Cambridge IELTS 14 Reading Vocabulary

Cambridge IELTS 14

Passage -1

THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN’S PLAY

1.       Brick - (noun) a rectangular block used in building construction. Example: Alice is building her magical kingdom brick by brick.

2.       Kingdom - (noun) a country or territory ruled by a king or queen. Example: Alice is building her own magical kingdom.

3.       Magical - (adjective) having special powers or qualities associated with magic. Example: Alice's kingdom is a magical place with fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons.

4.       Imagining - (verb) creating or forming a mental image or concept. Example: Alice is imagining a world filled with wicked witches and gallant heroes.

5.       Fairy-tale - (noun) a story about magical or imaginary beings and lands, often for children. Example: Alice's kingdom is like a fairy-tale with its enchanted elements.

6.       Turrets - (noun) small towers, especially on the corners of a building or castle. Example: Alice's kingdom has fairy-tale turrets that add to its magical charm.

7.       Fire-breathing - (adjective) emitting flames from the mouth or nostrils. Example: In Alice's kingdom, there are fire-breathing dragons guarding the castle.

8.       Wicked - (adjective) evil or morally wrong. Example: Alice's kingdom is full of wicked witches who pose a threat to the heroes.

9.       Gallant - (adjective) brave and heroic. Example: The gallant heroes in Alice's kingdom fight against the wicked witches.

10.   Enchanting - (adjective) delightfully charming or captivating. Example: Alice's kingdom is an enchanting world where imagination comes to life.

11.   Aware - (adjective) having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Example: Although Alice isn't aware of it, her fantasy kingdom is developing her creativity.

12.   Capacity - (noun) the ability or potential to contain, hold, or perform. Example: Alice's fantasy kingdom is helping her develop her capacity for creativity.

13.   Repercussions - (noun) unintended consequences or effects of an action. Example: Alice's fantasy kingdom will have important repercussions in her adult life.

14.   Abandoned - (verb) left behind or deserted. Example: Alice has abandoned her magical kingdom to play schools with her brother.

15.   Favor - (noun) a preference or choice. Example: Alice chose to play schools with her brother instead of continuing with her kingdom.

16.   Regulate - (verb) control or manage according to a set of rules or principles. Example: When Alice plays schools, she practices how to regulate her emotions through pretence.

17.   Emotions - (noun) strong feelings or reactions to situations. Example: Alice learns to regulate her emotions when she bosses her brother as a teacher.

18.   Pretence - (noun) the act of pretending or feigning. Example: Alice regulates her emotions through pretence when she plays schools with her brother.

19.   Settle down - (phrasal verb) become calm and composed. Example: After playing schools, Alice and her brother settle down with a board game.

20.   Board game - (noun) a game played on a board with counters or pieces. Example: Alice and her brother play a board game together, learning about rules and taking turns.

21.   Variety - (noun) a range of different things or elements. Example: Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species.

22.   Achievements - (noun) things accomplished or successfully completed. Example: Play is one of the highest achievements of the human species.

23.   Intellectual - (adjective) relating to the ability to think and understand. Example: Play underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults.

24.   Problem-solving - (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues. Example: Play helps in the development of problem-solving skills.

25.   Adaptable - (adjective) able to adjust to new conditions or changes. Example: Play is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species.

26.   Decline - (noun) a gradual or continuous decrease in quantity or quality. Example: There is a worldwide decline in play, particularly in urban areas.

27.   Perceptions - (noun) the way something is understood or interpreted by individuals. Example: Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk associated with traffic.

28.   Protect - (verb) keep safe from harm or danger. Example: Parents wish to protect their children from being victims of crime.

29.   Emphasis - (noun) special importance, value, or prominence given to something. Example: The emphasis on "earlier is better" leads to greater competition in academic learning.

30.   Leisure - (noun) free time when one is not working or occupied. Example: International bodies consider implications for leisure facilities and educational programs.

31.   Policies - (noun) principles or rules used to guide decisions and actions. Example: International bodies are developing policies concerned with children's right to play.

32.   Evidence - (noun) information or facts that support a claim or argument. Example: International bodies often lack the evidence to base policies on the importance of play.

33.   Child-initiated - (adjective) started or initiated by the child. Example: The type of play of interest is child-initiated, spontaneous, and unpredictable.

34.   Spontaneous - (adjective) happening naturally or without planning. Example: The researchers are interested in spontaneous play initiated by children.

35.   Unpredictable - (adjective) not able to be predicted or foreseen. Example: The researchers study the impact of unpredictable play on children's development.

36.   Long-term - (adjective) occurring over or relating to a long period of time. Example: The researchers aim to understand the long-term impact of play on a child's life.

37.   Impact - (noun) the effect or influence of one thing on another. Example: There is very little data on the impact of play on a child's later life.

38.   Development - (noun) the process of growth or advancement. Example: The researchers investigate the role played by play in a child's development.

39.   Self-control - (noun) the ability to control one's own actions, emotions, or impulses. Example: Play may support the early development of children's self-control.

40.   Awareness - (noun) knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Example: Self-control influences how effectively we undertake challenging activities through awareness.

41.   Undertaking - (noun) a task or project that one takes on or commits to. Example: Self-control influences how effectively we undertake challenging activities.

42.   Challenging - (adjective) difficult, demanding, or requiring effort. Example: Developing self-control helps children tackle challenging activities more effectively.

43.   Activities - (noun) actions or tasks that are done for a specific purpose. Example: Play may contribute to children's ability to engage in various activities.

44.   Problem-solvers - (noun) individuals who are skilled at finding solutions to problems. Example: Giving children the chance to play may make them more successful problem-solvers.

45.   Facilitate - (verb) to make easier or enable the occurrence of something. Example: Playful experiences may facilitate the development of self-control.

46.   Significant - (adjective) important or meaningful. Example: If play facilitates self-control, it could have a significant impact on educational practices.

47.   Predictor - (noun) something that indicates or suggests the likelihood of future outcomes. Example: The ability to self-regulate is a key predictor of academic performance.

48.   Indicator - (noun) a sign or signal that provides information or reveals something. Example: Playful behavior is an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development.

49.   Well-being - (noun) the state of being happy, healthy, and contented. Example: Observing children at play can provide important clues about their well-being.

50.   Stimulus - (noun) something that provokes or arouses a response or reaction. Example: A playful stimulus was more effective than an instructional one in supporting children's writing.

Passage -2

The growth of bike-sharing schemes around the world

1.       urban - (adjective) relating to or characteristic of a city or town. Example: The city has implemented various urban development projects to improve infrastructure.

2.       bike-sharing - (noun) a system in which bicycles are made available for shared use to individuals on a short-term basis. Example: The bike-sharing program allows people to rent bikes for a few hours or a day to explore the city.

3.       scheme - (noun) a plan or program of action designed to accomplish a particular goal. Example: The government introduced a new healthcare scheme to provide affordable medical services to the citizens.

4.       dates back - (phrase) refers to the time or origin of something, often in the past. Example: The tradition of celebrating New Year's Eve dates back to ancient times.

5.       Witte Fietsenplan - (noun) a bike-sharing initiative in Amsterdam in 1965, involving the distribution of white bicycles for public use. Example: The Witte Fietsenplan aimed to promote sustainable transportation by providing free white bicycles for citizens.

6.       organisation - (noun) a group of people who work together to achieve a common purpose or goal. Example: The environmental organisation organized a beach cleanup to raise awareness about plastic pollution.

7.       perceived - (adjective) to be aware or conscious of something, often based on personal opinion or belief. Example: The perceived increase in crime led to a demand for enhanced security measures in the neighborhood.

8.       activists - (noun) individuals who campaign actively for social or political change. Example: The activists marched through the streets, demanding justice and equality for all.

9.       air pollution - (noun) the presence of harmful substances in the air, often caused by human activities or industrial processes. Example: The government implemented strict measures to reduce air pollution and improve air quality in the city.

10.   consumerism - (noun) the preoccupation or emphasis on the acquisition and consumption of goods and services. Example: The rise of consumerism has led to an increase in waste and environmental degradation.

11.   leaflet - (noun) a printed or digital informational document, usually distributed to provide information or promote something. Example: The tourism office handed out leaflets with maps and tourist attractions to visitors.

12.   dangers - (noun) potential risks or hazards. Example: The construction site had several warning signs indicating the dangers of entering without proper safety equipment.

13.   unlocked - (adjective) not locked or secured. Example: The door was left unlocked by mistake, allowing unauthorized access to the building.

14.   locations - (noun) specific places or positions. Example: The company has multiple locations around the country, providing convenience for customers.

15.   inviting - (verb) offering or suggesting something in an appealing or welcoming manner. Example: The restaurant's menu was inviting, featuring a variety of delicious dishes.

16.   opposed to - (phrase) in conflict or disagreement with something. Example: The community members were opposed to the construction of a new factory due to environmental concerns.

17.   initiatives - (noun) actions or measures taken to achieve a specific goal or purpose. Example: The government launched several initiatives to promote renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions.

18.   symbolic - (adjective) representing or expressing an idea or quality rather than a literal meaning. Example: The gesture of planting a tree on Earth Day was symbolic of our commitment to environmental conservation.

19.   member - (noun) a person who belongs to a group or organization. Example: She has been a member of the book club for five years, attending monthly meetings and discussions.

20.   municipality - (noun) a local governing body that administers a city, town, or district. Example: The municipality invested in improving public parks and recreational facilities for the community.

21.   calculate - (verb) to determine or estimate through mathematical or logical methods. Example: The students were asked to calculate the area of the triangle using the given measurements.

22.   unanimously - (adverb) with everyone in agreement or approval. Example: The board unanimously voted to approve the proposed budget for the upcoming fiscal year.

23.   reject - (verb) to refuse to accept, consider, or agree to something. Example: The university rejected his application due to the lack of required qualifications.

24.   glorious - (adjective) having great beauty, splendor, or magnificence. Example: The sunset over the ocean was a glorious sight, with vibrant hues of orange and pink.

25.   environmentally conscious - (phrase) aware of and concerned about the impact of human activities on the environment. Example: The company implemented environmentally conscious practices, such as recycling and reducing waste.

26.   possibility - (noun) the state or condition of being possible or capable of happening. Example: With hard work and dedication, there is always the possibility of achieving your goals.

27.   launched - (verb) to introduce or start something, especially a new project or product. Example: The company launched a new line of eco-friendly products to meet the growing demand.

28.   chip card - (noun) a plastic card with an embedded microchip that stores and processes data. Example: The new chip card technology allowed for faster and more secure transactions at the payment terminals.

29.   conspicuous - (adjective) easily noticeable or standing out. Example: The artist's bold and colorful painting was displayed in a conspicuous spot in the art gallery.

30.   sturdy - (adjective) strong and robust; able to withstand pressure or rough treatment. Example: The sturdy wooden table was able to support heavy objects without wobbling or breaking.

31.   racks - (noun) structures or frames used for holding or storing items in an organized manner. Example: The bicycle racks outside the train station were almost full, indicating a high demand for bike parking.

32.   prone to - (phrase) likely or inclined to experience or be affected by something, often negative. Example: Her sensitive skin was prone to sunburn, so she always applied sunscreen before going outside.

33.   vandalism - (noun) the deliberate destruction or damage of property or public belongings. Example: The graffiti sprayed on the walls was an act of vandalism that defaced the building's appearance.

34.   theft - (noun) the act of stealing or taking someone else's property without permission. Example: The shop implemented security measures to prevent theft and protect their merchandise.

35.   abolish - (verb) to officially put an end to something, usually a system, practice, or belief. Example: The government decided to abolish the outdated law that imposed heavy penalties for minor offenses.

36.   profitable - (adjective) producing a financial gain or yielding a profit. Example: The company's new marketing strategy proved to be highly profitable, resulting in increased sales.

37.   disappointed - (adjective) feeling sad or let down due to unmet expectations or desired outcomes. Example: She was disappointed when her favorite team lost the championship game.

38.   corporation - (noun) a large company or organization recognized as a separate legal entity. Example: The multinational corporation operates in multiple countries and has a diverse range of products.

39.   decisive - (adjective) having a clear and definite effect or influence on something. Example: The CEO's decisive action to restructure the company led to improved efficiency and profitability.

40.   inspired - (verb) to stimulate or arouse a feeling of enthusiasm, creativity, or motivation. Example: The artist was inspired by the beauty of nature and created breathtaking landscapes on canvas.

41.   boasts - (verb) to proudly possess or have something considered impressive or desirable. Example: The luxurious resort boasts a private beach, spa facilities, and gourmet restaurants.

42.   modelled - (verb) to base or pattern something after a particular example or standard. Example: The new smartphone was modelled after the latest flagship devices with advanced features.

43.   wonderful - (adjective) extremely pleasing, enjoyable, or excellent. Example: They had a wonderful time on their vacation, exploring new places and creating lasting memories.

44.   patent - (noun) a legal right granted to inventors that protects their invention from being used or sold by others. Example: The inventor filed a patent for their innovative device to prevent others from copying their design.

45.   cycle-friendly - (adjective) designed or suitable for use by cyclists, promoting safe and convenient cycling. Example: The city implemented cycle-friendly infrastructure, such as bike lanes and bike-sharing programs.

46.   dominated by - (phrase) controlled or influenced greatly by a particular thing or factor. Example: The political landscape was dominated by two major parties, with minor parties struggling to gain traction.

47.   additional - (adjective) extra or supplementary; added to what is already present or available. Example: The teacher provided additional resources for students to deepen their understanding of the topic.

48.   successful - (adjective) achieving the desired results or having a favorable outcome. Example: The company's successful marketing campaign led to a significant increase in sales.

49.   mentality - (noun) a particular way of thinking or a set of attitudes and beliefs. Example: The team's winning mentality propelled them to victory, as they never gave up despite setbacks.

50.   environment - (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant operates or exists. Example: The organization focuses on protecting the environment and preserving natural resources for future generations.

Passage -3

Motivational factors and the hospitality industry

1.       superior (adjective): higher in quality or rank; excellent. Example: The hotel aims to provide superior service to its guests.

2.       performance (noun): the manner in which a person, organization, or system functions or operates. Example: The employees' performance directly affects the hotel's success.

3.       developing (verb): making progress or growing in a specified direction. Example: The hotel focuses on developing its employees' skills through training programs.

4.       maintaining (verb): preserving or keeping something in a particular state or condition. Example: The hotel is committed to maintaining high standards of cleanliness.

5.       employees (noun): individuals who work for an organization or business. Example: The hotel provides various benefits for its employees, such as healthcare and retirement plans.

6.       accomplished (adjective): successfully achieved or completed. Example: The hotel accomplished its goal of increasing customer satisfaction.

7.       Human Resource Management (HRM) (noun): the strategic approach to managing employees in an organization. Example: The hotel implemented effective HRM practices to attract and retain talented staff.

8.       practices (noun): habitual or customary ways of doing something. Example: The hotel follows best practices in customer service to ensure guest satisfaction.

9.       organizations (noun): groups of people with a particular purpose, such as a company or institution. Example: The hotel collaborated with other organizations to promote tourism in the area.

10.   invest (verb): allocate money, time, or resources for a future benefit. Example: The hotel decided to invest in employee training to improve service quality.

11.   retain (verb): keep or continue to have something. Example: The hotel implemented strategies to retain experienced employees.

12.   great (adjective): of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average. Example: The hotel values great teamwork among its employees.

13.   working conditions (noun): the environment and circumstances in which people work. Example: The hotel improved working conditions by providing ergonomic furniture and adequate lighting.

14.   originated (verb): had a specified beginning or start. Example: The concept of superior working conditions originated from non-service sector workplaces.

15.   non-service sector (noun): industries or fields of work not related to providing services. Example: The idea of work-life balance was popular in the non-service sector.

16.   emphasized (verb): gave special importance or prominence to something. Example: The company emphasized the importance of customer satisfaction in its training program.

17.   fun (noun): enjoyment, amusement, or lighthearted pleasure. Example: The hotel organizes fun team-building activities for its staff.

18.   enjoyment (noun): the state of finding pleasure or satisfaction in something. Example: The employees expressed their enjoyment of the company's annual picnic.

19.   part (noun): a particular aspect or feature of something. Example: Good working conditions are an essential part of employee satisfaction.

20.   contrast (noun): the state of being strikingly different from something else. Example: In contrast to non-service sector workplaces, hotels have traditionally not focused on good working conditions.

21.   extended (verb): made something more comprehensive or widespread. Example: The company extended its employee benefits package to include paid parental leave.

22.   address (verb): give attention to or deal with a matter or problem. Example: The hotel management decided to address the issue of poor working conditions by renovating the staff lounge.

23.   competitors (noun): other individuals, organizations, or businesses that are in direct competition with each other. Example: The hotel constantly monitors its competitors' prices and services to stay competitive in the market.

24.   investment (noun): the action or process of investing money, time, or resources in something to gain a profit or advantage. Example: The hotel made a significant investment in upgrading its technology systems for efficient operations.

25.   advantage (noun): a condition or circumstance that puts someone in a favorable or superior position. Example: The hotel's prime location gives it a competitive advantage over other hotels in the area.

26.   hospitality industry (noun): the sector encompassing businesses and services related to accommodations, food and beverage, and tourism. Example: The hospitality industry plays a crucial role in the local economy by generating employment opportunities.

27.   dominated (verb): controlled, governed, or influenced by someone or something to a great extent. Example: The market was dominated by large hotel chains that had a significant presence in multiple cities.

28.   underdeveloped (adjective): not fully developed, mature, or advanced. Example: The hotel industry in that region had underdeveloped HR practices compared to other sectors.

29.   relations (noun): the way in which two or more people, groups, or countries behave toward and deal with each other. Example: The hotel management strives to maintain good relations with its employees through open communication.

30.   represent (verb): stand for, symbolize, or be a typical example of something. Example: The hotel staff represents the brand's values and commitment to exceptional service.

31.   turnover (noun): the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by new ones. Example: The high turnover rate in the hotel industry necessitates effective recruitment and retention strategies.

32.   compensation (noun): something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering. Example: The hotel offers competitive compensation packages to attract and retain top talent.

33.   inadequate (adjective): not sufficient, satisfactory, or suitable for a specific purpose. Example: The employees raised concerns about the inadequate training provided for handling customer complaints.

34.   benefits (noun): advantages or rewards gained from employment, in addition to regular salary or wages. Example: The hotel provides comprehensive health insurance and retirement benefits to its employees.

35.   morale (noun): the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group at a particular time. Example: The management organized a team-building retreat to boost employee morale and improve teamwork.

36.   attitudes (noun): opinions, feelings, or behaviors towards someone or something. Example: The hotel encourages positive attitudes among its employees to create a welcoming and friendly atmosphere.

37.   recognition (noun): acknowledgement, appreciation, or reward for one's efforts, achievements, or contributions. Example: The hotel management implemented an employee recognition program to celebrate outstanding performance.

38.   motivate (verb): provide someone with a motive or reason to do something; inspire or encourage. Example: The hotel's incentive program motivates employees to exceed performance targets.

39.   obligated (adjective): morally or legally bound to do something; having a duty or responsibility. Example: The hotel provides ongoing training opportunities, making employees feel obligated to enhance their skills.

40.   organization (noun): a group of people working together in a structured manner to achieve a common goal. Example: The hotel's organizational structure ensures clear communication and efficient coordination among different departments.

41.   motivation (noun): the reason or driving force behind someone's actions, behavior, or willingness to exert effort. Example: The hotel manager uses various motivational strategies to inspire the staff to deliver exceptional service.

42.   retention (noun): the action of keeping something or someone; the ability to retain or keep employees in an organization. Example: The hotel implemented a comprehensive retention program to reduce turnover and retain skilled employees.

43.   inherently (adverb): essentially or naturally characteristic of something; in a way that is permanent or inseparable. Example: Good customer service is inherently linked to the hotel's reputation and success.

44.   reactions (noun): responses or behaviors triggered by a particular stimulus, event, or situation. Example: The hotel management carefully analyzed customer feedback and employees' reactions to improve service quality.

45.   hypothesis (noun): a proposed explanation or theory based on limited evidence; a tentative assumption to be tested or proven. Example: The researchers formulated a hypothesis to explore the relationship between employee job satisfaction and turnover.

46.   complain (verb): express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something; voice grievances. Example: Some employees tend to complain about workload during peak seasons in the hotel industry.

47.   perceptions (noun): the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted; individuals' subjective views or beliefs. Example: The hotel management conducted a perception survey to understand employees' views on work-life balance.

48.   luxury (adjective): relating to high-quality, expensive, and exclusive products, services, or experiences. Example: The hotel offers luxury accommodations and personalized services to cater to discerning guests.

49.   sophisticated (adjective): complex, refined, or advanced in terms of design, technology, or approach. Example: The hotel implemented a sophisticated customer relationship management system to enhance guest satisfaction.

50.   career (noun): a person's course or progress through their working life; a series of employment opportunities and advancements. Example: The hotel provides employees with ample opportunities for career growth and development through training and promotions.

Test -2

Passage -1

Alexander Henderson

1.       extensive: covering a large area or range Example: The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland.

2.       residence: a person's home; the place where someone lives Example: Besides its residence in Edinburgh, the family owned Press Estate.

3.       farmland: land used for cultivating crops or raising livestock Example: Press Estate consisted of 650 acres of farmland.

4.       mansion: a large and impressive house Example: Press Castle was a mansion located on the property.

5.       childhood: the period of time when a person is a child Example: Alexander spent much of his childhood playing on the beach near Eyemouth.

6.       apprenticeship: a period of training to learn a specific skill or trade Example: In 1849, he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant.

7.       emigrated: to leave one's country to settle permanently in another Example: In October 1855, he emigrated to Canada with his wife.

8.       photography: the art, process, or practice of creating images by recording light on a sensitive surface Example: Henderson learned photography in Montreal around 1857.

9.       amateur: a person who engages in an activity for pleasure rather than as a profession Example: He quickly took up photography as a serious amateur.

10.   colleague: a person with whom one works, especially in a profession or business Example: Henderson became a personal friend and colleague of William Notman.

11.   excursion: a short journey or trip, usually for pleasure Example: The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860.

12.   cooperated: worked together towards a common goal Example: They cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares.

13.   societies: organizations or associations of people with a common interest or purpose Example: They both belonged to the same societies and associations.

14.   chairman: the person who presides over a meeting or organization Example: Henderson acted as chairman of the association's first meeting.

15.   landscapes: paintings, drawings, or photographs of outdoor scenes, especially of the countryside Example: Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold realism.

16.   realism: the quality or style of being faithful to reality or representing things as they are Example: Notman's landscapes were known for their bold realism.

17.   romantic: characterized by a love of nature, beauty, and emotion Example: Henderson's early work was influenced by the British landscape tradition and had a romantic quality.

18.   circulation: the number of copies of a publication distributed or sold Example: The publication had limited circulation, with only seven copies found.

19.   evaluating: assessing or judging the quality, value, or significance of something Example: The contents of each copy were used for evaluating Henderson's early work.

20.   portraiture: the art of creating portraits or images of people Example: From about 1870, Henderson dropped portraiture to focus on landscape photography.

21.   specialize: concentrate on and become an expert in a particular subject or skill Example: Henderson chose to specialize in landscape photography and other views.

22.   revealed: showed or made known Example: His photographs of city life revealed the vibrant human activity in street scenes, houses, and markets.

23.   alive: full of life or activity Example: Henderson's photographs of city life were alive with human activity.

24.   favourite: preferred or liked above all others Example: Although his favourite subject was landscape, Henderson often incorporated human pursuits into his scenes.

25.   pursuits: activities or hobbies engaged in by someone Example: Henderson composed his scenes around human pursuits such as farming, cutting ice, or sailing.

26.   demand: a strong need or desire for something Example: There was sufficient demand for Henderson's photographs of landscapes, lumber trade, and waterfalls.

27.   souvenirs: items kept as a reminder of a person, place, or event Example: People wanted to buy Henderson's photographs as souvenirs of their trips.

28.   catering: providing what is desired or needed Example: Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio, catering to the demand for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums.

29.   exhibited: displayed or showcased publicly Example: Henderson exhibited his photographs in various cities, including Montreal, London, and New York.

30.   success: achieving a desired outcome or result Example: Henderson met with greater success in New York, winning first prizes in a photography exhibition.

31.   prizes: rewards or honors given to winners Example: Henderson won prizes for his landscape photographs using the Lambertype process.

32.   wilderness: a wild and uncultivated area of land Example: Henderson was especially fond of the wilderness and often traveled by canoe on rivers.

33.   canoe: a lightweight narrow boat pointed at both ends, propelled by paddles Example: Henderson traveled by canoe on rivers like the Blanche and du Lievre.

34.   noted: well-known or recognized for a particular quality or achievement Example: He took photographs of the noted eastern rivers during his travels.

35.   undertaking: a task or project that requires effort or commitment Example: His photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway were part of a significant undertaking.

36.   commission: a request or assignment to create or produce something Example: Henderson received a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the railway line.

37.   principal: main or most important Example: Henderson recorded the principal structures along the railway line.

38.   structures: buildings or other objects constructed from parts Example: Henderson photographed the structures along the railway line.

39.   connecting: joining or linking together Example: The railway line was connecting Montreal to Halifax.

40.   commissions: assignments or projects for which one is paid to produce something Example: Henderson received commissions from other railways as well.

41.   bridges: structures built to provide passage over an obstacle, such as a river or road Example: In 1876, Henderson photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, and Occidental Railway.

42.   progress: the forward or onward movement towards a destination or goal Example: Henderson documented the progress of construction along the Canadian Pacific Railway.

43.   manager: a person responsible for controlling and organizing the activities of a business or department Example: In 1892, Henderson accepted a full-time position as the manager of a photographic department for the CPR.

44.   department: a division or section of an organization or institution Example: Henderson set up and administered the photographic department for the CPR.

45.   extensively: in a thorough or comprehensive manner Example: Henderson traveled extensively along the railway line, documenting and photographing various locations.

46.   archives: collections of historical records or documents Example: Collections of Henderson's work are held at the National Archives of Canada in Ottawa.

47.   photographic: related to photography or the process of creating images Example: Henderson's glass negatives formed a photographic collection stored in his house.

48.   stored: kept or placed in a particular location for future use or reference Example: Henderson's glass negatives were stored in the basement of his house.

49.   collections: groups of items gathered or assembled together Example: Collections of Henderson's work can also be found at the McCord Museum of Canadian History in Montreal.

50.   retired: stopped working or withdrew from active duty or employment Example: In 1897, Henderson retired completely from photography after his tenure with the CPR.

Passage-2

Back to the future of skyscraper design

1. Recovery - the process of regaining or restoring something that has been lost or damaged. Example: The recovery of natural environments in architecture is crucial for sustainable design.

2. Natural - existing or caused by nature, not artificial or manufactured. Example: The building incorporates natural ventilation and cooling systems.

3. Environments - the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The design aims to create healthier environments for occupants.

4. Architecture - the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. Example: Professor Alan Short specializes in sustainable architecture.

5. Design - the process of creating or planning something, such as a building or object. Example: The book discusses innovative building designs.

6. Culmination - the highest or final point of something, usually reached after a gradual process. Example: Professor Short's book is the culmination of years of research.

7. Research - the systematic investigation of materials, sources, or subjects to discover new facts or information. Example: The study is based on extensive research conducted by the team.

8. Award-winning - having received an award or recognition for excellence. Example: Short's green building designs have been award-winning.

9. Green - relating to or promoting environmental sustainability and conservation. Example: The focus of the research is on green building practices.

10. Building - a structure used as a dwelling, business, or other purpose. Example: The team aims to revolutionize skyscraper building.

11. Reliance - dependence on or trust in someone or something. Example: The goal is to reduce the reliance on air conditioning systems.

12. Sealed - closed tightly or made airtight. Example: The current buildings are sealed to maintain temperature control.

13. Life support - a system that provides the necessary conditions for sustaining life, often used in reference to medical equipment. Example: The buildings rely on the life support of air conditioning units.

14. Vast - very great in size, amount, or extent. Example: The skyscrapers rely on vast air conditioning systems.

15. Ventilation - the provision of fresh air in a building or room. Example: The book explores the importance of natural ventilation.

16. Cooling - the act or process of making something cooler or reducing its temperature. Example: The design aims to incorporate natural cooling methods.

17. Widespread - existing or happening over a large area or among many people. Example: Air conditioning systems became widespread after being heavily marketed.

18. Introduction - the action of bringing something into use or existence. Example: The introduction of air conditioning systems revolutionized building design.

19. Spectacular - very impressive or dramatic. Example: The energy use and carbon emissions from buildings are spectacular.

20. Carbon emissions - the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. Example: The goal is to reduce carbon emissions from buildings.

21. Requirements - the necessary conditions or things needed for a particular purpose. Example: The buildings must meet energy efficiency requirements.

22. Legacy - something left behind or handed down by a predecessor. Example: The book discusses the rich legacy of building design principles.

1. Sophisticated - complex, advanced, and highly developed. Example: The book explores the sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings.

2. Ingeniously - in a clever, creative, and resourceful manner. Example: The hospitals were ingeniously ventilated to ensure safety.

3. Pathogens - microorganisms that can cause disease or infection. Example: The digital modeling considered the presence of pathogens in the airstreams.

4. Tuberculosis - an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs. Example: The ventilation systems in the hospital wards protected patients from tuberculosis.

5. Safe - free from harm, danger, or risk. Example: The ventilation systems ensured that other patients remained safe.

6. Hour - a period of time equal to sixty minutes. Example: The 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour.

7. Performance - the manner in which something functions or operates. Example: The ventilation performance of the hospital wards was comparable to modern-day operating theatres.

8. Principles - fundamental truths or guidelines that serve as the foundation for a belief or system. Example: The book explores the design principles of ventilated buildings.

9. Appropriate - suitable or proper for a particular situation or purpose. Example: Communal wards are appropriate for certain patients' needs.

10. Fraction - a part or proportion of a whole. Example: The design aims to achieve energy savings at a fraction of the cost.

11. Emissions - substances or gases released into the atmosphere, often as a byproduct of human activities. Example: The buildings contribute to carbon emissions.

12. Symbols - objects, actions, or concepts that represent or stand for something else. Example: Glass, steel, and air-conditioned skyscrapers are seen as symbols of status.

13. Status - the relative social or professional standing of a person or group. Example: Short regards glass skyscrapers as symbols of status rather than practical solutions.

14. Practical - suitable or functional for real-life use or application. Example: The focus should be on finding practical ways to meet energy requirements.

15. Ingenuity - the quality of being clever, original, and inventive. Example: 19th-century building designs showcased great ingenuity.

16. Public - relating to or involving the people as a whole. Example: The reinvention of skyscraper design requires public awareness and support.

17. Clamouring - making a loud and persistent outcry or demand. Example: The panicked public was clamouring for buildings that protected against toxic air.

18. Lethal - capable of causing death. Example: The fear of miasmas was rooted in the belief that they were lethal.

19. Threat - a statement or indication of an intention to cause harm, loss, or damage. Example: Miasmas were perceived as a serious health threat.

20. Agents - a person or thing that takes action or produces a particular effect. Example: Miasmas were thought to be the principal agents of disease.

21. Epidemics - widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases that affect a large number of people within a community or region. Example: Miasmas were believed to contribute to the spread of **ep

1. Epidemics - widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases that affect a large number of people within a community or region. Example: Miasmas were believed to contribute to the spread of epidemics during cholera outbreaks.

2. Foul - having an unpleasant or offensive odor or taste. Example: The theory attributed disease to foul air rather than germs.

3. Germs - microorganisms that can cause disease or infection. Example: The prevailing belief disregarded the role of germs in spreading diseases.

4. Prosperous - successful and wealthy. Example: The prosperous individuals avoided hospitals due to fear of infection.

5. Disproved - shown to be false or incorrect through evidence or argument. Example: Miasma theory has since been disproved by scientific advancements.

6. Approach - a way of dealing with or considering something. Example: Short's approach emphasizes natural ventilation and cooling systems.

7. Liability - something that poses a risk or potential loss or harm. Example: Glass skyscrapers may become a liability due to climate change and rising energy prices.

8. Outlook - a person's point of view or general attitude toward life or a particular situation. Example: Short suggests that it's time to change our outlook on building design.

Passage -3

Why companies should welcome disorder

1. Organisation: (noun) the act or process of arranging or structuring something. Example: The company implemented a new organizational structure to improve efficiency.

2. Inboxes: (noun) a place where incoming messages or documents are received and stored. Example: His email inbox was overflowing with unread messages.

3. Calendars: (noun) a system for organizing and scheduling time, typically with dates and events. Example: She marked the important meeting on her calendar to ensure she wouldn't forget.

4. Multi-billion dollar: (adjective) describing something that is valued in billions of dollars. Example: The company's annual revenue reached a multi-billion dollar figure.

5. Time management: (noun) the process of planning and controlling how one spends their time. Example: Effective time management is essential for productivity and meeting deadlines.

6. Project management: (noun) the practice of planning, organizing, and overseeing projects to achieve specific goals. Example: The project manager assigned tasks and monitored progress to ensure timely completion.

7. Self-organisation: (noun) the ability to organize and manage oneself independently. Example: Developing self-organisation skills is crucial for personal and professional success.

8. Rhetoric: (noun) the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing. Example: The politician's powerful rhetoric swayed the audience to support his campaign.

9. Entrepreneurs: (noun) individuals who start and manage their own businesses, taking financial risks. Example: The city encourages entrepreneurs to launch innovative startups and contribute to economic growth.

10. Perfectionists: (noun) individuals who have a strong desire for perfection and high standards. Example: The artist spent hours perfecting every detail of the painting, showcasing their perfectionist nature.

11. Business schools: (noun) educational institutions that offer programs and courses focused on business and management. Example: He completed an MBA at one of the top business schools in the country.

12. Graduates: (noun) individuals who have completed a course of study and received a degree or diploma. Example: The company actively recruits recent graduates for entry-level positions.

13. Efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task with minimal wasted time, effort, or resources. Example: The new production process improved efficiency and reduced manufacturing costs.

14. Assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without verification or proof. Example: The success of the project relied on challenging the underlying assumptions and exploring alternative approaches.

15. Productivity: (noun) the measure of how efficiently and effectively work is accomplished. Example: The team's productivity increased after implementing a streamlined workflow.

16. Diminishing returns: (noun phrase) a point at which the benefit gained from additional effort or investment becomes less than the resources put in. Example: The company realized they had reached diminishing returns when further expanding the marketing budget didn't result in increased sales.

17. Organisational productivity: (noun phrase) the level of productivity within an organization, referring to its overall efficiency and output. Example: The company implemented new strategies to improve organizational productivity and maximize profits.

18. Environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant operates. Example: The office environment was designed to foster creativity and collaboration among employees.

19. Hierarchy: (noun) a system of organizing people or things according to rank, status, or authority. Example: The company's hierarchy ensured clear lines of authority and responsibility.

20. Collaboration: (noun) the action of working together with others to achieve a common goal. Example: The team's collaboration on the project resulted in innovative ideas and a successful outcome.

1. Mechanisms: (noun) a system or process designed to achieve a specific purpose or function. Example: The company implemented new mechanisms for feedback and communication to improve employee engagement.

2. Rigid: (adjective) inflexible, strict, or resistant to change. Example: The company's rigid policies stifled creativity and hindered adaptability.

3. Hierarchies: (noun) plural form of hierarchy, referring to systems of organization based on levels of authority. Example: The organization underwent a restructuring to flatten hierarchies and promote a more collaborative culture.

4. Job titles: (noun) specific designations or labels given to positions within an organization. Example: The company eliminated traditional job titles and introduced more flexible role descriptions.

5. Ownership: (noun) the state or fact of owning something or taking responsibility for it. Example: The employees had a sense of ownership and accountability for their projects.

6. Facets: (noun) different aspects or components of something. Example: The marketing campaign addressed various facets of the target audience's preferences.

7. Boundaryless: (adjective) without boundaries or limitations. Example: The boundaryless organization encouraged cross-department collaboration and knowledge sharing.

8. Barriers: (noun) obstacles or hindrances that prevent progress or communication. Example: The company implemented measures to break down barriers between teams and foster collaboration.

9. Virtual collaboration: (noun phrase) collaborative work done remotely or through online platforms. Example: The team members used video conferencing tools for virtual collaboration on the project.

10. Flexible working: (noun phrase) an arrangement that allows employees to choose their work hours or location. Example: The company implemented a flexible working policy to accommodate employees' diverse needs.

11. Embrace: (verb) to accept or adopt something willingly or eagerly. Example: The company embraced new technologies to stay ahead of the competition.

12. Disorganisation: (noun) the state of lacking order or structure. Example: The creative department thrived in an atmosphere of controlled disorganization.

13. Utility: (noun) the state or quality of being useful or beneficial. Example: The team evaluated the utility of each proposed solution before making a decision.

14. Diminishing: (adjective) decreasing or becoming less over time. Example: The diminishing returns of the investment prompted the company to explore alternative opportunities.

15. Overused: (adjective) excessively or excessively employed or utilized. Example: The marketing slogan had become overused and lost its impact on consumers.

16. Venerate: (verb) to regard with great respect or reverence. Example: Many people venerate the founder of the company for his visionary leadership.

17. Conventional: (adjective) based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed. Example: The company followed conventional marketing practices to reach its target audience.

18. Bottlenecks: (noun) points of congestion or obstruction that slow down or impede progress. Example: The company identified and addressed bottlenecks in the production process to improve efficiency.

19. Innovating: (verb) introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies to bring about positive change. Example: The company invested in research and development to stay at the forefront of innovating in their industry.

20. Organic: (adjective) characterized by a natural and unrestrictive structure or growth. Example: The team's organic collaboration allowed for spontaneous creativity and problem-solving.

21. Suggests:(verb) to propose or indicate as a possibility or idea. Example: The data suggests a correlation between employee satisfaction and productivity levels.

1. Bandwagon: (noun) a popular trend or activity that attracts many followers or participants. Example: Many companies jumped on the sustainability bandwagon and adopted eco-friendly practices.

2. Evidence: (noun) facts, information, or proof that supports a claim or argument. Example: The study provided compelling evidence to support the effectiveness of the new marketing strategy.

3. Disorder: (noun) a state of confusion, lack of organization, or chaos. Example: The office was in a state of disorder after the unexpected power outage.

4. Utility: (noun) the state or quality of being useful or beneficial. Example: The new software improved the utility of the company's data analysis process.

5. Assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without verification or proof. Example: The success of the project relied on challenging the underlying assumptions and exploring alternative approaches.

6. Existing: (adjective) already in place or in existence. Example: The company aimed to improve existing processes through continuous improvement initiatives.

7. Assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without verification or proof. Example: The success of the project relied on challenging the underlying assumptions and exploring alternative approaches.

8. Work process: (noun phrase) the series of steps or actions involved in completing a task or project. Example: The team streamlined the work process to eliminate unnecessary delays and improve efficiency.

9. Research: (noun) systematic investigation to gather information and discover new knowledge. Example: The research conducted by the team provided valuable insights into consumer behavior.

Test -2

Passage -1 The concept of intelligence

1. Intelligence - (noun) the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. Example: His intelligence and quick thinking helped him solve the complex problem.

2. Implicit - (adjective) implied or understood without being directly expressed. Example: She had an implicit trust in her best friend and never doubted her loyalty.

3. Theories - (noun) explanations or principles based on observation, reasoning, and evidence. Example: The scientist proposed a new theory to explain the phenomenon.

4. Conceptions - (noun) ideas or understanding of something. Example: Their conceptions of art differed, leading to a lively debate.

5. Valuing - (verb) considering something as important or beneficial. Example: The company's success is built on valuing innovation and creativity.

6. Judgments - (noun) opinions or decisions based on careful consideration or evaluation. Example: The judge made a fair judgment based on the evidence presented.

7. Perceive - (verb) become aware of or interpret something in a particular way. Example: She perceived the painting as a representation of inner emotions.

8. Evaluate - (verb) assess or judge the quality, importance, or value of something. Example: The teacher will evaluate the students' performance based on their presentations.

9. Notions - (noun) ideas, beliefs, or opinions. Example: He had vague notions about the origin of the universe.

10. Unconscious - (adjective) not aware or intentional. Example: She made an unconscious decision to leave her job and pursue her passion.

11. Framework - (noun) a basic structure or conceptual scheme that provides support. Example: The framework of the research paper included an introduction, methodology, and conclusion.

12. Phenomenon - (noun) a fact or event that can be observed or experienced. Example: The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon that attracts many tourists.

13. Correspondence - (noun) a similarity or agreement between two things. Example: There is a correspondence between the data collected and the results obtained.

14. Supplementation - (noun) the act of adding to or enhancing something. Example: The dietitian recommended the supplementation of vitamins to improve the patient's health.

15. Elucidate - (verb) make something clear or explain more fully. Example: The professor used visual aids to elucidate complex scientific concepts.

16. Developmental - (adjective) relating to the growth or progress of something over time. Example: The study focused on the developmental stages of children's language acquisition.

17. Cross-cultural - (adjective) involving or comparing different cultures or cultural groups. Example: The company conducted a cross-cultural analysis to understand consumer behavior.

18. Expectations - (noun) beliefs or assumptions about what will happen or be achieved. Example: The team had high expectations for the new product launch.

19. Intellectual - (adjective) relating to the ability to think and understand ideas and information. Example: He had impressive intellectual capabilities and excelled in academic pursuits.

20. Performances - (noun) actions, presentations, or activities given for an audience. Example: The actress delivered an outstanding performance in the play.

21. Societal - (adjective) relating to society or social institutions. Example: The study aimed to analyze the societal impact of technology on job markets.

1. Scope - (noun) the extent or range of something. Example: The project's scope includes analyzing customer feedback and developing new features.

2. Cognitive - (adjective) relating to mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and understanding. Example: The researcher conducted a cognitive study to investigate memory recall.

3. Interviewers - (noun) individuals who conduct interviews to evaluate or assess candidates. Example: The interviewers asked challenging questions to assess the applicant's problem-solving skills.

4. Hiring - (noun) the process of selecting and appointing someone for a job or position. Example: The company implemented a rigorous hiring process to ensure the selection of qualified candidates.

5. Determining - (verb) establishing or finding out the facts or information about something. Example: The jury played a crucial role in determining the defendant's guilt or innocence.

6. Friends - (noun) people with whom one has a bond of mutual affection and trust. Example: She enjoys spending time with her close friends and sharing hobbies.

7. Sum - (noun) the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, quantities, or items. Example: The sum of their contributions exceeded the fundraising target.

8. Important - (adjective) of great significance or value. Example: Good communication skills are important for building strong relationships.

9. Investigators - (noun) individuals who carry out systematic inquiries or examinations to gather information or evidence. Example: The investigators analyzed the crime scene to gather clues and solve the mystery.

10. Explicit - (adjective) clearly expressed or stated. Example: The teacher provided explicit instructions on how to complete the assignment.

11. Emergence - (noun) the process of coming into existence or becoming recognized or important. Example: The emergence of social media has transformed the way people communicate.

12. Responsibility - (noun) the state or fact of being accountable for something. Example: The manager assigned specific tasks to each team member, clarifying their responsibilities.

13. Masses - (noun) a large group or quantity of people or things. Example: The concert attracted masses of enthusiastic fans.

14. Chaos - (noun) complete disorder and confusion. Example: The sudden announcement caused chaos in the office, with everyone scrambling to adjust their plans.

15. Equal - (adjective) the same in quantity, size, degree, or value. Example: All students should be treated with equal respect and given equal opportunities.

16. Opportunities - (noun) favorable or advantageous circumstances or situations. Example: The internship provided her with valuable learning opportunities in the field of marketing.

17. Rewarded - (verb) given or provided something in recognition of one's efforts or achievements. Example: The top performers were rewarded with bonuses and promotions.

18. Accomplishments - (noun) achievements or successes resulting from one's efforts. Example: The athlete's long list of accomplishments earned him a place in the Hall of Fame.

19. Favor - (verb) treat someone with preference or show kindness towards them. Example: She was always willing to help others and would gladly do them a favor.

20. Foster - (verb) encourage or promote the development or growth of something. Example: The organization aims to foster creativity and innovation in young entrepreneurs.

21. Competencies - (noun) the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform a specific task or job. Example: The job requires a high level of technical compet

1. Competencies - (noun) the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform a specific task or job. Example: The job requires a high level of technical competencies in programming and problem-solving.

2. Government - (noun) the governing body of a nation, state, or community. Example: The government implemented new policies to stimulate economic growth.

3. Jury - (noun) a group of individuals selected to hear and evaluate evidence in a legal trial. Example: The jury deliberated for hours before reaching a unanimous verdict.

4. Responsibility - (noun) the state or duty of being accountable for something or someone. Example: Teachers have a responsibility to provide a safe learning environment for their students.

5. Institutions - (noun) organizations or establishments that serve a particular purpose, such as schools or banks. Example: The university is a prestigious institution known for its research and academic programs.

6. Presuppositions - (noun) assumptions or beliefs that are taken for granted or considered true without proof. Example: The success of the project relied on the team's shared presuppositions about customer preferences.

7. Assumptions - (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted or accepted as true without proof. Example: The detective's investigation was based on certain assumptions about the suspect's motives.

8. Explicit theories - (noun) theories that are clearly stated or expressed. Example: The professor presented his explicit theories on the origin of the universe in a lecture.

9. Data - (noun) facts, information, or statistics gathered for analysis or reference. Example: The research study collected a large amount of data to support its findings.

Passage -2

Saving bugs to find new drugs

1. derived - obtained or produced from a specific source Example: Many drugs are derived from natural compounds found in plants.

2. compounds - substances composed of two or more elements Example: The scientist synthesized various chemical compounds in the lab.

3. living things - organisms that have the ability to grow, reproduce, and respond to stimuli Example: Plants, animals, and microorganisms are all examples of living things.

4. soothing - calming or relieving Example: A warm cup of herbal tea can have a soothing effect on a sore throat.

5. curing - treating or alleviating a disease or ailment Example: The new medication shows promising results in curing certain types of cancer.

6. ancient - belonging to a time long ago; very old Example: Archaeologists discovered ancient artifacts in the ruins of an ancient civilization.

7. primates - a group of mammals that includes humans, monkeys, and apes Example: Chimpanzees and gorillas are both examples of primates.

8. toxin-oozing - releasing or emitting toxins Example: The venomous snake has toxin-oozing fangs that inject venom into its prey.

9. deter - discourage or prevent from doing something Example: The bright colors of the warning sign are meant to deter people from entering the restricted area.

10. noxious - harmful, poisonous, or unpleasant Example: The strong smell of the chemical is noxious and should be avoided.

11. pharmaceutical - related to the production and sale of drugs and medications Example: The pharmaceutical company developed a new vaccine for a widespread disease.

12. extraction - the process of removing or obtaining something Example: The extraction of oil from the ground is a complex and expensive procedure.

13. characterisation - describing or defining the qualities or features of something Example: The scientist performed a detailed characterisation of the newly discovered species.

14. modification - the act of making changes or alterations Example: The car underwent several modifications to improve its performance.

15. testing - evaluating or examining something to determine its quality or performance Example: The new drug is undergoing rigorous testing to ensure its safety and effectiveness.

16. shift - a change or movement in direction or focus Example: There has been a shift in public opinion regarding environmental issues.

17. promising - showing potential or likelihood of success Example: The young artist showed promising talent and received recognition for her work.

18. isolating - separating or setting apart from others Example: The scientist succeeded in isolating the specific bacteria responsible for the infection.

19. significant - important or meaningful Example: The study's findings are significant and could lead to important breakthroughs in medical research.

20. hurdles - obstacles or challenges that need to be overcome Example: The athlete faced several hurdles on her path to winning the championship.

21. varying - differing or changing in different situations or circumstances Example: The effectiveness of the treatment can have varying results depending on the individual.

22. approaches - methods or strategies used to tackle a problem or achieve a goal Example: The teacher implemented different approaches to teach multiplication to the students, catering to their individual learning styles.

1. bioprospecting - the search for valuable compounds or materials in biological sources Example: Scientists embarked on an expedition for bioprospecting in the rainforest to discover new medicinal plants.

2. genomes - the complete set of genes or genetic material present in an organism Example: The researchers sequenced the genome of the bacteria to study its genetic makeup.

3. evident - clearly seen or understood; obvious Example: The impact of climate change on the environment is evident in the melting glaciers.

4. realisation - the act of becoming aware or understanding something Example: The realisation of the importance of recycling has led to increased efforts to reduce waste.

5. looming - approaching or imminent, often with a sense of threat or concern Example: The looming deadline for the project added pressure to the team.

6. antibiotic resistance - the ability of bacteria or microorganisms to withstand the effects of antibiotics Example: The rise in antibiotic resistance has become a global health concern.

7. undisputed - acknowledged or accepted as true or valid without question or doubt Example: He is the undisputed champion of the boxing world, having never been defeated.

8. terrestrial - relating to or inhabiting the land rather than the sea or air Example: Lions and elephants are examples of terrestrial animals found in African savannas.

9. niche - a specialized role or position occupied by an organism within its ecosystem Example: The woodpecker plays a crucial niche in the forest ecosystem by feeding on insects and creating cavities in trees.

10. bewildering - confusing or puzzling Example: The maze of hallways in the old building was bewildering, and many people got lost.

11. defensive - intended to protect or defend against danger or harm Example: The porcupine has long, sharp quills as a defensive mechanism against predators.

12. offensive - relating to an aggressive or attacking action Example: The army launched an offensive against the enemy's stronghold.

13. remarkable - extraordinary, worthy of attention or admiration Example: The child's musical talent at such a young age is truly remarkable.

14. diversity - variety or range, especially in terms of different forms of life or different elements within a group Example: The Amazon rainforest is known for its incredible diversity of plant and animal species.

15. investigated - examined or looked into carefully and systematically Example: The detective investigated the crime scene to gather evidence.

16. antimicrobial - having the ability to inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms Example: Some cleaning products contain antimicrobial agents to kill bacteria and germs.

17. potent - having strong or powerful effects or properties Example: The medication is known for its potent pain-relieving properties.

18. venom - a poisonous substance produced by certain animals, typically injected through a bite or sting Example: The snake's venom can cause paralysis and even death.

19. potential - the possibility or likelihood of something happening or being developed Example: The young artist shows great potential and may become a famous painter someday.

1. daunting - intimidating or discouraging due to its difficulty or scale Example: Climbing Mount Everest can be a daunting challenge even for experienced mountaineers.

2. sufficient - enough or adequate in quantity or degree Example: Please ensure you have sufficient funds in your account to cover the transaction.

3. ubiquity - the state of being present or found everywhere Example: The ubiquity of smartphones has revolutionized the way we communicate.

4. recesses - remote, hidden, or less-explored parts or areas Example: Explorers ventured deep into the uncharted recesses of the jungle in search of rare plants.

5. ecology - the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment Example: The professor specialized in marine ecology and conducted research on coral reef ecosystems.

6. subduing - bringing under control or overpowering Example: The police used pepper spray to subdue the unruly crowd.

7. pathogenic - capable of causing disease or illness Example: The laboratory identified the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the water sample.

8. precedent - an earlier occurrence or example used as a guide or justification for subsequent actions or decisions Example: The court's ruling set a precedent for future cases involving similar circumstances.

9. conservation - the protection, preservation, and sustainable use of natural resources and ecosystems Example: The organization works towards the conservation of endangered species and their habitats.

Passage -3

The power of play

1. Virtually - nearly; almost (adverb) Example: Virtually every child enjoys playing.

2. Drive - strong motivation or impulse (noun) Example: The drive to play is innate in children.

3. Circumstances - conditions or situations (noun) Example: Children will play in any circumstances, even without toys.

4. Intense - very strong or extreme (adjective) Example: The intense desire to play is universal among children.

5. For instance - as an example (phrase) Example: Children will play with anything they find, for instance, using sticks as swords.

6. Actively - in a lively or energetic manner (adverb) Example: Even without parental encouragement, children actively engage in play.

7. Young - in the early stages of life or development (adjective) Example: In the eyes of a young child, play is all about fun and imagination.

8. Fun - enjoyment; amusement (noun) Example: Running, pretending, and building are all fun activities for children.

9. Researchers - people who conduct systematic investigation and study (noun) Example: Researchers have found that play benefits various aspects of child development.

10. Educators - teachers or instructors (noun) Example: Educators emphasize the importance of play in a child's learning journey.

11. Benefit - to gain advantage or benefit from something (verb) Example: Playful activities benefit children's cognitive and social development.

12. Development - the process of growth or progress (noun) Example: Play is crucial for the development of a child's physical and emotional well-being.

13. Instrumental - essential or key (adjective) Example: Play is considered an instrumental component of a child's healthy development.

14. Component - a part or element of a larger whole (noun) Example: Play is an important component in the overall development of a child.

15. Recognized - acknowledged or identified (adjective) Example: The United Nations recognized play as a fundamental right of every child.

16. Decrease - to become less or diminish (verb) Example: Over the years, the amount of time children spend playing has decreased.

17. Counterparts - people or things that are similar or equivalent (noun) Example: Today's children play significantly less than their counterparts from two decades ago.

18. Under pressure - experiencing stress or demands (phrase) Example: Play is being replaced by test preparation under pressure of academic standards.

19. Academic - related to education and learning (adjective) Example: Kindergartens and grade schools prioritize academics over play due to academic standards.

20. Path - a route or way to achieve something (noun) Example: Parents are led to believe that educational toys are the path to their children's success.

21. Society - a community or group of people living together (noun) Example: Our society has created a false dichotomy between play and learning.

22. Regulate - to control or manage (verb) Example: Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior and emotions.

23. Foundations - the basis or underlying principles (noun) Example: Play lays the foundations for later learning in various domains.

1. Repertoire - a range or collection of skills or abilities (noun) Example: Play helps children build a repertoire of problem-solving skills.

2. Consensus - general agreement or shared opinion (noun) Example: There is no consensus among researchers on a formal definition of play.

3. Elude - to escape or avoid capture or understanding (verb) Example: A formal definition of play continues to elude researchers and theorists.

4. Descriptions - explanations or accounts of something (noun) Example: Various descriptions of play exist, including physical, construction, and symbolic play.

5. Criteria - standards or principles used to judge or evaluate something (noun) Example: Researchers use different criteria to define and categorize play behaviors.

6. Intrinsic - inherent or belonging naturally (adjective) Example: Play is driven by intrinsic motivation and enjoyment.

7. Continuum - a range or progression with no clear boundaries (noun) Example: Play can be seen as a continuum, ranging from more to less playful behaviors.

8. Pleasurable - enjoyable or giving pleasure (adjective) Example: Play must be pleasurable for children to engage in it.

9. Extrinsically - motivated by external factors or rewards (adverb) Example: Play is intrinsically motivated and has no external goals or purposes.

10. Process-oriented - focusing on the process rather than the outcome (adjective) Example: In play, the process-oriented approach values the means more than the ends.

11. Spontaneous - happening naturally or without planning (adjective) Example: Play is spontaneous and freely chosen by children.

12. Voluntary - done willingly or by choice (adjective) Example: Play is voluntary; children engage in it without being forced.

13. Engaged - actively involved or participating (adjective) Example: Play requires children to be actively engaged physically and mentally.

14. Non-literal - not meant to be taken literally (adjective) Example: Play often involves non-literal elements, such as make-believe or imagination.

15. Assign - to give or allocate (verb) Example: Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any specific dimension of playfulness.

16. Aspect - a particular part or feature (noun) Example: Some researchers consider process orientation and lack of functional purpose as important aspects of play.

17. Hybrid - a combination or mixture of different elements (adjective) Example: Joan Goodman suggested that hybrid forms of work and play can be beneficial for learning.

18. Determent - something that causes harm or has a negative impact (noun) Example: Hybrid forms of work and play are not a determent to learning.

19. Optimal - the best or most favorable (adjective) Example: Hybrid forms of work and play provide optimal contexts for learning.

20. Co-player - someone who plays alongside others (noun) Example: In guided play, adults can join as co-players with children.

21. Thoughtful - showing careful consideration or attention (adjective) Example: Adults can raise thoughtful questions during guided play to stimulate children's thinking.

22. Discovery - finding or uncovering something new (noun) Example: Adults can comment on children's discoveries during play, encouraging their exploration.

1. Exploration - the act of exploring or investigating (noun) Example: Guided play encourages further exploration and discovery for children.

2. Continually - repeatedly or constantly (adverb) Example: Playful learning should continually engage and interest children.

3. Child-centered - focusing on the needs and interests of the child (adjective) Example: Playful learning should be child-centered, stemming from the child's own desires.

4. Intrinsically motivated - driven by internal desires or interests (adjective) Example: In guided play, children remain intrinsically motivated to learn and explore.

5. Robust - strong, vigorous, or effective (adjective) Example: Guided play, with adult guidance, creates robust opportunities for playful learning.

Test -3

1. native - (adj.) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place Example: The redwood trees are native to California.

2. immortal - (adj.) living forever; not subject to death Example: According to Greek mythology, the gods are immortal.

3. aging - (n.) the process of growing old or showing the effects of time Example: The signs of aging, such as wrinkles and gray hair, become more prominent with time.

4. feats - (n.) impressive or remarkable achievements or actions Example: The gymnast's acrobatic feats earned her a gold medal.

5. deteriorate - (v.) to become progressively worse or less valuable Example: The old building has deteriorated over the years and now requires extensive repairs.

6. fit - (adj.) in good health, physically and mentally sound Example: Regular exercise and a balanced diet help you stay fit.

7. reproduce - (v.) to produce offspring; to have babies or create new individuals Example: Plants reproduce through pollination and seed formation.

8. cancer - (n.) a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body Example: Lung cancer is often caused by smoking.

9. vast - (adj.) of very great extent or quantity; immense Example: The Sahara Desert is a vast expanse of sand.

10. organised - (adj.) arranged systematically or in a structured manner Example: The librarian keeps the books in an organized manner according to their genres.

11. complexity - (n.) the state or quality of being intricate or complicated Example: The complexity of the math problem required advanced problem-solving skills.

12. useful - (adj.) able to be used for a practical purpose or in a beneficial way Example: A Swiss army knife is a useful tool that combines various functions.

13. trait - (n.) a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially of one's personality Example: Kindness is a trait that is highly valued in many cultures.

14. isolated - (adj.) separated from others; alone or lonely Example: The small village was isolated from the rest of the world.

15. typically - (adv.) usually; in most cases Example: The bakery opens at 6 a.m. and typically sells out of fresh bread by noon.

16. ranges - (n.) a set of different things of the same general type Example: The store offers a wide range of products to suit various customer preferences.

17. previous - (adj.) existing or occurring before in time or order; earlier or former Example: The previous owner of the house left behind some furniture.

18. estimated - (adj.) roughly calculated or approximate Example: The estimated cost of the project is around $10,000.

19. exact - (adj.) precise; not approximated in any way Example: The scientist measured the exact amount of liquid needed for the experiment.

20. tasks - (n.) a piece of work to be done or undertaken Example: The students were assigned various tasks to complete over the weekend.

21. attended - (v.) past tense of "attend," to be present at or go to regularly Example: The students attended the lecture to gain a better understanding of the subject.

22. recorded - (v.) past tense of "record," to make a permanent or official entry of information Example: The secretary recorded the meeting minutes for future reference.

1. telltale - (adj.) revealing or indicating something Example: The telltale signs of exhaustion were evident in her drooping eyes and slumped posture.

2. scent - (n.) a distinctive smell or fragrance Example: The scent of freshly baked cookies filled the kitchen.

3. responded - (v.) past tense of "respond," to react or answer in a particular way Example: The audience responded with applause after the musician's outstanding performance.

4. active - (adj.) engaging in physical or mental activity; energetic Example: Regular exercise helps to maintain an active lifestyle.

5. aggressively - (adv.) in a forceful or hostile manner Example: The dog barked aggressively, warning the intruder to stay away.

6. mandibles - (n.) the two pincer-like jaws of certain animals, such as ants or lobsters Example: The ant used its mandibles to carry a small piece of food back to the colony.

7. dying - (adj.) approaching death; coming to an end or ceasing to exist Example: The dying embers of the fire flickered weakly before fading away.

8. major - (adj.) important, serious, or significant Example: The discovery of a new species was a major breakthrough in the field of biology.

9. neural - (adj.) relating to the nerves or the nervous system Example: The doctor conducted a neural examination to assess the patient's reflexes.

10. specific - (adj.) clearly defined or identified Example: The teacher provided specific instructions on how to complete the assignment.

11. functions - (n.) the purpose or role that something has or is intended to have Example: The main function of a computer is to process and store information.

12. insects - (n.) small arthropods with six legs and a segmented body Example: Bees, butterflies, and beetles are all examples of insects.

13. structures - (n.) something that has been built or constructed Example: The architect designed a unique structure for the new art museum.

14. regions - (n.) areas or parts of a larger whole Example: The country is divided into different regions, each with its own distinct culture.

15. decline - (v.) to become smaller, weaker, or less in quantity or quality Example: The popularity of traditional music has been in decline in recent years.

16. serotonin - (n.) a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood and happiness Example: Some antidepressant medications help increase serotonin levels in the brain.

17. dopamine - (n.) a neurotransmitter involved in motivation, pleasure, and reward Example: The release of dopamine in the brain can create a feeling of euphoria.

18. coincides - (v.) occurs at the same time or agrees with something else Example: The company's expansion plans coincide with the improving economy.

19. Alzheimer's disease - (n.) a progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function Example: My grandmother was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and requires constant care.

20. thoroughly - (adv.) in a complete or exhaustive manner; with great attention to detail Example: The detective investigated the crime scene thoroughly to gather all possible evidence

1. findings - (n.) the results or conclusions of a study or investigation Example: The researcher presented her findings at the conference.

2. entomologist - (n.) a scientist who studies insects Example: The entomologist discovered a new species of beetle in the rainforest.

3. extend - (v.) to make something longer or larger in scope or duration Example: The company decided to extend the deadline for submitting the project proposals.

4. species - (n.) a distinct type or category of organisms Example: Tigers and lions belong to different species, but they are both part of the cat family.

5. bugs - (n.) colloquial term for insects Example: The children enjoyed catching bugs and observing them in glass jars.

6. represent - (v.) to stand for or symbolize something Example: The red rose represents love and passion.

7. clues - (n.) pieces of evidence or information that help solve a problem or mystery Example: The detective carefully analyzed the clues left at the crime scene.

8. comforts - (n.) things that make a person feel relaxed, secure, or at ease Example: After a long day, he sought the comforts of his favorite armchair and a good book.

The secret of staying young

1. native - (adj.) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place Example: The redwood trees are native to California.

2. immortal - (adj.) living forever; not subject to death Example: According to Greek mythology, the gods are immortal.

3. aging - (n.) the process of growing old or showing the effects of time Example: The signs of aging, such as wrinkles and gray hair, become more prominent with time.

4. feats - (n.) impressive or remarkable achievements or actions Example: The gymnast's acrobatic feats earned her a gold medal.

5. deteriorate - (v.) to become progressively worse or less valuable Example: The old building has deteriorated over the years and now requires extensive repairs.

6. fit - (adj.) in good health, physically and mentally sound Example: Regular exercise and a balanced diet help you stay fit.

7. reproduce - (v.) to produce offspring; to have babies or create new individuals Example: Plants reproduce through pollination and seed formation.

8. cancer - (n.) a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body Example: Lung cancer is often caused by smoking.

9. vast - (adj.) of very great extent or quantity; immense Example: The Sahara Desert is a vast expanse of sand.

10. organised - (adj.) arranged systematically or in a structured manner Example: The librarian keeps the books in an organized manner according to their genres.

11. complexity - (n.) the state or quality of being intricate or complicated Example: The complexity of the math problem required advanced problem-solving skills.

12. useful - (adj.) able to be used for a practical purpose or in a beneficial way Example: A Swiss army knife is a useful tool that combines various functions.

13. trait - (n.) a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially of one's personality Example: Kindness is a trait that is highly valued in many cultures.

14. isolated - (adj.) separated from others; alone or lonely Example: The small village was isolated from the rest of the world.

15. typically - (adv.) usually; in most cases Example: The bakery opens at 6 a.m. and typically sells out of fresh bread by noon.

16. ranges - (n.) a set of different things of the same general type Example: The store offers a wide range of products to suit various customer preferences.

17. previous - (adj.) existing or occurring before in time or order; earlier or former Example: The previous owner of the house left behind some furniture.

18. estimated - (adj.) roughly calculated or approximate Example: The estimated cost of the project is around $10,000.

19. exact - (adj.) precise; not approximated in any way Example: The scientist measured the exact amount of liquid needed for the experiment.

20. tasks - (n.) a piece of work to be done or undertaken Example: The students were assigned various tasks to complete over the weekend.

21. attended - (v.) past tense of "attend," to be present at or go to regularly Example: The students attended the lecture to gain a better understanding of the subject.

22. recorded - (v.) past tense of "record," to make a permanent or official entry of information Example: The secretary recorded the meeting minutes for future reference.

1. telltale - (adj.) revealing or indicating something Example: The telltale signs of exhaustion were evident in her drooping eyes and slumped posture.

2. scent - (n.) a distinctive smell or fragrance Example: The scent of freshly baked cookies filled the kitchen.

3. responded - (v.) past tense of "respond," to react or answer in a particular way Example: The audience responded with applause after the musician's outstanding performance.

4. active - (adj.) engaging in physical or mental activity; energetic Example: Regular exercise helps to maintain an active lifestyle.

5. aggressively - (adv.) in a forceful or hostile manner Example: The dog barked aggressively, warning the intruder to stay away.

6. mandibles - (n.) the two pincer-like jaws of certain animals, such as ants or lobsters Example: The ant used its mandibles to carry a small piece of food back to the colony.

7. dying - (adj.) approaching death; coming to an end or ceasing to exist Example: The dying embers of the fire flickered weakly before fading away.

8. major - (adj.) important, serious, or significant Example: The discovery of a new species was a major breakthrough in the field of biology.

9. neural - (adj.) relating to the nerves or the nervous system Example: The doctor conducted a neural examination to assess the patient's reflexes.

10. specific - (adj.) clearly defined or identified Example: The teacher provided specific instructions on how to complete the assignment.

11. functions - (n.) the purpose or role that something has or is intended to have Example: The main function of a computer is to process and store information.

12. insects - (n.) small arthropods with six legs and a segmented body Example: Bees, butterflies, and beetles are all examples of insects.

13. structures - (n.) something that has been built or constructed Example: The architect designed a unique structure for the new art museum.

14. regions - (n.) areas or parts of a larger whole Example: The country is divided into different regions, each with its own distinct culture.

15. decline - (v.) to become smaller, weaker, or less in quantity or quality Example: The popularity of traditional music has been in decline in recent years.

16. serotonin - (n.) a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood and happiness Example: Some antidepressant medications help increase serotonin levels in the brain.

17. dopamine - (n.) a neurotransmitter involved in motivation, pleasure, and reward Example: The release of dopamine in the brain can create a feeling of euphoria.

18. coincides - (v.) occurs at the same time or agrees with something else Example: The company's expansion plans coincide with the improving economy.

19. Alzheimer's disease - (n.) a progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function Example: My grandmother was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and requires constant care.

20. thoroughly - (adv.) in a complete or exhaustive manner; with great attention to detail Example: The detective investigated the crime scene thoroughly to gather all possible evidence

1. findings - (n.) the results or conclusions of a study or investigation Example: The researcher presented her findings at the conference.

2. entomologist - (n.) a scientist who studies insects Example: The entomologist discovered a new species of beetle in the rainforest.

3. extend - (v.) to make something longer or larger in scope or duration Example: The company decided to extend the deadline for submitting the project proposals.

4. species - (n.) a distinct type or category of organisms Example: Tigers and lions belong to different species, but they are both part of the cat family.

5. bugs - (n.) colloquial term for insects Example: The children enjoyed catching bugs and observing them in glass jars.

6. represent - (v.) to stand for or symbolize something Example: The red rose represents love and passion.

7. clues - (n.) pieces of evidence or information that help solve a problem or mystery Example: The detective carefully analyzed the clues left at the crime scene.

8. comforts - (n.) things that make a person feel relaxed, secure, or at ease Example: After a long day, he sought the comforts of his favorite armchair and a good book.

Why zoos are good

1. zoos: (noun) establishments where animals are kept for public exhibition Example: The city zoo has a wide variety of animals from different parts of the world.

2. species: (noun) a group of living organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed Example: Tigers and lions belong to different species, but they can produce hybrid offspring called ligers.

3. quality of life: (phrase) the standard of health, comfort, and happiness experienced by an individual or group Example: The animals in the well-maintained zoo enjoy a high quality of life with proper care and attention.

4. diet: (noun) the food and drink regularly consumed by an organism Example: The zookeepers ensure that each animal in the zoo is provided with a balanced and nutritious diet.

5. supplements: (noun) additional substances that enhance or complete something Example: The zoo provides dietary supplements to the animals to ensure they receive all the necessary nutrients.

6. illnesses: (noun) diseases or ailments that affect the health of a living organism Example: The veterinarians in the zoo promptly treat any illnesses the animals may develop.

7. restricted: (adjective) limited or constrained Example: While the movement of animals in zoos is somewhat restricted, they have ample space to roam and explore.

8. environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates Example: The zoo provides a controlled environment that ensures the safety and well-being of the animals.

9. bullying: (noun) the act of using force, coercion, or intimidation to assert power over others Example: In the zoo, animals are protected from bullying by their own species, ensuring a stress-free environment.

10. ostracism: (noun) exclusion or rejection from a society or group Example: Animals in the zoo are spared from social ostracism that can occur in the wild.

11. threat: (noun) a statement or action that indicates intention to harm or cause damage Example: Zoo animals are not subjected to the constant threat of predators like they would be in the wild.

12. stress: (noun) mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances Example: Living in a controlled environment without the stress of predators benefits the animals in the zoo.

13. irritation: (noun) a state of being annoyed, impatient, or angered Example: Zoo animals are protected from the irritation caused by parasites or injuries common in the wild.

14. pain: (noun) physical or mental suffering or distress Example: Animals in the zoo are spared from the pain caused by injuries or disease.

15. predator: (noun) an animal that naturally preys on others Example: In the zoo, the absence of predators ensures the safety and well-being of the animals.

16. average: (adjective) typical or usual Example: The average life expectancy of animals in captivity is higher compared to their wild counterparts.

17. captive: (adjective) kept or confined against one's will Example: Captive animals in zoos receive proper care and protection from various dangers they would face in the wild.

18. counterpart: (noun) a person or thing holding a position or performing a function that corresponds to that of another person or thing Example: The life expectancy of a captive animal is higher compared to its wild counterpart.

1. drought: (noun) a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, resulting in a shortage of water supply Example: Animals in good zoos are not at risk of dying from drought, as they have access to a stable water supply.

2. starvation: (noun) a severe deficiency in food intake, leading to extreme hunger and malnutrition Example: Unlike wild animals, captive animals in zoos do not suffer from starvation as they receive regular and adequate meals.

3. jaws: (noun) the two bony structures that form the framework of the mouth and hold the teeth Example: In the wild, animals are vulnerable to being killed by predators in the jaws of their attackers.

4. nasty: (adjective) unpleasant, disagreeable, or unkind Example: The zoo provides a safe and protected environment where animals are spared from experiencing the nasty aspects of the wild.

5. automatically: (adverb) happening or working without human intervention Example: It is an error to assume that a life in the wild is automatically better for animals compared to a life in a good zoo.

6. furthermore: (adverb) in addition; moreover Example: Furthermore, zoos serve several important purposes beyond providing a safe environment for animals.

7. aid: (verb) to provide assistance or support Example: Zoos aid in the conservation of endangered species by breeding them in captivity.

8. colossal: (adjective) extremely large or great in size or extent Example: The decline in global biodiversity has led to colossal numbers of species facing the risk of extinction.

9. extinct: (adjective) no longer in existence; having died out Example: Many species have become extinct due to human activities, but zoos play a role in preventing further extinctions.

10. threatened: (adjective) at risk of becoming endangered or extinct Example: The loss of habitat and poaching are major threats that many species face, making them increasingly threatened.

11. reservoir population: (noun) a group of individuals of a species bred in captivity and kept as a reserve to prevent extinction Example: Zoos maintain reservoir populations of endangered species as a precaution against their extinction in the wild.

12. population crash: (noun) a sudden and significant decline in the number of individuals in a population Example: A population crash can lead to the extinction of a species, but zoos can help prevent such crashes through breeding programs.

13. reintroduced: (verb) to introduce a species or individual back into its natural habitat after a period of absence Example: Some species have been successfully reintroduced into the wild after being bred and raised in zoos.

14. boosted: (verb) to increase or improve the quantity, strength, or effectiveness of something Example: The wild populations of certain species have been boosted by the addition of captive-bred animals.

15. efforts: (noun) vigorous attempts or actions undertaken to achieve a goal Example: The conservation efforts of zoos have played a crucial role in protecting and preserving endangered species.

16. initiatives: (noun) planned or proposed actions or projects intended to achieve a particular aim Example: Captive breeding programs and reintroduction initiatives have successfully saved several species from extinction.

17. education: (noun) the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, or attitudes Example: Zoos provide an educational experience by allowing people to observe and learn about animals up close.

1. museums: (noun) institutions that collect, preserve, and exhibit objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific significance Example: While museums display natural history specimens, zoos offer the opportunity to see living creatures in person.

2. compare: (verb) to examine or note the similarities or differences between two or more things Example: Seeing a living animal in the zoo allows visitors to compare its behavior and characteristics to what they have seen on TV.

3. flesh: (noun) the soft substance consisting of muscle and fat that is found between the skin and bones of an animal or a human Example: Observing animals in the flesh at the zoo provides a more immersive and sensory experience compared to watching them on screen.

4. absorb: (verb) to take in or assimilate information, knowledge, or experience Example: Spending time observing animals at the zoo allows visitors to absorb details about their behavior and habitat.

5. perspective: (noun) a particular attitude or way of viewing something Example: Seeing animals up close in the zoo provides a different perspective on their lives and the challenges they face.

6. appreciation: (noun) recognition and understanding of the value, significance, or importance of something Example: Encountering animals firsthand in the zoo fosters a greater appreciation for wildlife and the need for conservation efforts.

7. outreach: (noun) activities or programs undertaken to extend knowledge, services, or support to a wider community Example: Zoos engage in outreach work, such as educational programs and community events, to raise awareness about wildlife conservation.

8. conservation: (noun) the protection, preservation, and sustainable management of natural resources and biodiversity Example: Zoos contribute to conservation by promoting awareness, conducting research, and supporting breeding programs for endangered species.

9. knowledge: (noun) information, skills, or understanding acquired through experience, education, or study Example: Zoos generate valuable knowledge about animal behavior, reproduction, and habitat requirements through their research efforts.

10. skills: (noun) the ability to do something well, usually gained through training or experience Example: Zoos contribute their expertise and skills to assist conservation workers and improve conditions in other zoos and reserves.

11. abroad: (adverb) in or to a foreign country or countries Example: Some zookeepers from well-established zoos travel abroad to share their knowledge and skills with conservation projects worldwide.

12. improve: (verb) to make or become better or more satisfactory Example: The knowledge and expertise shared by zoos help improve conservation practices and enhance animal welfare globally.

13. reduction: (noun) the act or process of making something smaller or less in size, quantity, or importance Example: Understanding animal behavior and ecology in zoos can contribute to the reduction of conflicts between humans and wildlife.

14. human-animal conflicts: (noun phrase) situations where there is a clash of interests or interactions between humans and animals, often leading to negative consequences for both parties Example: Research conducted in zoos can provide insights to mitigate human-animal conflicts and find sustainable solutions.

15. habitat destruction: (noun phrase) the process of damaging or loss of a natural environment where organisms live Example: Zoos' research efforts contribute to understanding the threats of habitat destruction and developing strategies to protect ecosystems.

                  Cambridge 14 Test-3

READING PASSAGE 3

1. Ecologist - a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environment. Example: Chelsea Rochman, an ecologist, is investigating the impact of marine debris on the environment.

2. Dismal - depressing or dreary. Example: Chelsea Rochman is trying to answer the dismal question of whether everything is terrible or just very bad.

3. Perceived - believed or thought to be true or real. Example: The study examined the perceived threats of marine debris and their actual findings.

4. Validity - the quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency. Example: The weaknesses in the study's design affected the validity of its conclusions.

5. Control group - a group in an experiment that is used as a standard of comparison. Example: Some studies lacked a control group, which weakened their findings.

6. Well-designed - carefully planned and executed. Example: The well-designed study on mussels and plastic ingestion produced significant results.

7. Ingesting - taking in food or drink through the mouth. Example: The investigation focused on mussels ingesting microscopic plastic bits.

8. Microplastic - tiny plastic particles smaller than five millimeters. Example: Ocean debris includes microplastic fragments from cosmetics, clothing fibers, and eroded remnants.

9. Open questions - unanswered or unresolved issues or topics. Example: There are still many open questions regarding the effects of microplastics on marine life.

10. Ecosystem - a community of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: The slow-moving effect of ocean trash can damage the delicate balance of an ecosystem.

11. Ecologically relevant - related to or connected with ecological principles or concepts. Example: Researchers should focus on asking more ecologically relevant questions to understand the impact of ocean debris.

12. Disasters - sudden events causing widespread damage or suffering. Example: Understanding the ecological impact of oil spills and other disasters is crucial for preventing further damage.

13. Policy makers - individuals or groups responsible for creating and implementing policies. Example: Asking the right questions can help policy makers address the most pressing environmental concerns.

14. Concentrations - the relative amount or proportion of a substance in a mixture. Example: Scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic in the lab than what is typically found in the ocean.

15. Predators - animals that hunt, kill, and feed on other animals. Example: Plastic pollution in one species could affect that animal's predators and disrupt the entire food chain.

16. Ecosystem - a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Example: Plastic pollution in the ocean can have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem.

17. Misconceptions - mistaken or incorrect beliefs or ideas. Example: Clearing up misconceptions about plastic debris is important to understand the actual impact on marine life.

18. Strandings - the act or process of being stranded or stuck in a particular place. Example: Images of animal strandings contribute to the perception that plastic debris is causing widespread harm.

19. Entanglement - the state of being twisted or caught in something, especially a net or ropes. Example: Plastic debris can lead to the entanglement of marine animals, causing injuries or death.

20. Perception - the way in which something is understood or interpreted. Example: The media's portrayal of plastic debris causing harm to marine life has shaped public perception.

1. Scientific literature - academic publications and research papers in the field of science. Example: Examining the existing scientific literature helps ecologists identify key environmental issues.

2. Mussels - a type of shellfish that lives in freshwater or saltwater environments. Example: The study found that mussels can ingest and tolerate microscopic plastic bits.

3. Debris - scattered fragments or remains of something destroyed or broken. Example: The debris in the ocean, including plastic, poses a threat to marine ecosystems.

4. Valid - well-grounded or justifiable; logically or factually sound. Example: The study's findings were considered valid due to its robust methodology.

5. Injuring - causing harm or damage to someone or something. Example: Animals eating plastic debris can suffer severe injuries to their digestive systems.

6. Toiletries - personal care products used for grooming or hygiene. Example: Microplastics can be found in various toiletries such as exfoliating scrubs and toothpaste.

7. Conclusions - the final outcomes or decisions based on evidence or reasoning. Example: The study drew conclusions about the negative impact of plastic debris on marine life.

8. Simulations - the imitation or modeling of real-world processes or situations. Example: The researchers used computer simulations to analyze the effectiveness of cleanup devices.

9. Long term - over an extended period of time. Example: Placing cleanup devices closer to shore would have a more significant impact on pollution long term.

10. Misconceptions - incorrect or mistaken beliefs or ideas. Example: Chelsea Rochman aims to dispel misconceptions about the actual effects of plastic debris.

11. Absorbing - taking in or soaking up. Example: Just like mussels, some organisms may be capable of absorbing plastic particles without adverse effects.

12. Mechanical devices - equipment or tools powered by machinery or mechanisms. Example: The Ocean Cleanup plans to deploy mechanical devices to remove plastic from the Pacific Garbage Patch.

13. Media - various means of communication, such as newspapers, television, and the internet. Example: The media plays a significant role in shaping public awareness of environmental issues.

14. Cutoff point - a specific time or event that marks the end of a particular period. Example: The analysis included studies published through 2013 as the cutoff point for data collection.

15. Focus - concentrate attention or efforts on a particular subject or task. Example: Understanding the actual threats helps the public focus on addressing the most critical issues.

16. Impact - the effect or influence of one thing on another. Example: Plastic pollution has a detrimental impact on marine ecosystems and wildlife.

17. Garbage Patch - a concentrated area of marine debris floating in the ocean. Example: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a notable accumulation of plastic debris in the Pacific Ocean.

18. Shore - the land along the edge of a body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Example: Positioning cleanup devices closer to the shore can optimize the removal of plastic pollution.

19. Environmental concerns - issues or worries related to the state and health of the natural world. Example: Addressing **environmental concerns such as plastic pollution requires collective action and awareness.

1. Robust - strong and sturdy; able to withstand challenges. Example: The study's methodology was robust, ensuring reliable and accurate results.

2. Preventing - taking action to stop something from happening. Example: Understanding the damaging effects of ocean trash can help in preventing further degradation of ecosystems.

3. Interactions - actions or communications that occur between individuals or entities. Example: The interactions between different species in an ecosystem are complex and interconnected.

4. Media - the means of mass communication, including newspapers, television, and the internet. Example: The media plays a crucial role in disseminating information about environmental issues.

5. Absorbing - assimilating or taking in information or knowledge. Example: Ecologists should be absorbing the latest research findings to stay updated on environmental concerns.

6. Misperceptions - incorrect or distorted understandings or beliefs. Example: Addressing misperceptions about the severity of plastic debris is crucial for informed decision-making.

7. Environmental impact - the effect of human activities on the natural world. Example: The environmental impact of plastic pollution extends beyond individual species to entire ecosystems.

8. Mussels - bivalve mollusks that often inhabit marine or freshwater environments. Example: The study examined the behavior of mussels in response to ingesting plastic particles.

9. Tissues - groups of cells that perform specific functions in an organism. Example: Plastic pollution can accumulate in the tissues of marine animals, causing harmful effects.

10. Cell - the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Example: Researchers investigate how plastic pollution affects the cells of marine organisms.

11. Ecosystem - a community of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: Understanding the impact of plastic pollution on the ecosystem is crucial for conservation efforts.