Cambridge IELTS 6 Reading Vocabulary

          ACADEMIC READING TEST-1

PASSAGE-1

                        AUSTRALIA'S SPORTING SUCCESS

• Underpinned (verb): Supported or based on. Example: The success of the team was underpinned by rigorous training and dedication.

• Commission (noun): An authoritative order or direction; a group of people entrusted with a particular function. Example: The Sports Commission is responsible for promoting and funding various sports programs.

• Programmes of excellence (noun phrase): High-quality programs that aim for exceptional outcomes. Example: The academy offers programmes of excellence to train future sports champions.

• Intensive (adjective): Involving a high level of effort, activity, or attention. Example: Athletes undergo intensive training to enhance their performance.

• Nutritional advice (noun phrase): Guidance on dietary habits and food choices for optimal health and performance. Example: The athletes receive personalized nutritional advice to fuel their training.

C

• Measurement (noun): The process of determining the size, extent, or amount of something. Example: Accurate measurement of an athlete's performance is crucial for improvement.

• Tweaking (verb): Making small adjustments or improvements. Example: The coach spent hours tweaking the athlete's technique to enhance their speed.

• Gradual (adjective): Happening slowly over time; step by step. Example: The athlete's recovery was gradual, but consistent efforts led to significant progress.

• Biomechanical (adjective): Related to the mechanics of movement in living organisms. Example: The biomechanical analysis helped identify flaws in the athlete's posture.

• Velocity (noun): Speed in a given direction; the rate of change of position. Example: The swimmer's velocity increased as she approached the finish line.

D

• Accuracy (noun): The quality of being precise and correct. Example: The athlete's performance was impressive due to the high level of accuracy in every move.

• Unobtrusive (adjective): Not conspicuous or easily noticeable; subtle. Example: The sensors were designed to be unobtrusive and not interfere with the athlete's movements.

• Immunoglobulin A (noun phrase): An antibody that plays a key role in the immune system's defense against infections. Example: The study measured the levels of immunoglobulin A in athletes' saliva to assess their immune health.

E

• Competition model (noun phrase): A strategic plan designed to achieve specific targets in a competitive setting. Example: The coach developed a competition model to guide the athlete's training and performance strategy.

• Segment (noun): A distinct portion or part of something. Example: The race was divided into several segments, each requiring different techniques.

F

• Coolant-lined jackets (noun phrase): Jackets designed with a cooling system, often used to regulate body temperature during sports. Example: The athletes wore coolant-lined jackets to stay comfortable in extreme weather conditions.

• Altitude tent (noun phrase): A tent that simulates high-altitude conditions for training purposes. Example: Many athletes use an altitude tent to enhance their endurance and stamina.

• All-encompassing (adjective): Including or covering everything; comprehensive. Example: Australia's all-encompassing sports system has contributed to its remarkable success.

 

Passage-2

                           DELIVERING THE GOODS

1. Expansion

• Meaning: The act of becoming larger or more extensive.

• Example: The expansion of the company led to the opening of new branches.

1. Revolution

• Meaning: A sudden and significant change or innovation.

• Example: The invention of the internet brought about a revolution in communication.

1. Commerce

• Meaning: The activity of buying and selling goods, especially on a large scale.

• Example: International commerce involves trade between different countries.

1. Barrier

• Meaning: Something that prevents progress or access.

• Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult.

1. Decline

• Meaning: A decrease or reduction in quantity or quality.

• Example: There has been a decline in the number of manufacturing jobs.

1. Opening

• Meaning: The act of allowing access or entry.

• Example: The opening of new markets is essential for business growth.

1. Friction

• Meaning: Resistance to motion or movement.

• Example: There is friction between the two departments due to conflicting goals.

1. Advantages

• Meaning: Benefits or favorable circumstances.

• Example: Having a strong network can provide many advantages in business.

1. Dominating

• Meaning: Exercising control or influence over something.

• Example: The company is dominating the market with its innovative products.

1. Raw materials

• Meaning: Unprocessed resources used in manufacturing.

• Example: The factory relies on raw materials like steel and plastic.

1. Transporting

• Meaning: Moving goods or people from one place to another.

• Example: The logistics company specializes in transporting goods internationally.

1. Shifted

• Meaning: Moved or changed position.

• Example: The company shifted its focus to digital marketing.

1. Technological

• Meaning: Relating to technology or technological advancements.

• Example: The technological revolution has transformed many industries.

1. Components

• Meaning: Parts or elements that make up a whole.

• Example: The computer's components include the CPU and memory.

1. Globalization

• Meaning: The process of businesses and cultures becoming more interconnected on a global scale.

• Example: Globalization has led to increased international trade.

1. Freight

• Meaning: Goods transported by air, land, or sea.

• Example: The freight was shipped from China to the United States.

1. Insignificant

• Meaning: Unimportant or not worthy of attention.

• Example: The error was insignificant and did not affect the results.

1. Cargo

• Meaning: Goods carried by a ship, aircraft, or vehicle.

• Example: The cargo ship was loaded with containers from various countries.

1. Deregulation

• Meaning: The removal of government regulations or controls.

• Example: Deregulation of the telecommunications industry led to increased competition.

1. Tariffs

• Meaning: Taxes or duties imposed on imported or exported goods.

• Example: The government reduced tariffs on foreign cars.

1. Restrictions

• Meaning: Limitations or rules that constrain an action.

• Example: There are restrictions on smoking in public places.

1. Productivity

• Meaning: The efficiency of producing goods or services.

• Example: The new software improved productivity in the office.

1. Monopolies

• Meaning: Exclusive control of a commodity or service.

• Example: The government broke up the monopoly to promote competition.

1. Bypass

• Meaning: To go around or avoid something.

• Example: We can bypass traffic by taking a different route.

1. Tolerate

• Meaning: To allow or accept something despite disapproval.

• Example: The company cannot tolerate unethical behavior.

1. Barriers

• Meaning: Obstacles or impediments that hinder progress.

• Example: Language barriers can make communication difficult.

1. Oversee

• Meaning: To supervise or watch over a process or activity.

• Example: The manager oversees the daily operations of the team.

1. Significant

• Meaning: Important or having a noticeable impact.

• Example: There has been a significant increase in sales this year.

1. Allocation

• Meaning: The distribution or assignment of resources.

• Example: The allocation of funds is a critical part of budget planning.

1. Efficiency

• Meaning: The ability to accomplish a task with minimal waste.

• Example: The new equipment improved the efficiency of the production process.

1. Regulation

• Meaning: Rules or laws that govern a particular activity or industry.

• Example: Financial regulations aim to protect investors.

1. Interconnected

• Meaning: Linked or connected in various ways.

• Example: The global economy is interconnected, affecting countries worldwide.

1. Innovation

• Meaning: The introduction of new ideas or methods.

• Example: Technological innovation drives progress in the tech industry.

1. Economies

• Meaning: The wealth and resources of a country or region.

• Example: The global economy is influenced by various factors.

1. Bureaucracy

• Meaning: A system of government or management with complex rules and procedures.

• Example: The bureaucracy of the government can slow down decision-making.

1. Infrastructure

• Meaning: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society.

• Example: Investment in infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, is essential for economic growth.

1. Incentives

• Meaning: Things that motivate or encourage people to take a particular action.

• Example: Tax incentives can encourage businesses to invest in renewable energy.

1. Regime

• Meaning: A system or method of government or management.

• Example: The new regime implemented economic reforms.

1. Stimulate

• Meaning: To encourage or provoke a reaction or development.

• Example: Lowering interest rates can stimulate economic growth.

1. Logistics

• Meaning: The detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.

• Example: Logistics companies specialize in supply chain management.

Reading Passage 3

PASSAGE-3                             Climate change and the Inuit

1. Incidents

• Meaning: Events or occurrences.

• Example: Unusual incidents have been reported in the Arctic.

1. Dramatic

• Meaning: Sudden and striking.

• Example: The effects of climate change in the Arctic are dramatic.

1. Knock-on effects

• Meaning: Secondary or indirect consequences.

• Example: The knock-on effects of climate change include higher sea levels.

1. Precarious

• Meaning: Not securely held or in position; dangerously likely to fall or collapse.

• Example: The mountain path was precarious and required careful navigation.

1. Jealously

• Meaning: With envy or resentment.

• Example: He jealously guarded his prized possession.

1. Autonomy

• Meaning: The right or condition of self-government.

• Example: The region gained autonomy from the central government.

1. Ancestral

• Meaning: Relating to one's ancestors or family heritage.

• Example: She inherited the ancestral home from her grandparents.

1. Exploiting

• Meaning: Making full use of and benefiting from something.

• Example: The company was accused of exploiting its workers.

1. Meagre

• Meaning: Lacking in quantity or quality; inadequate.

• Example: Their meagre savings were not enough to cover the expenses.

1. Surviving

• Meaning: Continuing to live or exist.

• Example: Despite the odds, the old building is still surviving.

1. Vanished

• Meaning: Disappeared suddenly and completely.

• Example: The ancient civilization mysteriously vanished.

1. Ancestors

• Meaning: One's forebears or relatives from earlier generations.

• Example: The traditions of our ancestors are still celebrated today.

1. Harsh

• Meaning: Severe or difficult to endure.

• Example: The harsh winter weather made travel dangerous.

1. Provisions

• Meaning: Supplies of food, drink, or equipment.

• Example: We packed provisions for our camping trip.

1. Economic

• Meaning: Relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

• Example: The economic situation in the country has improved.

1. Scarce

• Meaning: Insufficient or in short supply.

• Example: Clean drinking water is scarce in some regions.

1. Depression

• Meaning: A mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest.

• Example: She sought treatment for her depression.

1. Mysteries

• Meaning: Things that are difficult to understand or explain.

• Example: The ancient pyramids hold many mysteries.

1. Research

• Meaning: The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources.

• Example: The research team conducted experiments to gather data.

1. Consult

• Meaning: Seek information or advice from.

• Example: It's important to consult with experts before making a decision.

1. Credibility

• Meaning: The quality of being believable or trustworthy.

• Example: His credibility as a witness was questioned in court.

1. Bridge

• Meaning: Connect or link.

• Example: The project aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice.

1. Uncertainty

• Meaning: Lack of certainty or predictability.

• Example: The uncertainty of the outcome made him anxious.

1. Capriciousness

• Meaning: Unpredictability or whimsical behavior.

• Example: The weather's capriciousness can make planning outdoor activities challenging.

1. Consequence

• Meaning: A result or effect of an action or condition.

• Example: The consequence of her decision was unexpected.

1. Environmental

• Meaning: Relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it.

• Example: Environmental pollution is a pressing global issue.

1. Predications

• Meaning: Statements made about future events.

• Example: Weather predictions suggest rain tomorrow.

1. Wisdom

• Meaning: Knowledge and experience that leads to good judgment.

• Example: The elder's wisdom was highly respected in the community.

1. Application

• Meaning: The act of putting something into operation.

• Example: The application of new technology improved efficiency.

1. Consultations

• Meaning: Meetings or discussions for seeking advice or information.

• Example: The consultations with experts helped formulate a plan.

1. Anomalies

• Meaning: Deviations or irregularities from what is expected.

• Example: The anomalies in the data raised questions about its accuracy.

1. Precipitation

• Meaning: Any form of water, liquid or solid, falling from the sky, such as rain, snow, or sleet.

• Example: The region receives heavy precipitation during the monsoon season.

1. Nomadic

• Meaning: Roaming or moving from place to place without a permanent home.

• Example: The nomadic tribe traveled with their herds in search of pasture.

1. Sustainable

• Meaning: Capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment or depleting resources.

• Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health.

1. Autonomy

• Meaning: The right or condition of self-government.

• Example: The region gained autonomy from the central government.

1. Resilience

• Meaning: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity.

• Example: The community's resilience was tested after a natural disaster.

1. Adversity

• Meaning: Difficulties or misfortune.

• Example: She faced adversity with determination and courage.

1. Traditional

• Meaning: Relating to customs, beliefs, or practices handed down from generation to generation.

• Example: The festival celebrates traditional music and dance.

1. Heritage

• Meaning: The cultural, historical, and natural legacy passed down to us from previous generations.

• Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations.

1. Environment

• Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

• Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity.

1. Mitigate

• Meaning: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful.

• Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change.

1. Vulnerable

• Meaning: Susceptible to harm or damage.

• Example: Children are more vulnerable to certain diseases.

1. Respect

• Meaning: A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something.

• Example: She has great respect for her elders.

1. Sustainable

• Meaning: Capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment or depleting resources.

• Example: Sustainable farming practices promote soil health.

1. Resilience

• Meaning: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity.

• Example: The community's resilience was tested after a natural disaster.

1. Adversity

• Meaning: Difficulties or misfortune.

• Example: She faced adversity with determination and courage.

1. Traditional

• Meaning: Relating to customs, beliefs, or practices handed down from generation to generation.

• Example: The festival celebrates traditional music and dance.

1. Heritage

• Meaning: The cultural, historical, and natural legacy passed down to us from previous generations.

• Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations.

1. Environment

• Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

• Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity.

1. Mitigate

• Meaning: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful.

• Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change.

           ACADEMIC READING TEST-2

PASSAGE-1      

                         Advantages of public transport

1.       Efficient

·         Meaning: Performing or functioning effectively with minimal waste.

·         Example: Public transport is more efficient than cars in congested cities.

2.       Proportion

·         Meaning: A part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.

·         Example: A small proportion of the population lives in rural areas.

3.       Wealth

·         Meaning: Abundance of valuable resources or possessions.

·         Example: His wealth allowed him to travel the world.

4.       Maintaining

·         Meaning: Keeping something in good condition.

·         Example: Regular maintenance is essential for a car's longevity.

5.       Attracting

·         Meaning: Drawing something or someone toward oneself.

·         Example: The city's vibrant culture is attracting tourists.

6.       Structure

·         Meaning: The arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something.

·         Example: The novel has a complex narrative structure.

7.       Preferences

·         Meaning: Personal likes or choices.

·         Example: Everyone has different food preferences.

8.       Broad

·         Meaning: Wide in scope or range.

·         Example: She has a broad understanding of world history.

9.       Environmental

·         Meaning: Related to the natural surroundings or conditions.

·         Example: Environmental protection is essential for our planet.

10.   Economics

·         Meaning: The study of how societies allocate resources.

·         Example: He majored in economics in college.

11.   Bicycle

·         Meaning: A vehicle with two wheels that is powered by pedaling.

·         Example: I ride my bicycle to work every day.

12.   Objection

·         Meaning: An expression of disapproval or disagreement.

·         Example: There was strong objection to the new policy.

13.   Climate

·         Meaning: The long-term pattern of weather conditions in an area.

·         Example: The climate in tropical regions is hot and humid.

14.   Correlation

·         Meaning: A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.

·         Example: There is a correlation between smoking and lung cancer.

15.   Physical

·         Meaning: Related to the body or the material world.

·         Example: Regular exercise is important for physical health.

16.   Hilly

·         Meaning: Having many hills or steep slopes.

·         Example: San Francisco is known for its hilly terrain.

17.   Democratic

·         Meaning: Relating to or characteristic of a system of government by the people.

·         Example: Voting is a fundamental part of a democratic society.

18.   Referendum

·         Meaning: A general vote by the electorate on a single political question.

·         Example: The referendum decided whether to change the constitution.

19.   Population

·         Meaning: The total number of people in a specific area.

·         Example: The population of the city has been growing rapidly.

20.   Density

·         Meaning: The degree of compactness of a substance.

·         Example: The density of the forest made it difficult to see far.

21.   Stable

·         Meaning: Not likely to change or fail.

·         Example: The economy has been stable for several years.

22.   Infrastructure

·         Meaning: The basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society.

·         Example: Roads and bridges are essential parts of a city's infrastructure.

23.   Congestion

·         Meaning: The state of being overcrowded or blocked.

·         Example: Traffic congestion is a common problem in big cities.

24.   Viable

·         Meaning: Capable of working successfully; feasible.

·         Example: The project is viable if we secure enough funding.

25.   Refutes

·         Meaning: Proves a statement or theory to be false.

·         Example: The evidence refutes the defendant's alibi.

26.   Sprawl

·         Meaning: The spread of urban developments into areas surrounding a city.

·         Example: Urban sprawl leads to increased traffic congestion.

27.   Dispersal

·         Meaning: The action or process of distributing things.

·         Example: The dispersal of resources was carefully planned.

28.   Starkly

·         Meaning: In a clear, harsh, and unrelenting manner.

·         Example: The contrast between the two situations was starkly evident.

29.   Discouraged

·         Meaning: Prevented or hindered from doing something.

·         Example: Don't be discouraged by setbacks; keep trying.

30.   Advocated

·         Meaning: Supported or recommended a particular course of action.

·         Example: She advocated for equal rights for all citizens.

31.   Telecommunications

·         Meaning: The transmission of information over long distances.

·         Example: The telecommunications industry has seen rapid advancements.

32.   Density

·         Meaning: The degree of compactness of a substance.

·         Example: The population density in the city center is very high.

33.   Creativity

·         Meaning: The use of imagination to create something new.

·         Example: Art and music are forms of creative expression.

34.   Flourishes

·         Meaning: Grows or develops in a healthy or vigorous way.

·         Example: The arts scene in the city flourishes with new talent.

35.   Face-to-face

·         Meaning: In direct personal contact.

·         Example: Let's meet face-to-face to discuss the project.

36.   Congested

·         Meaning: Overcrowded or blocked with traffic.

·         Example: The city center is always congested during rush hour.

37.   Urban

·         Meaning: Related to or characteristic of a city or town.

·         Example: Urban development has led to population growth.

38.   Abundance

·         Meaning: A very large quantity of something.

·         Example: There is an abundance of fresh produce at the market.

39.   Proposal

·         Meaning: A plan or suggestion put forward for consideration.

·         Example: The company presented a proposal for a new project.

40.   Sprawling

·         Meaning: Expanding or spreading out in an uncontrolled way.

·         Example: The city's sprawling suburbs are hard to navigate.

PASSAGE-2

GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK

1.       Elderly

·         Meaning: Old, typically referring to people in their later years of life.

·         Example: The elderly man enjoyed his retirement.

2.       Afflicting

·         Meaning: Causing pain, suffering, or trouble.

·         Example: The disease has been afflicting many in the community.

3.       Demographer

·         Meaning: A person who studies and analyzes population statistics.

·         Example: The demographer analyzed the population trends in the region.

4.       Contributing

·         Meaning: Playing a part in bringing about a result or effect.

·         Example: Poor diet can be a contributing factor to health problems.

5.       Nutrition

·         Meaning: The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.

·         Example: Good nutrition is essential for a healthy lifestyle.

6.       Subtle

·         Meaning: Not immediately obvious or noticeable.

·         Example: She made a subtle change to the design.

7.       Correlation

·         Meaning: A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.

·         Example: There is a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer.

8.       Influences

·         Meaning: Factors that affect or shape something.

·         Example: Peer influences can impact a teenager's decisions.

9.       Surges

·         Meaning: Sudden and strong increases or rises.

·         Example: There has been a surge in demand for the new product.

10.   Suburbs

·         Meaning: Residential areas on the outskirts of a city.

·         Example: Many people prefer living in the suburbs for a quieter lifestyle.

11.   Influences

·         Meaning: Factors that affect or shape something.

·         Example: Peer influences can impact a teenager's decisions.

12.   Epidemiologist

·         Meaning: A scientist who studies the patterns, causes, and effects of diseases in populations.

·         Example: The epidemiologist investigated the outbreak of the disease.

13.   Retain

·         Meaning: To keep or maintain.

·         Example: She tried to retain her composure during the interview.

14.   Deteriorating

·         Meaning: Becoming worse in condition or quality.

·         Example: The deteriorating infrastructure needed urgent repairs.

15.   Self-reliance

·         Meaning: The ability to depend on oneself for support or decisions.

·         Example: Self-reliance is an important skill for young adults.

16.   Neuroscientist

·         Meaning: A scientist who studies the nervous system, especially the brain.

·         Example: The neuroscientist conducted experiments on brain function.

17.   Coursing

·         Meaning: Flowing or moving swiftly.

·         Example: The river was coursing through the valley.

18.   Hormone

·         Meaning: A regulatory substance produced by glands in the body.

·         Example: Hormones play a key role in growth and development.

19.   Deteriorating

·         Meaning: Becoming worse in condition or quality.

·         Example: The deteriorating infrastructure needed urgent repairs.

20.   Chronic

·         Meaning: Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring.

·         Example: Chronic pain can be debilitating.

21.   Isolated

·         Meaning: Alone or separated from others.

·         Example: She felt isolated in the new city.

22.   Impact

·         Meaning: The effect or influence of one thing on another.

·         Example: The impact of the earthquake was devastating.

23.   Common sense

·         Meaning: Practical, sound judgment that is based on experience and reasoning.

·         Example: Using common sense, he made the right decision.

24.   Factors

·         Meaning: Elements or circumstances that contribute to a particular result.

·         Example: Many factors influence a person's health.

25.   Greying

·         Meaning: The process of becoming gray or white-haired with age.

·         Example: His hair was slowly greying as he got older.

26.   Self-esteem

·         Meaning: Confidence and satisfaction in one's own worth.

·         Example: Building self-esteem is important for mental well-being.

27.   Stress

·         Meaning: Mental or emotional strain caused by challenging situations.

·         Example: High levels of stress can impact physical health.

28.   Cortisol

·         Meaning: A hormone produced by the body in response to stress.

·         Example: Chronic stress can lead to elevated cortisol levels.

29.   Underestimating

·         Meaning: To perceive or judge something as less significant than it actually is.

·         Example: Don't underestimate the importance of a healthy diet.

30.   Simple

·         Meaning: Easy to understand or do.

·         Example: The instructions are simple to follow.

31.   Drawbacks

·         Meaning: Disadvantages or negative aspects.

·         Example: The job has many benefits but also some drawbacks.

32.   Independence

·         Meaning: The ability to act or make decisions without external control.

·         Example: Achieving financial independence is a goal for many.

33.   Retain

·         Meaning: To keep or maintain.

·         Example: She tried to retain her composure during the interview.

34.   Functional

·         Meaning: Capable of performing a specific function or task.

·         Example: The car's engine is still functional despite its age.

35.   Motivation

·         Meaning: The reason or desire that drives someone to take action.

·         Example: Her motivation to succeed led to her achievements.

36.   Physical

·         Meaning: Related to the body or the material world.

·         Example: Regular exercise is important for physical health.

37.   Mental

·         Meaning: Relating to the mind or intellectual processes.

·         Example: Meditation can have a positive impact on mental well-being.

38.   Neurons

·         Meaning: Nerve cells that transmit information in the brain.

·         Example: Neurons play a crucial role in brain function.

39.   Simulations

·         Meaning: Imitations or representations of real-world situations.

·         Example: Flight simulators are used for pilot training.

40.   Challenging

·         Meaning: Testing one's abilities or skills.

·         Example: Solving complex puzzles can be challenging.

 

 

PASSAGE-3                       Numeration

               Numeration

·         Meaning: The process or system of using numbers or numerals.

·         Example: Numeration is essential for mathematics.

2.       Conviction

·         Meaning: A strong belief or opinion.

·         Example: She held a deep conviction that honesty is important.

3.       Facility

·         Meaning: Skill or ease in doing something.

·         Example: He has a natural facility for playing the piano.

4.       Imagination

·         Meaning: The ability to form mental images or ideas.

·         Example: Her imagination often leads to creative solutions.

5.       Sophisticated

·         Meaning: Advanced, complex, or highly developed.

·         Example: The software has a sophisticated user interface.

6.       Paramount

·         Meaning: Of the greatest importance or significance.

·         Example: Safety is paramount in the aviation industry.

7.       Indigenous

·         Meaning: Native to a particular region or environment.

·         Example: The indigenous plants are well adapted to the climate.

8.       Semipermanent

·         Meaning: Lasting for a relatively long time but not permanently.

·         Example: They lived in semipermanent settlements.

9.       Gestures

·         Meaning: Movements of the body or limbs to express ideas or feelings.

·         Example: His gestures conveyed his excitement.

10.   Basic

·         Meaning: Fundamental or essential.

·         Example: Learning to read is a basic skill.

11.   Viable

·         Meaning: Capable of working successfully; feasible.

·         Example: The project is not viable without additional funding.

12.   Denoted

·         Meaning: Indicated or represented by a specific word or symbol.

·         Example: The symbol "+" denotes addition in mathematics.

13.   Attachment

·         Meaning: A feeling of connection or affection toward someone or something.

·         Example: Her attachment to her childhood home is strong.

14.   Abstract

·         Meaning: Existing as a concept or idea rather than a tangible object.

·         Example: Love is an abstract concept.

15.   Notational

·         Meaning: Related to a system of symbols or signs used to represent numbers or ideas.

·         Example: Music notation is essential for musicians.

16.   Traces

·         Meaning: Marks or evidence left behind as a sign of something.

·         Example: There were traces of paint on the floor.

17.   Relics

·         Meaning: Surviving remains or traces of a past era.

·         Example: The museum displayed ancient relics.

18.   Diversity

·         Meaning: Variety or a range of different things.

·         Example: The city's diversity is its strength.

19.   Intermixed

·         Meaning: Mixed or blended together.

·         Example: The colors were intermixed to create a new shade.

20.   Convenience

·         Meaning: The state of being suitable or comfortable for use.

·         Example: The convenience of online shopping is undeniable.

21.   Indispensable

·         Meaning: Absolutely necessary or essential.

·         Example: Water is indispensable for survival.

22.   Memorized

·         Meaning: Learned by heart; committed to memory.

·         Example: She memorized all the multiplication tables.

23.   Sequences

·         Meaning: A series of related events or things.

·         Example: The novel follows a sequence of events.

24.   Mechanical

·         Meaning: Relating to machines or devices.

·         Example: The mechanical parts of the engine needed replacement.

25.   Aids

·         Meaning: Tools or resources that assist in a task.

·         Example: Graphs can be helpful aids in understanding data.

26.   Convenience

·         Meaning: The state of being suitable or comfortable for use.

·         Example: The convenience of online shopping is undeniable.

27.   Inhabitants

·         Meaning: People who live in a particular place.

·         Example: The inhabitants of the village were friendly.

28.   Complaints

·         Meaning: Statements expressing dissatisfaction or problems.

·         Example: Customer complaints should be addressed promptly.

29.   Sophisticated

·         Meaning: Advanced, complex, or highly developed.

·         Example: The software has a sophisticated user interface.

30.   Mentally

·         Meaning: Relating to the mind or intellectual processes.

·         Example: She was mentally prepared for the exam.

31.   Numerals

·         Meaning: Symbols or figures used to represent numbers.

·         Example: Roman numerals use letters as numerals.

32.   Facility

·         Meaning: Skill or ease in doing something.

·         Example: He has a natural facility for playing the piano.

33.   Feasible

·         Meaning: Possible and practical to do.

·         Example: The project is feasible within the given budget.

34.   Traced

·         Meaning: Followed or marked a path or course.

·         Example: He traced the route on the map.

35.   Era

·         Meaning: A particular period in history.

·         Example: The Renaissance era was known for its art and culture.

36.   Indigenous

·         Meaning: Native to a particular region or environment.

·         Example: The indigenous plants are well adapted to the climate.

37.   Aid

·         Meaning: Assistance or support provided to help with a task.

·         Example: The aid of a tutor improved her math skills.

38.   Intangible

·         Meaning: Unable to be touched or grasped; not physical.

·         Example: Happiness is often considered an intangible feeling.

39.   Convenience

·         Meaning: The state of being suitable or comfortable for use.

·         Example: The convenience of online shopping is undeniable.

40.   Commit

·         Meaning: To pledge or dedicate oneself to a task or cause.

·         Example: She committed herself to the charity's mission.

         ACADEMIC READING TEST-3

 Cinematographe

1. Meaning: An early motion picture projector.

2. Example: The Lumière Brothers' Cinematographe was a revolutionary invention.

3. Stunned

• Meaning: Shocked or greatly surprised.

• Example: The unexpected news left her stunned.

1. Hypnotic

• Meaning: Having the quality of inducing a trance-like state or fascination.

• Example: The music had a hypnotic effect on the audience.

1. Dynamic

• Meaning: Energetic, forceful, or continuously changing.

• Example: The dynamic performance of the actors captivated the audience.

1. Extraordinary

• Meaning: Unusual, remarkable, or beyond what is ordinary.

• Example: Her talent for art was truly extraordinary.

1. Semipermanent

• Meaning: Lasting for a relatively long time but not permanently.

• Example: They lived in semipermanent settlements.

1. Dominant

• Meaning: Having the greatest influence or control.

• Example: Hollywood has been the dominant force in the film industry.

1. Encyclopedic

• Meaning: Comprehensive and covering a wide range of topics.

• Example: His knowledge of history was encyclopedic.

1. Legacy

• Meaning: Something handed down or inherited from the past.

• Example: The author left a lasting legacy through her books.

1. Gimmick

• Meaning: A trick or device used to attract attention.

• Example: The marketing campaign relied on a catchy gimmick.

1. Narrative

• Meaning: A story or an account of events.

• Example: The film had a compelling narrative.

1. Conceive

• Meaning: To form or develop an idea or plan.

• Example: The architect conceived a unique design for the building.

1. Trance

• Meaning: A half-conscious state characterized by an altered sense of awareness.

• Example: She went into a deep trance during meditation.

1. Fascination

• Meaning: The state of being intensely interested or captivated.

• Example: The mystery of the ancient ruins held a great fascination for archaeologists.

1. Astonishing

• Meaning: Extremely surprising or amazing.

• Example: The magician's tricks were astonishing.

1. Novel-length

• Meaning: Referring to the length of a novel, typically longer than short stories.

• Example: She enjoyed reading novel-length mysteries.

1. Pioneers

• Meaning: People who are the first to develop or explore something.

• Example: The pioneers of space exploration made history.

1. Magnified

• Meaning: Made to appear larger or more significant.

• Example: The microscope magnified the tiny cells.

1. Convention

• Meaning: A widely accepted and traditional practice or custom.

• Example: It's a convention to exchange gifts during the holidays.

1. Astounding

• Meaning: Extremely impressive or astonishing.

• Example: The athlete's performance was astounding.

1. Invention

• Meaning: The creation of something new or a novel idea.

• Example: The invention of the telephone revolutionized communication.

1. Revolutionary

• Meaning: Involving a major change or innovation.

• Example: The internet has had a revolutionary impact on society.

1. Immense

• Meaning: Extremely large or great in size.

• Example: The mountain offered an immense challenge to climbers.

1. Acceptance

• Meaning: The act of agreeing to or embracing something.

• Example: The acceptance of the new policy was met with mixed reactions.

1. Recorded

• Meaning: Captured or documented in some form.

• Example: The event was recorded on video for future reference.

1. Transport

• Meaning: To carry or convey from one place to another.

• Example: The subway can transport you quickly across the city.

1. Startled

• Meaning: Suddenly surprised or alarmed.

• Example: The loud noise startled the sleeping dog.

1. Familiar

• Meaning: Well-known and easily recognized.

• Example: The song had a familiar melody.

1. Novelty

• Meaning: Something new and unusual.

• Example: The novelty of the gadget wore off after a few days.

1. Elaborate

• Meaning: Involving many intricate details or complexities.

• Example: The plan was quite elaborate and required careful execution.

1. Unique

• Meaning: One of a kind; having no equal.

• Example: Her talent for painting was truly unique.

1. Exceptional

• Meaning: Unusually good or outstanding.

• Example: He showed exceptional skill in mathematics.

1. Awe

• Meaning: A feeling of deep respect, often mixed with fear or wonder.

• Example: The majestic waterfall left us in awe.

1. Unbelievably

• Meaning: In a manner that is difficult to believe.

• Example: The magician's tricks were performed unbelievably well.

1. Awareness

• Meaning: Knowledge or consciousness of something.

• Example: The campaign aimed to raise awareness about climate change.

1. Convinced

• Meaning: Firmly persuaded or certain of something.

• Example: She was convinced that her idea would succeed.

1. Primarily

• Meaning: Mainly or principally.

• Example: The store primarily sells electronics.

1. Overwhelming

• Meaning: Intense or great in amount or effect.

• Example: The response to the concert was overwhelmingly positive.

1. Enduring

• Meaning: Lasting for a long time; continuing.

• Example: Their enduring friendship has lasted for decades.

1. Convention

• Meaning: A widely accepted and traditional practice or custom.

• Example: It's a convention to exchange gifts during the holidays.

PASSAGE-2

Motivating Employees under Adverse Condition

THE CHALLENGEMotivate

·         Meaning: To provide a reason or incentive for someone to take action.

·         Example: The manager tried to motivate the team with a bonus offer.

2.       Expanding

·         Meaning: Growing or increasing in size or scope.

·         Example: The company is expanding its operations to new markets.

3.       Promotional

·         Meaning: Related to promotions or advancing in one's career.

·         Example: He received a promotional offer after years of hard work.

4.       Dynamic

·         Meaning: Energetic, forceful, or continuously changing.

·         Example: The dynamic nature of the business world requires adaptability.

5.       Morale

·         Meaning: The confidence, enthusiasm, and overall spirit of a group of people.

·         Example: The team's morale was boosted after winning the championship.

6.       Redundant

·         Meaning: No longer needed or useful; excessive.

·         Example: Some employees were made redundant due to downsizing.

7.       Productivity

·         Meaning: The efficiency and output of work or production.

·         Example: Improved technology can enhance workplace productivity.

8.       Rumours

·         Meaning: Unverified information or stories spread among people.

·         Example: The office was filled with rumors about upcoming layoffs.

9.       Optimism

·         Meaning: A hopeful and positive outlook on future outcomes.

·         Example: Her optimism helped her overcome challenges.

10.   Entice

·         Meaning: To attract or tempt someone with something appealing.

·         Example: The restaurant's delicious aroma enticed passersby.

11.   Retrenchment

·         Meaning: The act of reducing or cutting back on something, especially in an organization.

·         Example: The retrenchment of staff led to a smaller workforce.

12.   Perceptions

·         Meaning: The way in which something is viewed or understood.

·         Example: People's perceptions of beauty vary widely.

13.   Contingent

·         Meaning: Dependent on certain conditions or factors.

·         Example: His bonus was contingent on meeting sales targets.

14.   Appraisal

·         Meaning: The assessment or evaluation of something.

·         Example: The performance appraisal highlighted her strengths.

15.   Reinforcement

·         Meaning: The act of strengthening or supporting something.

·         Example: Positive feedback serves as reinforcement for good performance.

16.   Visibility

·         Meaning: The state of being seen or noticed.

·         Example: The company's visibility increased after the marketing campaign.

17.   Equitable

·         Meaning: Fair and just; distributing resources fairly.

·         Example: An equitable distribution of wealth is essential for social harmony.

18.   Inputs

·         Meaning: The resources, efforts, or contributions put into a task or process.

·         Example: The team's inputs were crucial for the project's success.

19.   Outcomes

·         Meaning: The results or consequences of actions or events.

·         Example: The positive outcomes of the project were celebrated.

20.   Incongruous

·         Meaning: Not in harmony or inconsistent with something.

·         Example: His behavior was incongruous with the company's values.

21.   Inequity

·         Meaning: Unfairness or lack of fairness in the distribution of resources.

·         Example: The employees protested against the inequity in pay.

22.   Ideal

·         Meaning: A standard or model of perfection or excellence.

·         Example: Achieving the ideal balance between work and personal life is challenging.

23.   Weight

·         Meaning: To give importance or consideration to something.

·         Example: We should weight the pros and cons before making a decision.

24.   Perceive

·         Meaning: To become aware of or understand something through the senses or mental processes.

·         Example: She perceived a change in her colleague's attitude.

25.   Manipulative

·         Meaning: Attempting to influence or control others in a deceptive way.

·         Example: He was known for his manipulative tactics in negotiations.

26.   Externally

·         Meaning: On the outside; coming from or related to the outside.

·         Example: External factors can impact a company's performance.

27.   Validity

·         Meaning: The quality of being logically or factually sound; the extent to which something is true.

·         Example: The validity of the experiment's results was questioned.

28.   Maximising

·         Meaning: To make the best use of something; to increase to the highest possible degree.

·         Example: The company aimed at maximizing its profits.

29.   Eliminating

·         Meaning: Completely removing or getting rid of something.

·         Example: The goal was to eliminate waste in the production process.

30.   Secrecy

·         Meaning: The state of keeping something hidden or confidential.

·         Example: The secrecy surrounding the project raised curiosity among employees.

31.   Autonomy

·         Meaning: The ability or condition of having independence and self-governance.

·         Example: Giving employees autonomy in decision-making can boost motivation.

32.   Lump sum

·         Meaning: A single, large payment made at one time rather than in installments.

·         Example: He received his annual bonus in a lump sum.

33.   Transparent

·         Meaning: Easily understood or seen through; clear and open.

·         Example: The company's financial statements are transparent and easily accessible.

34.   Equity

·         Meaning: Fairness or justice in the treatment of individuals or groups.

·         Example: The organization is committed to promoting gender equity.

35.   Dominant

·         Meaning: Having the greatest influence, control, or power.

·         Example: The dominant player in the market sets the industry standards.

36.   Encourage

·         Meaning: To inspire or stimulate someone to take action.

·         Example: The manager encouraged her team to strive for excellence.

37.   Optimistic

·         Meaning: Having a positive outlook or expecting favorable outcomes.

·         Example: Despite challenges, she remained optimistic about the project's success.

38.   Retrench

·         Meaning: To reduce expenses or staff in order to save money.

·         Example: The company had to retrench some employees due to financial difficulties.

39.   Suffer

·         Meaning: To experience hardship, pain, or loss.

·         Example: Employees suffered job losses during the company's downsizing.

40.   Imposed

·         Meaning: To establish or enforce something, often forcibly.

·         Example: The company imposed strict safety regulations.

41.   Minor

·         Meaning: Lesser or of lower importance.

·         Example: The minor issues were resolved quickly.

42.   Limited

·         Meaning: Restricted or confined within certain boundaries.

·         Example: Due to budget constraints, their options were limited.

43.   Abundance

·         Meaning: A large quantity or an ample supply of something.

·         Example: The region had an abundance of natural resources.

44.   Assign

·         Meaning: To designate or allocate a task or responsibility to someone.

·         Example: The manager will assign specific roles for the project.

45.   Cultural

·         Meaning: Relating to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group.

·         Example: Understanding cultural differences is essential in a global workforce.

46.   Incongruous

·         Meaning: Not in harmony or inconsistent with something.

·         Example: His behavior was incongruous with the company's values.

47.   Dependent

·         Meaning: Relying on something or someone for support or sustenance.

·         Example: Children are dependent on their parents for care.

48.   Effort

·         Meaning: The physical or mental exertion applied to achieve a goal.

·         Example: Success requires persistent effort and dedication.

49.   Schemes

·         Meaning: Plans or strategies for achieving a specific purpose.

·         Example: The company implemented several marketing schemes to boost sales.

50.   Conventional

·         Meaning: Following established customs or practices; traditional.

·         Example: The conference followed conventional formats with keynote speakers.

PASSAGE-3

The Search for the Anti-aging Pill

1. Caloric restriction:

• Meaning: A dietary practice that involves reducing calorie intake while maintaining essential nutrients.

• Example: Caloric restriction has been shown to extend the lifespan of various organisms.

1. Mimic:

• Meaning: To imitate or reproduce the appearance or characteristics of something.

• Example: The robot was designed to mimic human movements.

1. Physiological:

• Meaning: Related to the normal functioning of an organism's body.

• Example: The doctor examined the patient's physiological responses to stress.

1. Infirmity:

• Meaning: Physical or mental weakness, especially due to old age or illness.

• Example: Her infirmity prevented her from participating in physical activities.

1. Longevity:

• Meaning: Long life or a great duration of existence.

• Example: The longevity of some species of tortoises can exceed a century.

1. Rodents:

• Meaning: Small mammals characterized by continuously growing incisors, such as rats and mice.

• Example: Rodents can be found in various environments worldwide.

1. Incidence:

• Meaning: The frequency or rate at which something, such as a disease, occurs.

• Example: The incidence of flu cases tends to rise during the winter months.

1. Maximum lifespan:

• Meaning: The oldest attainable age that an organism of a particular species can reach.

• Example: Some tortoises have a maximum lifespan of over 150 years.

1. Replicated:

• Meaning: To repeat or duplicate something to verify its accuracy or consistency.

• Example: The experiment was replicated by multiple research teams.

1. Genetically distant:

• Meaning: Having significant genetic differences or being from different genetic backgrounds.

• Example: Humans and fruit flies are genetically distant from each other.

1. Pancreatic:

• Meaning: Relating to the pancreas, an organ involved in digestion and blood sugar regulation.

• Example: Diabetes affects the pancreatic function of producing insulin.

1. Hormones:

• Meaning: Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various bodily functions.

• Example: Growth hormone plays a vital role in childhood development.

1. Indicators:

• Meaning: Signs or measurements used to assess or signify a particular condition.

• Example: Increased heart rate can be an indicator of stress.

1. Triglyceride:

• Meaning: A type of fat found in the blood that can be a risk factor for heart disease.

• Example: High levels of triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of heart problems.

1. Secrecy:

• Meaning: The state of keeping something hidden or not disclosed to others.

• Example: The secrecy surrounding the new product launch created anticipation.

1. Replicate:

• Meaning: To duplicate or recreate something exactly.

• Example: The artist tried to replicate the famous painting.

1. Anti-aging:

• Meaning: Pertaining to efforts or products aimed at preventing or reversing the effects of aging.

• Example: Anti-aging creams claim to reduce wrinkles and improve skin texture.

1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):

• Meaning: A molecule that stores and releases energy for various cellular processes.

• Example: ATP is often referred to as the "cellular energy currency."

1. Free radicals:

• Meaning: Highly reactive molecules that can damage cells and are associated with aging and disease.

• Example: Antioxidants help neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals.

1. Preservation:

• Meaning: The act of protecting or maintaining something in its original state.

• Example: Conservation efforts focus on the preservation of endangered species.

1. Metabolism:

• Meaning: The set of chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life.

• Example: A high metabolism can result in faster calorie burning.

1. Elixir:

• Meaning: A magical or medicinal potion believed to have the power to prolong life or bring about improvements in health.

• Example: In ancient legends, an elixir of immortality was often sought after.

1. Constraints:

• Meaning: Limitations or restrictions that impede one's actions or choices.

• Example: Financial constraints prevented them from taking a lavish vacation.

1. Fundamental:

• Meaning: Basic, essential, or pertaining to the foundation of something.

• Example: Understanding grammar is a fundamental skill in language learning.

1. Feasibility:

• Meaning: The likelihood or practicality of an idea or plan being successful.

• Example: Before launching the project, they assessed its feasibility.

1. Interference:

• Meaning: The act of obstructing or hindering something.

• Example: Radio signals can experience interference in areas with electronic devices.

1. Synthesis:

• Meaning: The combination of separate elements or substances to form a coherent whole.

• Example: The synthesis of new compounds is a key aspect of chemistry.

1. Incongruous:

• Meaning: Not in harmony or not in agreement with something else.

• Example: His casual attire was incongruous with the formal event.

1. Equitable:

• Meaning: Fair, just, or characterized by equal treatment.

• Example: The distribution of resources should be equitable among all team members.

1. Inputs:

• Meaning: Factors, resources, or data that are put into a system or process.

• Example: Feedback from customers is an important input for product improvement.

1. Outcome:

• Meaning: The result or consequence of a particular action or event.

• Example: The outcome of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis.

1. Luxuries:

• Meaning: Expensive or non-essential items or comforts that are considered enjoyable but not necessary.

• Example: In times of financial difficulty, people often cut back on luxuries.

1. Constraint:

• Meaning: A limitation or restriction that hinders one's freedom of action.

• Example: Lack of time was a major constraint in completing the project.

1. Constrain:

• Meaning: To restrict or limit something or someone's actions.

• Example: Budget constraints prevented them from hiring more employees.

1. Pertaining:

• Meaning: Relating to or concerning a particular subject or topic.

• Example: The research findings were pertaining to climate change.

    ACADEMIC READING TEST-4

Doctoring sales

1.       Pharmaceutical

·         Meaning: Related to the production and sale of drugs and medications.

·         Example: The pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated.

2.       Representative

·         Meaning: A person who represents or acts on behalf of a company.

·         Example: Kim Schaefer is a sales representative for the pharmaceutical company.

3.       Promotional

·         Meaning: Related to the promotion or advertising of a product or service.

·         Example: They used promotional materials to market their new product.

4.       Extravagance

·         Meaning: Excessive or wasteful spending.

·         Example: The extravagance of the party was evident in the luxurious decorations.

5.       Ethical

·         Meaning: Relating to principles of right and wrong behavior.

·         Example: It's important to make ethical decisions in business.

6.       Bribing

·         Meaning: Giving something valuable to influence someone's behavior, often in an unethical way.

·         Example: Bribing officials is illegal and unethical.

7.       Critiqued

·         Meaning: Evaluated or analyzed, often with a critical perspective.

·         Example: The book was critiqued by literary experts.

8.       Escalating

·         Meaning: Increasing rapidly or intensifying.

·         Example: The escalating cost of living is a concern for many.

9.       Boundaries

·         Meaning: Limits or restrictions.

·         Example: It's essential to establish boundaries in any relationship.

10.   Explosion

·         Meaning: A sudden and rapid increase in something.

·         Example: There was an explosion of new technology in recent years.

11.   Examination

·         Meaning: A close and thorough inspection or analysis.

·         Example: The examination of the evidence revealed important clues.

12.   Influences

·         Meaning: Factors or people that have an effect on something.

·         Example: Parents are often significant influences on their children's behavior.

13.   Glossy

·         Meaning: Having a shiny or polished surface.

·         Example: The magazine cover had a glossy finish.

14.   Brochures

·         Meaning: Pamphlets or booklets used for advertising or information.

·         Example: They distributed brochures about the tourist attractions in the city.

15.   Primary

·         Meaning: First in importance or order.

·         Example: Safety is the primary concern in this project.

16.   Sources

·         Meaning: Origins or places where something comes from.

·         Example: They traced the sources of the contaminated water.

17.   Advantage

·         Meaning: A favorable or beneficial circumstance or position.

·         Example: Having a good education is an advantage in today's job market.

18.   Inundation

·         Meaning: An overwhelming abundance or flooding.

·         Example: The town experienced an inundation of tourists during the summer.

19.   Recipients

·         Meaning: People who receive something.

·         Example: The recipients of the scholarship were honored at the ceremony.

20.   Comprehensive

·         Meaning: Including all or nearly all elements or aspects.

·         Example: The report provided a comprehensive overview of the situation.

21.   Skyrocketing

·         Meaning: Increasing rapidly and dramatically.

·         Example: The prices of houses in the city have been skyrocketing.

22.   Scrutinized

·         Meaning: Carefully examined or analyzed in detail.

·         Example: The financial records were scrutinized by auditors.

23.   Regulation

·         Meaning: The process of controlling or governing something according to rules.

·         Example: Government regulations ensure product safety.

24.   Prescribe

·         Meaning: To recommend or order the use of a medication.

·         Example: The doctor will prescribe antibiotics for the infection.

25.   Loyalty

·         Meaning: Faithfulness or allegiance to a person, cause, or brand.

·         Example: Customer loyalty is crucial for businesses.

26.   Self-reported

·         Meaning: Information provided directly by individuals about themselves.

·         Example: The survey relied on self-reported data from participants.

27.   Bottom line

·         Meaning: The ultimate or most important result or conclusion.

·         Example: The bottom line is that we need to reduce expenses.

28.   Profit

·         Meaning: Financial gain or benefit.

·         Example: The company made a substantial profit last year.

29.   Continues

·         Meaning: Persists or goes on without stopping.

·         Example: The rain continues to fall.

30.   Heavily

·         Meaning: To a great extent or degree.

·         Example: The project is heavily dependent on funding.

31.   Marketing

·         Meaning: The promotion and sale of products or services.

·         Example: Effective marketing can boost product sales.

32.   Strategies

·         Meaning: Plans or methods used to achieve a specific goal.

·         Example: They developed marketing strategies to reach their target audience.

33.   Acceptable

·         Meaning: Meeting the required standards or criteria.

·         Example: The quality of the product is acceptable.

34.   Form

·         Meaning: A particular way or style of something.

·         Example: This contract is in written form.

35.   Pharmacist

·         Meaning: A person trained to prepare and dispense medicines.

·         Example: The pharmacist filled my prescription.

36.   Profile

·         Meaning: A brief summary or description of a person or thing.

·         Example: Her online dating profile described her interests and hobbies.

37.   Honoraria

·         Meaning: Payments made as a token of honor or respect for services.

·         Example: They received honoraria for speaking at the conference.

38.   Huge

·         Meaning: Extremely large in size or amount.

·         Example: The company made a huge profit last quarter.

39.   Influence

·         Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character or behavior of someone.

·         Example: Her words had a significant influence on his decision.

40.   Evident

·         Meaning: Clearly visible or obvious.

·         Example: The damage to the car was evident after the accident.

PASSAGE-2

Literate women make better mothers?

1. Developing

• Meaning: Countries that are in the process of industrialization and economic growth.

• Example: Many developing countries face challenges in providing healthcare.

1. Survive

• Meaning: To continue to live or exist, especially in difficult circumstances.

• Example: The hikers had to survive in the wilderness for a week.

1. Literacy

• Meaning: The ability to read and write.

• Example: Literacy rates have improved in recent years.

1. Eliminate

• Meaning: To remove or get rid of something.

• Example: We need to eliminate waste to protect the environment.

1. Factors

• Meaning: Elements or circumstances that contribute to a result.

• Example: There are many factors that influence climate change.

1. Direct

• Meaning: To have a clear and immediate impact on something.

• Example: His actions directly affected the outcome of the project.

1. Infant

• Meaning: A very young child, typically one who is not yet able to walk or talk.

• Example: Infant care involves feeding and diapering.

1. Mortality

• Meaning: The state of being subject to death.

• Example: High mortality rates can be a sign of a healthcare crisis.

1. Curriculum

• Meaning: The subjects and courses taught in an educational institution.

• Example: The school is revising its curriculum to include more STEM subjects.

1. Campaign

• Meaning: A series of organized activities with a specific purpose.

• Example: The political campaign aimed to raise awareness about the candidate's platform.

1. Impressive

• Meaning: Evoking admiration and respect due to excellence.

• Example: Her presentation was impressive and well-received.

1. Nourished

• Meaning: Provided with the necessary food for growth and health.

• Example: Well-nourished children are more likely to thrive.

1. Intervention

• Meaning: The action or process of intervening in a situation.

• Example: Humanitarian interventions aim to provide aid in times of crisis.

1. Recommendation

• Meaning: A suggestion or advice about what to do.

• Example: The doctor's recommendation was to get more exercise.

1. Budgets

• Meaning: Financial plans that outline expected income and expenses.

• Example: The government needs to allocate funds in the budget for education.

1. Economies

• Meaning: The wealth and resources of a country or region.

• Example: The global economy is influenced by various factors.

1. Generation

• Meaning: All the people born and living at about the same time.

• Example: The younger generation is more tech-savvy.

1. Implications

• Meaning: Possible effects or consequences of an action or decision.

• Example: The implications of the new policy are still unclear.

1. Challenges

• Meaning: Difficulties or obstacles that need to be overcome.

• Example: Meeting the project deadline poses a significant challenge.

1. Special

• Meaning: Unique or different from what is usual.

• Example: This event is a special occasion for our family.

1. Teach

• Meaning: To impart knowledge or skills to someone.

• Example: She decided to teach English as a second language.

1. Skills

• Meaning: Abilities acquired through practice and experience.

• Example: Communication skills are important in the workplace.

1. Immediate

• Meaning: Happening or done without delay.

• Example: The team needed an immediate response to the crisis.

1. Conditions

• Meaning: Circumstances or situations that affect something.

• Example: The weather conditions were unfavorable for outdoor activities.

1. Challenge

• Meaning: A difficult task or problem that requires effort to overcome.

• Example: Solving this puzzle is a real challenge.

1. Development

• Meaning: The process of growth and progress.

• Example: Economic development can lead to improved living standards.

1. Immediate

• Meaning: Happening or done without delay.

• Example: The team needed an immediate response to the crisis.

1. Resources

• Meaning: Available assets or materials.

• Example: Natural resources like oil are essential for many industries.

1. Significantly

• Meaning: To a considerable extent.

• Example: The company's profits increased significantly this year.

1. Thrive

• Meaning: To grow and develop successfully.

• Example: The business began to thrive after the new marketing campaign.

1. Influence

• Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.

• Example: Parents have a significant influence on their children's values.

1. Educational

• Meaning: Related to or concerned with education.

• Example: The educational system needs reform to be more effective.

1. Workers

• Meaning: People who are employed to do work, especially for wages or a salary.

• Example: The factory employs over a thousand workers.

1. Major

• Meaning: Important, significant, or serious.

• Example: The company made a major announcement about its future plans.

1. Humanitarian

• Meaning: Concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare.

• Example: Humanitarian organizations provide aid to those in need.

1. Effort

• Meaning: Physical or mental activity aimed at achieving a goal.

• Example: Success requires a lot of hard work and effort.

1. Difficult

• Meaning: Requiring much effort or skill to accomplish.

• Example: Learning a new language can be difficult.

1. Successful

• Meaning: Achieving the desired outcome or result.

• Example: The project was successful thanks to teamwork.

1. Curriculum

• Meaning: The subjects and courses taught in an educational institution.

• Example: The curriculum includes math, science, and history.

1. Conditions

• Meaning: Circumstances or situations that affect something.

• Example: The weather conditions were unfavorable for outdoor activities.

PASSAGE-3

PASSAGE-3

Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face. How can it be prevented?Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the SheffieldAnti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education.Here he reports on his findings

1. Bullying

• Meaning: The act of intimidating or harming others through verbal, physical, or indirect means.

• Example: Bullying can have long-lasting effects on a person's mental health.

1. Variety

• Meaning: A range of different things or types.

• Example: There is a variety of food options at the buffet.

1. Verbal

• Meaning: Relating to words or speech.

• Example: Verbal communication is essential in everyday life.

1. Taunted

• Meaning: Teased or provoked with hurtful remarks.

• Example: He felt hurt when he was taunted by his classmates.

1. Physical

• Meaning: Relating to the body or tangible actions.

• Example: Physical exercise is important for maintaining good health.

1. Shoved

• Meaning: Pushed forcefully.

• Example: He was shoved aside in the crowded room.

1. Indirect

• Meaning: Not done directly; subtle or hidden.

• Example: Indirect references to the topic were made in the conversation.

1. Excluded

• Meaning: Left out or not included.

• Example: She felt hurt when she was excluded from the group outing.

1. Survey

• Meaning: A research method for collecting data from a group of people.

• Example: The survey revealed interesting insights into consumer preferences.

1. Conducted

• Meaning: Carried out or organized.

• Example: The experiment was conducted by a team of scientists.

1. Experience

• Meaning: Knowledge gained through personal involvement or exposure.

• Example: Traveling is a valuable experience.

1. Persistent

• Meaning: Continuing to exist or endure over a long period.

• Example: His persistent efforts eventually paid off.

1. Unpleasant

• Meaning: Not pleasing or enjoyable.

• Example: The weather took an unpleasant turn.

1. Depressed

• Meaning: Feeling sad and despondent.

• Example: She has been feeling depressed since losing her job.

1. Extreme

• Meaning: Reaching a high degree or intensity.

• Example: The extreme heat made it difficult to go outside.

1. Suicide

• Meaning: Taking one's own life intentionally.

• Example: Suicide is a serious mental health issue.

1. Victimized

• Meaning: Made to feel like a victim through mistreatment.

• Example: The victimized individual sought help from a counselor.

1. Interpersonal

• Meaning: Relating to relationships between people.

• Example: Good interpersonal skills are important in the workplace.

1. Convicted

• Meaning: Found guilty in a court of law.

• Example: He was convicted of theft and sentenced to prison.

1. Recently

• Meaning: Not long ago; in the recent past.

• Example: I met her recently at a conference.

1. Available

• Meaning: Accessible or obtainable.

• Example: Is there any parking available near the restaurant?

1. Deny

• Meaning: Refuse to admit or accept something.

• Example: He denied any involvement in the crime.

1. Consequence

• Meaning: A result or effect of an action or situation.

• Example: The consequence of his actions was severe.

1. Awareness

• Meaning: Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.

• Example: Increasing awareness about climate change is crucial.

1. Materials

• Meaning: Substances or objects used to create or build something.

• Example: The construction workers needed building materials.

1. Circulated

• Meaning: Distributed or spread widely.

• Example: The news of the event was circulated on social media.

1. Guidelines

• Meaning: Instructions or recommendations for doing something.

• Example: The guidelines for the project were provided in a manual.

1. Sanctions

• Meaning: Penalties or measures imposed as a consequence of breaking rules.

• Example: Economic sanctions were placed on the country.

1. Consultation

• Meaning: Seeking advice or input from others.

• Example: The company held a consultation with employees about the new policy.

1. Implement

• Meaning: Put into effect; carry out.

• Example: They plan to implement the new policy next month.

1. Curriculum

• Meaning: The subjects and courses taught in an educational institution.

• Example: The school offers a diverse curriculum.

1. Renewing

• Meaning: Making something new or fresh again.

• Example: They are renewing their commitment to environmental conservation.

1. Substitute

• Meaning: A replacement for something.

• Example: Soy milk can be a substitute for cow's milk.

1. Individual

• Meaning: A single person or thing.

• Example: Each individual has their own preferences.

1. Assertiveness

• Meaning: The quality of being confident and self-assured.

• Example: Assertiveness can help in effective communication.

1. Liable

• Meaning: Likely to experience or suffer from something.

• Example: If you smoke, you are liable to develop health problems.

1. Supervisors

• Meaning: People who oversee or manage others.

• Example: The supervisors ensure that the work is completed on time.

1. Distinguish

• Meaning: Recognize or differentiate between things.

• Example: He could not distinguish between the two identical twins.

1. Conflict

• Meaning: A disagreement or argument.

• Example: The conflict between the two nations escalated.

1. Environment

• Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives.

• Example: We must protect the environment for future generations.