ACADEMIC READING TEST-1
PASSAGE-1
AUSTRALIA'S SPORTING SUCCESS
Underpinned (verb): Supported or based on. Example: The success of the team was underpinned by rigorous training and dedication.
Commission (noun): An authoritative order or direction; a group of people entrusted with a particular function. Example: The Sports Commission is responsible for promoting and funding various sports programs.
Programmes of excellence (noun phrase): High-quality programs that aim for exceptional outcomes. Example: The academy offers programmes of excellence to train future sports champions.
Intensive (adjective): Involving a high level of effort, activity, or attention. Example: Athletes undergo intensive training to enhance their performance.
Nutritional advice (noun phrase): Guidance on dietary habits and food choices for optimal health and performance. Example: The athletes receive personalized nutritional advice to fuel their training.
C
Measurement (noun): The process of determining the size, extent, or amount of something. Example: Accurate measurement of an athlete's performance is crucial for improvement.
Tweaking (verb): Making small adjustments or improvements. Example: The coach spent hours tweaking the athlete's technique to enhance their speed.
Gradual (adjective): Happening slowly over time; step by step. Example: The athlete's recovery was gradual, but consistent efforts led to significant progress.
Biomechanical (adjective): Related to the mechanics of movement in living organisms. Example: The biomechanical analysis helped identify flaws in the athlete's posture.
Velocity (noun): Speed in a given direction; the rate of change of position. Example: The swimmer's velocity increased as she approached the finish line.
D
Accuracy (noun): The quality of being precise and correct. Example: The athlete's performance was impressive due to the high level of accuracy in every move.
Unobtrusive (adjective): Not conspicuous or easily noticeable; subtle. Example: The sensors were designed to be unobtrusive and not interfere with the athlete's movements.
Immunoglobulin A (noun phrase): An antibody that plays a key role in the immune system's defense against infections. Example: The study measured the levels of immunoglobulin A in athletes' saliva to assess their immune health.
E
Competition model (noun phrase): A strategic plan designed to achieve specific targets in a competitive setting. Example: The coach developed a competition model to guide the athlete's training and performance strategy.
Segment (noun): A distinct portion or part of something. Example: The race was divided into several segments, each requiring different techniques.
F
Coolant-lined jackets (noun phrase): Jackets designed with a cooling system, often used to regulate body temperature during sports. Example: The athletes wore coolant-lined jackets to stay comfortable in extreme weather conditions.
Altitude tent (noun phrase): A tent that simulates high-altitude conditions for training purposes. Example: Many athletes use an altitude tent to enhance their endurance and stamina.
All-encompassing (adjective): Including or covering everything; comprehensive. Example: Australia's all-encompassing sports system has contributed to its remarkable success.
Passage-2
DELIVERING THE GOODS
Expansion
Meaning: The act of becoming larger or more extensive.
Example: The expansion of the company led to the opening of new branches.
Revolution
Meaning: A sudden and significant change or innovation.
Example: The invention of the internet brought about a revolution in communication.
Commerce
Meaning: The activity of buying and selling goods, especially on a large scale.
Example: International commerce involves trade between different countries.
Barrier
Meaning: Something that prevents progress or access.
Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult.
Decline
Meaning: A decrease or reduction in quantity or quality.
Example: There has been a decline in the number of manufacturing jobs.
Opening
Meaning: The act of allowing access or entry.
Example: The opening of new markets is essential for business growth.
Friction
Meaning: Resistance to motion or movement.
Example: There is friction between the two departments due to conflicting goals.
Advantages
Meaning: Benefits or favorable circumstances.
Example: Having a strong network can provide many advantages in business.
Dominating
Meaning: Exercising control or influence over something.
Example: The company is dominating the market with its innovative products.
Raw materials
Meaning: Unprocessed resources used in manufacturing.
Example: The factory relies on raw materials like steel and plastic.
Transporting
Meaning: Moving goods or people from one place to another.
Example: The logistics company specializes in transporting goods internationally.
Shifted
Meaning: Moved or changed position.
Example: The company shifted its focus to digital marketing.
Technological
Meaning: Relating to technology or technological advancements.
Example: The technological revolution has transformed many industries.
Components
Meaning: Parts or elements that make up a whole.
Example: The computer's components include the CPU and memory.
Globalization
Meaning: The process of businesses and cultures becoming more interconnected on a global scale.
Example: Globalization has led to increased international trade.
Freight
Meaning: Goods transported by air, land, or sea.
Example: The freight was shipped from China to the United States.
Insignificant
Meaning: Unimportant or not worthy of attention.
Example: The error was insignificant and did not affect the results.
Cargo
Meaning: Goods carried by a ship, aircraft, or vehicle.
Example: The cargo ship was loaded with containers from various countries.
Deregulation
Meaning: The removal of government regulations or controls.
Example: Deregulation of the telecommunications industry led to increased competition.
Tariffs
Meaning: Taxes or duties imposed on imported or exported goods.
Example: The government reduced tariffs on foreign cars.
Restrictions
Meaning: Limitations or rules that constrain an action.
Example: There are restrictions on smoking in public places.
Productivity
Meaning: The efficiency of producing goods or services.
Example: The new software improved productivity in the office.
Monopolies
Meaning: Exclusive control of a commodity or service.
Example: The government broke up the monopoly to promote competition.
Bypass
Meaning: To go around or avoid something.
Example: We can bypass traffic by taking a different route.
Tolerate
Meaning: To allow or accept something despite disapproval.
Example: The company cannot tolerate unethical behavior.
Barriers
Meaning: Obstacles or impediments that hinder progress.
Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult.
Oversee
Meaning: To supervise or watch over a process or activity.
Example: The manager oversees the daily operations of the team.
Significant
Meaning: Important or having a noticeable impact.
Example: There has been a significant increase in sales this year.
Allocation
Meaning: The distribution or assignment of resources.
Example: The allocation of funds is a critical part of budget planning.
Efficiency
Meaning: The ability to accomplish a task with minimal waste.
Example: The new equipment improved the efficiency of the production process.
Regulation
Meaning: Rules or laws that govern a particular activity or industry.
Example: Financial regulations aim to protect investors.
Interconnected
Meaning: Linked or connected in various ways.
Example: The global economy is interconnected, affecting countries worldwide.
Innovation
Meaning: The introduction of new ideas or methods.
Example: Technological innovation drives progress in the tech industry.
Economies
Meaning: The wealth and resources of a country or region.
Example: The global economy is influenced by various factors.
Bureaucracy
Meaning: A system of government or management with complex rules and procedures.
Example: The bureaucracy of the government can slow down decision-making.
Infrastructure
Meaning: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society.
Example: Investment in infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, is essential for economic growth.
Incentives
Meaning: Things that motivate or encourage people to take a particular action.
Example: Tax incentives can encourage businesses to invest in renewable energy.
Regime
Meaning: A system or method of government or management.
Example: The new regime implemented economic reforms.
Stimulate
Meaning: To encourage or provoke a reaction or development.
Example: Lowering interest rates can stimulate economic growth.
Logistics
Meaning: The detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.
Example: Logistics companies specialize in supply chain management.
Reading Passage 3
PASSAGE-3 Climate change and the Inuit
Incidents
Meaning: Events or occurrences.
Example: Unusual incidents have been reported in the Arctic.
Dramatic
Meaning: Sudden and striking.
Example: The effects of climate change in the Arctic are dramatic.
Knock-on effects
Meaning: Secondary or indirect consequences.
Example: The knock-on effects of climate change include higher sea levels.
Precarious
Meaning: Not securely held or in position; dangerously likely to fall or collapse.
Example: The mountain path was precarious and required careful navigation.
Jealously
Meaning: With envy or resentment.
Example: He jealously guarded his prized possession.
Autonomy
Meaning: The right or condition of self-government.
Example: The region gained autonomy from the central government.
Ancestral
Meaning: Relating to one's ancestors or family heritage.
Example: She inherited the ancestral home from her grandparents.
Exploiting
Meaning: Making full use of and benefiting from something.
Example: The company was accused of exploiting its workers.
Meagre
Meaning: Lacking in quantity or quality; inadequate.
Example: Their meagre savings were not enough to cover the expenses.
Surviving
Meaning: Continuing to live or exist.
Example: Despite the odds, the old building is still surviving.
Vanished
Meaning: Disappeared suddenly and completely.
Example: The ancient civilization mysteriously vanished.
Ancestors
Meaning: One's forebears or relatives from earlier generations.
Example: The traditions of our ancestors are still celebrated today.
Harsh
Meaning: Severe or difficult to endure.
Example: The harsh winter weather made travel dangerous.
Provisions
Meaning: Supplies of food, drink, or equipment.
Example: We packed provisions for our camping trip.
Economic
Meaning: Relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Example: The economic situation in the country has improved.
Scarce
Meaning: Insufficient or in short supply.
Example: Clean drinking water is scarce in some regions.
Depression
Meaning: A mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest.
Example: She sought treatment for her depression.
Mysteries
Meaning: Things that are difficult to understand or explain.
Example: The ancient pyramids hold many mysteries.
Research
Meaning: The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources.
Example: The research team conducted experiments to gather data.
Consult
Meaning: Seek information or advice from.
Example: It's important to consult with experts before making a decision.
Credibility
Meaning: The quality of being believable or trustworthy.
Example: His credibility as a witness was questioned in court.
Bridge
Meaning: Connect or link.
Example: The project aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Uncertainty
Meaning: Lack of certainty or predictability.
Example: The uncertainty of the outcome made him anxious.
Capriciousness
Meaning: Unpredictability or whimsical behavior.
Example: The weather's capriciousness can make planning outdoor activities challenging.
Consequence
Meaning: A result or effect of an action or condition.
Example: The consequence of her decision was unexpected.
Environmental
Meaning: Relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it.
Example: Environmental pollution is a pressing global issue.
Predications
Meaning: Statements made about future events.
Example: Weather predictions suggest rain tomorrow.
Wisdom
Meaning: Knowledge and experience that leads to good judgment.
Example: The elder's wisdom was highly respected in the community.
Application
Meaning: The act of putting something into operation.
Example: The application of new technology improved efficiency.
Consultations
Meaning: Meetings or discussions for seeking advice or information.
Example: The consultations with experts helped formulate a plan.
Anomalies
Meaning: Deviations or irregularities from what is expected.
Example: The anomalies in the data raised questions about its accuracy.
Precipitation
Meaning: Any form of water, liquid or solid, falling from the sky, such as rain, snow, or sleet.
Example: The region receives heavy precipitation during the monsoon season.
Nomadic
Meaning: Roaming or moving from place to place without a permanent home.
Example: The nomadic tribe traveled with their herds in search of pasture.
Sustainable
Meaning: Capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment or depleting resources.
Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health.
Autonomy
Meaning: The right or condition of self-government.
Example: The region gained autonomy from the central government.
Resilience
Meaning: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity.
Example: The community's resilience was tested after a natural disaster.
Adversity
Meaning: Difficulties or misfortune.
Example: She faced adversity with determination and courage.
Traditional
Meaning: Relating to customs, beliefs, or practices handed down from generation to generation.
Example: The festival celebrates traditional music and dance.
Heritage
Meaning: The cultural, historical, and natural legacy passed down to us from previous generations.
Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations.
Environment
Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity.
Mitigate
Meaning: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful.
Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change.
Vulnerable
Meaning: Susceptible to harm or damage.
Example: Children are more vulnerable to certain diseases.
Respect
Meaning: A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something.
Example: She has great respect for her elders.
Sustainable
Meaning: Capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment or depleting resources.
Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health.
Resilience
Meaning: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity.
Example: The community's resilience was tested after a natural disaster.
Adversity
Meaning: Difficulties or misfortune.
Example: She faced adversity with determination and courage.
Traditional
Meaning: Relating to customs, beliefs, or practices handed down from generation to generation.
Example: The festival celebrates traditional music and dance.
Heritage
Meaning: The cultural, historical, and natural legacy passed down to us from previous generations.
Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations.
Environment
Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity.
Mitigate
Meaning: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful.
Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-2
PASSAGE-1
Advantages of public transport
1. Efficient
· Meaning: Performing or functioning effectively with minimal waste.
· Example: Public transport is more efficient than cars in congested cities.
2. Proportion
· Meaning: A part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.
· Example: A small proportion of the population lives in rural areas.
3. Wealth
· Meaning: Abundance of valuable resources or possessions.
· Example: His wealth allowed him to travel the world.
4. Maintaining
· Meaning: Keeping something in good condition.
· Example: Regular maintenance is essential for a car's longevity.
5. Attracting
· Meaning: Drawing something or someone toward oneself.
· Example: The city's vibrant culture is attracting tourists.
6. Structure
· Meaning: The arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something.
· Example: The novel has a complex narrative structure.
7. Preferences
· Meaning: Personal likes or choices.
· Example: Everyone has different food preferences.
8. Broad
· Meaning: Wide in scope or range.
· Example: She has a broad understanding of world history.
9. Environmental
· Meaning: Related to the natural surroundings or conditions.
· Example: Environmental protection is essential for our planet.
10. Economics
· Meaning: The study of how societies allocate resources.
· Example: He majored in economics in college.
11. Bicycle
· Meaning: A vehicle with two wheels that is powered by pedaling.
· Example: I ride my bicycle to work every day.
12. Objection
· Meaning: An expression of disapproval or disagreement.
· Example: There was strong objection to the new policy.
13. Climate
· Meaning: The long-term pattern of weather conditions in an area.
· Example: The climate in tropical regions is hot and humid.
14. Correlation
· Meaning: A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.
· Example: There is a correlation between smoking and lung cancer.
15. Physical
· Meaning: Related to the body or the material world.
· Example: Regular exercise is important for physical health.
16. Hilly
· Meaning: Having many hills or steep slopes.
· Example: San Francisco is known for its hilly terrain.
17. Democratic
· Meaning: Relating to or characteristic of a system of government by the people.
· Example: Voting is a fundamental part of a democratic society.
18. Referendum
· Meaning: A general vote by the electorate on a single political question.
· Example: The referendum decided whether to change the constitution.
19. Population
· Meaning: The total number of people in a specific area.
· Example: The population of the city has been growing rapidly.
20. Density
· Meaning: The degree of compactness of a substance.
· Example: The density of the forest made it difficult to see far.
21. Stable
· Meaning: Not likely to change or fail.
· Example: The economy has been stable for several years.
22. Infrastructure
· Meaning: The basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society.
· Example: Roads and bridges are essential parts of a city's infrastructure.
23. Congestion
· Meaning: The state of being overcrowded or blocked.
· Example: Traffic congestion is a common problem in big cities.
24. Viable
· Meaning: Capable of working successfully; feasible.
· Example: The project is viable if we secure enough funding.
25. Refutes
· Meaning: Proves a statement or theory to be false.
· Example: The evidence refutes the defendant's alibi.
26. Sprawl
· Meaning: The spread of urban developments into areas surrounding a city.
· Example: Urban sprawl leads to increased traffic congestion.
27. Dispersal
· Meaning: The action or process of distributing things.
· Example: The dispersal of resources was carefully planned.
28. Starkly
· Meaning: In a clear, harsh, and unrelenting manner.
· Example: The contrast between the two situations was starkly evident.
29. Discouraged
· Meaning: Prevented or hindered from doing something.
· Example: Don't be discouraged by setbacks; keep trying.
30. Advocated
· Meaning: Supported or recommended a particular course of action.
· Example: She advocated for equal rights for all citizens.
31. Telecommunications
· Meaning: The transmission of information over long distances.
· Example: The telecommunications industry has seen rapid advancements.
32. Density
· Meaning: The degree of compactness of a substance.
· Example: The population density in the city center is very high.
33. Creativity
· Meaning: The use of imagination to create something new.
· Example: Art and music are forms of creative expression.
34. Flourishes
· Meaning: Grows or develops in a healthy or vigorous way.
· Example: The arts scene in the city flourishes with new talent.
35. Face-to-face
· Meaning: In direct personal contact.
· Example: Let's meet face-to-face to discuss the project.
36. Congested
· Meaning: Overcrowded or blocked with traffic.
· Example: The city center is always congested during rush hour.
37. Urban
· Meaning: Related to or characteristic of a city or town.
· Example: Urban development has led to population growth.
38. Abundance
· Meaning: A very large quantity of something.
· Example: There is an abundance of fresh produce at the market.
39. Proposal
· Meaning: A plan or suggestion put forward for consideration.
· Example: The company presented a proposal for a new project.
40. Sprawling
· Meaning: Expanding or spreading out in an uncontrolled way.
· Example: The city's sprawling suburbs are hard to navigate.
PASSAGE-2
GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK
1. Elderly
· Meaning: Old, typically referring to people in their later years of life.
· Example: The elderly man enjoyed his retirement.
2. Afflicting
· Meaning: Causing pain, suffering, or trouble.
· Example: The disease has been afflicting many in the community.
3. Demographer
· Meaning: A person who studies and analyzes population statistics.
· Example: The demographer analyzed the population trends in the region.
4. Contributing
· Meaning: Playing a part in bringing about a result or effect.
· Example: Poor diet can be a contributing factor to health problems.
5. Nutrition
· Meaning: The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.
· Example: Good nutrition is essential for a healthy lifestyle.
6. Subtle
· Meaning: Not immediately obvious or noticeable.
· Example: She made a subtle change to the design.
7. Correlation
· Meaning: A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.
· Example: There is a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer.
8. Influences
· Meaning: Factors that affect or shape something.
· Example: Peer influences can impact a teenager's decisions.
9. Surges
· Meaning: Sudden and strong increases or rises.
· Example: There has been a surge in demand for the new product.
10. Suburbs
· Meaning: Residential areas on the outskirts of a city.
· Example: Many people prefer living in the suburbs for a quieter lifestyle.
11. Influences
· Meaning: Factors that affect or shape something.
· Example: Peer influences can impact a teenager's decisions.
12. Epidemiologist
· Meaning: A scientist who studies the patterns, causes, and effects of diseases in populations.
· Example: The epidemiologist investigated the outbreak of the disease.
13. Retain
· Meaning: To keep or maintain.
· Example: She tried to retain her composure during the interview.
14. Deteriorating
· Meaning: Becoming worse in condition or quality.
· Example: The deteriorating infrastructure needed urgent repairs.
15. Self-reliance
· Meaning: The ability to depend on oneself for support or decisions.
· Example: Self-reliance is an important skill for young adults.
16. Neuroscientist
· Meaning: A scientist who studies the nervous system, especially the brain.
· Example: The neuroscientist conducted experiments on brain function.
17. Coursing
· Meaning: Flowing or moving swiftly.
· Example: The river was coursing through the valley.
18. Hormone
· Meaning: A regulatory substance produced by glands in the body.
· Example: Hormones play a key role in growth and development.
19. Deteriorating
· Meaning: Becoming worse in condition or quality.
· Example: The deteriorating infrastructure needed urgent repairs.
20. Chronic
· Meaning: Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring.
· Example: Chronic pain can be debilitating.
21. Isolated
· Meaning: Alone or separated from others.
· Example: She felt isolated in the new city.
22. Impact
· Meaning: The effect or influence of one thing on another.
· Example: The impact of the earthquake was devastating.
23. Common sense
· Meaning: Practical, sound judgment that is based on experience and reasoning.
· Example: Using common sense, he made the right decision.
24. Factors
· Meaning: Elements or circumstances that contribute to a particular result.
· Example: Many factors influence a person's health.
25. Greying
· Meaning: The process of becoming gray or white-haired with age.
· Example: His hair was slowly greying as he got older.
26. Self-esteem
· Meaning: Confidence and satisfaction in one's own worth.
· Example: Building self-esteem is important for mental well-being.
27. Stress
· Meaning: Mental or emotional strain caused by challenging situations.
· Example: High levels of stress can impact physical health.
28. Cortisol
· Meaning: A hormone produced by the body in response to stress.
· Example: Chronic stress can lead to elevated cortisol levels.
29. Underestimating
· Meaning: To perceive or judge something as less significant than it actually is.
· Example: Don't underestimate the importance of a healthy diet.
30. Simple
· Meaning: Easy to understand or do.
· Example: The instructions are simple to follow.
31. Drawbacks
· Meaning: Disadvantages or negative aspects.
· Example: The job has many benefits but also some drawbacks.
32. Independence
· Meaning: The ability to act or make decisions without external control.
· Example: Achieving financial independence is a goal for many.
33. Retain
· Meaning: To keep or maintain.
· Example: She tried to retain her composure during the interview.
34. Functional
· Meaning: Capable of performing a specific function or task.
· Example: The car's engine is still functional despite its age.
35. Motivation
· Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to take action.
· Example: Her motivation to succeed led to her achievements.
36. Physical
· Meaning: Related to the body or the material world.
· Example: Regular exercise is important for physical health.
37. Mental
· Meaning: Relating to the mind or intellectual processes.
· Example: Meditation can have a positive impact on mental well-being.
38. Neurons
· Meaning: Nerve cells that transmit information in the brain.
· Example: Neurons play a crucial role in brain function.
39. Simulations
· Meaning: Imitations or representations of real-world situations.
· Example: Flight simulators are used for pilot training.
40. Challenging
· Meaning: Testing one's abilities or skills.
· Example: Solving complex puzzles can be challenging.
PASSAGE-3 Numeration
Numeration
· Meaning: The process or system of using numbers or numerals.
· Example: Numeration is essential for mathematics.
2. Conviction
· Meaning: A strong belief or opinion.
· Example: She held a deep conviction that honesty is important.
3. Facility
· Meaning: Skill or ease in doing something.
· Example: He has a natural facility for playing the piano.
4. Imagination
· Meaning: The ability to form mental images or ideas.
· Example: Her imagination often leads to creative solutions.
5. Sophisticated
· Meaning: Advanced, complex, or highly developed.
· Example: The software has a sophisticated user interface.
6. Paramount
· Meaning: Of the greatest importance or significance.
· Example: Safety is paramount in the aviation industry.
7. Indigenous
· Meaning: Native to a particular region or environment.
· Example: The indigenous plants are well adapted to the climate.
8. Semipermanent
· Meaning: Lasting for a relatively long time but not permanently.
· Example: They lived in semipermanent settlements.
9. Gestures
· Meaning: Movements of the body or limbs to express ideas or feelings.
· Example: His gestures conveyed his excitement.
10. Basic
· Meaning: Fundamental or essential.
· Example: Learning to read is a basic skill.
11. Viable
· Meaning: Capable of working successfully; feasible.
· Example: The project is not viable without additional funding.
12. Denoted
· Meaning: Indicated or represented by a specific word or symbol.
· Example: The symbol "+" denotes addition in mathematics.
13. Attachment
· Meaning: A feeling of connection or affection toward someone or something.
· Example: Her attachment to her childhood home is strong.
14. Abstract
· Meaning: Existing as a concept or idea rather than a tangible object.
· Example: Love is an abstract concept.
15. Notational
· Meaning: Related to a system of symbols or signs used to represent numbers or ideas.
· Example: Music notation is essential for musicians.
16. Traces
· Meaning: Marks or evidence left behind as a sign of something.
· Example: There were traces of paint on the floor.
17. Relics
· Meaning: Surviving remains or traces of a past era.
· Example: The museum displayed ancient relics.
18. Diversity
· Meaning: Variety or a range of different things.
· Example: The city's diversity is its strength.
19. Intermixed
· Meaning: Mixed or blended together.
· Example: The colors were intermixed to create a new shade.
20. Convenience
· Meaning: The state of being suitable or comfortable for use.
· Example: The convenience of online shopping is undeniable.
21. Indispensable
· Meaning: Absolutely necessary or essential.
· Example: Water is indispensable for survival.
22. Memorized
· Meaning: Learned by heart; committed to memory.
· Example: She memorized all the multiplication tables.
23. Sequences
· Meaning: A series of related events or things.
· Example: The novel follows a sequence of events.
24. Mechanical
· Meaning: Relating to machines or devices.
· Example: The mechanical parts of the engine needed replacement.
25. Aids
· Meaning: Tools or resources that assist in a task.
· Example: Graphs can be helpful aids in understanding data.
26. Convenience
· Meaning: The state of being suitable or comfortable for use.
· Example: The convenience of online shopping is undeniable.
27. Inhabitants
· Meaning: People who live in a particular place.
· Example: The inhabitants of the village were friendly.
28. Complaints
· Meaning: Statements expressing dissatisfaction or problems.
· Example: Customer complaints should be addressed promptly.
29. Sophisticated
· Meaning: Advanced, complex, or highly developed.
· Example: The software has a sophisticated user interface.
30. Mentally
· Meaning: Relating to the mind or intellectual processes.
· Example: She was mentally prepared for the exam.
31. Numerals
· Meaning: Symbols or figures used to represent numbers.
· Example: Roman numerals use letters as numerals.
32. Facility
· Meaning: Skill or ease in doing something.
· Example: He has a natural facility for playing the piano.
33. Feasible
· Meaning: Possible and practical to do.
· Example: The project is feasible within the given budget.
34. Traced
· Meaning: Followed or marked a path or course.
· Example: He traced the route on the map.
35. Era
· Meaning: A particular period in history.
· Example: The Renaissance era was known for its art and culture.
36. Indigenous
· Meaning: Native to a particular region or environment.
· Example: The indigenous plants are well adapted to the climate.
37. Aid
· Meaning: Assistance or support provided to help with a task.
· Example: The aid of a tutor improved her math skills.
38. Intangible
· Meaning: Unable to be touched or grasped; not physical.
· Example: Happiness is often considered an intangible feeling.
39. Convenience
· Meaning: The state of being suitable or comfortable for use.
· Example: The convenience of online shopping is undeniable.
40. Commit
· Meaning: To pledge or dedicate oneself to a task or cause.
· Example: She committed herself to the charity's mission.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-3
Cinematographe
Meaning: An early motion picture projector.
Example: The Lumière Brothers' Cinematographe was a revolutionary invention.
Stunned
Meaning: Shocked or greatly surprised.
Example: The unexpected news left her stunned.
Hypnotic
Meaning: Having the quality of inducing a trance-like state or fascination.
Example: The music had a hypnotic effect on the audience.
Dynamic
Meaning: Energetic, forceful, or continuously changing.
Example: The dynamic performance of the actors captivated the audience.
Extraordinary
Meaning: Unusual, remarkable, or beyond what is ordinary.
Example: Her talent for art was truly extraordinary.
Semipermanent
Meaning: Lasting for a relatively long time but not permanently.
Example: They lived in semipermanent settlements.
Dominant
Meaning: Having the greatest influence or control.
Example: Hollywood has been the dominant force in the film industry.
Encyclopedic
Meaning: Comprehensive and covering a wide range of topics.
Example: His knowledge of history was encyclopedic.
Legacy
Meaning: Something handed down or inherited from the past.
Example: The author left a lasting legacy through her books.
Gimmick
Meaning: A trick or device used to attract attention.
Example: The marketing campaign relied on a catchy gimmick.
Narrative
Meaning: A story or an account of events.
Example: The film had a compelling narrative.
Conceive
Meaning: To form or develop an idea or plan.
Example: The architect conceived a unique design for the building.
Trance
Meaning: A half-conscious state characterized by an altered sense of awareness.
Example: She went into a deep trance during meditation.
Fascination
Meaning: The state of being intensely interested or captivated.
Example: The mystery of the ancient ruins held a great fascination for archaeologists.
Astonishing
Meaning: Extremely surprising or amazing.
Example: The magician's tricks were astonishing.
Novel-length
Meaning: Referring to the length of a novel, typically longer than short stories.
Example: She enjoyed reading novel-length mysteries.
Pioneers
Meaning: People who are the first to develop or explore something.
Example: The pioneers of space exploration made history.
Magnified
Meaning: Made to appear larger or more significant.
Example: The microscope magnified the tiny cells.
Convention
Meaning: A widely accepted and traditional practice or custom.
Example: It's a convention to exchange gifts during the holidays.
Astounding
Meaning: Extremely impressive or astonishing.
Example: The athlete's performance was astounding.
Invention
Meaning: The creation of something new or a novel idea.
Example: The invention of the telephone revolutionized communication.
Revolutionary
Meaning: Involving a major change or innovation.
Example: The internet has had a revolutionary impact on society.
Immense
Meaning: Extremely large or great in size.
Example: The mountain offered an immense challenge to climbers.
Acceptance
Meaning: The act of agreeing to or embracing something.
Example: The acceptance of the new policy was met with mixed reactions.
Recorded
Meaning: Captured or documented in some form.
Example: The event was recorded on video for future reference.
Transport
Meaning: To carry or convey from one place to another.
Example: The subway can transport you quickly across the city.
Startled
Meaning: Suddenly surprised or alarmed.
Example: The loud noise startled the sleeping dog.
Familiar
Meaning: Well-known and easily recognized.
Example: The song had a familiar melody.
Novelty
Meaning: Something new and unusual.
Example: The novelty of the gadget wore off after a few days.
Elaborate
Meaning: Involving many intricate details or complexities.
Example: The plan was quite elaborate and required careful execution.
Unique
Meaning: One of a kind; having no equal.
Example: Her talent for painting was truly unique.
Exceptional
Meaning: Unusually good or outstanding.
Example: He showed exceptional skill in mathematics.
Awe
Meaning: A feeling of deep respect, often mixed with fear or wonder.
Example: The majestic waterfall left us in awe.
Unbelievably
Meaning: In a manner that is difficult to believe.
Example: The magician's tricks were performed unbelievably well.
Awareness
Meaning: Knowledge or consciousness of something.
Example: The campaign aimed to raise awareness about climate change.
Convinced
Meaning: Firmly persuaded or certain of something.
Example: She was convinced that her idea would succeed.
Primarily
Meaning: Mainly or principally.
Example: The store primarily sells electronics.
Overwhelming
Meaning: Intense or great in amount or effect.
Example: The response to the concert was overwhelmingly positive.
Enduring
Meaning: Lasting for a long time; continuing.
Example: Their enduring friendship has lasted for decades.
Convention
Meaning: A widely accepted and traditional practice or custom.
Example: It's a convention to exchange gifts during the holidays.
PASSAGE-2
Motivating Employees under Adverse Condition
THE CHALLENGEMotivate
· Meaning: To provide a reason or incentive for someone to take action.
· Example: The manager tried to motivate the team with a bonus offer.
2. Expanding
· Meaning: Growing or increasing in size or scope.
· Example: The company is expanding its operations to new markets.
3. Promotional
· Meaning: Related to promotions or advancing in one's career.
· Example: He received a promotional offer after years of hard work.
4. Dynamic
· Meaning: Energetic, forceful, or continuously changing.
· Example: The dynamic nature of the business world requires adaptability.
5. Morale
· Meaning: The confidence, enthusiasm, and overall spirit of a group of people.
· Example: The team's morale was boosted after winning the championship.
6. Redundant
· Meaning: No longer needed or useful; excessive.
· Example: Some employees were made redundant due to downsizing.
7. Productivity
· Meaning: The efficiency and output of work or production.
· Example: Improved technology can enhance workplace productivity.
8. Rumours
· Meaning: Unverified information or stories spread among people.
· Example: The office was filled with rumors about upcoming layoffs.
9. Optimism
· Meaning: A hopeful and positive outlook on future outcomes.
· Example: Her optimism helped her overcome challenges.
10. Entice
· Meaning: To attract or tempt someone with something appealing.
· Example: The restaurant's delicious aroma enticed passersby.
11. Retrenchment
· Meaning: The act of reducing or cutting back on something, especially in an organization.
· Example: The retrenchment of staff led to a smaller workforce.
12. Perceptions
· Meaning: The way in which something is viewed or understood.
· Example: People's perceptions of beauty vary widely.
13. Contingent
· Meaning: Dependent on certain conditions or factors.
· Example: His bonus was contingent on meeting sales targets.
14. Appraisal
· Meaning: The assessment or evaluation of something.
· Example: The performance appraisal highlighted her strengths.
15. Reinforcement
· Meaning: The act of strengthening or supporting something.
· Example: Positive feedback serves as reinforcement for good performance.
16. Visibility
· Meaning: The state of being seen or noticed.
· Example: The company's visibility increased after the marketing campaign.
17. Equitable
· Meaning: Fair and just; distributing resources fairly.
· Example: An equitable distribution of wealth is essential for social harmony.
18. Inputs
· Meaning: The resources, efforts, or contributions put into a task or process.
· Example: The team's inputs were crucial for the project's success.
19. Outcomes
· Meaning: The results or consequences of actions or events.
· Example: The positive outcomes of the project were celebrated.
20. Incongruous
· Meaning: Not in harmony or inconsistent with something.
· Example: His behavior was incongruous with the company's values.
21. Inequity
· Meaning: Unfairness or lack of fairness in the distribution of resources.
· Example: The employees protested against the inequity in pay.
22. Ideal
· Meaning: A standard or model of perfection or excellence.
· Example: Achieving the ideal balance between work and personal life is challenging.
23. Weight
· Meaning: To give importance or consideration to something.
· Example: We should weight the pros and cons before making a decision.
24. Perceive
· Meaning: To become aware of or understand something through the senses or mental processes.
· Example: She perceived a change in her colleague's attitude.
25. Manipulative
· Meaning: Attempting to influence or control others in a deceptive way.
· Example: He was known for his manipulative tactics in negotiations.
26. Externally
· Meaning: On the outside; coming from or related to the outside.
· Example: External factors can impact a company's performance.
27. Validity
· Meaning: The quality of being logically or factually sound; the extent to which something is true.
· Example: The validity of the experiment's results was questioned.
28. Maximising
· Meaning: To make the best use of something; to increase to the highest possible degree.
· Example: The company aimed at maximizing its profits.
29. Eliminating
· Meaning: Completely removing or getting rid of something.
· Example: The goal was to eliminate waste in the production process.
30. Secrecy
· Meaning: The state of keeping something hidden or confidential.
· Example: The secrecy surrounding the project raised curiosity among employees.
31. Autonomy
· Meaning: The ability or condition of having independence and self-governance.
· Example: Giving employees autonomy in decision-making can boost motivation.
32. Lump sum
· Meaning: A single, large payment made at one time rather than in installments.
· Example: He received his annual bonus in a lump sum.
33. Transparent
· Meaning: Easily understood or seen through; clear and open.
· Example: The company's financial statements are transparent and easily accessible.
34. Equity
· Meaning: Fairness or justice in the treatment of individuals or groups.
· Example: The organization is committed to promoting gender equity.
35. Dominant
· Meaning: Having the greatest influence, control, or power.
· Example: The dominant player in the market sets the industry standards.
36. Encourage
· Meaning: To inspire or stimulate someone to take action.
· Example: The manager encouraged her team to strive for excellence.
37. Optimistic
· Meaning: Having a positive outlook or expecting favorable outcomes.
· Example: Despite challenges, she remained optimistic about the project's success.
38. Retrench
· Meaning: To reduce expenses or staff in order to save money.
· Example: The company had to retrench some employees due to financial difficulties.
39. Suffer
· Meaning: To experience hardship, pain, or loss.
· Example: Employees suffered job losses during the company's downsizing.
40. Imposed
· Meaning: To establish or enforce something, often forcibly.
· Example: The company imposed strict safety regulations.
41. Minor
· Meaning: Lesser or of lower importance.
· Example: The minor issues were resolved quickly.
42. Limited
· Meaning: Restricted or confined within certain boundaries.
· Example: Due to budget constraints, their options were limited.
43. Abundance
· Meaning: A large quantity or an ample supply of something.
· Example: The region had an abundance of natural resources.
44. Assign
· Meaning: To designate or allocate a task or responsibility to someone.
· Example: The manager will assign specific roles for the project.
45. Cultural
· Meaning: Relating to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group.
· Example: Understanding cultural differences is essential in a global workforce.
46. Incongruous
· Meaning: Not in harmony or inconsistent with something.
· Example: His behavior was incongruous with the company's values.
47. Dependent
· Meaning: Relying on something or someone for support or sustenance.
· Example: Children are dependent on their parents for care.
48. Effort
· Meaning: The physical or mental exertion applied to achieve a goal.
· Example: Success requires persistent effort and dedication.
49. Schemes
· Meaning: Plans or strategies for achieving a specific purpose.
· Example: The company implemented several marketing schemes to boost sales.
50. Conventional
· Meaning: Following established customs or practices; traditional.
· Example: The conference followed conventional formats with keynote speakers.
PASSAGE-3
The Search for the Anti-aging Pill
Caloric restriction:
Meaning: A dietary practice that involves reducing calorie intake while maintaining essential nutrients.
Example: Caloric restriction has been shown to extend the lifespan of various organisms.
Mimic:
Meaning: To imitate or reproduce the appearance or characteristics of something.
Example: The robot was designed to mimic human movements.
Physiological:
Meaning: Related to the normal functioning of an organism's body.
Example: The doctor examined the patient's physiological responses to stress.
Infirmity:
Meaning: Physical or mental weakness, especially due to old age or illness.
Example: Her infirmity prevented her from participating in physical activities.
Longevity:
Meaning: Long life or a great duration of existence.
Example: The longevity of some species of tortoises can exceed a century.
Rodents:
Meaning: Small mammals characterized by continuously growing incisors, such as rats and mice.
Example: Rodents can be found in various environments worldwide.
Incidence:
Meaning: The frequency or rate at which something, such as a disease, occurs.
Example: The incidence of flu cases tends to rise during the winter months.
Maximum lifespan:
Meaning: The oldest attainable age that an organism of a particular species can reach.
Example: Some tortoises have a maximum lifespan of over 150 years.
Replicated:
Meaning: To repeat or duplicate something to verify its accuracy or consistency.
Example: The experiment was replicated by multiple research teams.
Genetically distant:
Meaning: Having significant genetic differences or being from different genetic backgrounds.
Example: Humans and fruit flies are genetically distant from each other.
Pancreatic:
Meaning: Relating to the pancreas, an organ involved in digestion and blood sugar regulation.
Example: Diabetes affects the pancreatic function of producing insulin.
Hormones:
Meaning: Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various bodily functions.
Example: Growth hormone plays a vital role in childhood development.
Indicators:
Meaning: Signs or measurements used to assess or signify a particular condition.
Example: Increased heart rate can be an indicator of stress.
Triglyceride:
Meaning: A type of fat found in the blood that can be a risk factor for heart disease.
Example: High levels of triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of heart problems.
Secrecy:
Meaning: The state of keeping something hidden or not disclosed to others.
Example: The secrecy surrounding the new product launch created anticipation.
Replicate:
Meaning: To duplicate or recreate something exactly.
Example: The artist tried to replicate the famous painting.
Anti-aging:
Meaning: Pertaining to efforts or products aimed at preventing or reversing the effects of aging.
Example: Anti-aging creams claim to reduce wrinkles and improve skin texture.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):
Meaning: A molecule that stores and releases energy for various cellular processes.
Example: ATP is often referred to as the "cellular energy currency."
Free radicals:
Meaning: Highly reactive molecules that can damage cells and are associated with aging and disease.
Example: Antioxidants help neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals.
Preservation:
Meaning: The act of protecting or maintaining something in its original state.
Example: Conservation efforts focus on the preservation of endangered species.
Metabolism:
Meaning: The set of chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life.
Example: A high metabolism can result in faster calorie burning.
Elixir:
Meaning: A magical or medicinal potion believed to have the power to prolong life or bring about improvements in health.
Example: In ancient legends, an elixir of immortality was often sought after.
Constraints:
Meaning: Limitations or restrictions that impede one's actions or choices.
Example: Financial constraints prevented them from taking a lavish vacation.
Fundamental:
Meaning: Basic, essential, or pertaining to the foundation of something.
Example: Understanding grammar is a fundamental skill in language learning.
Feasibility:
Meaning: The likelihood or practicality of an idea or plan being successful.
Example: Before launching the project, they assessed its feasibility.
Interference:
Meaning: The act of obstructing or hindering something.
Example: Radio signals can experience interference in areas with electronic devices.
Synthesis:
Meaning: The combination of separate elements or substances to form a coherent whole.
Example: The synthesis of new compounds is a key aspect of chemistry.
Incongruous:
Meaning: Not in harmony or not in agreement with something else.
Example: His casual attire was incongruous with the formal event.
Equitable:
Meaning: Fair, just, or characterized by equal treatment.
Example: The distribution of resources should be equitable among all team members.
Inputs:
Meaning: Factors, resources, or data that are put into a system or process.
Example: Feedback from customers is an important input for product improvement.
Outcome:
Meaning: The result or consequence of a particular action or event.
Example: The outcome of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis.
Luxuries:
Meaning: Expensive or non-essential items or comforts that are considered enjoyable but not necessary.
Example: In times of financial difficulty, people often cut back on luxuries.
Constraint:
Meaning: A limitation or restriction that hinders one's freedom of action.
Example: Lack of time was a major constraint in completing the project.
Constrain:
Meaning: To restrict or limit something or someone's actions.
Example: Budget constraints prevented them from hiring more employees.
Pertaining:
Meaning: Relating to or concerning a particular subject or topic.
Example: The research findings were pertaining to climate change.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-4
Doctoring sales
1. Pharmaceutical
· Meaning: Related to the production and sale of drugs and medications.
· Example: The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated.
2. Representative
· Meaning: A person who represents or acts on behalf of a company.
· Example: Kim Schaefer is a sales representative for the pharmaceutical company.
3. Promotional
· Meaning: Related to the promotion or advertising of a product or service.
· Example: They used promotional materials to market their new product.
4. Extravagance
· Meaning: Excessive or wasteful spending.
· Example: The extravagance of the party was evident in the luxurious decorations.
5. Ethical
· Meaning: Relating to principles of right and wrong behavior.
· Example: It's important to make ethical decisions in business.
6. Bribing
· Meaning: Giving something valuable to influence someone's behavior, often in an unethical way.
· Example: Bribing officials is illegal and unethical.
7. Critiqued
· Meaning: Evaluated or analyzed, often with a critical perspective.
· Example: The book was critiqued by literary experts.
8. Escalating
· Meaning: Increasing rapidly or intensifying.
· Example: The escalating cost of living is a concern for many.
9. Boundaries
· Meaning: Limits or restrictions.
· Example: It's essential to establish boundaries in any relationship.
10. Explosion
· Meaning: A sudden and rapid increase in something.
· Example: There was an explosion of new technology in recent years.
11. Examination
· Meaning: A close and thorough inspection or analysis.
· Example: The examination of the evidence revealed important clues.
12. Influences
· Meaning: Factors or people that have an effect on something.
· Example: Parents are often significant influences on their children's behavior.
13. Glossy
· Meaning: Having a shiny or polished surface.
· Example: The magazine cover had a glossy finish.
14. Brochures
· Meaning: Pamphlets or booklets used for advertising or information.
· Example: They distributed brochures about the tourist attractions in the city.
15. Primary
· Meaning: First in importance or order.
· Example: Safety is the primary concern in this project.
16. Sources
· Meaning: Origins or places where something comes from.
· Example: They traced the sources of the contaminated water.
17. Advantage
· Meaning: A favorable or beneficial circumstance or position.
· Example: Having a good education is an advantage in today's job market.
18. Inundation
· Meaning: An overwhelming abundance or flooding.
· Example: The town experienced an inundation of tourists during the summer.
19. Recipients
· Meaning: People who receive something.
· Example: The recipients of the scholarship were honored at the ceremony.
20. Comprehensive
· Meaning: Including all or nearly all elements or aspects.
· Example: The report provided a comprehensive overview of the situation.
21. Skyrocketing
· Meaning: Increasing rapidly and dramatically.
· Example: The prices of houses in the city have been skyrocketing.
22. Scrutinized
· Meaning: Carefully examined or analyzed in detail.
· Example: The financial records were scrutinized by auditors.
23. Regulation
· Meaning: The process of controlling or governing something according to rules.
· Example: Government regulations ensure product safety.
24. Prescribe
· Meaning: To recommend or order the use of a medication.
· Example: The doctor will prescribe antibiotics for the infection.
25. Loyalty
· Meaning: Faithfulness or allegiance to a person, cause, or brand.
· Example: Customer loyalty is crucial for businesses.
26. Self-reported
· Meaning: Information provided directly by individuals about themselves.
· Example: The survey relied on self-reported data from participants.
27. Bottom line
· Meaning: The ultimate or most important result or conclusion.
· Example: The bottom line is that we need to reduce expenses.
28. Profit
· Meaning: Financial gain or benefit.
· Example: The company made a substantial profit last year.
29. Continues
· Meaning: Persists or goes on without stopping.
· Example: The rain continues to fall.
30. Heavily
· Meaning: To a great extent or degree.
· Example: The project is heavily dependent on funding.
31. Marketing
· Meaning: The promotion and sale of products or services.
· Example: Effective marketing can boost product sales.
32. Strategies
· Meaning: Plans or methods used to achieve a specific goal.
· Example: They developed marketing strategies to reach their target audience.
33. Acceptable
· Meaning: Meeting the required standards or criteria.
· Example: The quality of the product is acceptable.
34. Form
· Meaning: A particular way or style of something.
· Example: This contract is in written form.
35. Pharmacist
· Meaning: A person trained to prepare and dispense medicines.
· Example: The pharmacist filled my prescription.
36. Profile
· Meaning: A brief summary or description of a person or thing.
· Example: Her online dating profile described her interests and hobbies.
37. Honoraria
· Meaning: Payments made as a token of honor or respect for services.
· Example: They received honoraria for speaking at the conference.
38. Huge
· Meaning: Extremely large in size or amount.
· Example: The company made a huge profit last quarter.
39. Influence
· Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character or behavior of someone.
· Example: Her words had a significant influence on his decision.
40. Evident
· Meaning: Clearly visible or obvious.
· Example: The damage to the car was evident after the accident.