ACADEMIC READING TEST-1
PASSAGE-1
AUSTRALIA'S SPORTING SUCCESS
Underpinned (verb): Supported or based on. Example: The success of the team was underpinned by rigorous training and dedication.
Commission (noun): An authoritative order or direction; a group of people entrusted with a particular function. Example: The Sports Commission is responsible for promoting and funding various sports programs.
Programmes of excellence (noun phrase): High-quality programs that aim for exceptional outcomes. Example: The academy offers programmes of excellence to train future sports champions.
Intensive (adjective): Involving a high level of effort, activity, or attention. Example: Athletes undergo intensive training to enhance their performance.
Nutritional advice (noun phrase): Guidance on dietary habits and food choices for optimal health and performance. Example: The athletes receive personalized nutritional advice to fuel their training.
C
Measurement (noun): The process of determining the size, extent, or amount of something. Example: Accurate measurement of an athlete's performance is crucial for improvement.
Tweaking (verb): Making small adjustments or improvements. Example: The coach spent hours tweaking the athlete's technique to enhance their speed.
Gradual (adjective): Happening slowly over time; step by step. Example: The athlete's recovery was gradual, but consistent efforts led to significant progress.
Biomechanical (adjective): Related to the mechanics of movement in living organisms. Example: The biomechanical analysis helped identify flaws in the athlete's posture.
Velocity (noun): Speed in a given direction; the rate of change of position. Example: The swimmer's velocity increased as she approached the finish line.
D
Accuracy (noun): The quality of being precise and correct. Example: The athlete's performance was impressive due to the high level of accuracy in every move.
Unobtrusive (adjective): Not conspicuous or easily noticeable; subtle. Example: The sensors were designed to be unobtrusive and not interfere with the athlete's movements.
Immunoglobulin A (noun phrase): An antibody that plays a key role in the immune system's defense against infections. Example: The study measured the levels of immunoglobulin A in athletes' saliva to assess their immune health.
E
Competition model (noun phrase): A strategic plan designed to achieve specific targets in a competitive setting. Example: The coach developed a competition model to guide the athlete's training and performance strategy.
Segment (noun): A distinct portion or part of something. Example: The race was divided into several segments, each requiring different techniques.
F
Coolant-lined jackets (noun phrase): Jackets designed with a cooling system, often used to regulate body temperature during sports. Example: The athletes wore coolant-lined jackets to stay comfortable in extreme weather conditions.
Altitude tent (noun phrase): A tent that simulates high-altitude conditions for training purposes. Example: Many athletes use an altitude tent to enhance their endurance and stamina.
All-encompassing (adjective): Including or covering everything; comprehensive. Example: Australia's all-encompassing sports system has contributed to its remarkable success.
Passage-2
DELIVERING THE GOODS
Expansion
Meaning: The act of becoming larger or more extensive.
Example: The expansion of the company led to the opening of new branches.
Revolution
Meaning: A sudden and significant change or innovation.
Example: The invention of the internet brought about a revolution in communication.
Commerce
Meaning: The activity of buying and selling goods, especially on a large scale.
Example: International commerce involves trade between different countries.
Barrier
Meaning: Something that prevents progress or access.
Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult.
Decline
Meaning: A decrease or reduction in quantity or quality.
Example: There has been a decline in the number of manufacturing jobs.
Opening
Meaning: The act of allowing access or entry.
Example: The opening of new markets is essential for business growth.
Friction
Meaning: Resistance to motion or movement.
Example: There is friction between the two departments due to conflicting goals.
Advantages
Meaning: Benefits or favorable circumstances.
Example: Having a strong network can provide many advantages in business.
Dominating
Meaning: Exercising control or influence over something.
Example: The company is dominating the market with its innovative products.
Raw materials
Meaning: Unprocessed resources used in manufacturing.
Example: The factory relies on raw materials like steel and plastic.
Transporting
Meaning: Moving goods or people from one place to another.
Example: The logistics company specializes in transporting goods internationally.
Shifted
Meaning: Moved or changed position.
Example: The company shifted its focus to digital marketing.
Technological
Meaning: Relating to technology or technological advancements.
Example: The technological revolution has transformed many industries.
Components
Meaning: Parts or elements that make up a whole.
Example: The computer's components include the CPU and memory.
Globalization
Meaning: The process of businesses and cultures becoming more interconnected on a global scale.
Example: Globalization has led to increased international trade.
Freight
Meaning: Goods transported by air, land, or sea.
Example: The freight was shipped from China to the United States.
Insignificant
Meaning: Unimportant or not worthy of attention.
Example: The error was insignificant and did not affect the results.
Cargo
Meaning: Goods carried by a ship, aircraft, or vehicle.
Example: The cargo ship was loaded with containers from various countries.
Deregulation
Meaning: The removal of government regulations or controls.
Example: Deregulation of the telecommunications industry led to increased competition.
Tariffs
Meaning: Taxes or duties imposed on imported or exported goods.
Example: The government reduced tariffs on foreign cars.
Restrictions
Meaning: Limitations or rules that constrain an action.
Example: There are restrictions on smoking in public places.
Productivity
Meaning: The efficiency of producing goods or services.
Example: The new software improved productivity in the office.
Monopolies
Meaning: Exclusive control of a commodity or service.
Example: The government broke up the monopoly to promote competition.
Bypass
Meaning: To go around or avoid something.
Example: We can bypass traffic by taking a different route.
Tolerate
Meaning: To allow or accept something despite disapproval.
Example: The company cannot tolerate unethical behavior.
Barriers
Meaning: Obstacles or impediments that hinder progress.
Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult.
Oversee
Meaning: To supervise or watch over a process or activity.
Example: The manager oversees the daily operations of the team.
Significant
Meaning: Important or having a noticeable impact.
Example: There has been a significant increase in sales this year.
Allocation
Meaning: The distribution or assignment of resources.
Example: The allocation of funds is a critical part of budget planning.
Efficiency
Meaning: The ability to accomplish a task with minimal waste.
Example: The new equipment improved the efficiency of the production process.
Regulation
Meaning: Rules or laws that govern a particular activity or industry.
Example: Financial regulations aim to protect investors.
Interconnected
Meaning: Linked or connected in various ways.
Example: The global economy is interconnected, affecting countries worldwide.
Innovation
Meaning: The introduction of new ideas or methods.
Example: Technological innovation drives progress in the tech industry.
Economies
Meaning: The wealth and resources of a country or region.
Example: The global economy is influenced by various factors.
Bureaucracy
Meaning: A system of government or management with complex rules and procedures.
Example: The bureaucracy of the government can slow down decision-making.
Infrastructure
Meaning: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society.
Example: Investment in infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, is essential for economic growth.
Incentives
Meaning: Things that motivate or encourage people to take a particular action.
Example: Tax incentives can encourage businesses to invest in renewable energy.
Regime
Meaning: A system or method of government or management.
Example: The new regime implemented economic reforms.
Stimulate
Meaning: To encourage or provoke a reaction or development.
Example: Lowering interest rates can stimulate economic growth.
Logistics
Meaning: The detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.
Example: Logistics companies specialize in supply chain management.
Reading Passage 3
PASSAGE-3 Climate change and the Inuit
Incidents
Meaning: Events or occurrences.
Example: Unusual incidents have been reported in the Arctic.
Dramatic
Meaning: Sudden and striking.
Example: The effects of climate change in the Arctic are dramatic.
Knock-on effects
Meaning: Secondary or indirect consequences.
Example: The knock-on effects of climate change include higher sea levels.
Precarious
Meaning: Not securely held or in position; dangerously likely to fall or collapse.
Example: The mountain path was precarious and required careful navigation.
Jealously
Meaning: With envy or resentment.
Example: He jealously guarded his prized possession.
Autonomy
Meaning: The right or condition of self-government.
Example: The region gained autonomy from the central government.
Ancestral
Meaning: Relating to one's ancestors or family heritage.
Example: She inherited the ancestral home from her grandparents.
Exploiting
Meaning: Making full use of and benefiting from something.
Example: The company was accused of exploiting its workers.
Meagre
Meaning: Lacking in quantity or quality; inadequate.
Example: Their meagre savings were not enough to cover the expenses.
Surviving
Meaning: Continuing to live or exist.
Example: Despite the odds, the old building is still surviving.
Vanished
Meaning: Disappeared suddenly and completely.
Example: The ancient civilization mysteriously vanished.
Ancestors
Meaning: One's forebears or relatives from earlier generations.
Example: The traditions of our ancestors are still celebrated today.
Harsh
Meaning: Severe or difficult to endure.
Example: The harsh winter weather made travel dangerous.
Provisions
Meaning: Supplies of food, drink, or equipment.
Example: We packed provisions for our camping trip.
Economic
Meaning: Relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Example: The economic situation in the country has improved.
Scarce
Meaning: Insufficient or in short supply.
Example: Clean drinking water is scarce in some regions.
Depression
Meaning: A mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest.
Example: She sought treatment for her depression.
Mysteries
Meaning: Things that are difficult to understand or explain.
Example: The ancient pyramids hold many mysteries.
Research
Meaning: The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources.
Example: The research team conducted experiments to gather data.
Consult
Meaning: Seek information or advice from.
Example: It's important to consult with experts before making a decision.
Credibility
Meaning: The quality of being believable or trustworthy.
Example: His credibility as a witness was questioned in court.
Bridge
Meaning: Connect or link.
Example: The project aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Uncertainty
Meaning: Lack of certainty or predictability.
Example: The uncertainty of the outcome made him anxious.
Capriciousness
Meaning: Unpredictability or whimsical behavior.
Example: The weather's capriciousness can make planning outdoor activities challenging.
Consequence
Meaning: A result or effect of an action or condition.
Example: The consequence of her decision was unexpected.
Environmental
Meaning: Relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it.
Example: Environmental pollution is a pressing global issue.
Predications
Meaning: Statements made about future events.
Example: Weather predictions suggest rain tomorrow.
Wisdom
Meaning: Knowledge and experience that leads to good judgment.
Example: The elder's wisdom was highly respected in the community.
Application
Meaning: The act of putting something into operation.
Example: The application of new technology improved efficiency.
Consultations
Meaning: Meetings or discussions for seeking advice or information.
Example: The consultations with experts helped formulate a plan.
Anomalies
Meaning: Deviations or irregularities from what is expected.
Example: The anomalies in the data raised questions about its accuracy.
Precipitation
Meaning: Any form of water, liquid or solid, falling from the sky, such as rain, snow, or sleet.
Example: The region receives heavy precipitation during the monsoon season.
Nomadic
Meaning: Roaming or moving from place to place without a permanent home.
Example: The nomadic tribe traveled with their herds in search of pasture.
Sustainable
Meaning: Capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment or depleting resources.
Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health.
Autonomy
Meaning: The right or condition of self-government.
Example: The region gained autonomy from the central government.
Resilience
Meaning: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity.
Example: The community's resilience was tested after a natural disaster.
Adversity
Meaning: Difficulties or misfortune.
Example: She faced adversity with determination and courage.
Traditional
Meaning: Relating to customs, beliefs, or practices handed down from generation to generation.
Example: The festival celebrates traditional music and dance.
Heritage
Meaning: The cultural, historical, and natural legacy passed down to us from previous generations.
Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations.
Environment
Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity.
Mitigate
Meaning: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful.
Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change.
Vulnerable
Meaning: Susceptible to harm or damage.
Example: Children are more vulnerable to certain diseases.
Respect
Meaning: A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something.
Example: She has great respect for her elders.
Sustainable
Meaning: Capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment or depleting resources.
Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health.
Resilience
Meaning: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity.
Example: The community's resilience was tested after a natural disaster.
Adversity
Meaning: Difficulties or misfortune.
Example: She faced adversity with determination and courage.
Traditional
Meaning: Relating to customs, beliefs, or practices handed down from generation to generation.
Example: The festival celebrates traditional music and dance.
Heritage
Meaning: The cultural, historical, and natural legacy passed down to us from previous generations.
Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations.
Environment
Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity.
Mitigate
Meaning: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful.
Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-2
PASSAGE-1
Advantages of public transport
1. Efficient
· Meaning: Performing or functioning effectively with minimal waste.
· Example: Public transport is more efficient than cars in congested cities.
2. Proportion
· Meaning: A part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.
· Example: A small proportion of the population lives in rural areas.
3. Wealth
· Meaning: Abundance of valuable resources or possessions.
· Example: His wealth allowed him to travel the world.
4. Maintaining
· Meaning: Keeping something in good condition.
· Example: Regular maintenance is essential for a car's longevity.
5. Attracting
· Meaning: Drawing something or someone toward oneself.
· Example: The city's vibrant culture is attracting tourists.
6. Structure
· Meaning: The arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something.
· Example: The novel has a complex narrative structure.
7. Preferences
· Meaning: Personal likes or choices.
· Example: Everyone has different food preferences.
8. Broad
· Meaning: Wide in scope or range.
· Example: She has a broad understanding of world history.
9. Environmental
· Meaning: Related to the natural surroundings or conditions.
· Example: Environmental protection is essential for our planet.
10. Economics
· Meaning: The study of how societies allocate resources.
· Example: He majored in economics in college.
11. Bicycle
· Meaning: A vehicle with two wheels that is powered by pedaling.
· Example: I ride my bicycle to work every day.
12. Objection
· Meaning: An expression of disapproval or disagreement.
· Example: There was strong objection to the new policy.
13. Climate
· Meaning: The long-term pattern of weather conditions in an area.
· Example: The climate in tropical regions is hot and humid.
14. Correlation
· Meaning: A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.
· Example: There is a correlation between smoking and lung cancer.
15. Physical
· Meaning: Related to the body or the material world.
· Example: Regular exercise is important for physical health.
16. Hilly
· Meaning: Having many hills or steep slopes.
· Example: San Francisco is known for its hilly terrain.
17. Democratic
· Meaning: Relating to or characteristic of a system of government by the people.
· Example: Voting is a fundamental part of a democratic society.
18. Referendum
· Meaning: A general vote by the electorate on a single political question.
· Example: The referendum decided whether to change the constitution.
19. Population
· Meaning: The total number of people in a specific area.
· Example: The population of the city has been growing rapidly.
20. Density
· Meaning: The degree of compactness of a substance.
· Example: The density of the forest made it difficult to see far.
21. Stable
· Meaning: Not likely to change or fail.
· Example: The economy has been stable for several years.
22. Infrastructure
· Meaning: The basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society.
· Example: Roads and bridges are essential parts of a city's infrastructure.
23. Congestion
· Meaning: The state of being overcrowded or blocked.
· Example: Traffic congestion is a common problem in big cities.
24. Viable
· Meaning: Capable of working successfully; feasible.
· Example: The project is viable if we secure enough funding.
25. Refutes
· Meaning: Proves a statement or theory to be false.
· Example: The evidence refutes the defendant's alibi.
26. Sprawl
· Meaning: The spread of urban developments into areas surrounding a city.
· Example: Urban sprawl leads to increased traffic congestion.
27. Dispersal
· Meaning: The action or process of distributing things.
· Example: The dispersal of resources was carefully planned.
28. Starkly
· Meaning: In a clear, harsh, and unrelenting manner.
· Example: The contrast between the two situations was starkly evident.
29. Discouraged
· Meaning: Prevented or hindered from doing something.
· Example: Don't be discouraged by setbacks; keep trying.
30. Advocated