: Stamp collecting is a popular hobby among philatelists.

2.       Dignified - characterized by dignity, respect, or seriousness.

·         Example: The ceremony was dignified and solemn.

3.       Instrumental - serving as a means to achieve a particular end or purpose.

·         Example: The collection of data was instrumental in solving the problem.

4.       Triumph - a great victory or achievement.

·         Example: Winning the championship was a triumph for the team.

5.       Variant - a different form or version of something.

·         Example: There are many variants of the same software program.

6.       Aimless - lacking a clear purpose or direction.

·         Example: Without a goal, he felt aimless in life.

7.       Educational - related to or providing knowledge and learning.

·         Example: Educational programs aim to enhance students' knowledge.

8.       Enthusiastic - showing a strong and eager interest or excitement.

·         Example: She was enthusiastic about the upcoming trip.

9.       Inferior - lower in quality or less valuable.

·         Example: The cheaper product is often of inferior quality.

10.   Hobby - a favorite leisure activity or pastime.

·         Example: Gardening is a popular hobby for many people.

11.   Engrossing - absorbing or captivating one's full attention and interest.

·         Example: The novel was so engrossing that I couldn't put it down.

12.   Individualism - the belief in the importance of individual freedom and self-reliance.

·         Example: Individualism is a core value in many Western societies.

13.   Passion - a strong and intense emotional or enthusiastic feeling.

·         Example: Her passion for art was evident in her paintings.

14.   Eccentric - unconventional or unusual in behavior or appearance.

·         Example: The eccentric artist lived in a quirky, colorful house.

15.   Fulfilment - a feeling of satisfaction and achievement.

·         Example: Finding one's true purpose can lead to a sense of fulfillment.

16.   Prospective - potential or likely to happen in the future.

·         Example: Prospective buyers visited the house for sale.

17.   Detecting - discovering or finding something, often through investigation.

·         Example: Detecting fraud requires careful examination of financial records.

18.   Prosecution - the legal process of pursuing charges against someone in a court of law.

·         Example: The prosecution presented strong evidence in the trial.

19.   Critique - a detailed analysis or evaluation of something, often involving criticism.

·         Example: The professor provided a thoughtful critique of the student's essay.

20.   Codified - arranged and recorded in a systematic or organized manner.

·         Example: The laws of the country are codified in its legal system.

21.   Ethical - relating to principles of right and wrong, morally correct.

·         Example: Honesty is considered an ethical value.

22.   Knowledge - information, facts, or skills acquired through experience or education.

·         Example: His extensive knowledge of history impressed the audience.

23.   Acquisition - the process of obtaining or gaining possession of something.

·         Example: The company announced the acquisition of a new technology firm.

24.   Philosopher - a person who seeks to understand and explore fundamental questions about existence and knowledge.

·         Example: Ancient philosophers like Plato and Aristotle had profound insights.

25.   Reflect - to think deeply or consider carefully.

·         Example: He took a moment to reflect on his past experiences.

26.   Insecure - lacking confidence or feeling uncertain about oneself.

·         Example: She often felt insecure in social situations.

27.   Neatly - in an organized and tidy manner.

·         Example: She arranged the books neatly on the shelf.

28.   Enlarging - making something larger or expanding its size.

·         Example: The company is considering enlarging its production facilities.

29.   Conveying - communicating or expressing a message or idea.

·         Example: His speech was effective in conveying the importance of the issue.

30.   Engines - machines that convert energy into mechanical work, such as those in vehicles.

·         Example: The car's engine started with a roar.

31.   Variety - a range of different types or forms of something.

·         Example: The store offers a variety of clothing options.

32.   Mildly - to a moderate or gentle degree, not strongly.

·         Example: He was only mildly interested in the topic.

33.   Motive - a reason or purpose for doing something.

·         Example: What was the motive behind his sudden decision to quit?

34.   Arranging - putting things in a particular order or organizing them.

·         Example: She was busy arranging the furniture in the new apartment.

35.   Fossils - preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.

·         Example: Paleontologists study fossils to learn about prehistoric life.

36.   Specimens - individual examples or samples of something.

·         Example: The museum has a collection of rare insect specimens.

37.   Deliberately - intentionally or on purpose.

·         Example: He deliberately chose to stay late to finish the project.

38.   Conscious - aware of and able to think and perceive one's surroundings.

·         Example: She was conscious of the importance of the decision.

39.   Hobbyist - someone who engages in a hobby for enjoyment or interest.

·         Example: As a stamp collector, he's a dedicated hobbyist.

40.   Standard - a level of quality or achievement considered typical or acceptable.

·         Example: The company aims to maintain high standards of customer service.

41.   Captivating - attracting and holding one's attention in a compelling way.

·         Example: The novel's captivating plot kept readers engaged.

42.   Principled - characterized by strong moral principles or ethics.

·         Example: He made a principled decision to speak out against injustice.

43.   Endeavor - a serious and determined effort to achieve something.

·         Example: Her artistic endeavors were recognized with an award.

44.   Goal - an objective or target one aims to achieve.

·         Example: Setting clear goals can help motivate individuals.

45.   Involving - including or requiring participation or engagement.

·         Example: The project will be a team effort, involving multiple departments.

46.   Unique - one of a kind, not like anything else.

·         Example: Each snowflake is unique in its intricate pattern.

47.   Emphasize - to give special importance or focus to something.

·         Example: The teacher emphasized the importance of studying for the exam.

48.   Surroundings - the environment or area in which someone or something is located.

·         Example: The natural beauty of the surroundings made the hike enjoyable.

49.   Collectible - an item considered valuable or desirable to collect.

·         Example: Antique coins are often highly collectible among numismatists.

50.   Potentially - possibly or with the potential for a particular outcome.

·         Example: The discovery has the potential to revolutionize the field of medicine.

          ACADEMIC READING TEST-2

PASSAGE-1

The risks agriculture faces in developing countries

1.       Distinguish - to recognize the differences or unique qualities of something.

·         Example: It's important to distinguish between fact and opinion.

2.       Vulnerable - susceptible to harm, damage, or attack.

·         Example: The elderly are often more vulnerable to illness.

3.       Entrenched - firmly established and difficult to change.

·         Example: The tradition was deeply entrenched in their culture.

4.       Adverse - unfavorable or harmful.

·         Example: The adverse weather conditions delayed the flight.

5.       Infrastructure - the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society.

·         Example: The city needs to invest in improving its infrastructure.

6.       Dependency - reliance on someone or something for support or sustenance.

·         Example: His financial dependency on his parents was a concern.

7.       Mitigating - lessening the severity or impact of something.

·         Example: Planting trees can be a mitigating factor in reducing air pollution.

8.       Intervention - involvement or interference in a situation to modify or improve it.

·         Example: Humanitarian organizations provide intervention in crisis regions.

9.       Procurement - the process of obtaining or acquiring goods or services.

·         Example: The procurement of medical supplies is essential during a pandemic.

10.   Wild swings - unpredictable and extreme fluctuations.

·         Example: The stock market experienced wild swings in prices.

11.   Alleviating - reducing the severity or intensity of something.

·         Example: Pain relievers are effective in alleviating discomfort.

12.   Stocks - goods or merchandise kept on hand for sale or distribution.

·         Example: The store has a large stock of electronics.

13.   Cash transfers - direct payments of money to individuals or families.

·         Example: Government programs provide cash transfers to low-income families.

14.   Compensated - to make up for something or provide an equivalent in value.

·         Example: The company compensated the employees for their overtime work.

15.   Stranglehold - a tight and controlling grip or influence.

·         Example: The monopoly had a stranglehold on the market.

16.   Financialised - characterized by the increased influence of financial markets on the economy.

·         Example: The financialised economy led to instability in the markets.

17.   Translate into - to result in or be converted into something.

·         Example: Hard work can translate into success.

18.   Strategies - plans or methods for achieving a specific goal.

·         Example: The company developed marketing strategies to increase sales.

19.   Bargaining power - the ability to negotiate favorable terms or conditions.

·         Example: Strong unions give workers more bargaining power.

20.   Bargaining - the process of negotiating or haggling over terms.

·         Example: The bargaining between the two parties was tense.

21.   Political - related to government or the activities of governing.

·         Example: Voting is a fundamental political right.

22.   Cultivate - to foster the growth or development of something.

·         Example: Teachers aim to cultivate a love of learning in their students.

23.   Price volatility - the degree to which the price of something fluctuates.

·         Example: The stock market is known for its price volatility.

24.   Control over - the power or authority to manage or direct something.

·         Example: He wanted more control over his financial decisions.

25.   Subscription - a payment made periodically to access a service or receive products.

·         Example: I canceled my magazine subscription.

26.   Guarantee - a promise or assurance of the quality or performance of something.

·         Example: The warranty serves as a guarantee for the product.

27.   Consumers - individuals who purchase and use goods or services.

·         Example: Consumer demand for eco-friendly products is growing.

28.   Direct distribution - a method of selling products directly to customers without intermediaries.

·         Example: The farm sells its produce through direct distribution.

29.   Risk-sharing - a practice where the burden of risk is spread among multiple parties.

·         Example: Insurance companies operate on the principle of risk-sharing.

30.   Farmers' vulnerability - the susceptibility of farmers to various risks and challenges.

·         Example: Climate change increases farmers' vulnerability to crop failures.

31.   Underscored - to emphasize or highlight the importance of something.

·         Example: The report underscored the need for immediate action.

32.   Underlying causes - the fundamental reasons or factors that lead to a particular issue.

·         Example: Identifying the underlying causes of poverty is essential for effective solutions.

33.   Dependency on fossil fuels - reliance on fossil fuels such as oil and coal for energy.

·         Example: Transitioning to renewable energy sources reduces dependency on fossil fuels.

34.   Unsupportive - not providing assistance, encouragement, or help.

·         Example: The lack of funding from the government made the project unsupportive.

35.   Commodity futures markets - financial markets where contracts for the future delivery of commodities are traded.

·         Example: Investors speculate on commodity prices in commodity futures markets.

36.   Translates into - results in or leads to a particular outcome or effect.

·         Example: Good communication translates into better teamwork.

37.   Uncertainties - situations or conditions that are unpredictable or lack certainty.

·         Example: Economic uncertainties can impact investment decisions.

38.   Excessive - more than what is considered reasonable or appropriate.

·         Example: Excessive consumption can lead to health problems.

39.   Transparency - openness and clarity in actions or processes.

·         Example: Government transparency is essential for accountability.

40.   Agribusiness - the commercial industry of farming and agriculture.

·         Example: Agribusinesses supply food products to supermarkets.

41.   Extreme weather events - unusual and severe weather occurrences.

·         Example: Hurricanes and droughts are examples of extreme weather events.

42.   Resilient - able to withstand or recover from adversity or shocks.

·         Example: Resilient communities are better prepared for disasters.

43.   Diversify - to vary or expand the range of something.

·         Example: Investors diversify their portfolios to reduce risk.

44.   Bargain - to negotiate or haggle over the terms of a transaction.

·         Example: They tried to bargain for a lower price.

45.   Fair price - a price that is considered just and reasonable for a product or service.

·         Example: Consumers want to pay a fair price for quality goods.

46.   Autonomous - acting independently or having self-governing capabilities.

·         Example: Autonomous vehicles can navigate without human intervention.

47.   Synchronise - to coordinate or align in time or action.

·         Example: The dancers had to synchronize their movements.

48.   Market opportunities - chances for success or growth in a particular market.

·         Example: Expanding to new regions presents market opportunities.

49.   Intermediary - a person or entity that acts as a middleman or go-between in a transaction.

·         Example: The real estate agent served as an intermediary between the buyer and seller.

50.   Distribution systems - methods or networks for delivering products to consumers.

·         Example: Efficient distribution systems ensure timely deliveries to stores.

PASSAGE-2

The Lost City

1.       Explorer - a person who travels to discover new places or information.

·         Example: Christopher Columbus was an explorer who sailed to the Americas.

2.       Academic - related to education or scholarly work.

·         Example: She pursued an academic career in mathematics.

3.       Achievement - something accomplished successfully, often requiring effort or skill.

·         Example: Winning the championship was a remarkable achievement.

4.       Exploration - the act of searching for new knowledge or information, often in unfamiliar areas.

·         Example: Space exploration has led to many scientific discoveries.

5.       Remote - far away from civilization or a central location.

·         Example: The remote village had limited access to modern amenities.

6.       Hinterland - a remote or less developed area, often located beyond the outskirts of a city.

·         Example: The expedition ventured into the hinterland to study wildlife.

7.       Capital - the primary city or town of a country, region, or state, typically its seat of government.

·         Example: Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States.

8.       Civilization - an advanced and organized society with cultural, technological, and social development.

·         Example: Ancient Egypt was known for its advanced civilization.

9.       Elevation - the height above a reference point, often used to describe altitude.

·         Example: The elevation of the mountain peak is 4,000 meters.

10.   Plateau - a flat and elevated land area.

·         Example: The Tibetan Plateau is often called the "Roof of the World."

11.   Andes - a mountain range in South America, known for its rugged terrain.

·         Example: The Andes stretch across several countries in South America.

12.   Descend - to move downward or go from a higher to a lower position.

·         Example: The hikers began to descend the steep mountain trail.

13.   Circuitous - taking a longer route or path than necessary, often winding or indirect.

·         Example: The circuitous journey through the forest added hours to the trip.

14.   Dramatic - characterized by sudden and striking changes or events.

·         Example: The play had a dramatic climax that left the audience in awe.

15.   Mountain Range - a series of connected mountains.

·         Example: The Rocky Mountains are a well-known mountain range in North America.

16.   Advantage - a favorable or advantageous position or condition.

·         Example: Having prior experience is an advantage in this job.

17.   Blasted - cleared or opened up, often using explosives.

·         Example: The miners blasted a tunnel through the mountain.

18.   Rubber - a flexible and elastic material often used for various purposes.

·         Example: Tires are made from rubber to provide a smooth ride.

19.   Jungle - a dense and tropical forest with abundant vegetation.

·         Example: The Amazon rainforest is one of the world's largest jungles.

20.   Preceded - came before in time or order.

·         Example: The appetizers preceded the main course in the meal.

21.   Cutting - the act of making an opening or incision, often with a sharp tool.

·         Example: The surgeon performed a cutting procedure to remove the tumor.

22.   Terraces - flat, level surfaces built on a slope, often used for farming.

·         Example: The rice paddies in Asia are built on terraces.

23.   Mausoleum - a large and impressive tomb or burial chamber.

·         Example: The Taj Mahal is a famous mausoleum in India.

24.   Monumental - massive, grand, or impressive in scale.

·         Example: The ancient pyramids of Egypt are monumental structures.

25.   Ceremonial - related to formal or ritual events and ceremonies.

·         Example: The royal wedding had many ceremonial traditions.

26.   Spellbound - completely captivated or enchanted by something.

·         Example: The magician's performance left the audience spellbound.

27.   Hindsight - understanding or knowledge of events after they have occurred.

·         Example: In hindsight, he realized he should have made a different choice.

28.   Appreciation - a deep understanding or recognition of the value or significance of something.

·         Example: Her appreciation for art grew over the years.

29.   Descent - the action of moving downward or declining.

·         Example: The plane's descent was smooth and gradual.

30.   Rejoined - reunited or came back together.

·         Example: After their separate journeys, they rejoined at the campsite.

31.   Inaccurate - not correct or precise; containing errors.

·         Example: The weather forecast turned out to be inaccurate.

32.   Perplexed - confused or puzzled by something.

·         Example: The complex math problem left the students perplexed.

33.   Chroniclers - writers or historians who record events in chronological order.

·         Example: The chroniclers documented the history of the kingdom.

34.   Architecture - the art and science of designing and constructing buildings.

·         Example: The architecture of the cathedral is breathtaking.

35.   Construction - the process of building or creating something.

·         Example: The construction of the new bridge is underway.

36.   Estate - a large and impressive property, often with a mansion, land, and buildings.

·         Example: The wealthy businessman owned a vast estate in the countryside.

37.   Elite - a select group or individuals considered superior in quality or status.

·         Example: The elite athletes trained tirelessly for the championship.

38.   Abandoned - left behind or deserted; no longer in use or occupied.

·         Example: The old factory was abandoned and in disrepair.

39.   Conquest - the act of gaining control or victory, often through force.

·         Example: The conquest of the city was a historic event.

40.   Reference - a mention or citation of something for information or verification.

·         Example: She provided a reference for the job applicant.

41.   Moya - a country estate or rural retreat.

·         Example: The king's moya was a peaceful getaway in the countryside.

42.   Descendants - offspring or successors in a family or lineage.

·         Example: The descendants of the royal family still live in the palace.

43.   Vision - a mental image or idea of something that may be realized in the future.

·         Example: His vision for the company's future was ambitious.

44.   Pachacuti - the name of an Inca emperor who ruled during a significant period.

·         Example: Pachacuti is often credited with expanding the Inca Empire.

45.   Abandonment - the act of leaving something behind or giving it up.

·         Example: The abandonment of the project was disappointing.

46.   Descendants - offspring or successors in a family or lineage.

·         Example: The descendants of the royal family still live in the palace.

47.   Perplexed - confused or puzzled by something.

·         Example: The complex math problem left the students perplexed.

48.   Elite - a select group or individuals considered superior in quality or status.

·         Example: The elite athletes trained tirelessly for the championship.

49.   Impressive - evoking admiration or respect because of great skill or grandeur.

·         Example: The impressive artwork was displayed in the museum.

50.   Disrepair - a state of poor condition or deterioration.

·         Example: The old house had fallen into disrepair over the years.

PASSAGE-3

The Benefits of Being Bilingual

1.       Bilingual - able to speak and understand two languages.

·         Example: She is bilingual and can communicate in both English and Spanish.

2.       Multilingual - able to speak and understand multiple languages.

·         Example: Many employees in the international company are multilingual.

3.       Monolingual - able to speak and understand only one language.

·         Example: In some remote areas, people are mostly monolingual.

4.       Technological advances - improvements and progress in technology.

·         Example: Technological advances have revolutionized the way we communicate.

5.       Cognitive - related to mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory.

·         Example: Cognitive development is crucial in early childhood.

6.       Neurological - related to the nervous system and the brain.

·         Example: The patient's neurological condition required specialized treatment.

7.       Disadvantage - an unfavorable or inferior condition.

·         Example: Lack of access to education can put children at a disadvantage.

8.       Activation - the process of making something active or operational.

·         Example: The activation of the alarm system alerted the security team.

9.       Sequential - arranged in a specific order or sequence.

·         Example: The instructions should be followed in a sequential manner.

10.   Word recognition - the ability to identify and understand words.

·         Example: Word recognition is a crucial skill for reading comprehension.

11.   Phenomenon - a fact or event that can be observed and studied.

·         Example: The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon.

12.   Language co-activation - the simultaneous activation of multiple languages in the brain.

·         Example: Language co-activation occurs when a bilingual hears words in both languages.

13.   Auditory input - information received through the sense of hearing.

·         Example: The auditory input included sounds of nature and distant voices.

14.   Corresponding - matching or related to something else.

·         Example: The corresponding page numbers in the book helped readers find references.

15.   Perceptual - related to the process of perceiving or recognizing stimuli.

·         Example: Visual and auditory perceptual skills are essential for learning.

16.   Conflict management - the ability to handle and resolve conflicts effectively.

·         Example: Conflict management training helps employees deal with workplace disputes.

17.   Stroop Task - a psychological test that assesses cognitive control and interference.

·         Example: Participants in the Stroop Task must name the color of the ink, not the word itself.

18.   Rapid - happening quickly or in a short amount of time.

·         Example: The team made rapid progress on the project.

19.   Neurological roots - the underlying neurological basis or origin.

·         Example: Understanding the neurological roots of a condition is essential for treatment.

20.   Sensory processing - the brain's ability to interpret sensory information.

·         Example: Sensory processing disorders can affect how individuals respond to stimuli.

21.   Encoding - the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

·         Example: The encoding of data ensures it can be retrieved later.

22.   Fundamental frequency - the lowest frequency of a sound wave, related to pitch perception.

·         Example: Singers use their fundamental frequency to hit high and low notes.

23.   Interference - the disruption or obstruction of a process.

·         Example: Background noise can cause interference in communication.

24.   Acquire - to gain or learn something, often through effort or experience.

·         Example: Learning a new language can be challenging, but it is possible to acquire proficiency.

25.   Interference - the disruption or obstruction of a process.

·         Example: Background noise can cause interference in communication.

26.   Cognitive mechanisms - mental processes or functions.

·         Example: Cognitive mechanisms like memory and problem-solving are essential for daily tasks.

27.   Sharp - mentally alert, quick, and perceptive.

·         Example: The professor's sharp mind allowed her to solve complex problems.

28.   Recruiting - bringing in or enlisting individuals for a specific purpose.

·         Example: The company is recruiting new employees to expand its workforce.

29.   Outward behavior - observable actions and reactions displayed by a person.

·         Example: Despite his illness, his outward behavior remained positive.

30.   Advantage - a favorable or advantageous condition or position.

·         Example: Having a strong network can be a significant advantage in job hunting.

31.   Navigation - the process of finding one's way, often involving maps or directions.

·         Example: GPS devices help with navigation while driving.

32.   Impart - to convey or transmit information or knowledge.

·         Example: Teachers impart valuable lessons to their students.

33.   Compensate - to make up for a loss or deficiency.

·         Example: The bonus was provided to compensate employees for their hard work.

34.   Recruiting - bringing in or enlisting individuals for a specific purpose.

·         Example: The company is recruiting new employees to expand its workforce.

35.   Infants - very young children, typically under the age of one.

·         Example: The infants in the nursery were all peacefully sleeping.

36.   Reward - something given in return for good behavior or achievement.

·         Example: The teacher gave a reward to the student who performed exceptionally well.

37.   Transfer - the process of moving from one place, state, or condition to another.

·         Example: The transfer of data from one computer to another was seamless.

38.   Cognitive - related to mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory.

·         Example: Cognitive development is crucial in early childhood.

39.   Recruitment - the process of finding and hiring new employees.

·         Example: The company's recruitment efforts attracted top talent.

40.   Transfer - the process of moving from one place, state, or condition to another.

·         Example: The transfer of data from one computer to another was seamless.

41.   Compensate - to make up for a loss or deficiency.

·         Example: The bonus was provided to compensate employees for their hard work.

42.   Impart - to convey or transmit information or knowledge.

·         Example: Teachers impart valuable lessons to their students.

43.   Advantage - a favorable or advantageous condition or position.

·         Example: Having a strong network can be a significant advantage in job hunting.

44.   Recruiting - bringing in or enlisting individuals for a specific purpose.

·         Example: The company is recruiting new employees to expand its workforce.

45.   Infants - very young children, typically under the age of one.

·         Example: The infants in the nursery were all peacefully sleeping.

46.   Reward - something given in return for good behavior or achievement.

·         Example: The teacher gave a reward to the student who performed exceptionally well.

47.   Transfer - the process of moving from one place, state, or condition to another.

·         Example: The transfer of data from one computer to another was seamless.

48.   Cognitive - related to mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory.

·         Example: Cognitive development is crucial in early childhood.

49.   Recruitment - the process of finding and hiring new employees.

·         Example: The company's recruitment efforts attracted top talent.

50.   Transfer - the process of moving from one place, state, or condition to another.

·         Example: The transfer of data from one computer to another was seamless.

          ACADEMIC READING TEST-3

PASSAGE-1

Flying Tortoises

1. Conservationists - people who work to protect and preserve natural resources.

• Example: Conservationists are concerned about the decline of endangered species.

1. Uneven - not level or smooth; irregular.

• Example: The road was uneven, making driving difficult.

1. Lava - hot molten rock that erupts from volcanoes.

• Example: The volcano spewed lava and ash into the sky.

1. Resemble - to look like or have a similar appearance to something.

• Example: The two siblings closely resemble each other.

1. Vegetation - plants in general, especially the plants that grow in a particular area.

• Example: The lush vegetation in the rainforest is home to diverse wildlife.

1. Inhospitable - not suitable or welcoming for living or staying.

• Example: The desert is an inhospitable environment due to extreme heat.

1. Colonised - settled or established a presence in a new place.

• Example: The explorers colonized the remote island.

1. Ancestral - related to one's ancestors or family heritage.

• Example: She traced her ancestral roots back to Europe.

1. Adapted - adjusted or changed to fit new conditions or surroundings.

• Example: Polar bears have adapted to their icy habitat.

1. Predators - animals that hunt and prey on other animals.

• Example: Lions are apex predators in the savanna.

1. Exceeding - surpassing or going beyond a specified limit or amount.

• Example: The athlete's performance exceeded expectations.

1. Exploitation - the action of taking advantage of something or someone for personal gain.

• Example: The exploitation of natural resources can harm the environment.

1. Exponentially - rapidly increasing or growing at an accelerating rate.

• Example: The population of the city has been growing exponentially.

1. Settlers - people who establish residence in a new area or territory.

• Example: Early settlers faced many challenges in the wilderness.

1. Introduced - brought something new to a place or introduced a new idea.

• Example: The explorer introduced new crops to the region.

1. Prey - animals that are hunted and eaten by other animals.

• Example: Wolves often hunt deer as their primary prey.

1. Overpopulation - a condition in which a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment.

• Example: Overpopulation can lead to resource scarcity.

1. Transport - move or carry from one place to another.

• Example: Trucks are used to transport goods across long distances.

1. Logistical - related to the organization and coordination of complex operations.

• Example: Planning the event's logistics was a challenging task.

1. Payload - the carrying capacity of a vehicle or aircraft.

• Example: The spacecraft's payload included scientific instruments.

1. Symbol - a visual representation that stands for something else.

• Example: The dove is a symbol of peace.

1. Regeneration - the process of renewal or growth after damage or loss.

• Example: The forest's regeneration after the wildfire was impressive.

1. Immobile - unable to move or fixed in place.

• Example: The injured bird was immobile and needed help.

1. Experienced - having knowledge and skill gained from practice or involvement.

• Example: The experienced chef prepared a delicious meal.

1. Maximum - the highest point or limit.

• Example: The maximum speed limit on this road is 65 miles per hour.

1. Treacherous - dangerous and unpredictable, often referring to difficult conditions.

• Example: The mountain pass was treacherous in the winter.

1. Ancient - very old or existing for a long time.

• Example: The ancient ruins date back thousands of years.

1. Philanthropists - people who donate money or resources to charitable causes.

• Example: The philanthropist's generosity helped fund education programs.

1. Agriculture - the practice of farming and cultivating crops and livestock.

• Example: Agriculture is essential for food production.

1. Cacti - plural of cactus, a type of succulent plant with spiky stems.

• Example: The desert is home to various species of cacti.

1. Respite - a short period of rest or relief from something difficult or challenging.

• Example: The vacation provided a much-needed respite from work.

1. Reserve - an area of land set aside and protected for conservation or specific purposes.

• Example: The national park is a wildlife reserve.

1. Diverse - varied and including different elements or qualities.

• Example: The city's population is diverse, with people from all over the world.

1. Erupt - to burst forth or release suddenly and violently.

• Example: The volcano could erupt at any moment.

1. Exotic - unusual, striking, or foreign in nature.

• Example: The rainforest is home to exotic birds and plants.

1. Archipelago - a group of islands closely scattered in a body of water.

• Example: The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of thousands of islands.

1. Whaling - the hunting of whales, typically for their oil, blubber, or meat.

• Example: Whaling has been banned in many countries to protect endangered whale species.

1. Processed - treated or prepared by a series of mechanical or chemical operations.

• Example: Food that is highly processed may contain additives and preservatives.

1. Exploitation - the action of taking advantage of something or someone for personal gain.

• Example: The exploitation of natural resources can harm the environment.

1. Estimated - roughly calculated or approximated.

• Example: The estimated cost of the project is $1 million.

1. Predators - animals that hunt and prey on other animals.

• Example: Lions are apex predators in the savanna.

1. Reintroduction - the act of bringing a species or population back to its original habitat.

• Example: The successful reintroduction of wolves helped restore ecosystem balance.

1. Crate - a wooden or plastic box used for packing, storing, or transporting goods.

• Example: The fragile items were packed in a sturdy wooden crate.

1. Repatration - the process of returning something or someone to their place of origin.

• Example: The repatriation of cultural artifacts is a complex issue.

1. Unprecedented - never done or experienced before; unique or exceptional.

• Example: The scale of the disaster was unprecedented in the region's history.

1. Logistical - related to the organization and coordination of complex operations.

• Example: Planning the event's logistics was a challenging task.

1. Symbol - a visual representation that stands for something else.

• Example: The dove is a symbol of peace.

1. Impressive - deserving admiration or respect due to its excellence or size.

• Example: The grand cathedral was an impressive architectural achievement.

1. Mobile - capable of moving or being moved easily.

• Example: Mobile phones have become an essential part of modern life.

1. Contribution - something that is given, offered, or provided, typically as a part of a collaborative effort.

• Example: Her contribution to the team's success was significant.

PASSAGE-3

The Intersection of Health Sciences and Geography

1.       Eradicated - completely destroyed or eliminated.

·         Example: Smallpox has been eradicated from the world.

2.       Prevalent - widespread or commonly occurring.

·         Example: In some areas, malaria is still prevalent.

3.       Globalized - integrated on a global scale; interconnected.

·         Example: The globalized economy affects countries around the world.

4.       Super-viruses - extremely powerful or resistant viruses.

·         Example: Super-viruses pose a significant threat to public health.

5.       Antibiotics - medicines used to treat bacterial infections.

·         Example: Antibiotics are prescribed by doctors to combat bacterial diseases.

6.       Geography - the study of the physical features of the Earth and its human inhabitants.

·         Example: Geography helps us understand the world's landscapes and cultures.

7.       Malaria - a tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes.

·         Example: Travelers to malaria-prone areas should take preventive measures.

8.       Tropical - relating to or characteristic of the tropics (regions near the equator).

·         Example: The Amazon rainforest is a tropical ecosystem.

9.       Altitude - the height above sea level.

·         Example: The altitude of the mountain peak is over 4,000 meters.

10.   Deserts - dry, arid regions with little rainfall.

·         Example: The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert.

11.   Pollution - the introduction of harmful substances into the environment.

·         Example: Air pollution is a major concern in many urban areas.

12.   Asthma - a respiratory condition causing difficulty in breathing.

·         Example: He carries an inhaler to manage his asthma.

13.   Industrialization - the process of developing industries in a region or country.

·         Example: Industrialization has led to economic growth but also pollution.

14.   Deforestation - the action of clearing forests for other land uses.

·         Example: Deforestation contributes to loss of biodiversity.

15.   Hybrid - a combination of two or more different things.

·         Example: The car runs on a hybrid engine, using both gasoline and electricity.

16.   Epidemiology - the study of how diseases spread and affect populations.

·         Example: Epidemiologists track disease outbreaks to prevent further spread.

17.   Vulnerable - susceptible to harm or illness.

·         Example: Children and the elderly are often more vulnerable to diseases.

18.   Discrepancy - a lack of agreement or consistency.

·         Example: There is a significant discrepancy between the two reports.

19.   Income brackets - categories based on levels of income.

·         Example: Tax rates vary depending on your income bracket.

20.   Healthcare provision - the availability and delivery of healthcare services.

·         Example: Access to healthcare provision can be challenging in rural areas.

21.   Frontline - at the forefront or leading position.

·         Example: Healthcare workers are on the frontline of the fight against diseases.

22.   Policy - a set of rules or guidelines for decision-making.

·         Example: The government implemented a new healthcare policy.

23.   Overlooked - not given enough attention or consideration.

·         Example: The importance of health geography is often overlooked.

24.   Hygiene - conditions or practices to maintain health and prevent disease.

·         Example: Proper hand hygiene is crucial to prevent the spread of infections.

25.   Sanitation - the disposal of waste and maintenance of clean conditions.

·         Example: Poor sanitation can lead to waterborne diseases.

26.   Epidemics - the widespread occurrence of a disease in a specific region.

·         Example: The cholera epidemic in the city led to many fatalities.

27.   Policies - predetermined courses of action or rules.

·         Example: The school has strict policies regarding student behavior.

28.   Infrastructure - the basic physical and organizational structures needed for society.

·         Example: Roads, bridges, and power grids are part of a region's infrastructure.

29.   Pandemics - widespread global outbreaks of diseases.

·         Example: The 1918 influenza pandemic had a significant impact on the world.

30.   Endemic - regularly found and occurring in a particular area.

·         Example: Malaria is endemic in parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

31.   Preventive - intended to stop something from happening.

·         Example: Vaccinations are preventive measures against certain diseases.

32.   Eradication - the complete destruction or elimination of something.

·         Example: The eradication of smallpox was a major achievement in public health.

33.   Resistant - immune to the effects of something.

·         Example: Some bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

34.   Correlation - a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.

·         Example: There is a correlation between smoking and lung cancer.

35.   Research - systematic investigation to gather information or discover facts.

·         Example: Scientists conduct research to understand diseases better.

36.   Geographical - related to or determined by geography.

·         Example: The geographical location of the city influences its climate.

37.   Populations - groups of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.

·         Example: The populations of certain animals have declined due to habitat loss.

38.   Categorizing - organizing into distinct groups or categories.

·         Example: The books in the library are categorized by genre.

39.   Provision - the act of providing or supplying something.

·         Example: The provision of clean water is essential for public health.

40.   Recommendations - suggestions or advice about what to do.

·         Example: The doctor's recommendations for a healthy lifestyle include regular exercise.

41.   Correlation - a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.

·         Example: There is a correlation between smoking and lung cancer.

42.   Global - relating to or involving the entire world.

·         Example: Climate change is a global issue that affects all nations.

43.   Resources - available assets or materials used to accomplish a task.

·         Example: Natural resources include water, minerals, and forests.

44.   Integrate - combine or blend into a unified whole.

·         Example: The school aims to integrate technology into its curriculum.

45.   Analysis - the process of examining data or information in detail.

·         Example: The analysis of the study's results revealed important findings.

46.   Interpretation - explaining or making sense of something.

·         Example: The interpretation of the painting's meaning varies among art critics.

47.   Ecosystem - a community of living organisms and their environment.

·         Example: Rainforests are rich in biodiversity and complex ecosystems.

48.   Biodiversity - the variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat.

·         Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity.

49.   Geographic - relating to the physical features and location of an area.

·         Example: Geographic information systems (GIS) help map and analyze regions.

50.   Hybrid - a combination of two or more different things.

·         Example: The hybrid car runs on both gasoline and electricity.

PASSAGE-3

Music and the emotions

1. Neuroscientist - a scientist who studies the nervous system and the brain.

• Example: The neuroscientist conducted research on brain activity.

1. Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.

• Example: The concept of love is abstract and can vary from person to person.

1. Explicit - clearly stated or expressed; specific.

• Example: The contract had explicit terms and conditions.

1. Arousal - the state of being awake, alert, or excited.

• Example: The horror movie caused a high level of arousal among the audience.

1. Dilate - to become larger or wider; to expand.

• Example: The eye doctor used drops to dilate the patient's pupils.

1. Pulse - the regular beating or throbbing of the heart.

• Example: A strong pulse indicates a healthy heart rate.

1. Blood pressure - the force of blood against the walls of the arteries.

• Example: High blood pressure can lead to health problems.

1. Conductance - the ability to conduct electrical current.

• Example: Materials with high conductance are good conductors of electricity.

1. Cerebellum - a region in the brain associated with coordination and movement.

• Example: Damage to the cerebellum can affect balance and coordination.

1. Re-direct - to change the direction of something.

• Example: The traffic officer had to re-direct cars around the accident.

1. Biological - related to living organisms and their processes.

• Example: The study of genetics is a branch of biological science.

1. Technology - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

• Example: Advances in technology have improved communication.

1. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) - a medical imaging technique used to observe brain activity.

• Example: fMRI scans help researchers understand brain functions.

1. Ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET) scanning - a medical imaging technique used to visualize biological processes.

• Example: PET scans are used to detect cancer and brain disorders.

1. Experiment - a scientific procedure to test a hypothesis or gather information.

• Example: The chemistry experiment involved mixing chemicals to observe reactions.

1. Portray - to depict or represent something in a particular way.

• Example: The artist portrayed the landscape with vivid colors.

1. Impressively - in a way that evokes admiration or respect.

• Example: Her presentation was impressively well-prepared.

1. Precise - exact, accurate, and clearly defined.

• Example: The scientist made precise measurements in the lab.

1. Underpinnings - the foundational or supporting elements of something.

• Example: The underpinnings of the theory were based on extensive research.

1. Potent - having great power or influence.

• Example: The drug proved to be a potent pain reliever.

1. Pleasurable - enjoyable and giving a sense of pleasure.

• Example: The warm breeze made the outdoor picnic quite pleasurable.

1. Stimulus - something that triggers or elicits a response.

• Example: Bright light can be a stimulus for alertness.

1. Dopamine - a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward.

• Example: Winning a game can release dopamine in the brain.

1. Neurons - nerve cells that transmit information in the nervous system.

• Example: Neurons send electrical signals to communicate.

1. Ventral - located toward the front or belly side of the body.

• Example: The ventral side of the brain controls certain functions.

1. Anticipating - expecting or looking forward to something.

• Example: The students were anticipating the arrival of the guest speaker.

1. Stimuli - plural of stimulus, referring to multiple triggers or inputs.

• Example: The experiment tested various stimuli on the subjects.

1. Cluster - a group of similar things or elements that are close together.

• Example: The cluster of stars formed a beautiful constellation.

1. Patterns - recurring or repeated designs or sequences.

• Example: The rug had intricate patterns woven into it.

1. Unresolved - not settled or brought to a conclusion.

• Example: The issue remained unresolved after hours of discussion.

1. Obvious - easily seen or understood; clear.

• Example: The solution to the puzzle was quite obvious.

1. Annoyingly - in a bothersome or irritating manner.

• Example: The loud noise from the construction site was annoyingly disruptive.

1. Adapt - to adjust or change in response to new conditions.

• Example: Animals adapt to their environments over time.

1. Composers - individuals who create music.

• Example: Mozart and Beethoven were famous composers.

1. Introduce - to bring something into use or make it known for the first time.

• Example: The company plans to introduce a new product next month.

1. Symphony - a complex musical composition for orchestra.

• Example: Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is a masterpiece.

1. Embodied - represented or expressed through physical form.

• Example: The painting embodied the artist's emotions.

1. Surge - a sudden, strong increase or rush of something.

• Example: There was a surge in sales during the holiday season.

1. Trigger - to cause something to happen or activate a response.

• Example: The loud noise may trigger a fear response in animals.

1. Listener - a person who hears and pays attention to something.

• Example: The audience was captivated by the speaker.

1. Release - to set something free or make it available.

• Example: The singer's new album will be released next week.

1. Embark - to start or begin a new project or journey.

• Example: The team will embark on a challenging mission.

1. Flirtation - playful behavior or interaction with romantic overtones.

• Example: Their flirtation at the party was evident to everyone.

1. Tonality - the system of musical scales and keys in a composition.

• Example: The tonality of the piece gave it a melancholic feel.

1. Tonal - relating to tone or musical pitch.

• Example: The singer's tonal quality was remarkable.

1. Beg - to ask earnestly or urgently for something.

• Example: She had to beg for forgiveness after her mistake.

1. Complete - to finish or bring to a final state.

• Example: The project is nearly complete and ready for presentation.

1. Musicality - the quality or characteristics of being musical.

• Example: Her musicality was evident in her ability to play multiple instruments.

1. Tension - a state of mental or emotional strain or stress.

• Example: There was tension in the air before the important announcement.

1. Fulfillment - a sense of satisfaction and achievement.

• Example: Achieving his lifelong dream brought him a deep sense of fulfillment.

        ACADEMIC READING TEST-4

The History of Glass

1.       Obsidian - a naturally occurring glass formed from volcanic activity.

·         Example: The ancient spearheads were made of sharp obsidian.

2.       Archaeologists - scientists who study the past through artifacts and remains.

·         Example: Archaeologists uncovered ancient pottery in the excavation.

3.       Glazes - thin coatings of glass or ceramic applied to surfaces.

·         Example: The potter used a shiny glaze to finish the ceramic vase.

4.       Molten - melted or liquefied by heat.

·         Example: The metal became molten and could be poured into molds.

5.       Glass blowing - a technique for shaping glass objects by blowing air into molten glass.

·         Example: Glass blowers create intricate glass art.

6.       Impurities - substances that are not pure or contaminants.

·         Example: The impurities in the water were removed through filtration.

7.       Tinted - colored or shaded with a slight hue.

·         Example: The car's windows were tinted for privacy.

8.       Venetians - people from Venice, Italy.

·         Example: The Venetians are known for their beautiful glasswork.

9.       Refractive index - a measure of how much a substance can bend light.

·         Example: Diamonds have a high refractive index, creating sparkle.

10.   Invaluable - extremely valuable or priceless.

·         Example: The antique book was considered invaluable to collectors.

11.   Optical - relating to vision or sight.

·         Example: Optical lenses improve vision for people with eyeglasses.

12.   Microscopes - instruments used to view small objects at a magnified scale.

·         Example: Scientists use microscopes to study cells.

13.   Milestone - a significant event or achievement in the history of something.

·         Example: The invention of the light bulb was a milestone in technology.

14.   Excise Act - a tax law that imposes duties on specific goods.

·         Example: The Excise Act led to higher prices for certain products.

15.   Architecture - the art and science of designing buildings.

·         Example: The architecture of the cathedral was breathtaking.

16.   Revolutionary - bringing about a major and sudden change.

·         Example: The invention of the internet was revolutionary.

17.   Advancement - progress or improvement in knowledge, technology, etc.

·         Example: Medical advancements have increased life expectancy.

18.   Semi-automatic - partially automated or requiring some manual operation.

·         Example: The semi-automatic car had both automatic and manual modes.

19.   Factory-owner - an individual who owns or manages a factory.

·         Example: The factory-owner invested in new machinery.

20.   Bottles per hour - the rate at which bottles are produced in an hour.

·         Example: The factory could produce 1,000 bottles per hour.

21.   Automated - operated or controlled by machines or technology.

·         Example: The automated system increased efficiency.

22.   Precise - exact, accurate, and specific.

·         Example: The scientist made precise measurements.

23.   Scientific sector - the field of science and research.

·         Example: The scientific sector plays a crucial role in innovation.

24.   Craft - a skill or activity that involves making things by hand.

·         Example: Woodworking is a traditional craft.

25.   Hi-tech - involving advanced technology.

·         Example: The company specializes in hi-tech gadgets.

26.   Competitive - characterized by rivalry and competition.

·         Example: The smartphone market is highly competitive.

27.   Market share - a company's portion of the total market for a product or service.

·         Example: The company aims to increase its market share.

28.   Packaging - the materials used to protect and contain products.

·         Example: The packaging of the product was eco-friendly.

29.   Beverages - drinks, especially alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks.

·         Example: The restaurant offers a variety of beverages.

30.   Medicines - substances used to treat or prevent illness.

·         Example: The doctor prescribed a new medicine.

31.   Cosmetics - products used for beautifying the body or face.

·         Example: She applied cosmetics to enhance her appearance.

32.   Recycling - the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials.

·         Example: Recycling paper helps conserve trees.

33.   Landfill - a place where waste is buried in the ground.

·         Example: The landfill was causing environmental problems.

34.   Quarried - extracted or mined from a quarry (a pit or excavation).

·         Example: The marble was quarried from the mountains.

35.   Raw materials - basic substances used in manufacturing or production.

·         Example: Steel mills require iron ore as a raw material.

36.   Precious resources - valuable and limited assets.

·         Example: Water is one of our most precious resources.

37.   Quarry - a place where stone, minerals, or other materials are extracted.

·         Example: The quarry provided the marble used in the sculptures.

38.   Invention - the creation of something new or a new method or process.

·         Example: The invention of the telephone revolutionized communication.

39.   Glassworks - places where glass is produced or crafted.

·         Example: The glassworks in Murano, Italy, are renowned for their artistry.

40.   Domestic - related to the home or household.

·         Example: Domestic chores include cleaning and cooking.

41.   Energy - the capacity to do work or produce power.

·         Example: Solar panels harness energy from the sun.

42.   Fuel - a substance that provides energy, typically for combustion.

·         Example: Gasoline is a common fuel for cars.

43.   Production costs - the expenses incurred in manufacturing a product.

·         Example: Reducing production costs can lead to higher profits.

44.   Recycled - used again or reprocessed to create a new product.

·         Example: The company uses recycled materials in its products.

45.   Green issues - environmental concerns or ecological matters.

·         Example: Green issues are becoming increasingly important.

46.   Environment - the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives.

·         Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect the environment.

47.   Conserve - to protect and preserve something from harm or loss.

·         Example: We should conserve water during droughts.

48.   Quarried - extracted or obtained by digging or mining.

·         Example: The marble used in the building was quarried locally.

49.   Eco-friendly - environmentally friendly or not harmful to the environment.

·         Example: The eco-friendly packaging is biodegradable.

50.   Saves - keeps something from being wasted or used up.

·         Example: Turning off lights saves energy and reduces bills.

PASSAGE-2

Bring back the big cats

1. Presume - to believe something to be true without direct evidence.

• Example: I presume he'll arrive by 3 PM, but I'm not sure.

1. Totemic - related to a totem, a symbolic representation of a clan or group.

• Example: The eagle is their totemic animal.

1. Rewilding - the process of restoring damaged ecosystems by reintroducing missing species and allowing natural processes to occur.

• Example: Rewilding efforts have helped revive the local wildlife population.

1. Denude - to strip something of its covering or surface.

• Example: Deforestation can denude vast areas of their forests.

1. Trawling - a method of fishing that involves dragging a net through the water to catch fish.

• Example: Trawling can have a significant impact on marine ecosystems.

1. Dredging - the process of removing sediment or debris from the bottom of water bodies to deepen or maintain navigation channels.

• Example: Dredging the river allows larger ships to pass through.

1. Ecology - the branch of biology that studies the interactions between organisms and their environment.

• Example: Ecologists are concerned about the impact of climate change on ecosystems.

1. Niches - specific roles or positions that organisms occupy in an ecosystem.

• Example: Each species has its own niche within the ecosystem.

1. Predators - animals that hunt and kill other animals for food.

• Example: Lions are apex predators in many African savannas.

1. Assemblages - collections or groupings of things, especially organisms in an ecosystem.

• Example: Coral reefs support diverse assemblages of marine life.

1. Intensive - involving a high level of effort, concentration, or activity.

• Example: Intensive farming practices can have environmental consequences.

1. Lurking - hiding or moving stealthily to avoid detection.

• Example: The lynx is skilled at lurking in the forest, waiting for prey.

1. Reserves - areas set aside for the protection of natural resources or wildlife.

• Example: National parks serve as reserves for biodiversity.

1. Charismatic - having a compelling charm or attractiveness, often used to describe animals that people find appealing.

• Example: The panda is a charismatic species often used to promote conservation efforts.

1. Catalyse - to facilitate or stimulate a process or change.

• Example: The new initiative aims to catalyze rewilding efforts across the country.

1. Extinction - the complete disappearance or elimination of a species.

• Example: The extinction of the dodo bird is a well-known example.

1. Ecological - related to the study of ecosystems and their interactions.

• Example: Ecological research helps us understand the balance of nature.

1. Ascent - the act of rising or climbing upward.

• Example: The hiker began the steep ascent to the mountain peak.

1. Conservation - the protection and preservation of natural resources and biodiversity.

• Example: Conservation efforts aim to save endangered species.

1. Catalyst - a substance or factor that speeds up or initiates a chemical or biological reaction.

• Example: Enzymes act as catalysts in many biological processes.

1. Preservation - the act of keeping something in its original state or preventing its decay.

• Example: The preservation of historical buildings is important for cultural heritage.

1. Denuding - stripping or removing the natural covering or surface of something.

• Example: Deforestation leads to the denuding of forests.

1. Dynamism - the quality of being dynamic, energetic, or forceful.

• Example: The dynamism of the team led to their victory.

1. Preservationist - a person or advocate dedicated to preserving natural or historical resources.

• Example: Preservationists fought to protect the old-growth forest from logging.

1. Explosion - a sudden and violent release of energy or force.

• Example: The explosion of the volcano was a natural disaster.

1. Lynx - a large spotted cat known for its tasselled ears.

• Example: The lynx is a rare and elusive species in Europe.

1. Introduce - to bring something into a new environment or situation.

• Example: We plan to introduce new technology to improve efficiency.

1. Rewild - to restore an area to its natural state by reintroducing native species.

• Example: The project aims to rewild the national park.

1. Explored - investigated or studied thoroughly.

• Example: The scientists explored the depths of the ocean.

1. Resurgence - a revival or renewed growth of something.

• Example: There has been a resurgence of interest in traditional crafts.

1. Fragmented - broken or divided into smaller parts or pieces.

• Example: Fragmented habitats can lead to a loss of biodiversity.

1. Bison - a large, shaggy-haired mammal related to cattle.

• Example: Bison once roamed the American plains in vast herds.

1. Reintroduce - to bring something back after it has been absent.

• Example: The plan is to reintroduce wolves to the national park.

1. Recycling - the process of converting waste materials into reusable resources.

• Example: Recycling paper helps save trees.

1. Aquatic - relating to water or living in water.

• Example: Aquatic animals include fish, dolphins, and turtles.

1. Ecosystems - communities of organisms and their physical environments.

• Example: Coral reefs are diverse and fragile ecosystems.

1. Atmosphere - the layer of gases surrounding the Earth or another planet.

• Example: The atmosphere protects us from harmful solar radiation.

1. Fragmentation - the breaking up or division of something into smaller parts.

• Example: Habitat fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity.

1. Repopulate - to replace or replenish a population.

• Example: Efforts are underway to repopulate the endangered species.

1. Inhabitants - residents or people who live in a specific place.

• Example: The inhabitants of the island rely on fishing for their livelihood.

1. Recovery - the process of returning to a normal or healthy state.

• Example: After the hurricane, the community focused on recovery efforts.

1. Balance - a state of equilibrium or stability.

• Example: Maintaining a balance between work and personal life is essential.

1. Sustainability - the ability to maintain or support something over the long term.

• Example: Sustainability is a key goal in environmental conservation.

1. Tourists - people who travel for leisure or recreation.

• Example: Tourists visit national parks to experience nature.

1. Lurk - to hide or wait in a secretive or sneaky manner.

• Example: Predators often lurk in the tall grass, waiting for prey.

1. Re-establish - to establish or set up again.

• Example: The organization aims to re-establish a native plant species.

1. Promote - to support or advocate for the advancement of something.

• Example: The campaign aims to promote sustainable farming practices.

1. Expanding - growing or increasing in size or scope.

• Example: The expanding urban area encroached on wildlife habitats.

1. Landscape - the visible features of an area of land, often including natural elements.

• Example: The landscape of the national park is breathtaking.

1. Intensive - involving a high level of effort, concentration, or activity.

• Example: Intensive farming practices can have environmental consequences.

PASSAGE-3

UK companies need more effective boards of directors

1. Governance - the system or process of governing and managing organizations.

• Example: The company's governance structure was reevaluated for efficiency.

1. Meltdown - a sudden and disastrous collapse or failure.

• Example: The economic meltdown in 2008 had far-reaching consequences.

1. Post-mortems - examinations or investigations conducted after an event or crisis.

• Example: After the project failed, they conducted post-mortems to understand what went wrong.

1. Knock-on - having a secondary or indirect effect or consequence.

• Example: The strike had a knock-on effect on the entire supply chain.

1. Intense - extreme or strong in degree, intensity, or focus.

• Example: The debate over the issue became intense among politicians.

1. Effectiveness - the degree to which something achieves its intended purpose.

• Example: The effectiveness of the new marketing strategy will be measured by sales.

1. Part-time - involving less than full-time commitment or employment.

• Example: She works part-time at the bookstore while studying.

1. Agendas - lists of items to be discussed or accomplished during a meeting.

• Example: The meeting agenda included budget discussions.

1. Overloaded - burdened with too much work or too many tasks.

• Example: Her schedule was overloaded with appointments and deadlines.

1. Collaboration - working together with others to achieve a common goal.

• Example: Team collaboration is essential for project success.

1. Radical - involving fundamental or far-reaching change or reform.

• Example: The company underwent a radical transformation in its business model.

1. Remuneration - payment or compensation for work or services.

• Example: The company offers competitive remuneration packages to attract top talent.

1. Independence - the state of being free from external control or influence.

• Example: The committee's independence ensures impartial decision-making.

1. Tyranny - oppressive or unjust use of power or authority.

• Example: The citizens protested against the tyranny of the oppressive government.

1. Distort - to twist or misrepresent information, facts, or reality.

• Example: The media can sometimes distort the truth in their reporting.

1. Incentivized - motivated or encouraged by the promise of rewards or benefits.

• Example: Performance-based bonuses incentivize employees to work harder.

1. Transparency - the quality of being open, honest, and easily understood.

• Example: The company's financial statements are published for transparency.

1. Underperforming - not meeting expectations or performing below standards.

• Example: The stock was considered underperforming in the market.

1. Exposed - vulnerable to criticism, scrutiny, or risk.

• Example: The CEO felt exposed after the company's financial troubles were revealed.

1. Corporate ethics - principles and standards of moral conduct in business.

• Example: Ethical corporate behavior enhances a company's reputation.

1. Eroded - gradually worn away or reduced over time.

• Example: Trust in the government has eroded due to scandals.

1. Combat - a struggle or conflict, often involving opposition or resistance.

• Example: The legal battle was a combat between the two companies.

1. Binding - having legal force or requiring compliance.

• Example: The contract had a binding agreement that both parties had to follow.

1. Irony - a situation in which there is a contrast between expectations and reality.

• Example: The irony was that the product designed for health caused illness.

1. Morality - principles or standards of right and wrong behavior.

• Example: Ethics classes discuss questions of morality and ethical dilemmas.

1. Widen - to make or become broader or more extensive.

• Example: The company aims to widen its market reach.

1. Perspective - a particular way of viewing or understanding a situation.

• Example: Her perspective on the issue was influenced by her personal experiences.

1. Realignment - the process of adjusting or reorganizing something to a new configuration.

• Example: The company's realignment of its marketing strategy led to increased sales.

1. Challenging - difficult and requiring effort or determination to overcome.

• Example: The project was challenging, but it was completed successfully.

1. Sustainability - the ability to maintain or support something over the long term.

• Example: Environmental sustainability is a key concern for many organizations.

1. Market economy - an economic system based on supply and demand with minimal government intervention.

• Example: Capitalism is often associated with a market economy.

1. Incentive - something that motivates or encourages a person to take action.

• Example: Bonuses are provided as an incentive for employees to meet targets.

1. Removal - the act of taking something away or eliminating it.

• Example: The removal of outdated equipment improved efficiency.

1. Criticism - the act of expressing disapproval or judgment about something.

• Example: Constructive criticism can help individuals improve their performance.

1. Globalization - the process of international integration and interconnectedness.

• Example: Globalization has led to increased trade between countries.

1. Automated - operated or controlled by machines or technology with minimal human intervention.

• Example: Automated systems streamline production processes.

1. Profile - the characteristics, traits, or information that defines a person or entity.

• Example: The company's profile in the industry has grown significantly.

1. Muscle - metaphorically refers to influence, power, or strength in a particular area.

• Example: Shareholders used their muscle to demand changes in corporate governance.

1. Resign - to voluntarily give up a position or job.

• Example: He decided to resign from his role as CEO due to personal reasons.

1. Exposure - the state of being subjected to a particular situation or condition.

• Example: The exposure to harsh weather conditions affected the equipment.

1. Debate - a discussion or argument about a particular topic or issue.

• Example: The debate over healthcare policy continues in the legislature.

1. Moratorium - a temporary suspension or delay of a particular activity.

• Example: The government declared a moratorium on new construction projects.

1. Compliance - the act of following or adhering to rules, regulations, or laws.

• Example: The company's compliance with safety standards is crucial.

1. Disclosure - the act of revealing or making information known.

• Example: Financial disclosure is required for transparency in business.

1. Incentivize - to provide incentives or motivation for a particular action.

• Example: The company incentivizes employees with performance bonuses.

1. Oversight - the act of supervising or monitoring something closely.

• Example: Government agencies provide oversight to ensure compliance with laws.

1. Obligation - a duty or responsibility to fulfill a commitment or promise.

• Example: Meeting deadlines is an obligation for employees.

1. Reform - the process of making changes and improvements to a system or structure.

• Example: The education system underwent significant reforms.

1. Asset - a valuable resource or item that provides value or benefit.

• Example: Real estate can be a valuable asset for investors.

1. Integration - the act of combining or coordinating different elements into a unified whole.

• Example: The integration of technology into the curriculum improved learning outcomes.