Cambridge IELTS 14
Passage -1
THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN’S PLAY
1. Brick - (noun) a rectangular block used in building construction. Example: Alice is building her magical kingdom brick by brick.
2. Kingdom - (noun) a country or territory ruled by a king or queen. Example: Alice is building her own magical kingdom.
3. Magical - (adjective) having special powers or qualities associated with magic. Example: Alice's kingdom is a magical place with fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons.
4. Imagining - (verb) creating or forming a mental image or concept. Example: Alice is imagining a world filled with wicked witches and gallant heroes.
5. Fairy-tale - (noun) a story about magical or imaginary beings and lands, often for children. Example: Alice's kingdom is like a fairy-tale with its enchanted elements.
6. Turrets - (noun) small towers, especially on the corners of a building or castle. Example: Alice's kingdom has fairy-tale turrets that add to its magical charm.
7. Fire-breathing - (adjective) emitting flames from the mouth or nostrils. Example: In Alice's kingdom, there are fire-breathing dragons guarding the castle.
8. Wicked - (adjective) evil or morally wrong. Example: Alice's kingdom is full of wicked witches who pose a threat to the heroes.
9. Gallant - (adjective) brave and heroic. Example: The gallant heroes in Alice's kingdom fight against the wicked witches.
10. Enchanting - (adjective) delightfully charming or captivating. Example: Alice's kingdom is an enchanting world where imagination comes to life.
11. Aware - (adjective) having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Example: Although Alice isn't aware of it, her fantasy kingdom is developing her creativity.
12. Capacity - (noun) the ability or potential to contain, hold, or perform. Example: Alice's fantasy kingdom is helping her develop her capacity for creativity.
13. Repercussions - (noun) unintended consequences or effects of an action. Example: Alice's fantasy kingdom will have important repercussions in her adult life.
14. Abandoned - (verb) left behind or deserted. Example: Alice has abandoned her magical kingdom to play schools with her brother.
15. Favor - (noun) a preference or choice. Example: Alice chose to play schools with her brother instead of continuing with her kingdom.
16. Regulate - (verb) control or manage according to a set of rules or principles. Example: When Alice plays schools, she practices how to regulate her emotions through pretence.
17. Emotions - (noun) strong feelings or reactions to situations. Example: Alice learns to regulate her emotions when she bosses her brother as a teacher.
18. Pretence - (noun) the act of pretending or feigning. Example: Alice regulates her emotions through pretence when she plays schools with her brother.
19. Settle down - (phrasal verb) become calm and composed. Example: After playing schools, Alice and her brother settle down with a board game.
20. Board game - (noun) a game played on a board with counters or pieces. Example: Alice and her brother play a board game together, learning about rules and taking turns.
21. Variety - (noun) a range of different things or elements. Example: Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species.
22. Achievements - (noun) things accomplished or successfully completed. Example: Play is one of the highest achievements of the human species.
23. Intellectual - (adjective) relating to the ability to think and understand. Example: Play underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults.
24. Problem-solving - (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues. Example: Play helps in the development of problem-solving skills.
25. Adaptable - (adjective) able to adjust to new conditions or changes. Example: Play is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species.
26. Decline - (noun) a gradual or continuous decrease in quantity or quality. Example: There is a worldwide decline in play, particularly in urban areas.
27. Perceptions - (noun) the way something is understood or interpreted by individuals. Example: Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk associated with traffic.
28. Protect - (verb) keep safe from harm or danger. Example: Parents wish to protect their children from being victims of crime.
29. Emphasis - (noun) special importance, value, or prominence given to something. Example: The emphasis on "earlier is better" leads to greater competition in academic learning.
30. Leisure - (noun) free time when one is not working or occupied. Example: International bodies consider implications for leisure facilities and educational programs.
31. Policies - (noun) principles or rules used to guide decisions and actions. Example: International bodies are developing policies concerned with children's right to play.
32. Evidence - (noun) information or facts that support a claim or argument. Example: International bodies often lack the evidence to base policies on the importance of play.
33. Child-initiated - (adjective) started or initiated by the child. Example: The type of play of interest is child-initiated, spontaneous, and unpredictable.
34. Spontaneous - (adjective) happening naturally or without planning. Example: The researchers are interested in spontaneous play initiated by children.
35. Unpredictable - (adjective) not able to be predicted or foreseen. Example: The researchers study the impact of unpredictable play on children's development.
36. Long-term - (adjective) occurring over or relating to a long period of time. Example: The researchers aim to understand the long-term impact of play on a child's life.
37. Impact - (noun) the effect or influence of one thing on another. Example: There is very little data on the impact of play on a child's later life.
38. Development - (noun) the process of growth or advancement. Example: The researchers investigate the role played by play in a child's development.
39. Self-control - (noun) the ability to control one's own actions, emotions, or impulses. Example: Play may support the early development of children's self-control.
40. Awareness - (noun) knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Example: Self-control influences how effectively we undertake challenging activities through awareness.
41. Undertaking - (noun) a task or project that one takes on or commits to. Example: Self-control influences how effectively we undertake challenging activities.
42. Challenging - (adjective) difficult, demanding, or requiring effort. Example: Developing self-control helps children tackle challenging activities more effectively.
43. Activities - (noun) actions or tasks that are done for a specific purpose. Example: Play may contribute to children's ability to engage in various activities.
44. Problem-solvers - (noun) individuals who are skilled at finding solutions to problems. Example: Giving children the chance to play may make them more successful problem-solvers.
45. Facilitate - (verb) to make easier or enable the occurrence of something. Example: Playful experiences may facilitate the development of self-control.
46. Significant - (adjective) important or meaningful. Example: If play facilitates self-control, it could have a significant impact on educational practices.
47. Predictor - (noun) something that indicates or suggests the likelihood of future outcomes. Example: The ability to self-regulate is a key predictor of academic performance.
48. Indicator - (noun) a sign or signal that provides information or reveals something. Example: Playful behavior is an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development.
49. Well-being - (noun) the state of being happy, healthy, and contented. Example: Observing children at play can provide important clues about their well-being.
50. Stimulus - (noun) something that provokes or arouses a response or reaction. Example: A playful stimulus was more effective than an instructional one in supporting children's writing.
Passage -2
The growth of bike-sharing schemes around the world
1. urban - (adjective) relating to or characteristic of a city or town. Example: The city has implemented various urban development projects to improve infrastructure.
2. bike-sharing - (noun) a system in which bicycles are made available for shared use to individuals on a short-term basis. Example: The bike-sharing program allows people to rent bikes for a few hours or a day to explore the city.
3. scheme - (noun) a plan or program of action designed to accomplish a particular goal. Example: The government introduced a new healthcare scheme to provide affordable medical services to the citizens.
4. dates back - (phrase) refers to the time or origin of something, often in the past. Example: The tradition of celebrating New Year's Eve dates back to ancient times.
5. Witte Fietsenplan - (noun) a bike-sharing initiative in Amsterdam in 1965, involving the distribution of white bicycles for public use. Example: The Witte Fietsenplan aimed to promote sustainable transportation by providing free white bicycles for citizens.
6. organisation - (noun) a group of people who work together to achieve a common purpose or goal. Example: The environmental organisation organized a beach cleanup to raise awareness about plastic pollution.
7. perceived - (adjective) to be aware or conscious of something, often based on personal opinion or belief. Example: The perceived increase in crime led to a demand for enhanced security measures in the neighborhood.
8. activists - (noun) individuals who campaign actively for social or political change. Example: The activists marched through the streets, demanding justice and equality for all.
9. air pollution - (noun) the presence of harmful substances in the air, often caused by human activities or industrial processes. Example: The government implemented strict measures to reduce air pollution and improve air quality in the city.
10. consumerism - (noun) the preoccupation or emphasis on the acquisition and consumption of goods and services. Example: The rise of consumerism has led to an increase in waste and environmental degradation.
11. leaflet - (noun) a printed or digital informational document, usually distributed to provide information or promote something. Example: The tourism office handed out leaflets with maps and tourist attractions to visitors.
12. dangers - (noun) potential risks or hazards. Example: The construction site had several warning signs indicating the dangers of entering without proper safety equipment.
13. unlocked - (adjective) not locked or secured. Example: The door was left unlocked by mistake, allowing unauthorized access to the building.
14. locations - (noun) specific places or positions. Example: The company has multiple locations around the country, providing convenience for customers.
15. inviting - (verb) offering or suggesting something in an appealing or welcoming manner. Example: The restaurant's menu was inviting, featuring a variety of delicious dishes.
16. opposed to - (phrase) in conflict or disagreement with something. Example: The community members were opposed to the construction of a new factory due to environmental concerns.
17. initiatives - (noun) actions or measures taken to achieve a specific goal or purpose. Example: The government launched several initiatives to promote renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions.
18. symbolic - (adjective) representing or expressing an idea or quality rather than a literal meaning. Example: The gesture of planting a tree on Earth Day was symbolic of our commitment to environmental conservation.
19. member - (noun) a person who belongs to a group or organization. Example: She has been a member of the book club for five years, attending monthly meetings and discussions.
20. municipality - (noun) a local governing body that administers a city, town, or district. Example: The municipality invested in improving public parks and recreational facilities for the community.
21. calculate - (verb) to determine or estimate through mathematical or logical methods. Example: The students were asked to calculate the area of the triangle using the given measurements.
22. unanimously - (adverb) with everyone in agreement or approval. Example: The board unanimously voted to approve the proposed budget for the upcoming fiscal year.
23. reject - (verb) to refuse to accept, consider, or agree to something. Example: The university rejected his application due to the lack of required qualifications.
24. glorious - (adjective) having great beauty, splendor, or magnificence. Example: The sunset over the ocean was a glorious sight, with vibrant hues of orange and pink.
25. environmentally conscious - (phrase) aware of and concerned about the impact of human activities on the environment. Example: The company implemented environmentally conscious practices, such as recycling and reducing waste.
26. possibility - (noun) the state or condition of being possible or capable of happening. Example: With hard work and dedication, there is always the possibility of achieving your goals.
27. launched - (verb) to introduce or start something, especially a new project or product. Example: The company launched a new line of eco-friendly products to meet the growing demand.
28. chip card - (noun) a plastic card with an embedded microchip that stores and processes data. Example: The new chip card technology allowed for faster and more secure transactions at the payment terminals.
29. conspicuous - (adjective) easily noticeable or standing out. Example: The artist's bold and colorful painting was displayed in a conspicuous spot in the art gallery.
30. sturdy - (adjective) strong and robust; able to withstand pressure or rough treatment. Example: The sturdy wooden table was able to support heavy objects without wobbling or breaking.
31. racks - (noun) structures or frames used for holding or storing items in an organized manner. Example: The bicycle racks outside the train station were almost full, indicating a high demand for bike parking.
32. prone to - (phrase) likely or inclined to experience or be affected by something, often negative. Example: Her sensitive skin was prone to sunburn, so she always applied sunscreen before going outside.
33. vandalism - (noun) the deliberate destruction or damage of property or public belongings. Example: The graffiti sprayed on the walls was an act of vandalism that defaced the building's appearance.
34. theft - (noun) the act of stealing or taking someone else's property without permission. Example: The shop implemented security measures to prevent theft and protect their merchandise.
35. abolish - (verb) to officially put an end to something, usually a system, practice, or belief. Example: The government decided to abolish the outdated law that imposed heavy penalties for minor offenses.
36. profitable - (adjective) producing a financial gain or yielding a profit. Example: The company's new marketing strategy proved to be highly profitable, resulting in increased sales.
37. disappointed - (adjective) feeling sad or let down due to unmet expectations or desired outcomes. Example: She was disappointed when her favorite team lost the championship game.
38. corporation - (noun) a large company or organization recognized as a separate legal entity. Example: The multinational corporation operates in multiple countries and has a diverse range of products.
39. decisive - (adjective) having a clear and definite effect or influence on something. Example: The CEO's decisive action to restructure the company led to improved efficiency and profitability.
40. inspired - (verb) to stimulate or arouse a feeling of enthusiasm, creativity, or motivation. Example: The artist was inspired by the beauty of nature and created breathtaking landscapes on canvas.
41. boasts - (verb) to proudly possess or have something considered impressive or desirable. Example: The luxurious resort boasts a private beach, spa facilities, and gourmet restaurants.
42. modelled - (verb) to base or pattern something after a particular example or standard. Example: The new smartphone was modelled after the latest flagship devices with advanced features.
43. wonderful - (adjective) extremely pleasing, enjoyable, or excellent. Example: They had a wonderful time on their vacation, exploring new places and creating lasting memories.
44. patent - (noun) a legal right granted to inventors that protects their invention from being used or sold by others. Example: The inventor filed a patent for their innovative device to prevent others from copying their design.
45. cycle-friendly - (adjective) designed or suitable for use by cyclists, promoting safe and convenient cycling. Example: The city implemented cycle-friendly infrastructure, such as bike lanes and bike-sharing programs.
46. dominated by - (phrase) controlled or influenced greatly by a particular thing or factor. Example: The political landscape was dominated by two major parties, with minor parties struggling to gain traction.
47. additional - (adjective) extra or supplementary; added to what is already present or available. Example: The teacher provided additional resources for students to deepen their understanding of the topic.
48. successful - (adjective) achieving the desired results or having a favorable outcome. Example: The company's successful marketing campaign led to a significant increase in sales.
49. mentality - (noun) a particular way of thinking or a set of attitudes and beliefs. Example: The team's winning mentality propelled them to victory, as they never gave up despite setbacks.
50. environment - (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant operates or exists. Example: The organization focuses on protecting the environment and preserving natural resources for future generations.
Passage -3
Motivational factors and the hospitality industry
1. superior (adjective): higher in quality or rank; excellent. Example: The hotel aims to provide superior service to its guests.
2. performance (noun): the manner in which a person, organization, or system functions or operates. Example: The employees' performance directly affects the hotel's success.
3. developing (verb): making progress or growing in a specified direction. Example: The hotel focuses on developing its employees' skills through training programs.
4. maintaining (verb): preserving or keeping something in a particular state or condition. Example: The hotel is committed to maintaining high standards of cleanliness.
5. employees (noun): individuals who work for an organization or business. Example: The hotel provides various benefits for its employees, such as healthcare and retirement plans.
6. accomplished (adjective): successfully achieved or completed. Example: The hotel accomplished its goal of increasing customer satisfaction.
7. Human Resource Management (HRM) (noun): the strategic approach to managing employees in an organization. Example: The hotel implemented effective HRM practices to attract and retain talented staff.
8. practices (noun): habitual or customary ways of doing something. Example: The hotel follows best practices in customer service to ensure guest satisfaction.
9. organizations (noun): groups of people with a particular purpose, such as a company or institution. Example: The hotel collaborated with other organizations to promote tourism in the area.
10. invest (verb): allocate money, time, or resources for a future benefit. Example: The hotel decided to invest in employee training to improve service quality.
11. retain (verb): keep or continue to have something. Example: The hotel implemented strategies to retain experienced employees.
12. great (adjective): of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average. Example: The hotel values great teamwork among its employees.
13. working conditions (noun): the environment and circumstances in which people work. Example: The hotel improved working conditions by providing ergonomic furniture and adequate lighting.
14. originated (verb): had a specified beginning or start. Example: The concept of superior working conditions originated from non-service sector workplaces.
15. non-service sector (noun): industries or fields of work not related to providing services. Example: The idea of work-life balance was popular in the non-service sector.
16. emphasized (verb): gave special importance or prominence to something. Example: The company emphasized the importance of customer satisfaction in its training program.
17. fun (noun): enjoyment, amusement, or lighthearted pleasure. Example: The hotel organizes fun team-building activities for its staff.
18. enjoyment (noun): the state of finding pleasure or satisfaction in something. Example: The employees expressed their enjoyment of the company's annual picnic.
19. part (noun): a particular aspect or feature of something. Example: Good working conditions are an essential part of employee satisfaction.
20. contrast (noun): the state of being strikingly different from something else. Example: In contrast to non-service sector workplaces, hotels have traditionally not focused on good working conditions.
21. extended (verb): made something more comprehensive or widespread. Example: The company extended its employee benefits package to include paid parental leave.
22. address (verb): give attention to or deal with a matter or problem. Example: The hotel management decided to address the issue of poor working conditions by renovating the staff lounge.
23. competitors (noun): other individuals, organizations, or businesses that are in direct competition with each other. Example: The hotel constantly monitors its competitors' prices and services to stay competitive in the market.
24. investment (noun): the action or process of investing money, time, or resources in something to gain a profit or advantage. Example: The hotel made a significant investment in upgrading its technology systems for efficient operations.
25. advantage (noun): a condition or circumstance that puts someone in a favorable or superior position. Example: The hotel's prime location gives it a competitive advantage over other hotels in the area.
26. hospitality industry (noun): the sector encompassing businesses and services related to accommodations, food and beverage, and tourism. Example: The hospitality industry plays a crucial role in the local economy by generating employment opportunities.
27. dominated (verb): controlled, governed, or influenced by someone or something to a great extent. Example: The market was dominated by large hotel chains that had a significant presence in multiple cities.
28. underdeveloped (adjective): not fully developed, mature, or advanced. Example: The hotel industry in that region had underdeveloped HR practices compared to other sectors.
29. relations (noun): the way in which two or more people, groups, or countries behave toward and deal with each other. Example: The hotel management strives to maintain good relations with its employees through open communication.
30. represent (verb): stand for, symbolize, or be a typical example of something. Example: The hotel staff represents the brand's values and commitment to exceptional service.
31. turnover (noun): the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by new ones. Example: The high turnover rate in the hotel industry necessitates effective recruitment and retention strategies.
32. compensation (noun): something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering. Example: The hotel offers competitive compensation packages to attract and retain top talent.
33. inadequate (adjective): not sufficient, satisfactory, or suitable for a specific purpose. Example: The employees raised concerns about the inadequate training provided for handling customer complaints.
34. benefits (noun): advantages or rewards gained from employment, in addition to regular salary or wages. Example: The hotel provides comprehensive health insurance and retirement benefits to its employees.
35. morale (noun): the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group at a particular time. Example: The management organized a team-building retreat to boost employee morale and improve teamwork.
36. attitudes (noun): opinions, feelings, or behaviors towards someone or something. Example: The hotel encourages positive attitudes among its employees to create a welcoming and friendly atmosphere.
37. recognition (noun): acknowledgement, appreciation, or reward for one's efforts, achievements, or contributions. Example: The hotel management implemented an employee recognition program to celebrate outstanding performance.
38. motivate (verb): provide someone with a motive or reason to do something; inspire or encourage. Example: The hotel's incentive program motivates employees to exceed performance targets.
39. obligated (adjective): morally or legally bound to do something; having a duty or responsibility. Example: The hotel provides ongoing training opportunities, making employees feel obligated to enhance their skills.
40. organization (noun): a group of people working together in a structured manner to achieve a common goal. Example: The hotel's organizational structure ensures clear communication and efficient coordination among different departments.
41. motivation (noun): the reason or driving force behind someone's actions, behavior, or willingness to exert effort. Example: The hotel manager uses various motivational strategies to inspire the staff to deliver exceptional service.
42. retention (noun): the action of keeping something or someone; the ability to retain or keep employees in an organization. Example: The hotel implemented a comprehensive retention program to reduce turnover and retain skilled employees.
43. inherently (adverb): essentially or naturally characteristic of something; in a way that is permanent or inseparable. Example: Good customer service is inherently linked to the hotel's reputation and success.
44. reactions (noun): responses or behaviors triggered by a particular stimulus, event, or situation. Example: The hotel management carefully analyzed customer feedback and employees' reactions to improve service quality.
45. hypothesis (noun): a proposed explanation or theory based on limited evidence; a tentative assumption to be tested or proven. Example: The researchers formulated a hypothesis to explore the relationship between employee job satisfaction and turnover.
46. complain (verb): express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something; voice grievances. Example: Some employees tend to complain about workload during peak seasons in the hotel industry.
47. perceptions (noun): the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted; individuals' subjective views or beliefs. Example: The hotel management conducted a perception survey to understand employees' views on work-life balance.
48. luxury (adjective): relating to high-quality, expensive, and exclusive products, services, or experiences. Example: The hotel offers luxury accommodations and personalized services to cater to discerning guests.
49. sophisticated (adjective): complex, refined, or advanced in terms of design, technology, or approach. Example: The hotel implemented a sophisticated customer relationship management system to enhance guest satisfaction.
50. career (noun): a person's course or progress through their working life; a series of employment opportunities and advancements. Example: The hotel provides employees with ample opportunities for career growth and development through training and promotions.
Test -2
Passage -1
Alexander Henderson
1. extensive: covering a large area or range Example: The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland.
2. residence: a person's home; the place where someone lives Example: Besides its residence in Edinburgh, the family owned Press Estate.
3. farmland: land used for cultivating crops or raising livestock Example: Press Estate consisted of 650 acres of farmland.
4. mansion: a large and impressive house Example: Press Castle was a mansion located on the property.
5. childhood: the period of time when a person is a child Example: Alexander spent much of his childhood playing on the beach near Eyemouth.
6. apprenticeship: a period of training to learn a specific skill or trade Example: In 1849, he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant.
7. emigrated: to leave one's country to settle permanently in another Example: In October 1855, he emigrated to Canada with his wife.
8. photography: the art, process, or practice of creating images by recording light on a sensitive surface Example: Henderson learned photography in Montreal around 1857.
9. amateur: a person who engages in an activity for pleasure rather than as a profession Example: He quickly took up photography as a serious amateur.
10. colleague: a person with whom one works, especially in a profession or business Example: Henderson became a personal friend and colleague of William Notman.
11. excursion: a short journey or trip, usually for pleasure Example: The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860.
12. cooperated: worked together towards a common goal Example: They cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares.
13. societies: organizations or associations of people with a common interest or purpose Example: They both belonged to the same societies and associations.
14. chairman: the person who presides over a meeting or organization Example: Henderson acted as chairman of the association's first meeting.
15. landscapes: paintings, drawings, or photographs of outdoor scenes, especially of the countryside Example: Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold realism.
16. realism: the quality or style of being faithful to reality or representing things as they are Example: Notman's landscapes were known for their bold realism.
17. romantic: characterized by a love of nature, beauty, and emotion Example: Henderson's early work was influenced by the British landscape tradition and had a romantic quality.
18. circulation: the number of copies of a publication distributed or sold Example: The publication had limited circulation, with only seven copies found.
19. evaluating: assessing or judging the quality, value, or significance of something Example: The contents of each copy were used for evaluating Henderson's early work.
20. portraiture: the art of creating portraits or images of people Example: From about 1870, Henderson dropped portraiture to focus on landscape photography.
21. specialize: concentrate on and become an expert in a particular subject or skill Example: Henderson chose to specialize in landscape photography and other views.
22. revealed: showed or made known Example: His photographs of city life revealed the vibrant human activity in street scenes, houses, and markets.
23. alive: full of life or activity Example: Henderson's photographs of city life were alive with human activity.
24. favourite: preferred or liked above all others Example: Although his favourite subject was landscape, Henderson often incorporated human pursuits into his scenes.
25. pursuits: activities or hobbies engaged in by someone Example: Henderson composed his scenes around human pursuits such as farming, cutting ice, or sailing.
26. demand: a strong need or desire for something Example: There was sufficient demand for Henderson's photographs of landscapes, lumber trade, and waterfalls.
27. souvenirs: items kept as a reminder of a person, place, or event Example: People wanted to buy Henderson's photographs as souvenirs of their trips.
28. catering: providing what is desired or needed Example: Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio, catering to the demand for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums.
29. exhibited: displayed or showcased publicly Example: Henderson exhibited his photographs in various cities, including Montreal, London, and New York.
30. success: achieving a desired outcome or result Example: Henderson met with greater success in New York, winning first prizes in a photography exhibition.
31. prizes: rewards or honors given to winners Example: Henderson won prizes for his landscape photographs using the Lambertype process.
32. wilderness: a wild and uncultivated area of land Example: Henderson was especially fond of the wilderness and often traveled by canoe on rivers.
33. canoe: a lightweight narrow boat pointed at both ends, propelled by paddles Example: Henderson traveled by canoe on rivers like the Blanche and du Lievre.
34. noted: well-known or recognized for a particular quality or achievement Example: He took photographs of the noted eastern rivers during his travels.
35. undertaking: a task or project that requires effort or commitment Example: His photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway were part of a significant undertaking.
36. commission: a request or assignment to create or produce something Example: Henderson received a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the railway line.
37. principal: main or most important Example: Henderson recorded the principal structures along the railway line.
38. structures: buildings or other objects constructed from parts Example: Henderson photographed the structures along the railway line.
39. connecting: joining or linking together Example: The railway line was connecting Montreal to Halifax.
40. commissions: assignments or projects for which one is paid to produce something Example: Henderson received commissions from other railways as well.
41. bridges: structures built to provide passage over an obstacle, such as a river or road Example: In 1876, Henderson photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, and Occidental Railway.
42. progress: the forward or onward movement towards a destination or goal Example: Henderson documented the progress of construction along the Canadian Pacific Railway.
43. manager: a person responsible for controlling and organizing the activities of a business or department Example: In 1892, Henderson accepted a full-time position as the manager of a photographic department for the CPR.
44. department: a division or section of an organization or institution Example: Henderson set up and administered the photographic department for the CPR.
45. extensively: in a thorough or comprehensive manner Example: Henderson traveled extensively along the railway line, documenting and photographing various locations.
46. archives: collections of historical records or documents Example: Collections of Henderson's work are held at the National Archives of Canada in Ottawa.
47. photographic: related to photography or the process of creating images Example: Henderson's glass negatives formed a photographic collection stored in his house.
48. stored: kept or placed in a particular location for future use or reference Example: Henderson's glass negatives were stored in the basement of his house.
49. collections: groups of items gathered or assembled together Example: Collections of Henderson's work can also be found at the McCord Museum of Canadian History in Montreal.
50. retired: stopped working or withdrew from active duty or employment Example: In 1897, Henderson retired completely from photography after his tenure with the CPR.
Passage-2
Back to the future of skyscraper design
Recovery - the process of regaining or restoring something that has been lost or damaged. Example: The recovery of natural environments in architecture is crucial for sustainable design.
Natural - existing or caused by nature, not artificial or manufactured. Example: The building incorporates natural ventilation and cooling systems.
Environments - the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The design aims to create healthier environments for occupants.
Architecture - the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. Example: Professor Alan Short specializes in sustainable architecture.
Design - the process of creating or planning something, such as a building or object. Example: The book discusses innovative building designs.
Culmination - the highest or final point of something, usually reached after a gradual process. Example: Professor Short's book is the culmination of years of research.
Research - the systematic investigation of materials, sources, or subjects to discover new facts or information. Example: The study is based on extensive research conducted by the team.
Award-winning - having received an award or recognition for excellence. Example: Short's green building designs have been award-winning.
Green - relating to or promoting environmental sustainability and conservation. Example: The focus of the research is on green building practices.
Building - a structure used as a dwelling, business, or other purpose. Example: The team aims to revolutionize skyscraper building.
Reliance - dependence on or trust in someone or something. Example: The goal is to reduce the reliance on air conditioning systems.
Sealed - closed tightly or made airtight. Example: The current buildings are sealed to maintain temperature control.
Life support - a system that provides the necessary conditions for sustaining life, often used in reference to medical equipment. Example: The buildings rely on the life support of air conditioning units.
Vast - very great in size, amount, or extent. Example: The skyscrapers rely on vast air conditioning systems.
Ventilation - the provision of fresh air in a building or room. Example: The book explores the importance of natural ventilation.
Cooling - the act or process of making something cooler or reducing its temperature. Example: The design aims to incorporate natural cooling methods.
Widespread - existing or happening over a large area or among many people. Example: Air conditioning systems became widespread after being heavily marketed.
Introduction - the action of bringing something into use or existence. Example: The introduction of air conditioning systems revolutionized building design.
Spectacular - very impressive or dramatic. Example: The energy use and carbon emissions from buildings are spectacular.
Carbon emissions - the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. Example: The goal is to reduce carbon emissions from buildings.
Requirements - the necessary conditions or things needed for a particular purpose. Example: The buildings must meet energy efficiency requirements.
Legacy - something left behind or handed down by a predecessor. Example: The book discusses the rich legacy of building design principles.
Sophisticated - complex, advanced, and highly developed. Example: The book explores the sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings.
Ingeniously - in a clever, creative, and resourceful manner. Example: The hospitals were ingeniously ventilated to ensure safety.
Pathogens - microorganisms that can cause disease or infection. Example: The digital modeling considered the presence of pathogens in the airstreams.
Tuberculosis - an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs. Example: The ventilation systems in the hospital wards protected patients from tuberculosis.
Safe - free from harm, danger, or risk. Example: The ventilation systems ensured that other patients remained safe.
Hour - a period of time equal to sixty minutes. Example: The 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour.
Performance - the manner in which something functions or operates. Example: The ventilation performance of the hospital wards was comparable to modern-day operating theatres.
Principles - fundamental truths or guidelines that serve as the foundation for a belief or system. Example: The book explores the design principles of ventilated buildings.
Appropriate - suitable or proper for a particular situation or purpose. Example: Communal wards are appropriate for certain patients' needs.
Fraction - a part or proportion of a whole. Example: The design aims to achieve energy savings at a fraction of the cost.
Emissions - substances or gases released into the atmosphere, often as a byproduct of human activities. Example: The buildings contribute to carbon emissions.
Symbols - objects, actions, or concepts that represent or stand for something else. Example: Glass, steel, and air-conditioned skyscrapers are seen as symbols of status.
Status - the relative social or professional standing of a person or group. Example: Short regards glass skyscrapers as symbols of status rather than practical solutions.
Practical - suitable or functional for real-life use or application. Example: The focus should be on finding practical ways to meet energy requirements.
Ingenuity - the quality of being clever, original, and inventive. Example: 19th-century building designs showcased great ingenuity.
Public - relating to or involving the people as a whole. Example: The reinvention of skyscraper design requires public awareness and support.
Clamouring - making a loud and persistent outcry or demand. Example: The panicked public was clamouring for buildings that protected against toxic air.
Lethal - capable of causing death. Example: The fear of miasmas was rooted in the belief that they were lethal.
Threat - a statement or indication of an intention to cause harm, loss, or damage. Example: Miasmas were perceived as a serious health threat.
Agents - a person or thing that takes action or produces a particular effect. Example: Miasmas were thought to be the principal agents of disease.
Epidemics - widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases that affect a large number of people within a community or region. Example: Miasmas were believed to contribute to the spread of **ep
Epidemics - widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases that affect a large number of people within a community or region. Example: Miasmas were believed to contribute to the spread of epidemics during cholera outbreaks.
Foul - having an unpleasant or offensive odor or taste. Example: The theory attributed disease to foul air rather than germs.
Germs - microorganisms that can cause disease or infection. Example: The prevailing belief disregarded the role of germs in spreading diseases.
Prosperous - successful and wealthy. Example: The prosperous individuals avoided hospitals due to fear of infection.
Disproved - shown to be false or incorrect through evidence or argument. Example: Miasma theory has since been disproved by scientific advancements.
Approach - a way of dealing with or considering something. Example: Short's approach emphasizes natural ventilation and cooling systems.
Liability - something that poses a risk or potential loss or harm. Example: Glass skyscrapers may become a liability due to climate change and rising energy prices.
Outlook - a person's point of view or general attitude toward life or a particular situation. Example: Short suggests that it's time to change our outlook on building design.
Passage -3
Why companies should welcome disorder
Organisation: (noun) the act or process of arranging or structuring something. Example: The company implemented a new organizational structure to improve efficiency.
Inboxes: (noun) a place where incoming messages or documents are received and stored. Example: His email inbox was overflowing with unread messages.
Calendars: (noun) a system for organizing and scheduling time, typically with dates and events. Example: She marked the important meeting on her calendar to ensure she wouldn't forget.
Multi-billion dollar: (adjective) describing something that is valued in billions of dollars. Example: The company's annual revenue reached a multi-billion dollar figure.
Time management: (noun) the process of planning and controlling how one spends their time. Example: Effective time management is essential for productivity and meeting deadlines.
Project management: (noun) the practice of planning, organizing, and overseeing projects to achieve specific goals. Example: The project manager assigned tasks and monitored progress to ensure timely completion.
Self-organisation: (noun) the ability to organize and manage oneself independently. Example: Developing self-organisation skills is crucial for personal and professional success.
Rhetoric: (noun) the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing. Example: The politician's powerful rhetoric swayed the audience to support his campaign.
Entrepreneurs: (noun) individuals who start and manage their own businesses, taking financial risks. Example: The city encourages entrepreneurs to launch innovative startups and contribute to economic growth.
Perfectionists: (noun) individuals who have a strong desire for perfection and high standards. Example: The artist spent hours perfecting every detail of the painting, showcasing their perfectionist nature.
Business schools: (noun) educational institutions that offer programs and courses focused on business and management. Example: He completed an MBA at one of the top business schools in the country.
Graduates: (noun) individuals who have completed a course of study and received a degree or diploma. Example: The company actively recruits recent graduates for entry-level positions.
Efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task with minimal wasted time, effort, or resources. Example: The new production process improved efficiency and reduced manufacturing costs.
Assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without verification or proof. Example: The success of the project relied on challenging the underlying assumptions and exploring alternative approaches.
Productivity: (noun) the measure of how efficiently and effectively work is accomplished. Example: The team's productivity increased after implementing a streamlined workflow.
Diminishing returns: (noun phrase) a point at which the benefit gained from additional effort or investment becomes less than the resources put in. Example: The company realized they had reached diminishing returns when further expanding the marketing budget didn't result in increased sales.
Organisational productivity: (noun phrase) the level of productivity within an organization, referring to its overall efficiency and output. Example: The company implemented new strategies to improve organizational productivity and maximize profits.
Environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant operates. Example: The office environment was designed to foster creativity and collaboration among employees.
Hierarchy: (noun) a system of organizing people or things according to rank, status, or authority. Example: The company's hierarchy ensured clear lines of authority and responsibility.
Collaboration: (noun) the action of working together with others to achieve a common goal. Example: The team's collaboration on the project resulted in innovative ideas and a successful outcome.
Mechanisms: (noun) a system or process designed to achieve a specific purpose or function. Example: The company implemented new mechanisms for feedback and communication to improve employee engagement.
Rigid: (adjective) inflexible, strict, or resistant to change. Example: The company's rigid policies stifled creativity and hindered adaptability.
Hierarchies: (noun) plural form of hierarchy, referring to systems of organization based on levels of authority. Example: The organization underwent a restructuring to flatten hierarchies and promote a more collaborative culture.
Job titles: (noun) specific designations or labels given to positions within an organization. Example: The company eliminated traditional job titles and introduced more flexible role descriptions.
Ownership: (noun) the state or fact of owning something or taking responsibility for it. Example: The employees had a sense of ownership and accountability for their projects.
Facets: (noun) different aspects or components of something. Example: The marketing campaign addressed various facets of the target audience's preferences.
Boundaryless: (adjective) without boundaries or limitations. Example: The boundaryless organization encouraged cross-department collaboration and knowledge sharing.
Barriers: (noun) obstacles or hindrances that prevent progress or communication. Example: The company implemented measures to break down barriers between teams and foster collaboration.
Virtual collaboration: (noun phrase) collaborative work done remotely or through online platforms. Example: The team members used video conferencing tools for virtual collaboration on the project.
Flexible working: (noun phrase) an arrangement that allows employees to choose their work hours or location. Example: The company implemented a flexible working policy to accommodate employees' diverse needs.
Embrace: (verb) to accept or adopt something willingly or eagerly. Example: The company embraced new technologies to stay ahead of the competition.
Disorganisation: (noun) the state of lacking order or structure. Example: The creative department thrived in an atmosphere of controlled disorganization.
Utility: (noun) the state or quality of being useful or beneficial. Example: The team evaluated the utility of each proposed solution before making a decision.
Diminishing: (adjective) decreasing or becoming less over time. Example: The diminishing returns of the investment prompted the company to explore alternative opportunities.
Overused: (adjective) excessively or excessively employed or utilized. Example: The marketing slogan had become overused and lost its impact on consumers.
Venerate: (verb) to regard with great respect or reverence. Example: Many people venerate the founder of the company for his visionary leadership.
Conventional: (adjective) based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed. Example: The company followed conventional marketing practices to reach its target audience.
Bottlenecks: (noun) points of congestion or obstruction that slow down or impede progress. Example: The company identified and addressed bottlenecks in the production process to improve efficiency.
Innovating: (verb) introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies to bring about positive change. Example: The company invested in research and development to stay at the forefront of innovating in their industry.
Organic: (adjective) characterized by a natural and unrestrictive structure or growth. Example: The team's organic collaboration allowed for spontaneous creativity and problem-solving.
Suggests:(verb) to propose or indicate as a possibility or idea. Example: The data suggests a correlation between employee satisfaction and productivity levels.
Bandwagon: (noun) a popular trend or activity that attracts many followers or participants. Example: Many companies jumped on the sustainability bandwagon and adopted eco-friendly practices.
Evidence: (noun) facts, information, or proof that supports a claim or argument. Example: The study provided compelling evidence to support the effectiveness of the new marketing strategy.
Disorder: (noun) a state of confusion, lack of organization, or chaos. Example: The office was in a state of disorder after the unexpected power outage.
Utility: (noun) the state or quality of being useful or beneficial. Example: The new software improved the utility of the company's data analysis process.
Assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without verification or proof. Example: The success of the project relied on challenging the underlying assumptions and exploring alternative approaches.
Existing: (adjective) already in place or in existence. Example: The company aimed to improve existing processes through continuous improvement initiatives.
Assumptions: (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted without verification or proof. Example: The success of the project relied on challenging the underlying assumptions and exploring alternative approaches.
Work process: (noun phrase) the series of steps or actions involved in completing a task or project. Example: The team streamlined the work process to eliminate unnecessary delays and improve efficiency.
Research: (noun) systematic investigation to gather information and discover new knowledge. Example: The research conducted by the team provided valuable insights into consumer behavior.
Test -2
Passage -1 The concept of intelligence
Intelligence - (noun) the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. Example: His intelligence and quick thinking helped him solve the complex problem.
Implicit - (adjective) implied or understood without being directly expressed. Example: She had an implicit trust in her best friend and never doubted her loyalty.
Theories - (noun) explanations or principles based on observation, reasoning, and evidence. Example: The scientist proposed a new theory to explain the phenomenon.
Conceptions - (noun) ideas or understanding of something. Example: Their conceptions of art differed, leading to a lively debate.
Valuing - (verb) considering something as important or beneficial. Example: The company's success is built on valuing innovation and creativity.
Judgments - (noun) opinions or decisions based on careful consideration or evaluation. Example: The judge made a fair judgment based on the evidence presented.
Perceive - (verb) become aware of or interpret something in a particular way. Example: She perceived the painting as a representation of inner emotions.
Evaluate - (verb) assess or judge the quality, importance, or value of something. Example: The teacher will evaluate the students' performance based on their presentations.
Notions - (noun) ideas, beliefs, or opinions. Example: He had vague notions about the origin of the universe.
Unconscious - (adjective) not aware or intentional. Example: She made an unconscious decision to leave her job and pursue her passion.
Framework - (noun) a basic structure or conceptual scheme that provides support. Example: The framework of the research paper included an introduction, methodology, and conclusion.
Phenomenon - (noun) a fact or event that can be observed or experienced. Example: The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon that attracts many tourists.
Correspondence - (noun) a similarity or agreement between two things. Example: There is a correspondence between the data collected and the results obtained.
Supplementation - (noun) the act of adding to or enhancing something. Example: The dietitian recommended the supplementation of vitamins to improve the patient's health.
Elucidate - (verb) make something clear or explain more fully. Example: The professor used visual aids to elucidate complex scientific concepts.
Developmental - (adjective) relating to the growth or progress of something over time. Example: The study focused on the developmental stages of children's language acquisition.
Cross-cultural - (adjective) involving or comparing different cultures or cultural groups. Example: The company conducted a cross-cultural analysis to understand consumer behavior.
Expectations - (noun) beliefs or assumptions about what will happen or be achieved. Example: The team had high expectations for the new product launch.
Intellectual - (adjective) relating to the ability to think and understand ideas and information. Example: He had impressive intellectual capabilities and excelled in academic pursuits.
Performances - (noun) actions, presentations, or activities given for an audience. Example: The actress delivered an outstanding performance in the play.
Societal - (adjective) relating to society or social institutions. Example: The study aimed to analyze the societal impact of technology on job markets.
Scope - (noun) the extent or range of something. Example: The project's scope includes analyzing customer feedback and developing new features.
Cognitive - (adjective) relating to mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and understanding. Example: The researcher conducted a cognitive study to investigate memory recall.
Interviewers - (noun) individuals who conduct interviews to evaluate or assess candidates. Example: The interviewers asked challenging questions to assess the applicant's problem-solving skills.
Hiring - (noun) the process of selecting and appointing someone for a job or position. Example: The company implemented a rigorous hiring process to ensure the selection of qualified candidates.
Determining - (verb) establishing or finding out the facts or information about something. Example: The jury played a crucial role in determining the defendant's guilt or innocence.
Friends - (noun) people with whom one has a bond of mutual affection and trust. Example: She enjoys spending time with her close friends and sharing hobbies.
Sum - (noun) the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, quantities, or items. Example: The sum of their contributions exceeded the fundraising target.
Important - (adjective) of great significance or value. Example: Good communication skills are important for building strong relationships.
Investigators - (noun) individuals who carry out systematic inquiries or examinations to gather information or evidence. Example: The investigators analyzed the crime scene to gather clues and solve the mystery.
Explicit - (adjective) clearly expressed or stated. Example: The teacher provided explicit instructions on how to complete the assignment.
Emergence - (noun) the process of coming into existence or becoming recognized or important. Example: The emergence of social media has transformed the way people communicate.
Responsibility - (noun) the state or fact of being accountable for something. Example: The manager assigned specific tasks to each team member, clarifying their responsibilities.
Masses - (noun) a large group or quantity of people or things. Example: The concert attracted masses of enthusiastic fans.
Chaos - (noun) complete disorder and confusion. Example: The sudden announcement caused chaos in the office, with everyone scrambling to adjust their plans.
Equal - (adjective) the same in quantity, size, degree, or value. Example: All students should be treated with equal respect and given equal opportunities.
Opportunities - (noun) favorable or advantageous circumstances or situations. Example: The internship provided her with valuable learning opportunities in the field of marketing.
Rewarded - (verb) given or provided something in recognition of one's efforts or achievements. Example: The top performers were rewarded with bonuses and promotions.
Accomplishments - (noun) achievements or successes resulting from one's efforts. Example: The athlete's long list of accomplishments earned him a place in the Hall of Fame.
Favor - (verb) treat someone with preference or show kindness towards them. Example: She was always willing to help others and would gladly do them a favor.
Foster - (verb) encourage or promote the development or growth of something. Example: The organization aims to foster creativity and innovation in young entrepreneurs.
Competencies - (noun) the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform a specific task or job. Example: The job requires a high level of technical compet
Competencies - (noun) the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform a specific task or job. Example: The job requires a high level of technical competencies in programming and problem-solving.
Government - (noun) the governing body of a nation, state, or community. Example: The government implemented new policies to stimulate economic growth.
Jury - (noun) a group of individuals selected to hear and evaluate evidence in a legal trial. Example: The jury deliberated for hours before reaching a unanimous verdict.
Responsibility - (noun) the state or duty of being accountable for something or someone. Example: Teachers have a responsibility to provide a safe learning environment for their students.
Institutions - (noun) organizations or establishments that serve a particular purpose, such as schools or banks. Example: The university is a prestigious institution known for its research and academic programs.
Presuppositions - (noun) assumptions or beliefs that are taken for granted or considered true without proof. Example: The success of the project relied on the team's shared presuppositions about customer preferences.
Assumptions - (noun) beliefs or ideas taken for granted or accepted as true without proof. Example: The detective's investigation was based on certain assumptions about the suspect's motives.
Explicit theories - (noun) theories that are clearly stated or expressed. Example: The professor presented his explicit theories on the origin of the universe in a lecture.
Data - (noun) facts, information, or statistics gathered for analysis or reference. Example: The research study collected a large amount of data to support its findings.
Passage -2
Saving bugs to find new drugs
derived - obtained or produced from a specific source Example: Many drugs are derived from natural compounds found in plants.
compounds - substances composed of two or more elements Example: The scientist synthesized various chemical compounds in the lab.
living things - organisms that have the ability to grow, reproduce, and respond to stimuli Example: Plants, animals, and microorganisms are all examples of living things.
soothing - calming or relieving Example: A warm cup of herbal tea can have a soothing effect on a sore throat.
curing - treating or alleviating a disease or ailment Example: The new medication shows promising results in curing certain types of cancer.
ancient - belonging to a time long ago; very old Example: Archaeologists discovered ancient artifacts in the ruins of an ancient civilization.
primates - a group of mammals that includes humans, monkeys, and apes Example: Chimpanzees and gorillas are both examples of primates.
toxin-oozing - releasing or emitting toxins Example: The venomous snake has toxin-oozing fangs that inject venom into its prey.
deter - discourage or prevent from doing something Example: The bright colors of the warning sign are meant to deter people from entering the restricted area.
noxious - harmful, poisonous, or unpleasant Example: The strong smell of the chemical is noxious and should be avoided.
pharmaceutical - related to the production and sale of drugs and medications Example: The pharmaceutical company developed a new vaccine for a widespread disease.
extraction - the process of removing or obtaining something Example: The extraction of oil from the ground is a complex and expensive procedure.
characterisation - describing or defining the qualities or features of something Example: The scientist performed a detailed characterisation of the newly discovered species.
modification - the act of making changes or alterations Example: The car underwent several modifications to improve its performance.
testing - evaluating or examining something to determine its quality or performance Example: The new drug is undergoing rigorous testing to ensure its safety and effectiveness.
shift - a change or movement in direction or focus Example: There has been a shift in public opinion regarding environmental issues.
promising - showing potential or likelihood of success Example: The young artist showed promising talent and received recognition for her work.
isolating - separating or setting apart from others Example: The scientist succeeded in isolating the specific bacteria responsible for the infection.
significant - important or meaningful Example: The study's findings are significant and could lead to important breakthroughs in medical research.
hurdles - obstacles or challenges that need to be overcome Example: The athlete faced several hurdles on her path to winning the championship.
varying - differing or changing in different situations or circumstances Example: The effectiveness of the treatment can have varying results depending on the individual.
approaches - methods or strategies used to tackle a problem or achieve a goal Example: The teacher implemented different approaches to teach multiplication to the students, catering to their individual learning styles.
bioprospecting - the search for valuable compounds or materials in biological sources Example: Scientists embarked on an expedition for bioprospecting in the rainforest to discover new medicinal plants.
genomes - the complete set of genes or genetic material present in an organism Example: The researchers sequenced the genome of the bacteria to study its genetic makeup.
evident - clearly seen or understood; obvious Example: The impact of climate change on the environment is evident in the melting glaciers.
realisation - the act of becoming aware or understanding something Example: The realisation of the importance of recycling has led to increased efforts to reduce waste.
looming - approaching or imminent, often with a sense of threat or concern Example: The looming deadline for the project added pressure to the team.
antibiotic resistance - the ability of bacteria or microorganisms to withstand the effects of antibiotics Example: The rise in antibiotic resistance has become a global health concern.
undisputed - acknowledged or accepted as true or valid without question or doubt Example: He is the undisputed champion of the boxing world, having never been defeated.
terrestrial - relating to or inhabiting the land rather than the sea or air Example: Lions and elephants are examples of terrestrial animals found in African savannas.
niche - a specialized role or position occupied by an organism within its ecosystem Example: The woodpecker plays a crucial niche in the forest ecosystem by feeding on insects and creating cavities in trees.
bewildering - confusing or puzzling Example: The maze of hallways in the old building was bewildering, and many people got lost.
defensive - intended to protect or defend against danger or harm Example: The porcupine has long, sharp quills as a defensive mechanism against predators.
offensive - relating to an aggressive or attacking action Example: The army launched an offensive against the enemy's stronghold.
remarkable - extraordinary, worthy of attention or admiration Example: The child's musical talent at such a young age is truly remarkable.
diversity - variety or range, especially in terms of different forms of life or different elements within a group Example: The Amazon rainforest is known for its incredible diversity of plant and animal species.
investigated - examined or looked into carefully and systematically Example: The detective investigated the crime scene to gather evidence.
antimicrobial - having the ability to inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms Example: Some cleaning products contain antimicrobial agents to kill bacteria and germs.
potent - having strong or powerful effects or properties Example: The medication is known for its potent pain-relieving properties.
venom - a poisonous substance produced by certain animals, typically injected through a bite or sting Example: The snake's venom can cause paralysis and even death.
potential - the possibility or likelihood of something happening or being developed Example: The young artist shows great potential and may become a famous painter someday.
daunting - intimidating or discouraging due to its difficulty or scale Example: Climbing Mount Everest can be a daunting challenge even for experienced mountaineers.
sufficient - enough or adequate in quantity or degree Example: Please ensure you have sufficient funds in your account to cover the transaction.
ubiquity - the state of being present or found everywhere Example: The ubiquity of smartphones has revolutionized the way we communicate.
recesses - remote, hidden, or less-explored parts or areas Example: Explorers ventured deep into the uncharted recesses of the jungle in search of rare plants.
ecology - the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment Example: The professor specialized in marine ecology and conducted research on coral reef ecosystems.
subduing - bringing under control or overpowering Example: The police used pepper spray to subdue the unruly crowd.
pathogenic - capable of causing disease or illness Example: The laboratory identified the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the water sample.
precedent - an earlier occurrence or example used as a guide or justification for subsequent actions or decisions Example: The court's ruling set a precedent for future cases involving similar circumstances.
conservation - the protection, preservation, and sustainable use of natural resources and ecosystems Example: The organization works towards the conservation of endangered species and their habitats.
Passage -3
The power of play
Virtually - nearly; almost (adverb) Example: Virtually every child enjoys playing.
Drive - strong motivation or impulse (noun) Example: The drive to play is innate in children.
Circumstances - conditions or situations (noun) Example: Children will play in any circumstances, even without toys.
Intense - very strong or extreme (adjective) Example: The intense desire to play is universal among children.
For instance - as an example (phrase) Example: Children will play with anything they find, for instance, using sticks as swords.
Actively - in a lively or energetic manner (adverb) Example: Even without parental encouragement, children actively engage in play.
Young - in the early stages of life or development (adjective) Example: In the eyes of a young child, play is all about fun and imagination.
Fun - enjoyment; amusement (noun) Example: Running, pretending, and building are all fun activities for children.
Researchers - people who conduct systematic investigation and study (noun) Example: Researchers have found that play benefits various aspects of child development.
Educators - teachers or instructors (noun) Example: Educators emphasize the importance of play in a child's learning journey.
Benefit - to gain advantage or benefit from something (verb) Example: Playful activities benefit children's cognitive and social development.
Development - the process of growth or progress (noun) Example: Play is crucial for the development of a child's physical and emotional well-being.
Instrumental - essential or key (adjective) Example: Play is considered an instrumental component of a child's healthy development.
Component - a part or element of a larger whole (noun) Example: Play is an important component in the overall development of a child.
Recognized - acknowledged or identified (adjective) Example: The United Nations recognized play as a fundamental right of every child.
Decrease - to become less or diminish (verb) Example: Over the years, the amount of time children spend playing has decreased.
Counterparts - people or things that are similar or equivalent (noun) Example: Today's children play significantly less than their counterparts from two decades ago.
Under pressure - experiencing stress or demands (phrase) Example: Play is being replaced by test preparation under pressure of academic standards.
Academic - related to education and learning (adjective) Example: Kindergartens and grade schools prioritize academics over play due to academic standards.
Path - a route or way to achieve something (noun) Example: Parents are led to believe that educational toys are the path to their children's success.
Society - a community or group of people living together (noun) Example: Our society has created a false dichotomy between play and learning.
Regulate - to control or manage (verb) Example: Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior and emotions.
Foundations - the basis or underlying principles (noun) Example: Play lays the foundations for later learning in various domains.
Repertoire - a range or collection of skills or abilities (noun) Example: Play helps children build a repertoire of problem-solving skills.
Consensus - general agreement or shared opinion (noun) Example: There is no consensus among researchers on a formal definition of play.
Elude - to escape or avoid capture or understanding (verb) Example: A formal definition of play continues to elude researchers and theorists.
Descriptions - explanations or accounts of something (noun) Example: Various descriptions of play exist, including physical, construction, and symbolic play.
Criteria - standards or principles used to judge or evaluate something (noun) Example: Researchers use different criteria to define and categorize play behaviors.
Intrinsic - inherent or belonging naturally (adjective) Example: Play is driven by intrinsic motivation and enjoyment.
Continuum - a range or progression with no clear boundaries (noun) Example: Play can be seen as a continuum, ranging from more to less playful behaviors.
Pleasurable - enjoyable or giving pleasure (adjective) Example: Play must be pleasurable for children to engage in it.
Extrinsically - motivated by external factors or rewards (adverb) Example: Play is intrinsically motivated and has no external goals or purposes.
Process-oriented - focusing on the process rather than the outcome (adjective) Example: In play, the process-oriented approach values the means more than the ends.
Spontaneous - happening naturally or without planning (adjective) Example: Play is spontaneous and freely chosen by children.
Voluntary - done willingly or by choice (adjective) Example: Play is voluntary; children engage in it without being forced.
Engaged - actively involved or participating (adjective) Example: Play requires children to be actively engaged physically and mentally.
Non-literal - not meant to be taken literally (adjective) Example: Play often involves non-literal elements, such as make-believe or imagination.
Assign - to give or allocate (verb) Example: Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any specific dimension of playfulness.
Aspect - a particular part or feature (noun) Example: Some researchers consider process orientation and lack of functional purpose as important aspects of play.
Hybrid - a combination or mixture of different elements (adjective) Example: Joan Goodman suggested that hybrid forms of work and play can be beneficial for learning.
Determent - something that causes harm or has a negative impact (noun) Example: Hybrid forms of work and play are not a determent to learning.
Optimal - the best or most favorable (adjective) Example: Hybrid forms of work and play provide optimal contexts for learning.
Co-player - someone who plays alongside others (noun) Example: In guided play, adults can join as co-players with children.
Thoughtful - showing careful consideration or attention (adjective) Example: Adults can raise thoughtful questions during guided play to stimulate children's thinking.
Discovery - finding or uncovering something new (noun) Example: Adults can comment on children's discoveries during play, encouraging their exploration.
Exploration - the act of exploring or investigating (noun) Example: Guided play encourages further exploration and discovery for children.
Continually - repeatedly or constantly (adverb) Example: Playful learning should continually engage and interest children.
Child-centered - focusing on the needs and interests of the child (adjective) Example: Playful learning should be child-centered, stemming from the child's own desires.
Intrinsically motivated - driven by internal desires or interests (adjective) Example: In guided play, children remain intrinsically motivated to learn and explore.
Robust - strong, vigorous, or effective (adjective) Example: Guided play, with adult guidance, creates robust opportunities for playful learning.
Test -3
native - (adj.) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place Example: The redwood trees are native to California.
immortal - (adj.) living forever; not subject to death Example: According to Greek mythology, the gods are immortal.
aging - (n.) the process of growing old or showing the effects of time Example: The signs of aging, such as wrinkles and gray hair, become more prominent with time.
feats - (n.) impressive or remarkable achievements or actions Example: The gymnast's acrobatic feats earned her a gold medal.
deteriorate