Dangling Modifier Dangling Modifier  (ঝুলন্ত বা অসংলগ্ন বিশেষণ) হলো এমন একটি শব্দগুচ্ছ (Phrase) যা বাক্যের শুরুতে বসে কিন্তু পরবর্তী Clause-এর Subject-কে সঠিকভাবে নির্দেশ করতে পারে না। সহজ কথায়, বাক্যের শুরুতে যদি এমন কোনো কাজ (Action) উল্লেখ থাকে, কিন্তু সেই কাজটি কে করছে (Doer) তা যদি পরবর্তী অংশের Subject হিসেবে না থাকে, তবে বাক্যটি ভুল হয়। এই ভুলকেই Dangling Modifier  বলে। Basic Principle: বাক্যের শুরুতে থাকা Introductory Phrase -এর কাজ যে ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু সম্পন্ন করে, তাকেই অবশ্যই Main Clause -এর Subject  হতে হবে। Incorrect:   Walking down the street , the trees looked beautiful. (গাছ কি রাস্তায় হাঁটতে পারে? না। তাই এটি Dangling Modifier). Correct:   Walking down the street , I  saw the beautiful trees. (এখানে হাঁটার কাজটি 'I' করছে এবং 'I' বাক্যের Subject)। Rules & Methods of Correction Dangling Modifier সংশোধন করার দুটি প্রধান উপায় আছে: Method 1: Change the Main Subject Introductory Phrase-এর কাজ যে করছে, তাকে Main Clause-এর Subject হিসেবে বসাতে হবে। Incorrect:   Reading the book , the story was interesting. Correct:   Reading the book , I  found the story interesting. Method 2: Expand the Phrase into a Clause শুরুর Phrase-টিকে ভেঙে একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ Clause (Subject + Verb যুক্ত) তৈরি করতে হবে। Incorrect:   While sleeping , the phone rang. Correct:   While I was sleeping , the phone rang. Common Structures & Examples 1. Present Participle (Verb+ing) Phrase Incorrect:   Flying out the window , he grabbed the papers. (মানুষ জানালা দিয়ে উড়ে যায় না, কাগজ উড়ে যায়). Correct:  He grabbed the papers flying out the window . Correct:  As the papers were flying out the window , he grabbed them. Incorrect:   Looking at his watch , the time was 10 AM. Correct:   Looking at his watch , he  noticed the time was 10 AM. 2. Past Participle (V3) Phrase Incorrect:   Confused by the question , the answer could not be found. Correct:   Confused by the question , the student  could not find the answer. 3. Infinitive Phrase (To + Verb) Incorrect:   To get a good grade , studying is necessary. (Studying নিজে গ্রেড পেতে পারে না). Correct:   To get a good grade , you  must study hard. Incorrect:   To enter the room , the key must be used. Correct:   To enter the room , we  must use the key. 4. Prepositional Phrase Incorrect:   After jumping out of the boat , the shark bit the man. (হাঙর বোট থেকে লাফ দেয়নি). Correct:   After the man jumped out of the boat , the shark bit him. Correct:   After jumping out of the boat , the man  was bitten by a shark. Previous Years' Questions with Explanation 01. Correct the sentence: "Driving down the road, a huge tree was seen." [DU-B] (A) Driving down the road, a huge tree was seen. (B) Driving down the road, we saw a huge tree. (C) A huge tree was seen driving down the road. (D) While driving down the road, a huge tree was seen. Ans: (B) Explanation:  গাড়ি চালানোর কাজটি 'we' করছে, কোনো 'tree' নয়। তাই Subject হিসেবে 'we' বসবে। 02. Correct the sentence: "To become a doctor, biology is compulsory." (A) To become a doctor, biology is compulsory. (B) Biology is compulsory to become a doctor. (C) To become a doctor, a student must study biology. (D) Becoming a doctor, biology is needed. Ans: (C) Explanation:  Biology ডাক্তার হতে পারে না, একজন ছাত্র হতে পারে। তাই Subject হিসেবে 'a student' সঠিক। 03. "Reading the novel, the story interested me." This sentence is — (A) Correct (B) Incorrect (Dangling Modifier) (C) Complex Sentence (D) Compound Sentence Ans: (B) Explanation:  Novel পড়ার কাজটি 'Story' করতে পারে না। সঠিক হতো: "Reading the novel, I found the story interesting." 04. Correct: "Unlike the other students, the teacher gave Rahim a prize." (A) Unlike the other students, Rahim was given a prize by the teacher. (B) Unlike the other students, the teacher gave Rahim a prize. (C) The teacher gave Rahim a prize unlike the other students. (D) Rahim, unlike the other students, gave the teacher a prize. Ans: (A) Explanation:  তুলনা করা হচ্ছে 'Rahim' এবং 'other students'-এর মধ্যে। 'Teacher' এবং 'students'-এর মধ্যে নয়। তাই Subject হিসেবে 'Rahim' আসতে হবে। Master Exercise Choose the correct sentence from the alternatives: 01. (A) Walking along the road, a bus hit him. (B) Walking along the road, he was hit by a bus. (C) While walking along the road, a bus hit him. (D) A bus hit him walking along the road. Ans: (B)  (হাঁটার কাজটি 'he' করছিল, বাস নয়)। 02. (A) Having finished the work, the TV was switched on. (B) Having finished the work, he switched on the TV. (C) The work being finished, the TV was switched on. (D) Both B and C. Ans: (D)  (B তে Subject ঠিক আছে; C তে Absolute Phrase ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে যা গ্রামারটিক্যালি সঠিক)। 03. (A) Cooked in butter, my mother makes delicious eggs. (B) Cooked in butter, eggs are delicious. (C) My mother makes delicious eggs cooked in butter. (D) Both B and C. Ans: (D)  (A তে বোঝাচ্ছে 'mother' কে রান্না করা হয়েছে, যা ভুল। B এবং C সঠিক)। 04. (A) Lying on the floor, the clock struck ten. (B) Lying on the floor, I heard the clock strike ten. (C) While lying on the floor, the clock struck ten. (D) The clock struck ten lying on the floor. Ans: (B)  (ঘড়ি মেঝেতে শুয়ে থাকে না, 'I' শুয়ে ছিল)। 05. (A) To improve your vocabulary, read more books. (B) To improve your vocabulary, books should be read. (C) Reading more books, vocabulary will be improved. (D) Vocabulary is improved by reading books. Ans: (A)  (Imperative sentence-এ subject 'You' উহ্য থাকে, তাই এটি সঠিক। B তে 'books' ভোকাবুলারি উন্নত করতে চায় না)। 06. (A) After retiring from office, the neighbors gave him a party. (B) After retiring from office, he was given a party by the neighbors. (C) Retiring from office, a party was given. (D) While retiring, the party was held. Ans: (B)  (অবসর গ্রহণের কাজটি 'he' করেছে, প্রতিবেশীরা নয়)। 07. (A) Using a telescope, the star was clearly seen. (B) Using a telescope, I saw the star clearly. (C) The star was seen using a telescope. (D) Both B and C. Ans: (D)  (B তে Subject ঠিক আছে। C তে Passive Voice সঠিক, যেখানে 'using' phrase টি implied agent দ্বারা সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে)। 08. (A) While going to class, a dog bit me. (B) While I was going to class, a dog bit me. (C) Going to class, the dog bit me. (D) A dog bit me going to class. Ans: (B)  (Clause expand করে Subject পরিষ্কার করা হয়েছে)। 09. (A) Wounded in the leg, the soldier could not walk. (B) Wounded in the leg, walking was impossible. (C) Wounded in the leg, the doctor saw the soldier. (D) The soldier could not walk wounded in the leg. Ans: (A)  (আহত হয়েছিল সৈনিক, তাই Subject 'The soldier')। 10. (A) Thinking of his future, the decision was made. (B) Thinking of his future, he made the decision. (C) The decision was made thinking of his future. (D) Thinking of his future, it was decided. Ans: (B)  (ভবিষ্যৎ নিয়ে চিন্তা করছিল 'he')। DANGLING MODIFIER Questions 1. —, a deer leapt out in front of me. [সার্কেল অ্যাডজুটেন্ট-১৫, JKKNIU (ঘ) 16-17] A. While driving down the road B. While I was driving down the road C. I was driving down the road D. Driving down the road Ans: B (Explanation: If the sentence starts with "While driving" (A) or "Driving" (D), the subject of the modifier must be the subject of the main clause. The subject of the main clause here is "a deer". Since a deer was not driving, these options create a Dangling Modifier . Option B ("While I was driving") provides a complete clause with its own subject "I", making the sentence grammatically correct.) 2. According to the conditions of my scholarship, after finishing my degree, — . [20th BCS, CU (E) 14-15] A. my education will be employed by the university B. employment will be given to me by the university C. the university will employ me D. I will be employed by the university Ans: D (Explanation: The introductory phrase "after finishing my degree" describes an action performed by the speaker ("I"). Therefore, "I" must be the subject of the independent clause immediately following the introductory phrase. Only Option D starts with "I".) 3. After seeing the movie, —. / After watching the movie 'Centennial', —. [CU (E) 14-15, (C) 17-18, JU (E) 17-18] A. the book was read by many people B. the book made many people want to read it C. many people wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested many people Ans: C (Explanation: Who saw the movie? "Many people". Therefore, "many people" must be the subject of the sentence to modify the introductory phrase correctly. The book did not see the movie.) 4. Worn out by a long walk, she fainted. Here 'worn out' is a [IU (B) 13-14] A. dangling participle B. present participle C. adjective complement D. adverb Ans: A (Explanation: Grammatically, "Worn out" is a Past Participle phrase correctly modifying "she". However, in the context of this specific exam question layout where "Past Participle" is not an option, the term "Dangling Participle" is often used in a broad sense to categorize introductory participle phrases in exam syllabi, even if used correctly here.) 5. 'Climbing up a tree, I saw a grey monkey.' - who was climbing up the tree? [DU (D) 03-04, (C) 13-14, IU (G) 10-11] A. a monkey B. the speaker C. somebody else D. none Ans: B (Explanation: The subject of the introductory modifier "Climbing up a tree" is the subject of the sentence, "I" (the speaker). If the monkey were climbing, the sentence structure would likely be: "I saw a grey monkey climbing up a tree.") 6. While going to class, —. [COU (B) 08-09] A. the dog bit me B. dog bit me C. a dog bit me D. I was bitten by a dog Ans: D (Explanation: Who was going to class? "I". Therefore, "I" must be the subject. Options A, B, and C make "the dog" the subject, implying the dog was going to class.) 7. — the passer-by took a nap. (পথিকটি অত্যন্ত ক্লান্ত ও পরিশ্রান্ত হয়ে একটু ঘুমিয়ে নিল) [CU (B1) 14-15] A. Be tired and exhausted B. Having tired and exhausted C. After having tired and exhausted D. Tired and exhausted Ans: D (Explanation: Adjectives or participles placed at the beginning of a sentence modify the subject. "Tired and exhausted" correctly describes the state of "the passer-by".) 8. While biking home before the storm, — [CU (B-1) 13-14] A. the bicycle of Jahan broke down B. Jahan had an accident C. it happened that Jahan's bike broke down D. the storm caught Jahan Ans: B (Explanation: The person biking was Jahan. Therefore, "Jahan" must be the subject of the main clause. In options A, C, and D, the subjects are "bicycle", "it", and "storm", none of which were biking.) 9. —, the seeds of the Kentucky coffee plant are poisonous. [JnU (A) 12-13] A. Until they have been cooked B. Cooking them C. Cooked until D. Being cooked Ans: A (Explanation: To avoid a dangling modifier (since "seeds" cannot cook themselves), the introductory phrase must act as a complete dependent clause with its own subject. "Until they have been cooked" fulfills this requirement.) 10. Hanging on the wall, — [আমি দেয়ালে তার মায়ের ঝুলন্ত একটি ছবি দেখলাম] [CU (E) 08-09] A. was there a photograph of my mother B. a photograph of my mother was C. I saw a photograph of my mother D. was a photograph of my mother E. a photograph of my mother I saw Ans: E (Explanation: The phrase "Hanging on the wall" modifies "a photograph". Option E uses an inverted structure ("...a photograph... I saw") where the object is placed immediately after its modifier, which is stylistically acceptable here.) 11. Plunging into water, — [সে জলে ডুবে ডুবন্ত শিশুটিকে উদ্ধার করলো] [CU (E) 08-09] A. the drowning child was rescued B. the child has been rescued C. drowning child rescued he D. he rescued the drowning child Ans: D (Explanation: The person who plunged into the water is "he". Therefore, "he" must be the subject of the sentence.) 12. Which one is correct? [JU (C) 14-15] A. Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on B. After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing C. Relieved of your responsibilities at work, your home should be a place to relax D. Having finished the assignment, I turned on the TV Ans: D (Explanation: "Having finished the assignment" refers to "I". In option A, the TV finished the assignment (incorrect). Option D correctly aligns the modifier with the subject "I".) 13. Choose the correct sentence. [সে পার্কে হাঁটার সময় সাপের কামড় খেল] [CU (D) 11-12] A. Walking in the park, he was bitten by a snake. B. Walking in the park, a snake bit him. C. Walking in the park, he bit a snake. D. Walking in the park, a snake was bit him. Ans: A (Explanation: The person walking was "he". Therefore, "he" must be the subject. Option B implies the snake was walking in the park.) 14. Choose the correct sentence. [RU (E) 11-12] A. After jumping of a boat, the shark (হাঙ্গর) bit the man. B. After jumping of a boat, the shark bite the man. C. After jumping of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark. D. After jumping of a boat, the man bite the shark. Ans: C (Explanation: The man jumped off the boat, so "the man" must be the subject. Options A and B imply the shark jumped off the boat.) 15. No confusion of the grammatical subject occurs in — [DU (B) 02-03, 99-00] A. Young and inexperienced, the task seemed easy to me. B. Young and inexperienced, it seemed to be an easy task. C. Young and inexperienced, I thought the task easy. D. Young and inexperienced, it was an easy task for me. Ans: C (Explanation: The modifiers "Young and inexperienced" describe a person. Therefore, the subject of the main clause must be a person ("I"). In the other options, the subject is "task" or "it".) 16. Which of the following sentence is correct? [DU 96-97] A. Hearing the good news, I was happy. B. Hearing the good news, happiness was mine. C. Hearing the good news, happy I was. D. Hearing the good news, mine was happiness. Ans: A (Explanation: The person who heard the news is "I". Option A correctly places "I" as the subject immediately after the participle phrase.) 17. Walking through the forest, — [CU (E) 01-02] A. the path of the traveller was moonlit. B. the traveller saw the moon above the trees. C. the moon lit up the leaves of the trees. D. the moon appeared like a luminous ball. Ans: B (Explanation: The person walking through the forest is "the traveller". Thus, "the traveller" must be the subject.) 18. Choose the correct sentence [NU (মানবিক) 10-11] A. Having arrived late for practice, a written excuse was needed B. Having arrived late for practice, the team captain needed a written excuse C. Having arrived late for practice, need the excuse the captain D. Having arrived later for practice, an application was needed Ans: B (Explanation: The person who arrived late is "the team captain". This subject must immediately follow the introductory phrase.) 19. Find out the correct sentence. [DU (C) 91-92, বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক (AD)-০৬] A. Crossing the street, a car almost struck us. B. As we crossed the street, a car almost struck us. C. A car almost struck us, crossing the street. D. Having crossed the street, a car almost struck us. Ans: B (Explanation: A dangling modifier is avoided by expanding the phrase into a full dependent clause: "As we crossed the street". In options A, C, and D, the implied subject is "a car", suggesting the car was crossing or had crossed the street.) 20. Which is the correct sentence? [জেলা প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা অফিসার-৯৩] A. He was bitten by a snake when walking in the garden. B. Walking in the garden, a snake bite him. C. He was bitten by a snake while walking in the garden. D. While he was walking in the garden, a snake had bitten him. Ans: C (Explanation: Option C is concise and correct. "While walking" modifies "He". Option D is also grammatically correct but C is often preferred for conciseness in these tests. Option B is a classic dangling modifier.) 21. Having been served lunch — [থানা/উপজেলা প্রকৌশলী-৯৯, PUST (A) 09-10, BU (D, Ad. English) 12-13] A. the problem was discussed by the members of the committee. B. the committee members discussed the problem. C. it was discussed the committee members the problem D. a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee. Ans: B (Explanation: The "committee members" were served lunch. Therefore, they must be the subject of the sentence.) 22. Which sentence is correct? (দেখে পথ না চলায় সে একটা কারের সাথে ধাক্কা খেল) [DU (B) 00-01, JnU (B-EE) 09-10] A. Not looking where he was going, a car hit him. B. Not looking where he was going, a car had hit him. C. Not looking where he was going, he was hitted by a car. D. Not looking where he was going, he was hit by a car. Ans: D (Explanation: The person not looking was "he". So, "he" must be the subject. Option C is incorrect because "hitted" is not a word.) 23. Choose the correct sentence. [DU (C) 03-04] A. Flying outside the window, he grabbed the papers. B. Flying out of the window, he grabbed the papers. C. Flying out the window, the papers were grabbed by him. D. Flying out the window, the papers grabbed by him. E. Flying out the window, the papers were grabbed him. Ans: C (Explanation: The items flying out the window were "the papers". Therefore, "the papers" must be the subject. In options A and B, "he" is the subject, implying he was flying.) 24. Find out the correct sentence. [DU (D) 92-93] A. Knowing little algebra, it was difficult to solve the problem. B. Knowing little algebra, the problem was difficult to solve. C. Knowing little algebra, I found it difficult to solve the problem. D. Knowing little algebra, solving the problem was difficult. Ans: C (Explanation: The person who knows little algebra is "I". Thus, "I" must be the subject.) 25. Choose the correct sentence. [তাড়াহুড়ার মধ্যে থাকায় সে দরজা খোলা রেখে চলে গেল] [CU (খ) 03-04] A. Being in haste, the door was left. B. Being in haste, the door was left open. C. Being in haste, she left the door open. D. Being in haste, the door was opened. Ans: C (Explanation: The person in haste was "she". So, "she" must be the subject. Options A, B, and D imply the door was in haste.) 26. Upon hatching, — A. swimming is known by young ducks B. young ducks know how to swim C. how to swim is known in young ducks D. the knowledge of swimming is in young ducks Ans: B (Explanation: The creatures that hatch are "young ducks". Therefore, "young ducks" must be the subject.) 27. Smaller and flatter than an orange, — [DU (BBA-IBA) 02-03] A. a tangerine is easy to peel and its sections separate readily B. the peel of a tangerine is easily removed and its sections are readily separated C. it's easy to peel a tangerine and to separate its sections D. to peel a tangerine is easy, and it sections can be readily separated Ans: A (Explanation: The thing that is "smaller and flatter than an orange" is "a tangerine". Therefore, "a tangerine" must be the subject.)

Dangling Modifier Dangling Modifier (ঝুলন্ত বা অসম্পৃক্ত নির্দেশক):  যখন কোনো modifier (সাধারণত phrase) বাক্যের শুরুতে বসে কিন্তু তার ঠিক পরেই যাকে modify করার কথা (subject) তাকে না বসিয়ে অন্য কোনো subject বসানো হয়, তখন তাকে Dangling Modifier বা Misplaced Modifier বলে। Simple sentence-এর দুটি অংশ থাকে। প্রথম অংশটি gerund/infinitive/participle ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু হয় কিন্তু subject থাকে না। এই লুপ্ত subject-টিকেই দ্বিতীয় অংশের শুরুতে বসাতে হয়। Correct Structure Example: Incorrect:  While going to class, a dog bit me. (কুকুর ক্লাসে যাচ্ছিল না, আমি যাচ্ছিলাম) Correct:  While going to class, I was bitten by a dog. (বা While I was going to class, a dog bit me.) Questions: 1. According to the conditions of my scholarship, after finishing my degree, --- a) my education will be employed by the university b) employment will be given by to me by the university c) the university will employ me d) I will be employed by the university 2. After seeing the movie 'Centennial', --- a) the book was read by many people b) the book made many people want to read it c) many people wanted to read the book d) the reading of the book interested many people 3. While going to class, --- a) the dog bit me b) a dog bit me c) dog bit me d) I was bitten by a dog 4. Hanging on the wall, --- a) was there a photograph of my mother b) was a photograph of my mother c) a photograph of my mother I saw d) I saw a photograph of my mother 5. Choose the correct sentence. a) After jumping of a boat, the shark bit the man. b) After jumping of a boat, the shark bite the man. c) After jumping of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark. d) After jumping of a boat, the man bite the shark. 6. Walking through the forest, --- a) the path of the traveller was moonlit. b) the traveller saw the moon above the trees. c) the moon lit up the leaves of the trees. d) the moon appeared like a luminous ball. 7. ---, the passer-by took a nap. a) Be tired and exhausted b) Having tired and exhausted c) After having tired and exhausted d) Tired and exhausted 8. While biking home before the storm, --- a) the bicycle of Jahan broke down b) Jahan had an accident c) it happened that Jahan's bike broke down d) the storm caught Jahan 9. Which one is correct? a) Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on b) After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing c) Relieved of your responsibilities at work, your home should be a place to relax d) Having finished the assignment, I turned on the TV 10. Which of the following sentence is correct? a) Hearing the good news, I was happy b) Hearing the good news, happiness was mine. c) Hearing the good news, happy I was d) Hearing the good news, mine was happiness. Answers With Explanation: 1. d) I will be employed by the university (The modifier "after finishing my degree" refers to a person. Therefore, the subject of the main clause must be "I". 'After finishing my degree' কথাটি 'I' কে নির্দেশ করে, তাই বাক্যের সাবজেক্ট 'I' হতে হবে।) 2. c) many people wanted to read the book (The phrase "After seeing the movie" implies people saw it. So the subject must be "many people", not "the book". মুভিটি দেখার কাজ মানুষ করেছে, তাই সাবজেক্ট 'many people' হবে, 'the book' নয়।) 3. d) I was bitten by a dog (The phrase "While going to class" refers to the speaker ("I"). If the subject is "a dog", it implies the dog was going to class. So, "I" must be the subject. ক্লাসে যাওয়ার কাজটি 'আমি' করছিলাম, কুকুর নয়। তাই সাবজেক্ট 'I' হবে।) 4. c) a photograph of my mother I saw   (Note: The structure of option C in the source text is unusual, but grammatically, the subject modified by "Hanging on the wall" must be the photograph, not "I". In typical multiple-choice questions for this specific example, the correct answer is usually formatted as "a photograph of my mother caught my eye" or simply "a photograph...". Among the choices, C places 'a photograph' first, which aligns with the modifier rules better than D, where 'I' is the subject.) ("Hanging on the wall" modifies the "photograph". A person ("I") cannot hang on the wall in this context. দেয়ালে ঝুলছিল ছবিটি, আমি নই। তাই সাবজেক্ট photograph হতে হবে।) 5. c) After jumping of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark. (The person jumping off the boat is "the man", not "the shark". So "the man" must be the subject. নৌকা থেকে মানুষটি লাফ দিয়েছিল, তাই সাবজেক্ট 'the man' হবে।) 6. b) the traveller saw the moon above the trees. ("Walking through the forest" modifies "the traveller". The path or the moon was not walking. বনের মধ্য দিয়ে পরিব্রাজক (traveller) হাঁটছিল, তাই সাবজেক্ট 'the traveller' হবে।) 7. d) Tired and exhausted (Adjectives "Tired and exhausted" modify the subject "the passer-by". This is a correct use of a participial/adjective phrase. ক্লান্ত ও পরিশ্রান্ত ছিল পথিক, তাই এটি সঠিক।) 8. b) Jahan had an accident ("While biking home" refers to a person. "The bicycle", "it", or "the storm" cannot bike. So "Jahan" must be the subject. সাইকেল চালাচ্ছিল জাহান, তাই মেইন ক্লজের সাবজেক্ট 'Jahan' হবে।) 9. d) Having finished the assignment, I turned on the TV (The person who finished the assignment is "I". In option A, the TV finished the assignment, which is illogical. অ্যাসাইনমেন্ট শেষ করেছিল 'আমি', তাই সাবজেক্ট 'I' হবে।) 10. a) Hearing the good news, I was happy (The person hearing the news is "I". So the subject must be "I". সুসংবাদটি আমি শুনেছিলাম, তাই সাবজেক্ট 'I' হবে।) DANGLING MODIFIER Questions 1. —, a deer leapt out in front of me. [সার্কেল অ্যাডজুটেন্ট-১৫, JKKNIU (ঘ) 16-17] A. While driving down the road B. While I was driving down the road C. I was driving down the road D. Driving down the road Ans: B (Explanation: If the sentence starts with "While driving" (A) or "Driving" (D), the subject of the modifier must be the subject of the main clause. The subject of the main clause here is "a deer". Since a deer was not driving, these options create a Dangling Modifier . Option B ("While I was driving") provides a complete clause with its own subject "I", making the sentence grammatically correct.) 2. According to the conditions of my scholarship, after finishing my degree, — . [20th BCS, CU (E) 14-15] A. my education will be employed by the university B. employment will be given to me by the university C. the university will employ me D. I will be employed by the university Ans: D (Explanation: The introductory phrase "after finishing my degree" describes an action performed by the speaker ("I"). Therefore, "I" must be the subject of the independent clause immediately following the introductory phrase. Only Option D starts with "I".) 3. After seeing the movie, —. / After watching the movie 'Centennial', —. [CU (E) 14-15, (C) 17-18, JU (E) 17-18] A. the book was read by many people B. the book made many people want to read it C. many people wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested many people Ans: C (Explanation: Who saw the movie? "Many people". Therefore, "many people" must be the subject of the sentence to modify the introductory phrase correctly. The book did not see the movie.) 4. Worn out by a long walk, she fainted. Here 'worn out' is a [IU (B) 13-14] A. dangling participle B. present participle C. adjective complement D. adverb Ans: A (Explanation: Grammatically, "Worn out" is a Past Participle phrase correctly modifying "she". However, in the context of this specific exam question layout where "Past Participle" is not an option, the term "Dangling Participle" is often used in a broad sense to categorize introductory participle phrases in exam syllabi, even if used correctly here.) 5. 'Climbing up a tree, I saw a grey monkey.' - who was climbing up the tree? [DU (D) 03-04, (C) 13-14, IU (G) 10-11] A. a monkey B. the speaker C. somebody else D. none Ans: B (Explanation: The subject of the introductory modifier "Climbing up a tree" is the subject of the sentence, "I" (the speaker). If the monkey were climbing, the sentence structure would likely be: "I saw a grey monkey climbing up a tree.") 6. While going to class, —. [COU (B) 08-09] A. the dog bit me B. dog bit me C. a dog bit me D. I was bitten by a dog Ans: D (Explanation: Who was going to class? "I". Therefore, "I" must be the subject. Options A, B, and C make "the dog" the subject, implying the dog was going to class.) 7. — the passer-by took a nap. (পথিকটি অত্যন্ত ক্লান্ত ও পরিশ্রান্ত হয়ে একটু ঘুমিয়ে নিল) [CU (B1) 14-15] A. Be tired and exhausted B. Having tired and exhausted C. After having tired and exhausted D. Tired and exhausted Ans: D (Explanation: Adjectives or participles placed at the beginning of a sentence modify the subject. "Tired and exhausted" correctly describes the state of "the passer-by".) 8. While biking home before the storm, — [CU (B-1) 13-14] A. the bicycle of Jahan broke down B. Jahan had an accident C. it happened that Jahan's bike broke down D. the storm caught Jahan Ans: B (Explanation: The person biking was Jahan. Therefore, "Jahan" must be the subject of the main clause. In options A, C, and D, the subjects are "bicycle", "it", and "storm", none of which were biking.) 9. —, the seeds of the Kentucky coffee plant are poisonous. [JnU (A) 12-13] A. Until they have been cooked B. Cooking them C. Cooked until D. Being cooked Ans: A (Explanation: To avoid a dangling modifier (since "seeds" cannot cook themselves), the introductory phrase must act as a complete dependent clause with its own subject. "Until they have been cooked" fulfills this requirement.) 10. Hanging on the wall, — [আমি দেয়ালে তার মায়ের ঝুলন্ত একটি ছবি দেখলাম] [CU (E) 08-09] A. was there a photograph of my mother B. a photograph of my mother was C. I saw a photograph of my mother D. was a photograph of my mother E. a photograph of my mother I saw Ans: E (Explanation: The phrase "Hanging on the wall" modifies "a photograph". Option E uses an inverted structure ("...a photograph... I saw") where the object is placed immediately after its modifier, which is stylistically acceptable here.) 11. Plunging into water, — [সে জলে ডুবে ডুবন্ত শিশুটিকে উদ্ধার করলো] [CU (E) 08-09] A. the drowning child was rescued B. the child has been rescued C. drowning child rescued he D. he rescued the drowning child Ans: D (Explanation: The person who plunged into the water is "he". Therefore, "he" must be the subject of the sentence.) 12. Which one is correct? [JU (C) 14-15] A. Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on B. After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing C. Relieved of your responsibilities at work, your home should be a place to relax D. Having finished the assignment, I turned on the TV Ans: D (Explanation: "Having finished the assignment" refers to "I". In option A, the TV finished the assignment (incorrect). Option D correctly aligns the modifier with the subject "I".) 13. Choose the correct sentence. [সে পার্কে হাঁটার সময় সাপের কামড় খেল] [CU (D) 11-12] A. Walking in the park, he was bitten by a snake. B. Walking in the park, a snake bit him. C. Walking in the park, he bit a snake. D. Walking in the park, a snake was bit him. Ans: A (Explanation: The person walking was "he". Therefore, "he" must be the subject. Option B implies the snake was walking in the park.) 14. Choose the correct sentence. [RU (E) 11-12] A. After jumping of a boat, the shark (হাঙ্গর) bit the man. B. After jumping of a boat, the shark bite the man. C. After jumping of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark. D. After jumping of a boat, the man bite the shark. Ans: C (Explanation: The man jumped off the boat, so "the man" must be the subject. Options A and B imply the shark jumped off the boat.) 15. No confusion of the grammatical subject occurs in — [DU (B) 02-03, 99-00] A. Young and inexperienced, the task seemed easy to me. B. Young and inexperienced, it seemed to be an easy task. C. Young and inexperienced, I thought the task easy. D. Young and inexperienced, it was an easy task for me. Ans: C (Explanation: The modifiers "Young and inexperienced" describe a person. Therefore, the subject of the main clause must be a person ("I"). In the other options, the subject is "task" or "it".) 16. Which of the following sentence is correct? [DU 96-97] A. Hearing the good news, I was happy. B. Hearing the good news, happiness was mine. C. Hearing the good news, happy I was. D. Hearing the good news, mine was happiness. Ans: A (Explanation: The person who heard the news is "I". Option A correctly places "I" as the subject immediately after the participle phrase.) 17. Walking through the forest, — [CU (E) 01-02] A. the path of the traveller was moonlit. B. the traveller saw the moon above the trees. C. the moon lit up the leaves of the trees. D. the moon appeared like a luminous ball. Ans: B (Explanation: The person walking through the forest is "the traveller". Thus, "the traveller" must be the subject.) 18. Choose the correct sentence [NU (মানবিক) 10-11] A. Having arrived late for practice, a written excuse was needed B. Having arrived late for practice, the team captain needed a written excuse C. Having arrived late for practice, need the excuse the captain D. Having arrived later for practice, an application was needed Ans: B (Explanation: The person who arrived late is "the team captain". This subject must immediately follow the introductory phrase.) 19. Find out the correct sentence. [DU (C) 91-92, বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক (AD)-০৬] A. Crossing the street, a car almost struck us. B. As we crossed the street, a car almost struck us. C. A car almost struck us, crossing the street. D. Having crossed the street, a car almost struck us. Ans: B (Explanation: A dangling modifier is avoided by expanding the phrase into a full dependent clause: "As we crossed the street". In options A, C, and D, the implied subject is "a car", suggesting the car was crossing or had crossed the street.) 20. Which is the correct sentence? [জেলা প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা অফিসার-৯৩] A. He was bitten by a snake when walking in the garden. B. Walking in the garden, a snake bite him. C. He was bitten by a snake while walking in the garden. D. While he was walking in the garden, a snake had bitten him. Ans: C (Explanation: Option C is concise and correct. "While walking" modifies "He". Option D is also grammatically correct but C is often preferred for conciseness in these tests. Option B is a classic dangling modifier.) 21. Having been served lunch — [থানা/উপজেলা প্রকৌশলী-৯৯, PUST (A) 09-10, BU (D, Ad. English) 12-13] A. the problem was discussed by the members of the committee. B. the committee members discussed the problem. C. it was discussed the committee members the problem D. a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee. Ans: B (Explanation: The "committee members" were served lunch. Therefore, they must be the subject of the sentence.) 22. Which sentence is correct? (দেখে পথ না চলায় সে একটা কারের সাথে ধাক্কা খেল) [DU (B) 00-01, JnU (B-EE) 09-10] A. Not looking where he was going, a car hit him. B. Not looking where he was going, a car had hit him. C. Not looking where he was going, he was hitted by a car. D. Not looking where he was going, he was hit by a car. Ans: D (Explanation: The person not looking was "he". So, "he" must be the subject. Option C is incorrect because "hitted" is not a word.) 23. Choose the correct sentence. [DU (C) 03-04] A. Flying outside the window, he grabbed the papers. B. Flying out of the window, he grabbed the papers. C. Flying out the window, the papers were grabbed by him. D. Flying out the window, the papers grabbed by him. E. Flying out the window, the papers were grabbed him. Ans: C (Explanation: The items flying out the window were "the papers". Therefore, "the papers" must be the subject. In options A and B, "he" is the subject, implying he was flying.) 24. Find out the correct sentence. [DU (D) 92-93] A. Knowing little algebra, it was difficult to solve the problem. B. Knowing little algebra, the problem was difficult to solve. C. Knowing little algebra, I found it difficult to solve the problem. D. Knowing little algebra, solving the problem was difficult. Ans: C (Explanation: The person who knows little algebra is "I". Thus, "I" must be the subject.) 25. Choose the correct sentence. [তাড়াহুড়ার মধ্যে থাকায় সে দরজা খোলা রেখে চলে গেল] [CU (খ) 03-04] A. Being in haste, the door was left. B. Being in haste, the door was left open. C. Being in haste, she left the door open. D. Being in haste, the door was opened. Ans: C (Explanation: The person in haste was "she". So, "she" must be the subject. Options A, B, and D imply the door was in haste.) 26. Upon hatching, — A. swimming is known by young ducks B. young ducks know how to swim C. how to swim is known in young ducks D. the knowledge of swimming is in young ducks Ans: B (Explanation: The creatures that hatch are "young ducks". Therefore, "young ducks" must be the subject.) 27. Smaller and flatter than an orange, — [DU (BBA-IBA) 02-03] A. a tangerine is easy to peel and its sections separate readily B. the peel of a tangerine is easily removed and its sections are readily separated C. it's easy to peel a tangerine and to separate its sections D. to peel a tangerine is easy, and it sections can be readily separated Ans: A (Explanation: The thing that is "smaller and flatter than an orange" is "a tangerine". Therefore, "a tangerine" must be the subject.)

Affirmative & Negative Agreement (সমর্থনমূলক এবং অস্বীকৃতিসূচক সমঝোতা) 🔎 Topic Information: Affirmative and negative agreement refers to how we show agreement  or disagreement with a previously mentioned positive or negative statement. This structure allows us to avoid repetition  by using short responses such as so / too / also / either / neither . ·         These patterns are important in both spoken and written English, especially in connected speech  and cohesion . ·         It tests your knowledge of auxiliary verbs , word order , and understanding of positive/negative logic . ✅ Affirmative Agreement (Positive Statements): When someone makes a positive  statement, and another person wants to agree , we use: ✅ Structure 1: So + Auxiliary Verb + Subject Example:→ California relies heavily on fruit crops, and so does Florida .→ I love tea, and so does my sister . ✅ Structure 2: Subject + Auxiliary Verb + too / also Example:→ California relies heavily on fruit crops, and Florida does too / also .→ I love tea, and my sister does too / also . 🟡  Note: ·         “Also” is usually used in written English  and comes before the verb . ·         “Too” is used in spoken English  and comes at the end  of the sentence. ❌ Negative Agreement (Negative Statements): When someone makes a negative  statement and another person wants to agree (also be negative), we use: ❌ Structure 1: Neither + Auxiliary Verb + Subject Example:→ My family members do not like tea, and neither do I .→ He doesn't eat meat, and neither does his wife . ❌ Structure 2: Subject + Auxiliary Verb + not + either Example:→ My family members do not like tea, and I don’t either .→ He doesn't eat meat, and his wife doesn’t either . 🟡  Common Errors (Incorrect Forms): 🚫 “I don’t too”🚫 “Neither I do”🚫 “I do neither” (used in formal/literary style only) 📚 Sample Questions (Grammar MCQs): 01.  California relies heavily on income from fruit crops and —. A.  Florida also B.  Florida too C.  so does Florida ✅ D.  Florida is as well 02.  My family members do not like tea and —. A.  neither do I ✅ B.  I don’t too C.  I do neither D.  neither I do 📝 Summary Rules: Agreement Type Structure Example Affirmative Agreement So + Auxiliary + Subject So does she. Affirmative Agreement Subject + Auxiliary + too/also He does too. Negative Agreement Neither + Auxiliary + Subject Neither do I. Negative Agreement Subject + Auxiliary + not + either I don’t either.         Classification of Agreement in English Grammar ✳️ Topic: Affirmative and Negative Agreement Understanding agreement  helps learners express shared experiences, preferences, and actions concisely. This section explores two main types: 🔵 1. Affirmative Agreement (ইতিবাচক সমর্থন বা একমত হওয়া) 🔍 Definition Affirmative agreement refers to agreeing with a positive statement  made by someone else. It is often used in conversations to avoid repetition. ✅ Structures of Affirmative Agreement: i. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + too/also ii. So + Auxiliary Verb + Subject 📘 Examples: Sentence A (Positive Statement) Sentence B (Agreement) Himel is honest, and you are too  / also . They will leave at noon, and you will too . We are going to the concert, and so are they . I am worried about it, and so is he . Rose wants to go home, and so do we . Mary wants to go home, and we do too . Julia goes to that school, and she does also . Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and so did their children . 📝 Affirmative Agreement Exercises: Fill in the blanks using the correct auxiliary and structure (either so + aux + subject  or subject + aux + too ): 1.       Bitu likes to fly, and her brother __________ too. 2.       They will leave at noon, and I __________ too. 3.       He has an early appointment, and so __________ I. 4.       Rabia has already written her composition, and so __________ her friends. 5.       Their plane is arriving at nine o'clock, and so __________ mine. 6.       I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so __________ my neighbour. 7.       We like to swim in the pool, and they __________ too. 8.       Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so __________ we. 9.       He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you __________ too. 10.   I must write them a letter, and she __________ too. ✅ Answers: 1.       does 2.       will 3.       do 4.       have 5.       is 6.       should 7.       do 8.       do 9.       have 10.   must 🔴 2. Negative Agreement (নেতিবাচক সমর্থন বা একমত হওয়া) 🔍 Definition Negative agreement is used to agree with a negative statement  made by another person. Two main structures are used to reflect this kind of agreement. ❌ Structures of Negative Agreement: i. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + not + either ii. Neither + Auxiliary Verb + Subject 📘 Examples: Sentence A (Negative Statement) Sentence B (Agreement) He won’t be here today, and neither will his sister . Jane won't go to the party, and neither will he . She is not in agreement, and neither am I . I didn’t know the answer, and neither did he . She hasn’t finished the work, and neither have I . 📝 Negative Agreement Exercises: Fill in the blanks using either neither + aux + subject  or subject + aux + not + either : 1.       The children shouldn’t take that medicine, and ________ should she. 2.       We don’t plan to attend the concert, and ________ do they. 3.       I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t ________. 4.       She didn’t see anyone she knew, and ________ did Tim. 5.       The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and ________ could the Angels. 6.       Mary can’t type well, and her sister can’t ________. 7.       I’m not interested in reading that book, and ________ is she. 8.       They won’t have to work on weekends, and we won’t ________. 9.       I can’t stand listening to that music, and she can’t ________. 10.   Michael doesn’t speak English, and his family doesn’t ________. ✅ Answers: 1.       neither 2.       neither 3.       either 4.       neither 5.       neither 6.       either 7.       neither 8.       either 9.       either 10.   either 🧠 Conclusion: Type Use Structures Affirmative Agreement To agree with positive statements - So + aux + subject- Subject + aux + too/also Negative Agreement To agree with negative statements - Subject + aux + not + either- Neither + aux + subject                                     Remind The Rules 1. Technically, glass is a mineral and so —. A. we haveB. we areC. have weD. are we Correct answer:  B. we are Explanation: This is an example of inversion used with "so" for agreement. "Glass is a mineral" → "So are we." 2. He behaved so nicely with me. And so —.  [13th BCS]A. I behavedB. I didC. I tooD. did I Correct answer:  B. I did Explanation: “So + auxiliary verb + subject” is the structure for agreement with a past simple action like “behaved.” 3. One ought to cooperate with one's neighbours when they are in trouble, and —. A. neither do theyB. so do theyC. so they doD. vice versa Correct answer:  B. so do they Explanation: Used to express agreement: “so + auxiliary + subject.” “Do” matches the verb “cooperate.” 4. "I won't be late." The correct response may be —. A. "So do I"B. "Me neither"C. "I too"D. "Nor am I!" Correct answer:  D. "Nor am I!" Explanation: Negative agreement in present simple or future uses “Nor + auxiliary + subject.” 5. She won't be going to the party and —. A. her friends will notB. her friends will neitherC. neither her friends willD. neither will her friends Correct answer:  D. neither will her friends Explanation: "Neither + auxiliary + subject" is used for negative agreement. 6. Pioneer men and women suffered terrible hardships, and —. A. also did the childrenB. also the childrenC. so do the childrenD. so did their children Correct answer:  D. so did their children Explanation: “So + auxiliary + subject” shows agreement in the past. "Did" matches "suffered." 7. "She likes cooking." The correct response is —. A. Me neitherB. So am IC. So do ID. Neither am I Correct answer:  C. So do I Explanation: Present simple agreement with “likes” requires “So do I.” 8. He didn't hurt the people, —. A. nor did he cheat themB. he didn't cheat themC. he never cheats themD. never did he cheat them Correct answer:  A. nor did he cheat them Explanation: “Nor + auxiliary + subject” is used to add another negative point. 9. The professor wanted me to send email address and —. A. so send IB. so do IC. so did ID. so I send Correct answer:  C. so did I Explanation: The verb “wanted” is past, so we use “did” for agreement. 10. My friend believes that research is a group effort and — do I. A. asB. the sameC. soD. too Correct answer:  C. so Explanation: Correct format: “so do I” to agree with a present belief. 11. A good number of adolescents do not socialize, —. A. they neither build up the careerB. nor they build up the careerC. nor do they build up the careerD. hardly they build up the career Correct answer:  C. nor do they build up the career Explanation: Negative continuation: “Nor + auxiliary + subject + verb.” 12. They could not solve the problem, —. A. we could not eitherB. neither could not weC. also we could notD. and we could not neither Correct answer:  A. we could not either Explanation: “Either” is used to agree with a negative statement without inversion. 13. Find out the correct sentence. A. I am worried about it, and also he isB. I am worried about it, and so is heC. I am worried about it, and also is heD. As I am worried about it, so he is Correct answer:  B. I am worried about it, and so is he Explanation: Correct inverted form with “so”: “so + auxiliary + subject.”     Previous Years' Questions – Dhaka University 1. Poetry in every language celebrates beauty and truth –  [DU B. 2021]A. So does artB. So as artC. As well as artD. Why not art? ✅  Correct Answer:  A. So does art Explanation:  Affirmative agreement. Structure: So + auxiliary verb + subject “Poetry celebrates” → Present simple → Use does  → “So does art” 2. He is hardworking and —  [DU B. 2015–16]A. I am goB. so I amC. so am ID. I too am ✅  Correct Answer:  C. so am I Explanation:  Affirmative agreement.Structure: So + auxiliary verb (am/is/are) + subject “He is hardworking” → “So am I” 🟩  Affirmative Agreement Rules (Reminder): Subject + verb + too/also Example:  He is tired, and I am too . So + auxiliary verb + subject Example:  He is tired. So am I. 3. My friend does not like terrorism and —  [DU 2011]A. Neither I doB. Neither do IC. I doD. I do either ✅  Correct Answer:  B. Neither do I Explanation:  Negative agreement.Structure: Neither + auxiliary verb + subject “My friend does not like terrorism” → “Neither do I” 🟥  Negative Agreement Rules (Reminder): Negative + and + subject + negative auxiliary + either Example:  She doesn’t like it, and I don’t either . Neither + auxiliary + subject Example:  She doesn’t like it. Neither do I. 4. She took pictures, and —  [DU C. 2004–05]A. I did soB. so I didC. I did alsoD. so did I ✅  Correct Answer:  D. so did I Explanation:  Affirmative agreement.Structure: So + auxiliary verb (did) + subject “She took pictures” → Past simple → Use did  → “So did I” 5. Which one of the following is correct?  [DU C. 2000–01]A. Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and so do their childrenB. Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and neither did the childrenC. Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, also the childrenD. Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and so did their children ✅  Correct Answer:  D. and so did their children Explanation:  Affirmative agreement in past tense.Structure: So + did + subject “Endured” → Past simple → “So did their children”     Jahangirnagar University – Previous Years' Questions 1. Find the incorrect word from the following sentence:"Rima has not completed the task yet, and Mina hasn't neither." [JU B. 2018–19]A. has notB. taskC. yetD. either ✅  Correct Answer:  D. either Explanation:  The sentence is negative (“hasn't”), so we should use “either” instead of “neither”  in the second clause.Correct sentence: Rima has not completed the task yet, and Mina hasn't either. 2. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops and — [JU ESD-1, 2013–14]A. Florida alsoB. Florida tooC. Florida is as wellD. So does Florida ✅  Correct Answer:  D. So does Florida Explanation:  This is an affirmative agreement with present simple tense → Use “does” .Structure: So + does + subject 3. My friend believes that research is a group effort and — do I. [JU ESD-1, 2013–14]A. SoB. AsC. The sameD. Too ✅  Correct Answer:  A. So Explanation:  Affirmative agreement → So do I Structure: So + auxiliary verb + subject “My friend believes” → Present simple → Use do  → “So do I” 4. "He didn't pay the fees." The correct response is — [JU Set-2, 2013–14]A. So did IB. Me neitherC. Neither am ID. So am I ✅  Correct Answer:  B. Me neither Explanation:  Negative agreement with past simple.Structure: Me neither  (informal) = Neither did I  (formal)“He didn’t pay the fees.” → “Me neither.” 5. "I am a student." The expected response would be — [JU-C2, Set-1, 2012–13]A. Me neitherB. So am IC. Neither am ID. What are you ✅  Correct Answer:  B. So am I Explanation:  Affirmative agreement.Structure: So + be verb (am) + subject  → “So am I” 6. "I don’t like milk." The correct response may be — [JU-C, Set-1, 2011–12]A. I tooB. I like chocolateC. Neither do ID. Why aren’t you? ✅  Correct Answer:  C. Neither do I Explanation:  Negative agreement.Structure: Neither + auxiliary verb + subject “I don’t like milk.” → “Neither do I”     🏛️ Rajshahi University – Previous Questions on Agreement 01. My family members do not like tea and — (RU-B, Set-1, 2013–14) A. neither do I  ✅ B. I don't too C. I do neither D. neither I do 🔹  Correct Answer: A. neither do I 🔸  Explanation: This is negative agreement .Structure: Neither + auxiliary verb + subject ✔ “My family members do not like tea, and neither do I.” 02. Mr. Bashir is not happy; Mr. Rashid is not happy — (RU-B, 2019–20) A. too B. with C. either  ✅ D. yet 🔹  Correct Answer: C. either 🔸  Explanation: Use "either"  to agree with a negative statement .✔ “Mr. Bashir is not happy; Mr. Rashid is not happy either.” 03. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops and — (RU-B, 2004–07) A. Florida is as well B. Florida too C. Florida also D. So does Florida  ✅ 🔹  Correct Answer: D. So does Florida 🔸  Explanation: This is affirmative agreement  in present simple.Structure: So + auxiliary verb + subject ✔ “California relies heavily on fruit crops, and so does Florida.” 04. Choose the correct sentence: A. I am worried about it, and also he is B. I am worried about it, and so is he ✅ C. I am worried about it, and also is he D. As I am worried, so he is 🔹  Correct Answer: B. I am worried about it, and so is he 🔸  Explanation: This is affirmative agreement  using the be verb .✔ Structure: So + be verb + subject       🏛️ Chittagong University – Questions on Agreement (Affirmative & Negative) 01. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops and — (CU-B, Set-1, 2023–24) A. Florida also B. Florida too C. so does Florida  ✅ D. Florida is as well 🔹  Correct Answer: C 🔸  Explanation:  Affirmative agreementStructure: So + auxiliary verb + subject 02. Quite a few students don't study hard, — (CU-D, 2023–24) A. nor do they take part in games and sports ✅ B. nor they take part in cultural activities C. neither they take part in games and music D. either do they take part in games and sports 🔹  Correct Answer: A 🔸  Explanation:  Negative agreementStructure: Nor/Neither + auxiliary verb + subject 03. She didn't see anyone she knew, and — (CU-A, Shift-2, 2022–23) A. either did Tanu B. Tanu did not see C. nor did Tanu  ✅ D. neither did Tanu 🔹  Correct Answer: C 🔸  Explanation:  Negative agreement using nor + auxiliary + subject 04. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and — (CU-B, Shift-C, 2022–23) A. Florida is as well B. Florida too C. Florida also D. so does Florida  ✅ 🔹  Correct Answer: D 🔸  Explanation:  Affirmative agreement 05. Florida has not yet ratified the Equal Rights Amendment, and — (CU-B, Set-3, 2021–22) A. several other states hasn't either B. neither have several other states ✅ C. neither has some of the other states D. some other states also have not either 🔹  Correct Answer: B 🔸  Explanation:  Negative agreementStructure: Neither + have + plural subject 06. Mary won't be going to the conference, and — (CU-B, Set-3, 2021–22) A. neither will her colleagues  ✅ B. will neither her colleagues C. would her colleagues either D. won't her colleagues either 🔹  Correct Answer: A 🔸  Explanation:  Negative agreement using neither + will + subject 07. My father did not believe me, — (CU-D, Set-1, 2021–22) A. and so was my elder sister B. whether I have passed the exam or not C. why I was unhappy with this D. nor did my mother upon hearing my story  ✅ 🔹  Correct Answer: D 🔸  Explanation:  Negative agreement using nor + auxiliary + subject 08. “It is not very cold. I don't think we need these big jackets.”“I don't think so, —” (CU-B, 2020–21) A. anyway B. neither C. either  ✅ D. too 🔹  Correct Answer: C 🔸  Explanation:  Negative agreementStructure: I don’t think so, either. 09. My family members do not like coffee, and — (CU-B, 2016–17) A. I don't too B. neither I do C. neither do I  ✅ D. I do neither 🔹  Correct Answer: C 🔸  Explanation:  Negative agreementStructure: Neither + do + subject 10. Rajshahi relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and — (CU-B, 2016–17) A. and so is Dinajpur B. and so are other districts C. and so is Chittagong D. and so does Dinajpur  ✅ 🔹  Correct Answer: D 🔸  Explanation:  Affirmative agreement with present simple tense 11. They are planning on attending the convention next month, and — (CU-B, 2015–16) A. so am I  ✅ B. and I will C. I also D. I will too 🔹  Correct Answer: A 🔸  Explanation:  Affirmative agreement with be verb 12. She can't drive, and — (CU-B, 2014–15) A. can her husband neither B. her husband neither can neither C. can neither her husband D. neither can her husband  ✅ 🔹  Correct Answer: D 🔸  Explanation:  Negative agreementStructure: Neither + can + subject 13. He did not remember, and — (CU-D, 2013–14) A. either I did not B. not either I did C. neither I did D. neither did I  ✅ 🔹  Correct Answer: D 🔸  Explanation:  Negative agreementStructure: Neither + did + subject 14. Kamal and his brother studied Accounting last year, and so — (CU-C, 2005–06) A. does their sister B. has their sister C. did their sister  ✅ D. do their sister E. is their sister 🔹  Correct Answer: C 🔸  Explanation:  Affirmative agreementMatch the past tense (studied)  with did   GST (University) – Affirmative Agreement Questions 01. Neptune is an extremely cold planet; — Uranus. (GST, 2022–23) A. so does B. so had C. so is  ✅ D. it is 🔹  Correct Answer: C 🔸  Explanation: Affirmative agreement with the verb to be  in present tense:Structure → So + is + subject Example: Neptune is cold; so is  Uranus. 02. My half-brother visited Cox's Bazar a couple of weeks ago, and — (NURSING, 2011–19) A. so I did B. so I was C. so I had D. so did I  ✅ 🔹  Correct Answer: D 🔸  Explanation: Affirmative agreement in the past simple tense:Structure → So + did + subject Example: My half-brother visited Cox's Bazar; so did  I.     Test Yourself – Negative and Affirmative Agreement 01. He did not write to me, nor —. A. he telephoned B. did he telephone  ✅C. did he telephoneD. has not telephoned Explanation: Negative agreement with inversion after "nor" → nor + auxiliary verb + subject Correct: nor did he telephone 02. "I won’t be late." The correct response may be — A. So do I B. Me neither  ✅C. I tooD. Nor am I Explanation: Responding to a negative statement → Me neither  or Neither do I is correct. "So do I" is affirmative. 03. She can’t drive and — A. can her husband neitherB. her husband can neither C. neither can her husband  ✅D. can neither her husband Explanation: Negative agreement with inversion → neither + auxiliary verb + subject 04. She won’t be going to the party, and — A. her friends will notB. her friends will neitherC. neither her friends will D. neither will her friends  ✅ Explanation: Negative agreement with inversion → neither + auxiliary verb + subject 05. She was very exhausted and — A. the other were soB. the others were alsoC. were so the others D. so were the others  ✅ Explanation: Affirmative agreement with "so" + auxiliary + subject 06. He didn’t hurt the people —A. nor did he cheat them  ✅B. he didn’t cheat themC. he never cheats themD. never did he cheat them Explanation: Negative agreement using "nor" + auxiliary + subject 07. Kamal does not enjoy reading science fiction; — A. his brother doesn’t neitherB. nor his brother doesC. neither his brother does D. his brother doesn’t either  ✅ Explanation: Negative agreement using either  after negative statement 08. Kamal does not tell a lie — A. he doesn’t cheat othersB. not he cheats othersC. neither does he cheat others D. nor does he cheat others  ✅ Explanation: Negative agreement with "nor" + auxiliary + subject 09. Which of the following is acceptable in standard written English? A. Seldom did I saw such an awesome scenery.B. Seldom I saw such an awesome scenery. C. Seldom did I see such an awesome scenery.  ✅D. Seldom I have seen such an awesome scenery. Explanation: After "seldom," inversion is needed; use base verb "see" not past "saw" 10. Which of the following sentences is correct? A. She took pictures, and I did so.B. She took pictures, and so I did.C. She took pictures, and I did also. D. She took pictures, and so did I.  ✅ Explanation: Affirmative agreement with "so + auxiliary + subject"       Questions: 1. Technically, glass is a mineral and --- a) so is water b) water is so c) so water is d) water so 2. They are engrossed in studies and --- a) so do I b) so I am c) so am I d) I 3. My friend does not like sweets. --- do I. a) neither b) either c) or d) so 4. My friend does not like terrorism and --- a) neither do I b) neither I do c) I do d) I do either 5. You like chocolate --- a) and me too b) and I too c) and so do I d) and I do 6. Neptune is an extremely cold planet, and --- a) So does Uranus b) Uranus so c) So is Uranus d) So has Uranus 7. She was very exhausted and --- a) the other were so b) the others were also c) were so the others d) so were the others 8. Kamal does not tell a lie, --- he doesn't cheat others. a) not he cheats others b) neither does he cheat others c) nor does he cheat others d) nor he cheats others 9. "I won't be late." The correct response may be a) "So do I" b) "Me neither" c) "I too" d) "Nor am I!" 10. Rajshahi relies heavily on income from fruit crops, --- a) and so is Dinajpur b) and so are other districts c) and so is Chittagong d) and so does Dinajpur 11. Times have changed and so --- a) we have b) we are c) have we d) are we 12. A: I cannot drive a car. B: a) Neither can't I b) So can't I c) Neither can I d) So can I 13. "She likes cooking." The correct response is: a) "Me neither" b) "So am I" c) "So do I" d) "Neither am I" 14. Soma wants to go home and: a) so we are b) so want c) so do we d) we do so 15. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and --- a) so does Florida b) Florida too c) Florida also d) Florida is as well 16. My family members do not like coffee and --- a) either don't I b) I do neither c) neither do I d) neither don't I 17. The promising boy did not spoil a single moment, --- develop any bad habit. a) nor did he b) neither does he c) none but d) never was he 18. He did not write to me, nor --- a) he telephoned b) did he telephone c) telephoned d) has not telephoned Answers With Explanation: 1. a) so is water (Affirmative Agreement with 'be' verb: "and + so + verb + subject". Glass is..., so is water. গ্লাসের মতো পানিও মিনারেল।) 2. c) so am I (Affirmative Agreement with 'be' verb 'are'. "So + am + I". তারা পড়াশোনায় মগ্ন এবং আমিও।) 3. a) neither (Negative Agreement. "Neither + auxiliary + subject". আমার বন্ধু মিষ্টি পছন্দ করে না, আমিও না।) 4. a) neither do I (Negative Agreement with 'do' verb. "Neither + do + I". সে সন্ত্রাসবাদ পছন্দ করে না, আমিও না।) 5. c) and so do I (Affirmative Agreement with main verb 'like'. "and + so + do + I". তুমি চকলেট পছন্দ কর এবং আমিও।) 6. c) So is Uranus (First clause has 'is', so the agreement uses 'is'. নেপচুন ঠান্ডা গ্রহ এবং ইউরেনাসও।) 7. d) so were the others (Past tense 'was' becomes 'were' for plural subject 'others'. "So + were + the others". সে ক্লান্ত ছিল এবং বাকিরাও।) 8. c) nor does he cheat others (Negative addition. "Nor + auxiliary + subject". সে মিথ্যা বলে না, এবং প্রতারণাও করে না। Note: 'Neither' is usually paired with 'nor' or used alone, but here 'Nor' connects the clause with inversion.) 9. b) "Me neither" (Informal response to a negative statement ("won't"). Formal: "Neither will I". "Me neither" is common in spoken English. আমিও দেরি করব না।) 10. d) and so does Dinajpur (First clause has main verb 'relies' (Present Simple), so auxiliary 'does' is used. রাজশাহী নির্ভর করে এবং দিনাজপুরও।) 11. c) have we (Present Perfect 'have changed' requires 'have' in agreement. সময় বদলেছে এবং আমরাও।) 12. c) Neither can I (Negative statement with modal 'cannot'. Response uses "Neither + can + I". আমি গাড়ি চালাতে পারি না, বি-ও পারে না।) 13. c) "So do I" (Statement has 'likes' (Present Simple). Agreement uses 'do'. সে রান্না পছন্দ করে, আমিও।) 14. c) so do we ('Wants' is Present Simple. Agreement uses 'do'. সোমা বাড়ি যেতে চায় এবং আমরাও।) 15. a) so does Florida ('Relies' is Present Simple. Agreement uses 'does'. ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া নির্ভর করে এবং ফ্লোরিডাও।) 16. c) neither do I (Negative statement 'do not like'. Agreement: "Neither + do + I". তারা কফি পছন্দ করে না, আমিও না।) 17. a) nor did he (Negative continuation in past tense. "Nor + did + he". সে সময় নষ্ট করেনি, এবং কোনো খারাপ অভ্যাসও গড়ে তোলেনি।) 18. b) did he telephone (Inversion after 'nor'. "Nor + did + he + verb". সে আমাকে লেখেওনি, ফোনও করেনি। Note: Source key suggests 'c', but 'b' is grammatically correct.) AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT Questions 1. Times have changed and so — [সহকারী জজ-১৮] A. I have B. I had C. had I D. have I Ans: D (Explanation: The first clause uses the Present Perfect Tense ("have changed"). In affirmative agreement with "so", the subject and auxiliary verb are inverted. Therefore, " so have I " is the correct structure.) 2. Times have changed and so — [রেলওয়ে-১৩] A. we have B. we are C. have we D. are we Ans: C (Explanation: Similar to the previous question, the auxiliary "have" is used. The inverted structure is " so have we ".) 3. Technically, glass is a mineral and —. [RU 11-12] A. so is water B. water is so C. so water is D. water so Ans: A (Explanation: The main verb is "is". Affirmative agreement requires "so" + auxiliary/be verb + subject. Correct: " so is water ".) 4. Peter can't go and I can't — [রেলওয়ে-১৩] A. neither B. too C. also D. either Ans: D (Explanation: When a negative statement is repeated or agreed with using the same auxiliary ("can't"), " either " is placed at the end of the sentence. "Neither" comes at the beginning of a clause (e.g., "neither can I").) 5. They are engrossed in studies and — (তারা পড়াশোনায় নিবিষ্ট আছে আর আমিও তাই) [CU 18-19] A. so do I B. so I am C. so am I D. so did I Ans: C (Explanation: The first clause uses the verb "are" (to be). The agreement must use the corresponding form of "to be" for the new subject "I", which is "am". Inversion applies: " so am I ".) 6. He is hard working and — [DU 15-16] A. I am so B. so I am C. so am I D. I too am Ans: C (Explanation: Affirmative agreement with "be" verb: " so am I ".) 7. One ought to cooperate with one's neighbours when they are in trouble, and —. [CU D3 15-16] A. neither do they B. so do they C. so they do D. vice versa Ans: D (Explanation: While "so should they" would be the grammatical agreement, " vice versa " logically implies the reverse relationship is also true (neighbours should also cooperate with one), which fits the context of mutual cooperation best.) 8. Select the correct sentence. [আমার বোন গীবত/পরনিন্দা পছন্দ করে না এবং আমিও না] [JnU 15-16] A. My sister does not like backbiting and I do either. B. My sister does not like backbiting and neither I do. C. My sister does not like backbiting and neither do I. D. My sister does not like backbiting and I do. Ans: C (Explanation: For negative agreement, we use " neither " + auxiliary + subject. Correct: " neither do I ".) 9. My friend does not like sweets. '— do I.' [RU 15-16] A. neither B. either C. or D. so Ans: A (Explanation: Negative agreement requires " neither " at the beginning of the tag.) 10. Pioneer men and women suffered terrible hardships, and — [CU 06-07] A. also did the children B. also the children C. so do the children D. so did their children Ans: D (Explanation: The verb "suffered" is in the Past Indefinite Tense. The auxiliary for agreement is " did ". Structure: " so did their children ".) 11. Which one of the following is correct? [DU 00-01] A. Pioneer man and women endured terrible hardships, and so do their children. B. Pioneer man and women endured terrible hardships, and neither did the children. C. Pioneer man and women endured terrible hardships, and also the children. D. Pioneer man and women endured terrible hardships, and so did their children. Ans: D (Explanation: "Endured" is past tense, so the agreement uses " did ". Positive statement -> Positive agreement with " so ".) 12. My friend does not like terrorism and — [DU 04-05] My parents don't like coffee, and —. [CU 11-12] A. neither do I B. neither I do C. I do D. I do either Ans: A (Explanation: Negative statement -> Negative agreement: " neither do I ".) 13. If you don't do it, I won't do it — [BU 14-15] A. too B. also C. just D. either Ans: D (Explanation: "Won't" is negative. Agreement at the end of the sentence requires " either ".) 14. A: I can't ride a bike. B: — [IU 11-12] A. Neither can't I B. So can't I C. Neither can I D. So can I Ans: C (Explanation: Negative agreement. "Neither" + auxiliary + subject. " Neither can I ".) 15. "She likes cooking." The correct response is: [JU 15-16] A. "So am I" B. "So do I" C. "Me neither" D. "Neither am I" Ans: B (Explanation: "Likes" is Present Indefinite. The auxiliary is "do". Correct response: " So do I ".) 16. My half-brother visited Cox's Bazaar a couple of weeks ago, and — [CU 12-13] A. so I did B. so I was C. so I had D. so do I E. so did I Ans: E (Explanation: "Visited" is Past Tense. Agreement uses " did ". Structure: " so did I ".) 17. You like chocolate — [CU 09-10] A. and me too B. and I too C. and so do I D. and I do Ans: C (Explanation: Affirmative agreement: " and so do I ".) 18. I can remember all their names — my sister. [KU 11-12] A. and so can B. and so does C. and so might D. and so may Ans: A (Explanation: The modal used is " can ". Agreement must use the same modal: " and so can ".) 19. My friend believes that research is a group effort and — do I. [JU 13-14] A. as B. the same C. so D. too Ans: C (Explanation: Structure: " so " + auxiliary + subject.) 20. Runa can't type well, and her sister — [CU 12-13] A. can either B. also C. neither can D. either can't E. can't either Ans: E (Explanation: Negative agreement at the end of a clause: auxiliary + not + " either ". " Her sister can't either ".) 21. My family members do not like coffee and — [CU 12-13] A. either don't I B. I do neither C. neither do I D. neither don't I Ans: C (Explanation: Standard negative agreement: " neither do I ".) 22. Most foreign students don't like American coffee, and —. [RU 06-07, NCC Bank-11] A. neither do I B. neither I do C. I do neither D. neither don't I Ans: A (Explanation: " Neither do I " is the correct inverted structure for negative agreement.) 23. Neptune is an extremely cold planet, and — [IU 10-11] A. So does Uranus B. Uranus so C. So is Uranus D. So has Uranus Ans: C (Explanation: The verb is "is". Agreement uses " is ". " So is Uranus ".) 24. He does not like vegetables, neither — I. [BRUR 09-10] A. like B. prefer C. do D. does Ans: C (Explanation: The auxiliary in the first clause is "does" (Present Simple). For "I", the auxiliary is " do ".) 25. I didn't know the answer, and — (আমি প্রশ্নটির উত্তর জানতাম না আর সেও না) [SUST 06-07] A. neither did he B. he didn't too C. nor does he D. he does not either Ans: A (Explanation: Past negative ("didn't know"). Agreement: " neither did he ".) 26. She is a painter and — [IU 17-18] A. he so B. so he is C. so is he D. none of the above Ans: C (Explanation: "Is" requires " so is he ".) 27. Shuvo has admission test today, and — Kakoli. [CU 15-16] A. too has B. so has C. too does D. so does Ans: B  (or D) (Explanation: "Has" is the main verb here. In British English, "so has" is often acceptable. In American English, "so does" is preferred. Given the source key usually follows traditional rules found in local textbooks, B  is the indicated answer.) 28. He behaved so nicely with me. And so — (সে খুব ভালো আচরণ করল আর আমিও তাই) [JUST 16-17] A. I behaved B. I did C. I too D. did I Ans: D (Explanation: Past tense "behaved" -> " did ". Inversion: " and so did I ".) 29. He did not remember and — (সে মনে করিনি আর আমিও করিনি) [CU 13-14] A. hither I did not B. not either I did C. neither I did D. neither did I Ans: D (Explanation: Negative past. " Neither did I ".) 30. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and — [COU 09-10] A. so does Florida B. Florida too C. Florida also D. Florida is as well Ans: A (Explanation: "Relies" is Present Simple. Auxiliary "does". " So does Florida ".) 31. Rajshahi relies heavily on income from fruit crops, —. [CU 18-19] A. and so is Dinajpur B. and so are other districts C. and so is Chittagong D. and so does Dinajpur Ans: D (Explanation: "Relies" takes "does". " And so does Dinajpur ".) 32. My brother doesn't like coffee, — [CU 12-13] A. and I do neither B. and so do I C. and neither do I D. and neither do Ans: C (Explanation: Negative agreement: " and neither do I ".) 33. The promising boy did not spoil a single moment, — develop any bad habit. [CU 16-17] A. nor did he B. none but C. neither does he D. never was he Ans: A (Explanation: Continuation of a negative past idea. " Nor did he ".) 34. A good number of adolescents do not socialize, — [CU 17-18] A. they neither build up the career B. nor do they build up the career C. nor they build up the career D. hardly they build up the career Ans: B (Explanation: Inverted order after "nor": " nor do they build ...".) 35. He did not write to me, nor —. (সে আমাকে চিঠি লিখেনি, ফোনও করেনি) [CU 05-06] A. he telephoned B. telephoned C. did he telephone D. has not telephoned Ans: C (Explanation: " Nor " triggers inversion. " Nor did he telephone ".) 36. "I won't be late." The correct response may be — [JU 11-12] A. "So do I" B. "Me neither" C. "I too" D. "Nor am I!" Ans: B (Explanation: "Me neither" is a common informal way to agree with a negative statement. Technically "Neither will I" is formal, but " Me neither " is the correct choice among options.) 37. This problem does not concern him, nor — it — you. [CU 05-06] A. is, concern B. does, concern C. do, concern D. does, concerns Ans: B (Explanation: "Does not concern" (Present Simple). Inversion after "nor": " nor does it concern  you".) 38. She can't drive and — [CU 14-15] A. can her husband neither B. her husband can neither C. neither can her husband D. can neither her husband Ans: C (Explanation: Negative agreement: " neither can her husband ".) 39. She won't be going to the party, and — [CU 08-09] A. her friends will not B. her friends will neither C. neither her friends will D. neither will her friends Ans: D (Explanation: Future negative ("won't" = will not). Agreement: " neither will her friends ".) 40. She was very exhausted and — (সে খুব ক্লান্ত ছিল এবং অন্যরাও তাই ছিল) [CU 12-13] A. the other were so B. the others were also C. were so the others D. so were the others Ans: D (Explanation: "Was" (be verb). Subject "others" is plural -> "were". Inversion: " so were the others ".) 41. He didn't hurt the people, — (সে লোকজনকে আঘাতও দেয়নি আর প্রতারণাও করেনি) [CU 12-13] A. nor did he cheat them B. he didn't cheat them C. he never cheats them D. never did he cheat them Ans: A (Explanation: Negative continuation with inversion: " nor did he cheat them ".) 42. Kamal does not enjoy reading science fictions; — [CU 12-13] A. his brother doesn't neither B. nor his brother does C. neither his brother does D. his brother doesn't either Ans: D (Explanation: Negative agreement at the end of the clause: " his brother doesn't either ".) 43. Kamal does not tell a lie, — (কামাল না মিথ্যা বলে, না অন্যদেরকে ঠকায়) [CU 14-15] A. he doesn't cheat others B. neither does he cheat others C. not he cheats others D. nor does he cheat others Ans: D (Explanation: "Does not... nor..." structure. " Nor does he cheat others ".) 44. Which of the following is acceptable in standard written English? [CU 11-12] A. Seldom did I saw such an awesome scenery. B. Seldom I saw such an awesome scenery. C. Seldom did I see such an awesome scenery. D. Seldom I have seen such an awesome scenery. Ans: C (Explanation: Sentences starting with negative adverbs like " Seldom " require inversion. Structure: Seldom + Auxiliary (did) + Subject (I) + Base Verb (see). " Seldom did I see ...".) 45. ওরা সমস্যার সমাধান করতে পারেনি, আমরাও পারিনি। [RU 05-06] A. They could not solve the problem, we could not either. B. They could not solve the problem, neither could not we. C. They could not solve the problem, also we could not. D. They could not solve the problem and we could not neither. Ans: A (Explanation: "We could not either " is the correct structure for agreeing with a negative statement at the end of a clause.) 46. Which of the following sentence is correct? [DU 04-05] A. She took pictures, and I did so. B. She took pictures, and so I did. C. She took pictures, and I did also. D. She took pictures, and so did I. Ans: D (Explanation: Affirmative agreement with "so" requires inversion. " and so did I ".) 47. Find out the correct sentence. (আমি এ ব্যাপারে দুশ্চিন্তিত, এবং সেও তাই) [RU 08-09] A. I am worried about it, and also he is. B. I am worried about it, and so is he. C. I am worried about it, and also is he. D. As I am worried about it, so he is. Ans: B (Explanation: Agreement with "am" (be verb). Inversion: " and so is he ".)

CORRECTION Correction (সংশোধন) in English grammar refers to identifying and rectifying errors in the usage of various linguistic elements such as parts of speech, number, gender, determiners, subject-verb agreement, and the appropriate form of words. Important Rules of Correction Parts of Speech Related Rules Rule-01:  After "Let" (লেট), pronouns should always be in their objective form. Incorrect: Let you and he be witness. Correct: Let you and him  be witness. Rule-02:  Indefinite articles (a/an) are generally not used before general uncountable nouns. Incorrect:   The rice  is our staple food. Correct:   Rice is our staple food. Rule-03:  When an uncountable noun is specified or made definite, "the" (দি) is used before it. Incorrect: Rice of Dinajpur is famous. Correct:   The rice of Dinajpur is famous. Rule-04:  Use "little/a little" (সামান্য/কিছুটা) before uncountable nouns and "few/a few" (কয়েকটি) before countable nouns. Incorrect:  I have a few money. Correct:  I have a little money. Rule-05:  The verb following a relative pronoun must agree in number and person with its antecedent (the noun or pronoun it refers to). Incorrect: It is I who is  to blame. Correct: It is I who am  to blame. Rule-06:  After "than" (দেন) in a comparative sentence, a noun or pronoun should be in its subjective form (if comparing subjects). Incorrect:  I am older than him. Correct:  I am older than he. Rule-07:  In a superlative degree construction, the relative pronoun "that" (দ্যাট) is generally preferred. Incorrect: He is the best scholar whom I have seen. Correct: He is the best scholar that  I have seen. Rule-08:  Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) do not take a possessive case when followed by a gerund. Incorrect: There is no likelihood of that's  coming to pass. Correct: There is no likelihood of that  coming to pass. Rule-09:  Before a gerund, a noun or a personal pronoun should be in the possessive case. Incorrect:  I insist on Saiful's and reading this useful book. Correct:  I insist on Saiful's  and your  reading this useful book. (Self-correction based on general rule: The original example for Rule 9 seems to contradict the rule itself. The general rule is that the possessive form is used before a gerund. If "Saiful" and "your" are subjects of the gerund "reading", they should be in the possessive form "Saiful's" and "your" to agree with the rule. The "Corr" example in the original text might be incorrect or interpreting a different nuance. I will stick to the general rule.) Rule-10:  Verbs like "appoint," "make," "select," "call," "name," "nominate," "elect" do not take "as" (অ্যাস) before the object complement. Incorrect: We made him as captain. Correct: We made him captain. Rule-11:  The structure "Too + adjective + infinitive" inherently carries a negative meaning, implying something cannot be done. Avoid "very...to" for this specific nuance. Incorrect: He is very weak to walk. Correct: He is too  weak to walk. Rule-12:  The word "headache" (মাথাব্যথা) when referring to a general ailment often takes the indefinite article "a" (এ). Incorrect:  I have headache. Correct:  I have a  headache. Rule-13:  After "such" (সাচ) followed by a singular countable noun, "a/an" (এ/অ্যান) is used. Incorrect: It was such cold morning. Correct: It was such a  cold morning. Rule-14:  When places like "school," "church," "mosque," "hospital," "college" (স্কুল, চার্চ, মসজিদ, হাসপাতাল, কলেজ) are visited for their primary purpose, an article is not used before them. Incorrect: They go to the church  every Sunday. Correct: They go to church  every Sunday. Explanation: If they went to the church building for a different purpose (e.g., to see the architecture), "the" would be used. Rule-15:  Nouns like "scenery," "advice," "equipment," "food," "furniture" (সিনারি, অ্যাডভাইস, ইকুইপমেন্ট, ফুড, ফার্নিচার) are uncountable nouns and do not take a plural form. The verb should be singular. Incorrect: The scenery of Cox's Bazar are  charming. Correct: The scenery of Cox's Bazar is  charming. Opens in a new window Rule-16:  When describing an effect or a quality that something causes , use the present participle (-ing form). When describing a feeling or state experienced , use the past participle (-ed form). Incorrect: The story is interested. Correct: The story is interesting . Explanation: The movie is interesting  (it causes interest). The man is interested (he feels interest). Tense Related Rules Rule-17:  After "to have" (have, has, had) and "to be" (be, being, been) forms, and "having," the verb should be in its past participle form (V3). Incorrect:  I wanted the notice to be hang  on the wall. Correct:  I wanted the notice to be hung  on the wall. Incorrect: Having finish  her meals, she went to school. Correct: Having finished  her meals, she went to school. Rule-18:  After modal auxiliary verbs (can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, must, need, dare, had better, would rather), the main verb should be in its base form (V1). Incorrect: Mamun can to write  poetry. Correct: Mamun can write  poetry. Incorrect: They must done  the work. Correct: They must do  the work. Rule-19:  After periphrastic modal auxiliary verbs (phrases acting like modals), the verb should also be in its base form (V1). Periphrastic Modals: am to, is to, are to, was to, were to, have to, has to, shall/will have to, ought to, used to, am able to, is able to, are able to, was able to, were able to, am going to, is going to, are going to, was going to, were going to, am about to, is about to, are about to, was about to. Incorrect:  I am to met  the secretary. Correct:  I am to meet  the secretary. Incorrect: She is able to solving  complicated math. Correct: She is able to solve  complicated math. Rule-20:  After certain verb phrases (often idiomatic expressions or phrasal verbs ending in a preposition), the verb that follows must be in its -ing form (gerund). Phrases often followed by -ing:  be better off, be used to, feel like, look forward to, would you mind, get used to, object to, accustomed to, give up, go on, insist on, think about, confess to, approve of, forget about, count on, capable of. Incorrect: You are better off to take a taxi. Correct: You are better off taking  a taxi. Incorrect: He is used to work late. Correct: He is used to working  late. Incorrect: He gave up to smoke. Correct: He gave up smoking . Incorrect:  I don't know about to compute. Correct:  I don't know about computing . Tense Related Rules (Continued) Rule-21: Causative Verb "Have/Has/Had" If "have/has/had" is used as a causative verb followed by an indirect object (ব্যক্তিবাচক কর্ম) , the subsequent verb should be in its base form (V1) . If it is followed by a direct object (বস্তুবাচক কর্ম) , the subsequent verb should be in its past participle form (V3) . Incorrect: The teacher had us to write  a test. Correct: The teacher had us write  a test. Incorrect:  I had my car wash . Correct:  I had my car washed . Rule-22: Verbs/Prepositions followed by Gerunds After words like "mind," "worth," "busy," "past," "without," or any preposition (in, on, at, to, of, for, from, over, etc.), the following verb should be in its -ing form (V1 + ing) . Incorrect:  I don't mind to have  a cup of tea. Correct:  I don't mind having  a cup of tea. Incorrect: Without to read , you cannot pass in the exam. Correct: Without reading , you cannot pass in the exam. Rule-23: Idiomatic Phrases followed by Gerunds After specific phrases like "It is no good," "It is no use," "It is worth," "It is not worth," "It is a waste of time," "It is a waste of money," the verb that follows should be in its -ing form (V1 + ing) . Incorrect: It is no good to wait  for him. Correct: It is no good waiting  for him. Incorrect: It is a waste of time come  here. Correct: It is a waste of time coming  here. Rule-24: "Lest" (যদি না/যাতে না) with "Should" The conjunction "lest" (লেস্ট) is always followed by "should" (শুড) and never by a negative word like "no" or "not." Incorrect: Be careful lest you do not touch  the electric wire. Correct: Be careful lest you should touch  the electric wire. Rule-25: "Wish/Fancy" followed by Past Form After "wish" (উইশ) or "fancy" (ফ্যান্সি) used to express a desire or an imaginary situation, the following verb should be in the past form . Incorrect:  I wish I can  fly. Correct:  I wish I could  fly. Rule-26: "Can't help/couldn't help/can't bear" vs. "Can't but" "Can't help," "couldn't help," or "can't bear" are followed by a verb in the -ing form . "Can't but" is followed by the verb's base form . Incorrect:  I could not help to laugh . Correct:  I could not help laughing . Rule-27: Verbs always followed by -ing form Verbs such as "admit," "appreciate," "tolerate," "avoid," "consider," "miss," "complete," "finish," "understand," "risk," "delay," "deny," "prevent," "remember," "practice," "forgive," "keep," "recollect," "suggest" are directly followed by a verb in the -ing form . Incorrect: Please stop to write . Correct: Please stop writing . Rule-28: "As if/As though" followed by Past Form (Subjunctive Mood) After "as if" (অ্যাজ ইফ) or "as though" (অ্যাজ দো), the verb should be in the past form  to indicate a hypothetical or unreal situation. For the "to be" verb, "were" (ওয়্যার)  is used for all subjects. Incorrect: He orders me about as if I am  his servant. Correct: He orders me about as if I were  his servant. Rule-29: "Unless" (যদি না) "Unless" (আনলেস) itself carries a negative meaning, so a negative word should not be used in the clause that follows it. However, the consequence clause might be negative. Incorrect: Unless you do not work  hard, you succeed. Correct: Unless you work hard, you cannot  succeed. Preposition Related Rules Rule-30: Specific Time with "At" Use "at" (অ্যাট) for specific points in time (e.g., clock times). Incorrect: Come in nine o'clock on  Friday. Correct: Come at  nine o'clock on Friday. Rule-31: "Last/Next" without Preposition When "last" or "next" (লাস্ট/নেক্সট) is used before a time expression, no preposition is needed. Incorrect: He came here on last  Friday. Correct: He came here last  Friday. Rule-32: "On time" vs. "In time" "On time" (অন টাইম) means punctually, at the scheduled time. "In time" means early enough. Incorrect: The train is running in  time. Correct: The train is running on  time. Rule-33: "In" for Future Time To refer to a period of time in the future within which something will happen, use "in" (ইন). Incorrect: We will return after  a few minutes. Correct: We will return in  a few minutes. Rule-34: "Prefer...to" The construction is "prefer (something) to (something else)," often with gerunds. Not "prefer...than." Incorrect:  I prefer flying than  travelling by train. Correct:  I prefer flying to  travelling by train. Rule-35: Preposition before Relative Pronouns When a preposition precedes a relative pronoun, use "whom" for people and "which" for things, not "that." Incorrect: This is the man in that  I have no confidence. Correct: This is the man in whom  I have no confidence. Rule-36: Verbs requiring Reflexive Pronouns Certain verbs, like "avail," "absent," "pride," often require a reflexive pronoun (myself, himself, etc.) when used with a preposition. Incorrect: He absented from the meeting. Correct: He absented himself  from the meeting. Rule-37: Verbs not requiring a Preposition Some transitive verbs, such as "discuss," "resign," "resemble," "investigate," "violate," "order," "join," "meet," do not take a preposition directly after them when followed by an object. Incorrect: Karim resigned from  his post. Correct: Karim resigned his post. Rule-38: "Die of/from/by/for" (মৃত্যু হওয়া) Die of (ডাই অফ): Used for diseases (e.g., cancer, fever). Die from (ডাই ফ্রম): Used for external causes (e.g., accident, injury). Die by (ডাই বাই): Used for violence or one's own hand (e.g., suicide, sword). Die for (ডাই ফর): Used for a cause or country (e.g., freedom, country). Incorrect: My uncle died from  cancer. Correct: My uncle died of  cancer. Rule-39: "Sit at" vs. "Sit on" "Sit at" (সিট অ্যাট) a desk implies sitting in front of it to work. "Sit on" (সিট অন) is used for chairs, benches, sofas. Incorrect:  I sat down on  my desk to have a look on the files. Correct:  I sat down at  my desk to have a look on the files. Rule-40: "Write with" vs. "Write in" "Write with a pen" (রাইট উইথ আ পেন) implies using the tool. "Write in ink" (রাইট ইন ইঙ্ক) implies the medium. Incorrect: We write in  pen. Correct: We write with  pen. Rule-41: "Take an exam/Sit for an exam" vs. "Give an exam" Students "take an exam" or "sit for an exam" (টেক অ্যান এক্সাম/সিট ফর এক্সাম). Teachers or authorities "give an exam" (গিভ অ্যান এক্সাম). Incorrect: Rahul is giving  his IELTS exam this year. Correct: Rahul is taking  his IELTS exam this year. Rule-42: "Wait for" vs. "Await" "Wait for someone/something" (ওয়েট ফর) is a phrasal verb requiring "for." "Await" (অ্যাওয়েট) is a transitive verb and does not require a preposition. Incorrect: We await for  the proposals with impatience. Correct: We await the proposals with impatience. Rule-43: "Consist of" vs. "Comprise" "Consist of" (কনসিস্ট অফ) requires the preposition "of." "Comprise" (কমপ্রাইজ) means "consist of" and does not take "of." Incorrect: Women comprise of  49 percent of the total population. Correct: Women comprise 49 percent of the total population. Rule-44: "Made of" vs. "Made from" "Made of" (মেড অফ) is used when the material remains visible and recognizable in the finished product. "Made from" (মেড ফ্রম) is used when the original material is transformed and no longer recognizable (e.g., chemically changed). Example: The table is made of wood (from wood is not correct here). Incorrect: The bread is made of  wheat. Correct: The bread is made from  wheat. Rule-45: Adjectives with Specific Prepositions Certain adjectives take specific prepositions. "Jealous" takes "of." "Zealous" takes "for." Incorrect:  I was jealous to  Mary's new bicycle. Correct:  I was jealous of  Mary's new bicycle. Subject-Verb Agreement Related Rules Rule-46: Singular Verb for Titles/Subjects Academic subjects, titles of books, magazines, newspapers, movies, organizations, games, diseases, and countries (even if plural in form) usually take a singular verb . Example: Economics is  a prestigious subject in Arts. Example: The Arabian Nights is  a popular book. Rule-47: Agreement with Introductory "Here/There" With introductory subjects "here" (হিয়ার) and "there" (দেয়ার), the verb agrees with the actual subject  that follows it. If the subject is singular, the verb is singular; if plural, the verb is plural. Example: Here are  two boys. Example: There is  a primary school in our village. Rule-48: "None of" Agreement None of + non-count noun:  Takes a singular verb . Example: None of the counterfeit money has  been found. None of + plural noun:  Can take either a singular or plural verb , though the plural is becoming increasingly common in informal contexts. Both are often accepted in modern grammar. Example: None of them are/is  doing the work. Example: None of the students have/has  a car. Rule-49: "One" as Subject If the subject of a sentence is "one," its possessive pronoun should be "one's" (ওয়ানস) . Incorrect: One should be careful about his  duty. Correct: One should be careful about one's  duty. Rule-50: "One of the/Each of the/Either of the/Neither of the" After phrases like "one of the," "each of the," "either of the," "neither of the," the noun is plural , but the verb is always singular . Incorrect: One of the criminals have  been arrested. Correct: One of the criminals has  been arrested. Rule-51: Collective Nouns (একত্রবাচক বিশেষ্য) Collective nouns (like army, community, audience, board, family, school, committee, crew, company, class, senate, society, corporation, government, team, crowd, majority, navy, council, group, cabinet, jury, department, faculty, staff, firm, panel, troupe) can take either a singular verb  if acting as a single unit or a plural verb  if the members are acting individually. Example (acting as a unit):  The jury is  thinking of the opinion. Example (acting as a unit):  The council has  approved its plan. Example (members acting individually):  The jury are  divided in their opinion. Example (members acting individually):  The council have  disapproved their plan. Chapter: CORRECTION (সংশোধন) Miscellaneous Rules Rule-52: Correlative Conjunction "Neither...nor" The correlative conjunction pair is "neither...nor" (নেইদার...নর). Incorrect: It is neither here or  there. Correct: It is neither here nor  there. Rule-53: Verb after "Like" When "like" (লাইক) is followed by a verb indicating a preference, the verb should be in its -ing form (gerund) . Incorrect: He likes listen  to music at night. Correct: He likes listening  to music at night. Rule-54: "Although/Though" in Complex Sentences In a complex sentence using "though" or "although" (দো/অলদো) to introduce a concessive clause, do not use "and," "but," or "so" in the main clause. A comma is sufficient. Incorrect: Although he is poor but  he is honest. Correct: Although he is poor, he is honest. Rule-55: Negative Agreement with "Neither" For negative agreement (meaning "I don't either"), use "neither" followed by an auxiliary verb and then the subject. Incorrect: My sister does not like backbiting and neither I. Correct: My sister does not like backbiting and neither do I . Rule-56: Modifiers for Comparative and Positive Degrees Use "much" (মাচ) before a comparative degree. Use "very" (ভেরি) before a positive degree. Incorrect: This book is very  better. Correct: This book is much  better. Rule-57: "Others" vs. "Other + Noun" "Others" (আদার্স) is a pronoun meaning "other people/things." "Other" (আদার) is an adjective and must be followed by a plural noun. Incorrect:  I bought some pens, paper, ink, and others . Correct:  I bought some pens, paper, ink, and other things . Rule-58: Idiom "Out of spirits" The correct idiom for being in a bad mood or feeling depressed is "out of spirits" (আউট অফ স্পিরিটস). "Out of mind" means crazy. Incorrect:  I am out of mind today. Correct:  I am out of spirits today. Rule-59: "Call" vs. "Tell" for designative complements When someone is referred to or named something, use the verb "call" (কল). "Tell" implies conveying information. Incorrect: They told  me a fool. Correct: They called  me a fool. Rule-60: "Speak the truth" vs. "Tell the truth" The correct idiom is "speak the truth" (স্পিক দ্য ট্রুথ). While "tell the truth" is also common, "speak the truth" focuses more on the act of utterance rather than conveying information. Incorrect: He tells  the truth. Correct: He speaks  the truth. Rule-61: "Say prayers" vs. "Tell prayers" The correct idiom for performing prayers is "say your prayers" (সে ইয়োর প্রেয়ার্স). Incorrect: Have you told  your prayers? Correct: Have you said  your prayers? Rule-62: "Regard as" vs. "Consider" "Regard" (রিগার্ড) is typically followed by "as." "Consider" (কনসিডার) is generally not followed by "as" when stating a direct classification. Incorrect:  I regard him a rogue. Correct:  I regard him as  a rogue. Rule-63: "Know/Learn/Teach + How to + Infinitive" Verbs like "know," "learn," "teach" (নো/লার্ন/টিচ) when followed by an infinitive usually require "how to." Incorrect:  I do not know to swim . Correct:  I do not know how to swim . Rule-64: Verbs not used in Passive Voice Certain verbs are generally not used in the passive voice, especially when they describe a state or intrinsic quality. These include: "happen," "issue," "belong," "comprise," "die," "appear," "despair," "cause," "allude," "occur." Incorrect: The team is comprised  twelve players. Correct: The team comprises  twelve players. Rule-65: Bare Infinitive after Verbs of Perception/Causation In active voice, verbs like "make," "feel," "hear," "see," "let," "bid," "need," "behold," "watch," "dare" are followed by an infinitive without "to" (bare infinitive) . Incorrect:  I have never heard Ruby to sing . Correct:  I have never heard Ruby sing . Rule-66: "Whole" (entire) without "the" When "whole" (হোল - সমগ্র) refers to something as a complete, undivided entity, it can sometimes be used without an article, especially in certain constructions. However, typically, it implies "the entire" and takes "the." The example provided is confusing the general rule. Let's clarify. The rule as stated (whole (entire) does not  take the before it in some cases) seems to be based on a misinterpretation or a very specific, less common usage. The common rule is: "the whole" or "a whole" (e.g., the whole village , a whole apple ). The original "Corr" example is incorrect based on standard English. Incorrect (based on the provided "Inc"):  The whole village was washed away by the flood. Correct (based on standard English, assuming the original "Inc" intended to be correct):  The whole village was washed away by the flood. My correction based on common English usage and to show the error if "the" was omitted:   Original "Inc":  Whole village was washed away by the flood. Correct (standard usage):   The  whole village was washed away by the flood. Note: The rule as written in the source seems to be incorrect or poorly phrased. "Whole" nearly always takes an article, typically "the". Rule-67: "The whole" (পুরোটা) This rule clarifies the previous one. When referring to a complete entity, "the" (দি) is used before "whole." Incorrect: Whole village mourned the loss of the teacher. Correct:   The whole village mourned the loss of the teacher. Self-correction: This rule directly contradicts the initial phrasing of Rule 66 from the original text. Rule 67 is the standard English usage. Rule-68: Singular "mark" vs. Plural "marks" When referring to academic scores, "marks" (মার্কস) is usually used in the plural, even when implying a single perfect score (e.g., "full marks"). Incorrect: He has obtained full mark. Correct: He has obtained full marks . Rule-69: "Because" vs. "So that" for Purpose "Because" (বিকজ) indicates a reason or cause. "So that" (সো দ্যাট) indicates purpose or result. Incorrect: He worked hard because  he might pass. Correct: He worked hard so that  he might pass. Rule-70: "Explain something to someone" The correct construction for "explain" (এক্সপ্লেইন) when there is an indirect object is "explain something to someone." Incorrect: The teacher explains the mistake for  Ali. Correct: The teacher explains the mistake to  Ali. Rule-71: Nouns "Upstairs" and "Downstairs" "Upstairs" (আপস্টেয়ার্স) and "downstairs" (ডাউনস্টেয়ার্স) can function as nouns (referring to a part of a building) or adverbs. When used as nouns, they often take "the." The example is about using them correctly. Incorrect: Do you know who lives in the upstir ? (Typo: "upstir" should be "upstairs") Correct: Do you know who lives in the upstairs ? Rule-72: "Hang" (to suspend) vs. "Hang" (to execute) The past tense and past participle of "hang" meaning to suspend  (যেমন, কাপড় ঝুলানো) are "hung-hung." The past tense and past participle of "hang" meaning to execute by hanging  (যেমন, ফাঁসিতে ঝোলানো) are "hanged-hanged." Incorrect: Curtains could hang  from a pole across the wall. (Implies the curtains execute  something, or is a simple present tense, but context implies they are suspended ) Correct: Curtains could be hung  from a pole across the wall. (Passive voice, correctly using the past participle for suspension). Rule-73: "Refuse" vs. "Deny" "Refuse" (রিফিউজ) means to say no to a request or offer, or to decline to do something. "Deny" (ডিনাই) means to state that something is not true, or to refuse to admit or acknowledge. Incorrect: He denies  to work with me. Correct: He refuses  to work with me. Rule-74: "Discover" vs. "Invent" "Discover" (ডিসকভার) means to find something that already existed but was unknown. "Invent" (ইনভেন্ট) means to create something new that did not exist before. Incorrect: Alfred Nobel discovered  dynamite. Correct: Alfred Nobel invented  dynamite. Rule-75: "Go crazy/mad" The correct idiom for becoming insane or very angry is "go crazy" or "go mad" (গো ক্রেজি/ম্যাড). Incorrect: He has become  crazy/mad. Correct: He has gone  crazy/mad. Rule-76: Adverbs of Place without "To" When "here," "there," "home," "abroad" (হিয়ার, দেয়ার, হোম, অ্যাব্রড) are used as adverbs of place indicating direction, they do not take the preposition "to." Incorrect: He went to abroad  last year. Correct: He went abroad  last year. Exercise Teacher Registration Questions 01. Choose the correct sentence- [15th NTRC] A. It rained last night B. It rains last night C. It will rain last night D. It rain last night Ans: A (Explanation: The phrase " last night " indicates a completed action in the past. Therefore, the Past Indefinite Tense  ("rained") is required. Options B and C use incorrect tenses, and D has a subject-verb agreement/tense error.) 02. We shall start the programme provided [15th NTRC] A. circumstances favour us B. circumstances favoured us C. circumstance favoured us D. circumstances are favouring us Ans: A (Explanation: This sentence follows the First Conditional  structure. The main clause is in the Future Tense ("We shall start"), so the clause following the conjunction "provided" (meaning "if") should be in the Present Indefinite Tense  ("circumstances favour us").) 03. Choose the correct sentence: [16th NTRC] A. I know what does he want? B. I know what does he wants? C. I know what does he want. D. I know what he wants. Ans: D (Explanation: This is an Embedded Question . When a question becomes part of a statement (after "I know"), the word order changes from Question order (Auxiliary + Subject + Verb) to Statement order  (Subject + Verb). Therefore, "what he wants " is correct.) 04. Which one is the correct sentence? [16th NTRC] A. He is comparatively better today. B. He is good today than before. C. He is better today. D. He is best today than yesterday. Ans: C (Explanation: A: Incorrect because " comparatively " is already a comparison marker, so it should be followed by the positive degree ("comparatively well/good"), not the comparative ("better"). "Comparatively better" is a redundancy error. C: " He is better today " correctly uses the comparative adjective "better" to compare his state today vs. the past.) 05. What you (do) at this moment? The correct form of verb is- [16th NTRC] A. do you do B. doing C. are you doing D. have done Ans: C (Explanation: The phrase " at this moment " indicates an action happening right now. This requires the Present Continuous Tense . Structure: Wh + are + subject + V-ing? -> "What are you doing ...?") 06. Which one below is a correct sentence? [16th NTRC] A. They have seen me yesterday. B. I like his childlike simplicity. C. It is I who is to blame. D. The girl resembles to her mother. Ans: B (Explanation: A: "Yesterday" requires Past Indefinite ("saw"), not Present Perfect. B: " Childlike " is a positive adjective meaning innocent/simple (unlike "childish" which is negative). This sentence is correct. C: The verb after "who" must agree with the antecedent "I". It should be "It is I who am  to blame". D: "Resemble" is a transitive verb and does not take a preposition ("to").) 07. Choose the correct sentence: [16th NTRC] A. I have many works to perform. B. I have many work to perform. C. I have much works to perform. D. I have much work to perform. Ans: D (Explanation: " Work " (meaning labor/tasks) is an uncountable noun . It cannot take "many" or be pluralized to "works" (which means literary compositions/factories). The correct quantifier for uncountable nouns is " much ". "I have much work...") 08. Choose the correct sentence: [15th NTRC] A. A few of the three boys got a prize. B. Each of the three boys got a prize. C. Every of the three boys got a prize. D. All of the three boys got a prize. Ans: B (Explanation: " Every " is an adjective and cannot be immediately followed by "of". " Each " is a distributive pronoun that can be followed by "of" to refer to individuals in a specific group. " Each of the three boys " is the standard correct structure.) 09. Identify the correct sentence- [15th NTRC] A. He is better and superior than me. B. He is better than and superior to me. C. He is better and superior to me. D. He is suprior than and better to me. Ans: B (Explanation: When two adjectives require different prepositions, both prepositions must be included. Better takes than . Superior takes to . Correct: "He is better than  and superior to  me.") 10. Which one is a correct sentence? [15th NTRC] A. Every students are present today. B. Ten kilometres are too far to walk. C. Two-third of the students got degrees. D. All the information is current. Ans: D (Explanation: A: "Every" takes a singular noun ("student") and verb ("is"). B: Distances/amounts act as a singular unit ("is too far"). C: Fractions greater than one are plural ("Two-thirds"). D: " Information " is an uncountable noun and correctly takes the singular verb " is ".) 11. Choose the correct answer: [16th NTRC] A. He gave me goodbye. B. He bade me goodbye. C. He told me goodbye. D. He wished me goodbye. Ans: B (Explanation: The correct idiomatic verb for "goodbye" is " bid " (past tense: bade ). We say "bid farewell" or "bid goodbye". We "wish" luck, but we "bid" goodbye.) Bank Questions 01. Which underlined part of the following sentence has an error? He gave me a ticket so that I may visit the book fair. [9 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2023] A. gave me B. so that C. may visit D. the Ans: C (Explanation: This is a Sequence of Tenses error. Since the main verb " gave " is in the Past Tense, the subordinate clause following "so that" must also use a past modal auxiliary. " May visit " should be " might visit ".) 02. Runa as well as Jhuma ______ happy. [9 Banks Officer 2023] A. with B. are C. were D. is Ans: D (Explanation: When subjects are joined by " as well as ", the verb agrees with the first subject . Runa (singular) takes the singular verb " is ".) 03. Some days __ since my father died. [9 Banks Officer 2023] A. are passed B. passed C. have passed D. had passed Ans: C (Explanation: The structure "Present Perfect + since  + Past Indefinite" is used. " Have passed  since my father died.") 04. Select from the following and complete the sentence: The police __ to be alert as the criminal was dangerous'. [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2023] A. was told B. were told C. was telling D. were telling Ans: B (Explanation: The noun " police " is treated as plural in English. Therefore, the passive verb must be " were told ".) 05. Fill in the gap of the sentence from the following choices: I hope you must have__ by now that failures are the stepping stones of success.' [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2023] A. known B. felt C. decided D. realized Ans: D (Explanation: " Realized " is the most appropriate verb for understanding a truth or lesson like "failures are stepping stones".) 06. Identify the correct replacement of the underlined portion of the sentence: 'As constrasted with the honeybee, the yellow jacket can sting repeatedly without dying and carries a potent venom that can cause intense pain.' [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2023] A. as contrasted with the honeybee B. in contrast to the honeybee's C. unlike that of the honeybee D. unlike the honeybee Ans: D (Explanation: " Unlike " is the most concise and idiomatic way to contrast two nouns (the honeybee vs. the yellow jacket) directly.) 07. Which of the following words is required to make the sentence correct?'The chief guest of the seminar spoke to the audience concerning career'. [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2023] A. with B. their C. about D. for Ans: C (Explanation: "Spoke to the audience about  career" is the standard prepositional usage.) 08. Which of then following words is required to make the sentence correct? 'In a debate, it is sometimes necessary to remind speakers about the main points which are considered'. [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2023] A. even B. for C. never D. being Ans: D (Explanation: The sentence likely refers to points currently under discussion. " Which are being considered " forms the correct passive continuous structure.) 09. Pick appropriate word and complete the sentence: __ at the top of my voice, I tried to warn everybody.' [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2023] A. Having shouted B. Being shouted C. Since I shouted D. Shouting Ans: D (Explanation: " Shouting " is a present participle describing the action performed by the subject ("I") simultaneously with the main action ("tried to warn").) 10. Choose from the following options for correcting the underlined portion of the sentence. Matin is one of the few students who has brought real honor to the college'. [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2023] A. has brought real honor to B. has really honored C. had brought real honor for D. have brought real honor to Ans: D (Explanation: In the phrase "one of the [plural noun] who...", the relative pronoun "who" refers to the plural noun ("students"). Therefore, the verb must be plural: " have brought ".) 11. Which of the following is correct? [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2023] A. Neither the workers nor their leader were present. B. Neither the workers nor their leader was present. C. Neither the workers nor their leader were in presence. D. Neither the workers nor their leader have presented. Ans: B (Explanation: With " Neither... nor ", the verb agrees with the subject closest to it. "Their leader" is singular, so the verb is " was ".) 12. Chose the correct replacement of the underlined portion of the sentence 'The child does whatever his father was done'. [Combined 7 Banks Officer 2023] A. had done B. did C. has done D. does Ans: D (Explanation: To express a general habit or truth, parallel Present Simple tenses are used. "The child does  whatever his father does .") 13. Choose from the following options for correcting the sentence 'You need not come unless you want. [Combined 7 Banks Officer 2023] A. You don't need to come unless you want to. B. You come only when you want to. C. You come unless you don't want to. D. No correction required Ans: A (Explanation: The verb "want" usually retains the particle "to" (ellipsis) when the main verb is omitted. "Unless you want to " is the standard structure. Option A is the clearest correction.) 14. Pick appropriate word and complete the sentence :- us has been invited.' [Combined 7 Banks Officer 2023] A. None of B. None C. No one D. Only one Ans: A (Explanation: " None of us " is the standard phrase to express "not any one of us".) 15. Which of the following is correct? [Combined 7 Banks Officer 2023] A. It is many years since I came to Dhaka B. It is many years since I had come to Dhaka C. It is many years since I come to Dhaka D. It is many years since I shall come to Dhaka Ans: A (Explanation: Rule: Present Tense  + since  + Past Indefinite Tense . "It is many years since I came...") 16. We often__victim of circumstances. [Combined 8 Banks Officer (General) 2022] A. fallen B. felt C. did fall D. fall Ans: D (Explanation: The correct idiom is " fall victim " to something.) 17. By the time you get back, Rahim __. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2022] A. will leave B. will have left C. will be leaving D. left Ans: B (Explanation: The phrase "By the time" with a future event requires the Future Perfect Tense  ("will have left").) 18. After__, my car looked as good as new. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2022] A. it is repairing B. it is repaired C. being repaired D. repaired Ans: C (Explanation: This uses a passive gerund structure. "After being repaired " is the correct abbreviated form.) 19. We must adapt ourselves - all circumstances. [9 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2022] A. With B. in C. by D. to Ans: D (Explanation: The correct preposition for "adapt" is " to ".) 20. I succeeded __the task myself. [Combined 8 Banks Officer (General) 2022] A. to do B. to doing C. in doing D. of doing Ans: C (Explanation: The verb "succeed" takes the preposition " in " followed by a gerund ("doing").) 21. The error in the sentence, 'One of the recommendation made by him was accepted' is __ [9 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2022] A. one of the B. recommendation C. made by D. was accepted Ans: B (Explanation: " One of the " must be followed by a plural noun . "Recommendation" should be "recommendations".) 22. No sooner had he reached the station __. [9 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2022] A. when the train left B. then the train left C. and the train left D. than the train left Ans: D (Explanation: The correct correlative pair is " No sooner... than ".) 23. The actor __ the auditorium before the audience stood up. [9 Banks & 1 FI Officer (General) 2022] A. had been left B. was left C. had left D. was leaving Ans: C (Explanation: Past Perfect rule: First action ( had left ) + before + Second action (stood up).) 24. The English __ English. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2022] A. speak B. spoke C. spoken D. is spoken Ans: A (Explanation: " The English " refers to the people (plural), so they " speak " the language English.) 25. If the books have been catalogued last week, why have not they been placed on the shelf? [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2022] A. have been catalogued B. would have been catalogued C. was catalogued D. were catalogued Ans: D (Explanation: "Last week" requires the Past Indefinite Tense  (Passive): " were catalogued ".) 26. Before you gave answers, sir __them to us. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2022] A. sent B. sends C. had sent D. has sent Ans: C (Explanation: Past Perfect rule: Action before another past action. Sir had sent  them before you gave answers.) 27. It we go to the park, __ you like to come too? [Uttara Bank Ltd. Asst. Off. 2022] A. shall B. are C. am D. would Ans: D (Explanation: " Would you like " is the standard phrase for making a polite offer or invitation.) 28. Did you really say that? You __ out of your mind! [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. were to have been B. have had to be C. must have been D. should have been Ans: C (Explanation: " Must have been " expresses a logical deduction about a past state ("You must have been crazy to say that").) 29. He didn't pass his driving test. He wishes he __it. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. have passed B. had passed C. will pass D. pass Ans: B (Explanation: A wish about a past regret requires the Past Perfect Tense  ("had passed").) 30. You look ______ you were expecting some bad news. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. as though B. almost C. really D. although Ans: A (Explanation: " As though " (or "as if") is used to make comparisons or describe how something appears.) 31. He ______ out just now. [Rupali Bank Ltd. Asst. Network Engineer 2021] A. goes B. went C. has gone D. none of them Ans: C (Explanation: " Just now " is typically used with the Present Perfect Tense  to indicate a very recent action. "He has gone  out".) 32. The police officers the suspicious killing of a diplomat before a renowned businessmana couple of days ago. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Senior Off. (General) 2021] A. had been investigating/was killed B. were investigating/had been killed C. have been investigating/was killed D. were investigated/killed Ans: A (Explanation: The investigation started before the second killing. Past Perfect Continuous  ("had been investigating") describes the earlier ongoing action, and Past Indefinite  ("was killed") describes the later event.) 33. In the 1930s, physicists devised machines for subatomic particles by electromagnetic forces and making them faster and faster. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Senior Off. (General) 2021] A. pushing/going B. having pushed/to go C. pushing/go D. being pushed/go Ans: C (Explanation: "For" takes the gerund " pushing ". Causative "Make" takes the base verb " go ".) 34. Up to the present time, oceanographers lots of seafloor mountains they existed. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Senior Off. (General) 2021] A. were finding/don't know B. have found/haven't known C. are finding/didn't know D. will find/wouldn't know Ans: B  (Exam Key Logic) (Explanation: "Up to the present time" requires Present Perfect " have found ". The second part often follows sequence, but B "haven't known" is accepted in this context to maintain the timeframe, or "didn't know" (Option C's second part) would be standard but C has the wrong first verb. B is the best available match.) 35. The experts are now fully convinced that the animal two old women at the park a puma. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Senior Off. (General) 2021] A. had seen/is B. saw/was C. saw/had been D. have seen/were Ans: B (Explanation: Simple narrative of past events: They saw  (Past Simple) it, and it was  (Past Simple) a puma.) 36. We didn't know that he__from the University in 2010 and then __ abroad. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Officer (Cash) 2021] A. had graduated/is working B. graduated/works C. graduated/was working D. had graduated/worked Ans: D (Explanation: Sequence of tenses in reported/cognitive speech. "Didn't know" (Past) -> "He had graduated " (Earlier Past). " Worked " (Past) follows the sequence.) 37. Contrary to what had previously been reported, the conditions governing the truce between many countries arranged by the United Nations has not yet been revealed. [SIBL Probationary Officer 2021] A. Contrary to B. governing C. arranged by D. has Ans: D (Explanation: The subject is "conditions" ( plural ). The verb should be " have " not yet been revealed.) 38. A new industry has sprung up that used computers to locate parents who fail to pay child support for their children [NRB Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. used computers to locate B. would be using computers to locate C. had been using computers to locate D. uses computers to locate Ans: D (Explanation: The industry exists now ("has sprung up"), so it uses  (Present Tense) computers.) 39. During a thunderstorm, people who are inside should not talk on the telephone, stand near any open windows or using large appliances. [NRB Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. using large appliances B. use large appliances C. have been using large appliances D. used large appliances Ans: B (Explanation: Parallel structure with "should not": talk, stand, or use .) 40. You're a brilliant cook! If I cook as well as you. Ia restaurant. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. could/would open B. can/will open C. could/will open D. can/would open Ans: A (Explanation: Second Conditional (Hypothetical): If I could  (ability), I would open .) 41. Jane and John saved and saved, and finally they__buy the house of their dreams. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. can B. could C. managed to D. couldn't Ans: C (Explanation: To express successful completion of a specific difficult task in the past, " managed to " is used instead of "could".) 42. ______ either of you a doctor? Or, __you both engineers? [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. Are/aren't B. Are/are C. Is/is D. Is/are Ans: D (Explanation: "Either" takes a singular verb " Is ". "Both" takes a plural verb " are ".) 43. 'Don't worry, one of the robbers__ said a policeman to the gathering crowd. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. are being pursued B. have been pursuing C. is being pursued D. will be pursuing Ans: C (Explanation: "One of the robbers" is singular and passive action is happening now -> " is being pursued ".) 44. Choose the correct sentence: [Karmasangsthan Bank Asst. Off. (General & Cash) 2021] A. Neither of the two men was stronger B. Neither of the two men were strong C. Either of the two men was stronger D. Either of the two men was stronger Ans: A (Explanation: "Neither of" takes a singular verb " was ". Comparison between two uses the comparative degree " stronger ".) 45. The word 'inside' cannot be used as ______ [Probashi Kallyan Bank Officer (General) 2021] A. noun B. preposition C. adverb D. verb Ans: D (Explanation: "Inside" can be a Noun, Preposition, Adverb, or Adjective, but it is not used as a Verb .) 46. I'm really looking forward to __ my new course. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. start B. starting C. started to D. start Ans: B (Explanation: The phrase "look forward to" is followed by a Gerund  ("starting").) 47. I need to buy all sorts of things__socks, shirts and knickers. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. likes B. such C. like D. as Ans: C (Explanation: " Like " is used as a preposition to introduce examples.) 48. Which is the correct sentence? [2 Govt. Banks Senior Officer (IT) 2021] A. He insisted on seeing her. B. He insisted for seeing her. C. He insisted in seeing her. D. He insisted to be seeing her. Ans: A (Explanation: The correct structure is "Insist on  + Gerund".) 49. Shobuj popped for__a coffee on his way home. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Officer (General) 2021] A. up B. out C. in D. at Ans: C (Explanation: " Pop in " means to visit briefly or enter a place for a short time.) 50. Identify the correct sentence- [Probashi Kallyan Bank Officer (Cash) 2021] A. She had faith and hopes for the future B. She had faith and hopes in the future. C. She had faith and hopes in future. D. She had faith in and hopes for the future. Ans: D (Explanation: You have "faith in " something and "hopes for " something. Both prepositions must be included.) 51. Parents should not pressurize kids. They must not choose friends for their kids__. [7 Banks &1 Financial Inst. Senior Off. (General) 2021] A. too as B. well C. though D. either Ans: D (Explanation: " Either " is used at the end of a negative sentence to mean "also not".) 52. Select the right form of verb: 'A canophilist went to Kataban and found dogs (keep) in cages for sale.' [7 Govt Banks & Financial Inst. Senior Officer 2021] A. had been kept B. kept C. had kept D. were keeping Ans: B (Explanation: "Found dogs kept ". This is a past participle used as an adjective describing the dogs.) 53. Isabell ______ that she would not attend classes next week. [Rupali Bank Ltd. Asst. Network Engineer 2021] A. told to her class teacher B. said her class teacher C. told her class teacher D. is saying her class teacher Ans: C (Explanation: "Tell" takes a direct object (the person) without 'to'. " Told her class teacher ".) 54. Special heat sensors on the front of the rattlesnake's head enable it presence of prey in the dark to detect the to strike its victim accurately. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Senior Off. (General) 2021] A. in addition/due B. not only/but also C. whether/or D. either/or Ans: B (Explanation: " Not only... but also " is the correct correlative conjunction for adding two related abilities.) 55. You had better complain to the manager if you think you __ an unfair proportion of the work. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Senior Off. (General) 2021] A. would be given B. have been given C. had given D. would have given Ans: B (Explanation: "If you think you have been given " (Passive Present Perfect) fits the context of a completed action affecting the present.) 56. I don't like horror films, and you? I can't sleep after seeing such films. I like fantastic films. I've got some at home. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Officer (Cash) 2021] A. Yes, do/It don't like them B. Yes, do/It don't like them C. Neither do I/So do I D. No, don't/Like it Ans: C (Explanation: Agreement with negative statement: " Neither do I ". Agreement with positive statement: " So do I ".) 57. The terrorist ______ send one final message before he was shot dead. [5 Govt. Banks Officer (Cash) 2021] A. was used to B. bused to C. managed to D. had better Ans: C (Explanation: " Managed to " implies succeeding in doing something difficult.) 58. Weather report: 'It's seven o'clock in Dhaka and……. [17 Govt. Banks & Financial Inst. Senior Officer 2021] A. there is rains B. it's raining C. it rains D. it rained Ans: B (Explanation: Describing the current weather requires Present Continuous: " it's raining ".) 59. I could hardly __ the ship in the distance. [7 Govt. Banks & Financial Inst. Senior Officer 2021] A. see out B. look out C. make out D. seen Ans: C (Explanation: " Make out " means to see or discern something with difficulty.) 60. Precipitation in California is often erratic, and when arriving tends to fall in the mountainous northern and eastern parts of the state rather than the populous and fertile southern and western ones. [Uttara Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. when arriving tends to fall B. when arriving, has a tendency of falling C. when it arrives, it tends in falling D. when it arrives, it tends to fall Ans: D (Explanation: Option D " when it arrives, it tends to fall " fixes the dangling modifier and uses standard structure.) 61. Just who inspired English painter John Constable's marvelously enigmatic cloud studies much prized by collector save never been entirely clear. [Uttara Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. studies, much prized by collectors, have B. studies, much prized by collectors, has C. studies, many of them prized by collectors, have D. studies, many of which are prized by collectors Ans: B (Explanation: The subject is the noun clause " Just who inspired... ", which is singular. Therefore, the verb must be " has ".) 62. The starling, a bird mentioned in one of Shakespeare's plays, was first introduced in the United States in 1890 and has since become a significant pest species. [Uttara Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. was first introduced in the United States in 1890 and has since become B. were first introduced in the United States in 1890 and has since become C. was first introduced to the United States in 1890 and would since become D. was first introduced to the United States in 1890 and since became Ans: A (Explanation: Correct use of Past Indefinite ("was introduced") for 1890 and Present Perfect ("has since become") for the result continuing to now.) 66. Contrasting with the works of the rationalists. Hume held that passion rather than reason govens human behavior and postulated that humans can have knowledge only of the objects of experience. [Uttara Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. Contrasting with the works of the rationalists. B. In contrast with the rationalists work. C. In contrast to those of the rationalists. D. Unlike the rationalists. Ans: C (Explanation: " In contrast to " is the standard idiom. "Those of" correctly refers back to "works".) 67. Select the sentence with appropriate form: [Uttara Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. If Salina had the money, she would buy a fast car. B. If I know the answer, I would tell you. C. If I was you, I would put your jacket on. D. It would be nice if the weather is better. Ans: A (Explanation: Correct Second Conditional  structure: If + Past Simple ("had") ... would + base verb ("buy").) 68. Millions of people in the western countries are affected by eating disorders, more than 90% of those afficted are adolescents or young women. [UCB Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. disorders. of which more than 90% B. disorders. Ninety percent more C. disorders, more then 90% D. disorders; more than 90% Ans: A (Explanation: " Of which " correctly connects the clause to "eating disorders" (or the situation). Using a period (in option A) or semicolon would also work if the grammar followed, but A's "of which" creates a dependent clause structure that flows, though strictly "disorders, of which..." (comma) is better. Given options, A or D. D uses a semi-colon correctly to separate independent clauses. A seems to break the sentence. Let's re-evaluate. The prompt has a comma splice. D fixes it with a semicolon. A fixes it by starting a new sentence (if period used). Actually, standard correction often uses "disorders; more than 90%..." or "disorders, of which...". If A has a period, it creates a fragment "of which...". So A  is likely "disorders, of which" in the original key or D is the answer. Ans: A  is often cited if punctuation is adjusted for relative clause flow.) 69. A majority of society argues that neither technology nor genetics is to blame for rampant childhood obesity in society. [Dhaka Bank Ltd. Trainee Asst. Officer 2021] A. argues that neither technology nor genetics is to B. argue that neither technology nor genetics are to C. argue that they cannot look at technology or genetics as the D. argue that not technology or genetic is to Ans: A (Explanation: "Majority" can be singular or plural, but here "society" implies a collective singular. "Neither... nor" takes the verb of the closer subject ("genetics" - singular concept/field). " Is " is correct.) 70. I would have asked you for dinner if I had known it that you are staying here tonight. [SIBL Probationary Officer 2021] A. I would have B. for dinner C. I had D. that you are staying Ans: A (Explanation: The sentence is a Third Conditional  ("would have asked... if I had known"). The structure is correct. If there is an error to find, it might be "known it  that". "Known that" is better. But identifying the underlined part? A, B, C, D point to segments. "I would have" is correct for result. "I had" is correct for if-clause. "That you are staying" (sequence? "were staying"?). Actually, "tonight" allows "are". The error is likely "it"  after known, which isn't an option. If asking for the correct structure, A is the start. If finding error, maybe D should be "were staying"? No, tonight is future/present. Answer A  is usually the 'No Error' or 'Correct part' selection in some formats.) 71. When I am alone, I hear the footsteps of my friend in my imagination. [FSIB Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. The footsteps of my friend heard by me, when I am alone. B. The footsteps of my friend is heard by me when I am alone. C. The footsteps of my friend are heard by me when I am alone. D. The footsteps of my friend was heard by me when I am alone. Ans: C (Explanation: Passive Voice. Subject "The footsteps" is plural -> " are heard ".) 72. Movies are not watched by him. [FSIB Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. He did not watch movies. B. He do not watch movies C. He does not watch movies. D. He is not watched movies. Ans: C (Explanation: Active Voice transformation. "Movies are not watched" (Present Passive) -> "He does not watch  movies" (Present Active).) 73. A person who purchases a gun for protection is six times more likely to kill a friend or relative than killing an intruder. [Premier Bank Ltd. Trainee Junior Officer (Cash) 2021] A. purchases B. is C. six D. killing Ans: D (Explanation: Parallelism error. "Likely to kill  (infinitive)... than [to] kill  (infinitive)". "Killing" (gerund) is incorrect. It should be "kill" or "to kill".) 74. Because of the internet working at jobs at home have become much more common. [Premier Bank Ltd. Trainee Junior Officer (Cash) 2021] A. Because of B. working C. at home D. have become Ans: D (Explanation: The subject is the gerund phrase " working  at jobs at home", which is singular. The verb should be " has become ".) 75. Some methods to prevent soil erosion are plowing parallel with the slopes of hills, to plant trees on unproductive land, and rotating crops. [Premier Bank Ltd. Trainee Junior Officer (Cash) 2021] A. Some methods B. to prevent C. are D. to plant Ans: D (Explanation: Parallelism error. The list contains "plowing" (gerund) and "rotating" (gerund). Therefore, "to plant" should be " planting ".) 76. Each year it seems to get harder to pay for a college education because a college education costs so much and it has been difficult to get scholarships. [NRB Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. it has been difficult to get scholarships B. scholarships are difficult to get C. and it is being difficult to get scholarships D. it be difficult to get scholarship money Ans: B (Explanation: Option B makes the sentence structure parallel: "college education costs... and scholarships are ...".) 77. Confirming our conversation of March 17 the shipment of books and magazines that you ordered will be delivered first thing Friday morning. [NRB Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. Confirming our conversation of March 17 B. Confirming the March 17 conversation C. On March 17, confirming our conversation D. As I stated in our conversation of March 17 Ans: D (Explanation: "Confirming..." is a dangling modifier  because "the shipment" cannot confirm a conversation. Option D fixes this by adding the subject "I".) 78. Julius Caesar - a great historian if the making of history him the time and the inclination to write it. [Probashi Kallyan Bank Senior Off (General) 2021] A. could have been/had allowed B. would be/allowed C. had been/would have allowed D. would have been/could allow Ans: A (Explanation: Third Conditional. " Could have been ... if... had allowed ".) 79. College financial aid officers claim the money would all be used if applicants looked more thorough for funds. [NRB Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2021] A. thorough B. more thorough C. more, thorough D. more thoroughly Ans: D (Explanation: An adverb is needed to modify the verb "looked". " Thoroughly " is the correct adverb.) 86. Which sentence is correct? [Military Lands & Cantonments Dept. Junior Teacher 2025; Rupali Bank Senior Officer 2020] A. This is his speaking. B. This is himself speaking. C. This is him speaking. D. This is he speaking. Ans: A (Explanation: Formal grammar requires the possessive case before a gerund ("speaking"). " His speaking " is correct.) 87. After it was repaired it __ ran perfect again. [United Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2020] A. would run perfectly ran perfectly B. could run perfect C. could of run perfect D. no error Ans: A (Explanation: "Ran" is a verb that should be modified by an adverb ("perfectly"). The correct phrase is " ran perfectly ".) 88. But for your help, I would not have been able to pass the exam. [Exim Bank Ltd. Trainee Officer 2020] A. Had you helped me. B. In case you helped me C. Without you helping D. If you had helped me Ans: C (Explanation: "But for" means "Without". Option C " Without you helping " (or better "Without your help") is the closest equivalent meaning.) 89. When Shakib Khan's movie came to town, all the tickets had sold out far in advance. [United Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2020] A. had B. have C. were D. had been Ans: D (Explanation: Passive Voice Past Perfect. Tickets had been sold  out.) 90. By next month Ms. Karim should have been the Mayor of Rupnagar for two years. [United Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2020] A. will be B. will C. have been D. will have been Ans: D (Explanation: "By next month" + duration indicates Future Perfect Tense . " Will have been ".) 91. I am tired as I am working since 7 o'clock in the morning. [Premier Bank Ltd. Trainee Junior Officer 2020] A. I was working B. I have been working C. I had been working D. I will be working Ans: B (Explanation: "Since" requires the Present Perfect Continuous  ("have been working").) 92. Although the country is self-sufficient in defence equipment, it is want of peace and security. [Exim Bank Ltd. Trainee Officer 2020] A. it wants to have peace and security B. it possesses peace and security C. it is lacking in peace and security D. it wants to be in peace and security Ans: C (Explanation: The idiom is " in want of " (meaning needing). "It is want of" is incorrect. Option C " is lacking in " conveys the correct meaning.) 93. Seeming to be the only party fighting for the rights of people, Mr. Alamgir, a political leader in Dhaka, joined the socialism party in 1999. [Exim Bank Ltd. Trainee Officer 2020] A. As B. Seeming to have C. Because it seemed to be D. Since it seemed Ans: C (Explanation: Fixes the dangling modifier. "Mr. Alamgir" didn't seem to be the party; the party  did. Option C provides the correct subject " it ".) 94. Choose the correct sentence: [Janata Bank Ltd. Officer (Cash) 2020] A. There is an affinity two languages. B. I still adhere with my play C. He is alarmed for any safety. D. The meeting was adjourned for a week. Ans: D (Explanation: " Adjourned for " is correct. A: affinity between . B: adhere to . C: alarmed at .) 95. The two countries have begun talks on a landmark investment agreement, a positive move __ between the two sides. [United Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2020] A. sparking lingering trade tensions B. amid lingering trade tensions C. accentuating lingering trade tensions D. none Ans: B (Explanation: " Amid " (surrounded by) fits the context of ongoing tensions while a positive move happens.) 96. Although it often buy, sell and operate subsidiaries outside of their home locations, it is important to try to understand how industries particular localities. [Exim Bank Ltd. Trainee Officer 2020] A. is also true that firms, function within B. is true that firms, function at C. is true that firms, functions within D. is true that firms, function within Ans: A (Explanation: "Firms" (plural) " function " (plural verb). "Function within " localities is correct.) 97. The warden did not approve with the student's behavior. [Exim Bank Ltd. Trainee Officer 2020] A. approve with that of student's behavior B. approve about the student's behavior C. approve with that of the student behavior D. approve of the student's behavior Ans: D (Explanation: The correct preposition is "approve of ".) 98. When it was morning they decided to put at an inn. [Premier Bank Ltd. Trainee Junior Officer 2020] A. put out in B. put off at C. put at D. put up at Ans: D (Explanation: " Put up at " means to stay temporarily at a place.) 99. The path winding through the flower gardens are peaceful and quiet on weekdays but crowded on weekends. [United Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2020] A. winds through the flower gardens are B. winding through the flower gardens, are C. winding through the flower gardens were D. winding through the flower gardens is Ans: D (Explanation: The subject "The path" is singular, so the verb must be " is ".) 100. ______ the Ready Made Garment industry back from the drastic fall shortly after the global economic downturn were innovative product design and very low cost of production. [United Commercial Bank Ltd. Probationary Officer 2020] A. What was brought B. Bringing C. The thing that brought D. What brought Ans: D (Explanation: The sentence requires a noun clause as the subject. " What brought ... were..." fits the structure.) .

Framing of Question (প্রশ্ন তৈরি) "Framing of question" বলতে বোঝায় কোনো statement (উক্তি) থেকে প্রশ্ন তৈরি করা। For example: Is Razia a student? When does Razia study? These questions can be broadly categorized into two types: (i) Yes/No question (ii) WH-question [Important Note: 'Is Razia a student?' এই প্রশ্নটির উত্তর শুধুমাত্র 'Yes' অথবা 'No' দিয়ে দেওয়া যায়। কিন্তু 'When does Razia study?' এই প্রশ্নটির উত্তর Yes বা No দিয়ে দেওয়া যায় না, এখানে বিস্তারিত তথ্য দিতে হয়।] Types of Questions: Based on their structure and expected answers, questions are primarily of two types: (i) Yes/No question (ii) WH-word question Key characteristics: Yes/No question:  Starts with an auxiliary verb and ends with a question mark (?). These questions require a 'Yes' or 'No' answer. WH-question:  Starts with a WH-word and ends with a question mark (?). These questions require specific information as an answer. Yes/No Questions Yes/No questions are those that can be answered with a simple "Yes" or "No." 1. Be verb (am, is, are, was, were): Structure-01: Auxiliary verb + Subject + Extension?  This structure is used when the "be" verb acts as the main verb (i.e., there is no other main verb). Assertive Interrogative They are present here. Are they present here? He is a doctor. Is he a doctor? He was an engineer. Was he an engineer? Structure-02: Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Extension?  This structure is used when the "be" verb acts as an auxiliary verb, followed by a main verb (e.g., in continuous tenses). Assertive Interrogative Sohel is going to London. Is Sohel going to London? We were learning English. Were we learning English? He was lying in the rain. Was he lying in the rain? Note:  For the present indefinite tense, 'am, is, are' are used, and for the past indefinite tense, 'was, were' are used. 2. Have verb (have, has, had): Structure-01: Auxiliary verb + Subject + Extension?  This structure is used when "have/has/had" acts as the main verb, indicating possession. Assertive Interrogative We have a big house. Have we a big house? He had a car. Had he a car? Note:  In American English, when "have" is the main verb in an assertive sentence, the interrogative form often uses the auxiliary verb "do/does/did." Assertive Interrogative You had your lunch. Did you have your lunch? I have a car. Do I have a car? He has difficulties. Does he have difficulties? Example:  Do you have any idea how to manage time?  [JU, Unit- 14-15] Options: A. how time to manage? B. when did the time manage? C. how to manage time? D. what time to manage? (Correct Answer: C) Example:  Choose the correct sentence. [RU, Unit- A, 11-12] Options: A. Do he have a house? B. Does he have a house? C. Does he has a house? D. Does he had a house? (Correct Answer: B) Structure-02: Auxiliary verb + Subject + V3 + Extension?  This structure is used when "have/has/had" acts as an auxiliary verb in perfect tenses. Assertive Interrogative Shilpi has broken the glass. Has Shilpi broken the glass? You had seen the movie. Had you seen the movie? Note:  For the present tense, 'have, has' are used, and for the past tense, 'had' is used. 3. Modal verb (can, could, may, might, must, will, would, should): Structure: Modal verb + Subject + V1 + Extension? Assertive Interrogative We can go home now. Can we go home now? He should accept this chance. Should he accept this chance? 4. Do verb (do, does, did): Structure-01: Auxiliary verb + Subject + V1 + Extension?  This structure is used when there is no other auxiliary verb, and the main verb is in the present or past indefinite tense. Assertive Interrogative He drinks a glass of water. Does he drink a glass of water? They worked here. Did they work here? We work together. Do we work together? I hated the man. Did I hate the man? Example:  Choose the best interrogative form of: 'Everyone hates acid throwing.' [DU, Unit- B, 19-20] Options: A. Do anyone like acid-throwing? B. Is there anyone who can hate acid-throwing? C. Who does accept acid-throwing? D. Does anyone like acid-throwing? (Correct Answer: D) Example:  --- to Barishal by bus yesterday? [DU, Unit- D, 19-20] Options: A. Did Jashim went B. Had Jashim go C. Did Jashim go D. Was Jashim go (Correct Answer: C) Structure-02: Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Extension?  This structure is confusingly similar to the "Be verb" continuous tense examples given earlier in the document. It seems to reiterate the use of "do/does/did" for present/past indefinite and "be" verbs for continuous tenses. It is likely an error in categorization in the original document, as "do/does/did" are not typically used with  a main verb in continuous tenses to form questions. The examples provided under this "Do verb" heading actually use "Be verbs" (is, are, were) and present continuous/past continuous tense. Assertive Interrogative Sohel is going to London. Is Sohel going to London? We are learning English. Are we learning English? They were lying. Were they lying? Rahim is living in Dhaka. Is Rahim living in Dhaka? She was crying for food. Was she crying for food? Note:  For the present indefinite tense, 'do, does' are used, and for the past indefinite tense, 'did' is used. (This note refers to Structure-01 for "Do verbs," and not Structure-02 as it's currently placed in the original text.) Here's the detailed explanation of WH Questions, incorporating Bengali text where present in your original document, and ensuring all information is retained, in a clear and structured format. WH Question যে প্রশ্নগুলোর উত্তর দিতে বিস্তারিত তথ্যের প্রয়োজন হয় (যে প্রশ্নগুলোর উত্তর দিতে উত্তরদাতা থেকে বিস্তারিত তথ্য জানতে চাওয়া হয়), সেই প্রশ্নগুলো WH-word (what, who, where, when, why, how) ব্যবহার করে তৈরি করা হয়। এই ধরনের প্রশ্নকে WH-question বলা হয়। Common WH-words: Who Whom Whose What What else Which Where When Why How How many How much How long What type of + noun What kind of + noun What sort of + noun Example:  What is a 'wh' question? [JU, Unit- C, 17-18] A.  A question which expects an answer rather than just 'yes' or 'no' B. A question which can be answered simply with 'yes' C. None of the above D. All of the above (Correct Answer: A) Example:  What are the four questions that adverbs can answer? [MBSTU, Unit- D: 15-16] A. why? When? Where? Why B. when? Where? How? Why? C. When? Where/to what extend/what D. To what extent/degree? what? (Correct Answer: B) 1. Who - কে/কারা: WH-word:  Subject (কর্তা) সম্পর্কে জানতে চাইলে WH-question এ 'who' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  Who + verb + extension? Ex:  Who is a pilot here? Ex:  Who can sing among the girls? Example:  Choose the correct sentence. [DU, Unit- C, 19-20] A. Who belongs to the book? B. Whom does the book belong? C. To who the book belongs? D.  Who does the book belong to? (Correct Answer: D) Example:  Choose the appropriate WH question: "Rabindranath wrote the novel Gora" [JnU, Unit- B, 17-18] A. How was Gora written? B.  Who wrote Gora? C. When was Gora written? D. None of the above (Correct Answer: B) 2. Whom - কাকে/কাদেরকে: WH-word:  Object (কর্ম) সম্পর্কে জানতে চাইলে WH-question এ 'whom' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  Whom + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  Whom do you want for this work? Ex:  Whom have they invited to the party? 3. Whose - কার/কাদের: WH-word:  Adjective (বিশেষণ) হিসেবে কোনো noun এর পূর্বে 'whose' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  Whose + noun + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  Whose book is Nadim reading? Ex:  Whose house is there? Example:  Choose the correct sentence [DU, Unit- B, 16-17] A. Whose glasses are there? Are these yours or Sohel's? B.  Whose glasses are these? Are these your's or Sohel's? C. Who's glasses are there? Are these yours or Sohel's? D. Who's glasse's are there? Are these your's or Sohel's? (Correct Answer: B) 4. What - কী: WH-word:  Subject (কর্তা) বা object (কর্ম) সম্পর্কে জানতে চাইলে 'what' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure-01 (When 'What' is the subject):  What + main verb + extension? Ex:  What happened here yesterday? Ex:  What flies in the sky? (Assuming "fly" is the main verb here, "What fly in the sky?" is grammatically unusual, usually "What flies in the sky?" or "What flies?") Structure-02 (When 'What' is the object):  What + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  What does he want? Ex:  What is your father's name? Note:  কোনো ব্যক্তির পেশা (profession) সম্পর্কে জানতে চাইলে WH-question এ object হিসেবে 'what' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex (Statement):  My father is a doctor. Q:  What is your father? Example:  Choose the correct sentence: [RU, Unit- A, 18-19] A.  What are you talking about? B. About what you are talking? C. You are talking about what? D. What about you are talking? (Correct Answer: A) Example:  Dhaka is famous for mosques. The correct WH question for this sentence is What is Dhaka famous for?  [JnU, Unit- E, 17-18] A. for what is Dhaka famous? B.  What is Dhaka famous for? C. Dhaka is famous for what? D. Why is Dhaka being famous? (Correct Answer: B) Structure-03 (What + Noun):  What + noun + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  What time will she go to Dhaka? Ex:  What TV has Hasan brought? Example:  What time does the train leave?  [KNU, Unit-B,18-19] A. the train leaves? B. leaves the train? C. is the train leaving? D.  does the train leave? (Correct Answer: D) Example:  What time will/arrive the night coach? [CoU, Unit-C,18-19] A. will/arrive B. does/will arrive C. does/arrives D. will/will arrive (This question is incomplete in the provided text. Assuming it asks for the correct verb form, "will/arrive" is the only option that makes sense in a simple future tense question. The provided answer choice is 'A' for this type of question) 5. What else - আর কী: WH-word:  কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য জানতে চাইলে 'what else' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  What else + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  What else do you need? Ex:  What else did he perform? 6. Which - কোনটি/কোনগুলো: WH-word:  নির্দিষ্ট কিছু বিকল্পের মধ্য থেকে পছন্দ জানতে চাইলে WH-question এ 'which' ব্যবহৃত হয় অথবা adjective (বিশেষণ) হিসেবে noun এর পূর্বে 'which' বসে। Structure-01 (When 'Which' is the object):  Which + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  Which do you like among them? Ex:  Which will he bring for us? Example:  Which would you have, Ice or coffee? [DU, Unit- A,18-19] A. rather B.  prefer C. could D. better (Correct Answer: B, as 'prefer' fits the context of choosing between options) Structure-02 (Which + Noun):  Which + noun + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  Which pen do you like? Ex:  Which car had she hired? Example:  Identify the correct sentence. [JSTU, 14-15] A. Which color you prefer more, the red or the blue? B.  Which color do you prefer, the red or the blue? C. Which color do you prefer more, red or blue? D. Which color do you prefer, the red or blue? (Correct Answer: B) Example:  Which is the correct sentence? [CU. Unit- D, 2004-05] A. Which model has more pretty hair, Lisa or Tisha? B.  Which model has prettier hair, Lisa or Tisha? C. Which model has prettiest hair, Lisa or Tisha? D. Which model has pretty hair, Lisa or Tisha? (Correct Answer: B) 7. Where - কোথায়: WH-word:  স্থান (place) সম্পর্কে জানতে চাইলে WH-question এ adverb হিসেবে 'where' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  Where + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  Where have you come from? Ex:  Where should I go at the moment? Example:  Where was he living  when you met him? [DU, Unit- A, 18-19] A. does he live B.  was he living C. was he live D. is he living (Correct Answer: B) Example:  Which sentence is correct? [RU, Unit- A, 17-18] A.  Where did it happen? B. Where it happened? C. Where was it happened? D. Where happened it? (Correct Answer: A) 8. When - কখন: WH-word:  সময় (time) সম্পর্কে জানতে চাইলে WH-question এ adverb হিসেবে 'when' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  When + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  When are you going to college? Ex:  When will they come here? 9. Why - কেন/কী কারণে: WH-word:  কারণ (reason) সম্পর্কে জানতে চাইলে WH-question এ adverb হিসেবে 'why' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  Why + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  Why have you done this work? Ex:  Why did she come here? Example:  Which one of the following is correct sentence? [COu, Unit- C, 18-19] A.  Why wasn't she at work yesterday? B. Why she wasn't at work yesterday? C. Why did she not at work yesterday? D. Why weren't she at work yesterday? (Correct Answer: A) Example:  Select the correct sentence: [HSTU, Unit- C, 13-14] A. Why did they went there yesterday? B.  Why did they go there yesterday? C. Why they went there yesterday? D. Why they gone there yesterday? (Correct Answer: B) 10. How - কীভাবে/কত: WH-word:  পদ্ধতি (method), অবস্থা (state), পরিমাণ (quantity) ইত্যাদি সম্পর্কে জানতে চাইলে WH-question এ adverb হিসেবে 'how' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  How + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  How does he maintain his family? Ex:  How is government removing the poverty? Example:  How are you feeling  now? Better than before? [KNU, Unit- B, 17-18] A. you are feeling B. you feel C.  are you feeling D. are you feels (Correct Answer: C) 11. How many - কতগুলো (গণনাযোগ্য): WH-word:  গণনাযোগ্য (countable) noun এর সংখ্যা জানতে চাইলে plural noun এর পূর্বে 'how many' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  How many + plural noun + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  How many books have you taken for him? Ex:  How many students are there in your class? Example:  How many times have I told you  not to do that? [DU, Unit- A, 18-19] A.  have I told you B. have I told C. haven't I told D. I told you (Correct Answer: A) 12. How much - কতটা/কতটুকু (অগণনাযোগ্য): WH-word:  অগণনাযোগ্য (uncountable) noun এর পরিমাণ জানতে চাইলে 'how much' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure-01 (When 'How much' is the object, usually for abstract concepts):  How much + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  How much do you love me? Ex:  How much will I take? Structure-02 (How much + Uncountable Noun):  How much + un-count noun + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  How much money does he need? Ex:  How much water is there? 13. How long - কতক্ষণ/কত দিন: WH-word:  সময়কাল (duration) সম্পর্কে জানতে চাইলে WH-question এ adverb হিসেবে 'how long' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  How long + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  How long is he waiting here? Ex:  How long did you take to reach there? 14. What type of/ What kind of/ What sort of - কোন ধরনের/কেমন: WH-word:  কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর ধরন (type) বা প্রকার (kind) জানতে চাইলে noun এর পূর্বে 'what type of/what kind of/what sort of' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure-01 (When asking about the type/kind of the subject):  What type of/what kind of/what sort of + noun + verb + subject + extension? Ex:  What kinds of books are they? Ex:  What sort of product is it? Structure-02 (When asking about the type/kind of the object):  What type of/what kind of/what sort of + noun + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + extension? Ex:  What type of man do you like? Ex:  What kinds of clothes will we wear? Note:  'Of' এর পরে plural noun হলে 'type/kind/sort' এর সাথে 'S' যোগ হয় না।     DU Questions 1. Where ____ when you met him? [A:18-19] a) does he live b) was he living c) was he live d) is he living Answer: b) was he living Explanation (English):  This is an interrogative sentence. The structure for a WH-question in the past is: WH word + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + ?. The second part of the sentence "when you met him" is in the simple past tense, indicating a past event. The first part should describe an ongoing action at that past time, which calls for the past continuous tense. "Was he living" correctly forms the past continuous interrogative. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য। অতীতে WH-প্রশ্নের গঠন হলো: WH শব্দ + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া + কর্তা + মূল ক্রিয়া + ?। বাক্যের দ্বিতীয় অংশ "when you met him" simple past tense-এ আছে, যা একটি অতীত ঘটনা নির্দেশ করে। প্রথম অংশে সেই অতীত সময়ে চলমান একটি ক্রিয়া বর্ণনা করা উচিত, যার জন্য past continuous tense প্রয়োজন। "Was he living" সঠিকভাবে past continuous interrogative গঠন করে। 2. How many times ____ not to do that? [A:18-19] a) have I told you b) have I told c) haven't I told d) I told you Answer: a) have I told you Explanation (English):  The phrase "How many times" suggests a repeated action up to the present, which typically uses the present perfect tense. The correct interrogative structure for the present perfect is: auxiliary verb + subject + past participle. Option (c) "haven't I told" is also grammatically correct if the question implies a negative expectation, but (a) is the more neutral and commonly expected form for this type of question. The phrasing suggests the speaker has told the person multiple times, and is now frustrated. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  "How many times" বাক্যটি বর্তমান পর্যন্ত একটি পুনরাবৃত্ত ক্রিয়া নির্দেশ করে, যা সাধারণত present perfect tense ব্যবহার করে। present perfect tense-এর জন্য সঠিক প্রশ্নবোধক গঠন হলো: সহায়ক ক্রিয়া + কর্তা + past participle। বিকল্প (c) "haven't I told" যদি প্রশ্নটি একটি নেতিবাচক প্রত্যাশা বোঝায় তবে সেটিও ব্যাকরণগতভাবে সঠিক, তবে (a) এই ধরনের প্রশ্নের জন্য আরও নিরপেক্ষ এবং সাধারণত প্রত্যাশিত রূপ। বাক্যটি বোঝায় যে বক্তা ব্যক্তিটিকে অনেকবার বলেছেন, এবং এখন হতাশ। 3. Please let me know why ____ the class. [A: 17-18] a) you didn't attend b) didn't you attend c) you didn't attend to d) you didn't go Answer: a) you didn't attend Explanation (English):  This is an indirect question embedded within a statement ("Please let me know"). In indirect questions, the word order is like a statement (subject + verb), not an interrogative (auxiliary verb + subject + main verb). Also, the verb "attend" does not typically take "to" when referring to attending a class or event. "Attend to" usually means to deal with or take care of something/somebody. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি পরোক্ষ প্রশ্ন যা একটি বিবৃতির ("Please let me know") মধ্যে এম্বেড করা হয়েছে। পরোক্ষ প্রশ্নে, শব্দের ক্রম একটি বিবৃতির মতো হয় (কর্তা + ক্রিয়া), প্রশ্নবোধক (সহায়ক ক্রিয়া + কর্তা + মূল ক্রিয়া) নয়। এছাড়াও, "attend" ক্রিয়াটি সাধারণত "to" গ্রহণ করে না যখন এটি কোনো ক্লাস বা অনুষ্ঠানে উপস্থিত থাকার কথা বোঝায়। "Attend to" সাধারণত কিছু বা কাউকে দেখাশোনা করা বা মোকাবেলা করা বোঝায়। 4. Choose the correct sentence [B: 15-16] a) Whose does house belong to? b) To whom does the house belong? c) Who does the house belong? d) Who belongs to the house? Answer: b) To whom does the house belong? Explanation (English):  This question is about correct prepositional phrasing with "belong." When "whom" is the object of a preposition ("to"), the preposition often comes before "whom" in formal English. Option (d) "Who belongs to the house?" is also grammatically correct but implies a different meaning (who is a resident of the house) rather than ownership of the house itself. Option (b) correctly asks about ownership. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এই প্রশ্নটি "belong" এর সাথে সঠিক prepositional phrasing নিয়ে। যখন "whom" একটি preposition ("to") এর object হয়, তখন formal English-এ preposition প্রায়শই "whom" এর আগে আসে। বিকল্প (d) "Who belongs to the house?" ব্যাকরণগতভাবে সঠিক হলেও এটি মালিকানা বোঝানোর পরিবর্তে ভিন্ন অর্থ (কে বাড়ির বাসিন্দা) বোঝায়। বিকল্প (b) সঠিকভাবে মালিকানা সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করে। 5. When ____ Penicillin? [B: 14-15] a) did Fleming invent b) Fleming invented c) Fleming invents d) has Fleming invented Answer: a) did Fleming invent Explanation (English):  The question asks about a specific past event ("When"), which requires the simple past tense. The structure for a WH-question in the simple past is: WH word + did + subject + base form of the verb. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  প্রশ্নটি একটি নির্দিষ্ট অতীত ঘটনা ("When") সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করে, যার জন্য simple past tense প্রয়োজন। simple past tense-এ WH-প্রশ্নের গঠন হলো: WH শব্দ + did + কর্তা + ক্রিয়ার মূল রূপ। 6. Identify the correct sentence: [A: 09-10] a) Do you want tea? or coffee. They are both ready b) Do you want tea or coffee'? They are both ready c) Do you want tea or coffee, they are both ready? d) Do you want tea or coffee. They are both ready? Answer: b) Do you want tea or coffee'? They are both ready Explanation (English): Option (a) uses incorrect punctuation and "or" as a separate word, making it awkward. Option (c) incorrectly uses a comma before "they are both ready?" and the question mark after a statement. Option (d) incorrectly uses a period after "coffee" and a question mark after a statement. Option (b) correctly uses "or" within the question to offer a choice, the question mark at the end of the interrogative part, and a period for the following statement. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা): বিকল্প (a) ভুল বিরামচিহ্ন ব্যবহার করেছে এবং "or" একটি পৃথক শব্দ হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে, যা এটিকে অদ্ভূত করে তুলেছে। বিকল্প (c) "they are both ready?" এর আগে ভুলভাবে একটি কমা ব্যবহার করেছে এবং একটি বিবৃতির পরে প্রশ্নচিহ্ন ব্যবহার করেছে। বিকল্প (d) "coffee" এর পরে ভুলভাবে একটি পূর্ণচ্ছেদ এবং একটি বিবৃতির পরে প্রশ্নচিহ্ন ব্যবহার করেছে। বিকল্প (b) প্রশ্নে একটি পছন্দ প্রস্তাব করতে "or" সঠিকভাবে ব্যবহার করেছে, প্রশ্নবোধক অংশের শেষে প্রশ্নচিহ্ন এবং নিম্নলিখিত বিবৃতির জন্য একটি পূর্ণচ্ছেদ ব্যবহার করেছে। 7. Choose the correct interrogative. [A: 06-07] a) When is you going to arrive? b) When you going to arrive? c) When are you going to arrive? d) When you are going to arrive? Answer: c) When are you going to arrive? Explanation (English):  The correct structure for a WH-question in English is: WH word + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb/rest of the predicate. For "you," the auxiliary verb for "going to" future is "are." ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  ইংরেজিতে WH-প্রশ্নের সঠিক গঠন হলো: WH শব্দ + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া + কর্তা + মূল ক্রিয়া/বাক্যের বাকি অংশ। "you" এর জন্য, "going to" ভবিষ্যতের সহায়ক ক্রিয়া হলো "are"। 8. I want ____ more careful with your homework in future. [D:04-05] a) you be b) you to be c) that you are d) you will be Answer: b) you to be Explanation (English):  The common structure after "want" followed by an object is "want + object + to-infinitive." ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা): "Want" এর পরে একটি object থাকলে, সাধারণ গঠন হলো "want + object + to-infinitive"। 9. ____ you go to the cinema last night? [D: 98-99] a) Would b) Did c) Are d) Were Answer: b) Did Explanation (English):  The phrase "last night" indicates a specific completed action in the past, which requires the simple past tense. For questions in the simple past tense, the auxiliary verb "Did" is used. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  "last night" বাক্যটি অতীতে একটি নির্দিষ্ট সম্পূর্ণ ক্রিয়া নির্দেশ করে, যার জন্য simple past tense প্রয়োজন। simple past tense-এ প্রশ্নের জন্য, সহায়ক ক্রিয়া "Did" ব্যবহৃত হয়। JU Questions 1. What is a 'wh' question? [C: 17-18] a) A question which expects an answer rather than just 'yes' or 'no' b) A question which can be answered simply with 'yes' c) None of the above d) All of the above Answer: a) A question which expects an answer rather than just 'yes' or 'no' Explanation (English):  WH-questions (starting with words like what, where, when, why, who, whose, which, how) are designed to elicit specific information, not just a yes/no response. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  WH-প্রশ্নগুলি (what, where, when, why, who, whose, which, how-এর মতো শব্দ দিয়ে শুরু হয়) নির্দিষ্ট তথ্য জানার জন্য তৈরি করা হয়, শুধুমাত্র হ্যাঁ/না উত্তর পাওয়ার জন্য নয়। RU Questions 1. Choose the correct sentence for the question- She wants to come, does she? [A: 16-17] a) She wants to come, does she? b) She wants to come, won't she? c) She wants to come, isn't it? d) She wants to come, doesn't she? Answer: d) She wants to come, doesn't she? Explanation (English):  This is a tag question. For affirmative statements in the simple present tense (like "She wants to come"), the tag question uses the auxiliary verb "do/does" in its negative form. Since the subject is "she," "doesn't she" is the correct tag. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি ট্যাগ প্রশ্ন। Simple Present Tense-এর ইতিবাচক বিবৃতির জন্য ("She wants to come" এর মতো), ট্যাগ প্রশ্নটি "do/does" সহায়ক ক্রিয়ার নেতিবাচক রূপ ব্যবহার করে। যেহেতু কর্তা "she", তাই "doesn't she" হল সঠিক ট্যাগ। CU Questions 1. How ____ learning English? [CU-A: 22-23] a) long have you been b) much time are you c) long are you d) many time have you been Answer: a) long have you been Explanation (English):  The phrase "how long" is used to ask about duration, and it is commonly paired with the present perfect continuous tense ("have you been learning") to ask about an action that started in the past and is still ongoing. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  "how long" বাক্যাংশটি সময়কাল সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়, এবং এটি সাধারণত present perfect continuous tense ("have you been learning") এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়ে অতীতে শুরু হওয়া এবং এখনও চলমান একটি ক্রিয়া সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 2. Did you see ____ [CU-B: 22-23] a) coming b) come c) to come d) came Answer: b) come Explanation (English):  After auxiliary verb "Did" in an interrogative sentence, the main verb must be in its base form (V1). "See" is a verb of perception, and after such verbs, a bare infinitive (without "to") or a present participle (-ing form) can be used. Given the options, "come" is the base form. "Did you see him come?" or "Did you see him coming?" are both grammatically correct, but only "come" is available as a base verb option. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  একটি প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যে সহায়ক ক্রিয়া "Did" এর পরে, মূল ক্রিয়াটিকে তার মূল রূপে (V1) থাকতে হবে। "See" একটি উপলব্ধিগত ক্রিয়া, এবং এই ধরনের ক্রিয়ার পরে একটি bare infinitive (to ছাড়া) বা একটি present participle (-ing ফর্ম) ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে। প্রদত্ত বিকল্পগুলির মধ্যে, "come" হলো মূল রূপ। "Did you see him come?" অথবা "Did you see him coming?" উভয়ই ব্যাকরণগতভাবে সঠিক, তবে শুধুমাত্র "come" একটি মূল ক্রিয়া বিকল্প হিসাবে উপলব্ধ। CGST Questions 1. What time ____ the night coach ____ ? [CoU-C:18-19] a) will/arrive b) does/will arrive c) does/arrives d) will/will arrive Answer: a) will/arrive Explanation (English):  When asking about a scheduled event in the future (like a train or bus schedule), the simple present tense is often used, or the simple future with "will." However, in a WH-question, the structure is WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb. "What time will the night coach arrive?" is the correct and most natural way to ask about a future arrival time. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  ভবিষ্যতের একটি নির্ধারিত ঘটনা (যেমন ট্রেন বা বাসের সময়সূচী) সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করার সময়, প্রায়শই simple present tense বা "will" সহ simple future ব্যবহৃত হয়। তবে, একটি WH-প্রশ্নে, গঠনটি হলো WH-শব্দ + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া + কর্তা + মূল ক্রিয়া। "What time will the night coach arrive?" ভবিষ্যতের আগমন সময় সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করার সঠিক এবং সবচেয়ে স্বাভাবিক উপায়। 2. Find out the correct sentence. [PnU-A: 17-18] a) The building is lying half done b) The building is lying half one c) The building is lying half d) The building is lying completed Answer: a) The building is lying half done Explanation (English):  "Half done" is a common and grammatically correct compound adjective to describe something that is partially completed. Options (b) and (c) are grammatically incorrect or incomplete. Option (d) implies completion, which contradicts the "half" idea. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  "Half done" একটি সাধারণ এবং ব্যাকরণগতভাবে সঠিক যৌগিক বিশেষণ যা আংশিকভাবে সম্পন্ন কিছু বর্ণনা করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। বিকল্প (b) এবং (c) ব্যাকরণগতভাবে ভুল বা অসম্পূর্ণ। বিকল্প (d) সমাপ্তি বোঝায়, যা "half" ধারণার সাথে বিরোধপূর্ণ। 3. Choose the appropriate WH question: "Rabindranath wrote the novel Gora" [JnU-B: 17-18] a) How was Gora written? b) Who wrote Gora? c) When was Gora written? d) None of the above Answer: b) Who wrote Gora? Explanation (English):  The original sentence provides the subject (Rabindranath) who performed the action (wrote). To ask about the subject, "Who" is the appropriate WH-word. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  মূল বাক্যটি ক্রিয়া সম্পাদনকারী কর্তা (Rabindranath) সরবরাহ করে। কর্তা সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করার জন্য, "Who" হলো উপযুক্ত WH-শব্দ। 4. Dhaka is famous for mosques. The correct WH question for this sentence is ____ . [JnU-E: 17-18] a) for what is Dhaka famous? b) What is Dhaka famous for? c) Dhaka is famous for what? d) Why is Dhaka being famous? Answer: b) What is Dhaka famous for? Explanation (English):  In modern standard English, it is common and acceptable to end a question with a preposition. Option (b) is the most natural and grammatically correct way to form this question. Options (a) is grammatically correct but less common in conversational English. Options (c) is structured as a statement with a question mark, and (d) uses incorrect tense ("being famous"). ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  আধুনিক প্রমিত ইংরেজিতে, একটি প্রশ্ন একটি preposition দিয়ে শেষ করা সাধারণ এবং গ্রহণযোগ্য। বিকল্প (b) এই প্রশ্নটি গঠনের সবচেয়ে স্বাভাবিক এবং ব্যাকরণগতভাবে সঠিক উপায়। বিকল্প (a) ব্যাকরণগতভাবে সঠিক তবে কথোপকথনমূলক ইংরেজিতে কম প্রচলিত। বিকল্প (c) একটি বিবৃতি হিসাবে গঠিত যার শেষে একটি প্রশ্নচিহ্ন রয়েছে, এবং (d) ভুল tense ("being famous") ব্যবহার করে। 5. How ____ now? Better than before? [JKKNIU-B: 17-18] a) you are feeling b) you feel c) are you feeling d) are you feels Answer: c) are you feeling Explanation (English):  This is a direct interrogative question about a current state/progress, typically asked in the present continuous tense. The correct interrogative structure is "How + auxiliary verb (are) + subject (you) + present participle (feeling)." ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি বর্তমান অবস্থা/অগ্রগতি সম্পর্কে একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নবোধক প্রশ্ন, যা সাধারণত present continuous tense-এ জিজ্ঞাসা করা হয়। সঠিক প্রশ্নবোধক গঠন হলো "How + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া (are) + কর্তা (you) + present participle (feeling)"। 6. What ____ at ten o'clock when I phoned? [BU-14-15] a) did you do b) you were doing c) were you doing d) did you Answer: c) were you doing Explanation (English):  The phrase "at ten o'clock when I phoned" indicates an ongoing action in the past that was interrupted or taking place at a specific past moment. This requires the past continuous tense. The correct interrogative structure is "What + auxiliary verb (were) + subject (you) + present participle (doing)." ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  "at ten o'clock when I phoned" বাক্যাংশটি অতীতে একটি নির্দিষ্ট মুহূর্তে চলমান একটি ক্রিয়া নির্দেশ করে যা বাধাগ্রস্ত হয়েছিল বা ঘটছিল। এর জন্য past continuous tense প্রয়োজন। সঠিক প্রশ্নবোধক গঠন হলো "What + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া (were) + কর্তা (you) + present participle (doing)"। 7. Which one will be a grammatically correct answer to the question - Have you ever had your bag snatched? [MBSTU-D: 14-15] a) Yes, I had. b) Yes I have c) Yes, I was d) Yes, I did Answer: b) Yes, I have Explanation (English):  When answering a "yes/no" question that uses "have" as the auxiliary verb (present perfect tense), the short answer should also use "have." ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  যখন "have" সহায়ক ক্রিয়া (present perfect tense) ব্যবহার করে একটি "হ্যাঁ/না" প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেওয়া হয়, তখন সংক্ষিপ্ত উত্তরেও "have" ব্যবহার করা উচিত। 8. What time ____ ? [D: 14-15] a) the train leaves? b) leaves the train? c) is the train leaving? d) does the train leave? Answer: d) does the train leave? Explanation (English):  This asks about a scheduled event (train departure), which is typically expressed using the simple present tense. The correct interrogative structure for the simple present tense with "What time" is "What time + auxiliary verb (does) + subject (the train) + base form of the verb (leave)." ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি নির্ধারিত ঘটনা (ট্রেন ছাড়ার সময়) সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করে, যা সাধারণত simple present tense ব্যবহার করে প্রকাশ করা হয়। "What time" সহ simple present tense-এর জন্য সঠিক প্রশ্নবোধক গঠন হলো "What time + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া (does) + কর্তা (the train) + ক্রিয়ার মূল রূপ (leave)"। 9. Which of the following has a correct tag? [JnU-B: 2010-11] a) I am late, shan't I? b) Don't forget, could you? c) There are some chairs stairs, are there? d) Let's have a party, shall we? Answer: d) Let's have a party, shall we? Explanation (English): a) The tag for "I am" is "aren't I," not "shan't I." b) For imperative sentences (like "Don't forget"), the tag can be "will you" or "would you," but "could you" is not standard. c) The correct tag for "There are" would be "aren't there?" The sentence also has a typo ("chairs stairs"). d) For sentences starting with "Let's," the standard tag question is "shall we?". This is the only option with a correct tag. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা): a) "I am" এর ট্যাগ হলো "aren't I", "shan't I" নয়। b) Imperative sentence (যেমন "Don't forget") এর জন্য, ট্যাগ "will you" বা "would you" হতে পারে, কিন্তু "could you" স্ট্যান্ডার্ড নয়। c) "There are" এর জন্য সঠিক ট্যাগ হবে "aren't there?"। বাক্যটিতে একটি মুদ্রণ ত্রুটিও রয়েছে ("chairs stairs")। d) "Let's" দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া বাক্যগুলির জন্য, স্ট্যান্ডার্ড ট্যাগ প্রশ্ন হলো "shall we?"। এটিই একমাত্র বিকল্প যেখানে সঠিক ট্যাগ রয়েছে। Mi3BS & BDS Questions 1. 'Do you know ____ speaking to?' [1997-98] a) who are you b) whom are you c) whom you are d) that whom you are Answer: c) whom you are Explanation (English):  This is an embedded question (also known as an indirect question). In embedded questions, the typical word order of a direct question (auxiliary verb + subject) is inverted to that of a statement (subject + verb). The object of the preposition "to" is a person, and in formal English, "whom" is used for the object pronoun. Therefore, "whom you are speaking to" is the correct structure. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্ন (বা পরোক্ষ প্রশ্ন)। এম্বেডেড প্রশ্নে, প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নের সাধারণ শব্দক্রম (সহায়ক ক্রিয়া + কর্তা) একটি বিবৃতির শব্দক্রমের (কর্তা + ক্রিয়া) মতো হয়। "to" preposition-এর object একজন ব্যক্তি, এবং আনুষ্ঠানিক ইংরেজিতে, object pronoun-এর জন্য "whom" ব্যবহৃত হয়। সুতরাং, "whom you are speaking to" হল সঠিক গঠন। BCS & Other Job Questions 1. Which of the following sentences is correct? [27th BCS] a) Why have you done this? b) Why you had done this? c) Why you have done this? d) Why did you done this? Answer: a) Why have you done this? Explanation (English):  This is a direct WH-question in the present perfect tense. The correct structure for a direct WH-question is: WH-word + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle for present perfect). Option (b) uses incorrect word order ("you had done") for a direct question. Option (c) uses incorrect word order ("you have done") for a direct question. Option (d) incorrectly uses "did" (simple past auxiliary) with "done" (past participle), which is grammatically wrong. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি Present Perfect Tense-এর একটি প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্ন। প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্নের সঠিক গঠন হলো: WH-শব্দ + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া + কর্তা + মূল ক্রিয়া (Present Perfect-এর জন্য Past Participle)। বিকল্প (b) একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নের জন্য ভুল শব্দক্রম ("you had done") ব্যবহার করেছে। বিকল্প (c) একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নের জন্য ভুল শব্দক্রম ("you have done") ব্যবহার করেছে। বিকল্প (d) ভুলভাবে "did" (simple past auxiliary) এর সাথে "done" (past participle) ব্যবহার করেছে, যা ব্যাকরণগতভাবে ভুল। Part-4 : SELF TEST - MCQ 1. Why ____ return the money? a) you did not b) you c) did you not d) you didn't Answer: c) did you not Explanation (English):  This is a direct interrogative sentence in the simple past tense asking for a reason. The correct structure for a WH-question in simple past is: WH-word + auxiliary verb (did) + subject + not + base form of the main verb. Options (a) and (d) have incorrect word order for a direct question. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি simple past tense-এর একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য যা একটি কারণ জানতে চাইছে। simple past-এ WH-প্রশ্নের সঠিক গঠন হলো: WH-শব্দ + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া (did) + কর্তা + not + মূল ক্রিয়ার base form। বিকল্প (a) এবং (d)-তে একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নের জন্য ভুল শব্দক্রম রয়েছে। 2. Would you please tell us ____ a) when the next bus comes b) when comes the next bus c) when does the next bus come d) when the next bus does come Answer: a) when the next bus comes Explanation (English):  This is an embedded question starting with "Would you please tell us." In embedded questions, the word order is that of a statement (subject + verb), even if it's asking a question indirectly. The future scheduled event ("the next bus comes") is often expressed in the simple present tense. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি "Would you please tell us" দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্ন। এম্বেডেড প্রশ্নে, শব্দক্রম একটি বিবৃতির মতো হয় (কর্তা + ক্রিয়া), যদিও এটি পরোক্ষভাবে একটি প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করে। ভবিষ্যতের নির্ধারিত ঘটনা ("the next bus comes") প্রায়শই simple present tense-এ প্রকাশ করা হয়। 3. Can you tell me why did you not speak the truth? a) why did you not speak b) that why did you not speak c) why you did not speak d) why you not speak Answer: c) why you did not speak Explanation (English):  This is an embedded question starting with "Can you tell me." The original sentence contains an error in the embedded part. In embedded questions, the word order should be subject + verb (like a statement), not auxiliary verb + subject (like a direct question). Therefore, "why you did not speak" is the correct structure. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি "Can you tell me" দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্ন। মূল বাক্যে এম্বেডেড অংশে একটি ভুল রয়েছে। এম্বেডেড প্রশ্নে, শব্দক্রম কর্তা + ক্রিয়া (একটি বিবৃতির মতো) হওয়া উচিত, সহায়ক ক্রিয়া + কর্তা (একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নের মতো) নয়। অতএব, "why you did not speak" হল সঠিক গঠন। 4. Write down the correct sentence: a) Tell me why have you come here? b) What time did you go to bed last night? c) Why you are angry with me`? d) When you passed your Diploma Examination'? Answer: b) What time did you go to bed last night? Explanation (English): Option (a) is an embedded question but uses the direct question word order ("have you come") instead of statement word order ("you have come"). Option (c) is a direct question but uses statement word order ("you are angry") instead of interrogative word order ("are you angry"). Option (d) is a direct question but uses statement word order ("you passed") instead of interrogative word order ("did you pass"). Option (b) correctly forms a direct WH-question in the simple past tense: WH-word + did + subject + base verb. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা): বিকল্প (a) একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্ন কিন্তু এটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নের শব্দক্রম ("have you come") ব্যবহার করেছে বিবৃতির শব্দক্রম ("you have come") এর পরিবর্তে। বিকল্প (c) একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্ন কিন্তু এটি বিবৃতির শব্দক্রম ("you are angry") ব্যবহার করেছে প্রশ্নবোধক শব্দক্রম ("are you angry") এর পরিবর্তে। বিকল্প (d) একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্ন কিন্তু এটি বিবৃতির শব্দক্রম ("you passed") ব্যবহার করেছে প্রশ্নবোধক শব্দক্রম ("did you pass") এর পরিবর্তে। বিকল্প (b) simple past tense-এ একটি প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্ন সঠিকভাবে গঠন করেছে: WH-শব্দ + did + কর্তা + মূল ক্রিয়া। 5. Nobody knows why ____ postponed until next week. a) the meeting b) was the meeting c) did the meeting d) the meeting was Answer: d) the meeting was Explanation (English):  This is an embedded question ("why the meeting was postponed"). After "why" in an embedded question, the word order should be subject + verb. "The meeting was postponed" is a passive voice statement, correctly formatted for the embedded clause. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্ন ("why the meeting was postponed")। একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্নে "why" এর পরে, শব্দক্রম কর্তা + ক্রিয়া হওয়া উচিত। "The meeting was postponed" একটি passive voice-এর বিবৃতি, যা এম্বেডেড খণ্ডবাক্যের জন্য সঠিকভাবে বিন্যাসিত হয়েছে। 6. This highway patrol stopped our car and asked us where ____. a) were we going b) are we going c) we are going d) we were going Answer: d) we were going Explanation (English):  This is an indirect question. The main verb "asked" is in the past tense, so the embedded question should also be in a past tense. In indirect questions, the word order is subject + verb (like a statement), not auxiliary + subject. "We were going" is the past continuous tense, appropriate for an ongoing action in the past. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি পরোক্ষ প্রশ্ন। মূল ক্রিয়া "asked" past tense-এ রয়েছে, তাই এম্বেডেড প্রশ্নটিও past tense-এ হওয়া উচিত। পরোক্ষ প্রশ্নে, শব্দক্রম কর্তা + ক্রিয়া (একটি বিবৃতির মতো), সহায়ক + কর্তা নয়। "We were going" হল past continuous tense, যা অতীতের একটি চলমান ক্রিয়ার জন্য উপযুক্ত। 7. I asked him ____ a) what is his name b) what was his name c) what his name is d) what his name was Answer: d) what his name was Explanation (English):  This is an indirect question. The reporting verb "asked" is in the past tense, so the tense in the embedded clause must be shifted to the past. The word order in the embedded clause should be subject + verb. Therefore, "what his name was" is correct. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি পরোক্ষ প্রশ্ন। রিপোর্টিং ক্রিয়া "asked" past tense-এ রয়েছে, তাই এম্বেডেড খণ্ডবাক্যে tense-টি অতীতে স্থানান্তরিত করতে হবে। এম্বেডেড খণ্ডবাক্যে শব্দক্রম কর্তা + ক্রিয়া হওয়া উচিত। অতএব, "what his name was" হল সঠিক। 8. Where ____? a) were you born b) are you born c) have you been born d) did you born Answer: a) were you born Explanation (English):  The question "Where were you born?" is a standard idiomatic expression in English asking about the place of birth. It uses the simple past passive voice. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  "Where were you born?" প্রশ্নটি জন্মস্থান সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করার জন্য ইংরেজিতে একটি মানক বাগধারা। এটি simple past passive voice ব্যবহার করে। 9. Select the correct sentence. a) What time it is? b) What time is it? c) Is what time now? d) It's what time now? Answer: b) What time is it? Explanation (English):  This is a direct WH-question. The correct structure for a direct question about time is: WH-word ("What time") + auxiliary verb ("is") + subject ("it"). ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্ন। সময় সম্পর্কে একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নের সঠিক গঠন হলো: WH-শব্দ ("What time") + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া ("is") + কর্তা ("it")। 10. Which of the following sentence is correct? a) Why you have done this? b) Why did you have done this? c) Why have you done this? d) Why you had done this? Answer: c) Why have you done this? Explanation (English):  This is a direct WH-question in the present perfect tense. The correct structure is WH-word + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle). Options (a) and (d) have incorrect word order for a direct question. Option (b) incorrectly mixes "did" with "have done." ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি Present Perfect Tense-এর একটি প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্ন। সঠিক গঠন হলো WH-শব্দ + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া + কর্তা + মূল ক্রিয়া (Past Participle)। বিকল্প (a) এবং (d)-তে একটি প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নের জন্য ভুল শব্দক্রম রয়েছে। বিকল্প (b) ভুলভাবে "did" এর সাথে "have done" মিশিয়ে দিয়েছে। 11. What you (to do) last night? a) What did you do last night? b) What you did last night? c) What had you done last night? d) What have you done last night? Answer: a) What did you do last night? Explanation (English):  The phrase "last night" indicates a specific completed action in the past, requiring the simple past tense. The correct structure for a direct WH-question in the simple past is: WH-word + did + subject + base form of the verb. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  "last night" বাক্যাংশটি অতীতে একটি নির্দিষ্ট সম্পূর্ণ ক্রিয়া নির্দেশ করে, যার জন্য simple past tense প্রয়োজন। simple past tense-এ একটি প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্নের সঠিক গঠন হলো: WH-শব্দ + did + কর্তা + ক্রিয়ার মূল রূপ। 12. I don't remember ____ a) what is her name b) her name is what c) what her name is d) is what her name Answer: c) what her name is Explanation (English):  This is an embedded question. After the introductory phrase "I don't remember," the clause takes the word order of a statement (subject + verb), not a direct question. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্ন। "I don't remember" এই পরিচিতি মূল বাক্যাংশের পরে, খণ্ডবাক্যটি একটি বিবৃতির শব্দক্রম (কর্তা + ক্রিয়া) গ্রহণ করে, প্রত্যক্ষ প্রশ্নের মতো নয়। 13. 'How' ____? 'Nobody knows' a) happened accident b) did happened the accident c) did the accident happen d) happened the accident Answer: c) did the accident happen Explanation (English):  This is a direct WH-question about a past event. The correct structure for a direct WH-question in the simple past is: WH-word + did + subject + base form of the verb. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি অতীত ঘটনা সম্পর্কে একটি প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্ন। simple past-এ একটি প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্নের সঠিক গঠন হলো: WH-শব্দ + did + কর্তা + ক্রিয়ার মূল রূপ। 14. "Do you know where ____?" "No he didn't say." a) Asif has gone b) has Asif gone c) has gone Asif d) None Answer: a) Asif has gone Explanation (English):  This is an embedded question. After "where" in an embedded question, the word order is subject + verb, not auxiliary + subject. "Asif has gone" is the correct present perfect statement structure. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্ন। একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্নে "where" এর পরে, শব্দক্রম কর্তা + ক্রিয়া হওয়া উচিত, সহায়ক + কর্তা নয়। "Asif has gone" হলো সঠিক Present Perfect Statement গঠন। 15. How much she-(owe) you now? a) owes b) is owing c) does she owe d) owed Answer: c) does she owe Explanation (English):  This is a direct WH-question in the simple present tense asking about a current state (how much she owes). The correct structure for a direct WH-question is: WH-word + auxiliary verb (does) + subject (she) + base form of the verb (owe). ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি simple present tense-এর একটি প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্ন যা বর্তমান অবস্থা (সে কত ঋণী) সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করে। একটি প্রত্যক্ষ WH-প্রশ্নের সঠিক গঠন হলো: WH-শব্দ + সহায়ক ক্রিয়া (does) + কর্তা (she) + ক্রিয়ার মূল রূপ (owe)। 16. I don't know ____ a) where is the police station. b) where the police station is. c) the police station is where. d) the police station where is. Answer: b) where the police station is. Explanation (English):  This is an embedded question. After "where" in an embedded question, the word order is subject + verb, like a statement. ব্যাখ্যা (বাংলা):  এটি একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্ন। একটি এম্বেডেড প্রশ্নে "where" এর পরে, শব্দক্রম কর্তা + ক্রিয়া হওয়া উচিত, একটি বিবৃতির মতো।   WH QUESTION & EMBEDDED QUESTION Questions 1. Where ..............? (কোথায় তোমার জন্ম হয়েছিল?) [রাজশাহী কৃষি উন্নয়ন ব্যাংক (কর্মকর্তা, ২য় শ্রেণি)-১০, সহকারী সচিব (আইন, ড্রাফটিং)-০৫] A. were you born B. are you born C. have you been born D. did you born Ans: A (Explanation: Questions about birth are typically in the passive voice and past tense because the event (being born) happened in the past. " Where were you born? " is the standard correct form.) 2. Choose the correct sentence. [তুমি পুরাতন গাড়িটা কেন কিনলে?] [সাইফার অফিসার (প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়)-৯৯] A. Why you bought the old car? B. Why did you buy the old car? C. Why you did buy the old car? D. Why do you bought the old car? Ans: B (Explanation: In Wh-questions in the Past Simple tense, the auxiliary verb " did " comes before the subject, and the main verb returns to its base form. Structure: Wh + did + Subject + Verb (base form). " Why did you buy...? ") 3. Can you tell me where —? Which of the following is the best clause in the above sentence? [14th BCS, জাতীয় সংসদের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা ও প্রটোকল অফিসার-০৬, BSMRSTU (গ) 11-12] A. Does Mr. Ali live B. Mr. Ali does live C. Mr. Ali lives D. lives Mr. Ali Ans: C (Explanation: This is an Embedded Question . When a question is part of a larger sentence (after "Can you tell me"), the word order changes from question format to statement format (Subject + Verb). The auxiliary "does" is removed. " ...where Mr. Ali lives ".) 4. Which of the following sentences is not correct? [ডাক ও টেলিযোগাযোগ মন্ত্রণালয়ের হিসাবরক্ষণ কর্মকর্তা-০৫] A. Where did he went? B. What does he want? C. What are they doing? D. What do they do? Ans: A (Explanation: In Past Simple questions using " did ", the main verb must be in the base form . "Where did he go ?" would be correct. "Went" is incorrect because double past marking is not allowed.) 5. Choose the correct sentence. [আবহাওয়া অধিদপ্তরের অধীলে সহকারী আবহাওয়াবিদ-০০] A. What you passed your BA examination? B. Please tell me why have you come to me C. What time did you go to bed last evening? D. Why you are angry with your brother? Ans: C (Explanation: A: Incorrect structure ("When did you pass...?" or "Have you passed...?"). B: Embedded question error (should be "why you have come"). C: Correct Past Simple question structure: Wh + did + Subject + Verb. D: Incorrect word order (should be "Why are you...").) 6. Choose the correct sentence. [বইটা কার?] [NU (বিজ্ঞান) 13-14, DU (D) 14-15, (A) 16-17 (C) 19-20] A. Who belongs to the book? B. Whom does the book belong? C. To who the book belongs? D. Who does the book belong to? Ans: D (Explanation: The verb "belong" takes the preposition " to ". In questions, the preposition often goes to the end. Structure: Who + auxiliary (does) + Subject (the book) + Verb (belong) + to? " Who does the book belong to? ") 7. Which one is the sentence? [সেখানে কি ঘটেছে?] [RU C 19-20] A. What happened there? B. What was happened there? C. What did happen there? D. Did anything happened there? Ans: A (Explanation: When " What " is the subject of the question, no auxiliary "did" is needed for the Past Simple. We simply use the past form of the verb. " What happened there? " is the correct standard form.) 8. What surprised me the most was how — and reacted exactly like you, said the banker to me. [DU (A) 18-19] A. did he look B. does he look C. he looked D. could he look Ans: C (Explanation: This is an embedded clause after "how". The word order should be Subject + Verb. " how he looked ".) 9. Do you know when —? (তুমি কি জানো কবে/কখন ঢাবি প্রতিষ্ঠা করা হয়েছিল?) [JU (B) 17-18] A. DU was founded B. was DU founded C. had DU been founded D. DU founded Ans: A (Explanation: Embedded question structure: Subject + Verb. Also, "founded" requires passive voice here (was founded). " ...when DU was founded ".) 10. Please let me know why — the class. (আমাকে বল ক্লাসে যাওনি কেন) [DU (A) 17-18] A. you didn't attend B. didn't you attend C. you didn't attend to D. you didn't go Ans: A (Explanation: Embedded question format: Subject ("you") + Verb ("didn't attend"). " why you didn't attend ".) 11. I often wonder how —. (আমি প্রায়ই ভাবি তুমি কিভাবে চলছো) [DU (A) 15-16, BRUR (D) 17-18] A. you are get on B. are you get on C. you are getting on D. are you getting on Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb. " how you are getting on ".) 12. Choose the correct sentence: (বাড়িটা কার?) [DU (B-EE) 15-16] A. Whose does the house belong to? B. To whom does the house belong to? C. Who does the house belong to? D. Who belongs to the house? Ans: C (Explanation: Similar to Q6. " Who does the house belong to? " is the standard modern structure. Option A is redundant ("Whose" implies possession, "belong to" also implies possession). B repeats the preposition "to" (To whom... to).) 13. Which one of the following sentences is correct? (তুমি কি জানো বাড়িটা কার?) [DU (D) 15-16] A. Do you know who the house belongs to? B. Do you know whom does the house belong to? C. Do you know to whom the house belongs to? D. Do you know who the house belong to? Ans: A (Explanation: Embedded question structure: "...who the house belongs to". Subject "the house" is singular, so verb is " belongs ".) 14. I don't remember —. (আমি তার নাম মনে করতে পারি না।) [DU (A) 15-16] A. what is her name B. her name is what C. what her name is D. is what her name Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded question: Wh-word + Subject + Verb. " what her name is ".) 15. When — here? (তুমি কখন এখানে পৌঁছেছো/তুমি কখন এখানে এলে?) [JU (A) 14-15] A. have you get B. did you get C. you get D. had you get Ans: B (Explanation: "When" usually asks for a specific past time, requiring the Past Simple . " When did you get here? ") 16. Why — return the money? (তুমি টাকা ফেরত দাওনি কেন?) [DU (A) 14-15] A. you did not B. you C. did you not D. you didn't Ans: C (Explanation: In a direct question, the auxiliary verb comes before the subject. " Why did you not... " (or "Why didn't you..."). Option A and D are statement word order. Option C maintains the question word order.) 17. I do not know —. [আমি জানি না সে কোথায় থাকে] [DU (A) 11-12, JnU (B) 11-12] A. where does he live B. where is he live C. where he does live D. where he lives Ans: D (Explanation: Embedded question: Wh + Subject + Verb. " where he lives ".) 18. When — Penicillin? (ফ্লেমিং কখন পেনিসিলিন আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন?) [DU (A) 14-15] A. did Fleming invent B. Fleming invented C. Fleming invents D. has Fleming invented Ans: A (Explanation: Inventions in the past with "When" require Past Simple question format: When + did + Subject + Verb .) 19. Choose the correct sentence. [বলতে পার কি কয়টায় সিনেমা শুরু হয়?] [DU (D) 06-07] A. Can they tell you what time does the movie start? B. Can they say you what time the movie starts? C. Can they tell you when time the movie starts? D. Can they tell you what time the movie starts? Ans: D (Explanation: "Can they tell you..." introduces an embedded question. The embedded part uses statement order: " what time the movie starts ".) 20. Choose the correct sentence from the following. [NU (বিজ্ঞান) 12-13] A. Where you think this story took place? B. Where did you think did this story take place? C. Where do you think this story took place? D. Where do you think this story take place? Ans: C (Explanation: This is a complex question. The main question is "Where do you think...?". The second part is a clause functioning as the object of "think", so it takes statement order and tense: " this story took place ".) 21. Could you tell me —? (আমাকে বলতে পারবেন কি বাস স্টপটি কোথায়?) [COU (B) 17-18] A. where is the bus stop B. the bus stop is where C. where the bus stop is D. is where the bus stop Ans: C (Explanation: Indirect question structure: Wh + Subject + Verb. " where the bus stop is ".) 22. Which sentence is correct? [এটা কোথায় ঘটেছিল?] [RU (A1) 17-18] A. Where did it happen? B. Where it happened? C. Where was it happened? D. Where happened it? Ans: A (Explanation: Standard Past Simple question: Wh + did + Subject + Verb base form. " Where did it happen? ") 23. Why — use the medieval Bengali legend in the poem? [CU (A) 17-18] A. the poet B. is the poet C. does the poet D. do every poet Ans: C (Explanation: The subject "the poet" is singular. The auxiliary verb for Present Simple question is " does ".) 24. Which one is the correct sentence? [BSMRSTU (E) 17-18] A. Tell me why have you done this? B. Tell me why you have done this. C. Tell me why did you done this? D. Tell me why do done this you? Ans: B (Explanation: Indirect command/question: "Tell me" + embedded clause (Subject + Verb). " why you have done this ".) 25. Which one is correct? [আমাকে বলতে পারো কি সে কখন আসে?] [BRRU (E) 16-17] A. Can you tell me what the time of his arrival? B. Can you tell me what is the time he will arrive? C. Can you tell me what the time of his arrival is? D. Can you tell me what is the time of his arrival? Ans: C (Explanation: Indirect question: Wh-phrase ("what the time of his arrival") + Verb ("is"). The subject of the embedded clause is "the time of his arrival". So, " what the time... is " is the strict grammatical order, though D is often heard colloquially.) 26. What (to speak) to her about last night? (গতরাত্রে তার সাথে কি ব্যাপারে কথা বলেছিলে?) [KU (BBA) 15-16] A. What have you spoken to her about last night? B. What you spoke to her about last night? C. What did you speak to her about last night? D. Had you spoken to her about last night? Ans: C (Explanation: "Last night" requires Past Simple . Structure: What + did + Subject + Verb. " What did you speak... ") 27. How long — to cross the Atlantic by ship? (জাহাজে আটলান্টিক মহাসাগর পার হতে কত সময় লাগে?) [BSMRSTU E 18-19] A. is it B. does it need C. does it take D. does it want Ans: C (Explanation: The idiomatic verb for duration is " take ". " How long does it take...? ") 28. Choose the sentence. (আমাকে বলো তুমি কেমন আছো?) [BSMRSTU (E) 18-19] A. Tell me how are you? B. Tell me how you are? C. Tell me how you are. D. How are you tell me. Ans: C (Explanation: Indirect question implies a statement structure within the sentence. " Tell me how you are. " (ends with a period, not a question mark, as the main sentence is imperative).) 29. How much — to buy the ticket for the match? [MBSTU (D) 16-17] A. it cost B. it does cost C. does it cost D. it costs Ans: C (Explanation: Question format: Auxiliary + Subject + Verb. " does it cost ".) 30. 'When —?' I'm sure. More than 100 years ago. [BSMRSTU (G) 18-19] A. did the telephone invent B. has the telephone invented C. was invented the telephone D. was the telephone invented Ans: D (Explanation: Passive voice question (the telephone was invented). Question order: Wh + Auxiliary + Subject + V3. " When was the telephone invented? ") 31. Which one is incorrect sentence? [বাংলাদেশ মেরিন একাডেমি (বি) ১৪-১৭] A. Why do you do it? B. Why did you do it? C. Why will you do it? D. Why you do it? Ans: D (Explanation: Option D " Why you do it? " lacks the auxiliary verb (do/did/will). A correct question must have an auxiliary before the subject.) 32. A: Do you know —? (তুমি জানো কি সে কে?) [CU (খ) 05-06] B: No. I've never seen him before. (না। আমি তাকে আগে কখনো দেখিনি) A. who is he B. who he's C. who's he D. who he is Ans: D (Explanation: Embedded question: "... who he is ".) 33. Can anybody tell me — (কেউ বলতে পার কি সে দেখতে কেমন লম্ব?) [BSMRSTU (D) 15-16] A. How tall does she look? B. How tall she looks? C. How tall is she look? D. How tall is she looking? Ans: B (Explanation: Embedded question format: Subject + Verb. " How tall she looks ".) 34. What time —? (ফিল্ম কয়টায় শুরু হয়?) [COU (A) 15-16] A. begins the film B. does begin the film C. does the film begin D. does the film begins Ans: C (Explanation: Present Simple question: Auxiliary (does) + Subject (the film) + Base Verb (begin). " does the film begin ".) 1. Which of the following sentences is correct? [16th BCS, 27th BCS, দুর্নীতি দমন ব্যুরোর পরিদর্শক-০৩, RU 09-10, DU (C) 12-13, প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (করতোয়া)-১৩, IU (D) 17-18, সরকারী মাধ্যমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১৯] A. Why you have done this? B. Why did you have done this? C. Why have you done this? D. Why you had done this? Ans: C (Explanation: In a direct question using the Present Perfect Tense, the auxiliary verb comes before the subject. Structure: Wh + Have/Has + Subject + V3 . Correct: "Why have you done  this?") 2. Choose the correct sentence. (তুমি কি জানো সে কোথায় থাকে?) [DU (D) 01-02, BRUR (BBA) 08-09, খাদ্য পরিদর্শক-০৯, ৪র্থ বিজেএস (সহকারী জজ)-০৯, সমাজসেবা অধিদপ্তরের প্রবেশন অফিসার-১৩, প্রত্নতত্ত্ব অধিদপ্তরের এস্টিমেটর-১৯] A. Do you know where does he live? B. Do you know where he lives? C. Do you know where does he lives? D. Do you know does he lives where? Ans: B (Explanation: This is an Embedded Question . When a question (Where does he live?) is inside another sentence (Do you know...), the word order changes to statement form: Subject + Verb . The auxiliary "does" is removed. Correct: "...where he lives ".) 3. Choose the correct interrogative: [দুর্যোগ ব্যবস্থাপনা অধিদপ্তরের অফিস সহকারী-১৯] A. Where you come from? B. Where you came from? C. Where do you come from? D. Where from you come? Ans: C (Explanation: Standard Present Simple question structure: Wh + Do/Does + Subject + Verb . Correct: "Where do you come  from?") 4. He asked me - [দুর্যোগ ব্যবস্থাপনা ও ত্রাণ মন্ত্রণালয়ের অডিটর-১৯] A. when I go there B. when did I go there C. when I were there D. when I have gone there Ans: C (Explanation: In indirect speech reported in the past ("He asked me"), the tense usually shifts back. The original question was likely "When did you go there?" (Past Simple). This shifts to Past Perfect ("when I had gone there") or stays Past Simple ("when I went there"). Option C "when I were  there" is grammatically incorrect (should be "was" or "went"), but based on common errors in local exam keys, it is often the intended answer for "when I went/was there". Ideally, the answer should be "when I went there".) 5. Choose the correct sentence. [১৩তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৬] A. I know what does he want? B. I know what does he wants? C. I know what does he want. D. I know what he wants. Ans: D (Explanation: Embedded question after "I know". Structure: Subject + Verb . Correct: "I know what he wants .") 6. Choose the correct sentence. [পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-১৯] A. He asked me why did I go there. B. He asked me why have you gone there. C. He asked me why I had done it. D. He asked me why I had do it. Ans: C (Explanation: Indirect speech structure: Wh + Subject + Verb . Tense shifts from Past Simple ("Why did you do it?") to Past Perfect ("why I had done  it").) 7. Why — done this? (তুমি এটা কেন করেছ?) [পরিসংখ্যান ব্যুরোর ডেটা এন্ট্রি অপারেটর-১৬, দুদকের অফিস সহায়ক-১৯] A. you have B. did you have C. have you D. you had Ans: C (Explanation: Present Perfect Question: Wh + Have + Subject + V3 . Correct: "Why have you  done this?") 8. Write down the correct sentence: [জনস্বাস্থ্য প্রকৌশল অধিদপ্তর (এস্টিমেটর)-১৮] A. Tell me why have you come here? B. What time did you go to bed last night? C. Why you are angry with me? D. When you passed your Diploma Examination? Ans: B (Explanation: A: Incorrect embedded question (should be "why you have come"). B: Correct  Past Simple question structure. C: Missing auxiliary (should be "Why are you..."). D: Missing auxiliary (should be "When did you pass...").) 9. Select the correct sentence. (কোথায় তোমার জন্ম হয়েছিল?) [একটি বাড়ি একটি খামার প্রকল্পের মাঠকর্মী-১৮] A. Where have you born? B. Where were you born? [JnU (B) 15-16] C. Where had you born? D. Where are you born? Ans: B (Explanation: Questions about birth use the passive voice in the Past Simple. Correct: "Where were you born ?") 10. We don't know how did the thief made an escape. [স্ট্যান্ডার্ড ব্যাংক লি. (TAO)-১৮] A. how the thief did make B. how the thief does make C. how the thief made D. how was the thief made Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded question structure: Subject + Verb . "We don't know how the thief made  an escape.") 11. I wish you would tell me —. (তুমি যদি আমাকে বলতে পাশের বাড়িতে কে থাকে) [সিটি ব্যাংক (MTO)-১৮] A. who is being lived next door B. who does live next door C. who lives next door D. who was living next door Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded question where "Who" is the subject. Correct: "who lives  next door".) 12. Can you tell me why did you not speak the truth? [স্ট্যান্ডার্ড ব্যাংক (TAO)-১৮] A. why did you not speak B. that why did you not speak C. Why you did not speak D. why you not speak Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb . "Can you tell me why you did not speak ...?") 13. Would you please tell us — [ডাক, টেলিযোগাযোগ ও তথ্যপ্রযুক্তি মন্ত্রণালয়ের সহকারী প্রোগ্রামার-১৭] A. when the next bus comes B. when comes the next bus C. when does the next bus come D. when the next bus does come Ans: A (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb . "...when the next bus comes ".) 14. I'd like to know — (আমি জানতে চাই সে কেন চলে গেল।) [রেলপথ মন্ত্রণালয়ের উপ-সহকারী প্রকৌশলী-১৭] A. why did he leave B. why he left C. why have he left D. why did he left Ans: B (Explanation: Embedded question in Past Simple: Subject + Verb (past form) . "...why he left ".) 15. Why — angry with me yesterday? [BAPEX-17, বাংলাদেশ ট্যুরিজম বোর্ড (হিসাবরক্ষক)-১৭] A. were you B. was you C. you were D. have you been Ans: A (Explanation: "Yesterday" requires Past Simple. The subject "you" takes " were ". Correct: "Why were you  angry...?") 16. Do you know —? (জানো/জানেন আমি কে?) [পোস্টমাস্টার জেনারেল/পোস্টাল অপারেটর-১৬] A. who I am? B. who am I? C. who I was? D. who I shall Ans: A (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb . "Do you know who I am ?") 17. I asked him —. (আমি তাকে জিজ্ঞেস করলাম তার নাম কি) [RU (B) 12-13, BRUR (A) 13-14, উপজেলা পোস্টমাস্টার-১৬] A. what is his name B. what was his name C. what his name is D. what his name was Ans: D (Explanation: Indirect speech requires tense shift (is -> was) and statement order. Correct: "...what his name was ".) 18. What you (to do) last night? [গতরাত্রে কি করেছিলে?] [৯ম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৩, IU (G) 14-15] A. What did you do last night? B. What you did last night? C. What had you done last night? D. What have you done last night? Ans: A (Explanation: "Last night" indicates Past Simple. Question structure: Wh + did + Subject + Verb . Correct: "What did you do ...?") 19. Select the correct sentence. [তুমি কি জান তুমি কার সাথে কথা বলছ?] [ইসলামিক ফাউন্ডেশনের ম্যানেজার-১৬] A. Do you know who are you talking to? B. Do you know whom you are talking to? C. Do you know you are talking to who? D. Do you know are you talking to whom? Ans: B (Explanation: Embedded question. "Whom" is the object of "to". Structure: Whom + Subject + Verb . Correct: "Do you know whom you are talking to ?") 20. Nobody knows why — postponed until next week. [বা.. এনার্জি বিগুঃ কর্পোরেশন (সিনিয়র অফিসার)-১১] A. the meeting B. was the meeting [RU (B-Law) 15-16, (C) 16-17] C. did the meeting D. the meeting was Ans: D (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb . "...why the meeting was  postponed...") 21. Nobody knows why — postponed until next week. [নর্থ ওয়েস্ট পাওয়ার জেনাঃ কোম্পানি (সিনিয়র অফিসার)-১১] A. is the meeting B. was the meeting C. did the meeting D. the meeting was Ans: D (Explanation: Same as above. Correct: "...why the meeting was  postponed".) 22. When — to her? (তুমি কখন তার সাথে কথা বলেছিলে?) [হাউজ বিল্ডিং ফিন্যান্স কর্পোরেশন (অফিসার)-১১] A. you talked B. talked you C. did you talk D. did you talked Ans: C (Explanation: Past Simple Question: When + did + Subject + Base Verb . Correct: "When did you talk ...?") 23. Where ..............? (কোথায় তোমার জন্ম হয়েছিল?) [রাজশাহী কৃষি উন্নয়ন ব্যাংক (কর্মকর্তা, ২য় শ্রেণি)-১০, সহকারী সচিব (আইন, ড্রাফটিং)-০৫] A. were you born B. are you born C. have you been born D. did you born Ans: A (Explanation: Standard expression: "Where were you born ?") 24. Choose the correct sentence. [তুমি পুরাতন গাড়িটা কেন কিনলে?] [সাইফার অফিসার (প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়)-৯৯] A. Why you bought the old car? B. Why did you buy the old car? C. Why you did buy the old car? D. Why do you bought the old car? Ans: B (Explanation: Past Simple Question: Wh + did + Subject + Base Verb . Correct: "Why did you buy ...?") 25. Can you tell me where —? Which of the following is the best clause in the above sentence? [14th BCS, জাতীয় সংসদের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা ও প্রটোকল অফিসার-০৬, BSMRSTU (গ) 11-12] A. Does Mr. Ali live B. Mr. Ali does live C. Mr. Ali lives D. lives Mr. Ali Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb . "...where Mr. Ali lives ".) 26. Which of the following sentences is not correct? [ডাক ও টেলিযোগাযোগ মন্ত্রণালয়ের হিসাবরক্ষণ কর্মকর্তা-০৫] A. Where did he went? B. What does he want? C. What are they doing? D. What do they do? Ans: A (Explanation: Incorrect because "did" is followed by the past tense "went". It should be the base verb "go". Correct: "Where did he go ?") 27. Choose the correct sentence. [আবহাওয়া অধিদপ্তরের অধীলে সহকারী আবহাওয়াবিদ-০০] A. What you passed your BA examination? B. Please tell me why have you come to me C. What time did you go to bed last evening? D. Why you are angry with your brother? Ans: C (Explanation: A: Missing auxiliary. B: Incorrect embedded order ("why you have come"). C: Correct  Past Simple question. D: Incorrect order ("Why are you...").) 28. Choose the correct sentence. [বইটা কার?] [NU (বিজ্ঞান) 13-14, DU (D) 14-15, (A) 16-17 (C) 19-20] A. Who belongs to the book? B. Whom does the book belong? C. To who the book belongs? D. Who does the book belong to? Ans: D (Explanation: "Who does the book belong to?" is the correct structure. "Belong" requires "to".) 29. Which one is the sentence? [সেখানে কি ঘটেছে?] [RU C 19-20] A. What happened there? B. What was happened there? C. What did happen there? D. Did anything happened there? Ans: A (Explanation: "What" is the subject, so no "did" is needed. Correct: " What happened  there?") 30. What surprised me the most was how — and reacted exactly like you, said the banker to me. [DU (A) 18-19] A. did he look B. does he look C. he looked D. could he look Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded clause after "how": Subject + Verb . "...how he looked ...") 31. Do you know when —? (তুমি কি জানো কবে/কখন ঢাবি প্রতিষ্ঠা করা হয়েছিল?) [JU (B) 17-18] A. DU was founded B. was DU founded C. had DU been founded D. DU founded Ans: A (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb  (Passive). "...when DU was founded ".) 32. Please let me know why — the class. (আমাকে বল ক্লাসে যাওনি কেন) [DU (A) 17-18] A. you didn't attend B. didn't you attend C. you didn't attend to D. you didn't go Ans: A (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb . "...why you didn't attend ...") 33. I often wonder how —. (আমি প্রায়ই ভাবি তুমি কিভাবে চলছো) [DU (A) 15-16, BRUR (D) 17-18] A. you are get on B. are you get on C. you are getting on D. are you getting on Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb . "...how you are getting on ".) 34. Choose the correct sentence: (বাড়িটা কার?) [DU (B-EE) 15-16] A. Whose does the house belong to? B. To whom does the house belong to? C. Who does the house belong to? D. Who belongs to the house? Ans: C (Explanation: " Who does the house belong to? " is the standard correct form.) 35. Which one of the following sentences is correct? (তুমি কি জানো বাড়িটা কার?) [DU (D) 15-16] A. Do you know who the house belongs to? B. Do you know whom does the house belong to? C. Do you know to whom the house belongs to? D. Do you know who the house belong to? Ans: A (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb . "...who the house belongs  to?") 36. I don't remember —. (আমি তার নাম মনে করতে পারি না।) [DU (A) 15-16] A. what is her name B. her name is what C. what her name is D. is what her name Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded question: Wh + Subject + Verb . "...what her name is ".) 37. When — here? (তুমি কখন এখানে পৌঁছেছো/তুমি কখন এখানে এলে?) [JU (A) 14-15] A. have you get B. did you get C. you get D. had you get Ans: B (Explanation: Past Simple question: When + did + Subject + Verb . "When did you get  here?") 38. Why — return the money? (তুমি টাকা ফেরত দাওনি কেন?) [DU (A) 14-15] A. you did not B. you C. did you not D. you didn't Ans: C (Explanation: Formal Direct Question: Auxiliary + Subject + Not . "Why did you not  return...?" Option D is often acceptable informally as "Why didn't you...", but C represents the formal non-contracted structure.) 39. I do not know —. [আমি জানি না সে কোথায় থাকে] [DU (A) 11-12, JnU (B) 11-12] A. where does he live B. where is he live C. where he does live D. where he lives Ans: D (Explanation: Embedded question: Subject + Verb . "...where he lives ".) 40. When — Penicillin? (ফ্লেমিং কখন পেনিসিলিন আবিষ্কার করেছিলেন?) [DU (A) 14-15] A. did Fleming invent B. Fleming invented C. Fleming invents D. has Fleming invented Ans: A (Explanation: Past Simple Question about history: When + did + Subject + Verb . "When did Fleming invent ...?") 41. Choose the correct sentence. [বলতে পার কি কয়টায় সিনেমা শুরু হয়?] [DU (D) 06-07] A. Can they tell you what time does the movie start? B. Can they say you what time the movie starts? C. Can they tell you when time the movie starts? D. Can they tell you what time the movie starts? Ans: D (Explanation: Embedded question inside "Can they tell you...": Subject + Verb . "...what time the movie starts ".) 42. Choose the correct sentence from the following. [NU (বিজ্ঞান) 12-13] A. Where you think this story took place? B. Where did you think did this story take place? C. Where do you think this story took place? D. Where do you think this story take place? Ans: C (Explanation: Complex question. Main clause "Do you think", embedded clause "this story took place". "Where do you think  this story took place ?") 43. Could you tell me —? (আমাকে বলতে পারবেন কি বাস স্টপটি কোথায়?) [COU (B) 17-18] A. where is the bus stop B. the bus stop is where C. where the bus stop is D. is where the bus stop Ans: C (Explanation: Embedded question: Wh + Subject + Verb . "...where the bus stop is ".) 44. Which sentence is correct? [এটা কোথায় ঘটেছিল?] [RU (A1) 17-18] A. Where did it happen? B. Where it happened? C. Where was it happened? D. Where happened it? Ans: A (Explanation: Standard Past Simple Question: Where + did + Subject + Verb . "Where did it happen ?") 45. Why — use the medieval Bengali legend in the poem? [CU (A) 17-18] A. the poet B. is the poet C. does the poet D. do every poet Ans: C (Explanation: Present Simple Question: Why + does + Subject + Verb . "Why does the poet  use...?") 46. Which one is the correct sentence? [BSMRSTU (E) 17-18] A. Tell me why have you done this? B. Tell me why you have done this. C. Tell me why did you done this? D. Tell me why do done this you? Ans: B (Explanation: Embedded question/Indirect imperative: Subject + Verb . "Tell me why you have done  this.") 47. Which one is correct? [আমাকে বলতে পারো কি সে কখন আসে?] [BRRU (E) 16-17] A. Can you tell me what the time of his arrival? B. Can you tell me what is the time he will arrive? C. Can you tell me what the time of his arrival is? D. Can you tell me what is the time of his arrival? Ans: C (Explanation: Strict grammar for embedded questions requires the verb " is " at the end. "...what the time of his arrival is ?") 48. What (to speak) to her about last night? (গতরাত্রে তার সাথে কি ব্যাপারে কথা বলেছিলে?) [KU (BBA) 15-16] A. What have you spoken to her about last night? B. What you spoke to her about last night? C. What did you speak to her about last night? D. Had you spoken to her about last night? Ans: C (Explanation: "Last night" -> Past Simple. "What did you speak  to her about...?") 49. How long — to cross the Atlantic by ship? (জাহাজে আটলান্টিক মহাসাগর পার হতে কত সময় লাগে?) [BSMRSTU E 18-19] A. is it B. does it need C. does it take D. does it want Ans: C (Explanation: Idiomatic expression for duration: " take ". "How long does it take ...?") 50. Choose the sentence. (আমাকে বলো তুমি কেমন আছো?) [BSMRSTU (E) 18-19] A. Tell me how are you? B. Tell me how you are? C. Tell me how you are. D. How are you tell me. Ans: C (Explanation: Indirect question functioning as a statement (Imperative). " Tell me how you are. ")

PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION Part 1: Capitalization (বড় হাতের অক্ষরের ব্যবহার) Capital Letter  বা বড় হাতের অক্ষর ব্যবহারের সুনির্দিষ্ট কিছু নিয়ম রয়েছে। নিচে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়মগুলো আলোচনা করা হলো: Rule-01: First Word of a Sentence প্রতিটি বাক্যের প্রথম শব্দের প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital Letter  হয়। Ex:   H e is a good student. T hey play football. Rule-02: Proper Nouns & Adjectives derived from them নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, স্থান, দেশ, জাতি, নদী, পাহাড় ইত্যাদির নাম (Proper Noun) এবং তা থেকে গঠিত Adjective-এর প্রথম অক্ষর Capital হয়। Ex:   D haka, B angladesh, N azrul, I ndian (from India), A merican (from America). Rule-03: Pronoun 'I' and Interjection 'O' Pronoun 'I'  (আমি) এবং Interjection 'O'  বাক্যের যেখানেই বসুক না কেন, সর্বদা Capital Letter হয়। Ex:  If I  wish, I  can do it. Ex:  Listen to me, O  God! Rule-04: Days, Months, Festivals (Not Seasons) বার (Days), মাস (Months) এবং উৎসবের (Festivals) নামের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital হয়। কিন্তু ঋতুর (Seasons) নামের প্রথম অক্ষর সাধারণত Small letter হয়। Ex:   S aturday, J anuary, E id, C hristmas. Contrast:  summer, winter, spring (small letters). Rule-05: Religious Books & Terms ধর্মগ্রন্থ এবং সৃষ্টিকর্তার নামের প্রথম অক্ষর সর্বদা Capital হয়। সৃষ্টিকর্তাকে বোঝাতে যে Pronoun ব্যবহৃত হয় (He, Him, His) তাও Capital হয়। Ex:  The Q uran, The B ible, The G ita. Ex:   A llah is kind. We should pray to H im. Rule-06: Educational Institutions & Subjects শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠানের নাম এবং নির্দিষ্ট বিষয়ের নামের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital হয়। Ex:   D haka U niversity, D haka C ollege. Ex:   E nglish, B engali, P hysics, M athematics. Rule-07: Directions (দিক) দিক (North, South, East, West) যখন দিক নির্দেশ করে তখন Small letter হয়, কিন্তু যখন কোনো ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চল (Region) বোঝায় তখন Capital Letter হয়। Direction:  The sun rises in the e ast. Region:  The W est (পাশ্চাত্য দেশগুলো) is developed. Rule-08: Titles & Abbreviations কারো নামের আগে উপাধি (Title) বা পদের নাম এবং সংক্ষিপ্ত শব্দ (Abbreviation) Capital Letter হয়। Ex:   P resident, P rime M inister, D r. Khan, M r. Rahman. Ex:   M.A. , B.A. , U.S.A. , U.K. Rule-09: Quotations Inverted Comma (" ") এর ভেতরের বাক্যের প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital হয়। Ex:  He said, " H onesty is the best policy." Rule-10: Poetry কবিতার প্রতি চরণের (Line) প্রথম অক্ষর সাধারণত Capital Letter হয়। Ex: T winkle, twinkle, little star, H ow I wonder what you are! Part 2: Punctuation Marks (বিরাম চিহ্নের ব্যবহার) বাক্যের অর্থ সুস্পষ্টভাবে বোঝানোর জন্য বাক্যের মধ্যে বা শেষে যেসব চিহ্ন ব্যবহার করা হয়, তাদের Punctuation Marks  বলে। প্রধান প্রধান Punctuation Marks গুলো নিচে দেওয়া হলো: 1. Full Stop (.) Assertive, Imperative ও Optative Sentence-এর শেষে: Ex:  He goes to school**.** (Assertive) Ex:  Do the work**.** (Imperative) Ex:  May you live long**.** (Optative) Abbreviation (সংক্ষিপ্ত শব্দ)-এর পরে: Ex:  M**. A . , U . S . A . , Dr .** 2. Comma (,) সবচেয়ে কম বিরতি নির্দেশের জন্য Comma ব্যবহৃত হয়। একজাতীয় একাধিক শব্দ পাশাপাশি বসলে:  (শেষের দুটির মাঝে 'and' বসে)। Ex:  Rahim**,** Karim**,** Jamal and Kamal are playing. Vocative Case (সম্বোধন)-এর পরে: Ex:  Rahim**,** come here. Case in Apposition (পরিচয়)-এর উভয় পাশে: Ex:  Mr. Khan**,** Headmaster of our school**,** is a good man. Direct Speech-এ Reporting Verb-এর পরে: Ex:  He said**,** "I am ill." Tag Question-এর আগে: Ex:  He is a student**,** isn't he? Yes/No-এর পরে: Ex:  Yes**,** I will go. No**,** I cannot. 3. Semicolon (;) Comma অপেক্ষা বেশি এবং Full stop অপেক্ষা কম বিরতির জন্য Semicolon বসে। সাধারণত দুটি স্বাধীন বাক্য (Co-ordinate Clause) যখন Conjunction (and, but) ছাড়া যুক্ত হয়। Ex:  To err is human**;** to forgive is divine. Ex:  He came**;** he saw**;** he conquered. 4. Colon (:) উদাহরণ বা তালিকা পেশ করতে এবং নাটক বা সংলাপে বক্তার নামের পরে Colon বসে। Ex:  There are three kinds of tense**:** Present, Past and Future. Ex:  Hamlet**:** To be or not to be. 5. Note of Interrogation / Question Mark (?) Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য)-এর শেষে বসে। Ex:  What is your name**?** Ex:  Do you know him**?** 6. Note of Exclamation (!) Exclamatory Sentence (আবেগসূচক বাক্য) বা Interjection-এর পরে বসে। Ex:  How beautiful the bird is**!** Ex:  Alas**!** I am undone. 7. Inverted Comma / Quotation Marks (" ") বক্তার কথা অবিকল উদ্ধৃত করতে Direct Speech-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  He said, "I am happy." Ex:   "Do you know me?"  he asked. 8. Apostrophe (') Possessive Case (মালিকানা) বোঝাতে: Ex:  This is Rahim**'**s pen. বর্ণ বা সংখ্যা লোপ পেলে (Contraction): Ex:  Don**' t (Do not), I ' ve (I have), It '**s (It is). 9. Hyphen (-) Compound word বা যৌগিক শব্দগুলো যুক্ত করতে Hyphen বসে। Ex:  Father**- in - law, Mother - in - law, Up - to -**date. 10. Dash (—) চিন্তার আকস্মিক পরিবর্তন বা কোনো কিছুর ব্যাখ্যা দিতে বসে। (Hyphen এর চেয়ে লম্বা)। Ex:  He sold everything —  land, house, furniture. Part 3: Previous Years' Questions with Explanation 01. Which one is the correct use of capitalization? [DU-B: 12-13] (A) I met the president of India. (B) I met the President of India. (C) I met The President of India. (D) i met the President of India. Ans: (B) Explanation:  উপাধি (President) এবং দেশের নাম (India) Capital letter হবে। 02. Choose the correctly punctuated sentence: (A) Rahim come here. (B) Rahim, come here. (C) Rahim; come here. (D) Rahim. Come here. Ans: (B) Explanation:  কাউকে সম্বোধন করলে (Vocative Case) নামের পর Comma বসে। 03. Identify the correct sentence. (A) He said to me "Are you ill?" (B) He said to me, "Are you ill?" (C) He said to me, "Are you ill"? (D) He said to me: "Are you ill?" Ans: (B) Explanation:  Reporting verb-এর পর Comma এবং Reported speech-এর শেষে Inverted comma-র ভেতরে Question mark বসবে। 04. Which punctuation mark is used to separate items in a list? (A) Colon (B) Semicolon (C) Comma (D) Dash Ans: (C)  (Simple items হলে Comma, জটিল বা বড় phrase হলে Semicolon ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে, তবে generally Comma)। Part 4: SELF TEST (Punctuation & Capitalization) Correct the following sentences / Choose the correct option: 01. my friend rahim lives in dhaka. (A) My friend Rahim lives in Dhaka. (B) My Friend Rahim lives in Dhaka. (C) My friend rahim lives in Dhaka. (D) my friend Rahim lives in dhaka. Ans: (A)  (Sentence-এর শুরু My, নাম Rahim, শহর Dhaka - সব Capital হবে)। 02. The teacher said the earth is round. (A) The teacher said, "The earth is round." (B) The teacher said "The earth is round". (C) The teacher said, The earth is round. (D) The teacher said; "the earth is round." Ans: (A)  (Direct speech punctuation)। 03. alas she is dead. (A) Alas! she is dead. (B) Alas, she is dead. (C) Alas! She is dead. (D) Alas she is dead! Ans: (C)  (Alas-এর পর Exclamation mark এবং পরবর্তী শব্দের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital হয়)। 04. he is an ma. (A) He is an M.A. (B) He is an m.a. (C) He is an ma. (D) He is an M.a. Ans: (A)  (Abbreviation Capital হয়)। 05. dhaka the capital of bangladesh is a big city. (A) Dhaka the capital of Bangladesh is a big city. (B) Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is a big city. (C) Dhaka; the capital of Bangladesh; is a big city. (D) Dhaka-the capital of Bangladesh-is a big city. Ans: (B)  (Apposition-এর উভয় পাশে Comma বসে)। 06. where are you going (A) Where are you going. (B) Where are you going! (C) Where are you going? (D) Where are you going; Ans: (C)  (Interrogative sentence)। 07. we have a cow a goat and a hen. (A) We have a cow a goat, and a hen. (B) We have a cow, a goat and a hen. (C) We have a cow; a goat and a hen. (D) We have a cow-a goat-and a hen. Ans: (B)  (তালিকার আইটেম আলাদা করতে Comma বসে)। 08. its a nice bird. (A) Its a nice bird. (B) It's a nice bird. (C) Its' a nice bird. (D) It is a nice bird? Ans: (B)  (It is এর সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ It's)। 09. may you be happy (A) May you be happy? (B) May you be happy. (C) May you be happy! (D) May, you be happy. Ans: (B)  (Optative sentence-এর শেষে Full stop বসে)। 10. he is honest sincere and hardworking (A) He is honest sincere and hardworking. (B) He is honest, sincere and hardworking. (C) He is honest; sincere and hardworking. (D) He is honest-sincere and hardworking. Ans: (B)  (Adjective গুলোর মাঝে Comma বসে)।

TAG QUESTIONS Part 1: Primary Discussion Tag Question  অর্থ হলো 'জুড়ে দেওয়া প্রশ্ন'। কথোপকথনের সময় বক্তা তার বক্তব্যের সত্যতা যাচাই করার জন্য বা শ্রোতার সমর্থন পাওয়ার জন্য বাক্যের শেষে যে ছোট প্রশ্ন জুড়ে দেয়, তাকে Tag Question  বা Question Tag বলে। Example:  He is a student, isn't he?  (সে একজন ছাত্র, তাই না?) Basic Principle: প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি Affirmative (হাঁ-বোধক)  হলে Tag Question টি Negative (না-বোধক)  হয়। প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি Negative (না-বোধক)  হলে Tag Question টি Affirmative (হাঁ-বোধক)  হয়। Part 2: Structure & General Rules 1. Formation of Tag Auxiliary Verb:  বাক্যে যদি Auxiliary Verb (am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, will, shall, can, could, etc.) থাকে, তবে Tag-এ সেই verb টিই বসে। Do/Does/Did:  বাক্যে Auxiliary Verb না থাকলে Tense অনুযায়ী do, does বা did ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Present Indefinite (No s/es) $\rightarrow$  don't / do Present Indefinite (With s/es) $\rightarrow$  doesn't / does Past Indefinite $\rightarrow$  didn't / did 2. Negative Forms (Contraction) Tag Question-এ সর্বদা n't (Contracted form) ব্যবহার করতে হয়। is not $\rightarrow$  isn't are not $\rightarrow$  aren't was not $\rightarrow$  wasn't will not $\rightarrow$  won't  (Exception) shall not $\rightarrow$  shan't  (Exception) can not $\rightarrow$  can't am not $\rightarrow$  aren't I?  (Exception: 'amn't I' হয় না, তবে 'ain't I' ইনফরমাল ইংরেজিতে চলে। স্ট্যান্ডার্ড গ্রামারে aren't I  ব্যবহৃত হয়)। 3. Subject Pronoun Tag Question-এর Subject সর্বদা Pronoun  হবে। Noun থাকলে তার পরিবর্তে উপযুক্ত Pronoun বসাতে হয়। Rahim (Male) $\rightarrow$  he Rahima (Female) $\rightarrow$  she The bird/The pen (Object/Animal) $\rightarrow$  it People/Boys (Plural) $\rightarrow$  they Part 3: Step-by-Step Rules with Examples Rule-01: Affirmative to Negative Tag Ex:  Birds can fly, can't they? Ex:  He reads a book, doesn't he?  (s/es আছে) Ex:  You went there, didn't you?  (Past tense) Ex:  I am a student, aren't I?  (Exception for 'am') Rule-02: Negative to Affirmative Tag বাক্যে not, no, never থাকলে Tag Positive হয়। Ex:  He is not a doctor, is he? Ex:  They have no money, have they?  (Or: do they?) Ex:  I shall not go, shall I? Rule-03: Semi-Negative Words (Negative Adverbs) বাক্যে Hardly, Scarcely, Seldom, Rarely, Barely, Few, Little থাকলে বাক্যটি Negative হিসেবে গণ্য হয়। তাই Tag Question টি Affirmative  হবে। Ex:  He hardly  comes here, does he?  (Not 'doesn't he') Ex:  A barking dog seldom  bites, does it? Ex:  I have few  friends, have I?  (Or: do I?) Note:   A few  এবং A little  থাকলে বাক্যটি Affirmative, তাই Tag Negative হবে। Ex:  I have a few  friends, don't I? Rule-04: Everyone / Everybody / Nobody / None Subject হিসেবে Everyone, Everybody, Someone, Somebody, Anyone, Anybody, No one, Nobody, None, Neither থাকলে Tag-এর Subject 'They'  হয়। Ex:   Everyone  hates a liar, don't they?  (Subject 'They' তাই 'doesn't' না হয়ে 'don't' হয়)। Ex:   Nobody  believes a liar, do they?  (Nobody নেগেটিভ, তাই Tag পজিটিভ; They এর সাথে do বসে)। Ex:   None  can do this, can they? Rule-05: Everything / Something / Nothing Subject হিসেবে Everything, Something, Anything, Nothing (বস্তুবাচক) থাকলে Tag-এর Subject 'It'  হয়। Ex:   Everything  looked beautiful, didn't it? Ex:   Nothing  is impossible, is it?  (Nothing নেগেটিভ)। Rule-06: Imperative Sentences Order/Request/Advice:  আদেশ, উপদেশ বা অনুরোধ বোঝালে সাধারণত will you?  বা won't you?  বসে। (তবে can you? , could you?  ও বসা যায়)। Ex:  Open the door, will you? Ex:  Do not forget me, will you? Ex:  Please help me, will you? Let's / Let us:  প্রস্তাব বোঝালে সর্বদা shall we?  বসে। Ex:   Let's  go out for a walk, shall we? Ex:   Let us  discuss the matter, shall we? Let me / Let him / Let them:  অনুমতি বা ইচ্ছা বোঝালে will you?  বসে। Ex:   Let him  do whatever he likes, will you? Ex:   Let me  finish the work, will you? Rule-07: Complex Sentences Complex Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত Principal Clause  (Main Clause)-এর ওপর ভিত্তি করে Tag Question করতে হয়। Ex:  I know that he is honest. Main Clause: I know . Tag: don't I? Exception:  যদি Main clause টি হয় "I think", "I hope", "I believe" ইত্যাদি, তবে Subordinate Clause  অনুযায়ী Tag করা শ্রেয়, কারণ বক্তার মূল ফোকাস থাকে পরের অংশটিতে। Ex:  I think he is honest , isn't he? Part 4: Previous Years' Questions with Explanation 01. Telling lies is a great sin, ______? [DU-B: 11-12] (A) isn't it? (B) aren't they? (C) don't it? (D) doesn't it? Ans: (A)Explanation:  Subject 'Telling lies' (Gerund phrase) একটি কাজের নাম, তাই pronoun 'it' হবে। Verb 'is' তাই 'isn't it'. 02. Nobody phoned, ______? [RU-A: 15-16] (A) did they? (B) didn't they? (C) did anybody? (D) didn't anybody? Ans: (A)Explanation:  Nobody নেগেটিভ শব্দ, তাই Tag পজিটিভ। Nobody-এর জন্য Subject 'they'. Past tense (phoned) তাই 'did'. Ans: did they? 03. Let's have a walk, ______? [33rd BCS] (A) shall we? (B) will you? (C) won't you? (D) can we? Ans: (A)Explanation:  Let's (Let us) থাকলে সর্বদা 'shall we?' বসে। 04. I am right, ______? [DU-D: 09-10] (A) amn't I? (B) aren't I? (C) don't I? (D) am I? Ans: (B)Explanation:  'I am'-এর নেগেটিভ ট্যাগ 'aren't I?' হয়। 05. Nothing is certain, ______? [CU-C: 14-15] (A) is it? (B) isn't it? (C) was it? (D) wasn't it? Ans: (A)Explanation:  Nothing নেগেটিভ, তাই Tag পজিটিভ। Subject 'Nothing' (বস্তু) তাই 'it'. Part 5: SELF TEST (Master Exercise) 01. Time and tide wait for none, ______? (A) do they? (B) don't they? (C) does it? (D) doesn't it? Ans: (A) (ব্যাখ্যা: 'Wait' plural verb, তাই do. বাক্যে 'none' আছে যা নেগেটিভ অর্থ দেয়, তাই Tag পজিটিভ হবে। Subject 'Time and tide' plural, তাই 'they'। Correct: do they?) 02. The mother rose in her, ______? (A) didn't she? (B) didn't it? (C) did it? (D) did she? Ans: (B) (ব্যাখ্যা: এখানে 'The mother' অর্থ 'মাতৃত্ববোধ' (Abstract Noun), কোনো মহিলা নয়। তাই pronoun 'it' হবে। Past tense 'rose', তাই 'didn't it?') 03. He'd done the work, ______? (A) hadn't he? (B) didn't he? (C) wouldn't he? (D) shouldn't he? Ans: (A) (ব্যাখ্যা: He'd done = He had  done (V3 আছে)। তাই 'hadn't he?') 04. He'd go there, ______? (A) hadn't he? (B) wouldn't he? (C) didn't he? (D) shouldn't he? Ans: (B) (ব্যাখ্যা: He'd go = He would  go (V1 আছে)। তাই 'wouldn't he?') 05. Everybody loves flowers, ______? (A) doesn't they? (B) don't they? (C) do they? (D) isn't it? Ans: (B) (ব্যাখ্যা: Everybody এর জন্য 'they'। They-এর সাথে 'doesn't' বসে না, 'don't' বসে।) 06. Don't touch the fire, ______? (A) will you? (B) do you? (C) can you? (D) shall we? Ans: (A) (ব্যাখ্যা: Imperative sentence)। 07. A barking dog seldom bites, ______? (A) doesn't it? (B) does it? (C) isn't it? (D) is it? Ans: (B) (ব্যাখ্যা: Seldom নেগেটিভ শব্দ)। 08. Neither of them went, ______? (A) did they? (B) didn't they? (C) did neither? (D) do they? Ans: (A) (ব্যাখ্যা: Neither নেগেটিভ, তাই Tag পজিটিভ। Neither of them এর জন্য subject 'they')। 09. Put the book on the table, ______? (A) will you? (B) don't you? (C) didn't you? (D) aren't you? Ans: (A) (ব্যাখ্যা: Imperative sentence)। 10. How sweetly the bird sings, ______? (A) isn't it? (B) doesn't it? (C) does it? (D) don't it? Ans: (B) (ব্যাখ্যা: Exclamatory sentence-কে Assertive করলে হয় "The bird sings very sweetly." Sings (V+s) তাই doesn't it?) Questions: 1. The tag for the blank in 'You forgot my birthday, ---?' a) haven't you b) didn't you c) hadn't you d) wouldn't you 2. Banks close at 4 p.m., --- a) do they? b) don't they? c) didn't they? d) isn't they? 3. I am a student of a residential university, ---? a) am I? b) am I not c) amn't I d) aren't I 4. "It's hardly rained at all this summer, ---?" a) has it b) isn't it c) hasn't it d) is it 5. Pass the salt, ---? a) do you b) will you c) are you d) did you 6. Let's go home, ---? a) will we b) shall we c) won't we d) shan't we 7. What is the correct question tag? 'Nobody phoned you, ---?' a) did anybody? b) didn't they? c) did they? d) didn't anybody 8. They have tried but failed, ---? a) haven't they b) aren't they c) don't they d) didn't they 9. We will go home soon, ---? a) will we? b) won't we c) isn't it d) wouldn't we 10. You broke the machine, ---? a) haven't you? b) didn't you? c) had you? d) did you? 11. He is trying to give up smoking, --- a) isn't he? b) is he? c) won't he? d) will he? 12. She could have been more discreet, --- a) didn't she? b) can't she c) couldn't she? d) won't she 13. Find the appropriate question tag: 'I am late, ---?' a) am I? b) aren't I? c) amn't I? d) isn't it? 14. There has not been a great response to the sale, ---? a) doesn't there b) has there c) hasn't there d) hasn't it 15. Let me see, the bus goes at ten past, ---? a) doesn't it b) shall we c) will you d) don't we 16. Everybody loves music/a flower, ---? a) does he b) doesn't he c) can he d) don't they 17. What is the correct question tag? Nobody phoned you, ---? a) did anybody? b) didn't they? c) did they? d) didn't anybody? 18. He used to visit you regularly. Identify the correct tag question. a) wasn't he? b) wouldn't he? c) didn't he? d) won't he? 19. I ought to complain, ---? a) oughtn't I? b) don't I? c) shouldn't I? d) won't I? 20. You broke the machine, ---? a) haven't you? b) hadn't you? c) did you? d) didn't you? Answers With Explanation: 1. b) didn't you (The verb 'forgot' is in Past Indefinite tense. So, the auxiliary verb 'did' is used. Since the statement is positive, the tag is negative. 'Forgot' পাস্ট ইনডিফিনিট টেন্সে আছে, তাই ট্যাগ হবে 'didn't you'।) 2. b) don't they? ('Close' is Present Indefinite. 'Banks' is plural. Positive statement takes negative tag. 'Close' প্রেজেন্ট ইনডিফিনিট টেন্সে আছে এবং 'Banks' প্লুরাল, তাই 'don't they' হবে।) 3. d) aren't I (In tag questions, 'am I not' is contracted as 'aren't I'. 'I am' থাকলে নেগেটিভ ট্যাগে 'aren't I' বসে।) 4. a) has it ("It's hardly rained" means "It has  hardly rained". 'Hardly' makes the sentence negative, so the tag is positive. 'Hardly' থাকায় বাক্যটি নেগেটিভ, তাই ট্যাগ পজিটিভ 'has it' হবে।) 5. b) will you (Imperative sentences (Order/Request) take 'will you' as a tag. আদেশ বা অনুরোধ বোঝালে 'will you' বসে।) 6. b) shall we (Sentences starting with "Let's" or "Let us" take 'shall we'. 'Let's' থাকলে ট্যাগ 'shall we' হয়।) 7. c) did they? ('Nobody' makes the sentence negative, so the tag is positive. 'Nobody' takes 'they' as a pronoun. 'Phoned' is past tense. 'Nobody' থাকায় ট্যাগ পজিটিভ হবে এবং প্রোনাউন 'they' হবে।) 8. a) haven't they ('Have tried' is Present Perfect. Positive statement takes negative tag. বাক্যটি পজিটিভ এবং হ্যাভ ভার্ব আছে, তাই 'haven't they' হবে।) 9. b) won't we ('Will' becomes 'won't' in negative tag. 'Will' থাকলে ট্যাগ 'won't' হয়।) 10. b) didn't you? ('Broke' is Past Indefinite. Positive statement takes negative tag. 'Broke' পাস্ট টেন্স, তাই 'didn't you' হবে। Note: Text option order varies, Q10 answer key 10.b maps to 'didn't you' in standard sets, though text layout in source is messy. The table confirms 10.d for Q20 which is identical. Here 10.b is correct for structure.) 11. a) isn't he? ('Is trying' takes 'isn't he'. অক্সিলিয়ারি ভার্ব 'is' থাকায় 'isn't he' হবে।) 12. c) couldn't she? ('Could have' takes 'couldn't she'. মডাল অক্সিলিয়ারি 'could' থাকায় 'couldn't she' হবে।) 13. b) aren't I? (Standard tag for "I am". 'I am' এর ট্যাগ 'aren't I'।) 14. b) has there ('Has not' makes the sentence negative, so the tag is positive. The subject 'there' remains 'there'. বাক্যটি নেগেটিভ, তাই ট্যাগ পজিটিভ হবে।) 15. c) will you (For "Let me...", the tag is 'will you'. 'Let me' দিয়ে শুরু হলে 'will you' বসে।) 16. d) don't they ('Everybody' takes 'they'. Present indefinite 'loves' becomes 'do/don't' with 'they'. 'Everybody' এর প্রোনাউন 'they', তাই 'don't they' হবে।) 17. c) did they? (Repetition of Q7. 'Nobody' implies negative, 'phoned' is past. 'Nobody' নেগেটিভ অর্থ দেয়, তাই ট্যাগ পজিটিভ 'did they' হবে।) 18. c) didn't he? ('Used to' is treated as Past Indefinite, taking 'didn't'. 'Used to' থাকলে ট্যাগ হিসেবে 'didn't' ব্যবহৃত হয়।) 19. a) oughtn't I? ('Ought to' takes 'oughtn't'. 'Ought to' থাকলে ট্যাগ 'oughtn't' হয়।) 20. d) didn't you? (Repetition of Q10. 'Broke' is Past Indefinite. 'Broke' পাস্ট টেন্স, তাই 'didn't you' হবে।) TOPIC: TAG QUESTION Tag Question:  বক্তা নিজের কথা বলার সময় শ্রোতার সমর্থন বা স্বীকৃতি চায়। এই জন্য আমরা কোনো বাক্য বলার পরে সেই বাক্যের শেষেই কিছু জিজ্ঞাসা করি। অর্থাৎ কোনো বাক্যের শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক কিছু অংশ জুড়ে দেই, জুড়ে দেওয়া এই প্রশ্নকে Tag question বলা হয়। Rules: Affirmative Sentence এর Tag Negative হয়। (e.g., He is good, isn't he?) Negative Sentence এর Tag Affirmative হয়। (e.g., He is not good, is he?) Auxiliary Verb থাকলে সেটিই বসে, না থাকলে Do/Does/Did বসে। Subject সর্বদা Pronoun হয়। Questions Here are the questions rewritten in the spacious, vertical format with answers and explanations. 1. 'He is your best friend, isn't he?' is a/an - [সমাজসেবা অধিদপ্তরের সমাজকর্মী-০৫] A. interrogative sentence B. negative sentence C. exclamatory sentence D. tag question Ans: D (Explanation: A "Tag Question" is a small question attached to the end of a statement to confirm information.) 2. For the boys the task was easy, —? [DU (B) 09-10, দুর্যোগ ব্যবস্থাপনা অধিদপ্তরের অফিস সহকারী-১৯] A. weren't they B. didn't they C. wasn't it D. isn't it Ans: C (Explanation: The subject is " the task " (singular/it) and the verb is " was ". Therefore, the tag is " wasn't it "?) 3. He can go to the university by bus, —? [খাদ্য ও দুর্যোগ ব্যবস্থাপনা মন্ত্রণালয়ের পিস ও পুঃ কর্মকর্তা-০৭] A. won't he B. must he C. can't he D. will he Ans: C (Explanation: The statement uses the modal " can " (positive). The tag must be negative: " can't he "?) 4. They have tried but failed, —? [DU (D) 15-16] A. haven't they B. aren't they C. don't they D. didn't they Ans: A (Explanation: The auxiliary verb is " have " (Present Perfect). Positive statement -> Negative tag: " haven't they "?) 5. This balm (মলম) has lessened your pain —, (এই মলম তোমার ব্যথা কমিয়েছে, তাই না?) Add an appropriate tag question from the following. A. Doesn't it? B. Will it? C. Don't it? D. Won't it? E. Hasn't it? Ans: E (Explanation: The auxiliary verb is " has ". The subject "This balm" is "it". Tag: " Hasn't it "?) 6. She could have been more discreet, — [DU (B) 10-11, PUST (C) 14-15] A. didn't she? B. can't she C. won't she D. couldn't she? Ans: D (Explanation: The modal auxiliary is " could ". Tag: " couldn't she "?) 7. He has to work hard to get higher salary, —? [KM (BBA) 13-14] A. hasn't he B. has he C. doesn't he D. does he Ans: C (Explanation: " Has to " indicates obligation and acts like a main verb in the Present Simple tense. It requires " does/doesn't " in the tag. " Doesn't he "?) 8. We have another carton of milk, —? [NU (BBA) 12-13] A. haven't we B. are we C. don't we D. have we Ans: A  (or C) (Explanation: When "have" indicates possession, American English uses "don't we", while traditional British English uses " haven't we ". In many local exams, "haven't we" (A) is preferred, though C is also grammatically correct in modern usage.) 9. He is trying to give up smoking, — [PK (Pass)-08, NU (A) 12-13] A. isn't he B. is he C. was he D. will he Ans: A (Explanation: Auxiliary " is ". Tag: " isn't he "?) 10. We will go home soon, — [RU (A2) 17-18] A. will we? B. are we? C. would we? D. won't we? Ans: D (Explanation: Auxiliary " will ". Negative form: " won't we "?) 11. She won't dance in the party, —. A. will she? B. won't she? C. would she? D. wouldn't she? Ans: A (Explanation: Negative statement " won't " (will not). Tag must be positive: " will she "?) 12. I don't like talking in the class, —? [BU (A) 14-15] A. do I B. are I C. not I D. I like Ans: A (Explanation: Negative statement " don't ". Tag: " do I "?) 13. We didn't play very well today, — [DU 05-06] A. did we? B. could we? C. should we? D. must we? Ans: A (Explanation: Negative statement " didn't ". Tag: " did we "?) 14. He couldn't have forgotten the address, — ? [NU 06-07] A. did he B. had he C. not he D. could he Ans: D (Explanation: Negative statement " couldn't ". Tag: " could he "?) 15. The tag for the blank in 'You forgot my birthday, —? A. haven't you B. didn't you C. hadn't you D. wouldn't you Ans: B (Explanation: " Forgot " is in the Past Simple tense. The auxiliary for Past Simple is " did ". Tag: " didn't you "?) 16. Banks close at 4 p.m., — [DU (A) 07-08, COU (C) 15-16] A. do they? B. must they? C. don't they? D. isn't they? Ans: C (Explanation: " Close " is in the Present Simple tense (plural). Auxiliary is " do ". Tag: " don't they "?) 17. Every thing looked beautiful, — [RU (E2) 17-18] A. didn't they? B. wasn't it? C. didn't it? D. did it? Ans: C (Explanation: " Everything " takes the singular pronoun " it " in tag questions. " Looked " is Past Simple. Tag: " didn't it "?) 18. She knows you, — [NU (মানবিক) 11-12] A. hasn't she B. haven't she C. don't you D. doesn't she Ans: D (Explanation: " Knows " is Present Simple (3rd person singular). Auxiliary is " does ". Tag: " doesn't she "?) 19. You broke the machine, — [DU (A) 09-10] A. haven't you? B. hadn't you? C. did you? D. didn't you? Ans: D (Explanation: " Broke " is Past Simple. Tag: " didn't you "?) 20. He always lags behind, — [DU (D) 03-04, RU (E) 18-19] A. won't he? B. can't he? C. didn't he? D. doesn't he? Ans: D (Explanation: " Lags " is Present Simple. Tag: " doesn't he "?) 21. The girl broke the cup, — [DU (A) 06-07] A. did she? B. didn't she? C. hadn't she? D. hasn't she? Ans: B (Explanation: " Broke " is Past Simple. Tag: " didn't she "?) 22. She often visits her home town, — [DU (B) 05-06] A. hasn't she? B. doesn't she? C. didn't she? D. isn't she? Ans: B (Explanation: " Visits " is Present Simple. Tag: " doesn't she "?) 23. I need some books, — ? [সার্কেল অ্যাডজুটেন্ট/উপজেলা আনসার ও ভিডিপি কর্মকর্তা-১৫] A. don't I B. do I C. need I D. needn't I Ans: A (Explanation: Here " need " is a main verb (followed by a noun). It takes " do/don't ". If it were an auxiliary (e.g., "I need go"), the tag would be "needn't I".) 24. Find the appropriate question tag: 'I am late, —' [CU (D) 13-14, 17-18, RU (E1) 17-18, CU (A) 05-06] A. am I? B. amn't I? C. aren't I? D. is it? Ans: C (Explanation: The negative tag for "I am" is always " aren't I ?" in standard English because "amn't I" is non-standard.) 25. I am going to fall in love, —? [JnU (D) 10-11] A. am not I B. am't I C. aren't I D. Both b & c Ans: C (Explanation: Tag: " aren't I "?) 26. The right expression for "Am I not?" is — [বিসিএসসহ অন্যান্য পরীক্ষা] A. aren't I? B. Isn't I? C. amn't I? D. amn't I? Ans: A (Explanation: " aren't I " is the standard contraction for "Am I not" in tag questions.) 27. I am a teacher of English, —? Which tag is appropriate? [প্রাক-প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১২, DL (A) 05-06] A. am I? B. am I not? C. amn't I? D. aren't I? Ans: D (Explanation: Tag: " aren't I "?) 28. Which of the following has incorrect tag? [JnU (D) 11-12] A. I am your friend, amn't I? B. He used to play football, didn't he? C. Man cannot swim, can he? D. Have a cup of tea, won't you? Ans: A (Explanation: " amn't I " is incorrect. It should be "aren't I?".) 29. Lily hardly helps her mother with the housework nowadays, —? [ICB এর সহকারী প্রোগ্রামার-১১] A. is it B. does she C. doesn't she D. isn't she Ans: B (Explanation: " Hardly " makes the sentence negative, so the tag must be positive. " Helps " -> " does ". Tag: " does she "?) 30. "He never goes out with his dog, —?" [JnU (B) 12-13] A. does he B. doesn't he C. does ever he D. does never he Ans: A (Explanation: " Never " makes the sentence negative. Tag: " does he "?) 31. "It's hardly rained at all this summer, —?" [RU (H) 14-15] A. has it B. is it C. isn't it D. hasn't it Ans: A (Explanation: "It's rained" = " It has  rained". " Hardly " is negative. Tag: " has it "?) 32. He used to visit you regularly. - Identify the correct tag question. [NU (মানবিক) 10-11] A. wasn't he? B. wouldn't he? C. didn't he? D. won't he? Ans: C (Explanation: " Used to " represents a past habit. The tag uses the auxiliary " did ". Tag: " didn't he "?) 33. I ought to complain, — [RU (Law) 08-09, বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১৮] A. oughtn't I? B. don't I? C. shouldn't I? D. won't I? Ans: A (Explanation: " Ought " acts as a modal. Tag: " oughtn't I "?) 34. Pass the salt, —? [রাজশাহী কৃষি উন্নয়ন ব্যাংক (সুপারভাইজার)-১৫, CU (D) 12-13, 14-15, 15-16] A. do you B. will you C. are you D. did you Ans: B (Explanation: For imperative sentences (requests/commands), the tag is usually " will you "?) 35. Which one is correct? [DU (IER) 99-00] A. Don't forget, are you? B. Don't forget, will you? C. Don't forget, do you? D. Don't forget, should you? Ans: B (Explanation: Negative imperative sentences ("Don't...") take " will you " as the tag.) 36. Which of the following has a correct tag? [JnU (B) 10-11] A. I am late, shan't I? B. There are some upstairs, are there? C. Don't forget, could you? D. Let's have a party, shall we? Ans: D (Explanation: Sentences starting with " Let's " (Let us) always take the tag " shall we ".) 37. Let us have some tea —? [সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক মন্ত্রণালয়ের উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী-১৯] Let us go to a picnic/the market, —? [CU (E) 09-10, (B1) 12-13, BSMRSTU E 19-20] Let's go home, —? [CVASU 14-15, PUST (A1) 15-16, CU (D) 12-13, (D3) 16-17] Let us go out for a walk, —? [IU (B) 10-11, JU (D1) 13-14] A. will we B. shall we C. won't we D. shan't we Ans: B (Explanation: " Let us " or " Let's " -> Tag: " shall we "?) 38. Let's have a cup of tea, — Add a tag question to this sentence. [উপজেলা পল্লী উন্নয়ন কর্মকর্তা-১২] 'Let's have a party. — Which tag is suitable for use? [সরকারী মাধ্যমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-০৯] A. have we? B. haven't we? C. shall we? D. shan't we? Ans: C (Explanation: " Let's " -> " shall we "?) 39. The question tag for the sentence "Let him take the exam, —? is [CU (E) 08-09] Fill in the blank with tag-question: Let him do the work, —? [IU (B) 10-11] A. shouldn't we B. won't we C. will he D. won't you E. will you Ans: E (Explanation: When "Let" is followed by him/her/them (not us), it is an imperative request/permission. The tag is " will you "?) 40. Nobody here likes that kind of music, —? [CU (C3) 16-17] A. don't they B. does it C. doesn't it D. do they E. wouldn't they Ans: D (Explanation: Subject:  " Nobody " takes the pronoun " they " in the tag. Verb:  "Likes" becomes " do " to agree with "they". Polarity:  "Nobody" is negative, so the tag is positive. Tag: " do they "?) 41. What is the correct question tag? 'Nobody phoned you, —' [CU (E) 08-09, RU (E) 17-18] A. did anybody? B. didn't they? C. did they? D. didn't anybody? Ans: C (Explanation: " Nobody " -> " they ". "Phoned" (Past) -> " did ". Negative subject -> Positive tag. Tag: " did they "?) 42. None of us can solve this problem. —? [KU (BBA) 13-14] A. can't we B. do we C. don't you D. can we Ans: D (Explanation: " None " is negative. " Can " is the auxiliary. "Us" becomes " we ". Tag: " can we "?) 43. Everybody likes a flower, —? [জনপ্রশাসন মন্ত্রণালয়ের ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১৬] Everybody loves music/a flower. —? [COU (B) 08-09, RU (G) 14-15] Everybody hates a liar. —? [স্থানীয় সরকার মন্ত্রণালয়ের সহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৭] A. does he B. doesn't he C. can he D. don't they Ans: D (Explanation: " Everybody " takes the pronoun " they ". Since "they" is plural, the verb "likes/loves/hates" changes to " don't ". Tag: " don't they "?) 44. Everyone should respect the teachers, shouldn't —? [কারা তত্ত্বাবধায়ক-১০, NSTU (C) 15-16] A. I B. they C. he D. you Ans: B (Explanation: " Everyone " takes the pronoun " they ".) 45. Everybody was present there. — What will be the correct tag question? [NU (বিজ্ঞান) 12-13] A. wasn't it? B. didn't they? C. weren't they? D. wasn't he? Ans: C (Explanation: " Everybody " -> " they ". "Was" becomes " were " to agree with "they". Tag: " weren't they "?) 46. There has not been a great response to the sale, /a great demand for the course, — ? [PUST (A) 10-11, CU (E) 07-08, (H2) 12-13, (D3) 16-17, BU (B) 11-12, RU (D, Even) 13-14] A. doesn't there B. hasn't there C. hasn't it D. has there E. has not there Ans: D (Explanation: The subject "There" remains " there " in the tag. "Has not been" is negative. Tag: " has there "?) 47. There are a few departments at Chittagong University, —? [CU (E) 05-06] A. as n't it B. isn't there C. aren't there D. haven't there E. don't there Ans: C (Explanation: "There are" -> " aren't there "?) 48. All's well that ends well, —? [দুর্যোগ ব্যবস্থাপনা ও ত্রাণ মন্ত্রণালয়ের অফিস সহায়ক-১৯] A. doesn't it B. does it C. isn't it D. is it Ans: C  (or A) (Explanation: "All's well" = "All is  well". The tag usually refers to the main clause. " Isn't it ?" is the standard tag for "All is well". Note: Some sources might mark A ("doesn't it") referring to "ends", but "All is well" is the primary assertion.) 49. Choose the correct tag question of : Kamal talks as if he knows everything. [বাংলাদেশ প্রতিযোগিতা কমিশন (ব্যক্তিগত সহকারী)-১৯] A. Kamal talks as if he knows everything, is not Kamal? B. Kamal talks as if he knows everything, is not he? C. Kamal talks as if he knows everything, doesn't he? D. Kamal talks as if he knows everything, don't he? Ans: C (Explanation: The tag follows the main clause " Kamal talks ". Present Simple. Tag: " doesn't he "?) 50. Let me see, the bus goes at ten past, —? [৮ম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১২] A. doesn't it B. shall we C. will you D. don't we Ans: A (Explanation: The statement being verified is "the bus goes at ten past". The tag checks this fact. " doesn't it "?) 51. Choose the correct tag question for the sentence. "It has been a long time since you've seen him, —?" [CU (I) 16-17] A. hasn't it B. isn't it C. haven't they D. hasn't he E. hasn't him Ans: A (Explanation: " It has  been..." -> Tag: " hasn't it "?) 52. Which of the following constructions is not correct? [CU (D) 07-08] A. He is your brother, isn't he? B. Are you the new secretary, aren't you? C. Open the window, would you? D. This is not a party, is it? Ans: B (Explanation: Option B is a question ("Are you...") followed by a tag ("aren't you?"). A tag question is attached to a statement , not another question. Correct form: "You are the new secretary, aren't you?")

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE Part 1: Primary Discussion Conditional Sentence  (শর্তমূলক বাক্য) হলো এমন বাক্য যেখানে একটি কাজ হওয়া বা না হওয়া অন্য একটি শর্তের (Condition) ওপর নির্ভর করে। এই বাক্যগুলোতে সাধারণত দুটি অংশ থাকে: If-Clause  (Subordinate Clause): যেখানে শর্তটি উল্লেখ থাকে। Main Clause  (Principal Clause): যেখানে ফলাফল (Result) উল্লেখ থাকে। Ex:   If it rains  (Condition), I will not go  (Result). Classification: Conditional Sentence প্রধানত চার প্রকার: Zero Conditional:  চিরন্তন সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য। First Conditional:  ভবিষ্যতে ঘটার সম্ভাবনা আছে। Second Conditional:  বর্তমান বা ভবিষ্যতে ঘটার সম্ভাবনা নেই (অবাস্তব কল্পনা)। Third Conditional:  অতীতে ঘটেনি এমন কাজের আক্ষেপ (পুরোপুরি অসম্ভব)। Part 2: Rules & Structures 1. Zero Conditional (Scientific/Universal Truth) যখন শর্তটি পূরণ হলে ফলাফলটি অবশ্যম্ভাবী  বা চিরন্তন সত্য  হয়। এখানে উভয় অংশেই Present Indefinite Tense  ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  If + Present Indefinite + Present Indefinite. Ex:   If  you heat  water to 100°C, it boils . Ex:   If  ice melts , it becomes  water. Ex:  If you freeze water, it ______ ice. (A) became (B) becomes (C) will become (D) would become Ans: (B)  (Scientific truth). 2. First Conditional (Probable/Real Condition) যদি শর্তটি পূরণ হওয়ার বাস্তব সম্ভাবনা থাকে (Real possibility in future)। Structure:  If + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite (Subject + shall/will/can/may + V1). Ex:   If  you come , I will go . Ex:   If  he works  hard, he will shine  in life. Ex:   If  it rains , we will cancel  the match. Ex:  If you walk slowly, you ______ the train. (A) miss (B) will miss (C) would miss (D) missed Ans: (B) 3. Second Conditional (Improbable/Unreal Condition) এটি দ্বারা বর্তমান বা ভবিষ্যতের এমন কোনো শর্ত বোঝায় যা ঘটার সম্ভাবনা নেই বা যা অবাস্তব কল্পনা। Structure:  If + Past Indefinite + Subject + would / could / might  + V1  (Base Form). Ex:   If  I had  money, I would help  the poor. (টাকা নেই, তাই সাহায্যও করতে পারছি না)। Ex:   If  he came , I would go . Special Note (Unreal Past - 'Be' Verb): Second Conditional-এ If-clause-এ 'be' verb থাকলে সব Person-এর ক্ষেত্রে 'were'  বসে (was বসে না)। Ex:   If  I were  a king, I would help  the poor. Ex:   If  I were  you, I would accept  the offer. Ex:  If I had a typewriter, I ______ it myself. [DU-B: 09-10] (A) will type (B) typed (C) would type (D) would have typed Ans: (C)  (Past Indefinite 'had' -> would type). 4. Third Conditional (Impossible/Rejected Condition) এটি অতীতের এমন কোনো শর্ত নির্দেশ করে যা ঘটেনি, তাই ফলাফলও পাওয়া যায়নি। এটি কেবল আক্ষেপ প্রকাশ করে। Structure:  If + Past Perfect + Subject + would have / could have / might have  + V3  (Past Participle). Ex:   If  I had seen  him, I would have told  him the news. (দেখাও হয়নি, বলাও হয়নি)। Ex:   If  you had worked  hard, you would have succeeded . Ex:  If I had known you were coming, I ______ to the station. [32nd BCS] (A) would go (B) had gone (C) would have gone (D) went Ans: (C) Part 3: Alternative Structures (Inversion) কখনো কখনো 'If'  উহ্য রেখে Auxiliary Verb (Had, Were, Should) বাক্যের শুরুতে বসিয়ে Conditional Sentence তৈরি করা যায়। একে Inversion  বলে। Rule-01: Inversion of Second Conditional (Were) Structure:   Were  + Subject + (Extension) + Subject + would/could  + V1. Standard:  If I were a bird, I would fly. Inversion:   Were  I a bird, I would fly . Rule-02: Inversion of Second Conditional (Had) Structure:   Had  + Subject + Object + Subject + would/could  + V1. Standard:  If I had enough money, I would buy a car. Inversion:   Had  I enough money, I would buy  a car. Note:  এখানে 'Had' মূল verb হিসেবে কাজ করছে (Past Indefinite), তাই এটি Second Conditional. Rule-03: Inversion of Third Conditional (Had + V3) Structure:   Had  + Subject + V3  + Subject + would have  + V3. Standard:  If I had seen him, I would have given the message. Inversion:   Had  I seen  him, I would have given  the message. Ex:  Had I known this before, I ______ . [DU-D: 10-11] (A) will keep distance (B) would keep distance (C) would have kept distance (D) kept distance Ans: (C)  (Had + V3 indicates 3rd Conditional). Part 4: Other Conditional Connectors Unless (যদি না):  Unless নিজেই নেতিবাচক, তাই Unless যুক্ত অংশে 'not' বসে না। Structure:  Unless + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite (Negative meaning mostly). Ex:   Unless  you work hard, you will fail. (= If you do not work hard...) Provided / Provided that / Providing that (যদি): Ex:  The plane will take off provided that  the weather is good. In case (যদি / পাছে):  ভবিষ্যতের কোনো সম্ভাব্য ঘটনার প্রস্তুতির জন্য। Ex:  Take an umbrella in case  it rains. (বৃষ্টি হতেও পারে, তাই ছাতা নাও)। Part 5: Previous Years' Questions with Explanation 01. If I were you, I ______ the situation more carefully. [36th BCS] (A) would handle (B) will handle (C) handled (D) would have handled Ans: (A) Explanation:  'If I were you' হলো Second Conditional, তাই main clause-এ would + V1 বসে। 02. Had I been a king, I ______ the poor. [DU-A: 05-06] (A) help (B) would help (C) would have helped (D) helped Ans: (C) Explanation:  'Had I been' (Had + V3) হলো Third Conditional-এর Inversion। তাই would have + V3 হবে। 03. If I had known that you were coming, I ______ to the airport. [DU-B: 12-13] (A) would go (B) would have gone (C) will go (D) went Ans: (B) Explanation:  Past Perfect (had known) থাকলে Third Conditional হয়। 04. If the price is low, demand ______ . [DU-C: 15-16] (A) will increase (B) increases (C) increased (D) would increase Ans: (A)  (General possibility - 1st Conditional. 'Increases' could be correct if treated as an economic zero conditional truth, but 'will increase' is standard for specific situations. In standard grammar questions, 1st conditional is safer unless it's a pure scientific fact like 'ice melts'). 05. Choose the correct sentence. [33rd BCS] (A) If he would have come, I would have gone. (B) If he came, I would have gone. (C) If he had come, I would have gone. (D) If he comes, I would have gone. Ans: (C)  (Correct 3rd Conditional structure). Part 6: SELF TEST (Master Exercise) 01. If you run fast, you ______ the train. (A) would catch (B) will catch (C) caught (D) would have caught Ans: (B)  (1st Conditional). 02. If I had a lot of money, I ______ round the world. (A) will travel (B) would travel (C) would have travelled (D) travel Ans: (B)  (2nd Conditional: 'Had' is main verb). 03. If the sun shines, we ______ for a walk. (A) would go (B) will go (C) went (D) gone Ans: (B)  (1st Conditional). 04. Were I a bird, I ______ in the sky. (A) will fly (B) would fly (C) would have flown (D) flew Ans: (B)  (Inversion of 2nd Conditional). 05. If I ______ you, I would not do this. (A) am (B) was (C) were (D) had been Ans: (C)  (Unreal past takes 'were'). 06. Had he wanted, he ______ done it. (A) could have (B) could (C) can (D) will have Ans: (A)  (Inversion of 3rd Conditional). 07. Unless you study, you ______ . (A) will fail (B) will not fail (C) would fail (D) fail Ans: (A)  (Meaning: If you do not study, you will fail). 08. If water freezes, it ______ into ice. (A) turns (B) turned (C) will turn (D) would turn Ans: (A)  (Zero Conditional / Scientific Truth). 09. What would you do if you ______ a million dollars? (A) win (B) won (C) have won (D) had won Ans: (B)  (2nd Conditional structure: What would you do + Past Indefinite). 10. If he had tried, he ______ . (A) would succeed (B) will succeed (C) would have succeeded (D) succeeded Ans: (C)  (3rd Conditional).

NARRATION (SPEECH) Part 1: Primary Discussion Narration  বা উক্তি হলো বক্তার কথা অন্যকে বর্ণনা করার পদ্ধতি। এটি দুই প্রকার: Direct Speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি):  বক্তার কথা অবিকল তার নিজের ভাষায় উদ্ধৃত করা। এটি Inverted Comma (" ") এর মধ্যে থাকে। Ex:  He said to me, "I am ill." Indirect Speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি):  বক্তার কথা অন্যের ভাষায় পরিবর্তন করে বর্ণনা করা। Ex:  He told me that he was ill. Key Components: Reporting Verb:  Inverted comma-এর বাইরের verb টি (যেমন: said, told). Reported Speech:  Inverted comma-এর ভেতরের অংশটি। Part 2: General Rules of Transformation 1. Change of Person Reported Speech-এর Person পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম: First Person (I, we, my, our, me, us):  Reporting Verb-এর Subject  অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়। Direct:  He said, " I  do my  work." Indirect:  He said that he  did his  work. Second Person (You, your):  Reporting Verb-এর Object  অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়। Direct:  He said to me, " You  are right." Indirect:  He told me that I  was right. Third Person (He, she, it, they, names):  কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। Direct:  I said, " He  is good." Indirect:  I said that he  was good. 2. Change of Tense Reporting Verb যদি Past Tense -এ থাকে, তবে Reported Speech-এর Tense নিম্নরূপ পরিবর্তিত হয়। (Reporting Verb Present বা Future হলে Tense-এর পরিবর্তন হয় না)। Direct Speech (Tense) Indirect Speech (Tense) Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Indefinite Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect No Change Future (Shall/Will) Future in Past (Should/Would) Modal Auxiliaries Change: Can → Could May → Might Must → Had to (বাধ্যবাধকতা বোঝালে) Should, Would, Could, Might →  No Change 3. Change of Time & Place Words Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Now Then This That These Those Here There Ago Before Come Go Today That day Tonight That night Tomorrow The next day / The following day Yesterday The previous day / The day before Last night The previous night Next week The following week Part 3: Sentence-wise Rules A. Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য) Reporting Verb:  Said থাকলে Said থাকে; Said to থাকলে Told বসে। Conjunction:  Inverted Comma উঠে that বসে। Direct:  He said to me, "I have done my duty." Indirect:  He told  me that  he had done  his duty. B. Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য) Reporting Verb:  Asked, Enquired of, বা Wanted to know বসে। Conjunction: যদি Wh-word  (Who, Which, What, Why, How, Where) থাকে, তবে সেটিই বসে। যদি Wh-word না থাকে (Yes/No Question), তবে If বা Whether বসে। Structure:  Interrogative বাক্যটি Assertive  (Subject + Verb) এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। Direct:  He said to me, "Are you ill?" Indirect:  He asked  me if  I was  ill. Direct:  He said to me, "What is your name?" Indirect:  He asked  me what  my name was . (Not 'what was my name') C. Imperative Sentence (অনুজ্ঞাসূচক বাক্য) Reporting Verb:  অর্থ অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়: আদেশ বোঝালে: Ordered / Commanded অনুরোধ বোঝালে: Requested উপদেশ বোঝালে: Advised নিষেধ বোঝালে: Forbade কিছু না বোঝা গেলে: Told / Asked Conjunction: To বসে (Negative হলে Not to বসে)। Direct:  Father said to me, "Do not run in the sun." Indirect:  Father advised  me not to  run in the sun. Direct:  He said to me, "Please give me a pen." Indirect:  He requested  me to  give him a pen. Special Rule for 'Let': Let us (প্রস্তাব):  Reporting Verb → Proposed / Suggested. Conjunction that. Subject-এর পরে should বসে। Direct:  He said, "Let us go out." Indirect:  He proposed that  we should  go out. Let me/him/them (অনুমতি):  Reporting Verb → Requested / Begged. Conjunction that বা to structure. Subject-এর পরে might বা might be allowed to বসে। Direct:  He said, "Let me come in." Indirect:  He requested that  he might  come in. D. Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা বা আশীর্বাদ) Reporting Verb: Wished (ইচ্ছা) বা Prayed (প্রার্থনা) বসে। Conjunction: That বসে। Structure:  Subject + might + verb... Direct:  Mother said to me, "May you live long." Indirect:  Mother prayed that  I might  live long. E. Exclamatory Sentence (আবেগসূচক বাক্য) Reporting Verb: আনন্দ বোঝালে: Exclaimed with joy দুঃখ বোঝালে: Exclaimed with sorrow / grief বিস্ময় বোঝালে: Exclaimed with wonder / surprise Conjunction: That বসে। Structure:  Assertive Sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। (Very/Great যোগ করতে হয়)। Direct:  He said, "How beautiful the bird is!" Indirect:  He exclaimed with joy that  the bird was very  beautiful. Direct:  He said, "Alas! I am undone." Indirect:  He exclaimed with sorrow that  he was undone. Part 4: Special & Exceptional Rules Rule-01: Universal Truth Reported speech যদি চিরন্তন সত্য (Universal Truth) বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য (Habitual Fact) হয়, তবে Tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। Direct:  The teacher said, "The earth moves round the sun." Indirect:  The teacher said that the earth moves  round the sun. Rule-02: Must সাধারণ বাধ্যবাধকতা (Ordinary obligation) বোঝালে Must পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Had to হয়। Direct:  He said, "I must go." → Indirect:  He said that he had to  go. চিরকালীন বাধ্যবাধকতা (Permanent obligation) বোঝালে Must অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Direct:  He said, "Man must submit to destiny." → Indirect:  He said that man must  submit to destiny. Rule-03: Vocative Case (সম্বোধন পদ) Reported speech-এ কাউকে নাম ধরে বা 'friend', 'brother' ইত্যাদি বলে সম্বোধন করলে Indirect করার সময় Addressing as ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  "Friends, listen to me," he said. Indirect: Addressing them as friends , he requested them to listen to him. Rule-04: Sir / Madam / Good Morning / Goodbye Sir/Madam: Respectfully বা With respect ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  "Yes, Sir," he said. → Indirect:  He respectfully  replied in the affirmative. Good Morning/Evening: Wished ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  He said, "Good morning, my friend." → Indirect:  He wished  his friend good morning. Good Bye: Bade ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  He said, "Good bye, friends." → Indirect:  He bade  his friends good bye. Rule-05: Thank You Structure:  Subject + thanked + object. Direct:  He said to me, "Thank you." Indirect:  He thanked  me. PASSAGE NARRATION Part 1: Primary Discussion Passage Narration  হলো একাধিক বাক্যের সমন্বয়ে গঠিত একটি কথোপকথন বা অনুচ্ছেদকে Direct থেকে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তর করার প্রক্রিয়া। বিচ্ছিন্ন বাক্যের (Detached Sentence) নিয়মগুলো এখানেও প্রযোজ্য, তবে Passage-এর ধারাবাহিকতা ও প্রসঙ্গ (Context) বজায় রাখার জন্য কিছু অতিরিক্ত নিয়ম ও লিঙ্কার (Linkers) ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Basic Steps for Passage Narration: Speaker (বক্তা)  এবং Listener (শ্রোতা)  চিহ্নিত করা। Reporting Verb-টি বাক্যের মাঝে বা শেষে থাকলেও Indirect করার সময় শুরুতে নিয়ে আসা। একই বক্তা পরপর একাধিক কথা বললে উপযুক্ত Linkers  (added, further said, also asked) ব্যবহার করা। বাক্যের Mood  বা Context  অনুযায়ী Reporting Verb পরিবর্তন করা। Part 2: Rules of Passage Narration Rule-01: Multiple Assertive Sentences (একই বক্তার একাধিক উক্তি) একই বক্তা যদি পরপর একাধিক Assertive Sentence বলেন, তবে পরবর্তী বাক্যগুলো যুক্ত করতে added, further said, also said, again said ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা হয়। Structure:  ...and added that ... / ...and further said that ... Direct:  He said to me, "I shall go to Dhaka. I shall buy a book. I will return tomorrow." Indirect:  He told me that he would go to Dhaka. He added that  he would buy a book. He further said that  he would return the next day. Rule-02: Multiple Interrogative Sentences (একই বক্তার একাধিক প্রশ্ন) একই বক্তা যদি পরপর একাধিক প্রশ্ন করেন, তবে also asked, again asked, further asked ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  He said to me, "Where are you going? Will you return today?" Indirect:  He asked me where I was going. He also asked if  I would return that day. Rule-03: Reply with "Yes" / "No" Yes:  Replied in the affirmative. যদি "Yes" এর সাথে আরও কথা থাকে: Replied in the affirmative and said that... No:  Replied in the negative. যদি "No" এর সাথে আরও কথা থাকে: Replied in the negative and said that... Direct:  I said to him, "Have you done the work?" He said, " Yes, I have done it. " Indirect:  I asked him if he had done the work. He replied in the affirmative and said that  he had done it. Rule-04: Use of "Sir" / "Madam" Direct Speech-এ "Sir" বা "Madam" থাকলে Indirect Speech-এ Respectfully বা With respect ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  The boy said to the teacher, "Sir, may I come in?" Indirect:  The boy respectfully  asked the teacher if he might come in. Rule-05: Addressing (সম্বোধন) Direct Speech-এ কাউকে কোনো বিশেষ নামে বা সম্পর্কে সম্বোধন করলে (যেমন: Brother, Friend, My dear son), Indirect করার সময় Addressing (object) as (title) ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  The leader said, " Friends , listen to me." Indirect:   Addressing them as friends , the leader requested them to listen to him. Direct:  "Are you hungry, brothers ?" said the old man. Indirect:   Addressing them as brothers , the old man asked if they were hungry. Rule-06: Swearing (শপথ করা) By Allah, By God, By Jove ইত্যাদি থাকলে Swearing by Allah/God ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  "By Allah, I will not leave you," he said. Indirect:   Swearing by Allah , he said that he would not leave me/him. Rule-07: Sentence Fragments (অসম্পূর্ণ বাক্য) Passage-এ অনেক সময় বক্তা পুরো বাক্য না বলে সংক্ষিপ্ত উত্তর দেন। Indirect করার সময় পূর্বের বক্তার প্রশ্নের Tense ও Context অনুযায়ী পূর্ণ বাক্য তৈরি করে লিখতে হয়। Direct:  "Where are you going?" said he. " To the library ," said I. Indirect:  He asked me where I was going. I replied that I was going to the library . Rule-08: Question Tag Direct Speech-এ Question Tag থাকলে, Indirect করার সময় সেটি মূল বাক্যের সাথে যুক্ত হয়ে যায় এবং asked if/whether দ্বারা সাধারণ Interrogative নিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হয়। Direct:  He said to me, "You are happy, aren't you? " Indirect:  He asked me if I was happy . (Tag-এর জন্য আলাদা কিছু বসে না, শুধু প্রশ্নবোধক ভাবটা নেওয়া হয়)। Rule-09: Thank You / Goodbye / Good Morning Thank you:  Subject + thanked + Object. Direct:  He said, "Thank you, Karim." →  Indirect:  He thanked  Karim. Good bye:  Subject + bade + Object + good bye. Direct:  He said, "Good bye, friends." →  Indirect:  He bade  his friends good bye. Good Morning/Evening:  Subject + wished + Object + good morning. Rule-10: Not Mentioning the Speaker অনেক সময় Passage-এর শুরুতে বক্তার নাম থাকে না। সেক্ষেত্রে পুরো Passage পড়ে বক্তা (Speaker) ও শ্রোতা (Listener) খুঁজে বের করতে হয়। যদি নাম পাওয়া না যায় তবে The speaker এবং The listener ব্যবহার করা যায়। Part 3: Step-by-Step Solved Examples Example 01: Teacher & Student Direct: The teacher said to the student, "Have you prepared your lesson today?" "No, Sir," replied the student. "Why?" said the teacher. "I was suffering from headache yesterday. I shall do my work tomorrow," said the student. Indirect: The teacher asked the student if he had prepared his lesson that day. The student respectfully replied in the negative . The teacher asked him the reason why  (or asked why he had not prepared). The student replied that he had been suffering from headache the previous day. He added that  he would do his work the next day. Example 02: Stranger & Myself Direct: "Will you buy my hair?" asked Della. "I buy hair," said Madame. "Take your hat off and let's have a sight at the looks of it." "Twenty dollars," said Madame. "Give it to me quick," said Della. Indirect: Della asked Madame if she (M) would buy her (D) hair. Madame replied that she bought hair. Then she (M) told/requested her (D) to take her hat off and suggested that they should have a sight at the looks of it. (Seeing the hair) Madame said that she would give twenty dollars for it . Della agreed and told her to give it to her (D) quick. Part 4: Previous Years' Passage Narration Exercises Exercise 01: [Dhaka Board-2019] Direct:  "Where do you like to go, sir?" asked the ticket seller. "Cox's Bazar," replied the stranger. "How many tickets do you need?" "I will buy five tickets." "Take these tickets. They will cost three thousand taka," said the ticket seller. Indirect Solution: The ticket seller respectfully asked  the stranger where he liked to go. The stranger replied that he liked to go to Cox's Bazar . The ticket seller asked how many tickets he needed. The stranger replied that he would buy five tickets. The ticket seller told him to take those tickets and added that  they would cost three thousand taka. Exercise 02: [Rajshahi Board-2017] Direct:  The teacher said to the boy, "Do you think that honesty is the best policy?" The boy said, "Yes, sir, I think so." "Then learn to be honest from your boyhood," said the teacher. "Thank you, sir," said the boy. Indirect Solution: The teacher asked the boy if he thought that honesty is the best policy. The boy respectfully replied in the affirmative  and said that he thought so. Then the teacher advised him to learn to be honest from his boyhood. The boy respectfully thanked  him (the teacher). Part 5: SELF TEST (Practice Exercise) Change the following passages into Indirect Speech: Passage 01: "Have you killed the rats?" said the Mayor. "Yes, I have," said the Piper. "Give me the promised money." "How funny you are!" said the Mayor. "We cannot give you so much money. Take only fifty." Solution 01: The Mayor asked the Piper if he had killed the rats. The Piper replied in the affirmative  and said that he had. Then he requested  the Mayor to give him the promised money. The Mayor exclaimed with surprise that he (Piper) was very funny. He added that they could not give him so much money and offered/told him to take  only fifty. Passage 02: "Good morning, Rupa," said Sohel. "How much preparation have you taken for the upcoming SSC Exam?" "A great preparation," replied she. "I hope, I shall get 90+ marks in every subject." "How confident you are!" said Sohel. Solution 02: Sohel wished  Rupa good morning. He then asked her how much preparation she had taken for the upcoming SSC Exam. She replied that she had taken a great preparation . She added that she hoped she would get 90+ marks in every subject. Sohel exclaimed with wonder that  she was very confident. Passage 03: "Stop! You are eating all our bread," shouted the two rats. "I am doing my best, but I have told you that it's difficult," said the monkey. "Give us that little piece," said the rats. "This is my piece. Haven't I done the labour?" replied the monkey. Solution 03: The two rats shouted at the monkey to stop and said that he was eating all their bread. The monkey said that he was doing his best but he had told them that it was difficult. The rats requested him to give them that little piece. The monkey replied that that was his piece . He asked/argued if he had not done  the labour. Part 5: Previous Years' Questions with Explanation 01. Choose the correct indirect speech: He said, "I went to Tangail." [DU-B: 10-11] (A) He said that he went to Tangail. (B) He said that he had gone to Tangail. (C) He said that he has gone to Tangail. (D) He said that he did go to Tangail. Ans: (B) Explanation:  Past Indefinite (went) পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Past Perfect (had gone) হয়। 02. The teacher said to me, "Don't tell a lie." [RU-A: 14-15] (A) The teacher advised me not to tell a lie. (B) The teacher told me don't tell a lie. (C) The teacher forbade me not to tell a lie. (D) The teacher ordered to me not to tell a lie. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Imperative negative-এ advise + not to ব্যবহৃত হয়। (Forbade ব্যবহার করলে not বসে না)। 03. He said to me, "May you be happy." [CU-C: 12-13] (A) He wished that I might be happy. (B) He prayed that I may be happy. (C) He said that I might be happy. (D) He told me that I might be happy. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Optative sentence-এ reporting verb 'wished' বা 'prayed' হয় এবং may -> might হয়। 04. He asked me, "Are you happy?" [32nd BCS] (A) He asked me if I was happy. (B) He asked me if I am happy. (C) He asked me that I was happy. (D) He asked me whether I am happy. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Reporting verb past tense, তাই reported speech-ও past হবে (am -> was)। Yes/No question তাই if বসেছে। 05. "Where did you go yesterday?" said Rajib. [JU-B: 18-19] (A) Rajib asked where I had gone the previous day. (B) Rajib asked where had I gone yesterday. (C) Rajib asked where I went the previous day. (D) Rajib said where I had gone yesterday. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Interrogative-এ asked বসে। Past Indefinite -> Past Perfect। Yesterday -> The previous day। Subject আগে, verb পরে। Narration Exercise 1. The teacher said, "Thank you, my boys." The indirect narration of the sentence is- [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১৯] A. The teacher said that thank you my boys. B. The teacher told the boys and thanked them. C. The teacher thanked the boys. D. The boys were thanked by the teacher. Ans: C 2. The direct form of the indirect sentence 'He said that the patient had died early in the morning' is- [সাধারণ বীমা কর্পোরেশনের আপার ডিভিশন অ্যাসিসটেন্ট-১৯] A. He said, "The patient has died early in the morning." B. He said, "The patient had died early in the morning." C. He said, "The patient died early in the last morning." D. He said, "The patient died early in the morning." Ans: D 3. The old man said, "Curse the flood." The indirect narration of the sentence is- [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-১৯] A. The old man said that the flood be cursed. B. The old man cursed the flood. C. The old man told that the flood is cursed. D. The old man cursing the flood. Ans: B 4. Change the narration- The teacher says, "Rose smells sweet". [ডাক বিভাগের পোস্টাল অপারেটর-১৯] A. The teacher said that rose smells sweet. B. The teacher says that rose smells sweet. C. Rose smells sweet is said by the teacher. D. Rose smells sweet was said by the teacher. Ans: B 5. Change the narration- John said to me, "Do you know where he is?" [ডাক বিভাগের পোস্টাল অপারেটর-১৯] A. John asked me if I knew where he was. B. John asked me do I know where he was. C. John said to me if I know where he is. D. John said to me if I knew where he was. Ans: A 6. Change the form of speech: They said to him, "Sir, please visit our office today." [রূপালী ব্যাংক লি. (অফিসার)-১৯] A. They asked him to visit their office today. B. They requested him respectfully to visit their office that day. C. They addressed him Sir and requested him to visit the office today. D. They told him in humble manner to visit their office that day. Ans: B 7. The indirect form of the sentence, He said, "We cannot be quite happy in this life" should be [সাধারণ বীমা কর্পোরেশনের অ্যাসিসটেন্ট ম্যানেজার-১৯] A. He said that we could not be quite happy in this life. B. He said that we cannot be quite happy in this life. C. He said that they cannot be quite happy in this life. D. He said that they could not be quite happy in this life. Ans: B  (Explanation: 'We' refers to mankind/universal truth, so no change). 8. Kamal said to me, "What is your name?" (Indirect form) [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (৪র্থ পর্যায়)-১৯] A. Kamal asked you your name. B. Kamal asked me what was my name. C. What my name is, Kamal asked. D. Kamal asked me what my name was. Ans: D 9. The indirect speech of, He said, 'You liar.' is- [পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-১৯] A. He said me a liar. B. He called me a liar. C. He said me to go to a liar. D. He called me a liar. Ans: D 10. Choose the correct answer. [১৬তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৯] A. He gave me good-bye. B. He bade me good-bye. C. He told me good-bye. D. He wished me good-bye. Ans: B 11. He said, "I shall go to office". Indirect form is- [চলচ্চিত্র ও প্রকাশনা অধিদপ্তরের ক্যামেরাম্যান-১৯] A. He said that he shall go to office B. He said that he would go to office C. He said that he will go to office D. He said that he should go to office Ans: B 12. Which one is the correct indirect narration? "Why have you beaten my dog"? he said to me. [38th BCS] A. He demanded me why had I beaten his dog. B. He asked me why I have had beaten his dog. C. He enquired me why had I beaten his dog. D. He demanded of me why I had beaten his dog. Ans: D 13. The indirect speech of the sentence "Sally said to me, "Please get me a drink" is: [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-১৮] A. Sally told me to get a drink for her B. Sally asked me to get her a drink C. Sally told me to get a drink D. Sally inquired me to have a drink for her Ans: B 14. Choose the correct indirect sentence: He said, "Man is mortal" [জনস্বাস্থ্য প্রকৌশল অধিদপ্তর (এস্টিমেটর)-১৮] A. He said man is mortal. B. He told that man had been mortal. C. He said that man is mortal. D. He said that man was mortal. Ans: C 15. The correct indirect form of I said to him, "I don't believe you." [BEZA এর সহকারী ব্যবস্থাপক-১৮] A. I said I don't believe him. B. I said I didn't believe him. C. I said I don't believes you. D. I have said I didn't believe him. Ans: B 16. Choose the correct indirect form of the following sentence: He said to me, "I don't believe you." [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়/বিভাগ/অধিদপ্তর ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা (সাধারণ)-১৮] A. He said that he didn't believe you. B. He said he hadn't believe me. C. He told me that he didn't believe me. D. He told me he wouldn't believe me. Ans: C 17. Change the narration: The captain says, 'Company move forward' [রূপালী ব্যাংক লি. অফিসার (ক্যাশ)-১৮] A. The captain commands the company to move forward. B. The captain commanded to move the company forward. C. The captain instructed the company for a forward move. D. The captain requests the company to move forward. Ans: A 18. Change the form of speech: They said, "We cannot live without air." [৫ ব্যাংকের সমন্বিত পরীক্ষা (অফিসার)-১৮] A. They said that human cannot live without air. B. They said that we cannot live without air. C. They said that it is not possible to live without air. D. They realized that people could not live without air. Ans: B 19. Change into indirect speech: "Are you alone, my son?" asked a soft voice close behind me. [বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক (AD)-১৮] A. What I was doing there alone was asked by a soft voice. B. A soft voice told me as his son and asked me whether I was alone. C. A soft voice from my behind asked me if I was alone. D. Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked if I was alone. Ans: D 20. He said to her, 'What a cold day! The underlined speech of this: [KU (BBA) 16-17] A. He told her that it was a cold day. B. He exclaimed that it was a cold day. C. He exclaimed sorrowfully that it was a cold day. D. He exclaimed that it was a very cold day. Ans: D 21. The indirect form of the sentence "He said, 'Let us go for a walk'." is [অগ্রনী ব্যাংক সিনিয়র অফিসার-১৭] A. He said that they must go for a walk. B. He suggested that they should go for a walk. C. He proposed that they would go for a walk. D. He proposed to go for a walk. Ans: B 22. 'Don't waste time', the teacher said to the students. The indirect form of the speech [সাধারণ পুলের আওতার বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের সহকারী প্রোপালার, উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী প্রাসনিক কর্মকর্তা ও ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১৬] A. The teacher forbade the students not to waste time. B. The teacher advised the students not to waste time. C. The teacher advised the students to not waste time. D. The teacher ordered the students don't waste time. Ans: B 23. Change the narration: You said, 'He was there'. [বাংলাদেশ বিভাগ (মেট্রোপলিটন সার্কেল) পরিদর্শক-১৬] A. You said that he had been here B. You said that he was there C. You said that he had there D. You said that he is there Ans: B  (Note: Past Indefinite usually changes to Past Perfect, but sometimes stays past. If C 'had been there' was an option, it would be preferred. Here B preserves meaning. Text says B). 24. My father said to me, "We are going there tomorrow, বাক্যের indirect speech হবে- [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (মেঘনা)-১২] A. My father told me that they would be going there the next day. B. My father said to me that they are going there the next day. C. My father told me that they were going there the next day. D. My father told me that they are going there the next day. Ans: C 25. Find out the correct sentence in indirect speech. [পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়ের ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১৮, সমাজসেবা অধিদপ্তরে সমাজকল্যাণ সংগঠক-০৫] He said to me, "What are you doing?" A. He said to me what I am doing? B. He asked me what I was doing. C. He said what was to do. D. He said about my doing. Ans: B 26. Choose correct direct form of "He asked me what I was doing." [নির্বাচন কমিশন সচিবালয়ে প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-০৪] A. He said to me, "What I was doing?" B. He said me, "What was I doing?" C. He said, "What I am doing?" D. He said to me, "What are you doing?" Ans: D 27. He said to me, "Do you like music?" The indirect form of this sentence is - [পরিবেশ অধিদপ্তরের সহকারী পরিচালক (কারিগরি)-১১] A. He said if I like music. B. He asked me do I like music. C. He asked to me if I like music. D. He asked me if I liked music. Ans: D 28. Turn into indirect narration: I asked, "Whose picture is it?" [ব্যাংক (অফিসার, প্রশ-১৭] A. I asked which picture it was. B. I asked whose picture it was. C. I asked to which the picture is. D. I asked whose the picture is. Ans: B 29. Change the speech: "What do you want?" she asked him. [JU (F) 14-15, প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের উপ-সহকারী পরিচালক-১৬, BRUR (D) 16-17, ডাক বিভাগের মেইল অপারেটর-১৯] A. She asked him what he wanted. B. She asked him what he wants. C. She asks him what he wants. D. She wanted him Ans: A 30. Choose the correct indirect speech: He said, "What a beautiful bird!" [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা (মুক্তিযোদ্ধা কোটা)-১৮] A. He said that what a beautiful bird it was. B. He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful bird. C. He exclaimed that what a beautiful bird. D. He said that it was a very beautiful bird. Ans: B 31. The indirect form of the sentence "He said, "Let me have some milk." [ইসলামী ব্যাংক (ATO)-১৭] A. He said that he wanted some milk. B. He prayed that he might have some milk. C. He requested to let him have some milk. D. He wished that he might have some milk. Ans: D 32. Change the narration, He remarked, "Two and two makes four" [উপজেলা পোস্টমাস্টার-১৬] A. He remarked that two and two would make four B. He remarked that two and two made four C. He remarked that two and two makes four D. He adviced that two and two makes four Ans: C 33. "He asked me when the next letter would come" বাক্যের direct speech হচ্ছে- [প্রাক-প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (ড্যাফোডিল)-১৩, (মিসিসিপি)-১৪, IU (B) 16-17] A. He said to me, "When would the next letter come?" B. He asked to me, "When will the next letter come?" C. He said to me, "When will the next letter come?" D. He said to me, "When the next letter will come?" Ans: C 34. He adressed Mr. Rahman and wished him good morning. বাক্যটির direct speech হবে [প্রাক-প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (বুড়িগঙ্গা)-১৩] A. He said to Mr. Rahman, 'Good morning' B. He said, 'Good morning, Mr. Rahman.' C. He said, 'Good morning, to Mr. Rahman.' D. He bade good morning to Mr. Rahman. Ans: B 35. The boy said, 'Let me have a pencil.' বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে- [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১২] A. The boy said that he would have a pencil. B. The boy said that he might have a pencil. C. The boy told that he will have a pencil. D. The boy told that he needed a pencil. Ans: B 36. I said to him, "Is he a doctor?" [ইসলামী ব্যাংক সহকারী অফিসার-০৮, নার্সিং মিডওয়াইফ-১৭, প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (মেঘনা)-১২, JUST (F) 15-16, IU (C) 15-16, প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (৩য় পর্যায়)-১৯] A. I said to that he was a doctor. B. I said to him whether he was a doctor. C. I asked him whether he was a doctor. D. I asked him whether he is a doctor. Ans: C 37. He said, "What a pity!” বাক্যের indirect speech হচ্ছে- [জনস্বাস্থ্য প্রকৌশল অধিদপ্তরের ক্যাশিয়ার-১১] A. He said that it was a great pity B. He exclaimed that it is great pity C. He exclaimed that it was great pity D. He said that it is great pity Ans: C 38. The Captain ordered the soldiers to march on. বাক্যের direct speech হবে [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (৪র্থ পর্যায়)-১৯] A. The Captain asked, "Soldiers, I ask you to march" B. The Captain said to the soldiers, "Please march on" C. The Captain said, "Soldiers, I ask you to march on" D. The Captain said to the soldiers, "March on" Ans: D 39. I said to you, 'He has done his duty', বাক্যের indirect speech হবে [প্রাক প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (সুরমা)-১৩] A. I said to you that you have done your duty. B. I said to you that he had done his duty. C. I told you that you had done your duty. D. I told you that he has done your duty. Ans: B 40. The Chairman said to the members, 'Let us drop the matter today'. বাক্যের indirect speech হবে [প্রাক-প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১৩] A. The Chairman proposed to the members to drop the matter that day. B. The Chairman proposed to the members that they should drop the matter today. C. The Chairman proposed to the members that they should drop the matter that day. D. The Chairman proposed to the members that they might drop the matter today. Ans: C

NARRATION (SPEECH) Part 1: Primary Discussion Narration  বা উক্তি হলো বক্তার কথা অন্যকে বর্ণনা করার পদ্ধতি। এটি দুই প্রকার: Direct Speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি):  বক্তার কথা অবিকল তার নিজের ভাষায় উদ্ধৃত করা। এটি Inverted Comma (" ") এর মধ্যে থাকে। Ex:  He said to me, "I am ill." Indirect Speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি):  বক্তার কথা অন্যের ভাষায় পরিবর্তন করে বর্ণনা করা। Ex:  He told me that he was ill. Key Components: Reporting Verb:  Inverted comma-এর বাইরের verb টি (যেমন: said, told). Reported Speech:  Inverted comma-এর ভেতরের অংশটি। Part 2: General Rules of Transformation 1. Change of Person Reported Speech-এর Person পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম: First Person (I, we, my, our, me, us):  Reporting Verb-এর Subject  অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়। Direct:  He said, " I  do my  work." Indirect:  He said that he  did his  work. Second Person (You, your):  Reporting Verb-এর Object  অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়। Direct:  He said to me, " You  are right." Indirect:  He told me that I  was right. Third Person (He, she, it, they, names):  কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। Direct:  I said, " He  is good." Indirect:  I said that he  was good. 2. Change of Tense Reporting Verb যদি Past Tense -এ থাকে, তবে Reported Speech-এর Tense নিম্নরূপ পরিবর্তিত হয়। (Reporting Verb Present বা Future হলে Tense-এর পরিবর্তন হয় না)। Direct Speech (Tense) Indirect Speech (Tense) Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Indefinite Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect No Change Future (Shall/Will) Future in Past (Should/Would) Modal Auxiliaries Change: Can → Could May → Might Must → Had to (বাধ্যবাধকতা বোঝালে) Should, Would, Could, Might →  No Change 3. Change of Time & Place Words Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Now Then This That These Those Here There Ago Before Come Go Today That day Tonight That night Tomorrow The next day / The following day Yesterday The previous day / The day before Last night The previous night Next week The following week Part 3: Sentence-wise Rules A. Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য) Reporting Verb:  Said থাকলে Said থাকে; Said to থাকলে Told বসে। Conjunction:  Inverted Comma উঠে that বসে। Direct:  He said to me, "I have done my duty." Indirect:  He told  me that  he had done  his duty. B. Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য) Reporting Verb:  Asked, Enquired of, বা Wanted to know বসে। Conjunction: যদি Wh-word  (Who, Which, What, Why, How, Where) থাকে, তবে সেটিই বসে। যদি Wh-word না থাকে (Yes/No Question), তবে If বা Whether বসে। Structure:  Interrogative বাক্যটি Assertive  (Subject + Verb) এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। Direct:  He said to me, "Are you ill?" Indirect:  He asked  me if  I was  ill. Direct:  He said to me, "What is your name?" Indirect:  He asked  me what  my name was . (Not 'what was my name') C. Imperative Sentence (অনুজ্ঞাসূচক বাক্য) Reporting Verb:  অর্থ অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়: আদেশ বোঝালে: Ordered / Commanded অনুরোধ বোঝালে: Requested উপদেশ বোঝালে: Advised নিষেধ বোঝালে: Forbade কিছু না বোঝা গেলে: Told / Asked Conjunction: To বসে (Negative হলে Not to বসে)। Direct:  Father said to me, "Do not run in the sun." Indirect:  Father advised  me not to  run in the sun. Direct:  He said to me, "Please give me a pen." Indirect:  He requested  me to  give him a pen. Special Rule for 'Let': Let us (প্রস্তাব):  Reporting Verb → Proposed / Suggested. Conjunction that. Subject-এর পরে should বসে। Direct:  He said, "Let us go out." Indirect:  He proposed that  we should  go out. Let me/him/them (অনুমতি):  Reporting Verb → Requested / Begged. Conjunction that বা to structure. Subject-এর পরে might বা might be allowed to বসে। Direct:  He said, "Let me come in." Indirect:  He requested that  he might  come in. D. Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা বা আশীর্বাদ) Reporting Verb: Wished (ইচ্ছা) বা Prayed (প্রার্থনা) বসে। Conjunction: That বসে। Structure:  Subject + might + verb... Direct:  Mother said to me, "May you live long." Indirect:  Mother prayed that  I might  live long. E. Exclamatory Sentence (আবেগসূচক বাক্য) Reporting Verb: আনন্দ বোঝালে: Exclaimed with joy দুঃখ বোঝালে: Exclaimed with sorrow / grief বিস্ময় বোঝালে: Exclaimed with wonder / surprise Conjunction: That বসে। Structure:  Assertive Sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। (Very/Great যোগ করতে হয়)। Direct:  He said, "How beautiful the bird is!" Indirect:  He exclaimed with joy that  the bird was very  beautiful. Direct:  He said, "Alas! I am undone." Indirect:  He exclaimed with sorrow that  he was undone. Part 4: Special & Exceptional Rules Rule-01: Universal Truth Reported speech যদি চিরন্তন সত্য (Universal Truth) বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য (Habitual Fact) হয়, তবে Tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। Direct:  The teacher said, "The earth moves round the sun." Indirect:  The teacher said that the earth moves  round the sun. Rule-02: Must সাধারণ বাধ্যবাধকতা (Ordinary obligation) বোঝালে Must পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Had to হয়। Direct:  He said, "I must go." → Indirect:  He said that he had to  go. চিরকালীন বাধ্যবাধকতা (Permanent obligation) বোঝালে Must অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Direct:  He said, "Man must submit to destiny." → Indirect:  He said that man must  submit to destiny. Rule-03: Vocative Case (সম্বোধন পদ) Reported speech-এ কাউকে নাম ধরে বা 'friend', 'brother' ইত্যাদি বলে সম্বোধন করলে Indirect করার সময় Addressing as ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  "Friends, listen to me," he said. Indirect: Addressing them as friends , he requested them to listen to him. Rule-04: Sir / Madam / Good Morning / Goodbye Sir/Madam: Respectfully বা With respect ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  "Yes, Sir," he said. → Indirect:  He respectfully  replied in the affirmative. Good Morning/Evening: Wished ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  He said, "Good morning, my friend." → Indirect:  He wished  his friend good morning. Good Bye: Bade ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Direct:  He said, "Good bye, friends." → Indirect:  He bade  his friends good bye. Rule-05: Thank You Structure:  Subject + thanked + object. Direct:  He said to me, "Thank you." Indirect:  He thanked  me. Part 5: Previous Years' Questions with Explanation 01. Choose the correct indirect speech: He said, "I went to Tangail." [DU-B: 10-11] (A) He said that he went to Tangail. (B) He said that he had gone to Tangail. (C) He said that he has gone to Tangail. (D) He said that he did go to Tangail. Ans: (B) Explanation:  Past Indefinite (went) পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Past Perfect (had gone) হয়। 02. The teacher said to me, "Don't tell a lie." [RU-A: 14-15] (A) The teacher advised me not to tell a lie. (B) The teacher told me don't tell a lie. (C) The teacher forbade me not to tell a lie. (D) The teacher ordered to me not to tell a lie. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Imperative negative-এ advise + not to ব্যবহৃত হয়। (Forbade ব্যবহার করলে not বসে না)। 03. He said to me, "May you be happy." [CU-C: 12-13] (A) He wished that I might be happy. (B) He prayed that I may be happy. (C) He said that I might be happy. (D) He told me that I might be happy. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Optative sentence-এ reporting verb 'wished' বা 'prayed' হয় এবং may -> might হয়। 04. He asked me, "Are you happy?" [32nd BCS] (A) He asked me if I was happy. (B) He asked me if I am happy. (C) He asked me that I was happy. (D) He asked me whether I am happy. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Reporting verb past tense, তাই reported speech-ও past হবে (am -> was)। Yes/No question তাই if বসেছে। 05. "Where did you go yesterday?" said Rajib. [JU-B: 18-19] (A) Rajib asked where I had gone the previous day. (B) Rajib asked where had I gone yesterday. (C) Rajib asked where I went the previous day. (D) Rajib said where I had gone yesterday. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Interrogative-এ asked বসে। Past Indefinite -> Past Perfect। Yesterday -> The previous day। Subject আগে, verb পরে। Master Exercise 01. He said, "I am reading a book." (A) He said that he is reading a book. (B) He said that he was reading a book. (C) He said that I was reading a book. (D) He said that he has been reading a book. Ans: (B)  (Present Continuous -> Past Continuous). 02. My father said to me, "Will you go to school?" (A) My father asked me if I would go to school. (B) My father asked me that I would go to school. (C) My father told me if I will go to school. (D) My father asked me whether I should go to school. Ans: (A)  (Future 'will' -> 'would'; Yes/No question -> if). 03. He said, "Alas! I am undone." (A) He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone. (B) He exclaimed with joy that he was undone. (C) He said that he was undone. (D) He exclaimed that he is undone. Ans: (A)  (Alas indicates sorrow). 04. The boy said, "Let me play." (A) The boy requested that he might play. (B) The boy proposed that he should play. (C) The boy said that he might be allowed to play. (D) Both A & C. Ans: (D)  (Let me দ্বারা অনুমতি বোঝালে requested/might বা might be allowed to বসে)। 05. He said, "The earth is round." (A) He said that the earth was round. (B) He said that the earth is round. (C) He said that the earth has been round. (D) He said the earth is being round. Ans: (B)  (Universal Truth - No tense change). 06. "Please help me," she said to him. (A) She requested him to help her. (B) She told him to help her. (C) She requested him help her. (D) She ordered him to help her. Ans: (A)  (Please -> Requested + to). 07. He said, "What a fool I am!" (A) He exclaimed that he was a great fool. (B) He exclaimed that he is a great fool. (C) He exclaimed with wonder that he was a very fool. (D) He said that what a fool he was. Ans: (A)  (Exclamatory -> Assertive; am -> was; fool noun তাই great বসে)। 08. He said, "I must write a letter." (A) He said that he must write a letter. (B) He said that he had to write a letter. (C) He said that he would write a letter. (D) He said that he should write a letter. Ans: (B)  (Ordinary obligation: Must -> Had to). 09. He said, "Good bye, my friends." (A) He said good bye to his friends. (B) He wished his friends good bye. (C) He bade his friends good bye. (D) He told his friends good bye. Ans: (C)  (Good bye -> Bade). 10. "Have you finished the work?" he said to me. (A) He asked me if I had finished the work. (B) He asked me if I have finished the work. (C) He asked me whether I finished the work. (D) He said to me if I had finished the work. Ans: (A)  (Present Perfect -> Past Perfect). Narration Exercise 1. The teacher said, "Thank you, my boys." The indirect narration of the sentence is- [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১৯] A. The teacher said that thank you my boys. B. The teacher told the boys and thanked them. C. The teacher thanked the boys. D. The boys were thanked by the teacher. Ans: C 2. The direct form of the indirect sentence 'He said that the patient had died early in the morning' is- [সাধারণ বীমা কর্পোরেশনের আপার ডিভিশন অ্যাসিসটেন্ট-১৯] A. He said, "The patient has died early in the morning." B. He said, "The patient had died early in the morning." C. He said, "The patient died early in the last morning." D. He said, "The patient died early in the morning." Ans: D 3. The old man said, "Curse the flood." The indirect narration of the sentence is- [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-১৯] A. The old man said that the flood be cursed. B. The old man cursed the flood. C. The old man told that the flood is cursed. D. The old man cursing the flood. Ans: B 4. Change the narration- The teacher says, "Rose smells sweet". [ডাক বিভাগের পোস্টাল অপারেটর-১৯] A. The teacher said that rose smells sweet. B. The teacher says that rose smells sweet. C. Rose smells sweet is said by the teacher. D. Rose smells sweet was said by the teacher. Ans: B 5. Change the narration- John said to me, "Do you know where he is?" [ডাক বিভাগের পোস্টাল অপারেটর-১৯] A. John asked me if I knew where he was. B. John asked me do I know where he was. C. John said to me if I know where he is. D. John said to me if I knew where he was. Ans: A 6. Change the form of speech: They said to him, "Sir, please visit our office today." [রূপালী ব্যাংক লি. (অফিসার)-১৯] A. They asked him to visit their office today. B. They requested him respectfully to visit their office that day. C. They addressed him Sir and requested him to visit the office today. D. They told him in humble manner to visit their office that day. Ans: B 7. The indirect form of the sentence, He said, "We cannot be quite happy in this life" should be [সাধারণ বীমা কর্পোরেশনের অ্যাসিসটেন্ট ম্যানেজার-১৯] A. He said that we could not be quite happy in this life. B. He said that we cannot be quite happy in this life. C. He said that they cannot be quite happy in this life. D. He said that they could not be quite happy in this life. Ans: B  (Explanation: 'We' refers to mankind/universal truth, so no change). 8. Kamal said to me, "What is your name?" (Indirect form) [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (৪র্থ পর্যায়)-১৯] A. Kamal asked you your name. B. Kamal asked me what was my name. C. What my name is, Kamal asked. D. Kamal asked me what my name was. Ans: D 9. The indirect speech of, He said, 'You liar.' is- [পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-১৯] A. He said me a liar. B. He called me a liar. C. He said me to go to a liar. D. He called me a liar. Ans: D 10. Choose the correct answer. [১৬তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৯] A. He gave me good-bye. B. He bade me good-bye. C. He told me good-bye. D. He wished me good-bye. Ans: B 11. He said, "I shall go to office". Indirect form is- [চলচ্চিত্র ও প্রকাশনা অধিদপ্তরের ক্যামেরাম্যান-১৯] A. He said that he shall go to office B. He said that he would go to office C. He said that he will go to office D. He said that he should go to office Ans: B 12. Which one is the correct indirect narration? "Why have you beaten my dog"? he said to me. [38th BCS] A. He demanded me why had I beaten his dog. B. He asked me why I have had beaten his dog. C. He enquired me why had I beaten his dog. D. He demanded of me why I had beaten his dog. Ans: D 13. The indirect speech of the sentence "Sally said to me, "Please get me a drink" is: [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-১৮] A. Sally told me to get a drink for her B. Sally asked me to get her a drink C. Sally told me to get a drink D. Sally inquired me to have a drink for her Ans: B 14. Choose the correct indirect sentence: He said, "Man is mortal" [জনস্বাস্থ্য প্রকৌশল অধিদপ্তর (এস্টিমেটর)-১৮] A. He said man is mortal. B. He told that man had been mortal. C. He said that man is mortal. D. He said that man was mortal. Ans: C 15. The correct indirect form of I said to him, "I don't believe you." [BEZA এর সহকারী ব্যবস্থাপক-১৮] A. I said I don't believe him. B. I said I didn't believe him. C. I said I don't believes you. D. I have said I didn't believe him. Ans: B 16. Choose the correct indirect form of the following sentence: He said to me, "I don't believe you." [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়/বিভাগ/অধিদপ্তর ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা (সাধারণ)-১৮] A. He said that he didn't believe you. B. He said he hadn't believe me. C. He told me that he didn't believe me. D. He told me he wouldn't believe me. Ans: C 17. Change the narration: The captain says, 'Company move forward' [রূপালী ব্যাংক লি. অফিসার (ক্যাশ)-১৮] A. The captain commands the company to move forward. B. The captain commanded to move the company forward. C. The captain instructed the company for a forward move. D. The captain requests the company to move forward. Ans: A 18. Change the form of speech: They said, "We cannot live without air." [৫ ব্যাংকের সমন্বিত পরীক্ষা (অফিসার)-১৮] A. They said that human cannot live without air. B. They said that we cannot live without air. C. They said that it is not possible to live without air. D. They realized that people could not live without air. Ans: B 19. Change into indirect speech: "Are you alone, my son?" asked a soft voice close behind me. [বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক (AD)-১৮] A. What I was doing there alone was asked by a soft voice. B. A soft voice told me as his son and asked me whether I was alone. C. A soft voice from my behind asked me if I was alone. D. Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked if I was alone. Ans: D 20. He said to her, 'What a cold day! The underlined speech of this: [KU (BBA) 16-17] A. He told her that it was a cold day. B. He exclaimed that it was a cold day. C. He exclaimed sorrowfully that it was a cold day. D. He exclaimed that it was a very cold day. Ans: D 21. The indirect form of the sentence "He said, 'Let us go for a walk'." is [অগ্রনী ব্যাংক সিনিয়র অফিসার-১৭] A. He said that they must go for a walk. B. He suggested that they should go for a walk. C. He proposed that they would go for a walk. D. He proposed to go for a walk. Ans: B 22. 'Don't waste time', the teacher said to the students. The indirect form of the speech [সাধারণ পুলের আওতার বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের সহকারী প্রোপালার, উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী প্রাসনিক কর্মকর্তা ও ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১৬] A. The teacher forbade the students not to waste time. B. The teacher advised the students not to waste time. C. The teacher advised the students to not waste time. D. The teacher ordered the students don't waste time. Ans: B 23. Change the narration: You said, 'He was there'. [বাংলাদেশ বিভাগ (মেট্রোপলিটন সার্কেল) পরিদর্শক-১৬] A. You said that he had been here B. You said that he was there C. You said that he had there D. You said that he is there Ans: B  (Note: Past Indefinite usually changes to Past Perfect, but sometimes stays past. If C 'had been there' was an option, it would be preferred. Here B preserves meaning. Text says B). 24. My father said to me, "We are going there tomorrow, বাক্যের indirect speech হবে- [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (মেঘনা)-১২] A. My father told me that they would be going there the next day. B. My father said to me that they are going there the next day. C. My father told me that they were going there the next day. D. My father told me that they are going there the next day. Ans: C 25. Find out the correct sentence in indirect speech. [পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়ের ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১৮, সমাজসেবা অধিদপ্তরে সমাজকল্যাণ সংগঠক-০৫] He said to me, "What are you doing?" A. He said to me what I am doing? B. He asked me what I was doing. C. He said what was to do. D. He said about my doing. Ans: B 26. Choose correct direct form of "He asked me what I was doing." [নির্বাচন কমিশন সচিবালয়ে প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-০৪] A. He said to me, "What I was doing?" B. He said me, "What was I doing?" C. He said, "What I am doing?" D. He said to me, "What are you doing?" Ans: D 27. He said to me, "Do you like music?" The indirect form of this sentence is - [পরিবেশ অধিদপ্তরের সহকারী পরিচালক (কারিগরি)-১১] A. He said if I like music. B. He asked me do I like music. C. He asked to me if I like music. D. He asked me if I liked music. Ans: D 28. Turn into indirect narration: I asked, "Whose picture is it?" [ব্যাংক (অফিসার, প্রশ-১৭] A. I asked which picture it was. B. I asked whose picture it was. C. I asked to which the picture is. D. I asked whose the picture is. Ans: B 29. Change the speech: "What do you want?" she asked him. [JU (F) 14-15, প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের উপ-সহকারী পরিচালক-১৬, BRUR (D) 16-17, ডাক বিভাগের মেইল অপারেটর-১৯] A. She asked him what he wanted. B. She asked him what he wants. C. She asks him what he wants. D. She wanted him Ans: A 30. Choose the correct indirect speech: He said, "What a beautiful bird!" [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা (মুক্তিযোদ্ধা কোটা)-১৮] A. He said that what a beautiful bird it was. B. He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful bird. C. He exclaimed that what a beautiful bird. D. He said that it was a very beautiful bird. Ans: B 31. The indirect form of the sentence "He said, "Let me have some milk." [ইসলামী ব্যাংক (ATO)-১৭] A. He said that he wanted some milk. B. He prayed that he might have some milk. C. He requested to let him have some milk. D. He wished that he might have some milk. Ans: D 32. Change the narration, He remarked, "Two and two makes four" [উপজেলা পোস্টমাস্টার-১৬] A. He remarked that two and two would make four B. He remarked that two and two made four C. He remarked that two and two makes four D. He adviced that two and two makes four Ans: C 33. "He asked me when the next letter would come" বাক্যের direct speech হচ্ছে- [প্রাক-প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (ড্যাফোডিল)-১৩, (মিসিসিপি)-১৪, IU (B) 16-17] A. He said to me, "When would the next letter come?" B. He asked to me, "When will the next letter come?" C. He said to me, "When will the next letter come?" D. He said to me, "When the next letter will come?" Ans: C 34. He adressed Mr. Rahman and wished him good morning. বাক্যটির direct speech হবে [প্রাক-প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (বুড়িগঙ্গা)-১৩] A. He said to Mr. Rahman, 'Good morning' B. He said, 'Good morning, Mr. Rahman.' C. He said, 'Good morning, to Mr. Rahman.' D. He bade good morning to Mr. Rahman. Ans: B 35. The boy said, 'Let me have a pencil.' বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে- [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১২] A. The boy said that he would have a pencil. B. The boy said that he might have a pencil. C. The boy told that he will have a pencil. D. The boy told that he needed a pencil. Ans: B 36. I said to him, "Is he a doctor?" [ইসলামী ব্যাংক সহকারী অফিসার-০৮, নার্সিং মিডওয়াইফ-১৭, প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (মেঘনা)-১২, JUST (F) 15-16, IU (C) 15-16, প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (৩য় পর্যায়)-১৯] A. I said to that he was a doctor. B. I said to him whether he was a doctor. C. I asked him whether he was a doctor. D. I asked him whether he is a doctor. Ans: C 37. He said, "What a pity!” বাক্যের indirect speech হচ্ছে- [জনস্বাস্থ্য প্রকৌশল অধিদপ্তরের ক্যাশিয়ার-১১] A. He said that it was a great pity B. He exclaimed that it is great pity C. He exclaimed that it was great pity D. He said that it is great pity Ans: C 38. The Captain ordered the soldiers to march on. বাক্যের direct speech হবে [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (৪র্থ পর্যায়)-১৯] A. The Captain asked, "Soldiers, I ask you to march" B. The Captain said to the soldiers, "Please march on" C. The Captain said, "Soldiers, I ask you to march on" D. The Captain said to the soldiers, "March on" Ans: D 39. I said to you, 'He has done his duty', বাক্যের indirect speech হবে [প্রাক প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (সুরমা)-১৩] A. I said to you that you have done your duty. B. I said to you that he had done his duty. C. I told you that you had done your duty. D. I told you that he has done your duty. Ans: B 40. The Chairman said to the members, 'Let us drop the matter today'. বাক্যের indirect speech হবে [প্রাক-প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১৩] A. The Chairman proposed to the members to drop the matter that day. B. The Chairman proposed to the members that they should drop the matter today. C. The Chairman proposed to the members that they should drop the matter that day. D. The Chairman proposed to the members that they might drop the matter today. Ans: C

VOICE (বাচ্য) Voice  (বাচ্য) হলো Verb-এর গঠন, যার মাধ্যমে বোঝা যায় যে Subject (কর্তা) কাজটি নিজে করছে, নাকি কাজটি তার ওপর এসে পড়ছে। Voice দুই প্রকার: Active Voice:  যখন Subject নিজেই কাজটি সম্পন্ন করে। Structure:  Subject + Verb + Object. Ex:  I write a letter. (আমি চিঠি লিখি) Passive Voice:  যখন Subject নিজে কাজ করে না, বরং Object-এর কাজটি Subject-এর ওপর এসে পড়ে। Structure:  Subject + Auxiliary Verb + V3 + Preposition + Object. Ex:  A letter is written by me. (আমার দ্বারা একটি চিঠি লেখা হয়) Fundamental Changes (Active to Passive) Active Voice-এর Object  → Passive Voice-এর Subject  হয়। Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb  বসে। মূল Verb-এর Past Participle (V3)  ফর্ম বসে। সাধারণত by  বসে (তবে verb ভেদে to, at, with, in, for বসতে পারে)। Active Voice-এর Subject  → Passive Voice-এর Object  হয়। Pronoun Change List: I → Me We → Us You → You He → Him She → Her They → Them It → It Who → By whom Tense-wise Rules & Examples 1. Present Tense Present Indefinite:  am/is/are + V3 Active:  He reads a book. Passive:  A book is read  by him. Present Continuous:  am/is/are + being + V3 Active:  I am catching fish. Passive:  Fish is being caught  by me. Present Perfect:  have/has + been + V3 Active:  She has bought a pen. Passive:  A pen has been bought  by her. 2. Past Tense Past Indefinite:  was/were + V3 Active:  The boy broke the glass. Passive:  The glass was broken  by the boy. Past Continuous:  was/were + being + V3 Active:  He was driving a car. Passive:  A car was being driven  by him. Past Perfect:  had + been + V3 Active:  We had dug the canal. Passive:  The canal had been dug  by us. 3. Future Tense Future Indefinite:  shall be/will be + V3 Active:  I will do the work. Passive:  The work will be done  by me. Future Continuous:  shall be/will be + being + V3 (Rare use) Active:  You will be reading the book. Passive:  The book will be being read  by you. Future Perfect:  shall have/will have + been + V3 Active:  He will have heard the news. Passive:  The news will have been heard  by him. Special Rules Rule-01: Modal Auxiliaries List:  Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, used to, going to. Structure:  Modal + be  + V3 Active:  You must do  the work. Passive:  The work must be done  by you. Active:  He is going to open  a shop. Passive:  A shop is going to be opened  by him. Rule-02: Interrogative Sentences প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের ভয়েস পরিবর্তন করার সময় বাক্যের প্রশ্নবোধক কাঠামো ঠিক রাখতে হয়। A. Do/Does/Did যুক্ত বাক্য: Do/Does (Present):  শুরুতে Am/Is/Are বসে। Active:  Do you eat rice? Passive:   Is  rice eaten by you? Did (Past):  শুরুতে Was/Were বসে। Active:  Did he play football? Passive:   Was  football played by him? B. Wh-Questions: Who  থাকলে → By whom Active:  Who is calling me? Passive:   By whom  am I being called? Whom  থাকলে → Who Active:  Whom did you see? Passive:   Who  was seen by you? What/Why/When/Where/How  থাকলে → অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। Active:  Why did you punish him? Passive:  Why was  he punished by you? Active:  What do you want? Passive:  What is wanted  by you? Rule-03: Imperative Sentences আদেশ, উপদেশ বা অনুরোধমূলক বাক্য। Basic Structure:  Let + Object + be + V3 Active:  Shut the door. Passive:   Let  the door be shut . Negative (Do not):  Let not + Object + be + V3 Active:  Do not hate the poor. Passive:   Let not  the poor be hated . Let + Person:  Let + Object + be + V3 + by + Person Active:  Let me do the work. Passive:  Let the work be done by me . Never:  Let never + Object + be + V3 Active:  Never tell a lie. Passive:   Let never  a lie be told . Intransitive Verb (No Object):  "You are requested/ordered/advised to..." দিয়ে করতে হয়। Active:  Stand up. Passive:   You are ordered to  stand up. Rule-04: Double Object যদি বাক্যে দুটি Object থাকে (একটি ব্যক্তিবাচক, অন্যটি বস্তুবাচক), তবে সাধারণত ব্যক্তিবাচক Object-টিকে Subject করা ভালো। অন্যটি (Retained Object) V3-এর পরে থেকে যায়। Active:  He gave me  (Obj 1) a flower  (Obj 2). Passive 1:   I  was given a flower by him. (Better) Passive 2:   A flower  was given to  me by him. Rule-05: Reflexive Object Reflexive Pronoun (myself, himself, herself, themselves) কখনো Subject হতে পারে না। Active:  He killed himself. Passive:  He was killed by himself . (Not 'Himself was killed...') Active:  She fans herself. Passive:  She is fanned by herself . Rule-06: Factitive Object Factitive Object (Complementary object like captain, king, chairman) কখনো Subject হয় না। মূল Object-টিকে Subject করতে হয়। Active:  We made him Captain . Passive:   He  was made Captain by us. (Wrong: Captain was made him by us.) Rule-07: Quasi-Passive Voice যেসব বাক্য গঠনে Active কিন্তু অর্থে Passive। Type 1 (Adjective Complement):  Sub + verb + adj. Active:  Rice sells cheap. Passive:  Rice is sold  cheap. (Or: Rice is cheap when it is sold ). Active:  The bed feels soft. Passive:  The bed is soft when it is felt . Type 2 (No Complement):  Subject + verb + ing. Active:  The house is building. Passive:  The house is being built . Rule-08: Compound Sentence Compound Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে উভয় Clause-এর Voice Change করতে হয়। Active:  He ate rice and went to school. Passive:  Rice was eaten by him and school was gone to by him. (Note: Intransitive verbs like 'go' usually don't have passive, but in strict grammatical transformation exercises, contextual adjustments are made or kept active if intransitive). Standard Ex:  He writes a letter and posts it. Passive:  A letter is written and posted  by him. Preposition Exceptions (Not 'By') কিছু নির্দিষ্ট Verb-এর পর 'by' না বসে অন্য Preposition বসে: Known to:  He is known to  me. Annoyed with  (Person) / at  (Conduct): I am annoyed with  him. Satisfied with:  He satisfied me. -> I was satisfied with  him. Seized with:  Panic seized him. -> He was seized with  panic. Shocked at:  His behavior shocked me. -> I was shocked at  his behavior. Contained in:  The box contains pens. -> Pens are contained in  the box. Filled with:  The glass is filled with  water. Marveled at:  We marveled at his courage. Surprised at:  His success surprised us. -> We were surprised at  his success. Embodied in:  The idea is embodied in  the book. Part 5: Previous Years' Questions & Solutions 01. Identify the correct passive form of "Open the window." [DU-B: 15-16] (A) Let the window be opened. (B) Let the window opened. (C) Let the window open. (D) The window should be opened. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Imperative Sentence শুরু হয় Let দিয়ে + Object + be + V3। 02. "Panic seized the writer." Passive form? [DU-D: 10-11] (A) The writer was seized by panic. (B) The writer was seized with panic. (C) The writer was seized in panic. (D) Panic was seized by the writer. Ans: (B) Explanation:  Seized-এর পর preposition 'with'  বসে। 03. "Who is calling me?" Passive form? [RU-A: 12-13] (A) By whom am I being called? (B) By whom I am called? (C) By whom am I called? (D) Whom am I called by? Ans: (A) Explanation:  Who -> By whom. Continuous tense হওয়ায় 'being' আসবে এবং Auxiliary verb subject 'I'-এর আগে বসবে। 04. "Honey tastes sweet." Passive form? [32nd BCS] (A) Honey is tasted sweet. (B) Honey is sweet when it is tasted. (C) Honey is sweet tasted. (D) Honey tasted sweet. Ans: (B) Explanation:  Quasi-passive voice with adjective complement. 05. "He taught me to read." Passive? [JU-C: 18-19] (A) I was taught to read by him. (B) Me was taught to read by him. (C) I am taught to read by him. (D) To read was taught by him. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Past Indefinite 'taught' -> 'was taught'. 06. "Do you know them?" Passive form? [DU-A: 06-07] (A) Are they known to you? (B) Are they known by you? (C) Do they know you? (D) Did they know you? Ans: (A) Explanation:  Known-এর পর 'to'  বসে, 'by' নয়। 07. "I had written the letter." Passive form? (A) The letter has been written by me. (B) The letter had been written by me. (C) The letter was written by me. (D) The letter is written by me. Ans: (B) Explanation:  Past Perfect Tense -> had been written. TEST (Master Exercise) 01. Change the voice: "People speak English all over the world." (A) English is spoken all over the world by people. (B) English is spoken all over the world. (C) English was spoken all over the world. (D) English has been spoken all over the world. Ans: (B)  (Subject 'People' এখানে উহ্য রাখা শ্রেয় কারণ এটি সর্বজনীন)। 02. Passive of "Do not play football at noon." (A) Let not football be played at noon. (B) Let football not be played at noon. (C) Football should not be played at noon. (D) Let football be not played at noon. Ans: (A)  (Imperative Negative: Let not + obj + be + V3)। 03. Passive of "He annoyed me." (A) I was annoyed by him. (B) I was annoyed with him. (C) I was annoyed at him. (D) I am annoyed with him. Ans: (B)  (Annoyed with  a person)। 04. Passive of "Who taught you English?" (A) By whom you were taught English? (B) By whom were you taught English? (C) By whom was you taught English? (D) Who was taught you English? Ans: (B)  (Question structure: Aux verb before Subject)। 05. Passive of "One should keep one's promise." (A) One's promise should be kept by one. (B) A promise should be kept. (C) Promise should be kept. (D) Promises should be kept. Ans: (B)  (Indefinite subject 'One' বাদ দেওয়া হয়)। 06. Passive of "They elected him Chairman." (A) Chairman was elected him by them. (B) He was elected Chairman by them. (C) He was elected by them Chairman. (D) We elected him Chairman. Ans: (B)  (Factitive object 'Chairman' subject হয় না)। 07. Active voice of "The thief was caught." (A) The police caught the thief. (B) Someone caught the thief. (C) Caught the thief. (D) The thief caught. Ans: (A)  (Contextual Subject: চোর ধরার কাজ পুলিশের)। 08. Passive of "Buy me a shirt." (A) Let a shirt be bought for me. (B) Let a shirt be bought to me. (C) Let a shirt buy for me. (D) A shirt should be bought. Ans: (A)  (Buy-এর ক্ষেত্রে 'for' বসে, 'to' নয়)। 09. Passive of "The pill tastes bitter." (A) The pill is bitter when it is tasted. (B) The pill is tasted bitter. (C) The pill tastes bitter. (D) The pill is bitter. Ans: (A)  (Quasi-passive)। 10. Passive of "I saw him go." (A) He was seen to go by me. (B) He was seen go by me. (C) He was seen going by me. (D) He is seen to go by me. Ans: (A)  (Active-এ Bare infinitive 'go' থাকলে Passive-এ 'to go' হয়)। Teacher Registration Questions 1. 'Please, keep quiet'. (Make it passive) [16th NTRCA 2019] A. You are told for keeping quiet B. You are requested to keep quiet. C. You are requested for keep quiet. D. You are told to keep quiet. Ans: B (Explanation: When an imperative sentence starts with " Please ", the passive voice typically uses the structure " You are requested to  + Verb". This conveys the politeness of the original request.) 2. Trees are considered one of our best friends. (Make it active) [16th NTRCA 2019] A. It is tree which is our best friend. B. Trees are our best friends. C. We considered trees one of our best friends. D. We consider trees one of our best friends. Ans: D (Explanation: Agent:  The passive sentence has no explicit agent ("by us/people"), so we assume " We " as the subject in active voice. Tense:  The passive uses "are considered" (Present Simple), so the active verb must be " consider ". "We consider trees one of our best friends.") 3. I saw him play. (Passive) [16th NTRCA 2019] A. He was seen by me play. B. Play was seen him by me. C. He was seen playing by me. D. He was seen to play by me. Ans: D (Explanation: When a verb of perception like "see" is followed by a bare infinitive  (play) in the active voice, it changes to a to-infinitive  (" to play ") in the passive voice. "He was seen to play  by me.") 4. The unfed should be fed. (Active) [15th NTRCA 2019] A. Feed the unfed. B. We should feed the unfed. C. Please feed the unfed. D. They should be feeding the unfed. Ans: B (Explanation: Agent:  The agent is implied (moral obligation), so " We " is the appropriate subject. Structure:  "Should be fed" (Passive) becomes " should feed " (Active). "We should feed the unfed.") 5. Identify the correct passive form of 'He made me laugh.' [15th NTRCA 2019] A. I was made laugh by him. B. I was made to laugh by him. C. I was made laughing with him. D. I was made laughing by him. Ans: B (Explanation: The causative verb " make " is followed by a bare infinitive in the active voice ("made me laugh "), but it requires a to-infinitive  in the passive voice ("made to laugh "). "I was made to laugh  by him.") 6. I helped her solve the problem. (Passive) [14th NTRCA 2017] A. She was helped solve the problem. B. The problem was solved by me. C. Her problem was solved by me. D. She was helped to solve the problem by me. Ans: D (Explanation: Similar to the rule for "make" and "see", when "help" is used with a bare infinitive ("solve"), the passive form often includes " to ". "She was helped to solve  the problem by me.") 7. Rome was not built in a day. (Active) [14th NTRCA 2017] A. The Romans did not build Rome in a day B. People were not build Rome in a day C. The Romans were not build Rome in a day D. A day was not built by Rome Ans: A (Explanation: Agent:  The implied builders of Rome are " The Romans ". Tense:  "Was not built" (Past Indefinite Passive) becomes " did not build " (Past Indefinite Active). "The Romans did not build Rome in a day.") 8. What cannot be cured must be endured. (Active) [14th NTRCA 2017] A. We must be endured what we cannot cure. B. We cannot cure what we must endure. C. Must be endure can cure. D. We must endure what we cannot cure. Ans: D (Explanation: This is a complex sentence with two passive modals ("cannot be cured", "must be endured"). We supply the general subject " We ". Active: "We must endure  (what) we cannot cure .") 9. Do you find your payment too little? (Passive) [13th NTRCA 2016] A. Is your payment found too little to you? B. Are your payment found too little to you? C. Are your payment found too little by you? D. Is your payment found too little by you? Ans: D (Explanation: Tense:  Present Indefinite Interrogative. Auxiliary:  "Payment" is singular, so use " Is ". Structure:   Is + Object + V3 + Complement + by + Subject ? "Is your payment found too little by you?") Voice Exercise - 8 B Bank Questions 1. What is the passive form of the sentence, ‘Have you played football'? [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer 2023] A. Has been football played by you? B. Has football played by you? C. Has football been played by you? D. Is football by you? Ans: C (Explanation: Present Perfect Interrogative. Structure: Has/Have + Object + been + V3 + by + Subject ? "Has football been played by you?") 2. What is the passive form of the sentence 'I had already shown her photo to the policeman?" [8 Banks & 1 FI Officer 2023] A. The policeman was already shown her photo. B. Her photo was already been shown to the policeman. C. The policeman has already been shown her photo. D. The policeman had already been shown her photo. Ans: D (Explanation: Past Perfect Tense. Structure: Object + had + been + V3 . "The policeman had already been shown her photo.") 3. What is passive form of the sentence "We must take care of all living species on Earth?" [Combined 7 Banks Officer 2023] A. All living species on Earth are taken care of by us B. All living species on Earth must be taken care of C. All living species on Earth must be cared by us D. All living species on Earth must be taken care of by us Ans: D (Explanation: Modal 'Must'. Structure: Object + must be + V3 (taken care of) + by + Subject . Option D is complete with the agent "by us".) 4. Active voice of 'The traitors should be shot dead' is- [Uttara Bank Ltd. Asst. Off. 2022] A. They should have shot the traitors dead. B. They shall shoot the traitors dead. C. They should shoot the traitors dead. D. They shot the traitors dead. Ans: C (Explanation: The passive uses the modal "should be". The active must use " should + V1 ". The implied subject is "They". "They should shoot the traitors dead.") 5. The passive voice of 'Who is John inviting?' [Bangladesh Bank Asst. Director 2021] A. By whom is being invited by John? B. Who is invited by John? C. Whom is invites by John? D. Is someone invited by John? Ans: B  (Note: Strictly speaking, the continuous tense requires "being invited", but option B is the best available choice among the distractors in this specific exam context.) (Explanation: John is the subject, Who is the object. Passive: Who + is + being + V3 + by + Subject ? "Who is being invited by John?" involves continuous tense. Option B is Simple Present but is the standard correct option provided in this exam paper.) 6. Change into passive voice: 'People believe he is a scholar'. [7 Banks Senior Off. 2021] A. He is believed scholar by the people. B. He is believed to be a scholar. C. He is a scholar as people believe. D. He is being believed a scholar. Ans: B (Explanation: For complex sentences with "believe/know/think", the structure is Subject + is/am/are + believed + to + V1/be . "He is believed to be a scholar.") 7. The sentence which is not expressing any passive sense: [7 Govt. Banks Senior Officer 2021] A. I'll have my hair cut. B. I got fired yesterday. C. They made me do it. D. I'm getting all my floors polished. Ans: C (Explanation: "They made me do it" is an Active Causative  structure where the subject 'They' performs the action. A, B, and D imply actions done to the subject (Passive sense).) 8. They love each other. Correct passive form will be- [Rupali Bank Ltd. Asst. Network Engineer 2021] A. They were loved by each other B. Each other loved by them C. Each other are loved by them D. Each other being loved by both Ans: C (Explanation: Reciprocal pronouns like "each other" are rarely subjects, but in exam contexts, Object (Each other) + are + V3 (loved) + by + Subject (them)  is the intended transformation.) 9. Change into passive: Did he do his task? [Probashi Kallyan Bank Officer 2021] A. Had his task done by him? B. Was his task done by him? C. Had his task been done by him? D. Was his task being done by him? Ans: B (Explanation: Past Indefinite Interrogative. Was/Were + Object + V3 + by + Subject ? "Was his task done by him?") 10. Change the voice: 'They are going to sell the market.' [Probashi Kallyan Bank Officer 2021] A. The market is being gone to sell by them. B. The market is being gone to be sold by them. C. The market is gone to be sold by them. D. The market is gone to be sold by them. Ans: D  (Assumed typo correction: "The market is going to be sold by them") (Explanation: "Going to" future. Structure: Object + is going to be + V3 . In standard exams, the correct choice is "The market is going to be sold". Among the provided corrupt options, D is the typical slot for the correct answer.) 11. Passive voice of 'If you're doing something important, you are working to make change happen.' [Uttara Bank Ltd. PO 2021] A. If something important is done, work is done to make change happen. B. Something important is being done, by you, you are making happen change happen. C. If something important is being done, work is being done to make change happen. D. If important work is being done change is about to happen. Ans: C (Explanation: Both clauses are in Present Continuous. Both must be converted to passive using "being". "If something important is being done , work is being done ...") 12. Change the voice of the sentence. They greet me cheerfully every morning. [Dhaka Bank Ltd. TO 2021] A. Every morning I was greeted cheerfully B. I am greeted cheerfully by them every morning. C. I am being greeted cheerfully by them every morning. D. Cheerful greeting is done by them every morning. Ans: B (Explanation: Present Indefinite. Subject (I) + am + V3 (greeted) . "I am greeted cheerfully by them every morning.") 13. Change the voice of the sentence. Who is creating this mess? [Dhaka Bank Ltd. TO 2021] A. Who has been created this mess? B. By whom has this mess been created? C. By whom this mess is being created? D. By whom is this mess being created? Ans: D (Explanation: Present Continuous Interrogative. By whom + auxiliary (is) + Object (this mess) + being + V3 (created) ? "By whom is this mess being created?") 14. Change the voice of the sentence. She will invite me. [Dhaka Bank Ltd. TAO 2021] A. I shall be invited by her. B. I will invited by her. C. I shall being invited by her. D. I will been invited by her. Ans: A (Explanation: Future Indefinite. Subject (I) + shall be + V3 (invited) + by + Agent . "I shall be invited by her.") 15. Passive Voice of I saw him leaving the house' is- [Global Islami Bank Ltd. PO 2021] A. Leaving the house he was seen by me. B. He was seen to be leaving the house. C. He was seen leaving the house by me. D. He had been seen leaving the house. Ans: C (Explanation: Verb of perception "saw". The participle "leaving" remains unchanged. He + was + seen + leaving... by me .) 16. Passive voice of 'None likes him' is- [Global Islami Bank Ltd. PO 2021] A. He is not liked by anyone. B. He was not liked by anyone. C. He has not been liked by anyone. D. He is liked by none. Ans: A  (or D) (Explanation: "None" implies negative present. "He is not liked by anyone" is the standard conversion. "He is liked by none" is also grammatically correct but A is often preferred for clarity.) 17. Who will help you? The passive form is [Rupali Bank Ltd Senior Officer 2020] A. By whom will you be helped? B. By whom would you be helped? C. By whom you would be helped? D. By whom you will be helped? Ans: A (Explanation: Future Interrogative. By whom + Will + Subject + be + V3 ? "By whom will you be helped?") 18. Change into passive: The city planner is making all the arrangements'. [Rupali Bank Ltd. Officer 2019] A. The all arrangements have been made by the city planner. B. All the arrangements are making by the city planner. C. The all arrangements had been making by the city planner. D. All the arrangements are being made by the city planner. Ans: D (Explanation: Present Continuous. Object + are + being + V3 . "All the arrangements are being made...") 19. Change into passive: The trainer walked the horse after the race. [Bangladesh Bank Officer 2019] A. The horse was walked after the race by the trainer. B. After the race, the horse walked by the trainer. C. The trainer walked the horse by the race. D. The horse was walked the trainer after the race. Ans: A (Explanation: "Walked" is used transitively here. Passive: The horse was walked... by the trainer .) 20. The passive form of the sentence 'We can gain nothing without labour' in- [Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. PO 2019] A. Nothing is not be gained without labour. B. Nothing is to be gained without labour by us. C. Nothing is to be gained by is without labour. D. Nothing can be gained without labour. Ans: D (Explanation: Modal "can". Nothing + can be + V3 (gained) . "Nothing can be gained without labour.") 21. The active form of the sentence 'That house was built ten years ago' is [Sadharan Bima Corporation 2019] A. Someone built the house ten years ago. B. We had built the house ten years ago. C. Somebody had built the house ten years ago. D. They built the house ten years ago. Ans: A (Explanation: The passive "was built" is Past Indefinite. Active requires a subject (Someone/They) + built . "Someone built the house ten years ago" is the most natural reconstruction.) 22. The passive form of the sentence 'One should keep one's promises' should be- [Sadharan Bima Corporation 2019] A. One's promises should be kept. B. Promises should be kept. C. Promises made should be kept. D. Promises made needs to be kept. Ans: B (Explanation: Standard rule: When the subject is "One", it is omitted in passive. "Promises should be kept.") 23. The passive form of the sentence 'Manners reveal character' is - [Sadharan Bima Corporation 2019] A. One's character is revealed by one's manners. B. Characters are revealed by one's manners C. Character is revealed by manners. D. Manners are revealing of character. Ans: C (Explanation: Present Indefinite. Character + is + revealed + by + manners .) 24. The passive form of the sentence 'Who has written Hamlet'is: [Agrani Bank Ltd. Senior Officer 2017] A. Hamlet has written by whom? B. By whom Hamlet is being written? C. By whom Hamlet is written? D. Who has Hamlet been written by? Ans: D  (or A variant "By whom has Hamlet been written?") (Explanation: Present Perfect. Who... has... been + V3 + by?  Option D is the correct structure. Option C changes tense. Option B changes tense. Option A is incorrect order.) 25. The passive form of the sentence "Every order will be carried out promptly" is: [Agrani Bank Ltd. Senior Officer 2017] A. Orders should be carried out immediately. B. Orders must be carried out promptly. C. We will carry out every order promptly. D. Orders will be carried out promptly. Ans: C (Explanation: The question asks for the Passive  form, but the given sentence is already  Passive ("will be carried out"). Option C is the Active  form ("We will carry out..."). Assuming the question meant "Change the voice" or "What is the active form", C is the correct conversion.) 26. "It cannot be done." The active voice form is [Bangladesh Krishi Bank Officer 2017] A. No one can do it. B. We cannot do it. C. It is impossible to do it. D. Most people cannot do it. Ans: A (Explanation: "It cannot be done" implies a universal inability. "No one can do it" captures this meaning best in the Active voice.) Voice Exercise - 8 C PSC & Other Exam Questions 01. "I was given a cheque". What is the active form? [Various Ministries 2023] A. A cheque is given to me B. He gave me a cheque. C. I gave him a cheque. D. I got a cheque. Ans: B (Explanation: The sentence is in the Passive Voice  (Past Indefinite: "was given"). To change it to active, we need a subject who performed the action. "He gave me a cheque" fits the tense and meaning correctly.) 02. Pluck me a flower Passive voice ? [Health Directorate Draftsman 2023] A. Let a flower be plucked me. B. Let a flower be plucked for me. C. Let a flower plucked for me. D. Let a flower plucked by me. Ans: B (Explanation: This is an Imperative Sentence  with two objects ("me" and "flower"). The structure for passive is: Let + Direct Object + be + V3 + for + Indirect Object . "Let a flower be plucked for me.") 03. 'Does he speak English well?' passive form- [Health Directorate Draftsman 2023] A. Is English spoke well by him? B. Is English spoken well to him? C. Is English spoken well by him? D. Was English spoken well by him? Ans: C (Explanation: This is a Present Indefinite Interrogative  sentence. The passive structure is: Am/Is/Are + Object + V3 + (Adverb) + by + Subject ? "Is English spoken well by him?") 04. Do not laugh at the lame man. The passive form of this sentence is- [Family Planning Dept 2023] A. Let not the lame man be laughed at. B. You should not laugh at the lame man. C. The lame man not be laughed at. D. The lame man is not laughed at. Ans: A (Explanation: This is a Negative Imperative . The structure is: Let not + Object + be + V3 . The preposition "at" must remain with the verb "laughed".) 05. Choose the passive structure -. 'His comment surprised me'. [Information Ministry 2023] A. I was surprised at his comment. B. I was surprised by his comment. C. I was surprised for his comment. D. I am surprised to his comment. Ans: A (Explanation: The verb "surprise" takes the preposition " at " in the passive voice, not "by". "I was surprised at his comment.") 06. What is the passive form of the sentence? You have wasted much time' [Information Ministry 2023] A. Much time was wasted by us. B. Much time has been wasted by you. C. Long time has wasted. D. Much time have been wasted. Ans: B (Explanation: The sentence is in the Present Perfect Tense . Since "Much time" is singular, the passive auxiliary is " has been ". "Much time has been wasted by you.") 07. Find correct passive voice: Do the sum. [Department of Narcotics Control 2023] A. Let be sum done. B. Let the sum be done. C. The sum is done. D. Let the sum doen. Ans: B (Explanation: This is an Imperative Sentence . The standard passive structure is: Let + Object + be + V3 . "Let the sum be done.") 08. Select the correct passive voice of "He did for me the unnecessary things." [Biman Bangladesh 2023] A. The unnecessary things was done for me by him. B. The unnecessary things was done by him for me. C. The unnecessary things had been done for me by him. D. The unnecessary things had to be done for me by him. Ans: B (Explanation: The sentence is in the Past Indefinite Tense . Note: Grammatically, "things" is plural, so it should be "were done", but B is the accepted answer in the context of this specific exam question. ) 09. The correct passive structure of the sentence: 'Let her sing a song': [Information & Broadcasting Ministry 2023] A. A song let her sang be her. B. A song let be sung by he. C. Let her a song be sung. D. Let a song be sung by her. Ans: D (Explanation: This is an Imperative with 'Let' . The structure is: Let + Direct Object + be + V3 + by + Indirect Object . "Let a song be sung by her.") 10. Which one is the correct passive voice in the following sentence? Who taught her grammar? [Primary Education Dept 2022] A. By whom she was taught grammar? B. By whom was she taught grammar? C. She was taught grammar by who? D. Who was she taught grammar by? Ans: B (Explanation: "Who" changes to " By whom ". In interrogative passive, the auxiliary verb ("was") must come before  the subject ("she"). "By whom was she taught grammar?") 11. The passive form of the sentence: They are going to lock the gate at 7 o'clock. [Primary Education Dept 2022] A. At 7 o'clock they are going locked the gate. B. The gate at 7 o'clock be locked by them. C. The gate is to going locked by them at 7 o'clock. D. The gate is going to be locked at 7 o'clock. Ans: D (Explanation: This uses the "Going to" Future  structure. Passive: Object + is going to be + V3 . "The gate is going to be locked...") 12. Which one of the following is the correct passive form of 'One should keep one's promises.' [Primary Education Dept 2022] A. Promises should be kept. B. Promises will be kept. C. promises can be kept. D. promises would be kept. Ans: A (Explanation: The modal " should " changes to " should be + V3 ". The indefinite subject "One" is typically omitted in the passive voice. "Promises should be kept.") 13. Choose the correct passive form of, 'Don't make a mistake about me.' [Primary Education Dept 2022] A. Let a mistake be not made about me. B. A mistake is not made about me. C. I should not be made a mistake. D. Let not a mistake be made about me. Ans: D (Explanation: Negative Imperative . Structure: Let not + Object + be + V3 . "Let not a mistake be made about me.") 14. 'Please don't distrub me' - Select the correct passive form of the sentence: [Various Ministries 2022] A. I should not be disturbed. B. Let not I disturbed. C. I might not be disturbed by D. I may not please be disturbed. Ans: A (Explanation: "Please" indicates a request or polite instruction. " I should not be disturbed " conveys the passive sense of obligation or propriety best among the options.) 15. Change the voice: 'Do not laugh at the lame man' [Education Ministry 2022] A. Let not the lame man be laughed at. B. 1 Let the lame man not laughed at. C. Let the lame man not laughed at by someone. D. The lame man is not to be laughed at. Ans: A (Explanation: Negative Imperative . The preposition " at " must remain attached to the verb "laugh". "Let not the lame man be laughed at.") 16. What is the passive voice of the sentence? 'His conduct annoyed me'. [Health Engineering Dept 2022] A. I was being annoyed by his conduct. B. I was annoyed by his conduct. C. I was annoyed at his conduct. D. I had been annoyed on his conduct. Ans: C (Explanation: The verb " annoy " takes the preposition " at " when referring to conduct or things (and "with" for people). "I was annoyed at his conduct.") 17. The passive form of 'We called him a fool' is- [NSI 2022; Power Ministry 2019] A. He had been called a fool by us. B. He was called a fool by us. C. He has called a fool by us. D. He has been called a fool by us. Ans: B (Explanation: The sentence is in the Past Indefinite Tense  ("called"). The passive form uses " was/were + V3 ". "He was called a fool by us.") 18. Change the voice- 'Where did you see him?' [Department of Passport & Immigration 2016] A. Where did the seen by you? B. Where was he see by you? C. Where was seen by you? D. Where was he seen by you? Ans: D (Explanation: Interrogative Past Indefinite . Structure: Wh-word + was/were + Subject + V3 + by + Object ? "Where was he seen by you?") 19. 'He is known to me' is an example of – [NSI 2020] A. compound sentence B. active voice C. complex sentence D. passive voice Ans: D (Explanation: The structure Auxiliary (is) + V3 (known) + Preposition  indicates that the subject is receiving the action. This is the Passive Voice .) 20. The passive form of the sentence 'You should not scold the boy' is [Information Ministry 2020] A. The boy should not be scold by you B. The boy should not have been scold by you C. The boy should not be scolded by you D. The boy should not have been scolded by you Ans: C (Explanation: The modal " should not " changes to " should not be + V3 ". "The boy should not be scolded by you.") 21. The passive form of 'He pleases us' [National Pension Authority 2020] A. We were pleased with him B. We are pleased with him C. We are pleased by him D. We will be pleased by him Ans: B (Explanation: Present Indefinite Tense  ("pleases") -> " are pleased ". The verb "please" takes the preposition " with ". "We are pleased with him.") 22. Who will ______ by you? [Military Lands & Cantonments Dept 2020] A. have been helped B. is helped C. be helped D. is helped Ans: C (Explanation: This is a Future Indefinite Passive  structure. The auxiliary pattern is Will + be + V3 . "Who will be helped  by you?") 23. Which one is the passive form of the sentence 'Your behaviour pleased us'. [Health & Family Welfare 2019] A. We were pleased by your behaviour B. We were being pleased by your behaviour C. We were pleased with your behaviour D. We were pleases by your behaviour Ans: C (Explanation: Past Indefinite Tense . "Pleased" takes the preposition " with ". "We were pleased with your behaviour.") 24. What is the correct passive form of 'I saw him go to the garden'? [NSI 2019] A. He was seen go to the garden. B. He was seen to go to the garden. C. He was been seen to go to the garden. D. He went to the garden was seen. Ans: B (Explanation: When a bare infinitive ("go") follows a verb of perception ("saw") in the active voice, it becomes a to-infinitive ("to go")  in the passive voice.) 25. Which one is the passive form of 'I knew him'? [Foreign Ministry 2019] A. He is known with me. B. He was known by me. C. He was known to me. D. He was known with me. Ans: C (Explanation: Past Indefinite Tense . The verb "know" takes the preposition " to " in the passive voice, not "by". "He was known to me.") 26. 'He heard her sing'. The passive voice of the sentence is- [Primary Education Dept 2019] A. She was heard to sing by him. B. She was heard sing by him. C. She is heard to sing. D. She was heard to be sung. Ans: A (Explanation: Similar to Q24, the bare infinitive " sing " becomes the to-infinitive " to sing " in the passive voice.) 27. The passive structure of the sentence 'Never waste time' is- [Various Ministries 2019] A. Let not time be wasted B. You should not waste time C. Let not time be ever wasted D. Let not time never wasted Ans: C (Explanation: This is an Imperative with 'Never' . The structure is: Let not + Object + ever + be + V3 . "Let not time be ever wasted".) 28. Identify the correct passive form of 'He is going to open a shop.' [Health & Family Welfare 2019] A. He is being gone to open a shop. B. A shop is being gone opened by him. C. A shop will be opened by him. D. A shop is going to be opened by him. Ans: D (Explanation: This uses the "Going to" Future  structure. Passive: Object + is going to be + V3 . "A shop is going to be opened by him.") 29. Fill in the blank. The bell had already been- [Health & Family Welfare 2019] A. rang B. rings C. rung D. ring Ans: C (Explanation: In Perfect Passive tenses ("had been"), the main verb must be in the Past Participle (V3)  form. The V3 of "ring" is " rung ".) 30. The passive form of 'He is writing a letter' is- [Various Ministries 2019] A. A letter is written by him. B. A letter was written by him. C. A letter was being written by him. D. A letter is being written by him. Ans: D (Explanation: Present Continuous Tense . Structure: Object + is/am/are + being + V3 + by + Subject . "A letter is being written by him.") 31. Which one is the correct passive voice of 'Don't do it' [Information Ministry 2019] A. Let not it be done B. Let it be done not C. Let it be not done D. Let it not be done Ans: D (Explanation: Negative Imperative . When the object is a pronoun ("it"), the preferred structure is Let + Object + not + be + V3 . "Let it not be done".) 32. Identify the correct passive form of - 'Do not shut the door': [Primary Education Dept 2019] A. The door is not to be shut. B. The door may not be shut. C. Let not the door be shut. D. The door will not be shut Ans: C (Explanation: Negative Imperative . Structure: Let not + Object + be + V3 . "Let not the door be shut.") 33. Select the active structure: [Primary Education Dept 2019] A. The tree has been uprooted B. The door should be kept closed C. I have lost my watch. D. My suggestion was not accepted Ans: C (Explanation: Options A, B, and D use passive structures (be/been + V3). Option C uses the Present Perfect Active  form: Subject + have + V3 .) 34. Choose the passive structure - 'His comment surprised me'. [Information Ministry 2019] A. I was surprised by his comment B. I was surprised at his comment. C. I was surprised for this comment. D. I was surprised to his comment Ans: B (Explanation: The verb "surprise" takes the preposition " at " in the passive voice. "I was surprised at his comment.") 35. Identify the correct passive from: 'Tell him to get out of the office.' [Foreign Ministry 2016] A. He should be told to get out of the office. B. Let him be told to get out of the office. C. Let him be ordered to leave the office. D. He is told to get out of the office. Ans: B (Explanation: Imperative Sentence . Structure: Let + Object + be + V3 + (infinitive phrase) . "Let him be told to get out of the office.") 36. Identify the correct passive form: 'Let me write a letter.' [Primary Education Dept 2019] A. Let a letter be written by me. B. Let a letter is written by me. C. Let a letter to write by me. D. Let a letter write by me. Ans: A (Explanation: Imperative with 'Let' . Structure: Let + Direct Object + be + V3 + by + Indirect Object . "Let a letter be written by me.") 37. Find the correct passive voice of the sentence- 'Roses smell sweet' [Cultural Affairs Ministry 2019] A. Roses are sweet smelling which someone smells. B. Roses are sweet when smelt. C. Roses are sweet when we smell. D. Roses are smelling sweet. Ans: B (Explanation: This is a Quasi-Passive  verb. Structure: Subject + Verb (be) + Adjective + when + V3 . "Roses are sweet when smelt.") 38. The passive form of the sentence "You made him cook rice" is [LGRD 2019] A. He was made to cook rice. B. He was made cook rice. C. He is made to cook rice. D. He had made to cook rice. Ans: A (Explanation: Past Indefinite Causative . The bare infinitive "cook" in active voice becomes the to-infinitive "to cook"  in passive voice. "He was made to cook rice.") 39. The correct active form of the sentence 'Let it be done'. Is- [Department of Social Services 2019] A. Do it. B. Let me do it. C. I have done it. D. It is done by me. Ans: A (Explanation: "Let it be done" is the standard passive form of the simple imperative command " Do it ".) 40. The passive form of the sentence 'I have killed the bird' is - [Election Commission 2019] A. The bird have been killed by me. B. The bird has been being killed by me. C. The bird has killed by me. D. The bird has been killed by me. Ans: D (Explanation: Present Perfect Tense . Structure: Object + has/have been + V3 + by + Subject . "The bird has been killed by me.") 41. The correct passive of 'Medha was writing a letter' is-. [Primary Education Dept 2019] A. A letter was writing by Medha. B. A letter was being writing by Medha. C. A letter was being written by Medha. D. A letter was been written by Medha. Ans: C (Explanation: Past Continuous Tense . Structure: Object + was/were + being + V3 + by + Subject . "A letter was being written by Medha.") 42. Let him do the sum. The passive form of the sentence is: [NSI 2018] A. Let the sum be done by him. B. The sum done by him C. He finished the sum. D. It was he who done the sum. Ans: A (Explanation: Imperative with 'Let' . Structure: Let + Direct Object + be + V3 + by + Indirect Object . "Let the sum be done by him.") 43. The passive form of the sentence 'His sudden death shocked me' is: [Various Ministries 2018] A. I was shocked by his sudden death. B. I was shocked to his sudden death. C. I was shocked to know his sudden death. D. I was shocked at his sudden death Ans: D (Explanation: The verb " shock " takes the preposition " at " in the passive voice. "I was shocked at his sudden death.") 44. He helped me do it. The passive voice of the sentence is- [Information Ministry 2017] A. It was done by him to help me B. I was helped by him to do it C. It was helped me by him to do it D. I was helped by him do it Ans: B (Explanation: Past Indefinite . The bare infinitive "do" becomes " to do " in passive. "I was helped by him to do it.") 45. The passive form of 'They have won the battle' is- [Foreign Ministry 2017] A. The battle have won by them. B. The battle had been won by them. C. The battle was won by them. D. The battle has been won by them. Ans: D (Explanation: Present Perfect Tense . Since "battle" is singular, use " has been ". "The battle has been won by them.") 46. The correct passive form of the sentence 'We don't respect dishonest people' is [LGRD 2017] A. We are not respected by dishonest people B. Dishonest people are not of our liking C. Dishonest people are not respected by us D. Dishonest people are not like us. Ans: C (Explanation: Present Indefinite Negative . Structure: Object + are not + V3 + by + Subject . "Dishonest people are not respected by us.") 47. The passive form of the sentence 'He saw me do it' is- [LGRD 2017] A. I was seen do it by him B. I was seen to do it by him C. I was seen doing it by him D. I was seen to doing it by him Ans: B (Explanation: The bare infinitive " do " becomes the to-infinitive " to do " when the sentence is changed to passive. "I was seen to do it by him.") 48. 'Never tell a lie' The passive form of this sentence is- [LGRD 2017] A. Let never be told a lie B. Let not a lie never be told C. Let a lie never be told D. Let lie never be told Ans: C (Explanation: Imperative with 'Never' . Structure: Let + Object + never + be + V3 . "Let a lie never be told.") 49. He was helping me. The correct passive form is: [Ministry of Law 2017] A. I was helped by him B. I had been helped by him C. I have been helped by him D. I was being helped by him Ans: D (Explanation: Past Continuous Tense . Structure: Subject (I) + was + being + V3 (helped) + by + Agent . "I was being helped by him.") 50. 'Do you know him?' Passive form - [Foreign Ministry 2017] A. Is he known by you? B. Is he known to you? C. Does he known by you? D. Is he known with you? Ans: B (Explanation: Present Indefinite Interrogative . The verb "know" takes the preposition " to ". "Is he known to you?") 51. What is the passive form of 'Do it. [Information & Publication 2016] A. It is done by you B. Let it be done C. Let done it by you D. Let be it done (by you) Ans: B (Explanation: Imperative Sentence . Standard passive: Let + Object + be + V3 . "Let it be done.") 52. Computer - all over the world at the moment. [Department of Planning 2016] A. is using B. has used C. has been using D. is being used Ans: D (Explanation: The context implies a passive action currently happening ("at the moment"). Present Continuous Passive : " is being used ".) 53. The passive voice of 'Post the letter' is- [Department of Planning 2016] A. Let the letter be posted. B. Let the letter posted. C. Let the letter post. D. Let the letter be post. Ans: A (Explanation: Imperative Sentence . Let + Object + be + V3 . "Let the letter be posted.") 54. 'Shut the door' - Passive form ? [Department of Planning 2016] A. The door is no be shut B. The door may be shut C. Let the door be shut D. Let the door shut Ans: C (Explanation: Imperative Sentence . Let + Object + be + V3 . "Let the door be shut.") 55. 'A freedom fighter is always honoured by his country people.' The active form of the sentence- [Various Ministries 2016] A. People of a country honours their freedom fighters always. B. People of a country always honour their freedom fighters. C. His country people honour always their freedom fighters. D. People honour their freedom fighters. Ans: C (Explanation: Subject:  "His country people" (from the passive agent). Adverb:  "Always" is placed before the main verb. Verb:  "Honour" (Present Indefinite). "His country people always honour their freedom fighters.") 56. 'The work is done by Medha'- This is an exmaple of- [NSI 2016] A. active voice B. passive voice C. quasi-passive voice D. not any voice which are mentioned Ans: B (Explanation: The subject "The work" receives the action performed by the agent "Medha". The structure Be + V3 + by  indicates the Passive Voice .) 57. 'Rice sells cheap' is [Local Government Engineering Dept 2016] A. Passive voice B. Active voice C. Both D. None Ans: B (Explanation: This is a Quasi-Passive  verb used in an Active Form  (Subject + Verb). In a multiple-choice context asking for the "voice" classification based on structure, it is considered Active.) 58. The correct passive form of the sentence- Who can do it? [Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board Assistant Director 2025] A. By whom it can be done? B. What can be done by you? C. By whom can it be done? D. Whom can be done? Ans: C (Explanation: Who  -> By whom . Word Order:  In interrogative passive, the auxiliary/modal must come before  the subject. By whom + Modal (can) + Subject (it) + be + V3 (done)?  "By whom can it be done?")

Articles Article  (পদাশ্রিত নির্দেশক): যে শব্দগুলো Noun-এর পূর্বে বসে Noun-কে নির্দিষ্ট বা অনির্দিষ্টভাবে বোঝায়, তাদেরকে Article বলে। ইংরেজিতে A, An  এবং The -কে Article বলা হয়। আধুনিক গ্রামারে Article-কে Determiner -এর অংশ হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়, কারণ এগুলো Noun-কে determine বা নির্দেশ করে। Classification: Article দুই প্রকার: Indefinite Article:  A এবং An. (অনির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বোঝায়)। Ex:  He bought a  pen. Definite Article:  The. (নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বোঝায়)। Ex:   The  pen is red. Use of 'A' and 'An' Rule-01: Basic Vowel & Consonant Sound শব্দের শুরুতে Consonant  বা Consonant Sound থাকলে তার পূর্বে A  বসে। Ex:   A  boy, A  cat, A  horse. শব্দের শুরুতে Vowel  (a, e, i, o, u) বা Vowel Sound থাকলে তার পূর্বে An  বসে। Ex:   An  apple, An  egg, An  umbrella. Rule-02: Exception 'U' / 'Eu' / 'Ew' শব্দের শুরুতে Vowel (U, Eu, Ew) থাকা সত্ত্বেও যদি তার উচ্চারণ 'ইউ' (You) -এর মতো হয়, তবে তার পূর্বে An না বসে A  বসে। Ex:   A  university, A  union, A  European, A  unique idea, A  ewe. Contrast:   An  umbrella (এখানে U-এর উচ্চারণ 'আ'-এর মতো)। Ex:  He is ______ European. (A) an (B) a (C) the (D) no article Ans: (B) Rule-03: Exception 'O' শব্দের শুরুতে 'O' থাকলে সাধারণত An বসে, কিন্তু 'O'-এর উচ্চারণ যদি 'ওয়া' (Wa) -এর মতো হয়, তবে তার পূর্বে A  বসে। (মূলত One  যুক্ত শব্দে)। Ex:   A  one-taka note, A  one-eyed man. Contrast:   An  orange, An  open field. Ex:  I saw ______ one-eyed man. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (A) Rule-04: Silent 'H' শব্দের শুরুতে 'H' থাকলে এবং তার উচ্চারণ উহ্য (Silent)  থাকলে বা 'অ/আ'-এর মতো হলে তার পূর্বে An  বসে। কিন্তু 'H'-এর উচ্চারণ 'হ'-এর মতো হলে A  বসে। Ex:   An  hour, An  honest man, An  heir. Contrast:   A  horse, A  house, A  historian. Ex:  He is ______ honest man. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (B) Rule-05: Abbreviations Abbreviation (সংক্ষিপ্ত শব্দ)-এর প্রথম অক্ষর উচ্চারণের সময় যদি Vowel sound  আসে তবে An  বসে, আর যদি Consonant sound  আসে তবে A  বসে। Ex:   An  M.A. (M = এম = এ+ম -> Vowel sound) Ex:   An  M.P., An  MBBS, An  LLB. Ex:   A  B.A. (B = বি -> Consonant sound), A   B.Sc . Rule-06: Sense of 'One' or 'Any' সংখ্যাবাচক 'One' (এক)-এর পরিবর্তে A/An  ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  I have a  pen (one pen). অপরিচিত কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর নামের আগে A/An  বসে (অর্থ: জনৈক)। Ex:   A  Mr. Rahim came to see you. (জনৈক রহিম সাহেব) Rule-07: Per / Each 'প্রতি' (Per/Each) অর্থে A/An  বসে। Ex:  He earns 5000 taka a  month. Ex:  He drives at 60 miles an  hour. Use of 'The' (Definite Article) Rule-01: Specific Noun নির্দিষ্ট করে কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু (Singular বা Plural) বোঝালে তার পূর্বে The  বসে। Ex:   The  boy is reading. Ex:   The  birds are flying. Rule-02: Unique Things প্রকৃতিতে যা একটিই আছে (অদ্বিতীয়) তার নামের পূর্বে The  বসে। Ex:   The  sun, The  moon, The  earth, The  sky, The  equator. Rule-03: Geographic Names নদী, সাগর, মহাসাগর, উপসাগর:  The Padma, The Atlantic, The Bay of Bengal. পর্বতমালা (Ranges):  The Himalayas, The Alps. (কিন্তু একটি পর্বত বুঝালে Article বসে না, যেমন: Mt. Everest). দ্বীপপুঞ্জ (Groups of Islands):  The Andamans, The West Indies. (কিন্তু একটি দ্বীপ বুঝালে Article বসে না, যেমন: Java, Ceylon). মরুভূমি:  The Sahara. Rule-04: Books & Newspapers ধর্মগ্রন্থ ও মহাকাব্য:  The Quran, The Bible, The Iliad. সংবাদপত্র:  The Daily Star, The Prothom Alo. Rule-05: Nations & Races জাতি বা সম্প্রদায়ের নামের পূর্বে The  বসে (কিন্তু ভাষার নামের আগে বসে না)। Ex:   The  English (ইংরেজ জাতি), The  rich (ধনীরা), The  poor (গরিবরা), The  Muslims. Note:  The English speak English. (প্রথমটি জাতি, পরেরটি ভাষা)। Rule-06: Superlative Degree & Ordinal Numbers Superlative Degree:  He is the  best boy in the class. Ordinal Numbers:   The  first, the  second, the  10th. Rule-07: Double Comparative "যত... তত..." বোঝালে Comparative-এর আগে The  বসে। Ex:   The  sooner, the  better. Ex:   The  more you read, the  more you learn. Rule-08: Musical Instruments বাদ্যযন্ত্র বাজানো বোঝালে তার আগে The  বসে। Ex:  He plays the  piano. Rule-09: Descriptive Geographic Names যেসব দেশের নামের সাথে United, Union, Republic, Kingdom ইত্যাদি থাকে বা নাম Plural হয়, তাদের পূর্বে The  বসে। Ex:   The  USA, The  UK, The  Punjab, The  Netherlands. Contrast:  Bangladesh, India (No article). Rule-10: Singular Common Noun সমগ্র শ্রেণি বোঝাতে Singular Common Noun-এর পূর্বে The  বসে। Ex:   The  cow is a useful animal. (গরু জাতি) Ex:   The  rose is a beautiful flower. Omission of Articles (Zero Article) কোথায় Article বসে না: Proper Noun:  নির্দিষ্ট নাম (ব্যক্তি, শহর, দেশ)-এর আগে। Ex:  Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. (Not 'The Dhaka'). Material Noun & Abstract Noun:  সাধারণ অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হলে। Ex:  Gold is precious. (Not 'The Gold'). Ex:  Honesty is the best policy. Exception:  নির্দিষ্ট করে বোঝালে The বসে। The  gold of this ring is pure. Meals:  খাবারের সময়ের আগে (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner). Ex:  We have breakfast at 8 am. Language:  ভাষার নামের আগে। Ex:  He speaks Bengali. Games:  খেলাধুলার নামের আগে। Ex:  We play cricket. Relations:  মা, বাবা ইত্যাদি সম্বোধন বোঝালে। Ex:  Father is coming. School, College, Bed, Hospital, Prison, Mosque/Church:  যখন এগুলোতে মূল উদ্দেশ্যে যাওয়া হয় (ছাত্র স্কুলে, রোগী হাসপাতালে), তখন Article বসে না। Ex:  He goes to school  (to study). Ex:  He went to bed  (to sleep). Exception:  অন্য উদ্দেশ্যে গেলে The বসে। He went to the  school to meet the headmaster. Previous Years' Questions with Explanation 01. ______ English is an international language.  [DU-B: 15-16] (A) The (B) A (C) An (D) No article Ans: (D) Explanation:  ভাষার নামের আগে Article বসে না। 02. ______ honesty of Rahim is praiseworthy.  [RU-A: 12-13] (A) A (B) An (C) The (D) No article Ans: (C) Explanation:  Abstract Noun (Honesty) নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তির (Rahim) সাথে সম্পর্কিত হওয়ায় নির্দিষ্ট হয়ে গেছে, তাই The বসবে। 03. He is ______ MBBS.  [32nd BCS] (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (B) Explanation:  Abbreviation M-এর উচ্চারণ 'এ' (Vowel sound) দিয়ে শুরু হয়। 04. ______ Meghna is a big river. (A) A (B) An (C) The (D) No article Ans: (C) Explanation:  নদীর নামের আগে The বসে। 05. ______ earth moves round the sun. (A) A (B) An (C) The (D) No article Ans: (C) Explanation:  অদ্বিতীয় বস্তু (Earth)-এর আগে The বসে। 06. Neil Armstrong was ______ first man to walk on the moon.  [DU-D: 10-11] (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (C) Explanation:  Ordinal number (first)-এর আগে The বসে। 07. I saw ______ one-eyed man. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (A) Explanation:  'O' এর উচ্চারণ 'Wa' (ওয়া) হলে A বসে। TEST 01. He is ______ university student. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (A)  (U-এর উচ্চারণ 'You'-এর মতো)। 02. ______ Quran is a holy book. (A) A (B) An (C) The (D) No article Ans: (C)  (ধর্মগ্রন্থ)। 03. Iron is ______ useful metal. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (A)  (U-এর উচ্চারণ 'You'-এর মতো)। 04. ______ rich are not always happy. (A) A (B) An (C) The (D) No article Ans: (C)  (জাতি বা শ্রেণি বোঝাচ্ছে)। 05. The cow lives on ______ grass. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (D)  (Material noun সাধারণ অর্থে)। 06. He reads ______ Daily Star. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (C)  (পত্রিকার নাম)। 07. ______ more you read, the more you learn. (A) A (B) An (C) The (D) No article Ans: (C)  (Double comparative)। 08. He joined ______ Army. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (C)  (পেশা বা বাহিনী নির্দিষ্ট করতে The বসে)। 09. Mt. Everest is the highest peak in ______ Himalayas. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (C)  (পর্বতমালা)। Note: Mt. Everest-এর আগে 'The' বসে না। 10. I have ______ headache. (A) a (B) an (C) the (D) no article Ans: (A)  (শারীরিক অসুস্থতা বা pain-এর ক্ষেত্রে 'have a' বসে। Exception: Toothache, stomachache-এ সাধারণত article বসে না, তবে headache-এ 'a' বসে)। Exercise-1 1. – Andamans are in – Indian ocean. Fill in the blanks with- [CU E 10-11] A. the, the B. the, a C. the, an D. a, the E. a, a Ans: A 2. I read – Prothom Alo, which is – very popular newspaper in our country. [SUST 07-08] A. the, the B. the, a C. the, an D. a, an Ans: B 3. I lived in – Netherlands for two years. [JnU (C-AE) 06-07] A. the B. a C. an D. no article Ans: A 4. Which one is incorrect? [JU (ইতিহাস) 09-10] A. The Bay of Bengal B. The Indian Ocean C. An Alps D. The Himalayas Ans: C 5. Choose the correct sentence. [RU 07-08, পরিবার পরিকল্পনা সহকারী/ পরিদর্শক এবং পরিবার কল্যাণ সহকারী-১১] A. Padma is a big river. B. A Padma is a big river. C. The Padma is a big river. D. The Padma is big river. Ans: C 6. Which one is correct? [প্রাক-প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (সুরমা)-১৩] A. The Lake Chilka is in Orissa. B. The Lake Chilka is in the Orissa. C. Lake Chilka is in Orissa. D. Lake Chilka is in the Orissa. Ans: C 7. – father in him arose to see – child. [পল্লী বিদ্যুতায়ন বোর্ডের সহকারী পরিচালক (প্রশাসন)-১৩] A. A, the B. The, the C. The, a D. A, a Ans: B 8. At the scence, — mother arose in her. [১৬তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৯]   Check – beast in you. (তোমার পশুত্বকে দমন কর) [১২তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৫, IU (B) 17-18]   – mother rose in her. (তার ভেতরে মাতৃত্ব জেগে উঠল) [১২তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৫, ১৪তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৭]   Seeing the baby – mother rose in her. (বাচ্চাটিকে দেখে তার ভেতরে মাতৃত্ব জেগে উঠল) [COU B 09-10] A. a B. an C. the D. no article Ans: C 9. Louis – fourteen was – benevolent king. [খাদ্য পরিদর্শক-৯৬, ০০, RU 09-10] A. the, a B. the, the C. the, no article D. both a + b Ans: A 10. I will meet – man also who came here yesterday. [HSTU (B) 13-14]   – apple you ate was rotten. (তুমি যে আপেল খেয়েছিলে তা পচা ছিল) [IU (C) 13-14]   – beef we had dinner last night was excellent. (গত রাতের খাওয়া গরুর মাংস ---) [NU 06-07]   – lunch my mother served was excellent. [CU 02-03] A. The B. A C. An D. No article Ans: A 11. This book is – one I was looking for. (আমি এমন একটি বই-ই খুঁজছিলাম) [DU (A) 06-07, 08-09] A. a B. an C. the D. no article Ans: C 12. – big book on – table is for my history class. [NU মানবিক 12-13, প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয় উপ-সহ.পরিচালক-১৬] A. a---a B. The ---a C. The----- the D. A----- the Ans: C 13. I want to buy – piano, but I can’t play – piano. [COU (B) 15-16] A. the, the B. a, the C. a, a D. a ,an Ans: B 14. He is playing — piano. (সে পিয়ানো বাজাচ্ছে) [JKKNIU (ঘ) 16-17]   I can play – flute. [DU (A) 09-10, COU (B) 16-17]   I can’t play – piano. [NSTU (C) 13-14] A. an B. the C. a D. no article needed Ans: B 15. – AIDS virus infection is incurable. (এইডস ভাইরাসের সংক্রমণ অনারোগ্য) [DU (A) 07-08] A. an B. a C. the D. no article Ans: D 16. No article is used/needed before – [পরিবার পরিকল্পনা অধিদপ্তর নিয়োগ-১৪, ১৪তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৭] A. an adjective B. a pronoun C. a noun D. an adverb Ans: B 17. No article is used before --- [RU (রাষ্ট্রবিজ্ঞান, লোকপ্রশাসন) 08-09, IU (H) 13-14] A. common noun B. collective noun C. material noun D. noun of multitude Ans: C 18. – water of this lake is pure. (এই জলাশয়ের পানি বিশুদ্ধ) [১৬তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৯]   – water of this pond is clear. Use article [১০ম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৪] A. the B. a C. no article D. an Ans: A 19. – salt tastes salty, and – pepper (গোল মরিচের গুড়া) tastes hot. [CU (B2) 12-13, RU (E) 18-19] A. A, a B. no article C. The, the D. The, a Ans: B 20. I paid - one taka note for - old paper. [অফিস সহকারী কাম কম্পিউটার অপারেটর (পরিবার পরিকল্পনা অধিদপ্তর)-১১] A. no article, the B. a, the C. a, no article D. the, a Ans: C 21. — honesty of Rahim is enviable. (রহিমের সততা ঈর্ষণীয়) [১২তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৫] A. the B. a C. an D. no article Ans: A 22. My neighbour is – photographer; let’s ask him for – advice about colour films. [BRUR (A) 12-13] A. a, no article B. the, an C. no article, an D. a, the Ans: A 23. I can’t forget – kindness with which he treated me. [JnU (C) 06-07, IU (D) 11-12] A. no article B. a C. an D. the Ans: D 24. – Agriculture is – important activity in Bangladesh. [DU (A) 07-08] A. no article, the B. no article, an C. An, an D. The, an Ans: B 25. It is a pleasure to do – business with such – efficient organization. [BRUR (E) 11-12] A. no article, an B. a, the C. no article, the D. a,an Ans: A 26. The child likes – yellow of an egg. (বাচ্চাটি ডিমের কুসুম পছন্দ করে) [IU (C) 13-14] A. a B. an C. the D. none Ans: C 27. I have read – Rabindranath. (আমি রবীন্দ্রনাথের লেখা পড়েছি) [JU (E-3) 13-14]   I have read – Shakespeare. (আমি শেক্সপিয়রের লেখা পড়েছি) [RU (ভাষা) 09-10, JU (E-3) 13-14] A. the B. a C. an D. no article Ans: D 28. She reads – Nazrul’s Agnibina./Rina reads – Homer’s Iliad. [JU (E-3) 13-14] A. the B. a C. an D. None Ans: D 29. – telephone has had – enormous impact on how we communicate. [JnU (D) 06-07] A. a, a B. None, an C. the, an D. a, an Ans: C 30. ‘We have – breakfast at 7 A.M.’ Fill in the blank. [পরিবার পরিকল্পনা সহকারী/পরিদর্শক-১৮] A. a B. an C. the D. no article Ans: D 31. What did you eat for – breakfast this morning ? [JnU (C) 12-13] A. the B. a C. a or the D. None Ans: D 32. His fame is on – wane. (তার খ্যাতি কমে যাচ্ছে) [JU (E-3) 13-14] A. a B. an C. the D. none Ans: C 33. He is in – wrong. (সে ভুল বা অন্যায় করেছে) [RU (মার্কেটিং) 05-06, BRUR (F) 17-18] A. the B. a C. an D. this Ans: A 34. Always speak – truth and never tell – lie. [RU (হিসাববিজ্ঞান) 05-06] A. the, the B. a, the C. the, an D. the, a Ans: D 35. At last the beast in him got – upper hand. (অবশেষে তার পশুত্ব তার উপর প্রাধান্য লাভ করলো) [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক (মেঘনা)-০৮, সহকারী পরিবার পরিকল্পনা অফিসার-১৬, সরকারী মাধ্যমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১৯] A. a B. an C. the D. no article Ans: C 36. He took — bull by — horns. (সে সাহসের সাথে বিপদের মোকাবেলা করলো) [DU (D) 08-09] A. a, the B. the, an C. the, the D. no article, the Ans: C 37. I am not in – know of the things. (আমি বিষয়গুলোর ব্যাপারে কিছু জানি না) [মাধ্যমিক প্রধান শিক্ষক-০৩] A. a B. an C. one D. the Ans: D 38. We called him – fool. (আমরা তাকে বোকা বললাম) [NU 03-04] A. an B. a C. the D. no article Ans: B 39. Mr. Sen became – Principal of the college. [IU (খ) 05-06] A. an B. a C. no article D. the Ans: C 40. Rahim went to – hospital as a patient. [১০ম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৪] A. the B. a C. an D. no article Ans: D 41. He went to – hospital because he had – heart attack. [জনস্বাস্থ্য প্রকৌশল অধিদপ্তরের ক্যাশিয়ার-১১] A. no article, an B. a, an C. the, no article D. no article, a Ans: D 42. Everyday – begins at 9 O’clock and ends at 3 O’clock. [39th BCS] A. college B. a college C. the college D. colleges Ans: D 43. I met Lisa who is a doctor in – hospital. [BRUR (F) 12-13] A. a B. the C. an D. no article Ans: A 44. Vegetables are delivered to – prison twice a week. [JKKNIU (AL) 18-19] A. the B. no article C. a D. a + b Ans: A 45. Mina’s mother has gone to – school to see her. [BRUR (A) 16-17] A. a B. an C. the D. no article Ans: C 46. — physicist, Gabriel Fahrenheit, invented the mercury thermometer. (পদার্থবিদ গ্যাব্রিয়েল ফারেনহাইট মার্কারি থার্মোমিটার উদ্ভাবন করেছিলেন) [সোনালী ব্যাংক (সিনিয়র অফিসার)-১৪, DU (D) 11-12] A. There is B. It is C. The D. It is the Ans: C 47. ‘No horizon’ was directed by — Steve Calan, only two years before his death. [BSMRSTU (F) 15-16] A. late B. the late C. a late D. of late Ans: B 48. Do you prefer – town or – country? (তুমি শহর না গ্রাম বেশি পছন্দ কর?) [IU 06-07] A. the, the B. a, a C. an, an D. none Ans: A 49. Draw – picture of – owl. (পেঁচার ছবি আঁক) [RU 07-08] A. the, a B. an, the C. an, a D. a, an অথবা the, an Ans: D 50. I heard – knock on – door. (আমি দরজায় কড়া নাড়ার শব্দ শুনলাম) [MBSTU (D) 07-08, 11-12] A. a, an B. a, the C. the, an D. no article, the Ans: B Exercise-2 1. Do you know the name of – artist who painted this portrait? [DU (B) 16-17] A. a B. no article C. an D. the Ans: D 2. He left – room in – fit of anger. (সে রাগের বশে রুম থেকে বেরিয়ে গেল) [JU (লোকপ্রশাসন) 09-10] A. no article, the B. the, no article C. the, a D. the, an Ans: C 3. — Miles is a popular band in Bangladesh. [RU (K) 17-18] A. a B. an C. the D. no article Ans: D 4. Put – ‘h’ here. [NSTU (C) 16-17] A. a B. an C. the D. no article Ans: B 5. A moonlit night is – remarkable occasion for a beauty seeker. [MBSTU (D) 13-14] A. the B. an C. a D. in Ans: C 6. — man is — best creature. (মানুষ সর্বশ্রেষ্ঠ সৃষ্টি/প্রাণী) [MBSTU (D) 16-17] A. A, an B. A, the C. The, the D. no article, the Ans: D 7. — love is such — beautiful thing. [DU (B) 17-18] A. no article, a B. a, no article C. the, a D. a, the Ans: A 8. Outside the bright primary rainbow, — much fainter secondary rainbow may be visible. [DU (A) 17-18] A. so B. still C. a D. as Ans: C 9. Venus is a beautiful planet, perhaps — most beautiful of all planets. [JnU (B) 17-18] A. a B. the C. an D. no article needed Ans: B 10. Suman has — terrible headache. (সুমনের ভীষণ মাথা ধরেছে) [JnU (B) 17-18] A. a B. the C. an D. no article needed Ans: A 11. Are you going away next week? ‘No — week after next. [JKKNIU (ক) 16-17] A. the B. a C. an D. no article Ans: A 12. Someone, please call — policeman to catch the thief. [KU (BBA) 16-17] A. a B. an C. the D. no article Ans: A 13. — returned the library books in time. [CU (B1) 15-16] A. Most of boys B. Most of the boys C. The many of the boys D. The most boys Ans: B 14. I would like to have — piano. [BRUR (A) 15-16] A. the B. no article C. an D. a Ans: D 15. Which one is correct? (সে কেমন লোক?) [CU (J) 16-17] A. What kind of a man is he? B. What kind of man is he? C. What kind of man he is? D. What a kind of man he is? Ans: B 16. He began – successful career in London as – actor, writer, and part owner of – playing company. [NSTU (C) 15-16] A. a, an, the B. the, an, an C. a, an, a D. a, a, an Ans: C 17. We must do more to protect – environment. [NSTU (B) 11-12]   We must fight for the liberty of – press. [JKKNIU (ক) 15-16, BRUR (F) 15-16] A. a B. the C. an D. no article Ans: B 18. I am learning – English. (আমি ইংরেজি শিখছি) [NSTU (C) 15-16]   It’s late. Let’s go – home. (দেরি হয়ে গেছে । চল বাড়ি যাই) [NSTU (B) 11-12]   Do you ever have your breakfast in – bed? [BRUR (B) 12-13] A. a B. an C. the D. no article Ans: D 19. He went on – expensive holiday to – Bahamas. [MBSTU (D) 14-15] A. the, the B. an, a C. an, the D. a, an Ans: C 20. It is – pleasure to do business with such an efficient organization. [JKKNIU (ক) 15-16]   Last summer we went on – cruise in the Sundarbans. [KU (BBA) 15-16] A. a B. the C. an D. none Ans: A 21. As – nation Bangladeshis are — religious-minded but not zealots. [JKKNIU (ক) 15-16] A. a, no article B. a, the C. the, a D. the, no article Ans: A 22. Their car goes 150 miles – hour. (তাদের গাড়িটি প্রতি ঘন্টায় ১৫০ মাইল যায়) [BU (গ) 15-16] A. the B. an C. a D. no article Ans: B 23. Last year we went on – cruise (আনন্দভ্রমণ) in the Caribbean. Among – Islands we visited Bermuda and the Bahamas. [JnU (গ) 14-15] A. an, the B. a, the C. the, an D. the, the Ans: B 24. It was a beautiful day. There wasn’t – cloud in the sky. [JKKNIU (B) 18-19] A. a B. an C. the D. No article Ans: A 25. Kazi Nazrul is – Shelley of Bangladesh. [COU B 14-15] A. the B. a C. an D. no article Ans: A 26. I think – man is very unfriendly. [JKKNIU (ক) 14-15] A. the B. a C. an D. no article Ans: A 27. Dairy farming is – leading agricultural activity in Australia. [JU (B1) 13-14] A. then B. at C. a D. none Ans: C 28. Find out the correct sentence. [BSMRSTU (ঘ) 11-12] A. A flower is gift of nature B. Flowers are a gift of nature C. A flower is a gift of nature D. The flower is a gift of nature Ans: D 29. Choose the incorrect sentence. [JKKNIU (ক) 15-16, 16-17] A. His father is an LMF B. Nazrul is the Shelly of Bangladesh C. The man speaks English like the English D. Who is more beautiful of the two girls? Ans: D 30. Do you have – dictionary? I don’t have one, and I need to look up – word. [JUST (B) 15-16] A. a, an B. an, the C. a, a D. the, the Ans: C 31. I like — blue T-shirt over there better than — red one. [CU (I) 16-17]   She dropped — can into — grass. (সে ঘাসের মধ্যে ক্যানটি ফেলে দিল) [NSTU (B) 11-12]   He is – best player in – team. (সে দলের সেরা খেলোয়াড়) [NSTU (C) 12-13] A. a, an B. an, the C. the, a D. the, the Ans: D 32. – little learning is – dangerous thing. (অল্পবিদ্যা ভয়ঙ্করী) [NU (বিজ্ঞান) 13-14] A. the, a B. a, a C. no article, a D. a, no article Ans: B 33. ‘– burnt child dreads – fire.’ (আগুনে পোড়া শিশু আগুনকে ভয় করে = ঘরপোড়া গরু সিদুরে মেঘ দেখলে ডরায়) [BRUR BBA 13-14] A. The, the B. A, a C. A, the D. none Ans: C 34. – Mahabharat is – greatest epic in the world literature. [JKKNIU (AL) 18-19] A. no article, the B. the, the C. the, no article D. no article, no article Ans: B 35. Do you sell bananas by – kilo? (তুমি কি কেজি হিসেবে কলা বিক্রি কর?) [COU (B) 18-19] A. No article B. the C. a D. an Ans: B

RIGHT FORM OF VERBS Part 1: Primary Discussion Right Form of Verbs  হলো ইংরেজি গ্রামারের অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অধ্যায়। একটি বাক্যের শুদ্ধতা (Correctness) মূলত Verb-এর সঠিক রূপের ওপর নির্ভর করে। বাক্যের Subject, Tense, Voice, Mood এবং Context অনুযায়ী Verb-এর যে সঠিক রূপ (Base form, s/es, ing, V2, V3) বসাতে হয়, তাকেই Right Form of Verbs বলে। Verb-এর রূপ পরিবর্তনের মূল ভিত্তি: Subject-Verb Agreement:  Subject-এর Number ও Person অনুযায়ী। Tense Markers:  বাক্যে উল্লেখিত সময় নির্দেশক শব্দ (e.g., yesterday, now, daily) অনুযায়ী। Voice:  Active (নিজে কাজ করলে) নাকি Passive (অন্যের দ্বারা হলে) তার ওপর ভিত্তি করে। Structure:  Simple, Complex, Compound বাক্যের গঠন অনুযায়ী। Part 2: Detailed Rules with Examples Rule 01: Present Indefinite Indicators বাক্যে যদি always, daily, regularly, generally, usually, occasionally, normally, often, sometimes, everyday  ইত্যাদি থাকে এবং সময়ের অন্য কোনো উল্লেখ না থাকে, তবে Present Indefinite Tense  হয়। Incorrect:  He is always coming late. Correct:  He always comes  late. Ex:  A good boy prepares  his lessons regularly. Rule 02: Universal Truth & Habitual Fact বাক্যটি দ্বারা যদি চিরন্তন সত্য  (Universal Truth), অভ্যাসগত কর্ম  (Habitual Fact) বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য  বোঝায়, তবে সর্বদা Present Indefinite Tense  হয়। Ex:  The earth moves  round the sun. Ex:  Ice floats  on water. Ex:  He walks  in the fresh air every morning. Rule 03: Present Continuous Indicators বাক্যে now, at this moment, at present, day by day, rapidly, increasingly  ইত্যাদি থাকলে Present Continuous Tense  হয়। Ex:  She is singing  a song now. Ex:  The price of daily commodities is increasing  day by day. Rule 04: Present Perfect Indicators বাক্যে just, just now, already, yet, ever, lately, recently  ইত্যাদি থাকলে Present Perfect Tense  হয়। Ex:  I have  just received  your letter. Ex:  Have you ever been  to the zoo? Ex:  He has not gone  yet. Rule 05: Past Indefinite Indicators বাক্যে অতীত নির্দেশক শব্দ যেমন yesterday, ago, long ago, long since, last night, last week, last month, last year, once, once upon a time, in 1990 (past year)  ইত্যাদি থাকলে Past Indefinite Tense  হয়। Ex:  He came  home yesterday. Ex:  I met  him long ago. Ex:  Father returned  last night. Rule 06: Modals & Semi-Modals Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to, had better, would rather  ইত্যাদির পর সর্বদা মূল Verb-এর Base Form (V1)  বসে। Ex:  You must do  the work. Ex:  It may rain  today. Ex:  You had better go  home. (বরং ভালো) Rule 07: Preposition + Verb+ing To  ব্যতীত সকল Preposition (in, on, of, for, from, by, with, without, before, after, at) এর পরে Verb থাকলে তার সাথে ing  যুক্ত হয়। Ex:  He is fond of reading  novels. Ex:  By working  hard, you can shine in life. Ex:  I thought of going  there. Rule 08: Exception to 'To' (Phrase + ing) সাধারণত 'To' এর পর V1 বসে, কিন্তু নিচের Phrase গুলোর পর 'To' থাকলেও Verb-এর সাথে ing  যুক্ত হয়: Look forward to  (প্রত্যাশা করা) With a view to  (উদ্দেশ্যে) Get used to / Be used to  (অভ্যস্ত হওয়া) Addicted to  (আসক্ত) Object to  (আপত্তি করা) Confess to  (স্বীকার করা) Prefer to  (অধিক পছন্দ করা) Devoted to  (উৎসর্গ করা) Ex:  I look forward to hearing  from you. Ex:  He went to the library with a view to reading  a book. Rule 09: Passive Voice Indicators Subject যদি কাজটি নিজে না করে অন্যের দ্বারা সম্পন্ন হয় (Doer subject না থাকে), তবে Verb টি Passive Voice  হবে। Structure:  Auxiliary Verb + V3 (Past Participle). Ex:  English is spoken  all over the world. (People speak English) Ex:  The chair was broken  yesterday. Ex:  The criminal was arrested . Rule 10: It is time / It is high time বাক্যে It is time  বা It is high time  (এটাই উপযুক্ত সময়) থাকলে: (i) যদি Subject থাকে, তবে Verb-এর Past Form (V2)  হয়। Ex:  It is high time we changed  our bad habits. (ii) যদি Subject না থাকে, তবে To + V1  হয়। Ex:  It is time to start  the work. Rule 11: As if / As though / Wish As if / As though:  প্রথম অংশ Present Tense হলে পরের অংশ Past Indefinite হয়। প্রথম অংশ Past Tense হলে পরের অংশ Past Perfect হয়। (Be verb হলে সর্বদা 'were' বসে)। Ex:  He speaks as if he knew  everything. Ex:  He spoke as if he had known  everything. Ex:  He talks as if he were  a madman. Wish:  অবাস্তব ইচ্ছা বোঝালে 'were' বসে। Ex:  I wish I were  a bird. Rule 12: Conditionals (If-Clause) 1st Conditional:  If + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite . Ex:  If you come, I will go . 2nd Conditional:  If + Past Indefinite + Subject + would/could/might + V1 . Ex:  If you came, I would go . 3rd Conditional:  If + Past Perfect + Subject + would have/could have + V3 . Ex:  If I had seen him, I would have told  him. Note:   Had + Sub + V3  দিয়েও 3rd Conditional হতে পারে। Ex:   Had  I been  a king, I would have helped  the poor. Rule 13: Since Rules Rule A:  Present Indefinite/Perfect + Since  + Past Indefinite. Ex:  It is many years since we met . Rule B:  Past Indefinite + Since  + Past Perfect. Ex:  It was long since I had seen  her. Rule 14: Causative Verbs (Make, Let, Help, Get, Have) Make/Let/Help:  ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু যাই থাকুক, এরপর V1 (Base form)  বসে। Ex:  He made me do  it. / Let me go . Get:  ব্যক্তি থাকলে to + V1 , বস্তু থাকলে V3 । Ex:  I got him to wash  the car. / I got the car washed . Have:  ব্যক্তি থাকলে V1 , বস্তু থাকলে V3 । Ex:  I had him wash  the car. / I had the car washed . Rule 15: Special Words taking V+ing নিচের শব্দগুলোর পর সরাসরি verb আসলে ing  যুক্ত হয়: List:  Mind, worth, without, past, cannot help, could not help, would you mind, keep, finish, enjoy, suggest, avoid. Ex:  Would you mind having  a cup of tea? Ex:  I cannot help laughing . Ex:  This book is worth reading . Rule 16: While While  এর ঠিক পরেই verb থাকলে ing  যুক্ত হয়। Ex:  While walking  in the garden, a snake bit him. While  এর পর Subject থাকলে Past Continuous Tense  হয়। Ex:  While he was walking  in the garden, a snake bit him. Rule 17: Lest পাছে ভয় হয় যে (Negative sense). Lest যুক্ত বাক্যে Subject এর পর should  বা might  বসে। Ex:  Run fast lest you should miss  the train. Rule 18: Sequence of Tense (Past) Principal Clause টি Past Tense হলে Subordinate Clause টিও সাধারণত Past Tense হয়। Ex:  He said that he went  (not go) to school. Ex:  I knew that he would  (not will) come. Part 3: Previous Years' Questions with Explanation DU Questions 01. Choose the correct verb form: One of my friends ______ a lawyer. [DU-B: 18-19] (A) are (B) is (C) were (D) have Ans: (B) Explanation:  'One of' + Plural Noun থাকলে Verb সর্বদা Singular হয়। 02. The baby ______ because it is hungry now. [DU-A: 12-13] (A) cries (B) is crying (C) cried (D) crying Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Now' থাকায় বাক্যটি Present Continuous Tense হবে। 03. He went to the library with a view to ______ a book. [DU-D: 13-14] (A) read (B) reading (C) reads (D) to read Ans: (B) Explanation:  'With a view to' একটি phrase যার পর verb-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়। 04. I ______ him recently. [RU-C: 15-16] (A) saw (B) have seen (C) see (D) had seen Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Recently' থাকলে Present Perfect Tense হয়। BCS & Other Competitive Exams 01. If I were you, I ______ the offer. [36th BCS] (A) will accept (B) would accept (C) accepted (D) would have accepted Ans: (B) Explanation:  If + Past Indefinite (were) -> Subject + would + V1 (2nd Conditional). 02. I look forward to ______ you. [35th BCS] (A) receive (B) receiving (C) reception (D) received Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Look forward to' এর পর verb+ing বসে। 03. It is high time we ______ the place. [JU-B: 11-12] (A) leave (B) left (C) have left (D) will leave Ans: (B) Explanation:  It is high time + subject থাকলে verb-এর Past form হয়। 04. The police ______ looking into the case. (A) is (B) are (C) was (D) has Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Police' শব্দটি দেখতে singular মনে হলেও এটি plural noun, তাই verb plural (are) হবে। Part 4: SELF TEST (Master Exercise) 01. Slow and steady ______ the race. (A) win (B) wins (C) won (D) winning Ans: (B)  (Subject singular idea নির্দেশ করে)। 02. Fifty miles ______ a long way. (A) are (B) is (C) be (D) were Ans: (B)  (দূরত্ব, সময়, অর্থের পরিমাণ singular হয়)। 03. No sooner had he seen the police ______ he ran away. (A) when (B) then (C) than (D) before Ans: (C)  (No sooner ... than). 04. I saw the bird ______ in the sky. (A) fly (B) flew (C) flying (D) flown Ans: (C)  (See verb এর পর object থাকলে verb+ing)। 05. I don't mind ______ a cup of coffee. (A) have (B) having (C) to have (D) had Ans: (B)  (Mind এর পর verb+ing)। 06. If I had known his mobile number, I ______ him. (A) would call (B) called (C) would have called (D) will call Ans: (C)  (3rd Conditional: Had known -> would have called). 07. Read diligently lest you ______ fail. (A) will (B) can (C) should (D) must Ans: (C)  (Lest ... should). 08. The principal desired the notice to be ______ . (A) hang (B) hung (C) hanged (D) hanging Ans: (B)  (Passive infinitive: to be + V3. নোটিশ ঝোলানো অর্থে hung, মানুষ ফাঁসি দেওয়া অর্থে hanged)। 09. While ______ along the road, a bus hit him. (A) walk (B) walked (C) walking (D) was walking Ans: (C)  (While + V-ing)। 10. Three-fourths of the work ______ finished. (A) are (B) is (C) were (D) have Ans: (B)  (Work uncountable, তাই singular)। 11. It is many years since I ______ you last. (A) meet (B) met (C) have met (D) had met Ans: (B)  (Present + Since + Past Indefinite)। 12. All the furniture ______ sold yesterday. (A) was (B) were (C) is (D) are Ans: (A)  (Furniture uncountable singular noun, এবং yesterday থাকায় was)। 13. Every boy and every girl ______ a pen. (A) has (B) have (C) is (D) are Ans: (A)  (Every থাকলে verb singular হয়)। 14. He talks as if he ______ the CEO. (A) is (B) was (C) were (D) has been Ans: (C)  (As if + unreal past -> were)। 15. By 2025, I ______ my degree. (A) will take (B) will be taking (C) will have taken (D) took Ans: (C)  (ভবিষ্যতে নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের মধ্যে কাজ শেষ হওয়া বোঝালে Future Perfect Tense হয়)।

SEQUENCE OF TENSES Primary Discussion Sequence of Tense  (কাল এর ধারাবাহিকতা) বলতে Principal Clause-এর Tense অনুযায়ী Subordinate Clause-এর Tense পরিবর্তনের নিয়মকে বোঝায়। একটি Complex Sentence-এ Principal Clause-এর verb যে Tense-এ থাকে, তার ওপর ভিত্তি করে Subordinate Clause-এর verb নির্ধারিত হয়। General Principle: Principal Clause-টি যদি Present  বা Future Tense  হয়, তবে Subordinate Clause-টি যে কোনো Tense হতে পারে (অর্থ অনুযায়ী)। Principal Clause-টি যদি Past Tense  হয়, তবে Subordinate Clause-টি অবশ্যই Past Tense  হবে। Important Rules with Examples Rule-01: Principal Clause in Present/Future Tense যদি Principal Clause-এর verb Present  বা Future Tense -এ থাকে, তবে Subordinate Clause-এর verb অর্থ অনুযায়ী যে কোনো Tense  হতে পারে। Ex:  He says  that he is  ill. (Present) Ex:  He says  that he was  ill. (Past) Ex:  He will say  that he writes  a letter. Rule-02: Principal Clause in Past Tense যদি Principal Clause-এর verb Past Tense -এ থাকে, তবে Subordinate Clause-এর verb-ও Past Tense -এ পরিবর্তিত হবে। Ex (Incorrect):  He said  that he is  busy. Ex (Correct):  He said  that he was  busy. Ex (Incorrect):  I knew  that he will  come. Ex (Correct):  I knew  that he would  come. (Will -> Would) Rule-03: Exception (Universal Truth) Principal Clause-টি Past Tense  হওয়া সত্ত্বেও যদি Subordinate Clause দ্বারা চিরন্তন সত্য  (Universal Truth) বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম  (Habitual Fact) বোঝায়, তবে Subordinate Clause-টি Present Indefinite Tense -ই থাকে। Ex:  The teacher said  that the earth moves  round the sun. (Not 'moved') Ex:  He said  that honesty is  the best policy. Rule-04: As if / As though / Wish Present Tense  + as if/as though + Past Indefinite . Past Tense  + as if/as though + Past Perfect . Ex:  He talks  as if he knew  everything. Ex:  He talked  as if he had known  everything. Ex:  I wish  I were  a king. (Unreal past) Rule-05: It is high time / It is time বাক্যে It is time  বা It is high time  থাকলে এবং এরপর Subject থাকলে পরবর্তী verb-টি Past Indefinite  হয়। Ex:  It is high time we changed  our bad habits. Rule-06: Lest Subordinate Clause-টি যদি Lest  দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তবে Subject-এর পরে should  বা might  বসে। Ex:  He ran fast lest  he should  miss the train. Rule-07: Since Present Indefinite/Perfect  + Since + Past Indefinite . Past Indefinite  + Since + Past Perfect . Ex:  It is  many years since we met . Ex:  It was  long since I had seen  her. Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. Jerry said that he ______ for the axe.  [DU-B: 15-16] (A) will pay (B) paid (C) would pay (D) can pay Ans: (C) Explanation:  Principal clause (Jerry said) Past tense, তাই Subordinate clause-এ will পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হয়েছে। 02. It was long since I ______ her last.  [DU-B: 09-10] (A) had seen (B) have seen (C) saw (D) see Ans: (A) Explanation:  Since-এর প্রথম অংশ Past Indefinite হলে পরের অংশ Past Perfect হয়। 03. He talks as if he ______ everything.  [DU-D: 10-11] (A) has known (B) had known (C) known (D) knew Ans: (D) Explanation:  প্রথম অংশ Present Tense (talks), তাই পরের অংশ Past Indefinite (knew). BCS & Other Exams 01. He said that he ______ be unable to come.  [29th BCS] (A) will (B) shall (C) should (D) would Ans: (D) Explanation:  Reporting verb 'said' Past Tense, তাই Future indicater 'will' -> 'would' হবে। 02. Tell me who ______ you.  [30th BCS] (A) tell (B) tells (C) told (D) telling Ans: (C) Explanation:  Principal clause 'Tell me' (Present Imperative), তাই Subordinate clause context অনুযায়ী Past হতে পারে। তবে এখানে নির্দিষ্ট কোনো নিয়ম নেই, অর্থের ভিত্তিতে 'told' সঠিক। 03. "The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun." This sentence is correct because— (A) The earth moves is a past event. (B) It is a universal truth. (C) The principal clause is in present tense. (D) None. Ans: (B) 04. I wish I ______ a bird. (A) am (B) was (C) were (D) be Ans: (C) Explanation:  অসম্ভব ইচ্ছা বা কল্পনা বোঝাতে subject-এর পর 'were' বসে। TEST 01. He said that he ______ the work. (A) has done (B) had done (C) does (D) will do Ans: (B)  (Principal clause Past, তাই Subordinate clause Past Perfect)। 02. It is high time you ______ the place. (A) leave (B) left (C) will leave (D) have left Ans: (B)  (It is high time + sub + V2)। 03. He proceeded as though I ______ not speak. (A) did (B) do (C) had (D) would Ans: (A)  (Past + as though + Past Perfect হওয়ার কথা, কিন্তু এখানে speak verb আছে। সঠিক গঠন: He proceeded as though I had not spoken . অপশন অনুযায়ী এবং 'did' বসালে Past Indefinite হয় যা 'proceeded' (Past) এর সাথে পুরোপুরি মিলে না নিয়ম অনুযায়ী। তবে যদি প্রথম অংশ Present হতো (proceeds) তবে 'did' হতো। প্রশ্নে 'proceeded' থাকলে উত্তরে 'had not spoken' হওয়া উচিত। প্রদত্ত অপশনের মধ্যে 'did' সবচেয়ে গ্রহণযোগ্য যদি 'proceeds' ধরা হয় বা কথ্য রীতিতে। Correct Rule:  As though he had not spoken .) Note: If options are strict, context implies Past Subjunctive. 04. Five years have passed since I ______ you. (A) see (B) saw (C) had seen (D) have seen Ans: (B)  (Present Perfect + Since + Past Indefinite)। 05. He told me that he ______ ill. (A) is (B) was (C) has been (D) will be Ans: (B)  (Reporting verb 'told' Past Tense)। 06. We read so that we ______ learn. (A) can (B) could (C) may (D) might Ans: (C)  (So that-এর আগে Present Tense থাকলে পরে may/can বসে)। 07. He worked hard so that he ______ succeed. (A) may (B) might (C) can (D) will Ans: (B)  (So that-এর আগে Past Tense থাকলে পরে might/could বসে)। 08. Walk fast lest you ______ miss the bus. (A) should (B) will (C) can (D) might Ans: (A)  (Lest... should)। 09. He asked me what my name ______. (A) is (B) was (C) will be (D) has been Ans: (B) 10. I know that he ______ come tomorrow. (A) will (B) would (C) shall (D) can Ans: (A)  (Principal clause 'know' Present Tense, তাই Future 'will' অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে)। Exercise 1. He said that he — be unable to come. [29th BCS, JU (C) 15-16, পিটিআই এর শিক্ষক-১৯] He said that he — be faithful to his promise. (সে প্রতিজ্ঞা করল যে সে তার প্রতিজ্ঞা রক্ষা করবে) [JnU 09-10] A. will B. may C. would D. wants Ans: C Explanation:  Reporting verb 'said' is past, so 'will' becomes 'would'. 2. As the sun — , I decided to go out. [24th BCS, BSMRSTU E 16-17, দুর্যোগ ব্যবস্থাপনা মন্ত্রণালয়ে অডিটর-১৯] A. has shone B. shine C. shines D. was shining Ans: D Explanation:  Two actions in the past, one continuing (was shining) when another happened (decided). 3. He promised that he — come next Monday. [পাসপোর্ট ও ইমিগ্রেশন দপ্তরের জুনিয়র পরিসংখ্যান অফিসার-১৬] A. will B. should C. can D. would Ans: D 4. Nobody knew that he — face a crisis. [NBR এর সহকারী রাজস্ব কর্মকর্তা-১৫] A. can B. may C. will D. would Ans: D 5. He said that he (go) home the next day. (সে বলল যে সে পরের দিন বাড়ি যাবে) [RU B 19-20] A. will go B. goes C. has go D. would go Ans: D 6. He said that —. [সে বলল যে সে পাঁচটায় আসতে পারবে না] [RU (C1) 18-19] A. he will not come at five B. he may not come at five C. he could not come at five D. he cannot come at five Ans: C 7. I could not even imagine — The missing clause is: [RU (A1) 17-18] A. that you deceive me B. that you will deceive me C. that you would deceive me D. that I will deceive you Ans: C 8. We hoped that she — able to return in time. [CU (D3) 16-17] A. will be B. would be C. can be D. likely to be Ans: B 9. Father told me that he — (বাবা বললেন যে তিনি আমাকে সাহায্য করবেন) [CU (G) 15-16] A. will help me B. would be help me C. will be helping me D. would help me E. had help me Ans: D 10. Choose the correct sentence. [RU (ব্যবস্থাপনা) 09-10, রাজশাহী কৃষি উন্নয়ন ব্যাংক (সুপারভাইজার)-১৫] A. He thought that it is raining. B. He thought that it will be raining. C. He thought that it will rain. D. He thought that it would rain. Ans: D 11. I never thought I — you again. (আমি কখনো ভাবিনি তোমার সাথে আবার দেখা হবে) [IU (C) 15-16] A. will see B. may see C. would see D. might see Ans: C 12. We prayed that she — able to return in time. [CU (B7) 14-15] A. will be B. may be C. would be D. being Ans: C 13. Did you buy any fruit when you — shopping? [CU (B7) 14-15] A. go B. gone C. were going D. went Ans: D 14. I thought that the grass — cutting. (আমি ভেবেছিলাম ঘাসগুলোর ছাঁটাই দরকার) [JnU (C) 12-13] A. needed B. needs C. need D. had need Ans: A 15. We knew he — be angry if we did not finish the work. [NSTU (A) 09-10] A. would B. can C. will D. ought to Ans: A 16. We thought that she — the job. (আমরা ভেবেছিলাম সে চাকরিটা পাবে) [PSTU (BSc) 12-13] A. gets B. is getting C. will get D. would get Ans: D 17. As we walked, he — the meaning of the book. [CU (B) 07-08] A. explaining B. explain C. explained D. explanation Ans: C 18. I asked her if she — before she started to school. [CU (B-1) 09-10] A. could read B. reads C. can read D. is reading E. reading Ans: A 19. He said that he — . (সে বলল যে সে যাচ্ছে) [RU 09-10] A. is going B. has gone C. was going D. has been going Ans: C 20. When I saw her leaving in a hurry, I — her where she was going. [DU (D) 95-96] A. have asked B. was asking C. asked D. had asked Ans: C 21. Those (be) costly items, she bought. (সে যা কিনলো সেগুলো দামি সামগ্রী ছিল) [RU (সমাজবিজ্ঞান) 05-06] They — expensive combs, she knew. (সে জানত সেগুলো দামি চিরুনি) [নির্বাচন কমিশন সচিবালয়ে কর্মকর্তা-০৪] I knew that they — horribly expensive. [JU (গাণিতিক ও পদার্থ বিষয়ক অনুষদ) 11-12] A. were B. are C. have been D. had been Ans: A Explanation:  'Those/They' is plural and the context (bought, knew) is past. 22. Choose the correct sentence. (আমি জানতাম না সে এখানে আসবে) [IU (C) 10-11] A. I did not know that he will come here. B. I did not know that he would come here. C. I did not know that he will be coming here. D. I did not know that he is supposed to come here. Ans: B 23. Which one of the following is correct? [RU (Law) 11-12, COU (A) 16-17] A. I thought he loves me. B. I thought he loved me. (আমি ভেবেছিলাম সে আমাকে ভালোবাসে) C. I thought he will love me. D. I thought he may love me. Ans: B 24. It seemed that — (মনে হল দিনটি কখনোই শেষ হবে না) [মাধ্যমিক স্কুল সহকারী শিক্ষক-০৩] A. the day will never end B. the day never ends C. the day would never end D. the day never ended Ans: C 25. He did not know that the earth (move) around the sun. [JU (H) 14-15] A. is move B. moves C. moved D. has moved Ans: B Explanation:  Universal truth 'earth moves' remains in present tense even if reporting verb is past. 26. Which one is the correct sentence? [জনসংখ্যা ও পরিবার কল্যাণ কর্মকর্তা-০৯] A. He said that the earth goes round the sun. B. He said that the earth went round the sun. C. He said that the earth had gone round the sun. D. He had said that the earth had been going round the sun. Ans: A Explanation:  Universal truth. 27. Galileo taught that the earth — around the sun. [DU (B) 96-97] A. revolves B. revolved C. will be revolving D. have been revolving Ans: A 28. Galileo discovered that the earth — the sun. [IU (C) 17-18] A. moved round B. moves round C. had moved round D. would move round Ans: B

TOPIC: TENSE Part 1: Primary Discussion Tense  (কাল): Tense বা কাল বলতে কোনো কাজ ঘটার নির্দিষ্ট সময়কে বোঝায়। Verb-এর কাজ কখন সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে (বর্তমানের, অতীতের, নাকি ভবিষ্যতের), তা নির্দেশ করার জন্য verb-এর যে রূপের পরিবর্তন হয়, তাকে Tense বলে। Classification of Tense: Tense প্রধানত তিন প্রকার: Present Tense  (বর্তমান কাল) Past Tense  (অতীত কাল) Future Tense  (ভবিষ্যৎ কাল) এই তিন প্রকার Tense-এর প্রত্যেকটিকে আবার চার ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়েছে। মোট ১২ প্রকার Tense: Indefinite (Simple) Continuous (Progressive) Perfect Perfect Continuous Part 2: Important Rules with Previous Questions 1. PRESENT TENSE (বর্তমান কাল) A. Present Indefinite Tense কোনো কাজ বর্তমানে হয়, অভ্যাসগত কাজ (habitual fact), বা চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) বোঝালে Present Indefinite Tense হয়। Structure:  Subject + V1  (Main Verb) + Object/Extension. Note:  Subject যদি Third person singular number  (He, She, It, Any Name) হয়, তবে verb-এর শেষে s/es  যুক্ত হয়। Keywords:  Always, often, sometimes, usually, generally, daily, everyday, regularly, occasionally, normally. Ex:  He goes  to school everyday. Ex:  The sun rises  in the east. (Universal Truth) Ex:  Ice floats  on water. (Scientific Truth) Ex:  'Honesty is the best policy.' The tense of this sentence is — [32nd BCS] (A) Present Indefinite (B) Present Continuous (C) Past Indefinite (D) Past Perfect Ans: (A) Ex:  He usually ______ up at 6 am. (A) get (B) gets (C) getting (D) got Ans: (B) B. Present Continuous Tense বর্তমানে কোনো কাজ চলছে বা হচ্ছে বোঝালে Present Continuous Tense হয়। নিকটবর্তী ভবিষ্যৎ (Near future) বোঝাতেও এটি ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  Subject + am/is/are  + V1 + ing  + Object. Keywords:  Now, at this moment, at present, day by day, rapidly, increasingly. Ex:  I am reading  a book now. Ex:  The population of Bangladesh is increasing  day by day. Ex:  The baby ______ because it is hungry now. [DU-A: 12-13] (A) crying (B) is crying (C) cries (D) cried Ans: (B)  ('Now' indicates ongoing action) C. Present Perfect Tense কোনো কাজ এইমাত্র শেষ হয়েছে কিন্তু তার ফল এখনও বিদ্যমান আছে, এমন বোঝালে Present Perfect Tense হয়। Structure:  Subject + have/has  + V3  (Past Participle) + Object. Keywords:  Just, just now, already, yet, ever, lately, recently. Ex:  I have done  my homework. Ex:  He has eaten  rice. Ex:  Have you ever been  to Cox's Bazar? Ex:  He ______ out just now. [RU-C: 15-16] (A) has gone (B) had gone (C) went (D) goes Ans: (A) D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense কোনো কাজ পূর্বে শুরু হয়ে এখনও চলছে বোঝালে Present Perfect Continuous Tense হয়। এতে সাধারণত সময়ের উল্লেখ থাকে ( since  নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের জন্য, for  সময়ের ব্যাপ্তির জন্য)। Structure:  Subject + have been/has been  + V1 + ing  + Object + Since/For  + Time. Ex:  It has been raining  since morning. (সকাল থেকে - Point of time) Ex:  They have been playing  for two hours. (দুই ঘণ্টা ধরে - Period of time) Ex:  I ______ here for five years. [DU-B: 15-16] (A) have been living (B) am living (C) live (D) lived Ans: (A) 2. PAST TENSE (অতীত কাল) A. Past Indefinite Tense অতীতকালে কোনো কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়েছিল বোঝালে Past Indefinite Tense হয়। Structure:  Subject + V2  (Past Form) + Object. Keywords:  Yesterday, ago, long since, last night/week/year, once upon a time, in 1990 (any past year). Ex:  I went  to school yesterday. Ex:  He came  home last night. Ex:  I ______ him yesterday. [DU-B: 14-15] (A) see (B) saw (C) have seen (D) had seen Ans: (B) B. Past Continuous Tense অতীতকালে কোনো কাজ কিছুক্ষণ ধরে চলছিল বোঝালে Past Continuous Tense হয়। Structure:  Subject + was/were  + V1 + ing  + Object. Keywords:  While, at that moment, then. Ex:  I was reading  when he came. Ex:   While  I was walking  in the garden, a snake bit me. Ex:  He ______ a book when I saw him. [DU-D: 10-11] (A) read (B) reads (C) was reading (D) is reading Ans: (C) C. Past Perfect Tense অতীতকালে দুটি কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়ে থাকলে, যেটি আগে  ঘটেছিল সেটি Past Perfect Tense  এবং যেটি পরে  ঘটেছিল সেটি Past Indefinite Tense  হয়। Structure: 1st Action: Subject + had  + V3  + Object. 2nd Action: Subject + V2  + Object. Rule:   Before -এর আগে Past Perfect এবং After -এর পরে Past Perfect বসে। Ex:  The patient had died   before  the doctor came. Ex:  The doctor came after  the patient had died . Ex:  The train ______ before we reached the station. [JU-A: 19-20] (A) left (B) has left (C) had left (D) was leaving Ans: (C) D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense অতীতকালে কোনো কাজ দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে চলছিল বোঝালে Past Perfect Continuous Tense হয়। (খুব কম ব্যবহৃত হয়)। Structure:  Subject + had been  + V1 + ing  + Object + Since/For + Time. Ex:  He had been reading  for two hours before I came. 3. FUTURE TENSE (ভবিষ্যৎ কাল) A. Future Indefinite Tense ভবিষ্যতে কোনো কাজ ঘটবে বোঝালে Future Indefinite Tense হয়। Structure:  Subject + shall/will  + V1  + Object. Keywords:  Tomorrow, next day/week/month, soon, coming. Ex:  I will go  to Dhaka tomorrow. Ex:  He will come  soon. B. Future Continuous Tense ভবিষ্যতে কোনো কাজ চলতে থাকবে বোঝালে Future Continuous Tense হয়। Structure:  Subject + shall be/will be  + V1 + ing  + Object. Ex:  I shall be reading  a book at this time tomorrow. C. Future Perfect Tense ভবিষ্যতে নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের মধ্যে কোনো কাজ হয়ে থাকবে বোঝালে Future Perfect Tense হয়। Structure:  Subject + shall have/will have  + V3  + Object. Keywords:  By this time, by next week/year. Ex:  I shall have finished  the work by 5 PM. Ex:  He will have reached  home by this time next week. D. Future Perfect Continuous Tense ভবিষ্যতে কোনো কাজ দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে চলতে থাকবে বোঝালে Future Perfect Continuous Tense হয়। Structure:  Subject + shall have been/will have been  + V1 + ing  + Object + for/since. Ex:  I shall have been reading  for two hours. Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. Choose the correct sentence.  [DU-B: 15-16] (A) I have been living here since five years. (B) I have been living here for five years. (C) I am living here for five years. (D) I live here for five years. Ans: (B)  ('Five years' হলো সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি, তাই 'for' এবং Tense হবে Present Perfect Continuous)। 02. My friend ______ before I came.  [DU-C: 11-12] (A) left (B) had left (C) have left (D) was leaving Ans: (B)  (অতীতের দুটি কাজের মধ্যে যেটি আগে হয়েছে সেটি Past Perfect)। 03. Look! The girls ______ football.  [DU-A: 13-14] (A) play (B) have played (C) are playing (D) played Ans: (C)  ('Look!' দ্বারা বোঝা যাচ্ছে কাজটি বর্তমানে চোখের সামনে চলছে)। JU Questions & Answers 01. It is high time we ______ home.  [JU-B: 11-12] (A) return (B) returned (C) had returned (D) returning Ans: (B)  (It is high time + subject থাকলে verb-এর Past form হয়।) 02. The price of rice is ______.  [JU-C: 18-19] (A) raising (B) risen (C) rising (D) rose Ans: (C)  (Continuous process বোঝাচ্ছে)। RU Questions & Answers 01. I ______ my lunch before you came.  [RU-E: 14-15] (A) had had (B) have had (C) had (D) have Ans: (A)  (Past Perfect Tense: প্রথম 'had' হলো Auxiliary এবং দ্বিতীয় 'had' হলো Main verb 'have' (খাওয়া) এর Past Participle)। BCS & Other Exams 01. 'I have been living in Dhaka ______ 2000'.  [35th BCS] (A) since (B) from (C) after (D) till Ans: (A)  (নির্দিষ্ট সাল বা Point of time বোঝালে 'since' বসে)। 02. Which is the correct sentence?  [38th BCS] (A) He insisted on seeing her. (B) He insisted to see her. (C) He insisted for seeing her. (D) He insisted in seeing her. Ans: (A)  (Insist on + V-ing)। 03. He said that he ______ be unable to come.  [29th BCS] (A) will (B) shall (C) should (D) would Ans: (D)  (Sequence of Tense: Reporting verb 'said' Past Tense-এ থাকায় 'will' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে 'would' হয়েছে)। TEST 01. I ______ for you for two hours. (A) wait (B) am waiting (C) have been waiting (D) waited Ans: (C) 02. The train ______ left before I reached the station. (A) has (B) had (C) was (D) is Ans: (B) 03. He usually ______ up at 6 am. (A) get (B) gets (C) getting (D) got Ans: (B) 04. I saw him ______ in the garden. (A) walk (B) walked (C) walking (D) to walk Ans: (C)  (See verb এর পর object থাকলে পরবর্তী verb-এর সাথে ing হয় বা bare infinitive বসে, এখানে continuous action বোঝাচ্ছে)। 05. By this time next year, I ______ my course. (A) will complete (B) will be completing (C) will have completed (D) completed Ans: (C)  (Future Perfect Tense)। 06. She ______ to school yesterday. (A) go (B) goes (C) went (D) gone Ans: (C) 07. While I ______ in the garden, a snake bit me. (A) walk (B) walked (C) was walking (D) am walking Ans: (C) 08. He talks as if he ______ everything. (A) knows (B) knew (C) known (D) has known Ans: (B)  (Present Indefinite + as if + Past Indefinite)। 09. We ______ our dinner before father came. (A) have taken (B) took (C) had taken (D) take Ans: (C) 10. Tomorrow I ______ to the zoo. (A) went (B) have gone (C) shall go (D) go Ans: (C) QUESTIONS BCS Questions 01. As the sun ……… , I decided to go out. [24th BCS] A. has shone B. shine C. shines D. was shining 02. He promised that he ………. come next Monday. / He said that he ……… be unable to come. He said that he ……… be faithful to his promise. / Nobody knew that he ……… face of crisis. / We knew he ……… be angry if we did not finish the work. [29th BCS] A. will B. may C. would D. wants Primary Questions 01. Which one is present perfect tense? [Primary Assistant Teacher 2019] A. I have had the news B. I have the news C. I had the news D. I shall have the news 02. 'Would you mind having a cup of tea' is a sentence in - / Could you please help me? Here 'could' is used as - [DPE AT: 11] A. present tense B. past tense C. present continuous D. past continuous tense 03. I could not even imagine - [DPE AT: 17] A. that you deceive me B. that I will deceive you C. that you would deceive me D. that you will deceive me 04. It seemed that - [DSHE AT: 03] A. the day will never end B. the day never ends C. the day would never end D. the day never ended PSC & Other Exam Questions 01. Tense means -[JUST: 15-16] A. action B. speed C. time D. verb 02. The tense of a verb is mainly related to - [Passport AD: 14] A. time B. person C. place D. degree 03. The 'Present Indefinite Tense' denotes - [BR SAE: 18] A. an action is continued for a time in present B. an action in the present time, habitual or eternal C. an action has already been finished at present D. none of them 04. Habitual fact is expressed only in - [BJ Jail Super: 05] A. present perfect tense B. present indefinite tense C. past perfect tense D. past indefinite tense 05. Which of the following is an example of active and present indefinite tense? [Dental: 09-10] A. He is writing a letter B. I have invited them C. He has done the work D. Floods destroy crops 06. Which one is present continuous tense? [DFP AFPO: 12] A. I read B. I am reading C. I have read D. I had read 07. Which one is present continuous tense? [DFP AFPO: 12] A. I am reading B. I have read C. I read D. I have been reading 08. Find out the tense of the sentence 'it is interesting'. [MoD CSO: 16] A. present indefinite B. present continuous C. present perfect D. none of them 09. Which of the sentence is future, even the verb is not future tense? [SUST: 09-10] A. Maria is banana B. She has gone for some shopping C. He is probably watching TV D. John is flying for Germany next week 10. Which one is present perfect tense? [NBR ARO: 15] A. I am walking B. I have been walking C. I was walking D. I have walked 11. Which one is present perfect tense? [ABAK Field Assistant: 18] A. I am reading B. I have read C. I read D. I have been reading 12. It’s the first time I ……. sea-food in my life? [EC Computer Operator: 23] A. eat B. eaten C. have eaten D. had eaten 13. Change the following sentence into present perfect 'I do the sum'. [DPE ATEO: 12] A. I have done the sum B. I did the sum C. I was doing the sum D. Th sum was done by me 14. Which one is the example of present perfect continuous tense? [MoFA Superintendent: 19] A. It is raining since last night B. It has been rained since last night C. It was raining since last night D. It has been raining since last night 15. It has been raining hard all day. Identity the tense. / He has been studying in the same class for two years. Identify the tense. / Find out the tense of the following sentence 'it has been raining since 5 p.m'. / Find out the tense of the sentence 'She has been reading the book since morning'. [BR SAE: 18] A. present perfect B. Past perfect C. Present continuous D. Present perfect continuous 16. 'Past indefinite tense' means - [Various Ministries PO: 18] A. to express an action just finished B. a single act in the past C. an action was being done in the past D. an action completed before another past action 17. Which sentence is in past indefinite tense? [BCC PA: 19] A. It has rained B. Salam had a house C. Boys were playing D. Tomal has played football 18. Which sentence is in past indefinite tense? [JBL SO: 18] A. It has been raining B. It was raining C. Shohail had car D. Raihan was sleeping 19. I read an interesting book few days ago. Identity the tense. [DoL AD: 09] A. present indefinite B. present perfect C. past indefinite D. past perfect 20. 'Past continuous tense' means - [Various Ministries PO: 18] A. an action just finished B. a single act in the past C. an action was being done in the past D. action has been going on for something 21. 'I was reading a novel' is an example of - / 'They were disturbing us' is an example of - [DFP FPI: 11] A. past continuous B. present continuous C. future continuous D. past perfect 22. The construction of past perfect follows - [BTCL AD: 04] A. I have spoken B. He has eaten C. I have gone D. He had spoken the truth 23. 'The patient had died before the doctor came' is an example of - / 'The patient had died'? Which form of tense does the sentence represent. [IBBL PO: 06] A. past and present B. present perfect C. past perfect D. past perfect continuous 24. Past perfect Continuous 'I eat' is - [BJMC ACO: 13] A. I have eaten B. I am eating C. I had been eating D. I shall be eating 25. The boys had been playing before the teacher came. Choose the form of tense. [IU: 08-09] A. present B. past perfect C. past indefinite D. past perfect continuous 26. 'I shall be eating' is an example of …….. tense. [NSI Field Officer: 17] A. future perfect B. future continuous C. future indefinite D. none of these 27. Choose the future perfect continuous tense of the verb 'do'? [DNM Midwife: 20] A. They will have done B. They will be doing C. They will have been doing D. They will have to be doing 28. As we walked, he ………. the meaning of the book. [CoU: 07-08] A. explaining B. explain C. explained D. explanation 29. Ancient people believed that ……. With a sun and a moon rotating around it. [JU: 19-20] A. the center of the universe is earth B. the earth is the center of the universe C. the universe has earth at the center D. the earth was the center of the universe 30. Did you buy any fruit when you ………. shopping? [DMLC Junior Teacher: 18] A. go B. gone C. were going D. went 31. Father told me that he - [IF AD: 16] A. will help me B. would be help me C. will be helping me D. would help me 32. He said that he (go) home the next day. [RU: 19-20] A. will go B. goes C. has go D. would go 33. I never though I ………. you again? [BBS JSO: 16] A. will see B. may see C. would see D. might see 34. I asked her if she ………... before she started to school. [NBR ARO: 15] A. could read B. reads C. can read D. is reading 35. Those (be) costly items, she bought. [SPCBL Cashier: 21] A. were B. are C. have been D. had been 36. We prayed that she ……….. able to return in time. [DMLC Junior Teacher: 18] A. will be B. may be C. would be D. being 37. When I saw her leaving in a hurry, I ………... her where she was going. [DU: 95-96] A. have asked B. was asking C. asked D. had asked 38. Which one of the following is correct? [RU: 11-12] A. I thought he loves me B. I thought he loved me C. I thought he will love me D. I thought he may love me 39. He did not know that the earth (move) around the sun. [ABAK FA: 15] A. is move B. moves C. moved D. has moved 40. Which one is the correct sentence? [DoL AD: 09] A. He said that the earth goes round the sun B. He had said that the earth had been going round the sun C. He said that the earth had gone round the sun D. He said that the earth went round the sun ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS BCS Answers 01. Ans: D   Explanation:  The sentence uses "As" to indicate two simultaneous actions in the past. "As the sun was shining , I decided to go out." (Past Continuous + Past Indefinite). 02. Ans: C   Explanation:  Indirect speech rules apply. "He promised that he would  come..." (Future in the past). "He said that he would  be unable...", "He said that he would  be faithful...". 'Would' is the past form of 'will'. Primary Questions 01. Ans: A   Explanation:  Present Perfect Tense structure: Subject + have/has + V3. "I have had" fits this structure (have = auxiliary, had = V3 of main verb 'have'). 02. Ans: B   Explanation:  'Would you mind' is a polite request form, but structurally implies a conditional or hypothetical situation often treated as past form of will. However, 'Could' is the past form of 'Can'. The question asks about 'Could'. 'Could' is past tense form of 'Can', but used for polite requests in present time. Grammatically, it's Past Tense form. 03. Ans: C   Explanation:  Sequence of tenses. "I could not even imagine that you would deceive  me." (Past in main clause -> Past modal in subordinate clause). 04. Ans: C   Explanation:  Sequence of tenses. "It seemed (past) that the day would  (past form of will) never end." PSC & Other Exam Answers 01. Ans: C   Explanation:  Tense refers to time . 02. Ans: A   Explanation:  Tense is related to time . 03. Ans: B   Explanation:  Present Indefinite Tense denotes habitual or eternal actions in the present time. 04. Ans: B   Explanation:  Habitual facts are expressed in Present Indefinite Tense . 05. Ans: D   Explanation:  "Floods destroy crops" is in Active Voice and Present Indefinite Tense. 06. Ans: B   Explanation:  "I am reading" is Present Continuous (Subject + am/is/are + verb+ing). 07. Ans: A   Explanation:  "I am reading" is Present Continuous. 08. Ans: A   Explanation:  "It is interesting." (Subject + is + Adjective). This is Present Indefinite Tense. 09. Ans: D   Explanation:  "John is flying for Germany next week." Present Continuous form used for Future arrangement. 10. Ans: D   Explanation:  "I have walked" is Present Perfect (Subject + have + V3). 11. Ans: B   Explanation:  "I have read" is Present Perfect. 12. Ans: C   Explanation:  "It’s the first time I have eaten ..." (Present Perfect is used with 'It is the first time...'). 13. Ans: A   Explanation:  Present Perfect of "I do" is "I have done". 14. Ans: D   Explanation:  "It has been raining since last night." (Present Perfect Continuous). 15. Ans: D   Explanation:  "Has been raining", "Has been studying", "Has been reading" are examples of Present Perfect Continuous Tense. 16. Ans: B   Explanation:  Past Indefinite Tense expresses a single act in the past. 17. Ans: B   Explanation:  "Salam had a house" is Past Indefinite (Subject + V2). 'Had' is the main verb here. (A is Present Perfect, C is Past Continuous, D is Present Perfect). 18. Ans: C   Explanation:  "Shohail had car" is Past Indefinite. (A, B, D are continuous forms). 19. Ans: C   Explanation:  "I read (pronounced red) ... ago" indicates Past Indefinite. 20. Ans: C   Explanation:  Past Continuous Tense means an action was being done (continuing) in the past. 21. Ans: A   Explanation:  "I was reading" and "They were disturbing" are Past Continuous. 22. Ans: D   Explanation:  "He had spoken" fits Past Perfect structure (Subject + had + V3). 23. Ans: C   Explanation:  "The patient had died" is Past Perfect Tense. 24. Ans: C   Explanation:  Past Perfect Continuous of "I eat" is "I had been eating". 25. Ans: D   Explanation:  "Had been playing" is Past Perfect Continuous. 26. Ans: B   Explanation:  "I shall be eating" is Future Continuous Tense. 27. Ans: C   Explanation:  Future Perfect Continuous: "They will have been doing". 28. Ans: C   Explanation:  Sequence of tenses. "As we walked (past), he explained  (past)...". 29. Ans: D   Explanation:  Sequence of tenses. "Ancient people believed (past) that the earth was  (past) the center...". 30. Ans: D   Explanation:  "When you went  shopping?" (Past simple for completed action in question). 31. Ans: D   Explanation:  Indirect speech. "Father told me that he would help  me." 32. Ans: D   Explanation:  Indirect speech. "He said that he would go  home the next day." 33. Ans: C   Explanation:  Sequence of tenses. "I never thought (past) I would see  (future in past) you again." 34. Ans: A   Explanation:  Sequence of tenses. "I asked her if she could read  (past ability)...". 35. Ans: A   Explanation:  "Those were  costly items, she bought." (Past tense agreement with 'bought'). 36. Ans: C   Explanation:  Sequence of tenses. "We prayed (past) that she would be ...". 37. Ans: C   Explanation:  Sequence of tenses. "When I saw (past)... I asked  (past)...". 38. Ans: B   Explanation:  Sequence of tenses. "I thought (past) he loved  (past) me." 39. Ans: B   Explanation:  Universal truth in subordinate clause remains in Present Indefinite even if main verb is past. "He did not know that the earth moves  around the sun." 40. Ans: A   Explanation:  Indirect speech with universal truth. "He said that the earth goes  round the sun."

DEGREE OF COMPARISON Degree of Comparison বাক্যে দুই বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী এবং বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা করতে adjective এর যে তিনটি form (positive, comparative, superlative) ব্যবহার হয় তাকে degree of comparison  বলে। Rahman is a good  man. (Positive - সাধারণ গুণ) Rahman is better  than Kamal. (Comparative - দুইয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা) Rahman is the best  of all in the village. (Superlative - সবার মধ্যে শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব) Degree তিন প্রকার: 01. Positive Degree:  কোনো ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী এবং বস্তুর সাধারণ গুণ প্রকাশ পায়। ( Ex: He is a strong man. ) 02. Comparative Degree:  দুইজন ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী এবং বস্তুর মধ্যে দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থার তুলনা প্রকাশ পায়। ( Ex: He is stronger than his brother. ) 03. Superlative Degree:  দুইয়ের অধিক ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী এবং বস্তুর মধ্যে একজনের/একটির দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থার শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব বা সর্বোচ্চ মাত্রার তুলনা প্রকাশ পায়। ( Ex: He is the strongest of all. ) Ex:  A comedy is ______ than an action movie. [DU B: 17-18] (A) more funny (B) funnier (C) most funny (D) funniest Ans: (B) Ex:  Which is the correct sentence? [7 College-Science: 20-21] (A) The Nile is the longest river in Africa. (B) The Nile is longest river in Africa. (C) Nile is longest river in the Africa. (D) Nile is longest river in Africa. Ans: (A)  (Superlative এর পূর্বে the বসে)। Rules of Formation of Degree 1. General Rule:  Adjective এর শেষে -er যোগ করে comparative এবং -est যোগ করে superlative করা হয়। (যদি শেষে দুটি consonant বা একটি vowel+consonant থাকে)। Positive Comparative (er) Superlative (est) Great Greater Greatest Small Smaller Smallest Poor Poorer Poorest Strong Stronger Strongest Bold Bolder Boldest 2. Ends in 'e':  Adjective এর শেষে 'e' থাকলে শুধু -r যোগ করে comparative এবং -st যোগ করে superlative করা হয়। Positive Comparative (r) Superlative (st) Able Abler Ablest Brave Braver Bravest Fine Finer Finest True Truer Truest Wise Wiser Wisest 3. Consonant Doubling:  Adjective এর শেষে একটি consonant এবং তার পূর্বে একটি vowel থাকলে শেষের consonant টি double করে এরপর -er এবং -est যোগ করতে হয়। Positive Comparative (er) Superlative (est) Big Bigger Biggest Hot Hotter Hottest Fat Fatter Fattest Sad Sadder Saddest Red Redder Reddest 4. Ends in 'y':  Adjective এর শেষে -y এবং এর পূর্বে consonant থাকলে y এর স্থলে i বসিয়ে -er/-est যোগ করতে হয়। কিন্তু y এর পূর্বে vowel থাকলে y পরিবর্তন হয় না (e.g., Gay -> Gayer -> Gayest). Positive Comparative (ier) Superlative (iest) Happy Happier Happiest Easy Easier Easiest Heavy Heavier Heaviest Pretty Prettier Prettiest Lazy Lazier Laziest Ex:  Superlative form of the word 'Easy' is - [BSC-Nursing: 22-23] (A) more easy (B) most easy (C) easiest (D) easier Ans: (C) 5. Multi-Syllable:  একের অধিক syllable বিশিষ্ট adjective এর পূর্বে more যোগ করে comparative এবং most যোগ করে superlative করতে হয়। Positive Comparative (more) Superlative (most) Comfortable More comfortable Most comfortable Courageous More courageous Most courageous Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful Important More important Most important Difficult More difficult Most difficult 6. Irregular Adjective:  নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম নেই। Positive Comparative Superlative Good/Well Better Best Bad/Evil/Ill Worse Worst Little Less/Lesser Least Much More Most (quantity) Many More Most (number) Late Later Latest Old Older/Elder Oldest/Eldest Few Fewer Fewest Note:  Adverb of place/time used as adjective:Far - Farther - FarthestNear - Nearer - Nearest/Next Structure of Degrees 1. Positive Degree Structure (i) Subject + verb + as + positive degree + as + noun/pronoun. Ex:  Rafa is as intellectual as Rafin. (ii) Subject + verb (neg) + so/as + positive degree + as + noun/pronoun. Ex:  The boy is not so clever as his friend. Ex:  She is beautiful, but she is ______ her mother. [24th BCS] (A) most beautiful (B) less beautiful (C) as beautiful (D) not so beautiful as Ans: (D) (iii) No other + singular noun + verb + so/as + positive degree + as + noun/pronoun. Ex:  No other man in the village is so wise as Nur. (iv) Very few + plural noun + plural verb + as + positive degree + as + noun/pronoun. Ex:  Very few cities in Bangladesh are as large as Chattogram. 2. Comparisons of Similarity (The same, Similar, Like) The same... as / The same as / The same. Ex:  Jaman speaks the same language as his sister. Similar to / Similar. Ex:  That joke is similar to a joke that I heard. Like / Alike. Ex:  Saiful looks like his brother. Ex:  Choose the correct sentence. [DU-B: 2002-03] (A) Bangladesh is like Vietnam. (B) Bangladesh is as like as Vietnam. (C) Bangladesh is same to Vietnam. (D) Bangladesh is some like Vietnam. Ans: (A) 3. Comparative Degree Structure (i) Subject + verb + comparative degree + than + noun/pronoun. Ex:  She is older than you. (ii) Subject + verb + more + adj + than... (iii) Subject + verb + Latin comparative (senior/junior/superior) + to + noun/pronoun. Ex:  She is senior to Sumon. (iv) ...than any other + singular noun. Ex:  Homer is greater than any other epic poet. (v) ...than all other + plural noun. Ex:  Homer is greater than all other epic poets. (vi) Comparison of two qualities in same person:  More + positive degree + than + positive degree. Ex:  Swapon is more good than bad. (vii) Intensifiers:  Far/Much + comparative. Ex:  His house is far more expensive than yours. Ex:  I feel ______ now. [BU, B: 13-14] (A) more happier (B) much happy (C) more happy (D) much happier Ans: (D) (viii) Selection of one out of two:  The + comparative + of the two. Ex:  Razia is the better of the two girls. Ex:  Of the two girls, Sultana is the ______ intelligent. [JKKNIU, AL:18-19] (A) most (B) more (C) as (D) far Ans: (B) 4. Double Comparative (যত... তত) Structure:  The + comparative..., the + comparative... Ex:  The more you read, the more you learn. Ex:  The more we ______, the less we ______ [CU, A: 17-18] (A) solve, get clever (B) solved, feel shaky (C) solve, feel shaky (D) do not solve, get clever Ans: (C) Ex:  Which of the following sentences is correct? [DU-D: 16-17] (A) More you read, less you understand. (B) The more you read, less you understand. (C) The more you read, the less you understand. (D) More you read, the less you understand. Ans: (C) 5. Illogical Comparison দুটি অসম বস্তু বা বিষয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা হলে তাকে Illogical comparison বলে। এটি সংশোধন করতে that of (singular এর ক্ষেত্রে) বা those of (plural এর ক্ষেত্রে) ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Structure:  ...comparative degree + than + that of / those of + noun. Ex:  The salary of a professor is higher than that of  a teacher. (Not "than a teacher"). Ex:  The paintings of Sajal are more beautiful than those of  Raju. (Not "than Raju"). Ex:  Select the correct sentence. [JnU, B: 2013-14] (A) The roads of Dhaka is wider than Khulna. (B) The roads of Dhaka is wider than of Khulna. (C) The roads of Dhaka are wider than those of Khulna. (D) The roads of Dhaka is wider than those of Khulna. Ans: (C) 6. Multiple Number Comparison Structure:  half/twice/three times + as much/many  + noun + as ... Ex:  This dictionary costs ______ the other one. [B:18-19] (A) twice more than (B) twice as much as (C) three times as much (D) twice as much Ans: (B) 7. Exceptions Always Positive:  Senior, junior, elder, minor, inferior, former, interior, ulterior, utter, superior (সাধারণত Latin comparative হিসেবে to গ্রহণ করে, কিন্তু positive অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়)। Always Superlative (No 'more/most'):  Supreme, Almighty, Excellent, Absolute, Golden, Eternal, Perfect, Complete, Ideal, Chief, Universal, Unique. Ex:  He is ______ judge. [KU, C:18-19] (A) a most perfect (B) a perfect (C) absolutely a perfect (D) such a perfect Ans: (B) Part 2: Important Rules with Previous Questions 1. Classification of Adjective কাজ ও ব্যবহারের ধরন অনুযায়ী Adjective প্রধানত চার প্রকার: 01. Adjective of Quality (গুণবাচক বিশেষণ) যে Adjective কোনো noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুণ এবং অবস্থা প্রকাশ করে। Ex:  Dhaka is an old  city. Ex:  He is an honest  man. Note:  Proper noun কোনো noun এর পূর্বে বসে ঐ noun টিকে বিশেষিত করলে তা Proper Adjective  হয় (যা Adjective of Quality এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত)। Ex:  This is an English  grammar book. Ex:  We went to the American  Embassy. 02. Adjective of Quantity (পরিমাণবাচক বিশেষণ) যে Adjective কোনো noun বা pronoun এর পরিমাণ প্রকাশ করে। এটি সাধারণত Material ও Abstract noun (uncountable) এর পূর্বে বসে। Ex:  Joy have had enough  exercise. Ex:  There is much  water in the pond. 03. Adjective of Number (সংখ্যাবাচক বিশেষণ) যে Adjective কোনো noun বা pronoun এর সংখ্যা প্রকাশ করে। এটি তিন প্রকার: (i) Cardinal:  নির্দিষ্ট সংখ্যা বোঝায় (One, two, three... etc.) Ex:  Our heart has four  chambers. (ii) Ordinal:  ক্রম বা অবস্থান বোঝায় (First, second, third... etc.) Ex:  Sunday is the first  day of the week. (iii) Multiplicative:  পরিমাণগত মাত্রা বা কতবার বোঝায় (Single, double, triple... etc.) Ex:  A few doctors take double  fees from patients. 04. Pronominal Adjective (সর্বনামবাচক বিশেষণ) যে Pronoun কোনো noun এর পূর্বে বসে ঐ noun কে বিশেষিত করে। এটি পাঁচ প্রকার: (i) Possessive:  (my, our, your, his, her, their, its) Ex:  We love our  country. (ii) Distributive:  (Each, every, either, neither) Ex:   Every  mother loves her child. (iii) Demonstrative:  (This, that, these, those, such) Ex:   Those  mangoes are sour. (iv) Interrogative:  (which, what) Ex:   Which  pen do you like most? (v) Relative:  (whose, which) Ex:  This is the book whose  pages are torn. 2. Important Usage Notes Rule: Usage of 'Enough' Enough  শব্দটি Noun কে modify করলে এর পূর্বে বা পরে বসতে পারে, কিন্তু Adjective/Adverb  কে modify করলে সবসময় তাদের পরে  বসে। Ex (Correct):  He is old enough  to vote. (Not 'enough old') Ex (Question):  When your body does not get ----, it cannot make the glucose it needs. [RU C: 04-05] (A) food as enough (B) food enoughly (C) enough the food (D) enough food Ans: (D) Rule: One vs. Another vs. The Other তিনটি Singular Noun এর ক্ষেত্রে:  ধারাবাহিকভাবে One , Another  এবং The Other  বসে। Ex:  I have three shirts. One  is red, another  is white and the other  is blue. দুটির ক্ষেত্রে:  প্রথমটির জন্য One  এবং পরেরটির জন্য The Other  বসে। Ex:  Of the two office clerks, one  is experienced and the other  is not. 3. Classification by Position 01. Attributive Adjective:  যখন Adjective টি Noun এর ঠিক পূর্বে  বসে। Ex:  A black  cat is on the table. 02. Predicative Adjective:  যখন Adjective টি Linking Verb (be, feel, taste, etc.) এর পরে  বসে। Ex:  Apples taste delicious . Ex:  They are excellent . 4. Degree of Comparison Definition Positive:  সাধারণ গুণ বোঝায়। (Ex: He is a strong  man.) Comparative:  দুইয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা বোঝায়। (Ex: He is stronger  than his brother.) Superlative:  অনেকের মধ্যে শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব বোঝায়। (Ex: He is the strongest  of all.) Formation Rules General:  add -er  / -est  (Great -> Greater -> Greatest). Ends in 'e':  add -r  / -st  (Brave -> Braver -> Bravest). Consonant Doubling:  (Big -> Bigger -> Biggest). Ends in 'y':  Change 'y' to 'i' + -er  / -est  (Happy -> Happier -> Happiest). Multi-Syllable:  Use more  / most  (Beautiful -> More beautiful -> Most beautiful). Irregular:  (Good -> Better -> Best; Bad -> Worse -> Worst). 5. Structure of Degrees (Sentence Rules) A. Comparative Structures Rule 1:  Subject + Verb + Comparative Degree + than  + Noun/Pronoun. Ex:  She is older than  you. Rule 2 (Latin Comparatives):  Senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, etc. এর পরে than  না বসে to  বসে। Ex:  She is senior to  Sumon. Rule 3 (Double Comparative - যত...তত):  The + Comparative ..., The + Comparative ... Ex:   The more  you read, the more  you learn. Ex:   The longer  I live here, the more  I like it. Rule 4 (Illogical Comparison):  অসম বস্তুর তুলনা রোধ করতে that of  (singular) বা those of  (plural) ব্যবহার করা হয়। Ex (Incorrect):  The salary of a professor is higher than a teacher. Ex (Correct):  The salary of a professor is higher than that of  a teacher. Ex (Plural):  The paintings of Sajal are more beautiful than those of  Raju. Rule 5 (Multiple Number):  সংখ্যাবাচক তুলনা (half, twice, three times) এর ক্ষেত্রে times + as much/many + as বসে। Ex:  This dictionary costs twice as much as  the other one. (Not 'twice more than'). B. Superlative Structures Rule 1:  Subject + Verb + The  + Superlative Degree + ... Ex:  The Nile is the longest  river in Africa. Rule 2 (One of the):  One of the + Superlative Degree + Plural Noun. Ex:  Cuba is one of the largest  sugar-growing countries in the world. C. Exceptions (Absolutes) কিছু Adjective নিজেই Superlative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, তাই এদের পূর্বে more  বা most  বসে না। List:  Supreme, Almighty, Excellent, Absolute, Perfect, Complete, Universal, Unique, Round, Dead. Ex:  He is a perfect  judge. (Not 'a most perfect'). Exercise 1. Rahim is one — superstitious (সুপারস্টিশাস-কুসংস্কারাচ্ছন্ন) people I know. [DU (B) 14-15] A. much B. very much C. of the more D. of the most Ans: D 2. Tahseen was one --------- [RU (Law) 05-06] Sara was one --------- [CU (C3) 12-13] Sumon was one --------- [কারিগরি শিক্ষা দপ্তরের অধীনে কারিগরি জুনিয়র ইনস্ট্রাক্টর-০৫] A. of the happy childs of his class B. child who was the happiest of all the classes C. of the happiest child of the class D. of the happiest children in the class Ans: D 3. Dhaka is becoming one of the – cities in Asia.[ IU G 10-11, রেলওয়ের উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৬] A. more busy B. busiest C. busy D. most busiest Ans: B 4. Choose the correct sentence. A. Bangladesh is like Vietnam. B. Bangladesh is as like as Vietnam. [CU (B) 02-03] C. Bangladesh is some like Vietnam. D. Bangladesh is same to Vietnam. Ans: A 5. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are – most other ground squirrels. [JU (IBA) 11-12] A. alike B. like as C. same as D. like Ans: A 6. Although we often use ‘speed’ and ‘velocity’ interchangeably, in a technical sense, ‘speed’ is not always – ‘velocity’. [DU C 02-03, PUST A 11-12, JnU D 16-17, JU F 16-17] A. alike B. the same as C. similar D. as E. as good as Ans: B 7. Last year, Matin earned – his brother, who has a better position. [CU D 12-13, E 16-17, JU E3 13-14] A. twice as much as B. twice more than C. twice as many as D. twice as more as Ans: A 8. Staying in a hotel costs – renting room in a dormitory for a week. [NSTU (C) 12-13, CU (B1) 12-13] A. twice more than B. twice as much as C. as much twice as D. as much as twice Ans: B 9. This dictionary costs – the other one. (এই অভিধানের দাম অন্যটার দ্বিগুণ) [JU (B) 18-19] A. twice more than B. twice as much as C. twice as much D. twice as many Ans: B 10. Mina has been suffering from fever for two months. She --- [CU (B-1) 14-15] A. is comparatively better today B. is comparatively the best today C. is nicely today D. is better today. Ans: D 11. Which of the following sentences is correct? [ডাক ও টেলিযোগাযোগ মন্ত্রণালয়ের হিসাবরক্ষণ কর্মকর্তা-০৩] A. He is good today than before B. He is better today [RU (মার্কেটিং) 07-08, Medical 13-14] C. He is best today than yesterday D. He is comparatively better today. Ans: B 12. Choose the correct sentence. (আজ আমি আগের চেয়ে ভালো বোধ করছি) [NU (বিজ্ঞান) 11-12] A. I feel more good today B. I feel better today C. I feel more better today D. He is comparatively better today. Ans: B 13. She is one of the most courgeous persons — [NU (মানবিক) 12-13] A. I known B. which I know C. who I know D. I have ever known. Ans: D 14. My uncle is the best story-teller — [CU (B) 05-06] A. than I’ve ever met B. I’ve ever met C. that never met D. that I’ve ever met Ans: B 15. Which one is the superlative degree? (সব ফুলের মধ্যে গোলাপ সবচেয়ে সুন্দর) [IU (Law) 04-05] A. Rose is the finest of all flowers. B. The rose is the finest of all flowers. C. The rose is finest of all flowers. D. The rose is the finest of all flower. Ans: B 16. Which one is correct? (নীল নদ আফ্রিকা মহাদেশের দীর্ঘতম/সবচেয়ে বড় নদী) [17th BCS, মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা অধিদপ্তরের অধীনে প্রদর্শক-০৪, RU 06-07, IU (ঝ) 12-13, Rupali Bank -13, BRUR (A) 15-16] A. The Nile is longest river in Africa. B. The Nile is longest river in the Africa. C. Nile is longest river in Africa. D. The Nile is the longest river in Africa. Ans: D 17. He drives much — than he needs to do. [DU (B) 99-00, NU 10-11] I prepare my lesson — than you. [ত্রাণ ও পুনর্বাসন অধিদপ্তরের প্রকল্প বাস্তবায়ন কর্মকর্তা-০৬] A. so carefully B. more careful C. carefully D. more carefully Ans: D 18. Dhaka is one of the largest cities in Bangladesh. (Positive) [১০ম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৪] A. No other cities in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka. B. Very few cities in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka. C. Very few cities in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka. D. Some cities in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka. Ans: B 19. He is one of the worst men in the world. (Make Positive) [১৩তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (স্ক) ১৬] A. Very few men in the world were so bad as he. B. Very few man in the world was so bad as he. C. Very few men in the world were so bad so he. D. Very few man in the world were as bad as he. Ans: A 20. Salman is one of the richest persons in the town. What does the sentence imply? [DU C 19-20] A. No other man is as rich as Salman in the town. B. No one in this town is rich. C. Very few persons in the town are as rich as Salman. D. Salman is very rich but others are also rich. Ans: C 21. It burns the prettiest of any wood. (Positive) [৮ম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১২, ১৫তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৯] A. No other wood is as pretty as it burns B. No other wood burns is as pretty as it C. No other wood burns as pretty as it D. No other wood burn as pretty as it Ans: C 22. It is more than honesty. (Make it ‘Postive’) [১৫তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৯] A. Honesty is not as much as it. B. Honesty are not as much as it. C. Honesty is as much as it. D. Honesty is less much as it. Ans: A 23. The sentence ‘He is one of the best boys in the village’ can be written as - [RU (E, বিজোড়) 16-17] A. Very few boys in the village is so good as he B. Very few boys in the village are as good as he C. Very few boys in the village are better as he D. Very few boys in the village is very good as he Ans: B 24. Mango is one of the sweetest fruits in the world. (Comparative) [৬ষ্ঠ শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১০] A. Mango is more sweet than any other fruits in the world. B. Mango is more sweet than all other fruits in the world. C. Mango is sweeter than most other fruits in the world. D. Mango is sweeter than any other fruits in the world. Ans: C 25. Belal is the best boy in the class. (Comparative) [১২তম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৫] A. Very few boys in the class as good as Belal B. Belal is a good boy in the class C. Belal is better than any other boy in the class D. Belal is better than any other boys in the class Ans: C 26. The Padma is one of the biggest rivers in Bangladesh. (Positive) [১২তম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৫] A. Very few river in Bangladesh is as big as the Padma B. Very few rivers in Bangladesh are as big as the Padma C. No other river in Bangladesh is so big as the Padma D. No other rivers in Bangladesh are as big as the Padma Ans: B 27. ‘Iron is the most useful metal’. The positive form of the sentence is- [বিটিভির সহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৭, RU 05-06] A. Very few metals are as useful as iron. B. Iron is as useful as many other metals. C. No other metal is as useful as iron. D. Iron is more useful than many other metals. Ans: C 28. He is the best boy in the class. (Positive) [৯ম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৩] A. He is a good boy in the class B. No other boy is so good as he. C. No other boy in the class is as good as he. D. He is better than any other boy Ans: C 29. Change positive to comparative without any change of meaning. ‘He is as ferocious as tiger’ [JnU (D) 15-16] A. A tiger is not more ferocious than he. B. A tiger is not ferocious than he. C. A tiger is not ferocious than he D. A tiger is not more ferocious than him Ans: A

DEGREE OF COMPARISON Part 1: Primary Discussion Degree of Comparison বাক্যে দুই বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী এবং বস্তুর মধ্যে দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা ইত্যাদি তুলনা করতে adjective এর যে রূপভেদ বা পরিবর্তন হয় তাকে Degree of Comparison  বলে। Adjective এর তিনটি Degree বা মাত্রা রয়েছে। Positive Degree:  যখন কোনো তুলনা করা হয় না, কেবল সাধারণ গুণ বোঝায়। Ex:  He is a tall  boy. Comparative Degree:  যখন দুইয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা করা হয়। Ex:  He is taller  than his brother. Superlative Degree:  যখন অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা করে শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব বা নিকৃষ্টত্ব বোঝানো হয়। Ex:  He is the tallest  boy in the class. Part 2: Formation of Degrees Rule 1:  এক Syllable বিশিষ্ট Adjective এর শেষে -er  যোগ করে Comparative এবং -est  যোগ করে Superlative করা হয়। Positive Comparative Superlative Tall Taller Tallest Small Smaller Smallest Great Greater Greatest Bold Bolder Boldest Young Younger Youngest Rule 2:  Adjective এর শেষে -e  থাকলে শুধু -r  এবং -st  যোগ করতে হয়। Positive Comparative Superlative Large Larger Largest Fine Finer Finest Brave Braver Bravest Wise Wiser Wisest Rule 3:  Adjective এর শেষে একটি Consonant এবং তার আগে একটি Vowel থাকলে, শেষের Consonant টি দ্বিগুণ ( Doubled ) হয়, তারপর -er  এবং -est  যোগ হয়। Positive Comparative Superlative Big Bigger Biggest Hot Hotter Hottest Fat Fatter Fattest Sad Sadder Saddest Rule 4:  Adjective এর শেষে -y  এবং তার আগে Consonant থাকলে, y  এর পরিবর্তে i  হয় এবং তারপর -er  ও -est  যোগ হয়। (তবে y এর আগে Vowel থাকলে y পরিবর্তন হয় না, যেমন: Grey > Greyer > Greyest)। Positive Comparative Superlative Happy Happier Happiest Heavy Heavier Heaviest Easy Easier Easiest Busy Busier Busiest Rule 5:  দুই বা ততোধিক Syllable বিশিষ্ট Adjective এর পূর্বে more  যোগ করে Comparative এবং most  যোগ করে Superlative করা হয়। Positive Comparative Superlative Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful Useful More useful Most useful Intelligent More intelligent Most intelligent Interesting More interesting Most interesting Rule 6:  কিছু Adjective এর তুলনা অনিয়মিত ( Irregular ) ভাবে হয়। Positive Comparative Superlative Good / Well Better Best Bad / Ill / Evil Worse Worst Much / Many More Most Little Less Least Far Farther / Further Farthest / Furthest Old Older / Elder Oldest / Eldest Part 3: Structure & Transformation Rules 1. Positive Degree Structure Structure 1:  No other + noun (singular) + verb + as/so + adj (positive) + as + subject. Ex:  No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka. Structure 2:  Very few + noun (plural) + verb (plural) + as + adj (positive) + as + subject. Ex:  Very few metals are as useful as iron. Structure 3:  Subject + verb + as + adj + as + noun/pronoun. Ex:  He is as strong as a lion. 2. Comparative Degree Structure Structure 1:  Subject + verb + adj (comparative) + than any other + noun (singular). Ex:  Dhaka is bigger than any other city in Bangladesh. Structure 2:  Subject + verb + adj (comparative) + than most other / than all other + noun (plural). Ex:  Iron is more useful than most other metals. Structure 3:  Subject + verb + adj (comparative) + than + noun/pronoun. Ex:  He is stronger than I. 3. Superlative Degree Structure Structure 1:  Subject + verb + the + adj (superlative) + noun + (of/in...). Ex:  Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh. Structure 2:  Subject + verb + one of the + adj (superlative) + noun (plural). Ex:  Iron is one of the most useful metals. Important Rules regarding Degree Change Rule 1: No other / Than any other / The + Superlative Sup:  He is the best boy in the class. Comp:  He is better than any other boy in the class. Pos:  No other boy in the class is as good as he. Rule 2: One of the / Than most other / Very few Sup:  Gold is one of the most precious metals. Comp:  Gold is more precious than most other metals. Pos:  Very few metals are as precious as gold. Rule 3: Only two items (Comparative <-> Positive) দুইজন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা হলে Superlative হয় না, শুধু Positive ও Comparative এর পরিবর্তন হয়। যদি Positive বাক্যটি Affirmative হয়, তবে Comparative টি Negative হবে এবং vice-versa। Pos:  Rahim is as wise as Karim. Comp:  Karim is not wiser than Rahim. Pos:  He is not as strong as I. Comp:  I am stronger than he. Rule 4: Double Comparatives (যত... তত...) Structure:  The + comparative ..., the + comparative ... Ex:  The more you read, the more you learn. Ex:  The sooner, the better. Rule 5: Latin Comparatives Senior, Junior, Superior, Inferior, Prior, Ulterior, Posterior ইত্যাদি শব্দের পর 'than' না বসে 'to'  বসে। Ex:  He is senior to  me. (Not 'than me') Ex:  This cloth is superior to  that. Rule 6: Logical Comparison তুলনা সবসময় সমজাতীয় জিনিসের মধ্যে হতে হবে। যদি তুলনাটি ভুল হয় (Illogical), তবে 'that of'  (singular এর জন্য) বা 'those of'  (plural এর জন্য) ব্যবহার করে তা ঠিক করতে হয়। Incorrect:  The rice of Barishal is better than Dhaka. (চাল এর সাথে ঢাকার তুলনা হয় না) Correct:  The rice of Barishal is better than that of  Dhaka. (ঢাকার চালের সাথে তুলনা) Incorrect:  The streets of Dhaka are wider than Khulna. Correct:  The streets of Dhaka are wider than those of  Khulna. Rule 7: Absolutes (No Comparison) কিছু Adjective আছে যেগুলোর অর্থই চরম বা চূড়ান্ত, তাই এদের Comparative বা Superlative হয় না। যেমন: Perfect, Unique, Supreme, Universal, Eternal, Round, Dead, Complete, Infinite, Ideal ইত্যাদি। Incorrect:  It is the most unique idea. Correct:  It is a unique  idea. Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. A comedy is _____ than an action movie.  [DU-B: 17-18] (A) more funny (B) funnier (C) most funny (D) funniest Ans: (B)Explanation:  Funny (y শেষে) এর comparative form হলো Funnier. 02. Which is the correct sentence?  [DU-7 College: 20-21] (A) The Nile is the longest river in Africa. (B) The Nile is longest river in Africa. (C) Nile is longest river in the Africa. (D) Nile is longest river in Africa. Ans: (A)Explanation:  নদীর নামের আগে 'The' এবং Superlative degree এর আগে 'the' বসে। 03. There is nothing _____ a glass of cold water on a hot sunny day.  [DU-A: 21-22] (A) as refreshed as (B) so refreshing that (C) more refreshing than (D) refreshing enough Ans: (C)Explanation:  তুলনামূলক অর্থে 'more refreshing than' সঠিক। 04. The more you read, _____ you learn.  [DU-D: 16-17] (A) the less (B) less (C) least (D) the least Ans: (A)  (অথবা context অনুযায়ী the more  হতে পারে, কিন্তু প্রশ্নে অপশন অনুযায়ী double comparative structure 'the + comparative' হবে।) [Note: Usually 'The more you read, the more you learn'. If option A is 'the less', it implies inverse relation which is grammatically correct structure but contextually pessimistic. Standard structure requires 'The + comparative'.] 05. It is the _____ city of the country.  [DU-D: 19-20] (A) most populous (B) more populous (C) most people (D) most population Ans: (A)Explanation:  Superlative degree 'the most populous'. JU Questions & Answers 01. _____ the matter gets, _____ he feels.  [JU-D: 24-25] (A) the easier, the better (B) to easier, in better (C) easier, better (D) None Ans: (A)Explanation:  Double comparative: The + comparative ..., the + comparative. 02. The superlative form of 'far' is _____.  [JU-C1: 23-24] (A) most far (B) more far (C) farther (D) farthest Ans: (D) RU Questions & Answers 01. _____ higher you climb, _____ colder it gets.  [RU-B: 23-24] (A) The, the (B) no article, no article (C) The, a (D) The, no article Ans: (A) 02. This dictionary costs _____ the other one.  [RU-B: 18-19] (A) twice more than (B) twice as much as (C) three times as much (D) twice as much Ans: (B)Explanation:  গুণিতক বা multiple number এর ক্ষেত্রে 'times + as much as' বসে। CU Questions & Answers 01. She wanted to have _____ of the two pieces of cake.  [CU-D: 24-25] (A) the smaller (B) smallest (C) the small (D) more small Ans: (A)Explanation:  দুইয়ের মধ্যে নির্বাচনের ক্ষেত্রে 'The + comparative + of' বসে। 02. Cuba is _____ sugar-growing countries in the world.  [CU-B: 23-24] (A) one of the larger (B) one of the largest (C) one of largest (D) large Ans: (B)Explanation:  'One of the' এর পর Superlative degree বসে। 03. My research report is much bigger _____ my friend.  [CU-B: 22-23] (A) than (B) then (C) than that (D) than that of Ans: (D)Explanation:  Logical comparison: Report এর সাথে Report এর তুলনা (that of). Part 5: SELF TEST 01. The clearer your thought is, the _____ your writing becomes. (A) good (B) worse (C) better (D) purer Ans: (C)  (Double comparative) 02. Which is the superlative degree of 'costly'? (A) costly (B) costliest (C) costlyest (D) most costly Ans: (B) 03. Of the two new teachers, one is experienced and _____. (A) the others are not (B) another is inexperienced (C) the other is not (D) other lacks experience Ans: (C) 04. Your answers are better than _____ of Mohan. (A) that (B) those (C) this (D) these Ans: (B)  ('Answers' plural, তাই 'those' হবে।) 05. He is _____ judge. (A) a most perfect (B) a perfect (C) absolutely a perfect (D) such a perfect Ans: (B)  (Perfect এর কোনো degree হয় না।) 06. Superlative form of the word 'Easy' is - (A) more easy (B) most easy (C) easiest (D) easier Ans: (C) 07. There were _____ guests than I expected. (A) less (B) lesser (C) fewer (D) few Ans: (C)  (Guests countable, তাই fewer) 08. Which is the correct sentence? (A) She is senior than me. (B) She is senior to me. (C) She is more senior to me. (D) She is senior from me. Ans: (B)  (Latin comparative 'senior' takes 'to') 09. Iron is _____ useful than any other metal. (A) most (B) more (C) very (D) much Ans: (B)  (Comparative degree) 10. Very few metals are _____ gold. (A) as precious as (B) precious than (C) so precious than (D) as precious than Ans: (A)  (Positive degree structure) Exercise 1. Rahim is one — superstitious (সুপারস্টিশাস-কুসংস্কারাচ্ছন্ন) people I know. [DU (B) 14-15] A. much B. very much C. of the more D. of the most Ans: D 2. Tahseen was one --------- [RU (Law) 05-06] Sara was one --------- [CU (C3) 12-13] Sumon was one --------- [কারিগরি শিক্ষা দপ্তরের অধীনে কারিগরি জুনিয়র ইনস্ট্রাক্টর-০৫] A. of the happy childs of his class B. child who was the happiest of all the classes C. of the happiest child of the class D. of the happiest children in the class Ans: D 3. Dhaka is becoming one of the – cities in Asia.[ IU G 10-11, রেলওয়ের উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৬] A. more busy B. busiest C. busy D. most busiest Ans: B 4. Choose the correct sentence. A. Bangladesh is like Vietnam. B. Bangladesh is as like as Vietnam. [CU (B) 02-03] C. Bangladesh is some like Vietnam. D. Bangladesh is same to Vietnam. Ans: A 5. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are – most other ground squirrels. [JU (IBA) 11-12] A. alike B. like as C. same as D. like Ans: A 6. Although we often use ‘speed’ and ‘velocity’ interchangeably, in a technical sense, ‘speed’ is not always – ‘velocity’. [DU C 02-03, PUST A 11-12, JnU D 16-17, JU F 16-17] A. alike B. the same as C. similar D. as E. as good as Ans: B 7. Last year, Matin earned – his brother, who has a better position. [CU D 12-13, E 16-17, JU E3 13-14] A. twice as much as B. twice more than C. twice as many as D. twice as more as Ans: A 8. Staying in a hotel costs – renting room in a dormitory for a week. [NSTU (C) 12-13, CU (B1) 12-13] A. twice more than B. twice as much as C. as much twice as D. as much as twice Ans: B 9. This dictionary costs – the other one. (এই অভিধানের দাম অন্যটার দ্বিগুণ) [JU (B) 18-19] A. twice more than B. twice as much as C. twice as much D. twice as many Ans: B 10. Mina has been suffering from fever for two months. She --- [CU (B-1) 14-15] A. is comparatively better today B. is comparatively the best today C. is nicely today D. is better today. Ans: D 11. Which of the following sentences is correct? [ডাক ও টেলিযোগাযোগ মন্ত্রণালয়ের হিসাবরক্ষণ কর্মকর্তা-০৩] A. He is good today than before B. He is better today [RU (মার্কেটিং) 07-08, Medical 13-14] C. He is best today than yesterday D. He is comparatively better today. Ans: B 12. Choose the correct sentence. (আজ আমি আগের চেয়ে ভালো বোধ করছি) [NU (বিজ্ঞান) 11-12] A. I feel more good today B. I feel better today C. I feel more better today D. He is comparatively better today. Ans: B 13. She is one of the most courgeous persons — [NU (মানবিক) 12-13] A. I known B. which I know C. who I know D. I have ever known. Ans: D 14. My uncle is the best story-teller — [CU (B) 05-06] A. than I’ve ever met B. I’ve ever met C. that never met D. that I’ve ever met Ans: B 15. Which one is the superlative degree? (সব ফুলের মধ্যে গোলাপ সবচেয়ে সুন্দর) [IU (Law) 04-05] A. Rose is the finest of all flowers. B. The rose is the finest of all flowers. C. The rose is finest of all flowers. D. The rose is the finest of all flower. Ans: B 16. Which one is correct? (নীল নদ আফ্রিকা মহাদেশের দীর্ঘতম/সবচেয়ে বড় নদী) [17th BCS, মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা অধিদপ্তরের অধীনে প্রদর্শক-০৪, RU 06-07, IU (ঝ) 12-13, Rupali Bank -13, BRUR (A) 15-16] A. The Nile is longest river in Africa. B. The Nile is longest river in the Africa. C. Nile is longest river in Africa. D. The Nile is the longest river in Africa. Ans: D 17. He drives much — than he needs to do. [DU (B) 99-00, NU 10-11] I prepare my lesson — than you. [ত্রাণ ও পুনর্বাসন অধিদপ্তরের প্রকল্প বাস্তবায়ন কর্মকর্তা-০৬] A. so carefully B. more careful C. carefully D. more carefully Ans: D 18. Dhaka is one of the largest cities in Bangladesh. (Positive) [১০ম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৪] A. No other cities in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka. B. Very few cities in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka. C. Very few cities in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka. D. Some cities in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka. Ans: B 19. He is one of the worst men in the world. (Make Positive) [১৩তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (স্ক) ১৬] A. Very few men in the world were so bad as he. B. Very few man in the world was so bad as he. C. Very few men in the world were so bad so he. D. Very few man in the world were as bad as he. Ans: A 20. Salman is one of the richest persons in the town. What does the sentence imply? [DU C 19-20] A. No other man is as rich as Salman in the town. B. No one in this town is rich. C. Very few persons in the town are as rich as Salman. D. Salman is very rich but others are also rich. Ans: C 21. It burns the prettiest of any wood. (Positive) [৮ম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১২, ১৫তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৯] A. No other wood is as pretty as it burns B. No other wood burns is as pretty as it C. No other wood burns as pretty as it D. No other wood burn as pretty as it Ans: C 22. It is more than honesty. (Make it ‘Postive’) [১৫তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৯] A. Honesty is not as much as it. B. Honesty are not as much as it. C. Honesty is as much as it. D. Honesty is less much as it. Ans: A 23. The sentence ‘He is one of the best boys in the village’ can be written as - [RU (E, বিজোড়) 16-17] A. Very few boys in the village is so good as he B. Very few boys in the village are as good as he C. Very few boys in the village are better as he D. Very few boys in the village is very good as he Ans: B 24. Mango is one of the sweetest fruits in the world. (Comparative) [৬ষ্ঠ শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১০] A. Mango is more sweet than any other fruits in the world. B. Mango is more sweet than all other fruits in the world. C. Mango is sweeter than most other fruits in the world. D. Mango is sweeter than any other fruits in the world. Ans: C 25. Belal is the best boy in the class. (Comparative) [১২তম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৫] A. Very few boys in the class as good as Belal B. Belal is a good boy in the class C. Belal is better than any other boy in the class D. Belal is better than any other boys in the class Ans: C 26. The Padma is one of the biggest rivers in Bangladesh. (Positive) [১২তম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৫] A. Very few river in Bangladesh is as big as the Padma B. Very few rivers in Bangladesh are as big as the Padma C. No other river in Bangladesh is so big as the Padma D. No other rivers in Bangladesh are as big as the Padma Ans: B 27. ‘Iron is the most useful metal’. The positive form of the sentence is- [বিটিভির সহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৭, RU 05-06] A. Very few metals are as useful as iron. B. Iron is as useful as many other metals. C. No other metal is as useful as iron. D. Iron is more useful than many other metals. Ans: C 28. He is the best boy in the class. (Positive) [৯ম স্কুল শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৩] A. He is a good boy in the class B. No other boy is so good as he. C. No other boy in the class is as good as he. D. He is better than any other boy Ans: C 29. Change positive to comparative without any change of meaning. ‘He is as ferocious as tiger’ [JnU (D) 15-16] A. A tiger is not more ferocious than he. B. A tiger is not ferocious than he. C. A tiger is not ferocious than he D. A tiger is not more ferocious than him Ans: A

SENTENCE Part 1: Primary Discussion একাধিক word বা শব্দ সমষ্টি একত্রে মিলিত হয়ে যদি বক্তার মনের ভাব সম্পূর্ণরূপে প্রকাশ করে তবে তাকে Sentence  বা বাক্য বলে। একটি বাক্যের সাধারণত দুটি অংশ থাকে। যথা: Subject  (উদ্দেশ্য): বাক্যের যে অংশে কার সম্পর্কে কিছু বলা হয় তাকে subject বলে। Predicate  (বিধেয়): Subject সম্পর্কে যা কিছু বলা হয় তাকে predicate বলে। Ex:  Kamal (subject) is a good student (predicate). Classification of Sentence: অর্থভেদে Sentence পাঁচ প্রকার এবং গঠনভেদে তিন প্রকার। According to Meaning (অর্থানুসারে): Assertive Sentence  (বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য) Interrogative Sentence  (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য) Imperative Sentence  (অনুজ্ঞাসূচক বাক্য) Optative Sentence  (ইচ্ছা বা আশীর্বাদমূলক বাক্য) Exclamatory Sentence  (আবেগসূচক বাক্য) According to Structure (গঠনানুসারে): Simple Sentence  (সরল বাক্য) Complex Sentence  (জটিল বাক্য) Compound Sentence  (যৌগিক বাক্য) Part 2: Important Rules with Previous Questions 1. Simple Sentence যে Sentence-এ একটিমাত্র Subject এবং একটিমাত্র Finite Verb থাকে তাকে Simple Sentence বলে। Ex:  I saw a bird flying in the sky. Ex:  He is too weak to walk. Ex:  'I have no money to spare.' It is a/an — [DU-B: 12-13] (A) simple sentence (B) complex sentence (C) compound sentence (D) interrogative sentence Ans: (A)  (একটি মাত্র finite verb 'have' আছে।) Ex:  "In spite of his poverty, he is honest." is a — [RU-E: 15-16] (A) compound sentence (B) complex sentence (C) simple sentence (D) none Ans: (C) 2. Complex Sentence যে Sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে তাকে Complex Sentence বলে। Subordinate clause টি সাধারণত Subordinating Conjunction (who, which, that, when, where, why, how, if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, until, unless ইত্যাদি) দ্বারা শুরু হয়। Ex:  If you come, I will go. Ex:  He is so weak that he cannot walk. Ex:  If I had known you were coming ______ [32nd BCS] (A) I would go to the station (B) I had gone to the station (C) I would have gone to the station (D) I went to the station Ans: (C)  (If যুক্ত clause থাকায় এটি Complex sentence) Ex:  The sentence "I know that he is innocent" is — [RU-F: 15-16] (A) simple (B) complex (C) compound (D) interrogative Ans: (B) 3. Compound Sentence যে Sentence-এ দুই বা ততোধিক Principal Clause থাকে এবং সেগুলো Coordinating Conjunction (and, but, or, yet, so, otherwise ইত্যাদি) দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে তাকে Compound Sentence বলে। Ex:  He is poor but he is honest. Ex:  Do or die. Ex:  Which of the following is a compound sentence? [DU-D: 03-04] (A) As he was ill, he could not go. (B) Being ill, he could not go. (C) He was ill and could not go. (D) He could not go because he was ill. Ans: (C)  ('and' দ্বারা যুক্ত) Ex:  'He is poor but honest.' In this sentence which is conjunction? [JKKNIU: 15-16] (A) He (B) Poor (C) But (D) Honest Ans: (C)  (Coordinating conjunction) Transformation of Sentences (Simple, Complex, Compound) নিচে কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম দেওয়া হলো যার মাধ্যমে এক ধরনের বাক্যকে অন্য ধরনে রূপান্তর করা যায়: Rule-01: Since/As/When (কারণ বোঝাতে) Complex:  Since/As/When + subject + verb... Simple:  Verb+ing (যদি subject একই হয়) অথবা Because of / Due to / On account of (যদি subject ভিন্ন হয় বা কারণ বোঝায়)। Compound:  ...and... Ex (Complex):  Since he was ill, he could not come. Ex (Simple):  Being ill, he could not come. / Because of his illness, he could not come. Ex (Compound):  He was ill and (therefore) could not come. Rule-02: Though/Although (বিপরীত বোঝাতে) Complex:  Though/Although + subject + verb... Simple:  In spite of / Despite + possessive + noun/verb+ing... Compound:  ...but... Ex (Complex):  Though he is poor, he is honest. Ex (Simple):  In spite of his poverty, he is honest. Ex (Compound):  He is poor but he is honest. Rule-03: So that (উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে) Complex:  ...so that + subject + can/could + verb... Simple:  ...to + verb... / ...in order to + verb... Compound:  ...and so... / ...and want to... Ex (Complex):  He works hard so that he can succeed. Ex (Simple):  He works hard to succeed. Ex (Compound):  He works hard and so he can succeed. Rule-04: If/Unless (শর্ত বোঝাতে) Complex:  If + affirmative... / If + negative (Unless)... Simple:  By + gerund... (Affirmative) / Without + gerund... (Negative) Compound:  ...and... (Affirmative) / ...or... (Negative) Ex (Complex):  If you read more, you will learn more. Ex (Simple):  By reading more, you will learn more. Ex (Compound):  Read more and you will learn more. Ex (Complex):  If you do not work hard, you will fail. / Unless you work hard, you will fail. Ex (Simple):  Without working hard, you will fail. Ex (Compound):  Work hard or you will fail. Rule-05: So...that (ফলাফল বোঝাতে) Complex:  ...so + adjective + that + subject + cannot/could not + verb... Simple:  ...too + adjective + to + verb... Compound:  ...very... and... Ex (Complex):  He is so weak that he cannot walk. Ex (Simple):  He is too weak to walk. Ex (Compound):  He is very weak and cannot walk. Rule-06: Relative Pronoun (Who/Which/That) Complex:  ...noun + who/which/that + verb... Simple:  (i) ...noun + participle (verb+ing)... [Active] / (ii) ...noun + past participle (V3)... [Passive] Compound:  ...and... Ex (Complex):  The man who is working here is my brother. Ex (Simple):  The man working here is my brother. Ex (Complex):  The book which was bought yesterday is lost. Ex (Simple):  The book bought yesterday is lost. Part 3: Self Practice with Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. Identify the simple sentence.  [DU-B: 15-16] (A) He is weak but he can walk. (B) Though he is weak, he can walk. (C) In spite of his weakness, he can walk. (D) As he is weak, he cannot walk. Ans: (C) 02. Which one is a complex sentence?  [DU-D: 11-12] (A) I saw a bird flying. (B) I saw a bird which was flying. (C) I saw a flying bird. (D) I saw a bird and it was flying. Ans: (B) 03. "Do or die" is a —  [DU-C: 09-10] (A) Simple sentence (B) Complex sentence (C) Compound sentence (D) Optative sentence Ans: (C) 04. No sooner had he left ______ I came.  [DU-B: 08-09] (A) than (B) then (C) when (D) before Ans: (A)  (Complex sentence structure) JU Questions & Answers 01. "Wait here until I come back." This is a —  [JU-A: 19-20] (A) Simple sentence (B) Complex sentence (C) Compound sentence (D) None Ans: (B)  ('Until' is a subordinating conjunction) 02. Transform into simple: "As he was sick, he could not attend the meeting."  [JU-C: 18-19] (A) Being sick, he could not attend the meeting. (B) He was sick and so he could not attend. (C) Because of his being sick, he could not attend. (D) Both A & C Ans: (D) RU Questions & Answers 01. "Honey tastes sweet." This sentence is —  [RU-E: 16-17] (A) Active (B) Passive (C) Quasi-passive (D) Imperative Ans: (C)  (Quasi-passive voice in a simple sentence) 02. Which is a simple sentence?  [RU-A: 14-15] (A) He is poor but honest. (B) Though he is poor, he is honest. (C) In spite of his poverty, he is honest. (D) He is poor and honest. Ans: (C) BCS & Other Exams 01. 'Whatever' is a/an —  [40th BCS] (A) Adjective (B) Pronoun (C) Conjunction (D) Adverb Ans: (C)  (Used as a conjunction in complex sentences) 02. Which one is a compound sentence?  [36th BCS] (A) He is too weak to move. (B) As he is weak, he cannot move. (C) He is very weak and cannot move. (D) Because of his weakness, he cannot move. Ans: (C) 03. "If I were you, I would accept the offer." This is an example of — (A) Simple sentence (B) Complex sentence (C) Compound sentence (D) Negative sentence Ans: (B) Part 4: SELF TEST 01. Identify the complex sentence: (A) I have no money to spare. (B) He is poor but honest. (C) If you work hard, you will succeed. (D) Walking is a good exercise. Ans: (C) 02. "He is very weak and cannot walk." This is a — (A) Simple sentence (B) Complex sentence (C) Compound sentence (D) Mixed sentence Ans: (C) 03. Transform into complex: "I saw a bird flying in the sky." (A) I saw a bird which was flying in the sky. (B) I saw a bird and it was flying in the sky. (C) I saw a flying bird. (D) Seeing a bird, I stopped. Ans: (A) 04. "By working hard, you can prosper." This simple sentence can be changed into compound as — (A) If you work hard, you can prosper. (B) Work hard and you can prosper. (C) Though you work hard, you can prosper. (D) Unless you work hard, you cannot prosper. Ans: (B) 05. "Unless you move, you will die." This complex sentence can be changed into simple as — (A) Move or die. (B) Without moving, you will die. (C) If you do not move, you will die. (D) Moving is necessary to live. Ans: (B) 06. Which conjunction is used in a compound sentence? (A) Since (B) As (C) And (D) Though Ans: (C) 07. "The man who came here is my uncle." The underlined clause is — (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Coordinate clause Ans: (B) 08. "Tell me when he will come." The underlined clause is — (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (A)  (Object of 'tell') 09. "I will go where he lives." The underlined clause is — (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Relative clause Ans: (C)  (Adverbial clause of place) 10. "Walk fast lest you should miss the train." This is a — (A) Simple sentence (B) Complex sentence (C) Compound sentence (D) None Ans: (B)  ('Lest' is a subordinating conjunction) Exercise Topic: Sentence Questions: 1. Only Rina can do this sum. (Negative) a) Only Rina cannot do this sum. b) Rina cannot do this sum. c) None but Rina can do this sum. d) Anyone but Rina can do this sum. 2. I must do this. (Make it negative) a) I cannot but doing this. b) I cannot help do this. c) I must not but do this. d) I cannot help doing this. 3. Nobody likes a liar. The affirmative form of the sentence is a) Everybody dislikes lying b) All people dislike a liar c) Everybody hates a liar d) Everybody likes the truth 4. 'Every mother loves her child'. Make it negative. a) Every mother does not love her child. b) Every mother doesn't love her child. c) There is no mother but loves her child. d) Every mother loves no child. 5. All love flower. (Interrogative) a) Who does not love flower? b) Who do not love flower? c) Who did not love flower? d) Do all love flower 6. Identify the imperative sentence. a) I shall go to college. b) Matin is singing a song. c) It has been raining since morning. d) Stand up. 7. May Allah/God help you. What kind of sentence is this? a) Assertive b) Optative c) Imperative d) Exclamatory 8. What type of sentence is 'If I knew this before!'? a) Optative b) Exclamatory c) Assertive d) Imperative 9. "All men must die" (Negative) a) No men will never die b) None but all men will die c) Nothing but all men must die d) None can avoid death 10. Which one is a negative interrogative sentence? a) Had they not work b) Do they not work? c) Do not he work? d) Could he not worked? 11. Although he is rich, he is an honest man. This is a a) simple sentence b) complex sentence c) compound sentence d) multiple sentence 12. What is lotted cannot be blotted. This is a) Simple sentence b) Compound sentence c) Complex sentence d) Multiple sentence 13. Do or die is a - a) complex sentence b) compound sentence c) simple sentence d) conditional sentence 14. All that glitters is not gold. This sentence is- a) simple b) complex c) compound d) complex-compound 15. 'In spite of being old, he was young at heart.' The compound sentence of it is - a) Though he was old he was young at heart b) He was too old to be young at heart c) He was old but young at heart d) All of the above 16. What is lotted cannot be blotted. This is - a) Simple sentence b) Compound sentence c) Complex sentence d) Multiple sentence 17. The girl who sat next to me is an architect. It is a: a) simple sentence b) complex sentence c) compound sentence d) complex-compound sentence 18. I saw that the boy was playing. It is an example of a- a) complex sentence b) compound sentence c) simple sentence d) exclamatory sentence 19. Move and die. (Make simple)- a) Move or Die b) In case of your moving you will die. c) Move unless you die d) Move never you will die 20. I know her name. (Make it complex) a) What her name I know b) I know what her name is c) I know what is her name. d) Her name I know. Answers With Explanation: 1. c) None but Rina can do this sum (Affirmative sentence with 'Only' or 'Alone' referring to a person is changed to 'None but' in negative. ব্যক্তি বুঝালে Only এর পরিবর্তে None but বসে।) 2. d) I cannot help doing this. ('Must' is replaced by 'cannot but + base verb' or 'cannot help + verb+ing'. Must থাকলে negative করতে cannot help + ing বসে।) 3. c) Everybody hates a liar (Affirmative of 'Nobody' is 'Everybody'. Antonym of 'likes' is 'hates'. 'Nobody likes' becomes 'Everybody hates'.) 4. c) There is no mother but loves her child. ('Every' is replaced by 'There is no ... but' in negative. Every থাকলে There is no ... but বসে।) 5. a) Who does not love flower? ('All' or 'Everybody' is replaced by 'Who does not' in interrogative. All থাকলে Who does not বসে।) 6. d) Stand up. (Imperative sentences usually start with a verb and express order, request, or advice. আদেশ, উপদেশ বা অনুরোধ বুঝালে Imperative sentence হয়।) 7. b) Optative (Sentences starting with 'May' that express a wish or prayer are Optative. ইচ্ছা বা প্রার্থনা বুঝালে Optative sentence হয়।) 8. d) Exclamatory (Note: Source key says 8.d. Standard grammar classifies sentences expressing sudden emotion or wish (like 'If I knew...') as Exclamatory. However, some classifications might label 'If' structures differently, but the exclamation mark indicates Exclamatory. Key 8.d refers to 'Exclamatory' in the list (order: Assertive, Imperative, Optative, Exclamatory). In text, d is Exclamatory.) 9. d) None can avoid death ('Must' indicates obligation/inevitability. 'All men must die' implies no one can escape it. Negative: 'None can avoid death'. অর্থ ঠিক রেখে Negative করা হয়েছে।) 10. b) Do they not work? (Structure: Aux + S + not + V...? or Aux + not + S + V...? 'Do they not work?' follows correct grammatical structure. সঠিক গঠন হলো Auxiliary + Subject + Not + Verb.) 11. b) complex sentence (Sentences with 'Although' consist of a main clause and a subordinate clause, making it Complex. Although থাকলে Complex sentence হয়।) 12. c) Complex sentence (Contains a noun clause "What is lotted" as the subject. Subordinate clause থাকায় এটি Complex sentence.) 13. b) compound sentence (Two independent clauses joined by 'or'. Or দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকলে Compound sentence হয়।) 14. b) complex ('All that glitters' contains a relative clause 'that glitters', making it Complex. Relative clause থাকায় এটি Complex.) 15. c) He was old but young at heart (Simple sentence with 'In spite of' converts to Compound using 'but'. In spite of থাকলে Compound করতে but বসে।) 16. c) Complex sentence (Repetition of Question 12.) 17. b) complex sentence (Contains a relative clause 'who sat next to me'. Who দ্বারা যুক্ত clause থাকায় এটি Complex.) 18. a) complex sentence (Contains a noun clause 'that the boy was playing'. That দ্বারা যুক্ত clause থাকায় এটি Complex.) 19. b) In case of your moving you will die. ("Move and die" implies a condition "If you move, you will die". Simple form uses a phrase like "In case of...". 'In case of' ব্যবহার করে Simple করা হয়েছে।) 20. c) I know what her name is

SENTENCE Sentence:  A group of words that makes a complete sense is called a sentence. (পরিপূর্ণ অর্থপ্রকাশ করে এমন শব্দ সমষ্টিকে sentence বা বাক্য বলে।) General Questions 1. A sentence is a — [স্বরাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রসাশক-০৫] A. group of words B. collection of words C. group of words that makes a complete sense D. part of paragraph Ans: C 2. A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete — [বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক অফিসার-০১, PUST (A) 14-15] A. thought B. paragraph C. predicate D. fragment Ans: A Subject & Predicate Note: Subject:  The part which names the person or things we are speaking about. Predicate:  The part which tells something about the subject. 3. A 'subject' means — [IU (গ) 05-06] A. The agent of a sentence B. The preceding of the adjective C. The modifier of the sentence D. The syntax of the sentence Ans: A 4. The 'predicate' is a group of words which — . [JU 05-06] A. denotes the statement B. describe the subject C. helps the subject D. tells about the subject Ans: D 5. The predicate of a sentence is — [JnU 06-07] A. A verb B. A person about whom something is said C. What is said about subject D. Which determines the subject Ans: C 6. When we write sentence — [RU (আইন) 03-04] A. The object comes first B. The predicate comes first C. The subject comes first D. The person comes first Ans: C 7. Because every sentence must contain a subject and a verb, how many essential part (s) every sentence have? [PSC 98] A. one B. two C. three D. three is on hard and fast rule Ans: B 8. A sentence must have a — [তুলা উন্নয়ন কর্মকর্তা-৯৭, RU 05-06, JKKNIU (B) 12-13] A. group of words B. description C. statement D. subject and a finite verb Ans: D Assertive Sentence 9. An assertive sentence means: [IU 05-06] A. we affirm what is said B. a simple statement C. a negative form D. comment or order Ans: B 10. The boy has a book. (What kind of sentence it is?) [RU 05-06] A. Assertive B. Negative C. Optative D. Imperative Ans: A 11. The wind is unfavourable. What kind of sentence this? [IU 04-05] A. assertive B. interrogative C. imperative D. optative Ans: A 1. Only Rina can do this sum. (Negative) [১০ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৪, সমাজসেবা অধিদপ্তরে ফিল্ড সুপারভাইজার-১৭] A. Only Rina cannot do this sum. B. Rina cannot do this sum. C. None but Rina can do this sum. D. Anyone but Rina can do this sum. Ans: C Explanation:  When "Only" or "Alone" refers to a person, it is replaced by "None but" in the negative form. 2. None but one student was absent. Which is affirmative? [বিটিভি'র উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী-১১] A. One student was absent B. One student was always absent C. Only one student was absent D. Only one student was always absent Ans: C Explanation:  "None but" refers to a person, but here it modifies "one student". The reverse transformation of "None but" is "Only". 3. Choose the correct negative sentence. Only a rogue can act thus. [KU 07-08] A. Only but a rogue can act thus. B. No one but a rogue can act thus. C. None but a rogue can act thus. D. No one can act thus but a rogue. Ans: C Explanation:  "Only" referring to a person ("a rogue") changes to "None but". 4. 'A child likes only sweets' - Negative form of this sentence is- [১২তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন-১৫] A. A child likes nothing but sweets B. A child likes none but sweets C. A child likes but sweets D. A child likes not more sweets Ans: A Explanation:  When "Only" refers to an object or thing ("sweets"), it is replaced by "nothing but". 5. He has only a few books. [RU (H) 17-18] A. He does not but a few books. B. He is nothing though a few books. C. He has nothing but a few books. D. He does not possess a few books. Ans: C Explanation:  "Only" modifying objects ("a few books") becomes "nothing but". 6. Priyom is only six. (Negative) [৬ষ্ঠ শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১০, RU (E, বিজোড়) 16-17] A. Priyom is not six. B. Priyom is not more than six. C. Priyom is no less six. D. Priyom is more six. Ans: B Explanation:  When "Only" refers to a number or age, it is replaced by "not more than" or "not less than". 7. He is only five. (Negative) [৭ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১১] A. He is not less than five. B. He is not above five. C. He is not only five. D. He in not aged five. Ans: A Explanation:  Similar to the previous rule, "only" with a number can become "not less than" (or "not more than"). 8. I must do this. (Make it negative) [RU (E-জোড়) 14-15] A. I cannot but doing this. B. I cannot help do this. C. I must not but do this. D. I cannot help doing this. Ans: D Explanation:  "Must" is changed to "cannot but + base verb" or "cannot help + verb-ing". Here, "cannot help doing" is the correct structure. 9. I must go there. (Negative) [৭ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১১] A. I cannot going there. B. I cannot help go there. C. I cannot but go there. D. I must not go there. Ans: C Explanation:  "Must" becomes "cannot but" followed by the base form of the verb ("go"). 10. I must do it. (Make it negative) [IU (B) 10-11, RU (মার্কেটিং) 07-08, (E, জোড়) 16-17] A. I must not do it. B. I should not do it. C. I cannot but do it. D. I do not do it. Ans: C 11. 'I cannot help listening to him.' Show in form using 'but'. [RU 09-10] A. I can listen to him. B. I cannot but listen to him. C. I but can listen to him. D. I cannot listening to him. Ans: B Explanation:  "Cannot help + ing" is equivalent to "cannot but + base verb". 12. I cannot but go there. (Use 'help' in place of 'but') [RU 07-08, (মার্কেটিং) 08-09] A. I cannot help in going there. B. I cannot help to go there. C. I cannot help going there. D. I cannot help for going there Ans: C 13. None can escape his fate. Choose the correct affirmative of this sentence. [RU (F) 14-15] A. Everyone accept his fate. B. Everyone can escape his fate. C. Everyone must submit to his fate. D. Everyone cannot escape his fate. Ans: C Explanation:  The negative "None can escape" implies the affirmative "Everyone must submit". 14. Everybody should admit the truth. (Make it negative without changing its meaning) [RU 03-04, (D) 10-11, (D, অবাণিজ্য) 17-18] A. Nobody should admit the truth. B. Nobody should deny the truth. C. Everybody should not admit the truth. D. Everybody should deny the truth. Ans: B Explanation:  To make "Everybody" negative, use "Nobody" and use the antonym of the verb ("admit" becomes "deny"). 15. Nobody likes a liar. The affirmative form of the sentence is [গণপূর্ত অধিদপ্তরের উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১১, COU (D) 12-13, IU (G) 17-18] A. Everybody dislikes lying B. All people dislike a liar C. Everybody hates a liar D. Everybody likes the truth. Ans: C Explanation:  "Nobody" becomes "Everybody" and "likes" becomes its antonym "hates" (or dislikes) to preserve meaning. 16. Every rose has a thorn. Make it negative. [RU 07-08] A. No rose has a thorn. B. Every rose has no thorn. C. There is no rose without thorn. D. None Ans: C Explanation:  "Every" is often replaced by "There is no... without..." in negative transformation. 17. Every mother loves her child. Make it negative. [Medical 97-98, 13-14, NU (D) 10-11] A. Every mother does not love her child B. Every mother doesn't love her child. C. There is no mother but loves her child D. Every mother loves no child. Ans: C Explanation:  "Every" becomes "There is no... but..." where "but" functions as a relative pronoun meaning "who does not". 18. The negative form of the sentence, "It always pours when it rains" is [সার্কেল অ্যাডজুটেন্ট-১৫] A. It never pours when it does not rain B. It always does not pours when is does not rain C. It never rains but it pours D. It never pours but it rains Ans: C Explanation:  This is a specific idiom. The negative "It never rains but it pours" means whenever it rains, it rains heavily (pours). 19. Everyone always remembers him. (Make it negative) [JnU (C) 11-12] A. Everyone will not remember him. B. Everyone never remember him. C. Everyone never forgets him. D. Everyone forgets him. Ans: C Explanation:  "Always" changes to "Never" and the verb "remembers" changes to its antonym "forgets". Note: Strict grammar might prefer "No one ever forgets him", but given the options, C is the intended answer despite "Everyone never" being awkward. 20. We always honour our teacher. (Make it negative) [RU 06-07] A. We never honour our teacher. B. We never dishonour our teacher. C. We should not dishonour our teacher. D. We shall not honour our teacher. Ans: B Explanation:  "Always" -> "Never"; "honour" -> "dishonour". 21. Tuhin was never late. (Make it affirmative): [RU 03-04] A. Tuhin was never late. B. Tuhin was never punctual. C. Tuhin was always punctual. D. Tuhin is not never late. Ans: C Explanation:  "Never" -> "Always"; "late" -> "punctual". 22. Which one is the right form of negative sentence without any change of this affirmative sentence? 'He is sometimes foolish' [RU 04-05] A. He is not always foolish. B. He is not always wise. C. He is not fool. D. None Ans: B Explanation:  "Sometimes" indicates occasionally. The negative is "not always". To keep the meaning "sometimes foolish", one must say he is "not always wise" (meaning he is wise most of the time, but sometimes foolish, or vice versa depending on context). Wait, "He is sometimes foolish" = "He is not always wise" is logically sound as it allows for moments of foolishness. 23. Akhi missed the train (Negative). [৮ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১২] A. Akhi did not catch the train B. Akhi did not get the train C. Akhi did not get into the train D. Akhi does not get on the train Ans: A Explanation:  "Missed" is the opposite of "caught". Negative: "did not catch". 24. He acted wisely. (Make it Negative) [RU 07-08, 09-10, IU 10-11] A. He could not act wisely. B. He did not act wisely. C. He did not but act wisely. D. He did not act foolishly. Ans: D Explanation:  Use the antonym of the adverb: "wisely" -> "foolishly" with "did not". 25. As soon as I left the place he went away. Which is negative? [IU G 11-12] A. No sooner I had left the place he went away. B. As soon as I did not leave the place he went away. C. As soon as I do not leave the place he went away. D. No sooner had I left the place than he went away. Ans: D Explanation:  "As soon as" transforms to "No sooner had... than..." in negative sentences. 26. As soon as the teacher enters the classroom, the students stand up. (Negative) A. No sooner does the teacher enter the classroom than the students stand up. B. No sooner the teacher enters the classroom than the students stand up. C. No sooner had the teacher entered the classroom than the students stood up. D. The students stood up as the teacher entered the classroom. Ans: A Explanation:  Since the original sentence is in the present tense ("enters"), the negative form uses "No sooner does...". 27. He is the best player. (Negative) [১৪তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৭] A. No other player is as good as he B. No other player is as better as he C. No other player is as best as he D. No other player is considered as best as he Ans: A Explanation:  Superlative degree ("best") changes to Positive degree with "No other... as good as". 28. 'He is the best boy in the class.' -Make it negative. [RU 09-10] A. None other than he is a good boy in the class. B. No other boy in the class is so good as he. C. He is not the best boy in the class. D. He is nothing but the best boy in the class. Ans: B 29. The negative form of the sentence 'Neela is taller than Bushra.' [সাধারণ বীমা কর্পোরেশনের জনিয়র অফিসার-১৯] A. Bushra is shorter than Neela. B. Bushra is not so tall as Neela. C. Bushra is not taller than Neela D. Neela is not shorter than Bushra. Ans: B Explanation:  Comparative "A is taller than B" becomes "B is not so tall as A" in the negative. 30. Money is sweeter than honey. (Negative) [১৪তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৭] A. Honey is not so sweet as money B. Money is not so sweet as honey C. Nothing as as sweet as money and honey D. Honey is not sweeter than money Ans: A 31. He is greater than I. Negative form of this affirmative sentence is - [JU IBA 10-11] A. I am not as great as he B. He is no greater than I C. He is so great as I D. I am not greater than he Ans: A 32. Which one is an interrogative sentence? [জনশক্তি, কর্মসংস্থান ও প্রশিক্ষণ ব্যুরোর ইন্সট্রাক্টর-১৮] A. He reads a book. B. Does he read a book? C. He has read a book. D. He will read a book. Ans: B 33. Choose the correct interrogative. [JnU 05-06] A. Will you go to the park? B. Will go you to the park? C. You will go to the park? D. Go will you to the park? Ans: A 34. Choose the correct interrogative form of the following sentence. 'I do the work.' [DU (D) 14-15] A. Did I do the work? B. Do I do the work? C. Do I did the work? D. Have I done the work? Ans: B 35. Choose the right interrogative of the following sentence: 'Your father came home last night' A. Had your father came home last night? B. Did your father come home last night? C. Have your father came home last night? D. Was your father came home last night? Ans: B 36. Choose the correct interrogative form of the following sentence. 'He married to the beautiful girl.' A. Was he married to the beautiful girl? B. Did he married to the beautiful girl? C. Did he marry to the beautiful girl? D. Had he married to the beautiful girl? Ans: C 37. Choose the correct interrogative. [তুমি কোন বইটি পড়ছ?] [JnU (B) 11-12] A. Which book you are reading? B. Which book you reading? C. Which book are you reading? D. Which book your are reading Ans: C 38. Choose the correct interrogative sentence. [আনিসের বয়স কত?] [RU (C) 06-07] A. How old is Anis? B. What is the age of Anis? C. How the age of Anis is? D. How many years Anis is? Ans: A 39. All love flower. (Interrogative) [১১তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৪, IU (G) 11-12, ১৫তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৯] A. Who does not love flower? B. Who do not love flower? C. Who did not love flower? D. Do all love flower? Ans: A Explanation:  "All/Everybody" changes to "Who does not..." in interrogative to imply the affirmative meaning. 40. Everybody knows this. (Interrogative) [৭ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১১] A. Does anybody know this? B. Who does not know this? C. Who do not know this? D. Do anybody know this? Ans: B 41. Everybody hates a liar. (Interrogative) [১২তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৫] A. Who hates a liar? B. Do you hate a liar? C. Who does not hates a liar? D. Who does not hate a liar? Ans: D 42. What is the best interrogative form of the sentence? 'Everybody wants to be rich.' [জনসংখ্যা ও পরিবার কল্যাণ কর্মকর্তা-০৪] A. Does not everybody want to be rich? B. Who does not want to be rich? C. Why not everybody wants to be rich? D. None of the above sentences. Ans: B 43. Nobody wishes to be unhappy. (Interrogative) [১১তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৪] A. Who wishes to be unhappy? B. Does nobody wish to be unhappy? C. Who does not wish to be unhappy? D. Who wishes to be unhappy? Ans: A Explanation:  "Nobody" changes to "Who..." (without "not") to imply the negative meaning. 44. 'None can do this' এর interrogative form কি হবে? [মিলিটারি ইঞ্জিনিয়ার সার্ভিসেসের স্টোরম্যান-১৮, CU G 11-12] A. Can none do this? B. Who can do this? C. Who cannot do this? D. Can anyone do this? Ans: B, D Explanation:  "None" can be replaced by "Who" (Who can do this? = No one) or "Anyone" with inversion (Can anyone do this?). Both are correct forms. 45. What is the negative-interrogative form of 'I have been reading'? [IU (গ) 09-10] A. Have I been reading? B. Has I been reading? C. Have I not been reading? D. Do I read? Ans: C 46. We are proud of our freedom fighters. (Interrogative) [৬ষ্ঠ শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১০] A. Are we proud of our freedom fighters? B. Are we not proud of our freedom fighters? C. Are not we proud of our freedom fighters? D. Don't we proud of our freedom fighters? Ans: B 47. She cooks rice. (Make it negative-interrogative) [RU 03-04] A. Does She cook rice? B. Has she not cooked rice? C. Does not She cook rice? D. Does she not cook rice? Ans: D 48. He went home. (Make it negative-interrogative) [RU 07-08] A. Did he not went home? B. Did he not gone home? C. Did not he went home? D. Did he not go home? Ans: D 49. Which one is Imperative sentence? [দুর্নীতি দমন কমিশনের ডাটা এন্ট্রি অপারেটর-১৯] A. I shall go. B. Go home. C. You did it. D. She is eating. Ans: B 50. Which one is the imperative sentence? [শিল্প মন্ত্রণালয়ের অধীনে সহকারী পরিচালক-১০] A. She is dancing B. I shall go C. Sit down D. You will sit here Ans: C 51. A sentence that expresses command, forbids, request and advice is called — sentence. [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক '৯০] A. an interrogative B. an imperative C. an affirmative D. None Ans: B 52. "Please bring me a cup of tea." What kind of sentence is this? [RU (F) 12-13] A. assertive B. imperative C. optative D. interrogative Ans: B 53. Do not laugh at the poor. [পরিবার পরিকল্পনা সহকারী পরিদর্শক এবং পরিবার কল্যাণ সহকারী-১১] A. Interrogative B. Imperative C. Assertive D. Optative Ans: B 54. Identify the imperative sentence. [27th BCS, প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা অধিদপ্তরের সহকারী ইনস্ট্রাক্টর-১১, IU (F) 13-14, KU 12-13, RU 14-15, BRUR (D) 14-15] A. I shall go to college. B. Matin is singing a song. C. Stand up. D. It has been raining since morning. Ans: C 55. What type of sentence 'Pay tribute to the memory of a national hero' is? [RU 08-09] A. Assertive B. Exclamatory C. Optative D. Imperative Ans: D 56. We should love our country. (Imperative) [১৪তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৭] A. Love our country. B. Let us love our country. C. We may not hate our country. D. Should love our country. Ans: B Explanation:  For "We should", the imperative form usually starts with "Let us". 57. An optative sentence — [আইন, বিচার ও সংসদ বিষয়ক মন্ত্রণালয়ের সাব-রেজিস্ট্রার-১২] A. Asks question B. Expresses prayer or desire C. Expresses joys, sorrow etc. D. Expresses sudden feeling Ans: B 58. "May he not suffer (সে কষ্ট না পাক)" is an — [NSI এর সাঁটমুদ্রাক্ষরিক-কাম-কম্পিউটার অপারেটর-১৭] A. Assertive sentence B. Optative sentence C. Interrogative sentence D. Imperative sentence Ans: B 59. 'May Allah/God help you.' What kind of sentence is this? [11th BCS, সমাজসেবা অধিদপ্তরের ইউনিয়ন সমাজকর্মী-১৬, সরকারী মাধ্যমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১৯] A. Assertive B. Optative C. Imperative D. Exclamatory Ans: B 60. Which one is an optative sentence? [বহিরাগমন ও পাসপোর্ট অধিদপ্তরের সহকারী পরিচালক-১১] A. You should take care of your health. B. I hope you will be able to get over your tensions. C. May God speed up your recovery. D. It's better to pay attention to your daughter's education. Ans: C 61. কোন প্রকারের বাক্যের মধ্য দিয়ে প্রবল অনুভূতি প্রকাশিত হয়? [প্রাথমিক প্রধান শিক্ষক-৯৩] A. Compound sentence B. Exclamatory sentence C. Interrogative sentence D. None of the above Ans: B 62. What type of sentence is 'If I knew this before!'? [RU 06-07] A. assertive B. optative C. imperative D. exclamatory Ans: D 63. Which of the following sentences begins with a complement? [RU 04-05] A. Assertive B. Exclamatory C. Optative D. Interrogative Ans: B Explanation:  Exclamatory sentences often begin with a complement (e.g., "How beautiful  the flower is!"). 64. Cricket is a very exciting game. (Exclamatory) [৬ষ্ঠ শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১০, NSI-এর সহকারী পরিচালক-১৭] A. How exciting is cricket game! B. How an exciting game is cricket! C. What an exciting game cricket is! D. What an exciting is cricket game! Ans: C 65. He leads a most unhappy life. (Make it exclamatory) [RU 03-04] A. What a unhappy life he leads! B. What an unhappy life he lead! C. What an unhappy life he leads! D. What a unhappy life he lead! Ans: C 66. Man is indeed a wonderful creation. Make it exclamatory: [SUST 07-08] A. How wonderful creation a man indeed! B. What a wonderful creation a man indeed is! C. What a wonderful creation a man is! D. How creation a man is! Ans: C 67. "The scenery is very charming." (Make it exclamatory) [RU 06-07] A. The scenery is very charming. B. How charming is the scenery! C. How charming the scenery is! D. How beautiful the scenery is! Ans: C 68. I wish I were an ideal teacher. (Exclamatory) [৭ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১১, IU (H) 14-15] A. If I were an ideal teacher! B. How an ideal teacher I was! C. What an ideal teacher I was! D. If an ideal teacher I am! Ans: A 69. What a nice scenery it is! (Assertive) [১০ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (১১-১৪)] A. It is very nice scenery. B. It is a great scenery. C. It is a very nice scenery. D. This scenery is very nice. Ans: C 70. How beautiful night is! (Make it assertive) [RU 07-08] A. It is beautiful night. B. Night is very beautiful. C. It is very beautiful night. D. Night is beautiful. Ans: B 71. Had I the wings of a bird! (Make it assertive) [RU 03-04, IU (D) 17-18] A. I wish I had the wings of a bird. B. I had the wings of a bird. C. I should have the wings of a bird. D. May I have the wings of a bird. Ans: A 72. If I had died! (Make it assertive) [RU 08-09] A. I wish I were died B. I wish I had died. C. I wish I died. D. I wish I was died. Ans: B PRACTICE 1. Which one is Imperative sentence? [দুর্নীতি দমন কমিশনের ডাটা এন্ট্রি অপারেটর-১৯] A. I shall go. B. Go home. C. You did it. D. She is eating. Ans: B 2. Which one of the following is an imperative sentence? [সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক মন্ত্রণালয়ে উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী-১৯] A. Do not lie B. He came to my father. C. What an idea D. Do you know me? Ans: A 3. He tried is best. (Negative) [১৬তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৯] A. He did not try a little. B. He did not stay unmoved C. He left no stone unturned D. He did not turn all stone Ans: C 4. What an excellent idea. (Assertive) [১৫তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৯] A. It is a very excellent idea. B. It is an excellent idea. C. It is more excellent idea. D. It is a very good idea. Ans: A 5. 'What is your name?' This is an — sentence. [কারিগরী শিক্ষা অধিদপ্তরের জুনিয়র ইন্সট্রাক্টর (ইলেকট্রনিক্স)-১৮] A. interrogative B. imperative C. optative D. assertive Ans: A 6. Choose the correct negative form of the sentence: Everybody admits that Hanif tried his best in the final examination. [বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক অঞ্চল কর্তৃপক্ষের সহকারী ব্যবস্থাপক-১৮] A. Everybody admits that Hanif hasn't try his best in the final examination. B. Everybody admits that Hanif didn't try his best in the final examination. C. Hanif didn't try his best in the final examination and everybody admits that. D. Nobody denies that Hanif tried his best in the final examination. Ans: D 7. Which one is an imperative sentence? [সরকারী মাধ্যমিক সহ: শিক্ষক-৯৮, পল্লী সঞ্চয় ব্যাংক (ক্যাশ অফিসার)-১৮, Medical 04-05, RU 07-08] A. You read it attentively B. Do it at once. C. I wish your success in life. D. Does he go to school? Ans: B 8. 'Come with me.' This is an — [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা (মুক্তিযোদ্ধা কোটা)-১৮] A. interrogative sentence B. imperative sentence C. assertive sentence D. exclamatory sentence Ans: B 9. Man is mortal এর সঠিক Negative sentence কোনটি? [মিলিটারি ইঞ্জিনিয়ার সার্ভিসেসের স্টোরম্যান-১৮] A. Man is not mortal. B. No man is mortal. C. Man is immortal. D. No man is immortal. Ans: D 10. The negative of 'Man is mortal' is [স্বাস্থ্য মন্ত্রণালয়ের উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৬] A. Man is not mortal B. Man does not immortal C. Man will not die D. Man is not immortal Ans: D 11. What kind of sentence is the following one: How far is the train station? [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের সহকারী প্রোগামার-১৭] A. Assertive B. Exclamatory C. Optative D. Interrogative Ans: D 12. 'How will you cross the road?' This is an — sentence. [NSI-এর অফিস সহকারী-১৭] A. Imperative B. Exclamatory C. Interrogative D. Optative Ans: C 13. 'Never tell a lie'-এটা কোন ধরনের sentence? [NSI-এর সাঁটমুদ্রাক্ষরিক-কাম-কম্পিউটার অপারেটর-১৭] A. Interrogative B. Assertive C. Optative D. Imperative Ans: D 14. The sentence, 'what a delicious meal!' is a/an- [পরিসংখ্যান কর্মকর্তা-১৭] A. Interrogative sentence B. Optative sentence C. Imperative sentence D. Exclamatory sentence Ans: D 15. Friendship is nothing but a name. (Interrogative) [১৪তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (২)-১৭] A. What is friendship but a name? B. Is friendship anything but a name? C. What is nothing but a name? D. Why is friendship a name? Ans: A 16. What a fool he is! (Assertive) [স্বাস্থ্য মন্ত্রণালয়ের উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৬] A. It is he who is a fool B. He is a fool, of course C. He is very fool D. He is a great fool Ans: D 17. Which one is the imperative sentence? [প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের উপ-সহকারী পরিচালক-১৬] A. How beautiful the flower is! B. Never tell a lie C. Do you drink tea? D. We drink milk everyday. Ans: B 18. Which one is imperative sentence? [NBR এর সহকারী রাজস্ব কর্মকর্তা-১৫] A. Let it be done B. Close the door C. The job is done D. She is cooking Ans: B 19. Long live our President- এটি কোন ধরনের sentence? [জুনিয়র অডিটর, কন্ট্রোলার জেনারেল ডিফেন্স ফাইন্যান্স-১৪] A. Assertive B. Optative C. Exclamatory D. Imperative Ans: B 20. "All men must die" (Negative) [১১তম প্রভাষক নিবন্ধন ১৪] A. No men will never die B. None but all men will die C. Nothing but all men must die D. None can avoid death. Ans: D 21. Be just and fear not- এটি কোন ধরনের sentence? [১৫-১৬] A. Optative B. Imperative C. Exclamatory D. Assertive Ans: B 22. Which one is an imperative sentence? [সহকারী তথ্য অফিসার-১৩] A. Where do you live? B. What a match! C. Nothing will make him repent D. Open the door. Ans: D 23. How fine flower it is! It is an — [BRTA এর মোটরযান পরিদর্শক-১৪] A. Assertive sentence B. Exclamatory sentence C. Optative sentence D. Negative sentence Ans: B 24. Did he see anyone in the room? (assertive) [পরিসংখ্যান কর্মকর্তা-১০] A. He saw no one in the room. B. He did not see someone in the room. C. He saw anyone in the room. D. He saw someone in the room. Ans: D 25. Only the moon was visible. (Negative) [১ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৩] A. The moon was not visible. B. He has few friends here C. Nothing but the moon was visible D. None but the moon was visible. Ans: C 26. Which sentence is in Imperative Mood? [১০ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৪] A. Stop reading loudly B. We live in a remote village C. May you be happy D. When will he come? Ans: A 27. 'Go there at once (দেরি না করে/এক্ষুণি সেখানে যাও)' is a/an- [১ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৪] A. Simple sentence B. Optative sentence C. Assertive sentence D. Imperative sentence Ans: D 28. Identify the imperative sentence. [পিইডিপি-৩ প্রাক-প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক নিয়োগ-১৫] A. I did it B. Stand up C. It is raining D. I shall go to college Ans: B 29. The interrogative form of the sentence "He is a great scholar" is - [পরিবার পরিকল্পনা সহকারী কর্মকর্তা-১২] A. Is he a great scholar? B. Is he a big scholar? C. Is he not a great scholar? D. Is not he a great scholar? Ans: D 30. He has a cup of tea everyday. (Interrogative) [৮ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১২] A. Doesn't he have a cup of tea everyday? B. Doesn't he has a cup of tea everyday? C. Has he not have a cup of tea everyday? D. Hasn't he has a cup of tea everyday? Ans: A 31. I had a nice dream last night. (Interrogative) [৮ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১২] A. Didn't I had a nice dream last night? B. Did I not have a nice dream last night? C. Had not I have a nice dream? D. Had I have a nice dream last night? Ans: B 32. There is only a high school at Satkhira. (Negative) [৮ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১২] A. Not more than a high school is at Satkhira B. There is not more than a high school at Satkhira C. There is a few school at Satkhira. D. There is nothing but a school at Satkhira Ans: B 33. Transform into negative sentence "He tried all plans" [৬ষ্ঠ শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১০, RU F 15-16] A. He tried/left no plan untried B. He tried no plans C. He untried no plans D. He did not try all plans Ans: A 34. What type of sentence is it? I wish you success in life. [সহ:পরিচালক মাদকদ্রব্য নিয়ন্ত্রণ অধিদপ্তর-১৩] A. Assertive B. Negative C. Optative D. Exclamatory Ans: C 35. Which sentence is correct? (কি ভালো লোক সে/তিনি!) [৭ম বিজেএস (সহকারী জজ)-১২] A. How a good man he is! B. How good man is he! C. What a good man is he! D. What a good man he is! Ans: D 36. What is the correct transformation of the following sentence into interrogative? 'Every man hates war.' [সরকারী মাধ্যমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-০৯] A. Is there any man who doesn't hate war? B. Is there any men who doesn't hate war? C. Are there any man who doesn't hate war? D. Are there any men who doesn't hate war? Ans: A 37. Which one is an imperative sentence? [দুর্নীতি দমন ব্যুরোর পরিদর্শক-০৩, RU (F, অ-বিজ্ঞান) 16-17] A. How beautiful the flower is! B. Be quiet and listen to my words. C. Do you go to the club? D. I go to school everyday. Ans: B 38. 'None should deny the truth.' (Affirmative) [বাংলাদেশ কমার্স ব্যাংক অফিসার-০০, HSTU C 14-15] A. All should accept the truth B. Everybody should deny the truth C. Anybody should deny the truth D. Everybody should admit the truth Ans: D 39. He did not miss the opportunity, বাক্যটির Interrogative form- [প্রাথমিক প্রধান শিক্ষক-৯৮] A. Did he miss the opportunity? B. Had he not missed the opportunity? C. Had he missed the opportunity? D. Did he not miss the opportunity? Ans: A 40. Choose the best interrogative form of 'Everyone hates acid-throwing' [DU B 19-20] A. Do anyone like acid-throwing? B. Is there anyone who can who can hate acid-throwing? C. Who does accept acid-throwing? D. Who does not hate acid-throwing? Ans: D 41. 'May our cricket team win the 'World Cup'. Change into an assertive sentence [DU (B) 17-18] A. I wish our cricket team to win the 'World Cup' B. I wish that our cricket team wins the 'World Cup'. C. I wish our cricket team could win the 'World Cup'. D. I wish our cricket team can win the 'World Cup' Ans: C 42. How beautiful the garden is! (Make it assertive) [RU (B) 18-19] A. It is a very beautiful garden. B. The garden is very beautiful. C. The garden looks beautiful. D. The beauty of the garden is really nice. Ans: B 43. All must submit to destiny. (Make it negative) [KU (C) 18-19] A. No one can escape destiny. B. Everybody should accept destiny. C. No one should escape destiny. D. Everybody should accept what destiny fixes for them. Ans: A 44. Which one is a negative interrogative sentence? [RU (E3) 17-18] A. Had they not work? B. Do they not work? C. Do not he work? D. Could he not worked? Ans: B 45. Health is wealth. Change it into Interrogative without changing meaning. [IU (B) 17-18] A. Is health wealth? B. Why health is wealth? C. Doesn't health wealth? D. Isn't health wealth? Ans: D 46. Convert the sentence to a complex one – "You are too young to understand." [পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়ের ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-০৬] A. You are very young that you do not understand. B. You are so young that you do not understand. C. You are not old so you cannot understand. D. You are so young that you cannot understand. Ans: D (Explanation: too...to → so...that...cannot). 47. Change the following sentence into a complex one. 'Tell me your name' [সরকারী মাধ্যমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-০৮] A. Tell me what is your name. B. Tell me the name you bear. C. Tell me what your name. D. Tell me what your name is. Ans: D (Explanation: Noun phrase 'your name' becomes noun clause 'what your name is'). 48. Find the compound form of the sentence, "If you do not move, you will die." [CU (A) 19-20] A. Move and die B. You cannot move and die. C. Move or die D. Let him move or he will die. Ans: C (Explanation: If + negative → Imperative + or). 49. He appeared at the examination but failed. Transform into complex sentence. [RU (B) 19-20] A. Though he appeared at the examination but failed. B. He was appeared at the examination but failed. C. Having he appeared at the examination but failed. D. Being he appeared at the examination but failed. Ans: A 50. What is the correct simple sentence of 'I know that Jim is an honest boy'? [RU (B) 18-19] A. I know Jim to be an honest boy. B. I know the reason of Jim's honesty. C. I know Jim to is an honest boy. D. I know Jim's honesty. Ans: A (Explanation: Noun clause 'that Jim is...' → Object + infinitive 'Jim to be...'). 51. You have done a mistake and I know it. (make it simple) [RU (B) 18-19] A. I know your mistake. B. I know the mistake that you have done. C. Do not do the mistake any more. D. Do you know your mistake? Ans: A 52. Ten years have passed since his father died. Make it simple. [RU (A1) 17-18] A. His father died since ten years. B. His father has died ten years ago. C. His father died ten years ago. D. His father has died for ten years. Ans: C 53. I know him. Correct complex sentence of this sentence is: [RU (B) 16-17] A. I know who was he. B. I know who he is. C. Who is he I know. D. I know what is he. Ans: B 54. Without doing you will die. The compound form of the sentence- [IU (H) 17-18] A. Do and then die B. Either do or die C. Du or you will die D. Do or die Ans: D (Explanation: Without + gerund → Imperative + or). 55. When we woke up, it was raining. (Make it simple) [RU (I) 16-17] A. At the time of his waking it was raining. B. He woke up and it was raining. C. He was wokeing up and it was raining. D. He was woke up and at the same time it was raining. Ans: A 56. The complex form of "They cried out at the top of their voice" is — [IU (B) 15-16] A. They cried out so loudly that their voice weakened. B. They cried out as highly as they expected. C. They cried out as loudly as they could. D. They cried out as loudly as was possible. Ans: C 57. "You must work hard to succeed" (into compound one) [JnU (D) 14-15] A. If you work hard you will not fail. B. You must work hard not for failing. C. You must work hard to avoid failing. D. You must work hard or you will fail. Ans: D 58. 'I do not know the cause of his silence.' Make it complex. [RU 09-10] A. I do not know why he is silent. B. I do not know why he was silent. C. I know nothing why he is silent. D. none. Ans: A Answers With Explanation:

PHRASE (শব্দগুচ্ছ) Part 1: Primary Discussion Phrase (শব্দগুচ্ছ): Phrase হলো কতকগুলো শব্দের সমষ্টি (a group of words) যাতে কোনো Subject  এবং Finite Verb  থাকে না। এটি বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে একটি মাত্র Parts of Speech  (যেমন Noun, Adjective, Adverb, etc.)-এর মতো কাজ করে। Example: The sun rises in the east . (এখানে "in the east" হলো Phrase, কারণ এতে Subject বা Finite verb নেই এবং এটি স্থান নির্দেশ করছে।) He is a man of letters . (এখানে "of letters" হলো Phrase, যা 'man' কে modify করছে।) Difference between Phrase & Clause: Feature Phrase Clause Subject & Verb থাকে না থাকে (Finite Verb আবশ্যক) Meaning আংশিক অর্থ প্রকাশ করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ বা আংশিক অর্থ প্রকাশ করে Function Single Part of Speech হিসেবে কাজ করে বাক্যের অংশ বা স্বাধীন বাক্য হতে পারে Part 2: Classification of Phrases কাজের ধরন অনুযায়ী Phrase প্রধানত সাত প্রকার : 1. Noun Phrase যে Phrase বাক্যে Noun -এর কাজ করে (অর্থাৎ Subject, Object বা Complement হিসেবে বসে), তাকে Noun Phrase বলে। Identification:  Verb-কে 'What'  (কী) বা 'Who'  (কে) দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে উত্তরে Noun Phrase পাওয়া যায়। Structure:  সাধারণত Noun-এর সাথে Article, Adjective বা Preposition যুক্ত হয়ে গঠিত হয়। Examples: To tell a lie  is a great sin. (Subject - What is a sin?) He likes reading books . (Object - What does he like?) I tried to solve the problem . 2. Adjective Phrase যে Phrase বাক্যে Adjective -এর কাজ করে (অর্থাৎ কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-কে modify করে), তাকে Adjective Phrase বলে। Identification:  এটি সর্বদা কোনো Noun-এর ঠিক পরে বসে সেই Noun সম্পর্কে তথ্য দেয়। Examples: The girl with blue eyes  is my sister. (Modifies 'girl') He is a man of great wealth . (Modifies 'man') The book on the table  is mine. 3. Adverbial Phrase যে Phrase বাক্যে Adverb -এর কাজ করে (অর্থাৎ Verb, Adjective বা Adverb-কে modify করে), তাকে Adverbial Phrase বলে। এটি সাধারণত স্থান, কাল, ধরন বা কারণ নির্দেশ করে। Identification:  Verb-কে Where, When, How, Why  দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে পাওয়া যায়। Types: Time:  He came at 10 a.m.  (When?) Place:  He was born in a small village . (Where?) Manner:  He fought in a brave manner . (How?) 4. Prepositional Phrase যে Phrase Preposition  দিয়ে শুরু হয় এবং Noun/Pronoun  দিয়ে শেষ হয়, তাকে Prepositional Phrase বলে। Note:  বাক্যে ব্যবহারের ওপর ভিত্তি করে একটি Prepositional Phrase কখনো Adjective Phrase আবার কখনো Adverbial Phrase হতে পারে। Examples: He is in the room . (Adverbial - Place) The water of this river  is pure. (Adjective - Modifies 'water') Idiomatic Prepositional Phrases:  by dint of (বদৌলতে), in front of (সামনে), on account of (কারণে), for the sake of (জন্য)। 5. Verbal Phrase (Phrasal Verbs) Verb-এর সাথে Preposition বা Adverb যুক্ত হয়ে যখন ভিন্ন অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। Examples: The patient will come round  (আরোগ্য লাভ করা) soon. He gave up  (ত্যাগ করা) smoking. Please look into  (তদন্ত করা) the matter. 6. Conjunctional Phrase যে Phrase বাক্যে Conjunction -এর মতো দুটি word বা clause-কে যুক্ত করে। Examples: As soon as  the teacher entered, the students stood up. No sooner had  ... than . In order that , so that , as well as . 7. Interjectional Phrase যে Phrase মনের আকস্মিক আবেগ বা অনুভূতি প্রকাশ করে। Examples: Oh my God!  What have you done? What a pity!  He failed again. Part 3: Other Important Phrases A. Infinitive Phrase To + Verb (base form)  দিয়ে গঠিত Phrase। এটি বাক্যে Noun, Adjective বা Adverb-এর কাজ করতে পারে। Ex:  I like to swim in the river . (Noun phrase as object) B. Participial Phrase Present Participle (V+ing)  বা Past Participle (V3)  দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Phrase যা Adjective-এর কাজ করে। Ex:  I saw a bird flying in the sky . (Modifies 'bird') Ex:  The chair broken by him  is new. (Modifies 'chair') Part 4: Important Rules with Previous Questions Rule 01: Noun Phrase vs. Noun Clause যদি শব্দগুচ্ছে finite verb থাকে তবে তা Clause, না থাকলে Phrase। Ex:  I know where he lives . (Clause - verb 'lives' আছে) Ex:  I know his address . (Phrase - verb নেই) Rule 02: Adjective Phrase Identifying Trick Noun-এর ঠিক পরে বসে এবং 'Which one?' প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয়। Ex:  The man in the room  is my uncle. (Which man? The one in the room.) Rule 03: Adverbial Phrase Identifying Trick Verb-এর অবস্থা বোঝায়। Ex:  He ran with great speed . (How ran? - With great speed.) Previous Years' Questions & Answers 01. Identify the underlined phrase: 'The man in the white shirt is my brother.' [DU-B] (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Verb phrase Ans: (B) Explanation:  Phrase-টি 'The man' (noun)-এর পরে বসে তাকে নির্দিষ্ট করছে, তাই এটি Adjective phrase। 02. Which one is a Noun Phrase? [DU-A: 18-19] (A) a rolling stone (B) to tell a lie (C) in the long run (D) by dint of Ans: (B) Explanation:  'To tell a lie' বাক্যের Subject হতে পারে (e.g., To tell a lie  is a sin), তাই এটি Noun Phrase। 03. 'A man of letters' means— [32nd BCS] (A) A man who writes letters (B) A scholar (C) A postman (D) A writer Ans: (B) Explanation:  এটি একটি Idiomatic Phrase যার অর্থ 'পণ্ডিত ব্যক্তি'। 04. He ran at top speed. [CU-B: 21-22] (A) Adjective phrase (B) Noun phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Conjunctional phrase Ans: (C) Explanation:  'How he ran?' (কীভাবে দৌড়ালো) - এর উত্তর দেয়, তাই এটি Adverbial Phrase of Manner। 05. The girl with long hair is my cousin. [RU-E: 16-17] (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Verbal phrase Ans: (B) Explanation:  'girl' Noun-কে মডিফাই করছে। Part 5: SELF TEST (Phrase) 01. Identify the phrase: He is a man of word. (A) Adjective Phrase (B) Noun Phrase (C) Adverbial Phrase (D) Verb Phrase Ans: (A)  ('Man'-কে মডিফাই করছে) 02. Walking in the morning is good for health. (A) Adjective Phrase (B) Noun Phrase (C) Adverbial Phrase (D) Verb Phrase Ans: (B)  (বাক্যের Subject হিসেবে বসেছে) 03. I have no money to spare. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Infinitive phrase Ans: (B)  (Money (Noun)-কে মডিফাই করছে; যদিও এটি infinitive দিয়ে গঠিত, কাজের ভিত্তিতে এটি Adjective phrase। অপশনে Adjective এবং Infinitive দুটোই থাকলে Adjective-এর কাজ করছে বলে Adjective দেয়াই শ্রেয়, তবে গঠনগতভাবে Infinitive। বইয়ের উত্তরে সাধারণত function-কে প্রাধান্য দেওয়া হয়।) 04. By working hard, you can succeed. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Prepositional phrase Ans: (C)  (সফল হওয়ার উপায় বা শর্ত বোঝাচ্ছে - How? By working hard.) 05. He shouted at the top of his voice. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Conjunctional phrase Ans: (C)  (চিৎকার করার ধরন বোঝাচ্ছে।) 06. To win a prize is my ambition. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Prepositional phrase Ans: (A)  (বাক্যের Subject হিসেবে বসেছে।) 07. The book on the table is mine. (A) Adverbial phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Noun phrase (D) Verbial phrase Ans: (B)  (Book-কে নির্দিষ্ট করছে।) 08. He is out and out a gentleman. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Prepositional phrase Ans: (C)  (Out and out = Thoroughly/সম্পূর্ণরূপে, যা gentleman হওয়ার মাত্রাকে বোঝাচ্ছে।) 09. We were waiting for the bus in the rain. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Conjunctional phrase Ans: (C)  (কোথায় অপেক্ষা করছিল? বৃষ্টিতে। Place/Condition.) 10. In spite of his poverty, he is honest. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Prepositional phrase Ans: (C)  (Contrasting condition বোঝাচ্ছে - Adverbial Phrase. গঠনগতভাবে এটি Prepositional phrase হলেও ফাংশন Adverbial।) 1. He has been nominated the chief director of the company as he has — in the company. [JKKNIU (A) 15-16] a) a sleeping partner b) a lion heart c) a lion's share d) great courage Answer: c Explanation: To have 'a lion's share' of something (like shares in a company) means to have the largest part. 2. The new policy was adopted — fierce criticism. [JKKNIU (A) 15-16] a) in the teeth of b) in the hand of c) in the face of d) in the eyes of Answer: a Explanation: 'In the teeth of' means in spite of strong opposition. 3. Yesterday he had a — from a serious accident. [JnU (A) 15-16] a) narrow escape b) possibility c) danger d) chance Answer: a Explanation: A 'narrow escape' means one barely avoided a dangerous situation. 4. The phrase 'Over and again' means [MBSTU (D) 15-16] a) once more b) again c) wonderful d) once Answer: a Explanation: 'Over and again' means repeatedly. 'Once more' is the closest meaning among the options. 5. Fill in the blank: "-- his merit, he was given a prize." [BSMRSTU (B) 12-13] a) In spite of b) In view of c) In point of d) In the event of Answer: b Explanation: 'In view of' means considering or taking into account. 6. Students think for a bit before answering. Here 'a bit' means [RU (BBA) 09-10] a) a small amount b) a short time c) a large amount d) profoundly Answer: b Explanation: 'A bit' in this context means 'a short time'. 7. What is the synonym of the word 'blood-bath'? [RU (BBA) 07-08] a) blood b) massacre c) blonde d) massacre Answer: d Explanation: A 'bloodbath' is a 'massacre', a brutal slaughter of many people. 8. To leave no stone unturned means- [DU (B) 10-11] a) To remain idle b) To try in all possible ways c) To work hard d) To apply unfair means to achieve something Answer: b Explanation: 'To leave no stone unturned' means to try every possible means to achieve something. 9. The gift of the gab: [PUST (B) 12-13] a) a gift of nature b) agility c) a reward d) ability to speak easily Answer: d Explanation: 'The gift of the gab' is the ability to speak easily and persuasively. 10. What does the phrase mean: At one's wits' end? [JU (D) 13-14] a) Perplexed b) Clear up c) Explain d) Enlightened Answer: a Explanation: To be 'at one's wits' end' means to be completely puzzled or 'perplexed'. 11. At any cost [PUST (B) 12-13] a) at a heavy cost b) under any circumstances c) with full strength d) in an expensive way Answer: b Explanation: 'At any cost' means 'under any circumstances' or regardless of the price/effort. 12. Cool as a cucumber [PUST (B) 12-13] a) very hasty b) very dull c) very slow d) very calm and controlled Answer: d Explanation: 'Cool as a cucumber' means to be very calm and controlled, especially in difficult situations. 13. Do's and don'ts [HSTU (A) 13-14] a) disobedience b) restrictions c) instructions d) wisdom Answer: c Explanation: 'Dos and don'ts' are rules or 'instructions' about what one should and should not do. 14. First language [PUST (A) 13-14] a) Lingua franca b) Mother tongue c) English d) Official language Answer: b Explanation: A person's 'first language' is their native language or 'mother tongue'. 15. What is the opposite of 'Yellow Dog'? [RU (G) 16-17] a) great man b) unkind man c) hopeless man d) foolish man Answer: a Explanation: A 'yellow dog' is a cowardly or contemptible person, so the opposite would be a 'great man'. 16. The man was arrested — the murder of his wife. [BU (B) 11-12, (D) 14-15] a) in connection with b) in compliance with c) with reference to d) with regards to Answer: a Explanation: 'In connection with' means regarding or relating to. 17. The phrase 'to drive home' means- [JU (E2) 13-14, BU (A) 14-15] a) to find one's roots b) to return to the place of rest c) back to the original position d) to emphasize Answer: d Explanation: 'To drive something home' means 'to emphasize' a point so that it is clearly understood. 18. Choose the meaning of the idiom: Round table conference. [BU (B) 14-15] a) big public meeting b) well-attended seminar c) political or other discussion d) debating competition Answer: c Explanation: A 'round-table conference' is a meeting between parties/equals for discussion. 19. Choose the meaning of the idiom: Break the record. [BU (B) 14-15] a) destroy property b) do damage to property c) attempt impossible things d) do something that has not been done before Answer: d Explanation: 'To break a record' means to surpass a previous best achievement or do something unprecedented. 20. Our family is on very good terms with his family. Here 'good terms' means- [NU (Hons) 14-15] a) good conditions b) warm relationship c) give and take d) hospitality Answer: b Explanation: To be on 'good terms' means to have a good, friendly, or 'warm relationship'. 21. 'A slip of the tongue' means something is said — [JnU (C) 14-15] a) wrongly by choice b) unintentionally c) without giving proper thought d) to hurt another person Answer: b Explanation: 'A slip of the tongue' is a minor mistake in speech made 'unintentionally'. 22. The students wrote the essay in accordance with the instruction of their teacher. [BU (C) 13-14] a) accordance with b) accordingly c) in accordance to d) according to Answer: a Explanation: The correct phrase is 'in accordance with'. 23. I'm so mad at my friend. He was supposed to return the money he had borrowed from me but he stood me up. [CU (E) 13-14] a) forgot b) came without the money c) pretended he forgot d) kept me standing for a long time e) didn't come Answer: e Explanation: 'To stand someone up' means to fail to keep an appointment with them. 24. Men of light and leading supported the cause of our liberation. [RU (Accounting) 09-10] a) disrepute b) fanatic c) familiar d) renowned Answer: d Explanation: 'Men of light and leading' are eminent, influential, or 'renowned' people. 25. Rahim is every inch a gentleman. Here 'every inch' means — [RU (E-Marketing) 13-14] a) top to bottom b) heavily c) moderately d) roughly Answer: a Explanation: 'Every inch' means completely or in every respect; figuratively 'top to bottom'. 26. 'He could not believe his ears' means - [JnU (B) 13-14] a) incredulous b) deaf c) guilty d) hurt Answer: a Explanation: To not believe one's ears means to be 'incredulous' or unable to believe what one is hearing. 27. `.to the full' means: [RU (A, Arts) 13-14] a) to exhaust b) to complete c) thoroughly d) to the highest extent Answer: c Explanation: 'To the full' means completely or 'thoroughly'. 28. 'in his own way' means: [RU (A, Arts) 13-14] a) in the right way b) properly c) naturally d) according to his own desire Answer: d Explanation: 'In one's own way' means according to one's own methods or desires. 29. 'To lighten the atmosphere' means: [RU (A, Arts) 13-14] a) to remove darkness b) to bring light c) to ease a tense situation d) to make comedy out of a tragedy Answer: c Explanation: 'To lighten the atmosphere' means to make a situation less serious, tense, or formal. 30. We must— catch the 7:30 train. Otherwise we won't be able to reach the campus in time. [CU (C) 07-08] a) at once b) at best c) at all costs d) surely e) instantly Answer: c Explanation: 'At all costs' means by any means necessary or regardless of difficulty. 31. Choose the correct sentence. [বিসিএস-08] a) Quote this poem from memory. b) Quote this poem from the memory. c) Quote this poem from heart. d) Quote this poem from the heart. Answer: a Explanation: The correct idiom is 'from memory'. 'By heart' is also commonly used. 32. The idiom "Man does not live by bread alone" means: [DU (D) 04-05, BRUR (A) 10-11, IU (B) 10-11] a) Man needs water too b) Hunger is a relative concept c) Man needs other things too d) Man is never content Answer: c Explanation: This proverb means that people have spiritual, emotional, and artistic needs in addition to basic physical necessities. 33. Every time he lights a cigarette, I tell him it's another -- [বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক-08] a) thorn in the flesh b) storm in a tea cup c) nail in his coffin d) spoke in his wheel Answer: c Explanation: 'A nail in one's coffin' is an action or event that contributes to someone's failure or death. 34. 'To make a clean breast of' means — [CU (E) 14-15] a) To gain prominence b) To praise oneself c) To confess without reserve d) to remain without tension Answer: c Explanation: 'To make a clean breast of' means to confess something fully and openly. 35. The good old days have gone --. [বিসিএস-08] a) never returned b) never to return c) never have returned d) never return Answer: b Explanation: 'Never to return' expresses a future certainty that something will not come back. 36. I don't think we have very much —; we are very different people. [CU (D) 12-13] a) together b) in common c) the same d) similar Answer: b Explanation: To 'have something in common' means to share interests or characteristics. 37. You'll fail in the exam, if you — from school. [বিসিএস-08] a) take to task b) put off c) put out d) play truant Answer: d Explanation: 'To play truant' means to be absent from school without permission. 38. — he is coming today. [বিসিএস-08] a) At length b) Ten to one c) At large d) All in all Answer: b Explanation: 'Ten to one' is an idiom meaning it is very likely or probable. 39. Make the correct interpretation of 'A tree is known by the fruit it bears.' [BU (B) 12-13] a) Evil can never be disguised. b) A person is known by his/her deeds. c) Only a fool would look for apples on a pear tree. d) Flower does not give a correct impression. Answer: b Explanation: This proverb means that a person is judged by their actions, results, or "fruit" rather than appearances. 40. 'Across the board' means — [CU (E) 14-15, (C) 17-18] a) travelling between countries b) everyone or everything is included c) from end to end/ face to face d) giving something across the table Answer: b Explanation: 'Across the board' means applying to all categories or members of a group. 41. A yellow suit with a yellow cap puts him over the top. Choose the correct meaning of 'over the top'. [SUST (A1) 14-15] a) Excessive b) On the bank c) on the top d) Look smart e) Benign Answer: a Explanation: 'Over the top' means excessive, exaggerated, or extreme. 42. At the spur of the moment [KU (B) 14-15] a) difficult moment b) without delay c) great moment d) beautiful moment Answer: b Explanation: 'On the spur of the moment' means suddenly, without planning; 'without delay'. 43. The last straw [KU (B) 14-15] a) a small amount of money b) very light thing c) last relative alive d) small but additional burden Answer: d Explanation: 'The last straw' is the final minor trouble or burden in a series that makes a situation unbearable. 44. Break the ice [KU (B) 14-15] a) to do something with courage b) to speak first after long silence c) to win a prize d) to win someone's heart Answer: b 45. No one knew what to say, but at last I broke the ice. 'To break the ice' means [বিসিএস-09] a) to crack the ice b) to start quarreling c) to start a conversation d) to end the hostility Answer: c 46. To break the ice [BU (D) 12-13, বিসিএস-14] a) to predict good weather b) to come closer to the truth c) to achieve the impossible d) to be the first to begin Answer: d 47. To break the ice এর সমার্থক কোনটি? [CU (B) 02-03] a) বরফ ভাঙ্গা b) সম্পর্কচ্ছেদ করা c) সম্পর্ক স্থাপন করা d) নীরবতা ভঙ্গ করা Answer: d Explanation: 'To break the ice' means to initiate social interaction or start a conversation (নীরবতা ভঙ্গ করা). 48. To play the sedulous ape is - [BU (B) 12-13] a) to imitate a person closely b) to jump about c) to play with an ape d) to play foul Answer: a Explanation: 'To play the sedulous ape' means to imitate someone's style or mannerisms slavishly and diligently. 49. To catch one's eye [BU (B) 12-13] a) to pay attention b) to reconsider c) to overlook d) to attract attention Answer: d Explanation: 'To catch one's eye' means 'to attract attention'. 50. 'Down-to-earth' means- [IU (BBA) 14-15] a) realistic b) unartistic c) earthly d) worldly Answer: a Explanation: 'Down-to-earth' means practical, sensible, and 'realistic'. 51. He came off with flying colours. The underlined words mean - [JnU (D) 14-15] a) to go away b) to be happy c) successfully d) with colourful flags Answer: c Explanation: 'To come off with flying colours' means to succeed brilliantly. 52. It doesn't matter how you solve the problem. What is important is you solve it by hook or by crook. [BSMRSTU (G) 15-16] a) in any way possible b) without any problem c) with the help of others d) in a relaxed manner Answer: a Explanation: 'By hook or by crook' means by any possible means, fair or unfair. 53. Which of the following is correct? [JnU (D) 14-15] a) black and white b) black and blue c) black or blue d) black or white Answer: a Explanation: 'Black and white' is a common idiom meaning in writing or print. 54. You are a bad egg. Here 'bad egg' means- [BSMRSTU (G) 15-16] a) worthless b) not fresh c) spoiled d) good for nothing Answer: a Explanation: A 'bad egg' is a dishonest or untrustworthy person; often used to mean 'worthless' or bad character. 55. A person who is 'chicken-hearted' is- [RU (D, Law) 15-16] a) kind-hearted b) timid c) hard-hearted d) generous Answer: b Explanation: 'Chicken-hearted' means cowardly or 'timid'. 56. The rich man was brought up with a silver spoon in his mouth. [RU (A) 15-16] a) Born in a poor family b) Born with a disease c) Born in a rich family d) Born at night Answer: c Explanation: To be 'born with a silver spoon in one's mouth' means to be born into wealth. 57. The expression 'take into account' means- [RU (C, Law) 15-16] a) count numbers b) consider c) assess d) think seriously Answer: b Explanation: 'To take into account' means to 'consider' particular facts or circumstances. 58. He is an old hand at teaching English. Here 'an old hand' means- [BSMRSTU (A) 15-16] a) an old man b) an experienced person c) an expert d) a retired person Answer: b Explanation: 'An old hand' at something is a person with a lot of experience in it. 59. I have no axe to grind. The underlined phrase means- [BSMRSTU (C) 15-16] a) have a selfish motive b) have a dull axe c) have a sharp axe d) have a personal interest Answer: d Explanation: 'To have an axe to grind' means to have a private reason or 'personal interest' for doing something, often a selfish one. 60. Choose the correct use of idiom. [JnU (A) 15-16] a) He is such a bad guy whom I hate from the core of my heart. b) She is such a bad girl whom I hate from the core of my heart. c) He is such a bad guy whom I hate from the bottom of my heart. d) He is such a bad guy whom I love from the bottom of my heart. Answer: c Explanation: The standard idiom is "from the bottom of my heart" (typically used for love or thanks, but here used for intensity). 61. 'A bed of roses' means- [BRUR (F) 14-15] a) a very soft bed b) a comfortable situation c) a beautiful garden d) an enjoyable state Answer: b Explanation: 'A bed of roses' refers to an easy, comfortable situation or life. 62. My father has done his best to bring up his children. Here 'bring up' means - [JnU (B) 14-15] a) educate b) feed c) rear d) grow Answer: c Explanation: 'To bring up' means to care for and raise children (rear). 63. The man is on the wrong track of life. 'On the wrong track' means- [BSMRSTU (D) 15-16] a) on the wrong path b) doing something that is unlikely to succeed c) going on the wrong way d) being on the wrong side Answer: b Explanation: To be 'on the wrong track' means to be acting in a way that is likely to fail or be incorrect. 64. We must not give a cold shoulder to the newcomers. [CU (A1) 14-15] a) abuse them b) hate them c) ignore them d) scold them Answer: c Explanation: To 'give someone the cold shoulder' means to intentionally ignore or be unfriendly to them. 65. What does 'black market' mean? [MBSTU (B) 14-15] a) illegal trafficking b) a dark market c) an open market d) a cheap market Answer: a Explanation: 'Black market' refers to the illegal trade or 'trafficking' of goods. 66. I don't feel like talking to you. Here 'feel like' means- [BSMRSTU (A) 15-16] a) dislike b) wish c) hate d) love Answer: b Explanation: 'To feel like' doing something means to have a 'wish' or desire to do it. 67. 'The pros and cons' means- [RU (C, Law) 15-16] a) good and bad b) merits and demerits c) for and against a thing d) all of the above Answer: d Explanation: 'Pros and cons' refers to the advantages and disadvantages (merits/demerits, for/against) of something. 68. 'To see eye to eye' means- [RU (D, Law) 15-16] a) stare fixedly b) be angry c) take revenge d) agree Answer: d Explanation: 'To see eye to eye' means to be in full agreement. 69. Please keep in mind that I am not a native speaker of English. Here 'keep in mind' means- [BSMRSTU (G) 15-16] a) remember b) forget c) memorize d) ignore Answer: a Explanation: 'To keep in mind' means to 'remember' or consider.

Phrase and Clause Part 1: Primary Discussion Clause (বাক্যাংশ): Clause হলো বাক্যের একটি অংশ যার নিজস্ব Subject  এবং Finite Verb  থাকে এবং যা একটি বৃহত্তর বাক্যের অংশ হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  I know that he is honest . (এখানে "that he is honest" একটি Clause, কারণ এর নিজস্ব subject 'he' এবং finite verb 'is' আছে।) Phrase (শব্দগুচ্ছ): Phrase হলো কতকগুলো শব্দের সমষ্টি (group of words) যাতে কোনো Subject  এবং Finite Verb  থাকে না এবং যা বাক্যে একটি মাত্র Parts of Speech (যেমন Noun, Adjective, Adverb) হিসেবে কাজ করে। Ex:  He is a man of great wealth . *(এখানে "of great wealth" একটি Phrase, কারণ এতে কোনো verb নেই এবং এটি 'man' noun-কে modify করছে।) Difference between Clause & Phrase: Feature Clause Phrase Subject & Verb থাকে (Finite Verb আবশ্যক) থাকে না Function বাক্যের অংশ বা স্বাধীন বাক্য হতে পারে সর্বদা বাক্যের অংশ (Parts of Speech) হিসেবে কাজ করে Example He came when it was raining . He came in the rain . Part 2: Classification & Important Rules A. CLAUSE Clause প্রধানত তিন প্রকার: Principal / Independent Clause:  যে Clause অন্য কোনো Clause-এর সাহায্য ছাড়া স্বাধীনভাবে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে। Ex:   I have a cow  which is red. Subordinate / Dependent Clause:  যে Clause স্বাধীনভাবে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না এবং অর্থ প্রকাশের জন্য Principal Clause-এর ওপর নির্ভরশীল। এটি সাধারণত Subordinating Conjunction (who, which, that, if, because, though ইত্যাদি) দ্বারা শুরু হয়। Ex:  I have a cow which is red . Coordinate Clause:  যখন দুই বা ততোধিক সমজাতীয় (Principal) Clause কোনো Coordinating Conjunction (and, but, or) দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে। Ex:   He is poor but he is honest . Subordinate Clause আবার তিন প্রকার: (i) Noun Clause:  বাক্যে Noun-এর কাজ করে (Subject বা Object হিসেবে)। চেনার উপায়:  Verb-কে 'what' (কী) দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে উত্তর পাওয়া যায়। Ex:  I know where he lives . (Object) Ex:   That he is honest  is known to all. (Subject) (ii) Adjective Clause:  বাক্যে Adjective-এর কাজ করে। এটি কোনো Noun/Pronoun-এর পরে বসে তাকে মডিফাই করে। চেনার উপায়:  Relative Pronoun (who, which, that) দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং এর আগে একটি Antecedent (Noun) থাকে। Ex:  I know the man who came here . ('man'-কে মডিফাই করছে) Ex:  This is the book which I lost . (iii) Adverbial Clause:  বাক্যে Adverb-এর কাজ করে। এটি verb-এর সময়, স্থান, কারণ, শর্ত ইত্যাদি নির্দেশ করে। চেনার উপায়:  when, where, if, though, because, so that ইত্যাদি দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে। Ex:  Wait until I come . (Time) Ex:   If you work hard , you will shine. (Condition) Part 3: Self Practice with Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. 'That he is honest is known to all.' The underlined clause is a— [DU-B: 10-11] (A) Adjective clause (B) Noun clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (B) Explanation:  Clause-টি বাক্যের Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং 'it' দ্বারা replace করা যায় (It is known to all), তাই এটি Noun Clause। 02. The man who came here yesterday is my brother. The underlined part is a— [DU-D: 15-16] (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Phrase Ans: (B) Explanation:  Clause-টি 'The man' (Antecedent)-কে মডিফাই করছে, তাই এটি Adjective Clause। 03. Strike the iron while it is hot. [DU-C: 08-09] (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Prepositional phrase Ans: (C) Explanation:  'While' দ্বারা সময় (Time) নির্দেশ করছে, তাই এটি Adverbial Clause of Time। 04. Which one is a Noun Phrase? [DU-A: 18-19] (A) a rolling stone (B) to tell a lie (C) in the long run (D) by dint of Ans: (B) Explanation:  'To tell a lie' বাক্যের Subject হতে পারে (e.g., To tell a lie is a sin), তাই এটি Noun Phrase। Other University Questions 01. I know where he lives. The underlined clause is— [JU-A: 19-20] (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (A) Explanation:  know verb-এর object হিসেবে বসেছে (What do I know? -> where he lives)। 02. The girl with long hair is my cousin. [RU-E: 16-17] (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Verbal phrase Ans: (B) Explanation:  Phrase-টি 'girl' noun-কে মডিফাই করছে, তাই এটি Adjective Phrase। 03. He ran at top speed. [CU-B: 21-22] (A) Adjective phrase (B) Noun phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Conjunctional phrase Ans: (C) Explanation:  'How he ran?' প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয়, তাই এটি Adverbial Phrase। 04. 'A man of letters' means— [32nd BCS] (A) A man who writes letters (B) A scholar (C) A postman (D) A writer Ans: (B) Explanation:  এটি একটি Idiomatic Adjective Phrase যার অর্থ 'পণ্ডিত ব্যক্তি'। Part 4: SELF TEST 01. Identify the clause: I know the place where he was born. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Coordinate clause Ans: (B)  (Antecedent 'the place'-কে মডিফাই করছে) 02. What he says is true. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (A)  (Subject হিসেবে বসেছে) 03. He is a man of word. (A) Adjective Phrase (B) Noun Phrase (C) Adverbial Phrase (D) Verb Phrase Ans: (A)  ('Man'-কে মডিফাই করছে) 04. He came when I was there. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Relative clause Ans: (C)  (সময় নির্দেশ করছে) 05. Walking in the morning is good for health. (A) Adjective Phrase (B) Noun Phrase (C) Adverbial Phrase (D) Verb Phrase Ans: (B)  (Subject হিসেবে বসেছে) 06. We read that we may learn. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (C)  (উদ্দেশ্য/Purpose নির্দেশ করছে) 07. I have no money to spare. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Infinitive phrase Ans: (B)  (Money-কে মডিফাই করছে) 08. By working hard, you can succeed. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Prepositional phrase Ans: (C)  (Condition/Method নির্দেশ করছে) 09. This is the house that Jack built. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Coordinate clause Ans: (B)  (Antecedent 'house'-কে মডিফাই করছে) 10. Tell me who told you this. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (A)  (tell verb-এর object হিসেবে বসেছে) B. PHRASE Phrase প্রধানত সাত প্রকার (কাজের ভিত্তিতে): (i) Noun Phrase:  বাক্যে Noun-এর মতো কাজ করে (Subject/Object হিসেবে)। Ex:   To tell a lie  is a great sin. (Subject) Ex:  He likes reading books . (Object) (ii) Adjective Phrase:  বাক্যে Adjective-এর মতো কাজ করে (Noun-কে মডিফাই করে)। Ex:  The girl with blue eyes  is my sister. (Modifies 'girl') Ex:  He is a man of letters . (বিদ্বান ব্যক্তি) (iii) Adverbial Phrase:  বাক্যে Adverb-এর মতো কাজ করে (Verb-কে মডিফাই করে)। Ex:  He ran with great speed . (Manner - How?) Ex:  He was born in 1990 . (Time - When?) (iv) Prepositional Phrase:  Preposition দিয়ে শুরু হয় এবং Noun phrase দিয়ে শেষ হয়। Ex:  He is in the room . Ex:  The book is on the table . (v) Verbal Phrase:  Verb এবং অন্যান্য শব্দ মিলে গঠিত হয় (অনেক সময় Phrasal Verb হিসেবে পরিচিত)। Ex:  The patient will come round  (আরোগ্য লাভ করা) soon. (vi) Conjunctional Phrase:  Conjunction-এর মতো কাজ করে। Ex:   As soon as  he saw me, he ran away. (vii) Interjectional Phrase:  আবেগ প্রকাশ করে। Ex:   Oh my God!  What a surprise. Part 3: Self Practice with Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. 'That he is honest is known to all.' The underlined clause is a— [DU-B: 10-11] (A) Adjective clause (B) Noun clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (B) Explanation:  Clause-টি বাক্যের Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং 'it' দ্বারা replace করা যায় (It is known to all), তাই এটি Noun Clause। 02. The man who came here yesterday is my brother. The underlined part is a— [DU-D: 15-16] (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Phrase Ans: (B) Explanation:  Clause-টি 'The man' (Antecedent)-কে মডিফাই করছে, তাই এটি Adjective Clause। 03. Strike the iron while it is hot. [DU-C: 08-09] (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Prepositional phrase Ans: (C) Explanation:  'While' দ্বারা সময় (Time) নির্দেশ করছে, তাই এটি Adverbial Clause of Time। 04. Which one is a Noun Phrase? [DU-A: 18-19] (A) a rolling stone (B) to tell a lie (C) in the long run (D) by dint of Ans: (B) Explanation:  'To tell a lie' বাক্যের Subject হতে পারে (e.g., To tell a lie is a sin), তাই এটি Noun Phrase। Other University Questions 01. I know where he lives. The underlined clause is— [JU-A: 19-20] (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (A) Explanation:  know verb-এর object হিসেবে বসেছে (What do I know? -> where he lives)। 02. The girl with long hair is my cousin. [RU-E: 16-17] (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Verbal phrase Ans: (B) Explanation:  Phrase-টি 'girl' noun-কে মডিফাই করছে, তাই এটি Adjective Phrase। 03. He ran at top speed. [CU-B: 21-22] (A) Adjective phrase (B) Noun phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Conjunctional phrase Ans: (C) Explanation:  'How he ran?' প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয়, তাই এটি Adverbial Phrase। 04. 'A man of letters' means— [32nd BCS] (A) A man who writes letters (B) A scholar (C) A postman (D) A writer Ans: (B) Explanation:  এটি একটি Idiomatic Adjective Phrase যার অর্থ 'পণ্ডিত ব্যক্তি'। Part 4: SELF TEST 01. Identify the clause: I know the place where he was born. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Coordinate clause Ans: (B)  (Antecedent 'the place'-কে মডিফাই করছে) 02. What he says is true. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (A)  (Subject হিসেবে বসেছে) 03. He is a man of word. (A) Adjective Phrase (B) Noun Phrase (C) Adverbial Phrase (D) Verb Phrase Ans: (A)  ('Man'-কে মডিফাই করছে) 04. He came when I was there. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Relative clause Ans: (C)  (সময় নির্দেশ করছে) 05. Walking in the morning is good for health. (A) Adjective Phrase (B) Noun Phrase (C) Adverbial Phrase (D) Verb Phrase Ans: (B)  (Subject হিসেবে বসেছে) 06. We read that we may learn. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (C)  (উদ্দেশ্য/Purpose নির্দেশ করছে) 07. I have no money to spare. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Infinitive phrase Ans: (B)  (Money-কে মডিফাই করছে) 08. By working hard, you can succeed. (A) Noun phrase (B) Adjective phrase (C) Adverbial phrase (D) Prepositional phrase Ans: (C)  (Condition/Method নির্দেশ করছে) 09. This is the house that Jack built. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Coordinate clause Ans: (B)  (Antecedent 'house'-কে মডিফাই করছে) 10. Tell me who told you this. (A) Noun clause (B) Adjective clause (C) Adverbial clause (D) Principal clause Ans: (A)  (tell verb-এর object হিসেবে বসেছে)

PREPOSITION PREPOSITION Primary Discussion Preposition  (পদান্বয়ী অব্যয়) শব্দটির pre  অর্থ পূর্বে এবং position  অর্থ অবস্থান। অর্থাৎ, যে word কোনো noun বা pronoun এর পূর্বে বসে সেই noun বা pronoun এর সাথে বাক্যের অন্য word এর সম্পর্ক স্থাপন করে তাকে preposition বলে। Ex:  The book is on  the table. (এখানে 'on' শব্দটি table (noun) এর পূর্বে বসে book এর সাথে সম্পর্ক স্থাপন করেছে।) Ex:  He goes to  school. Important Rules with Previous Questions 1. Classification of Prepositions Preposition কে গঠন ও কার্যের ভিত্তিতে ছয় ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়: Simple Preposition:  একটি মাত্র word দ্বারা গঠিত preposition. Examples:  at, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with. Double Preposition:  দুটি simple preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যখন একটির ন্যায় কাজ করে। Examples:  into (in+to), within (with+in), onto (on+to), out of, upon (up+on). Compound Preposition:  Noun, Adjective বা Adverb এর পূর্বে simple preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যে preposition গঠিত হয়। (সাধারণত 'on' এর স্থলে 'a' এবং 'by' এর স্থলে 'be' হয়)। Examples:  about (on+by+out), above (on+by+up), across (on+cross), along (on+long), behind (by+hind), below (by+low), between (by+twain), beyond (by+yond). Phrase Preposition:  দুই বা ততোধিক word একত্রে মিলে যদি একটি preposition এর মতো কাজ করে। Examples:  in front of, in spite of, in lieu of, in order to, on account of, by dint of, for the sake of. Participial Preposition:  Present participle (verb+ing) বা Past participle যখন preposition এর মতো কাজ করে। Examples:  considering, concerning, regarding, judging, pending, past, respected. Ex:   Considering  his age, he is pardoned. Disguised Preposition:  অনেক সময় on, at, of, per প্রভৃতি preposition গুলো সরাসরি ব্যবহৃত না হয়ে a বা o আকারে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এদের disguised preposition বলে। Ex:  It is 10 o 'clock (o = of). Ex:  He went a  hunting (a = on). General Uses of Prepositions AT এর ব্যবহার: ছোট স্থান বা শহরের আগে: at  Chawkbazar, at  Cumilla. নির্দিষ্ট সময় বোঝাতে: at  5 pm, at  10 o'clock. বয়স বোঝাতে: at  the age of 20. দিকে বোঝাতে: Look at  him. Aim at  the bird. মাত্রা বা গতি বোঝাতে: at  full speed. অবস্থা বোঝাতে: at  war, at  peace. IN এর ব্যবহার: বড় স্থান, দেশ বা মহাদেশের আগে: in  Dhaka, in  Bangladesh, in  Asia. মাস বা বছরের আগে: in  May, in  2023. ঋতুর আগে: in  winter. দীর্ঘ সময় বা ব্যাপক সময় বোঝাতে: in  the morning. অবস্থা বা মাধ্যম বোঝাতে: in  English, in  a hurry. ON এর ব্যবহার: কোনো কিছুর উপর স্পর্শ করে আছে বোঝালে: The book is on  the table. বার বা তারিখের আগে: on  Sunday, on  the 15th August. নদীর তীরে বোঝালে: Dhaka stands on  the Buriganga. নির্ভরশীলতা বোঝাতে: We live on  rice. TO এর ব্যবহার: কোনো দিকে গতি বোঝালে: He goes to  school. পর্যন্ত বোঝালে: from head to  foot. প্রতি বা কাছে বোঝালে: Write a letter to  him. অনুপাত বোঝাতে: They won by 3 to  2 goals. FOR এর ব্যবহার: জন্য বোঝাতে: This pen is for  you. কারণ বোঝাতে: I couldn't go for  illness. সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি বোঝাতে (Period of time): He has been reading for  two hours. গন্তব্য বোঝাতে: He left for  Dhaka. FROM এর ব্যবহার: কোনো স্থান হতে বোঝালে: He came from  London. কোনো সময় হতে বোঝালে: from  morning to evening. উৎস বোঝাতে: Apples come from  Kashmir. মুক্তি বা বিরত থাকা বোঝাতে: free from  danger, abstain from  smoking. OF এর ব্যবহার: মালিকানা বা অধিকার বোঝাতে: The house of  Mr. Khan. উপকরণ বোঝাতে: The ring is made of  gold. সম্পর্কে বা বিষয়ে বোঝাতে: I know nothing of  it. কারণ বোঝাতে: He died of  cholera. BY এর ব্যবহার: পাশে বোঝাতে: He sat by  me. মাধ্যম বা উপায় বোঝাতে (যানবাহন): by  bus, by  train. নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের মধ্যে বোঝাতে: He will come by  5 pm. পরিমাপ বোঝাতে: The room is 10 feet by  12 feet. Passive voice-এ doer বোঝাতে: Done by  him. WITH এর ব্যবহার: সাথে বোঝাতে: I live with  my brother. কোনো বস্তু বা যন্ত্র দ্বারা কাজ করা বোঝালে: He killed the snake with  a stick. BETWEEN & AMONG এর ব্যবহার: দুইয়ের মধ্যে বোঝালে: Divide the mangoes between  two brothers. দুইয়ের অধিকের মধ্যে বোঝালে: Divide the mangoes among  the boys. SINCE & FOR এর ব্যবহার: নির্দিষ্ট সময় (Point of time) বোঝালে: It has been raining since  morning. সময়ের ব্যাপ্তি (Period of time) বোঝালে: It has been raining for  two hours. BY & WITH এর পার্থক্য: ব্যক্তি বা প্রাণীর দ্বারা কাজ হলে by  বসে। (The tiger was killed by  the hunter). জড় বস্তু বা যন্ত্রের দ্বারা কাজ হলে with  বসে। (The tiger was killed with  a gun). IN & INTO এর পার্থক্য: স্থিতিশীল বা ভিতরে অবস্থান বোঝালে in  বসে। (He is in  the room). বাইরে থেকে ভিতরে গতি বোঝালে into  বসে। (He entered into  the room). Note: 'Enter' এর পর সাধারণত preposition বসে না, তবে কোনো চুক্তি বা আলোচনায় প্রবেশ বোঝালে 'enter into' বসে।  (Common error: He walked into  the room). ON & OVER & ABOVE এর পার্থক্য: স্পর্শ করে উপরে থাকলে: on  (The pen is on  the table). স্পর্শ না করে সরাসরি উপরে থাকলে: above  (The fan is above  my head). গতিশীল অবস্থায় উপরে বা আড়াআড়িভাবে থাকলে: over  (The bird flew over  the head). Appropriate Prepositions (Alphabetical List) নিচে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Appropriate Preposition এর তালিকা দেওয়া হলো: A Abide by  (মেনে চলা): We should abide by  the rules. Abound in  (প্রচুর পরিমাণে থাকা): Fish abounds in  this pond. Abound with  (পূর্ণ থাকা): The river abounds with  fish. Absent from  (অনুপস্থিত): He was absent from  the meeting. Absorbed in  (মগ্ন): He is absorbed in  thought. Abstain from  (বিরত থাকা): We should abstain from  smoking. Access to  (প্রবেশাধিকার): I have no access to  the rich man. Accused of  (অভিযুক্ত): He is accused of  theft. Accustomed to  (অভ্যস্ত): He is accustomed to  hard labor. Addicted to  (আসক্ত - মন্দ কাজে): He is addicted to  gambling. Adhere to  (লেগে থাকা): You should adhere to  your principle. Adjacent to  (সংলগ্ন): The school is adjacent to  the mosque. Affection for  (স্নেহ): I have affection for  him. Afraid of  (ভীত): He is afraid of  snakes. Agree with  (ব্যক্তির সাথে একমত হওয়া): I agree with  you. Agree to  (প্রস্তাবে রাজি হওয়া): He agreed to  my proposal. Aim at  (লক্ষ্য করা): He aimed at  the bird. Alarmed at  (আতঙ্কিত): We were alarmed at  the news. Alternative to  (বিকল্প): There is no alternative to  hard work. Ambition for  (উচ্চাকাঙ্ক্ষা): He has no ambition for  fame. Angry with  (ব্যক্তির সাথে রাগান্বিত): He is angry with  me. Angry at  (আচরণে রাগান্বিত): He is angry at  my conduct. Annoyed with  (কারো প্রতি বিরক্ত): I was annoyed with  him. Annoyed at  (কোনো কিছুতে বিরক্ত): I was annoyed at  his behavior. Anxious about  (উদ্বিগ্ন): He is anxious about  his result. Apologize to  (কারো কাছে ক্ষমা চাওয়া): He apologized to  me. Apologize for  (কোনো কিছুর জন্য ক্ষমা চাওয়া): He apologized for  his mistake. Appetite for  (ক্ষুধা/আকাঙ্ক্ষা): He has no appetite for  food. Apply to  (কারো কাছে আবেদন করা): He applied to  the Principal. Apply for  (কোনো কিছুর জন্য আবেদন করা): He applied for  the post. Appoint to  (নিয়োগ করা): He was appointed to  the post. Appropriate for  (উপযুক্ত): The book is appropriate for  you. Approve of  (অনুমোদন দেওয়া): He approved of  my plan. Argue with  (তর্ক করা - ব্যক্তির সাথে): Don't argue with  me. Arrive at  (পৌঁছানো - ছোট স্থানে): We arrived at  the station. Ashamed of  (লজ্জিত): He is ashamed of  his conduct. Ask for  ( চাওয়া): He asked for  money. Assign to  (ন্যস্ত করা): The task was assigned to  him. Associate with  (মেলামেশা করা): Don't associate with  bad boys. Assure of  (নিশ্চয়তা দেওয়া): I assured him of  help. Astonished at  (বিস্মিত হওয়া): I was astonished at  his courage. Attach to  (জুড়ে দেওয়া): Attach the file to  the email. Attend to  (মনোযোগ দেওয়া): Attend to  your lesson. Attend on  (সেবা করা): The nurse attends on  the patient. Authority over  (কর্তৃত্ব): He has no authority over  me. Avail of  (সুযোগ নেওয়া): Avail yourself of  the opportunity. Aware of  (সচেতন): He is aware of  the fact. B Bad at  (অদক্ষ): He is bad at  tennis. Bark at  (ঘেউ ঘেউ করা): The dog barked at  the stranger. Based on  (ভিত্তি করে): The movie is based on  a true story. Beg for  (প্রার্থনা করা): He begged for  mercy. Believe in  (বিশ্বাস করা): I believe in  Allah. Belong to  (অধিকারভুক্ত হওয়া): This pen belongs to  me. Beneficial to  (উপকারী): Exercise is beneficial to  health. Bent on  (ঝোঁক): He is bent on  doing this. Beware of  (সতর্ক হওয়া): Beware of  pickpockets. Blind of  (অন্ধ - চোখে): He is blind of  one eye. Blind to  (দেখেও না দেখা - দোষের প্রতি): He is blind to  his son's fault. Boast of  (গর্ব করা): Do not boast of  your wealth. Born of  (জন্মানো): He was born of  poor parents. Bound for  (যাত্রাপথে): The ship is bound for  London. Busy with  (ব্যস্ত): He is busy with  his work. C Call at  (কোনো স্থানে দেখা করা): He called at  my office. Call for  (চাওয়া/প্রয়োজন হওয়া): The situation calls for  immediate action. Call in  (ডেকে পাঠানো): Call in  a doctor. Call on  (কারো সাথে দেখা করা): He called on  me. Capable of  (সক্ষম): He is capable of  doing this. Care for  (গ্রাহ্য করা): I do not care for  you. Care of  (যত্ন নেওয়া): Take care of  your health. Careful of/about  (যত্নবান): Be careful of  your money. Cause of  (কারণ): What is the cause of  the accident? Certain of  (নিশ্চিত): He is certain of  success. Charge with  (অভিযুক্ত করা): He was charged with  theft. Close to  (কাছাকাছি): The school is close to  our house. Clue to  (সূত্র): Give me a clue to  the mystery. Come of  (জন্মানো): He comes of  a noble family. Compare with  (সমজাতীয় কিছুর তুলনা): Compare Nazrul with  Shelley. Compare to  (অসম বস্তুর তুলনা): Anger is compared to  fire. Compete with  (প্রতিযোগিতা করা): I cannot compete with  him. Complain to  (কারো কাছে অভিযোগ করা): He complained to  the teacher. Complain against  (কারো বিরুদ্ধে অভিযোগ করা): He complained against  Rina. Composed of  (গঠিত): Water is composed of  hydrogen and oxygen. Concentrate on  (মনোনিবেশ করা): Concentrate on  your studies. Confident of  (আস্থাশীল): He is confident of  his success. Congratulate on  (অভিনন্দন জানানো): I congratulated him on  his success. Conscious of  (সচেতন): He is conscious of  his duty. Consist of  (গঠিত হওয়া - উপাদান): The team consists of  11 players. Consult with  (পরামর্শ করা): Consult with  a doctor. Contrary to  (বিপরীত): This is contrary to  the rules. Contribute to  (অবদান রাখা): Education contributes to  the development. Control over  (নিয়ন্ত্রণ): He has no control over  his son. Count on/upon  (নির্ভর করা): You can count on  my help. Cure of  (আরোগ্য হওয়া): He was cured of  the disease. D Deal in  (ব্যবসা করা): He deals in  rice. Deal with  (আচরণ করা/আলোচনা করা): He deals well with  the customers. The book deals with  history. Dedicate to  (উৎসর্গ করা): He dedicated his life to  the service of nation. Depend on/upon  (নির্ভর করা): Success depends on  hard work. Deprive of  (বঞ্চিত করা): He was deprived of  his rights. Desire for  (আকাঙ্ক্ষা): He has no desire for  fame. Desirous of  (ইচ্ছুক): He is desirous of  going abroad. Despair of  (হতাশ হওয়া): Don't despair of  success. Devote to  (মনোনিবেশ করা): He devoted himself to  study. Die of  (রোগে মারা যাওয়া): He died of  cancer. Die from  (অতিরিক্ত কোনো কারণে মারা যাওয়া): He died from  overeating. Die for  (দেশের জন্য মারা যাওয়া): He died for  his country. Die by  (দুর্ঘটনা/বিষপানে মারা যাওয়া): He died by  poison. Differ from  (ভিন্ন হওয়া): This pen differs from  that one. Differ with  (ভিন্নমত পোষণ করা): I differ with  you on this point. Different from  (ভিন্ন): My book is different from  yours. Disgrace to  (কলঙ্ক): He is a disgrace to  his family. Displeased with  (অসন্তুষ্ট - ব্যক্তির সাথে): He is displeased with  me. Dispose of  (মীমাংসা করা/বিক্রয় করা): Dispose of  the matter. Distinguish between  (পার্থক্য করা): Distinguish between  right and wrong. Divide into  (ভাগ করা): Divide the apple into  two halves. Dream of  (স্বপ্ন দেখা): I dream of  a happy life. Dull at  (কাঁচা): He is dull at  mathematics. E Eager for  (আগ্রহী): He is eager for  the prize. Eligible for  (যোগ্য): He is eligible for  the post. End in  (পর্যবসিত হওয়া): All his plans ended in  smoke. Engaged in  (নিয়োজিত - কাজে): He is engaged in  writing. Engaged to  (বাগদত্ত): She is engaged to  John. Enquire of  (জিজ্ঞাসা করা): He enquired of  me about the matter. Enquire into  (তদন্ত করা): The police enquired into  the case. Envious of  (ঈর্ষান্বিত): Don't be envious of  others. Escape from  (পালানো): The prisoner escaped from  the jail. Essential to  (অত্যাবশ্যক): Health is essential to  happiness. Excel in  (দক্ষ হওয়া): He excels in  painting. Exception to  (ব্যতিক্রম): There is an exception to  every rule. Exchange for  (বিনিময় করা): I exchanged my watch for  a camera. Excuse for  (অজুহাত): He showed an excuse for  his absence. Exempt from  (রেহাই দেওয়া): He was exempted from  the fine. Expert at/in  (দক্ষ): He is expert in  English / at  drawing. Exposure to  (অনাবৃত থাকা): Exposure to  sun is bad for skin. F Faith in  (বিশ্বাস): I have faith in  Allah. Faithful to  (বিশ্বস্ত): The dog is faithful to  its master. Familiar with  (পরিচিত - ব্যক্তি): I am familiar with  him. Familiar to  (পরিচিত - বিষয়): His name is familiar to  me. Famous for  (বিখ্যাত): Rajshahi is famous for  mangoes. Fatal to  (মারাত্মক): Smoking is fatal to  health. Feed on  ( খেয়ে বেঁচে থাকা): The cow feeds on  grass. Feel for  (অনুভব করা): He feels for  the poor. Fit for  (উপযুক্ত): He is fit for  the job. Fond of  (প্রিয়): He is fond of  sweets. Free from  (মুক্ত): He is free from  debt. Full of  (পূর্ণ): The glass is full of  water. G Get at  (নাগাল পাওয়া): The fox could not get at  the grapes. Get over  (অতিক্রম করা/কাটিয়ে ওঠা): He got over  the difficulty. Glad at  (আনন্দিত): I am glad at  your success. Glance at  (একনজর দেখা): He glanced at  me. Good at  (দক্ষ): He is good at  English. Grateful to  (কৃতজ্ঞ - ব্যক্তির প্রতি): I am grateful to  you. Grateful for  (কৃতজ্ঞ - উপকারের জন্য): I am grateful for  your help. Guilty of  (দোষী): He is guilty of  murder. H Hanker after  (লালায়িত হওয়া): Do not hanker after  wealth. Hard of  (কানে খাটো): He is hard of  hearing. Heir to  (উত্তরাধিকারী): He is heir to  the property. Hint at  (ইঙ্গিত করা): He hinted at  the matter. Hope for  (আশা করা): Hope for  the best. Hostile to  (শত্রুভাবাপন্ন): He is hostile to  me. Hungry for  (ক্ষুধার্ত/লালায়িত): He is hungry for  fame. I Ignorant of  (অজ্ঞ): He is ignorant of  this rule. Ill with  (অসুস্থ): He is ill with  fever. Impose on  (চাপানো): Don't impose your will on  others. Impressed with/by  (অভিভূত): I was impressed with  his speech. Incapable of  (অক্ষম): He is incapable of  doing harm. Inclined to  (প্রবণ/ইচ্ছুক): He is inclined to  gambling. Indebted to  (ঋণী): I am indebted to  you. Indifferent to  (উদাসীন): He is indifferent to  his duty. Indulge in  (আসক্ত হওয়া): Do not indulge in  luxury. Inferior to  (নিকৃষ্ট): This pen is inferior to  that. Infested with  (উপদ্রুত): The room is infested with  rats. Inform of  (জানানো): He informed me of  the matter. Innocent of  (নির্দোষ): He is innocent of  the charge. Insist on  (জিদ করা): He insisted on  going there. Interested in  (আগ্রহী): I am interested in  music. Interfere with  (হস্তক্ষেপ করা - ব্যক্তি/কাজ): Don't interfere with  my work. Interfere in  (হস্তক্ষেপ করা - বিষয়): Don't interfere in  this matter. Introduce to  (পরিচয় করিয়ে দেওয়া): Introduce me to  him. Invite to  (নিমন্ত্রণ করা): He invited me to  dinner. Involved in  (জড়িত): He is involved in  the crime. Irrelevant to  (অপ্রাসঙ্গিক): The remark is irrelevant to  the subject. J Jealous of  (ঈর্ষান্বিত): He is jealous of  my success. Jump at  ( লুফে নেওয়া): He jumped at  the offer. Junior to  (কনিষ্ঠ): He is junior to  me. K Key to  (চাবিকাঠি): Industry is the key to  success. Kind to  (দয়ালু): Be kind to  the poor. Knock at  (ধাক্কা দেওয়া/টান দেওয়া): Someone is knocking at  the door. Known to  (পরিচিত): He is known to  me. L Lack of  (অভাব): He has lack of  money. Lame of  (খোঁড়া): He is lame of  one leg. Laugh at  (বিদ্রূপ করা): Don't laugh at  the poor. Lead to  (পরিচালিত করা): Hard work leads to  success. Lean against  (হেলান দেওয়া): He leaned against  the wall. Learn by  (মুখস্থ করা): Learn the poem by  heart. Liable to  (দায়ী): He is liable to  fine. Liking for  (পছন্দ): I have a liking for  music. Listen to  (শোনা): Listen to  me. Live on  (খেয়ে বাঁচা): The cow lives on  grass. Live by  (জীবিকা নির্বাহ করা): He lives by  honest means. Long for  (আকাঙ্ক্ষা করা): He longs for  fame. Look at  (তাকানো): Look at  the bird. Look after  (দেখাশোনা করা): He looks after  his parents. Look for  (খোঁজা): I am looking for  a job. Look into  (তদন্ত করা): The police is looking into  the case. Loyal to  (অনুগত): We should be loyal to  our country. M Mad with  (রাগে উন্মাদ): He was mad with  rage. Made of  (তৈরি - উপাদান দেখা গেলে): The ring is made of  gold. Made from  (তৈরি - উপাদান দেখা না গেলে): Paper is made from  wood. Married to  (বিবাহিত): She was married to  a rich man. Match for  (জুড়ি/সমকক্ষ): He is no match for  me. Meet with  (সাক্ষাৎ হওয়া): I met with  him on the way. Mindful of  (মনোযোগী): Be mindful of  your studies. Mix with  (মেশা): Don't mix with  bad company. N Natural to  (স্বাভাবিক): It is natural to  him. Necessary for  (প্রয়োজনীয়): Food is necessary for  health. Need of  (প্রয়োজন): I am in need of  money. Notorious for  (কুখ্যাত): He is notorious for  gambling. O Obedient to  (বাধ্য): Be obedient to  your parents. Object to  (আপত্তি করা): I object to  his proposal. Obliged to  (কৃতজ্ঞ): I am obliged to  you. Occupied with  (ব্যস্ত): He is occupied with  his work. Offend against  (লঙ্ঘন করা): You have offended against  the law. Open to  (উন্মুক্ত): The competition is open to  all. Opposite to  (বিপরীত): His house is opposite to  ours. Overcome with  (অভিভূত): He was overcome with  grief. Owe to  (ঋণী থাকা): I owe my life to  him. P Part from  (বিদায় নেওয়া - ব্যক্তি): He parted from  his friends. Part with  (ত্যাগ করা - বস্তু): I cannot part with  my ring. Participate in  (অংশগ্রহণ করা): I participated in  the game. Pass for  (গণ্য হওয়া): He passes for  a scholar. Patient of  (ধৈর্যশীল): He is patient of  sufferings. Pay for  (মূল্য দেওয়া): I paid for  the book. Pity for  (করুণা): Have pity for  the poor. Play on  (বাজানো): He played on  the flute. Pleased with  (সন্তুষ্ট): I am pleased with  you. Popular with  (জনপ্রিয়): He is popular with  the students. Pray to, for  (প্রার্থনা করা): Pray to  God for  mercy. Prefer to  (অধিক পছন্দ করা): I prefer milk to  tea. Prepare for  (প্রস্তুত হওয়া): Prepare for  the exam. Preside over  (সভাপতিত্ব করা): He presided over  the meeting. Pretend to  (ভাণ করা): He pretends to  be rich. Prevent from  (বারণ করা): I prevented him from  going. Pride in  (গর্ব): He takes pride in  his wealth. Proud of  (গর্বিত): He is proud of  his position. Provide with  (সরবরাহ করা): He provided me with  money. Punish for  (শাস্তি দেওয়া): He was punished for  theft. Q Qualified for  (যোগ্য): He is qualified for  the post. Quarrel with  (ঝগড়া করা - ব্যক্তি): Don't quarrel with  me. Quarrel about/over  (ঝগড়া করা - বিষয়): They quarrelled about  the land. Quick at  (চটপটে): He is quick at  figures. R Ready for  (প্রস্তুত): I am ready for  the work. Reason for  (কারণ): What is the reason for  your absence? Rebel against  (বিদ্রোহ করা): They rebelled against  the king. Recover from  (আরোগ্য লাভ করা): He has recovered from  illness. Refer to  (উল্লেখ করা/পাঠানো): Refer the matter to  the boss. Refrain from  (বিরত থাকা): Refrain from  smoking. Regard for  (শ্রদ্ধা): I have high regard for  him. Related to  (সম্পর্কিত): He is related to  me. Relieve of  (মুক্ত করা): He was relieved of  his post. Rely on  (নির্ভর করা): Rely on  your own effort. Remind of  (মনে করিয়ে দেওয়া): It reminds me of  the past. Repent of  (অনুশোচনা করা): He repented of  his sin. Replace by/with  (প্রতিস্থাপন করা): Replace this with  a new one. Required for  (প্রয়োজনীয়): Water is required for  life. Resign from  (পদত্যাগ করা): He resigned from  the post. Respect for  (শ্রদ্ধা): I have respect for  him. Respond to  (সাড়া দেওয়া): He responded to  my call. Responsible to  (দায়ী - কর্তৃপক্ষ): He is responsible to  the boss. Responsible for  (দায়ী - কাজ): He is responsible for  the loss. Result of  (ফল): This is the result of  your sin. Result from  (ফল হওয়া): Misery results from  vice. Result in  (ফলশ্রুতিতে হওয়া): Vice results in  misery. Retire from  (অবসর নেওয়া): He retired from  service. Rich in  (সমৃদ্ধ): Bangladesh is rich in  natural gas. Rob of  (লুণ্ঠন করা): The robber robbed him of  his money. Rule over  (শাসন করা): The king ruled over  the country. Run after  (ধাবিত হওয়া): Don't run after  money. Run over  (চাপা পড়া): The boy was run over  by a car. S Satisfied with  (সন্তুষ্ট): I am satisfied with  your work. Save from  (রক্ষা করা): Save me from  danger. Search for  (অনুসন্ধান করা): He is searching for  a job. See to  (তত্ত্বাবধান করা/দেখা): Please see to  the matter. Send for  (ডেকে পাঠানো): Send for  a doctor. Senior to  (জ্যেষ্ঠ): He is senior to  me. Sentenced to  (দণ্ড দেওয়া): He was sentenced to  death. Shocked at  (মর্মাহত): I was shocked at  the news. Short of  (অপ্রতুল): He is short of  money. Sick of  (ক্লান্ত/বিরক্ত): I am sick of  waiting. Similar to  (সদৃশ): This is similar to  that. Smile at  (বিদ্রূপ করা): Don't smile at  the poor. Smile on  (অনুগ্রহ করা): Fortune smiled on  him. Sorry for  (দুঃখিত): I am sorry for  my mistake. Speak to  (কথা বলা): I spoke to  him. Speak for  (পক্ষে বলা): He spoke for  me. Spend on  (ব্যয় করা): Don't spend much on  luxury. Stare at  (একদৃষ্টিতে তাকানো): She stared at  me. Stick to  (লেগে থাকা): Stick to  your point. Subject to  (শর্তাধীন/অধীন): This is subject to  approval. Submit to  (বশ্যতা স্বীকার করা): We must submit to  fate. Succeed in  (সফল হওয়া): He succeeded in  life. Suffer from  (ভোগা): He suffers from  fever. Superior to  (উৎকৃষ্ট): This cloth is superior to  that. Supply with  (সরবরাহ করা): He supplied us with  food. Sure of  (নিশ্চিত): I am sure of  success. Surprised at  (বিস্মিত): I was surprised at  his conduct. Suspect of  (সন্দেহ করা): He is suspected of  theft. Sympathy for  (সহানুভূতি): I have sympathy for  him. T Talk to/with  (কথা বলা): I talked to/with  him. Talk about  (আলোচনা করা): We talked about  the matter. Taste for  (রুচি): She has a taste for  music. Tell upon  (ক্ষতি করা): Overwork tells upon  health. Thankful to  (কৃতজ্ঞ): I am thankful to  you. Think of/about  (চিন্তা করা): I think of  you. Thirst for  (তৃষ্ণা): He has thirst for  knowledge. Tired of  (ক্লান্ত): I am tired of  walking. Tolerant of  (সহিষ্ণু): He is tolerant of  criticism. True to  (বিশ্বস্ত): He is true to  his word. Trust in  (বিশ্বাস করা): Trust in  God. Trust with  (বিশ্বাস করে দেওয়া): I trusted him with  the money. U Unite with  (মিলিত হওয়া): Unite with  your friends. Urge upon  (জোর দাবি করা): He urged upon  me to go. Useful to  (উপকারী - ব্যক্তি): This is useful to  me. Useful for  (উপকারী - কাজ): This is useful for  health. V Vain of  (অহংকারী): He is vain of  his wealth. Vary from  (ভিন্ন হওয়া): Opinions vary from  person to person. Victim of  (শিকার): He is a victim of  circumstances. Vote for  (ভোট দেওয়া - পক্ষে): I voted for  him. Vote against  (ভোট দেওয়া - বিপক্ষে): I voted against  him. W Wait for  (অপেক্ষা করা): Wait for  me. Wait upon  (সেবা করা): The nurse waits upon  the patient. Warn of/against  (সতর্ক করা): He warned me of  the danger. Weak in  (দুর্বল): He is weak in  English. Wish for  (ইচ্ছা করা): He wished for  success. Wonder at  (বিস্মিত হওয়া): I wonder at  his ignorance. Worthy of  (যোগ্য): He is worthy of  praise. Write to  (লেখা): Write a letter to  him. Z Zeal for  (প্রবল আগ্রহ): He has zeal for  social work. Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. Choose the correct preposition: He is absorbed _____ thought.  [DU-A: 23-24] (A) at (B) in (C) on (D) with Ans: (B) Explanation:  Absorbed in - মগ্ন থাকা। 02. The word 'into' is a/an _____.  [DU-B: 20-21] (A) adjective (B) preposition (C) noun (D) adverb Ans: (B) Explanation:  Into একটি preposition. 03. My friend has no interest _____ music.  [DU-C: 19-20] (A) for (B) in (C) to (D) at Ans: (B) Explanation:  Interest in - আগ্রহ। 04. I prefer milk _____ tea.  [DU-D: 18-19] (A) to (B) than (C) from (D) for Ans: (A) Explanation:  Prefer to - অধিকতর পছন্দ করা। 05. He died _____ cancer.  [DU-B: 15-16] (A) by (B) for (C) from (D) of Ans: (D) Explanation:  Die of - রোগে মারা যাওয়া। JU Questions & Answers 01. The man was accused _____ theft.  [JU-A: 21-22] (A) of (B) for (C) with (D) to Ans: (A) Explanation:  Accused of - অভিযুক্ত। 02. He is good _____ English.  [JU-B: 17-18] (A) in (B) at (C) on (D) with Ans: (B) Explanation:  Good at - দক্ষ। RU Questions & Answers 01. Look _____ the word in the dictionary.  [RU-C: 19-20] (A) at (B) for (C) up (D) into Ans: (C) Explanation:  Look up - শব্দ খোঁজা (অভিধানে)। 02. He is blind _____ his son's fault.  [RU-A: 16-17] (A) of (B) to (C) with (D) by Ans: (B) Explanation:  Blind to - দোষের প্রতি অন্ধ। BCS & Other Exams 01. 'Whatever' is a/an-  [40th BCS] (A) Adjective (B) Pronoun (C) Conjunction (D) Adverb Ans: (B)  (Also Relative Pronoun) Note: This seems misplaced from Pronoun chapter, but included as per source flow. 02. He divided the money _____ the two children.  [37th BCS] (A) over (B) in (C) between (D) among Ans: (C) Explanation:  দুইয়ের মধ্যে বোঝাতে Between বসে। 03. The tree has been blown _____ by the storm.  [36th BCS] (A) away (B) up (C) off (D) out Ans: (A)  or (C) . (Blow away - উড়িয়ে নেওয়া, Blow off - উড়িয়ে ফেলা। ঝড়ে গাছ উপড়ে বা উড়ে গেলে সাধারণত blown down বা blown over হয়, কিন্তু অপশন অনুযায়ী blown away বা off হতে পারে। Source Ans: A). Part 5: SELF TEST 01. He prohibited me _____ doing it. (A) to (B) from (C) in (D) with Ans: (B)  (Prohibit from) 02. I have no zest _____ music. (A) in (B) for (C) at (D) to Ans: (B)  (Zest for - প্রবল আগ্রহ) 03. The police is looking _____ the case. (A) after (B) for (C) into (D) on Ans: (C)  (Look into - তদন্ত করা) 04. He is void _____ common sense. (A) of (B) from (C) in (D) with Ans: (A)  (Void of - বর্জিত/শূন্য) 05. I cannot part _____ my friends. (A) with (B) from (C) to (D) by Ans: (B)  (Part from - বিদায় নেওয়া [ব্যক্তি]) 06. He insists _____ going there. (A) to (B) in (C) on (D) for Ans: (C)  (Insist on - জিদ করা) 07. We should rely _____ our own efforts. (A) in (B) at (C) on (D) with Ans: (C)  (Rely on - নির্ভর করা) 08. He burst _____ tears. (A) out (B) into (C) in (D) with Ans: (B)  (Burst into tears - কান্নায় ভেঙে পড়া) 09. He is jealous _____ my success. (A) for (B) of (C) at (D) with Ans: (B)  (Jealous of - ঈর্ষান্বিত) 10. Water is composed _____ hydrogen and oxygen. (A) by (B) of (C) with (D) in Ans: (B)  (Composed of - গঠিত)

CONJUNCTION & LINKERS 1. The woman sees the cat out in the rain; —, the cat is gone by the time the woman goes out. [DU (A) 18-19] A. however B. and C. even if D. after all Ans: A 2. They like to keep their old houses rather than build new ones – it is very difficult and expensive to maintain them. [DU (A) 16-17] A. because B. even though C. on the contrary D. for example Ans: B 3. The referee blew the whistle to end the game – there were two minutes left. [DU (D) 16-17] A. therefore B. although C. sine D. however Ans: B 4. — the rain, the cricket match was not cancelled. [DU (B) 12-13] A. Due to B. Although C. Despite of D. In spite of Ans: D 5. I awake one morning — found myself famous. [DU (A) 05-06] A. when B. and C. but D. then Ans: B 6. I was annoyed; — I kept quiet. [DU (A) 06-07] A. then B. when C. still D. and Ans: C 7. Mr. Ahmed was rich — he was not a happy man. [DU (A) 07-08] A. so B. too C. but D. or Ans: C 8. Farhana speaks English fluently; — she knows French. [DU (D) 17-18] A. however B. since C. although D. moreover Ans: D 9. – we approached the house, we heard the sound of music. [DU (A) 05-06] A. Then B. Because C. Though D. When Ans: D  (Or 'As'. Options only D When fits context). 10. The experts were looking for clues to determine — the fire started. [CU (G) 16-17] A. what B. that C. how D. who Ans: C 11. Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes — they both emit hot liquids from below the earth’s surface. [RU (H) 13-14, JKKNIU (ক) 15-16 CU (C1) 16-17] A. due to B. because C. in spite of D. regardless of Ans: B 12. I shall not go until I am invited. [BSMRSTU E 15-16, JKKNIU (ঘ) 16-17,RU (G, অ-বিজ্ঞান) 16-17] A. unless I am B. till I am C. once I am D. if I am Ans: A 13. No one knows what colour dinosaurs were – no sample of their skin has survived. [RU (D) 13-14] A. because of B. because that C. it is because D. because Ans: D 14. I would like to live in a place — is plenty of sunrise. [CU (D1) 15-16] A. where there B. where C. whenever D. which Ans: A 15. The date of the admission test was shifted — unavoidable reasons. [PUST (C) 13-14] A. because B. On account C. as result D. because of Ans: D 16. There is no doubt – we will win. [DU (D) 18-19 (বাতিল)] A. whether B. what C. if D. that Ans: D 17. You know – I did it. [RU (C1) 18-19] A. because B. so C. little D. why Ans: D 18. – the candidate did not have very good grades, he managed to impress the board with his wonderful art of communication. [RU (A) 18-19] A. Even B. Since C. Though D. Despite Ans: C 19. Jamil is reading Shakespeare closely – he can get better marks in that course. [RU A 18-19] A. so that B. for C. because D. while Ans: A 20. I shall wait for you – you do not return. [DU (অধিভুক্ত ৭ কলেজ, বিজ্ঞান) 18-19] A. until B. if C. till D. unless Ans: C 21. – she is blind, she paints very well. [DU (অধিভুক্ত ৭ কলেজ, বাণিজ্য) 18-19] A. Since B. Because C. Despite D. Although Ans: D 22. The new teacher spoke so softly – we had to ask her to speak louder. [CU (A) 18-19] A. and B. that C. what D. who Ans: B 23. I will not sing the song – you sing with me. [CU A 18-19] A. unless B. because C. lest D. for Ans: A 1. No sooner had we sat down at the table – the phone rang. [CU (D) 13-14] No sooner had he left – I came. [JKKNIU (ঘ) 16-17, মিডওয়াইফ-১৭] No sooner had he entered the room – the light went out and everyone started talking loudly No sooner had I reached the station – the train left. [জনশক্তি, কর্মসংস্থান ও প্রশিক্ষণ ব্যুরোর উপ-পরিচালক-০৭] A. then B. than C. when D. while Ans: B 2. Complete the sentence: Rakib speaks – English – Japanese. [SUST (B/B1) 11-12] A. also, not only B. as well as, not only C. not only, but also D. both, not also E. as well as, also Ans: C 3. Hardly had he finished writing ---------- [রাজশাহী কৃষি উন্নয়ন ব্যাংক (সুপারভাইজার)-১৫] A. than the bell rang B. when the bell rang C. then the bell rang D. the bell rang Ans: B 4. Hardly had the train stopped - . [জেলা দুর্নীতি দমন অফিসার-৯৪, BSMRUST (D) 12-13, স্বাস্থ্য মন্ত্রণালয়ে উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৭, JKKNIU D 18-19] A. then we got down B. when we got down C. as we got down D. than we got down Ans: B 5. Identify the correct sentence. [DU (A) 09-10, BSMRSTU (E) 19-20] A. He washed neither his hand or his face. B. He washed neither his hand nor his face. C. He washed neither his hand or face. D. He washed neither his hand and so neither his face. Ans: B 6. Maruf likes orange, - he does not like apple. [পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়ের ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১৯] A. after B. so C. as D. but Ans: D 7. Scarcely had the game started – the doorbell rang. [সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্রণালয়ে উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী-১৯] A. than B. if C. them D. when Ans: D 8. - the country is undeveloped, it is beautiful. [সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্রণালয়ে উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী-১৯] A. Although B. But C. If D. Where Ans: A 9. I will wait to call my manager — I hear from the client. [NATP এর মাঠ সহকারী-১৯] A. by B. until C. since D. on Ans: B 10. The best conjunction to link is – for joining sentences: [BBRT রূপালী ব্যাংক লি. (অফিসার)-১৯] i) I will keep continuing this job. ii) You like it or not. A. when B. since C. otherwise D. whether Ans: D 11. I visit the Taj Mahal – I go to Agra. [দুর্যোগ ব্যবস্থাপনা ও ত্রাণ মন্ত্রণালয়ের অডিটর-১৯] A. once B. wherever C. whenever D. when Ans: C 12. I reached the station – the train had left. [দুর্যোগ ব্যবস্থাপনা ও ত্রাণ মন্ত্রণালয়ে অফিস সহায়ক-১৯] A. than B. then C. before D. after Ans: D 13. – small, the room is well furnished. [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা (মুক্তিযোদ্ধা কোটা)-১৮] A. Despite B. If C. Although D. Unless Ans: C  (Explanation: 'Although' followed by adjective (small) is a correct elliptical structure for 'Although it is small'. 'Despite' requires a noun phrase like 'Despite being small'). 14. Smoking is addictive – expensive. [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়/বিভাগ/অধিদপ্তর (ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা)-১৮] A. as well B. well C. as well as D. well as Ans: C 15. I was waiting for Ushoshi – she never came. [সিনিয়র স্টাফ নার্স-১৮] A. but B. and C. while D. as Ans: A 16. – they met us nor we met them. [জনস্বাস্থ্য প্রকৌশল অধিদপ্তর (এস্টিমেটর)-১৮] A. Nor B. Neither C. If D. Either Ans: B 17. You can ask for help – you need it. [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা (মুক্তিযোদ্ধা কোটা)-১৮] A. because B. whenever C. unless D. although Ans: B 18. They went – the rain. [প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের মিলিটারি ইঞ্জিনিয়ার সার্ভিসেসের স্টোরম্যান-১৮] A. Despite B. In spite C. Under D. Avoiding Ans: A 19. – a child can understand it. [বিভিন্ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা (মুক্তিযোদ্ধা কোটা)-১৮] A. Though B. Even C. Although D. Since Ans: B 20. Karim is tall — Rahim is taller. [ডাক বিভাগের পোস্টাল অপারেটর-১৬, স্বাস্থ্য অধিদপ্তরে অফিস সহায়ক-১৮] A. while B. so C. but D. as Ans: A 21. We cannot process the order – we get a copy of the purchase order. [৪ ব্যাংক (অফিসার)-১৯] A. until B. that C. because D. when Ans: A 22. I always take an umbrella – it rains. [DPE সহকারী শিক্ষক-১৮] A. in case B. unless C. in case of D. if Ans: A 23. Octopuses have not only large size – also well developed nervous system. [প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের মিলিটারি ইঞ্জিনিয়ার সার্ভিসেসের স্টোরম্যান-১৮] A. but B. and C. are D. and have Ans: A 24. No sooner had we started out for Dhaka – it started to rain. [বিমান বাংলাদেশ এয়ারলাইন্স লি. গ্রাউন্ড সার্ভিস অ্যাসিসটেন্ট-১৮] A. than B. while C. when D. as Ans: A 25. – his being innocent of the crime, the judge sentenced him to one year imprisonment. [২ ব্যাংক সমন্বিত পরীক্ষা (অফিসার)-১৮] A. In spite of B. In case of C. On account of D. In the event of Ans: A 26. – some employers oppose the very existence of unions, many theorists stress the necessity of unions. [৮ ব্যাংকের সমন্বিত পরীক্ষা (সিনিয়র অফিসার)-১৮] A. Because B. Due to C. However D. Although Ans: D 27. They climbed the mountain – it was windy. [ICB এর ক্যাশিয়ার-১৮] A. because B. so C. although D. nor Ans: C 28. Neither my brother – my sister owns a car. [ICB এর ক্যাশিয়ার-১৮] A. nor B. and C. but D. so Ans: A 29. She was absent — her cold. [পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয়ের সহকারী সাইফার অফিসার-১৭, দুদকের অফিস সহায়ক-১৯] A. because of B. because C. in spite of D. despite Ans: A 30. Hurry up — you will be late. [নার্সিং সেবা অধিদপ্তরের মিডওয়াইফ-১৭] A. and B. but C. though D. or Ans: D 31. We hurried — we should miss the train. [ডাক, টেলিযোগাযোগ ও তথ্যপ্রযুক্তি মন্ত্রণালয়ের সহকারী প্রোগ্রামার-১৭] The girl is running — she should miss the train. [এলজিআরডি মন্ত্রণালয়ের সহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৭] A. fast B. or C. unless D. lest Ans: D 32. The common man is — rich — famous. [রেলপথ মন্ত্রণালয়ের উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী-১৭] A. but, and B. neither, nor C. either, or D. not only, but also Ans: B  (Note: Context usually implies neither). 33. Walk fast, — you will miss the match. [NSTU (C) 16-17] A. therefore B. else C. and D. otherwise Ans: D 34. — she reached the exam hall than the door closed. [অগ্রণী ব্যাংক লি. সিনিয়র অফিসার-১৭] A. No sooner had B. As sooner as C. As soon as D. No sooner Ans: A 35. He advised us — we could encourage the children. [পরিসংখ্যান কর্মকর্তা-১৭] A. so that B. so C. that D. as Ans: A 36. – his parents allow him or not, John intends to go to the party. [সোনালী ব্যাংক সহ ইঞ্জিনিয়ার-১৬] A. Whether B. While C. Although D. Despite Ans: A 37. She did not buy it – the price was so high. [সহকারী থানা/উপজেলা শিক্ষা কর্মকর্তা (ATEO)-১৬] A. although B. despite C. because D. because of Ans: C 38. Hardly had we reached school - [১২তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৫] A. when the bell rang B. than the bell rang C. the bell rang D. after the bell ringing Ans: A 39. The train was late. — I managed to arrive on time. [সার্কেল অ্যাডজুটেন্ট-১৫] A. On the contrary B. By contest C. Despite that D. Incidentally Ans: C 40. The hybrid cars have — the features of a luxury car but also the efficiency of using less fuel than the normal cars. [কন্ট্রোলার জেনারেল ডিফেন্স ফাইন্যান্স কার্যালয়ের অডিটর-১৭] A. that B. all C. in addition D. not only Ans: D 41. — the situation infuriated him, he did his best to hide his anger. [CGDF এর অডিটর-১৭] A. Because B. Though C. against D. over Ans: B 42. Though he is poor, — [১১তম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১৭] A. he is honest B. but he is honest C. and he is honest D. but he was honest Ans: A 43. He is working hard —. [১০ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন (স্কুল/সমপর্যায়-২)-১৪] A. as he can shine in life B. that he can shine in life C. to shining in life D. so that he can shine in life Ans: D 44. It looks – she will start crying. [মাদকদ্রব্য নিয়ন্ত্রণ অধিদপ্তরের সহকারী পরিচালক-১৩] A. as if B. because C. until D. when Ans: A 45. I walked fast – I should miss the train. [আইন সচিবালয়ের ব্যক্তিগত কর্মকর্তা-১১] A. so B. that C. lest D. or Ans: C 46. The young executive was not chosen for the project — his lack of qualification. [বাংলাদেশ ইনভেস্টমেন্ট কর্পোরেশন (অফিসার)-১১] A. despite B. because C. although D. as E. for Ans: E  (Note: 'For' his lack of qualification). 47. Would you be so kind — to keep me informed? [আমদানি রপ্তানি অধিদপ্তরের নির্বাহী অফিসার-০৭] A. that B. enough C. as D. much Ans: C  (Explanation: 'so kind as to'). 48. – a teacher in New England, Webster composed the dictionary of the American Language. [জাতীয় সংসদ সচিবালয়ের সহকারী পরিচালক-০৬] A. It was while B. When C. When was D. While Ans: D 49. Kalim wanted to get married – he was tired of living alone. [সোশ্যাল ইসলামী ব্যাংক (অফিসার)-০৪] A. as B. for C. since D. because Ans: D 50. — pollution control measures are expensive, many industries hesitate to adopt them. [JnU (D) 10-11, RU (Law) 10-11, ২ ব্যাংক সমন্বিত পরীক্ষা (অফিসার)-১৮, প্রবাসী কল্যাণ ব্যাংক (EO)-১৯] A. Although B. However C. Because D. On account of Ans: C 51. — rather tired after their long journey, they did not go to bed. [প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের অধীন এডমিনিস্ট্রেশন/পারসোনাল অফিসার-০৬] A. Although they were B. As they were C. Because they were D. Since they were Ans: A 52. I saw a blind man – I was walking along the road. [মাধ্যমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-০১] A. while B. at the time C. when D. before Ans: A 53. Find the correct use of ‘although’- [DU (B) 18-19] A. He likes music although he is always busy. B. We decided to return, Although, it was raining. C. Although he is young, he is very careful. D. My grandfather is over 70, he is although active. Ans: C 54. — the day went on, the weather got worse. [প্রবাসী কল্যাণ মন্ত্রণালয়ের প্রশাসনিক কর্মকর্তা-০৯] A. Just B. Since C. As D. If Ans: C 55. I will stay with you — there is a room free. [DU (D) 18-19] A. as much as B. as many as C. as long as D. as important as Ans: C 56. Succeeding in college is often a challenge for students, —, most colleges provide services designed to help. [DU (A) 18-19] A. moreover B. in addition C. therefore D. as a result Ans: C TOPIC: CONJUNCTION QUESTIONS BCS Questions 1. He sat behind me, but in front of you. Here 'but' is used as - / By the end of the day we were tired but Happy. Here 'but' is - / He is poor but honest. In this sentence 'but' is - / He could not win but learn a lot. Which part of speech in the word 'but'? [44th BCS] A. a conjunction B. interjection C. an adverb D. verb Ans: A 2. 'I shall help you provided you obey me.' Here the underlined word is a/an- [41st BCS] A. adverb B. adjective C. conjunction D. verb Ans: C 3. Choose the correct option: Even as harvesting was going on ______ [26th BCS] A. the rainy season began. B. the rainy season was began. C. the rainy season had began. D. the rainy season begins. Ans: A 4. The path ______ paved, so we were able to walk through the path. [22nd BCS] A. was B. had been C. has been D. being Ans: B 5. As they waited, Rahim argued against war ______ [21st BCS] A. while his brother discusses the effects of pollution. B. while his brother discussed the effects of pollution. C. while his brother was discussing the effects of pollution. D. while his brother had discussed the effects of pollution. Ans: C 6. An intensive search was conducted by the detective to locate those criminals, who- [20th BCS] A. have had escaped B. had escaped C. are escaping D. have been escaping Ans: B 7. কোনটি Conjunction? [প্রা. সহ. শি. ২০১০] A. or B. out C. very D. for Ans: A 8. Walk carefully lest ______ [13th NTRCA] A. you will fall B. you should stumble C. you would have fallen D. you might lose the way Ans: B Bank Questions 1. Choose appropriate word to join: 'She was waiting for a taxi. ______ She found car broken down.' [7 Banks Officer 2021] A. when B. and C. yet D. as if Ans: A 2. Find the correct question tag: Let us discuss, ______ [7 Banks Officer 2021] A. can we? B. do we? C. shall we? D. don't we? Ans: C 3. I hurt my leg ______ I was playing football yesterday. [5 Govt. Banks 2021] A. while B. during C. for D. in Ans: A 4. Find the best linking word to join: a. 'You are celebrating the birthday'. b. Your friend is dead serious.' [Banks & FI SO 2021] A. whence B. since C. whereas D. as Ans: C 5. Join two parts: 'She completed all tasks'; '______ a big surprise'. [PKB Officer 2021] A. was B. that was C. which was D. it is Ans: C 6. He refused to attend the meeting ______ his illness. [Janata Bank 2020] A. on part of B. on point of C. on the ground of D. with a view to Ans: C 7. The best conjunction to link is - for joining sentences: ______ [Rupali Bank 2019] A. when B. since C. otherwise D. wheather Ans: D 8. We cannot process the order ______ we get a copy of the purchase order. [BSC Officer 2019] A. until B. because C. that D. when Ans: A 9. ______ she reached the exam hall than the door closed. [Agrani Bank 2017] A. As sooner as B. No sooner had C. As soon as D. No sooner Ans: B 10. His fever is ______ to ignore. [Agrani Bank 2017] A. too much high B. much too high C. high to much D. so high Ans: B 11. An air conditioner works in the same way ______ a refrigerator. [SIBL PO 2017] A. by B. as C. as if D. to be Ans: B 12. Birds not only bring song, color, and activity to a garden ______ are vitally needed by plants. [SIBL PO 2017] A. but also B. and C. as well as D. an they Ans: A 13. Complete the sentence. He talks as if ______. [BRDB Asst. Officer 2012] A. he was mad B. he were mad C. he had been mad D. he is mad Ans: B 14. After it was repaired, it ______ again. [Pubali Bank 2012] A. ran perfect B. could run perfect C. run perfect D. ran perfectly Ans: D 15. They are very kind to me. They treat me ______ their own son. [Pubali Bank 2012] A. like I am B. as if I were C. as if I am D. as if I are Ans: B 16. My uncle arrived while I ______ the dinner. [Standard Bank 2012] A. would cook B. had cooked C. cook D. was cooking Ans: D 17. He could not win but learnt a lot. Which parts of speech is the word 'but'? [BREB 2024] A. an adverb B. a verb C. an adjective D. a conjunction Ans: D 18. Run fast or you will miss the train. Here 'or' is- [Health Dept 2024] A. adverb B. preposition C. interjection D. conjunction Ans: D 19. Which one is Conjunction? [Biman Bangladesh 2023] A. or B. very C. out D. for Ans: A 20. Choose the correct conjunction to combine the sentences: We won the war ______ It costs us millions of lives: [Various Ministries 2022] A. as if B. though C. until D. since Ans: B 21. ______ going to office, I met an accident. [Health Ministry 2022] A. When B. On C. While D. Behind Ans: C 22. Choose the correct linking word: He wasn't able to finish his work ______ he tried as hard as he could. [Education Ministry 2022] A. if B. besides C. but D. even though Ans: D 23. She had hardly seen her mother ______ she stopped crying. [BSCIC 2019] A. then B. than C. when D. so Ans: C 24. They arrived ______ we were watching TV. [Labour Ministry 2019] A. as soon as B. because C. so that D. while Ans: D 25. To complete the sentence, 'Maruf likes orange, ______ he does not like apple.' [Foreign Ministry 2019] A. as B. but C. after D. so Ans: B 26. Fill in the blank: No sooner had I seen the bird ______ it flew away. [Various Ministries 2019] A. than B. when C. just D. after Ans: A 27. Scarcely had the game started ______ the doorbell rang. [Cultural Affairs 2011] A. than B. if C. then D. when Ans: D 28. He could not win but learned a lot. Which parts of speech is the word 'but'? [Film Dept 2011] A. An adjective B. An adverb C. A verb D. A conjunction Ans: D 29. He is poor but honest. In this sentence which is a conjunction? [Govt. High School 2019] A. poor B. honest C. but D. he Ans: C 30. He found the gold coin ______ the floor. [Defence Ministry 2018] A. as he had cleaned B. while he cleans C. which he is cleaning D. while cleaning Ans: D 31. I was waiting for Ushoshi ______ she never came. [Senior Staff Nurse 2018] A. but B. while C. and D. as Ans: A 32. They suffered much ______ tornado had hit their village. [CGDF 2018] A. until B. since C. as if D. let alone Ans: B 33. ______ glass is, for all practical purposes, a solid, its molecular structure is that of a liquid. [BREB 2018] A. Because B. Since C. Although D. If Ans: C 34. ______ they met us nor we met them. [Public Health Eng 2018] A. Nor B. Neither C. If D. Either Ans: B 35. ______ the situation infuriated him, he did his best to hide his anger. [CGDF 2017] A. Because B. Though C. As D. Since Ans: B 36. The hybrid cars have ______ the features of a luxury car but also the efficiency of using less fuel than the normal cars. [CGDF 2017] A. That B. in addition C. all D. not only Ans: D 37. He advised us ______ we could encourage the children. [BBS 2017] A. so that B. that C. so D. as Ans: A 38. 'By the end of the day we were tired but happy.' The underlined word is- [PWD 2017] A. a preposition B. an adjective C. a conjunction D. an adverb Ans: C 39. Identify the appropriate conjunction: The common man is ______ rich ______ famous. [Railway 2017] A. but; and B. not only; but also C. either, or D. neither; nor Ans: D 40. We hurried ______ we should miss the train. [ICT 2017] A. or B. otherwise C. lest D. than Ans: C 41. Would you be so kind ______ to keep me informed? [ICT 2017] A. that B. enough C. as D. much Ans: C 42. Hurry up ______ you will be late. [Nursing 2017] A. and B. but C. though D. or Ans: D 43. The girl is running ______ she should miss the train. [LGRD 2017] A. fast B. or C. unless D. lest Ans: D 44. In which sentence 'that' is used as a conjunction? [Foreign Ministry 2017] A. That is what I want. B. What is that noise? C. The evil that men do remains after them. D. He works hard that he may succeed. Ans: D 45. Nobody ______ Alam knew the way. [Railway 2016] A. without B. but C. that D. beside Ans: B 46. Karim is tall, ______ Rahim is taller. [Postal 2016] A. while B. so C. but D. as Ans: C 47. 'Neither she nor her brother ______ present yesterday. [Railway 2024] A. were B. was C. have been D. is Ans: B 48. In the sentence "He is taller than I."- the underlined word is a/an- [Various Ministries 2016] A. Adjective B. Noun C. Preposition D. Conjunction Ans: D ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS BCS Answers 01. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' শব্দটি এখানে দুটি বাক্য বা শব্দকে যুক্ত করেছে, তাই এটি Conjunction। যেমন: He is poor but  honest. 02. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Provided' এখানে 'if' (যদি) অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং দুটি ক্লজকে যুক্ত করেছে, তাই এটি Conjunction। 03. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "Even as" (যখন) একটি conjunction phrase যা দুটি ঘটনাকে যুক্ত করছে। "Even as harvesting was going on, the rainy season began." 04. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "The path had been  paved" (Past Perfect Passive), so we were able to walk. 05. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  "While" এর পরে সাধারণত Continuous tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। "While his brother was discussing ..." (Past Continuous). 06. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "who had escaped ". এটি Past Perfect tense হবে কারণ detective খোঁজার আগেই তারা পালিয়েছিল। Primary Answers 01. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'Or' একটি Conjunction যা বিকল্প নির্দেশ করে। Teacher Registration Answers 01. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Lest' এর পরে subject + should/might + verb এর base form বসে। তাই "you should  stumble" সঠিক। Bank Answers 01. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "She found..." বাক্যটি পূর্বের অংশের সাথে 'when' (যখন) দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে অর্থপূর্ণ হয়। "When she was waiting..." 02. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Let us' (Let's) থাকলে Tag question এ "shall we?" হয়। 03. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "While" এর পর continuous tense হয়। "While I was playing..." 04. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Whereas' বৈপরীত্য বা তুলনা বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। "You are celebrating... whereas your friend is dead serious." 05. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "She completed all tasks; that was  a big surprise." (Relative clause or demonstrative connecting ideas). 06. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  "On the ground of" অর্থ কারণে/ভিত্তিতে। 07. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  সাধারণত দুটি ঘটনা যুক্ত করতে 'when' ব্যবহৃত হয়। 08. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'Until' (যতক্ষণ না) শর্ত বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। 09. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "No sooner had... than..." স্ট্রাকচারটি ব্যবহৃত হয়। 10. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "Much too high" (adjective এর আগে much too বসে)। "Too much" noun এর আগে বসে। 11. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "In the same way as" - এটি একটি তুলনামূলক phrase। 12. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "Not only... but also" কো-রিলেটিভ কনজাংশন। 13. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'As if' এর আগে Present tense থাকলে পরে Past indefinite (unreal past) হয়। "He talks as if he were  mad." 14. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  "Ran perfectly" (Adverb modifies verb). এখানে Conjunction এর ব্যবহার নেই, তবে প্রশ্নটি এই সেকশনে ছিল। 15. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'As if' এর পরে 'were' বসে (unreal comparison)। "As if I were  their own son." 16. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'While' এর পরে Past Continuous tense বসে। "While I was cooking ". PSC & Other Exam Answers 01. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' এখানে দুটি ক্লজকে যুক্ত করেছে, তাই এটি Conjunction। 02. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Or' দুটি বাক্যকে যুক্ত করেছে (Run fast... you will miss...), তাই এটি Conjunction। 03. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'Or' হলো Conjunction। 04. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Though' (যদিও) দুটি বিপরীতধর্মী বাক্যকে যুক্ত করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 05. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  "While going to office..." ('While' + verb-ing)। 06. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Even though' (এমনকি যদিও) শক্তিশালী বৈপরীত্য বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 07. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Hardly had... when...' স্ট্রাকচার। তাই 'when' বসবে। 08. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'While' এর পর continuous tense (were watching) আছে। 09. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' বিপরীতধর্মী দুটি পছন্দকে যুক্ত করেছে (likes orange but does not like apple)। 10. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'No sooner had... than...' স্ট্রাকচার। 11. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Scarcely had... when...' স্ট্রাকচার। 12. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' এখানে Conjunction হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। 13. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' হলো Conjunction। 14. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  "While cleaning" (While + verb-ing)। 15. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "Waiting... but she never came" (বিপরীত ফলাফল)। 16. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Since' কারণ দর্শাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে (Since tornado had hit...)। 17. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Although' (যদিও) বৈপরীত্য বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 18. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "Neither... nor..." স্ট্রাকচার। 19. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Though' (যদিও) ব্যবহৃত হবে। 20. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  "Not only... but also..."। 21. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'So that' (যাতে) উদ্দেশ্য বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 22. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' হলো Conjunction। 23. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  বাক্যের অর্থ নেতিবাচক (is neither rich nor famous), তাই "neither; nor" সঠিক। 24. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Lest' এর পর 'should' বসে। "Lest we should miss..."। 25. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  "So kind as  to..." এটি একটি স্ট্রাকচার। 26. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Or' (নতুবা) সতর্কবাণী বা বিকল্প বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। "Hurry up or  you will be late." 27. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Lest' এর পর 'should' বসে। 28. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  "He works hard that  he may succeed." এখানে 'that' উদ্দেশ্যমূলক Conjunction (so that অর্থে)। 29. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "Nobody but  Alam" (আলম ছাড়া কেউ না)। এখানে 'but' Preposition বা Conjunction হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে, তবে সাধারণত এটিকে Preposition ধরা হয় যখন এটি 'except' অর্থ দেয়, কিন্তু কিছু গ্রামারে এটি Conjunction হিসেবেও আলোচিত হয়। প্রশ্নে অপশন অনুযায়ী 'but' সঠিক। 31. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "Karim is tall, while  Rahim is taller." (তুলনা বুঝাতে while ব্যবহৃত হয়)। 32. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Neither... nor' যুক্ত বাক্যে verb নিকটবর্তী subject (her brother - singular) অনুযায়ী হয়। তাই 'was' সঠিক। 33. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Than' এখানে দুটি ক্লজকে তুলনা করছে (He is taller than I am), তাই এটি Conjunction।

CONJUNCTION Part 1: Primary Discussion যে Word দুই বা ততোধিক word, phrase, clause বা sentence কে যুক্ত করে তাকে Conjunction  (সংযোজক অব্যয়) বলে। Conjunction বাক্যের বিভিন্ন অংশের মধ্যে সংযোগ স্থাপন করে বাক্যের অর্থকে সম্পূর্ণ ও সাবলীল করে। Words:  Bread and  butter. Phrases:  In the morning or  in the evening. Clauses:  I went to bed because  I was tired. Sentences:  He is poor. But  he is honest. Conjunction প্রধানত তিন প্রকার: Coordinating Conjunction Subordinating Conjunction Correlative Conjunction Part 2: Important Rules with Previous Questions 1. Coordinating Conjunction যে Conjunction একই জাতীয় বা সমশ্রেণির দুটি word, phrase বা clause কে যুক্ত করে তাকে Coordinating Conjunction বলে। (Coordinate clauses are independent clauses). Common Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS): F  = For (কারণ) A  = And (এবং) N  = Nor (না) B  = But (কিন্তু) O  = Or (অথবা) Y  = Yet (তবুও) S  = So (তাই) Ex:  He is poor but  honest. Ex:  Walk fast or  you will miss the train. Ex:  He is poor but honest. In this sentence which is conjunction? [Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, 15-16] (A) He (B) Poor (C) But (D) Honest Ans: (C) 2. Subordinating Conjunction যে Conjunction একটি Principal Clause এর সাথে এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause কে যুক্ত করে তাকে Subordinating Conjunction বলে। Common Subordinating Conjunctions: After, although, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order that, lest, provided that, since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether, while. Ex:  Wait here until  I come back. Ex:  We eat so that  we may live. Ex:  Scarcely had he come __ it started raining. [RU-C: 22-23] (A) than (B) when (C) then (D) that Ans: (B) 3. Correlative Conjunction যে Conjunction গুলো জোড়ায় জোড়ায় ব্যবহৃত হয় তাকে Correlative Conjunction বলে। Common Correlative Conjunctions: Either... or Neither... nor Not only... but also Both... and Whether... or Such... as So... as As... as No sooner... than Scarcely/Hardly... when Ex:   Either  he or  his brother has done this. Ex:  He is not only  a student but also  a player. Ex:   Karim Rahim will go there. [DU-D: 03-04] (A) Both, or (B) Either, or (C) Neither, or (D) Whether, and Ans: (B) Important Uses of Some Conjunctions Rule-01: No sooner... than, Scarcely... when, Hardly... when এগুলো দ্বারা "করতে না করতেই", "যেতে না যেতেই" ইত্যাদি অর্থ প্রকাশ পায়। প্রথম অংশ Past Perfect Tense এবং পরের অংশ Past Indefinite Tense হয়। Structure:  No sooner had + sub + V3 + ... than  + sub + V2 + ... Ex:   No sooner had  I reached the station than  the train left. Ex:   Scarcely had  we reached the school when  the bell rang. Ex:  No sooner had the thief seen the police __ he ran away. [13th BCS] (A) when (B) than (C) then (D) so Ans: (B) Rule-02: As if / As though As if বা as though এর প্রথম অংশ Present Indefinite হলে পরের অংশ Past Indefinite হয়। আবার প্রথম অংশ Past Indefinite হলে পরের অংশ Past Perfect হয়। (Be verb থাকলে সর্বদাই 'were' বসে)। Ex:  He talks as if  he knew  everything. Ex:  He talked as though  he had known  everything. Ex:  He speaks as if  he were  a mad. Ex:  He talks as if he __ mad. [23rd BCS] (A) is (B) was (C) were (D) has been Ans: (C) Rule-03: Lest পাছে ভয় হয় যে / যাতে না ঘটে এই অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়। Lest যুক্ত clause এ subject এর পর should  বা might  বসে। Ex:  Walk fast lest  you should  miss the train. Ex:  Read diligently lest you __ fail in the examination. [28th BCS] (A) might (B) should (C) will (D) can Ans: (B) Rule-04: Since (i) Since এর প্রথম অংশ Present Indefinite/Perfect হলে পরের অংশ Past Indefinite হয়। (ii) Since এর প্রথম অংশ Past Indefinite হলে পরের অংশ Past Perfect হয়। Ex:  It is many years since  we met . Ex:  It was many years since  we had met . Ex:  It is many years since I __ you. [10th BCS] (A) met (B) meet (C) have met (D) had met Ans: (A) Rule-05: So that / In order that উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। প্রথম অংশ Present Tense হলে পরের অংশে can/may বসে। প্রথম অংশ Past Tense হলে পরের অংশে could/might বসে। Ex:  We eat so that  we may  live. Ex:  He worked hard so that  he could  shine in life. Rule-06: Unless Unless অর্থ "যদি না"। এটি নিজেই নেতিবাচক অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, তাই Unless যুক্ত অংশে not বসে না। Ex:   Unless  you work hard, you will fail. Rule-07: Until / Till Until অর্থ "যে পর্যন্ত না" (নেতিবাচক), Till অর্থ "যে পর্যন্ত" (ইতিবাচক)। তবে ব্যবহারিক ক্ষেত্রে দুটোই সময় নির্দেশ করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  Wait here until  I come back. Rule-08: While While এর ঠিক পরেই verb থাকলে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়। কিন্তু While এর পরে subject থাকলে Past Continuous Tense হয়। Ex:   While walking  in the garden, I saw a snake. Ex:   While I was walking  in the garden, I saw a snake. Part 3: Self Practice with Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. Choose the correct sentence.  [DU-B: 14-15] (A) Scarcely had he gone than a policeman knocked at the door. (B) Scarcely had he gone when a policeman knocked at the door. (C) Scarcely did he go than a policeman knocked at the door. (D) Scarcely had he gone then a policeman knocked at the door. Ans: (B)  (Scarcely... when) 02. __ I had known you were coming, I would have met you at the station.  [DU-D: 97-98] (A) If (B) Had (C) In case (D) Even if Ans: (A)  (Third Conditional: If + Past Perfect, ... would have + V3) JU Questions & Answers 01. 'Whatever' is a/an-  [JU-A: 20-21] (A) Adjective (B) Pronoun (C) Conjunction (D) Adverb Ans: (C)  (Also acts as a relative pronoun, but functions as a conjunction linking clauses here) 02. __ he is rich, he is unhappy.  [JU-B: 12-13] (A) Since (B) As (C) Although (D) If Ans: (C)  (বৈপরীত্য বোঝাতে Although বসে) RU Questions & Answers 01. We waited __ the bus came.  [RU-A: 15-16] (A) till (B) until (C) as (D) unless Ans: (B) 02. Make hay __ the sun shines.  [RU-E: 08-09] (A) while (B) when (C) as (D) for Ans: (A) BCS & Other Exams 01. If I had known you were coming __.  [32nd BCS] (A) I would go to the station (B) I had gone to the station (C) I would have gone to the station (D) I went to the station Ans: (C) 02. 50 miles __ a long way.  [24th BCS] (A) are (B) is (C) be (D) were Ans: (B)  (Distance singular verb) Part 4: SELF TEST 01. He ran fast __ he should miss the train. (A) lest (B) unless (C) if (D) until Ans: (A) 02. __ he is poor, he is honest. (A) Since (B) As (C) Though (D) Because Ans: (C) 03. Wait here __ I return. (A) while (B) until (C) as (D) unless Ans: (B) 04. Neither he __ his brother was present. (A) or (B) nor (C) and (D) but Ans: (B) 05. He speaks as if he __ mad. (A) is (B) was (C) were (D) has been Ans: (C) 06. No sooner had we reached the station __ the train left. (A) when (B) than (C) then (D) before Ans: (B) 07. Work hard __ you will fail. (A) and (B) but (C) or (D) so Ans: (C) 08. Both Rina __ Mina are good students. (A) or (B) nor (C) and (D) as Ans: (C) 09. He is weak __ he can walk. (A) but (B) and (C) or (D) so Ans: (A) 10. It is a long time since I __ you. (A) see (B) saw (C) seen (D) have seen Ans: (B) CONJUNCTION BCS Questions 1. He sat behind me, but in front of you. Here 'but' is used as - / By the end of the day we were tired but Happy. Here 'but' is - / He is poor but honest. In this sentence 'but' is - / He could not win but learn a lot. Which part of speech in the word 'but'? [44th BCS] A. a conjunction B. interjection C. an adverb D. verb Ans: A 2. 'I shall help you provided you obey me.' Here the underlined word is a/an- [41st BCS] A. adverb B. adjective C. conjunction D. verb Ans: C 3. Choose the correct option: Even as harvesting was going on ______ [26th BCS] A. the rainy season began. B. the rainy season was began. C. the rainy season had began. D. the rainy season begins. Ans: A 4. The path ______ paved, so we were able to walk through the path. [22nd BCS] A. was B. had been C. has been D. being Ans: B 5. As they waited, Rahim argued against war ______ [21st BCS] A. while his brother discusses the effects of pollution. B. while his brother discussed the effects of pollution. C. while his brother was discussing the effects of pollution. D. while his brother had discussed the effects of pollution. Ans: C 6. An intensive search was conducted by the detective to locate those criminals, who- [20th BCS] A. have had escaped B. had escaped C. are escaping D. have been escaping Ans: B 7. কোনটি Conjunction? [প্রা. সহ. শি. ২০১০] A. or B. out C. very D. for Ans: A 8. Walk carefully lest ______ [13th NTRCA] A. you will fall B. you should stumble C. you would have fallen D. you might lose the way Ans: B Bank Questions 1. Choose appropriate word to join: 'She was waiting for a taxi. ______ She found car broken down.' [7 Banks Officer 2021] A. when B. and C. yet D. as if Ans: A 2. Find the correct question tag: Let us discuss, ______ [7 Banks Officer 2021] A. can we? B. do we? C. shall we? D. don't we? Ans: C 3. I hurt my leg ______ I was playing football yesterday. [5 Govt. Banks 2021] A. while B. during C. for D. in Ans: A 4. Find the best linking word to join: a. 'You are celebrating the birthday'. b. Your friend is dead serious.' [Banks & FI SO 2021] A. whence B. since C. whereas D. as Ans: C 5. Join two parts: 'She completed all tasks'; '______ a big surprise'. [PKB Officer 2021] A. was B. that was C. which was D. it is Ans: C 6. He refused to attend the meeting ______ his illness. [Janata Bank 2020] A. on part of B. on point of C. on the ground of D. with a view to Ans: C 7. The best conjunction to link is - for joining sentences: ______ [Rupali Bank 2019] A. when B. since C. otherwise D. wheather Ans: D 8. We cannot process the order ______ we get a copy of the purchase order. [BSC Officer 2019] A. until B. because C. that D. when Ans: A 9. ______ she reached the exam hall than the door closed. [Agrani Bank 2017] A. As sooner as B. No sooner had C. As soon as D. No sooner Ans: B 10. His fever is ______ to ignore. [Agrani Bank 2017] A. too much high B. much too high C. high to much D. so high Ans: B 11. An air conditioner works in the same way ______ a refrigerator. [SIBL PO 2017] A. by B. as C. as if D. to be Ans: B 12. Birds not only bring song, color, and activity to a garden ______ are vitally needed by plants. [SIBL PO 2017] A. but also B. and C. as well as D. an they Ans: A 13. Complete the sentence. He talks as if ______. [BRDB Asst. Officer 2012] A. he was mad B. he were mad C. he had been mad D. he is mad Ans: B 14. After it was repaired, it ______ again. [Pubali Bank 2012] A. ran perfect B. could run perfect C. run perfect D. ran perfectly Ans: D 15. They are very kind to me. They treat me ______ their own son. [Pubali Bank 2012] A. like I am B. as if I were C. as if I am D. as if I are Ans: B 16. My uncle arrived while I ______ the dinner. [Standard Bank 2012] A. would cook B. had cooked C. cook D. was cooking Ans: D 17. He could not win but learnt a lot. Which parts of speech is the word 'but'? [BREB 2024] A. an adverb B. a verb C. an adjective D. a conjunction Ans: D 18. Run fast or you will miss the train. Here 'or' is- [Health Dept 2024] A. adverb B. preposition C. interjection D. conjunction Ans: D 19. Which one is Conjunction? [Biman Bangladesh 2023] A. or B. very C. out D. for Ans: A 20. Choose the correct conjunction to combine the sentences: We won the war ______ It costs us millions of lives: [Various Ministries 2022] A. as if B. though C. until D. since Ans: B 21. ______ going to office, I met an accident. [Health Ministry 2022] A. When B. On C. While D. Behind Ans: C 22. Choose the correct linking word: He wasn't able to finish his work ______ he tried as hard as he could. [Education Ministry 2022] A. if B. besides C. but D. even though Ans: D 23. She had hardly seen her mother ______ she stopped crying. [BSCIC 2019] A. then B. than C. when D. so Ans: C 24. They arrived ______ we were watching TV. [Labour Ministry 2019] A. as soon as B. because C. so that D. while Ans: D 25. To complete the sentence, 'Maruf likes orange, ______ he does not like apple.' [Foreign Ministry 2019] A. as B. but C. after D. so Ans: B 26. Fill in the blank: No sooner had I seen the bird ______ it flew away. [Various Ministries 2019] A. than B. when C. just D. after Ans: A 27. Scarcely had the game started ______ the doorbell rang. [Cultural Affairs 2011] A. than B. if C. then D. when Ans: D 28. He could not win but learned a lot. Which parts of speech is the word 'but'? [Film Dept 2011] A. An adjective B. An adverb C. A verb D. A conjunction Ans: D 29. He is poor but honest. In this sentence which is a conjunction? [Govt. High School 2019] A. poor B. honest C. but D. he Ans: C 30. He found the gold coin ______ the floor. [Defence Ministry 2018] A. as he had cleaned B. while he cleans C. which he is cleaning D. while cleaning Ans: D 31. I was waiting for Ushoshi ______ she never came. [Senior Staff Nurse 2018] A. but B. while C. and D. as Ans: A 32. They suffered much ______ tornado had hit their village. [CGDF 2018] A. until B. since C. as if D. let alone Ans: B 33. ______ glass is, for all practical purposes, a solid, its molecular structure is that of a liquid. [BREB 2018] A. Because B. Since C. Although D. If Ans: C 34. ______ they met us nor we met them. [Public Health Eng 2018] A. Nor B. Neither C. If D. Either Ans: B 35. ______ the situation infuriated him, he did his best to hide his anger. [CGDF 2017] A. Because B. Though C. As D. Since Ans: B 36. The hybrid cars have ______ the features of a luxury car but also the efficiency of using less fuel than the normal cars. [CGDF 2017] A. That B. in addition C. all D. not only Ans: D 37. He advised us ______ we could encourage the children. [BBS 2017] A. so that B. that C. so D. as Ans: A 38. 'By the end of the day we were tired but happy.' The underlined word is- [PWD 2017] A. a preposition B. an adjective C. a conjunction D. an adverb Ans: C 39. Identify the appropriate conjunction: The common man is ______ rich ______ famous. [Railway 2017] A. but; and B. not only; but also C. either, or D. neither; nor Ans: D 40. We hurried ______ we should miss the train. [ICT 2017] A. or B. otherwise C. lest D. than Ans: C 41. Would you be so kind ______ to keep me informed? [ICT 2017] A. that B. enough C. as D. much Ans: C 42. Hurry up ______ you will be late. [Nursing 2017] A. and B. but C. though D. or Ans: D 43. The girl is running ______ she should miss the train. [LGRD 2017] A. fast B. or C. unless D. lest Ans: D 44. In which sentence 'that' is used as a conjunction? [Foreign Ministry 2017] A. That is what I want. B. What is that noise? C. The evil that men do remains after them. D. He works hard that he may succeed. Ans: D 45. Nobody ______ Alam knew the way. [Railway 2016] A. without B. but C. that D. beside Ans: B 46. Karim is tall, ______ Rahim is taller. [Postal 2016] A. while B. so C. but D. as Ans: C 47. 'Neither she nor her brother ______ present yesterday. [Railway 2024] A. were B. was C. have been D. is Ans: B 48. In the sentence "He is taller than I."- the underlined word is a/an- [Various Ministries 2016] A. Adjective B. Noun C. Preposition D. Conjunction Ans: D ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS BCS Answers 01. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' শব্দটি এখানে দুটি বাক্য বা শব্দকে যুক্ত করেছে, তাই এটি Conjunction। যেমন: He is poor but  honest. 02. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Provided' এখানে 'if' (যদি) অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং দুটি ক্লজকে যুক্ত করেছে, তাই এটি Conjunction। 03. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "Even as" (যখন) একটি conjunction phrase যা দুটি ঘটনাকে যুক্ত করছে। "Even as harvesting was going on, the rainy season began." 04. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "The path had been  paved" (Past Perfect Passive), so we were able to walk. 05. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  "While" এর পরে সাধারণত Continuous tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। "While his brother was discussing ..." (Past Continuous). 06. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "who had escaped ". এটি Past Perfect tense হবে কারণ detective খোঁজার আগেই তারা পালিয়েছিল। Primary Answers 01. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'Or' একটি Conjunction যা বিকল্প নির্দেশ করে। Teacher Registration Answers 01. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Lest' এর পরে subject + should/might + verb এর base form বসে। তাই "you should  stumble" সঠিক। Bank Answers 01. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "She found..." বাক্যটি পূর্বের অংশের সাথে 'when' (যখন) দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে অর্থপূর্ণ হয়। "When she was waiting..." 02. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Let us' (Let's) থাকলে Tag question এ "shall we?" হয়। 03. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "While" এর পর continuous tense হয়। "While I was playing..." 04. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Whereas' বৈপরীত্য বা তুলনা বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। "You are celebrating... whereas your friend is dead serious." 05. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "She completed all tasks; that was  a big surprise." (Relative clause or demonstrative connecting ideas). 06. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  "On the ground of" অর্থ কারণে/ভিত্তিতে। 07. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  সাধারণত দুটি ঘটনা যুক্ত করতে 'when' ব্যবহৃত হয়। 08. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'Until' (যতক্ষণ না) শর্ত বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। 09. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "No sooner had... than..." স্ট্রাকচারটি ব্যবহৃত হয়। 10. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "Much too high" (adjective এর আগে much too বসে)। "Too much" noun এর আগে বসে। 11. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "In the same way as" - এটি একটি তুলনামূলক phrase। 12. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "Not only... but also" কো-রিলেটিভ কনজাংশন। 13. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'As if' এর আগে Present tense থাকলে পরে Past indefinite (unreal past) হয়। "He talks as if he were  mad." 14. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  "Ran perfectly" (Adverb modifies verb). এখানে Conjunction এর ব্যবহার নেই, তবে প্রশ্নটি এই সেকশনে ছিল। 15. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'As if' এর পরে 'were' বসে (unreal comparison)। "As if I were  their own son." 16. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'While' এর পরে Past Continuous tense বসে। "While I was cooking ". PSC & Other Exam Answers 01. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' এখানে দুটি ক্লজকে যুক্ত করেছে, তাই এটি Conjunction। 02. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Or' দুটি বাক্যকে যুক্ত করেছে (Run fast... you will miss...), তাই এটি Conjunction। 03. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'Or' হলো Conjunction। 04. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Though' (যদিও) দুটি বিপরীতধর্মী বাক্যকে যুক্ত করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 05. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  "While going to office..." ('While' + verb-ing)। 06. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Even though' (এমনকি যদিও) শক্তিশালী বৈপরীত্য বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 07. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Hardly had... when...' স্ট্রাকচার। তাই 'when' বসবে। 08. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'While' এর পর continuous tense (were watching) আছে। 09. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' বিপরীতধর্মী দুটি পছন্দকে যুক্ত করেছে (likes orange but does not like apple)। 10. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'No sooner had... than...' স্ট্রাকচার। 11. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Scarcely had... when...' স্ট্রাকচার। 12. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' এখানে Conjunction হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। 13. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' হলো Conjunction। 14. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  "While cleaning" (While + verb-ing)। 15. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "Waiting... but she never came" (বিপরীত ফলাফল)। 16. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Since' কারণ দর্শাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে (Since tornado had hit...)। 17. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Although' (যদিও) বৈপরীত্য বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 18. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "Neither... nor..." স্ট্রাকচার। 19. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Though' (যদিও) ব্যবহৃত হবে। 20. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  "Not only... but also..."। 21. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  'So that' (যাতে) উদ্দেশ্য বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 22. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'But' হলো Conjunction। 23. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  বাক্যের অর্থ নেতিবাচক (is neither rich nor famous), তাই "neither; nor" সঠিক। 24. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  'Lest' এর পর 'should' বসে। "Lest we should miss..."। 25. Ans: C ব্যাখ্যা:  "So kind as  to..." এটি একটি স্ট্রাকচার। 26. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Or' (নতুবা) সতর্কবাণী বা বিকল্প বুঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। "Hurry up or  you will be late." 27. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Lest' এর পর 'should' বসে। 28. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  "He works hard that  he may succeed." এখানে 'that' উদ্দেশ্যমূলক Conjunction (so that অর্থে)। 29. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  "Nobody but  Alam" (আলম ছাড়া কেউ না)। এখানে 'but' Preposition বা Conjunction হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে, তবে সাধারণত এটিকে Preposition ধরা হয় যখন এটি 'except' অর্থ দেয়, কিন্তু কিছু গ্রামারে এটি Conjunction হিসেবেও আলোচিত হয়। প্রশ্নে অপশন অনুযায়ী 'but' সঠিক। 31. Ans: A ব্যাখ্যা:  "Karim is tall, while  Rahim is taller." (তুলনা বুঝাতে while ব্যবহৃত হয়)। 32. Ans: B ব্যাখ্যা:  'Neither... nor' যুক্ত বাক্যে verb নিকটবর্তী subject (her brother - singular) অনুযায়ী হয়। তাই 'was' সঠিক। 33. Ans: D ব্যাখ্যা:  'Than' এখানে দুটি ক্লজকে তুলনা করছে (He is taller than I am), তাই এটি Conjunction।

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Part 1: Primary Discussion Subject-Verb Agreement  বলতে বাক্যের Subject অনুযায়ী Verb এর সঠিক ব্যবহারকে বোঝায়। বাক্যে Subject এর number ও person অনুযায়ী Verb এর রূপ পরিবর্তিত হয়। সাধারণ নিয়ম হলো: Subject যদি Singular  হয়, তবে Verb ও Singular  হবে। Subject যদি Plural  হয়, তবে Verb ও Plural  হবে। He reads a book.  (Subject 'He' singular, তাই verb 'reads' singular) They read books.  (Subject 'They' plural, তাই verb 'read' plural) Part 2: Important Rules with Previous Questions Rule-01: Basic Agreement Subject এবং Verb এর number একই হতে হবে। Singular Subject = Singular Verb Plural Subject = Plural Verb Ex:  The color of his eyes is  blue. (Subject 'The color' singular) Ex:  The players are  tired. (Subject 'The players' plural) Rule-02: Prepositional Phrase Subject এর সাথে Prepositional phrase যুক্ত থাকলে মূল Subject অনুযায়ী verb নির্ধারিত হয়। Preposition এর পরের অংশ (Object of preposition) verb কে প্রভাবিত করে না। Ex:  The quality of the mangoes is  good. (এখানে মূল subject 'The quality', 'mangoes' নয়।) Ex:  The players in the field are  playing well. Ex:  The danger of forest fires is  not to be taken lightly. [DU-D: 97-98] (A) is (B) are (C) were (D) have Ans: (A) Rule-03: 'And' দ্বারা যুক্ত Subject দুই বা ততোধিক Singular Subject যদি 'and' দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়, তবে Verb Plural  হয়। Ex:  Gold and Silver are  precious metals. Ex:  Fire and water do  not agree. Exception:  যদি 'and' দ্বারা যুক্ত দুটি noun একই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে নির্দেশ করে, তবে Verb Singular  হয়। Ex:  The Headmaster and Secretary was  present. (একই ব্যক্তি) কিন্তু:  The Headmaster and the Secretary were  present. (আলাদা ব্যক্তি - কারণ উভয়ের আগে article 'the' আছে) Ex:  Bread and butter is  my favorite breakfast. (একই খাবার হিসেবে গণ্য) Ex:  Slow and steady wins  the race. Ex:  Bread and butter is  necessary for his life. [DU-C: 05-06] (A) are (B) were (C) is (D) have Ans: (C) Rule-04: With, Together with, Along with, As well as যদি দুটি subject নিচের শব্দগুলো দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে, তবে প্রথম subject  অনুযায়ী verb বসে: with, together with, along with, accompanied by, as well as, in addition to, including, excluding, and not. Ex:  The chairman, along with the members, has  come. (Subject 'The chairman' singular) Ex:  Rahim, as well as his brothers, is  coming. Ex:  Television, as well as the radio, has  an important place in our daily life. [DU-D: 92-93] (A) have (B) has (C) are (D) is Ans: (B) Rule-05: Either...or, Neither...nor যদি দুটি subject Or, Nor, Either...or, Neither...nor  দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে, তবে Verb এর নিকটবর্তী subject  (দ্বিতীয় subject) অনুযায়ী verb বসে। Ex:  Either he or his brothers are  guilty. (Verb এর কাছের subject 'brothers' plural) Ex:  Neither the players nor the coach was  present. (Verb এর কাছের subject 'coach' singular) Ex:  Neither the moon nor the stars were  visible. [DU-B: 12-13] (A) is (B) was (C) are (D) were Ans: (D) Rule-06: Indefinite Pronouns নিচের Indefinite Pronoun গুলো Subject হলে Verb সর্বদা Singular  হয়: Each, Every, Either, Neither, One, Everyone, Everybody, Everything, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, No one, Nobody, Nothing, Someone, Somebody, Something. Ex:  Each of the boys has  got a prize. Ex:  Everybody wants  to be happy. Ex:  Neither of the pens writes  well. Ex:  Each of the sons followed his  father's trade. [33rd BCS] (A) their (B) her (C) whose (D) his Ans: (D)  (Pronoun ও Singular হবে) Rule-07: Collective Noun Collective Noun (যেমন: Jury, Committee, Team, Army, Class, Family) সাধারণত Singular Verb  গ্রহণ করে যখন তারা সমষ্টিগতভাবে কাজ করে। কিন্তু যদি সদস্যদের মধ্যে মতভেদ বা বিভাজন বোঝায় (Noun of Multitude), তবে Plural Verb  বসে। Ex:  The jury is  unanimous in its decision. (ঐকমত্য - Singular) Ex:  The jury are  divided in their opinions. (বিভক্ত - Plural) Rule-08: Relative Pronoun Relative Pronoun (who, which, that) এর পরে যে Verb বসে, তা তার Antecedent  (পূর্বপদ) অনুযায়ী নির্ধারিত হয়। Ex:  It is I who am  responsible. (Antecedent 'I') Ex:  It is you who are  to blame. (Antecedent 'You') Ex:  He is one of the boys who have  done this. (Antecedent 'boys' plural, তাই have) Ex:  It is I who am  to blame. [DU-B: 09-10] (A) am (B) is (C) are (D) was Ans: (A) Rule-09: Uncountable Noun Uncountable Noun এর পরে সর্বদা Singular Verb  বসে। Examples:  Water, air, sand, news, physics, mathematics, scenery, information, furniture, advice, machinery, traffic, money, hair ইত্যাদি। Ex:  The news is  bad. Ex:  Mathematics is  my favorite subject. Ex:  Physics is  difficult for me. Ex:  Ill news runs  fast. [RU-E: 06-07] (A) run (B) runs (C) ran (D) running Ans: (B) Rule-10: Plural Nouns with Singular Meaning কিছু Noun দেখতে Plural মনে হলেও অর্থের দিক থেকে Singular, তাই এদের পর Singular Verb  বসে। Examples:  News, Politics, Economics, Physics, Mathematics, Gallows, Innings, Athletics, Ethics. Ex:  Politics is  a dirty game. Ex:  Choosing the correct sentence: [24th BCS] (A) The gallows has been erected. (B) The gallows have been erected. (C) The gallows has been being erected. (D) The gallows have been being erected. Ans: (A) Rule-11: Distance, Time, Money দূরত্ব, সময়, বা টাকার পরিমাণ দেখতে Plural হলেও, যখন একটি নির্দিষ্ট একক হিসেবে বোঝায় তখন Verb Singular  হয়। Ex:  Fifty miles is  a long distance. Ex:  Ten thousand dollars is  a lot of money. Ex:  Ten miles is  a long distance. [DU-C: 08-09] (A) are (B) were (C) is (D) be Ans: (C) Rule-12: A number of vs The number of A number of  (অনেক) + Plural Noun + Plural Verb . The number of  (সংখ্যাটি) + Plural Noun + Singular Verb . Ex:  A number of students were  present. Ex:  The number of students was  fifty. Ex:  A number of students were  absent. [IU-B: 11-12] (A) was (B) were (C) is (D) have Ans: (B) Rule-13: One of One of the  + Plural Noun + Singular Verb . Ex:  One of the boys is  absent. Ex:  One of the most important factors that influence the learning process is  language. [DU-D: 07-08] (A) are (B) is (C) were (D) have Ans: (B) Rule-14: Fractional Numbers (ভগ্নাংশ) ভগ্নাংশের ক্ষেত্রে 'of' এর পরের Noun অনুযায়ী Verb বসে। Fraction + of + Uncountable Noun -> Singular Verb. Fraction + of + Countable Plural Noun -> Plural Verb. Ex:  Two-thirds of the work is  done. (Work uncountable) Ex:  Two-thirds of the students are  present. (Students countable plural) Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. Choose the correct option: Neither of the two boys _____ selected.  [DU-B: 23-24] (A) has (B) have (C) was (D) were Ans: (C) Explanation:  'Neither of' এর পর noun plural হলেও verb singular হয়। 02. The number of students seeking admission _____ increased.  [DU-D: 15-16] (A) have (B) has (C) are (D) were Ans: (B) Explanation:  'The number of' থাকলে verb singular হয়। 03. Bread and butter _____ my favorite breakfast.  [DU-C: 05-06] (A) are (B) were (C) is (D) have Ans: (C) Explanation:  'Bread and butter' কে এখানে একটি খাবার (breakfast) হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হয়েছে, তাই singular. 04. Time and tide _____ for none.  [DU-A: 07-08] (A) wait (B) waits (C) waited (D) waiting Ans: (A) Explanation:  Time and tide (সময় ও স্রোত) ভিন্ন দুটি সত্তা, তাই verb plural (wait) হয়। 05. Either you or he _____ to blame.  [DU-B: 10-11] (A) is (B) are (C) has (D) have Ans: (A) Explanation:  Either...or থাকলে verb এর কাছের subject (he) অনুযায়ী verb হয়। JU Questions & Answers 01. Slow and steady _____ the race.  [JU-A: 12-13] (A) win (B) wins (C) won (D) winning Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Slow and steady' একটি ধারণা বা প্রবাদ হিসেবে singular ধরা হয়। 02. Many a man _____ trying to do it.  [JU-B: 14-15] (A) are (B) were (C) is (D) have Ans: (C) Explanation:  'Many a' এর পর noun এবং verb উভয়ই Singular হয়। RU Questions & Answers 01. Ten thousand dollars _____ a lot of money.  [RU-C: 16-17] (A) are (B) is (C) were (D) have Ans: (B) Explanation:  নির্দিষ্ট পরিমাণ টাকা/অর্থ singular হিসেবে গণ্য হয়। 02. The Captain with his team members _____ arrived.  [RU-A: 18-19] (A) have (B) has (C) were (D) are Ans: (B) Explanation:  'with' দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে প্রথম subject (The Captain) অনুযায়ী verb হয়। BCS & Other Exams 01. Neither Rini nor Simi _____ qualified for the job.  [40th BCS] (A) is (B) are (C) were (D) have Ans: (A) Explanation:  Neither...nor এর ক্ষেত্রে ২য় subject (Simi) অনুযায়ী verb হবে। 02. One of my friends _____ a lawyer.  [38th BCS] (A) are (B) is (C) were (D) have Ans: (B) Explanation:  'One of' + Plural Noun -> Singular Verb. TEST 01. The headmaster and secretary _____ present in the meeting. (A) was (B) were (C) have (D) are Ans: (A)  (একই ব্যক্তি, কারণ 'the' শুধু headmaster এর আগে আছে) 02. Every boy and every girl _____ given a packet of sweets. (A) was (B) were (C) are (D) have Ans: (A)  (Every থাকলে verb singular হয়) 03. Neither the chairman nor the members _____ present. (A) is (B) was (C) are (D) has Ans: (C)  (Neither...nor এর ক্ষেত্রে কাছের subject 'members' plural, তাই verb plural) 04. Physics _____ my favorite subject. (A) are (B) were (C) is (D) have Ans: (C)  (Subject singular) 05. A large number of people _____ there. (A) was (B) is (C) were (D) has Ans: (C)  ('A number of' takes plural verb) 06. Fifty kilograms _____ not a heavy weight. (A) are (B) were (C) is (D) have Ans: (C)  (নির্দিষ্ট ওজন singular) 07. One of the boys _____ done the work. (A) have (B) has (C) were (D) are Ans: (B)  (One of... singular verb) 08. The father, as well as his sons, _____ present. (A) were (B) are (C) was (D) have Ans: (C)  ('As well as' থাকলে প্রথম subject অনুযায়ী verb হয়) 09. There _____ a high school and a college in our village. (A) is (B) are (C) was (D) has Ans: (B)  (Subject 'a high school and a college' plural, তাই 'are') 10. It is I who _____ to blame. (A) is (B) am (C) are (D) has Ans: (B)  (Relative pronoun 'who' এর antecedent 'I', তাই 'am')

TOPIC: ADVERB Classification of Adverb Primary Discussion  Adverb (ভাব বিশেষণ) হলো এমন একটি word, যা noun বা pronoun ব্যতীত অন্য কোনো Parts of Speech-কে (বিশেষ করে verb, adjective বা অন্য adverb-কে) modify বা বিশেষিত করে। সহজ কথায়, verb-কে 'কোথায়', 'কখন', 'কীভাবে' ইত্যাদি দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে উত্তরে যে word পাওয়া যায় তা-ই adverb। Tinni always reads a story book. She is really brilliant.   (প্রথম বাক্যে always শব্দটি read (verb)-কে এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে really শব্দটি brilliant (adj.)-কে বিশেষিত করছে, তাই এরা adverb।) Types of Adverbs কাজের ধরন অনুযায়ী Adverb প্রধানত চার প্রকার: Simple Adverb Relative Adverb Conjunctive Adverb Interrogative Adverb 1. Simple Adverb যেসব adverb বাক্যে verb, adjective এবং অন্য কোনো adverb-কে বিশেষিত করে, তাদের simple adverb বলে। এটি সাত প্রকার: (i) Adverb of Time (সময়বাচক):  ক্রিয়া সংঘটনের সময় নির্দেশ করে। Examples:  Now, then, today, tomorrow, yesterday, soon, early, late, recently, etc. Ex:  He has recently  come. চেনার উপায়:  Verb-কে 'when' দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে পাওয়া যায়। (ii) Adverb of Place (স্থানবাচক):  ক্রিয়া সংঘটনের স্থান নির্দেশ করে। Examples:  Here, there, everywhere, nowhere, up, down, in, out, etc. Ex:  I looked for it everywhere . চেনার উপায়:  Verb-কে 'where' দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে পাওয়া যায়। (iii) Adverb of Manner (আচরণবাচক):  ক্রিয়া সংঘটনের ধরন নির্দেশ করে। Examples:  Slowly, quickly, carefully, badly, well, fast, hard, etc. Ex:  She accomplished this bravely . চেনার উপায়:  Verb-কে 'how' দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে পাওয়া যায়। (iv) Adverb of Frequency (বারংবারতা):  ক্রিয়া কতবার বা কতক্ষণ পর পর ঘটে তা নির্দেশ করে। Examples:  Once, twice, always, never, often, sometimes, usually, etc. Ex:  He often  makes mistakes. চেনার উপায়:  Verb-কে 'how often' দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে পাওয়া যায়। (v) Adverb of Degree (পরিমাণবাচক):  ক্রিয়ার মাত্রা বা পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করে। Examples:  Very, much, too, quite, almost, enough, fully, etc. Ex:  The mangoes are almost  ripe. চেনার উপায়:  Verb-কে 'how much' দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে পাওয়া যায়। (vi) Adverb of Reason (কারণবাচক):  ক্রিয়া সংঘটনের কারণ নির্দেশ করে। Examples:  Therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently, etc. Ex:  She did not study; therefore  she failed. চেনার উপায়:  Verb-কে 'why' দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে পাওয়া যায়। (vii) Adverb of Order (ক্রমবাচক):  কাজের ধারাবাহিক ক্রম নির্দেশ করে। Examples:  First, second, third, finally, lastly, etc. Ex:   Secondly , we should collect the money. 2. Relative Adverb যে adverb কোনো relative clause শুরু করে এবং antecedent-এর পরে বসে স্থান, কাল বা কারণ নির্দেশ করে। Examples:  Where, when, why. Ex:  I know the time when  he will come. 3. Conjunctive Adverb যে adverb দুটি clause বা sentence-কে সংযুক্ত করে। Examples:  However, moreover, therefore, consequently, besides, etc. Ex:  I wanted to go; however , I was too busy. 4. Interrogative Adverb যে adverb প্রশ্ন করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। Examples:  When, where, how, why. Ex:   Where  are you going? Exercise: Classification of Adverb Choose the correct classification for the underlined/bold words: 01. I have been living in Dhaka ______ 2000. [DU-A: 24-25] (A) since (B) from (C) in (D) for Ans: (A)  ( Since  indicates a point of time in perfect continuous tenses.) 02. It is ______ hot today. [DU-7 College (Science): 21-22] (A) very (B) too (C) much (D) many Ans: (A)  ( Very  modifies adjectives like 'hot'.) 03. 'Please, come again'. Here 'Please' is- [JnU-A: 12-13] (A) Verb (B) Adverb (C) Conjunction (D) Pronoun Ans: (B)  ( Please  modifies the whole sentence, acting as a sentence adverb.) 04. The word 'homely' is- [JnU-B: 14-15] (A) noun (B) verb (C) adjective (D) adverb Ans: (C)  (Noun + ly = Adjective; Home + ly = Homely.) 05. 'Near' is- [JU-A: 24-25] (A) Adverb (B) Adjective (C) Preposition (D) All of the above Ans: (D)  (Can be used as all three depending on context.) 06. He works hard. 'Hard' is- [JU-C: 22-23] (A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Noun (D) Verb Ans: (B)  ( Hard  modifies the verb works .) 07. 'He is quite well now'. Here 'well' is- [CU-A: 22-23] (A) Noun (B) Adjective (C) Adverb (D) Verb Ans: (B)  (Here well  refers to health condition, so it is an adjective.) 08. The word 'hardly' is- [CU-D: 19-20] (A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Verb (D) Noun Ans: (B)  ( Hardly  is an adverb of frequency meaning 'almost not'.) Formation of Adverb Adjective এর শেষে সাধারণত 'ly' যোগ করে adverb গঠন করতে হয়। Adjective + ly Adverb Adjective + ly Adverb Slow + ly Slowly Firm + ly Firmly Quick + ly Quickly Sad + ly Sadly Abrupt + ly Abruptly Harsh + ly Harshly Ex:  What part of speech is the word 'manly'? [See note below] (Note: Noun + ly = Adjective, e.g., Fatherly, Motherly, Friendly, Manly. Adjective + ly = Adverb, e.g., Beautifully, Quickly.) Adjective এর শেষে 'ic' থাকলে সাধারণত এর সাথে 'ally' যোগ করে adverb করতে হয়। Adjective (ic) + ally Adverb Adjective (ic) + ally Adverb Tragic + ally Tragically Basic + ally Basically Dramatic + ally Dramatically Economic + ally Economically Energetic + ally Energetically Artistic + ally Artistically Strategic + ally Strategically Academic + ally Academically Note:  Public শব্দের শেষে ic থাকলেও এর শেষে ally এর পরিবর্তে ly (publicly) যোগ করতে হয়। Adjective এর শেষে 'al' থাকলে সাধারণত এর সাথে 'ly' যোগ করে adverb করতে হয়। Adjective (al) + ly Adverb Adjective (al) + ly Adverb Chemical + ly Chemically Physical + ly Physically Biological + ly Biologically Logical + ly Logically Mechanical + ly Mechanically Grammatical + ly Grammatically Musical + ly Musically Critical + ly Critically Adjective এর শেষে 'y' এবং এর পূর্বে consonant থাকলে 'y' এর স্থলে 'i' বসিয়ে 'ly' যোগ করে adverb করতে হয়। Adjective (y) + ily Adverb Adjective (y) + ily Adverb Easy + ily Easily Hungry + ily Hungrily Lucky + ily Luckily Heavy + ily Heavily Happy + ily Happily Cosy + ily Cosily Angry + ily Angrily Busy + ily Busily Adverb + Preposition: Adverb + Preposition Example Adverb + Preposition Example Hereafter Herein Thereupon Henceforth Hereby Wherefore Therein Thereby নিম্নলিখিত -ly যুক্ত adjective এর সরাসরি কোনো adverb form পাওয়া যায় না। List:  Friendly, motherly, fatherly, brotherly, sisterly, manly, womanly, heavenly, earthly, likely, lovely, lively, lonely, silly, ugly, elderly, deadly, costly, cowardly, miserly, niggardly, sickly, beastly, ghastly, disorderly, leisurely, melancholy. Note:  এই ধরনের adjective গুলোকে adverb হিসেবে ব্যবহার করতে হলে এদের পূর্বে in a ... way/manner  ইত্যাদি phrase যোগ করতে হয়। Ex:  He behaved with me in a friendly way/manner . Ex:  Although he was ______, he smiled ______. [KU, A: 18-19] (A) annoying, friendly (B) angry, friendly (C) annoyed, a friendly way (D) angry, in a friendly way Ans: (D) Position/Use of Adverb in a Sentence Object বিহীন বাক্যে adverb of manner, adverb of place এবং adverb of time সাধারণত verb এর পরে বসে। Structure:  Subject + verb + adverb of manner/place/time. Ex:  It is raining heavily . Ex:  He will come here . Object যুক্ত বাক্যে adverb of manner, adverb of place এবং adverb of time সাধারণত object এর পরে বসে। Structure:  Subject + verb + object + adverb of manner/place/time. Ex:  He finishes his work carefully . Ex:  Hang the picture there . Ex:  I met him yesterday . Note:  যে সকল adverb of manner এর শেষে ly থাকে তা subject এবং verb এর মাঝেও বসতে পারে। Ex:  We politely  asked permission. বাক্যের অর্থের ওপর জোর প্রদান করতে adverb of manner, এবং adverb of time বাক্যের শুরুতেও বসতে পারে। Structure:  Adverb of manner/time + subject + verb. Ex:   Carefully , she opened the box. Or, Adverb of manner/time + subject + verb + object. Ex:   Yesterday , Joya went. Adverb of manner, adverb of place এবং adverb of time একই সাথে একটি বাক্যে থাকলে সাধারণত তাদের ক্রম নিম্নরূপ হয় (MPT Rule): Structure:  Subject + verb + object (যদি থাকে) + M anner + P lace + T ime. Ex:  Hasan played football well  (Manner) in the field  (Place) yesterday  (Time). Note:  Subject এর পর verb of movement  (go, come, arrive, etc.) থাকলে ক্রম হবে PMT  (Place + Manner + Time). Ex:  She went there  (Place) by bus  (Manner) yesterday  (Time). কিছু Adverb of frequency (Always, never, frequently, often, occasionally, rarely, sometimes, usually, weekly, etc.) বাক্যে subject এবং be verb/main verb অথবা auxiliary verb এবং main verb এর মাঝে বসে। Structure:  Subject + be verb + adverb of frequency + adjective. Ex:  I am never  late for school. Ex:  He is often  busy with his younger sister. Comparison of Adverb Adverb-এর তুলনা (Degrees of Comparison) সাধারণত Adjective-এর মতোই হয়। Single Syllable Adverbs:  শেষে -er  এবং -est  যোগ করে। Fast - Faster - Fastest Hard - Harder - Hardest Soon - Sooner - Soonest Adverbs ending in -ly:  পূর্বে more  এবং most  যোগ করে। Quickly - More quickly - Most quickly Beautifully - More beautifully - Most beautifully (ব্যতিক্রম: Early - Earlier - Earliest) Irregular Adverbs:  নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম নেই। Well - Better - Best Badly - Worse - Worst Much - More - Most Little - Less - Least Far - Farther/Further - Farthest/Furthest Exercise: Comparison of Adverb 01. He worked ______ than she did. [DU-B: 20-21] (A) hard (B) harder (C) hardest (D) hardly Ans: (B)  (Comparison is indicated by than , so comparative degree harder  is used.) 02. The train runs ______. [DU-C: 05-06] (A) fastly (B) fast (C) quick (D) slow Ans: (B)  ( Fast  acts as both adjective and adverb. There is no word 'fastly'.) 03. He works ______ than I do. (Self Test) (A) hard (B) harder (C) hardest (D) hardly Ans: (B) 04. The boy writes ______. (Self Test) (A) good (B) well (C) better (D) best Ans: (B)  ( Well  is the adverb form of good .) 05. She sings ______. (Self Test) (A) sweet (B) sweetly (C) sweeter (D) sweetest Ans: (B)  (Modifying verb sings  needs adverb sweetly .) Uses of Some Important Adverbs & Inversion Use of Specific Adverbs Very vs. Much: Very:  Positive degree-এর adjective/adverb-এর আগে বসে (e.g., very good, very quickly)। Present participle-এর আগেও বসে (e.g., very interesting)। Much:  Comparative degree-এর আগে বসে (e.g., much better)। Past participle-এর আগেও বসে (e.g., much interested)। Too vs. Enough: Too:  Adjective/Adverb-এর আগে  বসে (e.g., too weak)। নেতিবাচক অর্থ দেয়। Enough:  Adjective/Adverb-এর পরে  বসে (e.g., good enough, fast enough)। কিন্তু Noun-এর আগে  বসে (e.g., enough money)। Hard vs. Hardly: Hard:  কঠোরভাবে বা শক্তভাবে (Adverb of Manner)। Ex: He works hard. Hardly:  কদাচিৎ বা নেই বললেই চলে (Negative meaning)। Ex: He hardly works. Late vs. Lately: Late:  দেরিতে। Ex: He came late. Lately:  সম্প্রতি (Recently)। Ex: I haven't seen him lately. Formation Rule: Adjective + ly = Adverb (e.g., Beautiful + ly = Beautifully) Noun + ly = Adjective (e.g., Friend + ly = Friendly, Mother + ly = Motherly) Friendly, Motherly, Lovely  ইত্যাদি শব্দ Adjective। এদের Adverb করতে হলে phrase ব্যবহার করতে হয়: in a friendly way/manner . Inversion of Adverb কিছু negative adverb বাক্যের শুরুতে বসলে Subject ও Verb-এর স্থান পরিবর্তন হয় (Inversion)। Adverbs:  Never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, no sooner, neither, nor, only then, not only, etc. Structure:  Negative Adverb + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb. Normal:  I have never seen such a sight. Inverted:   Never have I seen  such a sight. Ex:   Hardly bad he reached  the station when the train left. Exercise: Important Adverbs & Usage 01. He is ______ intelligent. (Self Test) (A) much (B) very (C) too (D) enough Ans: (B)  ( Very  modifies positive degree adjectives like intelligent .) 02. He is ______ weak to walk. (Self Test) (A) very (B) too (C) so (D) much Ans: (B)  (Structure: Too ... to  indicates negative capability.) 03. She is ______ better today. (Self Test) (A) very (B) much (C) too (D) so Ans: (B)  ( Much  is used to emphasize comparative degrees like better .) 04. He always comes ______. (Self Test) (A) lately (B) late (C) later (D) latest Ans: (B)  ( Late  means not on time; lately  means recently.) 05. Although he was ______, he smiled ______. [KU, A: 18-19] (A) annoying, friendly (B) angry, friendly (C) annoyed, a friendly way (D) angry, in a friendly way Ans: (D)  ( Friendly  is an adjective; the adverbial phrase is in a friendly way .) 06. He drives ______. [DU-D: 15-16] (A) care (B) careful (C) carefully (D) caring Ans: (C)  (Adverb modifies the verb drives .) 07. Which one is an adverb? [GST-B: 21-22] (A) ugly (B) lonely (C) early (D) friendly Ans: (C)  ( Early  functions as both adjective and adverb. Others are adjectives formed from Noun + ly.) 08. He is very good. Here 'very' is- [GST-A: 20-21] (A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Noun (D) Verb Ans: (B)  ( Very  modifies the adjective good .) 09. The patient is much better today. [BDS: 22-23] (A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Noun (D) Verb Ans: (B)  ( Much  modifies the comparative adjective better .) 10. Please come ______. (Self Test) (A) here (B) there (C) where (D) nowhere Ans: (A)  ( Here  is an adverb of place.) Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. I have been living in Dhaka ______ 2000. [DU-A: 24-25] (A) since (B) from (C) in (D) for Ans: (A) Explanation:  নির্দিষ্ট সময় (Point of time) বোঝাতে Perfect Continuous Tense-এ 'since' বসে। 02. It is ______ hot today. [DU-7 College (Science): 21-22] (A) very (B) too (C) much (D) many Ans: (A) Explanation:  Adjective (hot) এর পূর্বে 'very' বসে। 'Too' সাধারণত negative sense এ বা 'to' এর সাথে বসে। 03. He worked ______ than she did. [DU-B: 20-21] (A) hard (B) harder (C) hardest (D) hardly Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Than' থাকায় comparative degree হবে। Hard-এর comparative 'harder'. 04. The train runs ______. [DU-C: 05-06] (A) fastly (B) fast (C) quick (D) slow Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Fast' শব্দটি adjective এবং adverb উভয়ই হতে পারে। 'Fastly' কোনো শব্দ নেই। 05. He drives ______. [DU-D: 15-16] (A) care (B) careful (C) carefully (D) caring Ans: (C) Explanation:  Verb (drives) কে modify করতে adverb (carefully) বসে। JnU Questions & Answers 01. 'Please, come again'. Here 'Please' is- [JnU-A: 12-13] (A) Verb (B) Adverb (C) Conjunction (D) Pronoun Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Please' এখানে পুরো বাক্যকে modify করছে, তাই এটি Sentence Adverb. 02. The word 'homely' is- [JnU-B: 14-15] (A) noun (B) verb (C) adjective (D) adverb Ans: (C) Explanation:  Noun (Home) + ly = Adjective (Homely - ঘরোয়া)। JU Questions & Answers 01. 'Near' is- [JU-A: 24-25] (A) Adverb (B) Adjective (C) Preposition (D) All of the above Ans: (D) Explanation:  'Near' শব্দটি অবস্থানভেদে Adverb (Come near), Preposition (Near the school), এবং Adjective (Near relation) হতে পারে। 02. He works hard. 'Hard' is- [JU-C: 22-23] (A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Noun (D) Verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  Verb (works) কে modify করছে, তাই Adverb. RU Questions & Answers 01. The sun went down. The underlined word is used here as a/an - [RU-A: 23-24] (A) adjective (B) adverb (C) preposition (D) conjunction Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Down' শব্দটি verb 'went' কে modify করছে। 02. 'Slowly' is an- [RU-B: 22-23] (A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Noun (D) Verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  Adjective (Slow) + ly = Adverb (Slowly). CU Questions & Answers 01. 'He is quite well now'. Here 'well' is- [CU-A: 22-23] (A) Noun (B) Adjective (C) Adverb (D) Verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Well' এখানে শারীরিক অবস্থা (সুস্থ) বোঝাচ্ছে, তাই Adjective. (Adverb হিসেবে well অর্থ 'ভালোভাবে')। 02. The word 'hardly' is- [CU-D: 19-20] (A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Verb (D) Noun Ans: (B) Explanation:  Hardly (কদাচিৎ) একটি negative adverb. KU Questions & Answers 01. 'He ran fast'. Here 'fast' is- [KU-B: 16-17] (A) Noun (B) Adjective (C) Adverb (D) Verb Ans: (C) Explanation:  Verb (ran) কে modify করছে। GST Questions & Answers 01. Which one is an adverb? [GST-B: 21-22] (A) ugly (B) lonely (C) early (D) friendly Ans: (C) Explanation:  'Early' শব্দটি Adverb এবং Adjective উভয়ই হতে পারে। বাকিগুলো (ugly, lonely, friendly) সব Noun + ly = Adjective. 02. He is very good. Here 'very' is- [GST-A: 20-21] (A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Noun (D) Verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Very' শব্দটি adjective 'good' কে modify করছে, তাই এটি Adverb. MBBS-BDS-AFMC Questions 01. Which of the following is an adverb? [MBBS: 23-24] (A) Lovely (B) Friendly (C) Quickly (D) Lonely Ans: (C) Explanation:  Quick (adj) + ly = Quickly (adv). বাকিগুলো Noun + ly = Adjective. 02. The patient is much better today. [BDS: 22-23] (A) Adjective (B) Adverb (C) Noun (D) Verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Much' এখানে comparative adjective 'better' কে জোর দিচ্ছে (Intensifier), তাই এটি Adverb. TEST-1 01. He works ______ than I do. (A) hard (B) harder (C) hardest (D) hardly Ans: (B) 02. The boy writes ______. (A) good (B) well (C) better (D) best Ans: (B)  (Adverb of manner: well) 03. Which one is an adverb? (A) Motherly (B) Fatherly (C) Homely (D) Wisely Ans: (D)  (Wise + ly = Wisely) 04. He always comes ______. (A) lately (B) late (C) later (D) latest Ans: (B)  ('Late' এখানে দেরিতে বোঝাচ্ছে। 'Lately' অর্থ সম্প্রতি)। 05. I have ______ seen him. (A) never (B) ever (C) always (D) often Ans: (A)  (Contextual) 06. It is raining ______. (A) heavy (B) heavily (C) heavier (D) heaviest Ans: (B) 07. She sings ______. (A) sweet (B) sweetly (C) sweeter (D) sweetest Ans: (B) 08. He is ______ intelligent. (A) much (B) very (C) too (D) enough Ans: (B) 09. The train runs ______. (A) fast (B) fastly (C) faster (D) fastest Ans: (A) 10. Please come ______. (A) here (B) there (C) where (D) nowhere Ans: (A) TEST-2 01. He treats me ______. (A) brotherly (B) in a brotherly way (C) brother (D) brothers Ans: (B)  (Brotherly is an adjective, needs "in a ... way" to function as adverb) 02. I ______ go there. (A) hard (B) hardly (C) harder (D) hardest Ans: (B)  (Hardly = কদাচিৎ/নেতিবাচক) 03. He is ______ weak to walk. (A) very (B) too (C) so (D) much Ans: (B)  (Too ... to structure) 04. She is ______ better today. (A) very (B) much (C) too (D) so Ans: (B)  ('Much' modifies comparative adjectives) 05. He came ______ yesterday. (A) home (B) to home (C) at home (D) in home Ans: (A)  (Home যখন adverb তখন preposition বসে না) 06. ______ did you go there? (A) Why (B) Which (C) What (D) Who Ans: (A)  (Interrogative Adverb) 07. He speaks English ______. (A) fluent (B) fluently (C) fluency (D) fluencies Ans: (B) 08. The man is ______ dead. (A) near (B) nearly (C) nearing (D) nears Ans: (B)  (Nearly = প্রায়) 09. He worked ______ all day. (A) hard (B) hardly (C) harder (D) hardest Ans: (A) 10. I am ______ happy. (A) very (B) much (C) too (D) enough Ans: (A) ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS ADVERB- More Exercise 1. What are the four questions that adverbs can answer? [BSMRSTU (D) 15-16, (F) 18-19] A. why?When?Where?Why B. when?Where?How?Why C. why?where? D. To what extent/degree?What? Ans: B (Explanation: Adverbs generally modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs by answering four specific questions: When?  (Time), Where?  (Place), How?  (Manner), and Why?  (Reason). They also answer "To what extent?" (Degree).) 2. A modifier can be a/an- [IU (গ) 05-06] A. adjective B. adverb C. noun D. pronoun Ans: B (Explanation: Both adjectives and adverbs are modifiers. In the context of options provided alongside nouns/pronouns, adverbs are the primary class of modifiers for verbs/clauses. Adjectives modify nouns, while Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.) 3. Which of the flowing does an adverb usually answer? [RU 07-08, CU 07-08] An adverb usually answers which of the following questions? [বি আর সি সিনিয়র অফিসার-৯৮] A. when B. where C. how D. all of these Ans: D (Explanation: Adverbs answer questions about Time (When), Place (Where), and Manner (How).) 4. An adverb does not modify -------. [৭ম শিক্ষক নিবন্ধন-১১] A. nouns B. adjectives C. verbs D. adverbs Ans: A (Explanation: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Nouns and pronouns are modified by Adjectives.) 5. An adverb -------. [NU (মানবিক) 13-14] A. modifies a pronoun B. modifies an adjective C. modifies a preposition D. modifies a noun Ans: B (Explanation: The primary function of an adverb is to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.) 6. Which is not true about the function of an adverb? [রেলওয়ের উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী-১৩] A. qualifying a verb B. qualifying an adverb C. qualifying a sentence D. qualifying an adjective Ans: C (Explanation: While "Sentence Adverbs" exist (e.g., Fortunately, he arrived ), the core definition taught in standard grammar focuses on qualifying verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Qualifying a whole sentence is often treated as a distinct or advanced function, making C the intended answer for "least true" in this specific exam context compared to the fundamental three.) 7. Adverbs qualify - [MBSTU (D) 16-17] A. verbs, adverb and adjectives B. nouns and pronouns C. prepositions D. verbs only Ans: A (Explanation: This is the standard definition: Adverbs modify Verbs, Adjectives, and other Adverbs.) 8. My mother always dresses — (beautiful). [বিটিভি'র সহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৭] A. beauty B. beautify C. beautiful D. beautifully Ans: D (Explanation: The word modifies the verb "dresses", so the adverb form "beautifully" is required.) 9. He lived very — with his wife for many years. [JnU (C) 10-11] A. happier B. happiest C. happy D. happily Ans: D (Explanation: "Happily" is the adverb of manner modifying the verb "lived".) 10. He did — in the test. (সে পরীক্ষায় খারাপ করল) [RU (I) 17-18] A. badly B. imaginative C. good D. bad Ans: A (Explanation: To describe how  he did (verb), we need the adverb "badly". "Bad" is an adjective.) 11. English is badly required for global communication —. It is needed — pursuing higher studies. [পোস্টমাস্টার জেনারেল/পোস্টাল অপারেটর-১৬] A. Also, for B. Moreover, but C. However, in D. On top of that, from Ans: A (Explanation: "Also" connects the two ideas of requirement, and "for" indicates the purpose (pursuing higher studies).) Shutterstock 12. Poor people usually take meal twice. (গরীব লোকেরা সচরাচর দুবেলা আহার করে) [RU (ভূগোল) 06-07] A. Adverb of degree B. Adverb of frequency C. Adverb of time D. Adverb of reason Ans: B (Explanation: "Twice" indicates frequency (how often?), so it is an Adverb of Frequency.) 13. 'The boy has been treated badly'. Here the word 'badly' is [KUET 16-17] A. Intensifier B. Adverb of manner C. Adverb of degree D. Adverb of purpose Ans: B (Explanation: "Badly" describes how  the boy was treated, so it is an Adverb of Manner.) 14. He stood first. Here 'first' is [স্বাস্থ্য মন্ত্রণালয়ের উপসহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৬] A. adverb of time B. adverb of place C. adverb of cause D. adverb of order Ans: D (Explanation: "First" indicates the rank or order in which he stood.) 15. Identify the correct sentence. (সে আমার সাথে বন্ধুসুলভ আচরণ করল) [RU (D) 10-11] A. She behaved with me in a friendly way. B. She behaved with me friendly. C. She behaved with me in friendly way. D. She behaved with me friendlily way. Ans: A (Explanation: "Friendly" is an adjective ending in -ly (like 'lovely', 'costly'). It cannot be used directly as an adverb. We must use the phrase "in a friendly way/manner".) 16. Although he felt very —, he smiled —. [DU (B) 03-04, NU (বাণিজ্য) 05-06, NSTU (D) 13-14] A. angrily, friendly B. angry, friendly C. angry, friendly way D. angry, in a friendly way Ans: D (Explanation: "Felt" is a linking verb taking the adjective "angry". "Smiled" is an action verb taking the adverbial phrase "in a friendly way" (since 'friendly' is an adjective).) 17. Choose the correct sentence. [অগ্রণী ব্যাংক লি. সিনিয়র অফিসার-১৭] A. He acted in a cowardly manner. B. He acted coward manner. C. He acted in cowardly. D. He acted in coward manner Ans: A (Explanation: "Cowardly" is an adjective. To modify the verb "acted", we use the prepositional phrase "in a cowardly manner".) 18. Although he felt very — he smiled — . [JnU (A&B) 17-18] A. hungrily, friendly B. hungrily, in a friendly C. hungry, friendly D. hungry, in a friendly manner Ans: D (Explanation: "Felt" takes the adjective "hungry". "Smiled" takes the adverbial phrase "in a friendly manner".) 19. He is — weak to move/walk. (সে এত দুর্বল যে নড়তে/হাঁটতে পারে না) [JnU (D) 09-10, HSTU (C) 14-15] A. very B. quiet C. quite D. too Ans: D (Explanation: The structure "Too + Adjective + To + Verb" implies a negative result (so weak that he cannot walk).) 20. The old man was — weak to get out of bed. [স্বাস্থ্য মন্ত্রণালয়ের সহকারী প্রকৌশলী (সিভিল)-১৭] A. most B. so C. very D. too Ans: D (Explanation: Use "Too...to" structure for negative capability.) 21. Her fever is — to ignore. [KU (SS) 07-08] A. too much high B. so high C. too high D. high too much Ans: C (Explanation: "Too high to ignore" fits the 'Too + Adj + To + Verb' structure.) 22. His fever is — to ignore. [CU (B1) 12-13] A. too much high B. much too high C. so high D. high to much Ans: B (Explanation: When emphasizing an adjective like "high", we use "much too". "Too much" is generally used with nouns (too much sugar) or as an adverb at the end of a sentence.) 23. The tea was — to sip. (চা এত গরম ছিল যে চুমুক দেয়া যায়নি) [CU (B-2) 12-13] A. too hot much B. hot much C. too hot D. too much hot Ans: C (Explanation: "Too hot to sip".) 24. English language is not — difficult to understand. [উপজেলা মহিলা বিষয়ক কর্মকর্তা-১৬] A. as B. so C. very D. too Ans: C (Explanation: The sentence implies it is understandable. "Not very difficult" or "Not too difficult" are both possible, but "Not very difficult" is a common neutral statement. Source Answer indicates C.) 25. Don't worry. English Grammar is not — to understand. (ইংরেজি গ্রামার এত কঠিন নয় যে আমরা বুঝতে পারব না) [13th BCS] A. so difficult B. too difficult C. very difficult D. difficult enough Ans: B (Explanation: "Not too difficult to understand" negates the idea that it is impossible. It means it is possible  to understand.) 26. The branch of tree is — high for the boy — climb. [ডাচ-বাংলা ব্যাংক-১২] A. so, that B. too, to C. so, very D. so, to Ans: B (Explanation: "Too high for the boy to climb.") 27. It was — good to be true. (এটা এত ভালো ছিল যে সত্য হওয়াই পারে না) [JnU (D) 07-08] A. very B. so C. too D. enough Ans: C (Explanation: The idiom "Too good to be true".) 28. Which of the following sentences has negative meaning? [RU (F1) 12-13] A. My friend is very clever B. Our new messenger is too clever to be trusted. C. He is a good person D. He is interested in bad music Ans: B (Explanation: "Too clever to be trusted" means he is so clever that he cannot  be trusted.) 29. Choose the correct sentence. [পল্লী উন্নয়ন বোর্ডের মাঠ সংগঠক-১৩, JnU (D) 17-18] A. I am very busy to talk to you. B. I am very much busy to talk to you. C. I am so busy to talk to you. D. I am too busy to talk to you. Ans: D (Explanation: "Too busy to talk" means "I cannot talk because I am busy.") 30. You were — make such a silly mistake. [সমবায় দপ্তরের প্রধান পরিদর্শক ও অন্যান্য-১০] A. too foolish to B. to wise to C. to rash to D. too intelligent to Ans: D (Explanation: The context implies surprise at the mistake. "You were too intelligent to  make such a silly mistake" means "You are intelligent, so you shouldn't have made it/It is surprising that you did.") 31. The jacket costs — . (জ্যাকেটটির দাম অত্যন্ত বেশি) [বাংলাদেশ কমার্স ব্যাংক (অফিসার)-০৬, জনতা ব্যাংক (SO)-০৯] A. too much B. too many C. many D. expensive Ans: A (Explanation: "Costs too much" is the correct usage for price/uncountable amount.) 32. It is now — expensive to repair the damage which has been done. [DU (A) 14-15] A. very much B. too much C. many D. too Ans: B (Explanation: "Too much expensive" is grammatically incorrect standard English (should be 'too expensive' or 'much too expensive'), but often tested in local exams where B  "too much" is sometimes accepted as an intensifier, or the text is "costs too much". However, here it modifies 'expensive'. In strict grammar, "too expensive" is best. If forced to choose an intensifier from options like 'very much', 'too much', 'too' - usually 'too' fits "too expensive". But if the gap is "It is now [too much] expensive", it's awkward. Let's look at the source answer: B. Note: "Much too expensive" is the standard emphatic form. ) 33. Which of the following is incorrect? [NU (মানবিক) 13-14] A. We haven't got enough milk. B. I did not study enough hard. C. Is your coffee hot enough? D. She did not have enough interest. Ans: B (Explanation: 'Enough' is placed after  adjectives and adverbs. Correct: "study hard enough". Incorrect: "enough hard".) 34. A seventeen years old is not — to vote in an election. [RU (আইন) 07-08] A. as old enough B. old enough C. enough old D. enough old as Ans: B (Explanation: Adjective + Enough. "Old enough".) 35. He didn't get the job because he wasn't ------ (সে চাকরিটি পায়নি কারণ সে যথেষ্ট অভিজ্ঞ ছিল না) A. enough experienced B. experienced enough C. experience enough D. experience although Ans: B (Explanation: Adjective/Participle + Enough. "Experienced enough".) 36. When your body does not get –, it does not make the glucose it needs. [DU (C) 04-05] A. food as enough B. food enoughly C. enough the food D. enough food Ans: D (Explanation: 'Enough' is placed before  nouns. "Enough food".) 37. He acted — to win the competition. Fill in the blank. [CU (A) 06-07] A. well enough B. enough well C. enough D. enough quick Ans: A (Explanation: Adverb + Enough. "Well enough".) 38. Computers that once took place up entire rooms are now — to put on desktops and into wristwatches. [DU (D) 09-10] A. small enough B. smaller than C. as small as D. so small Ans: A (Explanation: Adjective + Enough + To verb. "Small enough to put".) 39. The word 'hardly' means- [সমাজকল্যাণ মন্ত্রণালয়ের সমাজসেবা অফিসার-১০, সরকারী মাধ্যমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১৯] A. almost never/not B. always C. seriously D. regularly Ans: A (Explanation: "Hardly" is a negative adverb meaning "scarcely" or "almost not at all".) 40. He is hardly happy. The word 'hardly' is used — [RU (লোকপ্রশাসন) 07-08] A. negatively B. positively C. subjectively D. predicatively Ans: A (Explanation: "Hardly" lends a negative meaning to the sentence (He is not happy).) 41. 'I hardly go out after dusk.' The correct Bangla translation is- [প্রাথমিক সহকারী শিক্ষক-১৯] A. আমি সন্ধ্যার পর পরেই বাইরে যাই। B. আমি সন্ধ্যার পরে প্রায়ই বাইরে যাই। C. আমি সন্ধ্যার পরে মোটেই বাইরে যাই না। D. আমি সন্ধ্যার পরে কদাচিৎ বাইরে যাই। Ans: D (Explanation: "Hardly" implies "rarely" or "almost never", which translates to "কদাচিৎ".) 42. I — go out after dusk. (আমি সন্ধ্যার পরে কদাচিৎ বাইরে যাই) [KU (বিজ্ঞান স্কুল) 11-12] A. hardly B. lately C. shortly D. early Ans: A (Explanation: "Hardly" means rarely.) 43. A hard worker – put off his daily work for tomorrow. [BSMRSTU (G) 18-19] A. hard B. ever C. yet D. hardly Ans: D (Explanation: "Hardly" is used here to mean "almost never". A hard worker hardly  puts off work.) 44. We — go out to a restaurant during the week because when we get home from work we were too tired. [CU (D) 11-12] A. nearly never B. hardly never C. hardly ever D. ever Ans: C (Explanation: "Hardly ever" is the correct idiom meaning "very rarely".) 45. Find the correct sentence. (সে সেখানে কদাচিৎ যায়) [National Bank-10, Southest Bank-12] A. He hardly does not go there B. He hardly goes there C. He hardly does goes there D. Hardly he goes there Ans: B (Explanation: "Hardly" is already negative, so "does not" is incorrect. Correct position is before the main verb: "He hardly goes there.") 46. Translate into English: আপনি কখনো কুয়াকাটা গিয়েছেন? [বিসিকের ১৩-১৬তম গ্রেডের কর্মচারী-১৯] A. Have you ever gone to Kuakata? B. Have you gone to Kuakata ever? C. Have you ever been to Kuakata? D. Did you ever go to Kuakata? Ans: C (Explanation: When asking about past experience of visiting a place, "Have you ever been to ..." is the standard usage.) 47. What is the correct translation of ‘তুমি কি কখনো রাঙ্গামাটি গিয়েছ?’ [এলজিইডিতে সহকারী প্রকৌশলী-০৫] A. Have you gone to Rangamati? B. Have you ever gone to Rangamati? C. Have you yet gone to Rangamati? D. Have you still gone to Rangamati? Ans: B (Explanation: While "been to" is preferred for visits, among the options, "Have you ever gone" is the acceptable translation for "have you ever went/gone" in this context.) 48. The correct translation of “এখানে কখনো বৃষ্টি হয় না।” [NU (বিজ্ঞান) 11-12] A. It does not rain here. B. It never rains here. C. It rains never here. D. Never does it rains here. Ans: B (Explanation: "কখনো... না" translates to "never". Position is before the main verb: "It never rains here.")

Subjunctive 1. Primary Discussion (Subjunctive) Verb এর যে mood দ্বারা ইচ্ছা, প্রস্তাব, প্রয়োজনীয়তা, সুপারিশ, আদেশ ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ পায় তাকে Subjunctive  বলে। এটি মূলত that clause -এর মধ্যে থাকা verb-এর রূপকে প্রভাবিত করে। মূল নিয়ম:  Subjunctive Word (Verb/Noun/Adjective)-এর পরে যদি that  থাকে, তবে পরবর্তী Clause-এর Verb টি সর্বদা Base Form (V1)  হবে। Subject (He/She/It) যাই হোক না কেন, Verb-এর সাথে s/es যুক্ত হবে না। 2. Important Rules & Usage A. Subjunctive Verbs নিচের Verb গুলোর পরে that clause থাকলে পরবর্তী verb base form হয়: List:  Advise, Ask, Command, Demand, Desire, Insist, Move, Order, Prefer, Propose, Recommend, Request, Require, Suggest, Urge. Structure:  Subject + Subjunctive Verb + that  + Subject + V1 (Base Form) . Ex:  I insist  that he be  present. (Not 'is'). Ex:  We proposed  that he take  a vacation. (Not 'takes'). B. Subjunctive Adjectives নিচের Adjective গুলোর পরে that clause থাকলে subjunctive হয়: List:  Essential, Important, Mandatory, Necessary, Obligatory, Vital, Crucial, Imperative. Structure:  It is + Adjective + that  + Subject + V1 . Ex:  It is essential  that she be  on time. C. Subjunctive Nouns নিচের Noun গুলোর পরে that clause থাকলে subjunctive হয়: List:  Demand, Insistence, Preference, Proposal, Recommendation, Requirement, Suggestion. D. Negative & Passive Negative:  that + Subject + not + V1 . (Do/Does/Did বসে না)। Ex:  I suggested that he not go  there. Passive:  that + Subject + be + V3 . Ex:  I recommended that the letter be written . E. Suggest Exception Suggest -এর পরে যদি that  না থাকে, তবে পরবর্তী verb-এর সাথে ing  যুক্ত হয়। Ex:  I suggested going  to the park. 3. Subjunctive Exercises (Previous Questions & Self Test) 01. The office requires that we ______ our work timely. [BSMRSTU-A: 18-19] (A) completed (B) complete (C) have completed (D) should complete Ans: (B) Explanation:  Require + that + V1. 02. A teacher always prefers that her every single student ______ [BSMRSTU-D: 15-16] (A) shall speak the truth (B) speaks the truth (C) will speak the truth (D) speak the truth Ans: (D) Explanation:  Prefer + that + V1 (no 's' with student). 03. The personal consultant recommended that managers ______ apart from other staff. [BSMRSTU-F: 15-16] (A) not to sit (B) not sit (C) siting (D) are not sitting Ans: (B) Explanation:  Negative Subjunctive: not + V1. 04. The manager recommended that ______. [JnU: A: 17-18] (A) the employee should be given (B) the employee be given (C) the employee should give (D) the employee be given... (Option incomplete in text, assumed correct logic in D) Ans: (D)   (Based on the rule: Recommend + that + Sub + be + V3 for passive). 05. Who recommended that they ______ tired? [RU-D, 11-12] (A) is (B) are (C) were (D) be Ans: (D) Explanation:  Subjunctive এর ক্ষেত্রে Be verb হিসেবে সর্বদা 'be' বসে। 06. Which of the following sentence is correct? [C-Unit: 13-14] (A) I insist that she come alone. (B) I insist that she may come alone. (C) I insist that she comes alone. (D) I insist that she came alone. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Insist + that + she + V1 (come). 07. The doctor suggested that the patient ______ weight. [C unit; 18-19] (A) should lose (B) would lose (C) lose (D) loss Ans: (C) 08. I suggest that we ______ outside the school tomorrow. [MBA (IBA); DU-15] (A) will meet (B) meet (C) will be meeting (D) that we meet Ans: (B) 09. It is advisable ______ [CU-C:24-25] (A) that a drastic measure be adopted (B) a drastic measure to be adopted (C) that to adopt a drastic measure (D) that needs drastic measure Ans: (A) Explanation:  Advisable + that + Sub + be + V3. 10. I recommend that ______ . [GST-A: 24-25] (A) he is terminated (B) he be terminated (C) he is being terminated (D) he was terminated Ans: (B) 11. The judge insisted that the jury ______ a verdict immediately. (Self Test) (A) returns (B) return (C) will return (D) returned Ans: (B) 12. The university requires that all its students ______ a course on films. (Self Test) (A) taking (B) take (C) took (D) had taken Ans: (B) 13. The doctor advised that the patient ______ weight. (Self Test) (A) should lose (B) would lose (C) loses (D) lose Ans: (D) 14. The teacher ordered that her student ______ experience with ESP. (Self Test) (A) write a composition on his (B) to write composition about the (C) wrote some compositions of his (D) had written any composition for his Ans: (A) 15. It is important that students ______ their scripts before submitting them. (Self Test) (A) would check (B) check (C) will check (D) checked Ans: (B) 16. We urge that the naughty boy ______ now. (Self Test) (A) leave (B) leaves (C) leaving (D) is to leave Ans: (A) 17. The doctor suggested that she not ______ (Self Test) (A) smoke (B) smoking (C) smokes (D) to smoke Ans: (A) Explanation:  Negative Subjunctive. Answers With Explanation:

CAUSATIVE VERBS 1. Primary Discussion (Causative) বাক্যে Subject নিজে কাজ না করে যখন অন্যকে দিয়ে কাজটি করিয়ে নেয়, তখন সেই Verb-কে Causative Verb  বলে। Ex:  I feed  the baby. (আমি শিশুটিকে খাওয়াই - নিজে খাচ্ছি না, তাকে খাওয়াচ্ছি)। কিছু সাধারণ Verb এর নিজস্ব Causative রূপ আছে: Eat (খাওয়া) -> Feed (খাওয়ানো); Learn (শেখা) -> Teach (শেখানো); See (দেখা) -> Show (দেখানো)। যাদের নিজস্ব রূপ নেই, তাদের ক্ষেত্রে Make, Let, Help, Have, Get  ব্যবহার করা হয়। 2. Important Rules & Usage A. MAKE (বাধ্য করা / জোর করে করানো) Structure:  Subject + make + Person/Thing + V1 (Base form) . Ex:  He made  me do  the work. B. LET (অনুমতি দেওয়া) Structure:  Subject + let + Person + V1 (Base form) . Ex:   Let  him go . C. HELP (সাহায্য করা) Structure:  Subject + help + Person + V1  (অথবা to + V1). Ex:  He helped  me clean  the room. D. HAVE (দায়িত্ব দিয়ে করানো) Active (ব্যক্তি থাকলে):  Subject + have + Person + V1 (Base form) . Ex:  I had  the mechanic check  my car. Passive (বস্তু থাকলে):  Subject + have + Thing + V3 (Past Participle) . Ex:  I had  my car checked . E. GET (রাজি করিয়ে করানো) Active (ব্যক্তি থাকলে):  Subject + get + Person + to + V1 . Ex:  I got  him to wash  the car. Passive (বস্তু থাকলে):  Subject + get + Thing + V3 (Past Participle) . Ex:  I got  the car washed . 3. Causative Exercises (Previous Questions & Self Test) 01. I feed you. Here 'feed' is a- [RU 08-09] (A) Causative Verb (B) Cognate Verb (C) Modal (D) Intransitive Verb Ans: (A) 02. He made me ______ the unpleasant thing. [RU 13-14] (A) to do (B) of doing (C) doing (D) do Ans: (D) Explanation:  Make + Person + V1. 03. The invigilator made us ______ our identity card. [Primary Asst. Teacher-18] (A) to show (B) show (C) showed (D) showing Ans: (B) 04. I let him ______ (go) there. [RU 07-08] (A) went (B) going (C) go (D) have gone Ans: (C) Explanation:  Let + Person + V1. 05. I will get an electrician ______ the heating. [CU D; 11-12] (A) repair (B) to mend (C) for repairing (D) mending Ans: (B) Explanation:  Get + Person + to + V1. 06. We must get the house ______ before mother comes. [CoU-C18-19] (A) clean (B) cleaned (C) to be cleaned (D) cleaning Ans: (B) Explanation:  Get + Thing (House) + V3. 07. Choose the correct sentence: [C: 20-21] (A) He's had his hair cut really shortly. (B) He's had his hair cut really short. (C) He's had cut his hair really short. (D) He's had cut his hair real short. Ans: (B) Explanation:  Have (had) + Thing (hair) + V3 (cut). 08. Choose the correct verb form: I got my leg ______ in an accident. [JnU-B 24-25] (A) break (B) broke (C) was broken (D) broken Ans: (D) Explanation:  Get + Thing (leg) + V3. 09. Ellen got Marvin ______ (type) her paper. [C: 16-17] (A) type (B) to type (C) typed (D) typing Ans: (B) Explanation:  Get + Person + to + V1. 10. I made him ______ the work. [E: 08-09] (A) to do (B) do (C) this job (D) doing Ans: (B) 11. It costs about 50 dollars to have a tooth ______ (Self Test) (A) filling (B) filled (C) to be filled (D) to fill Ans: (B) Explanation:  Have + Thing (tooth) + V3. 12. What type of verb 'make' in the following sentence? My mother makes me take the medicine. (Self Test) (A) Auxiliary (B) Strong (C) Causative (D) Weak Ans: (C) Answers With Explanation:

Modal Verb 1. Primary Discussion (Modal) Modal verb  একধরনের auxiliary verb যেগুলো main verb এর পূর্বে বসে বিভিন্ন অর্থ প্রকাশ করে থাকে। এ ধরনের verb বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে সাধারণত likelihood (সম্ভাবনা), ability (সামর্থ্য), permission (অনুমতি), request (অনুরোধ), capacity (ধারণক্ষমতা), suggestion (পরামর্শ), order (আদেশ), obligation (বাধ্যবাধকতা), advice (উপদেশ) ইত্যাদি অর্থ প্রকাশ করে থাকে। Modal verb এর সাথে s/es/ing যুক্ত হয় না এবং এদের পরবর্তী main verb সচরাচর base form -এ ব্যবহৃত হয়। 2. Important Rules & Usage A. Shall / Will / Would সাধারণ ভবিষ্যৎ:  shall/will ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  I shall  go there. / Mahmuda will  go there. প্রতিজ্ঞা (Promise):  will ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  I will  be in right time. আমন্ত্রণ (Invitation):  would ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:   Would  you like to take breakfast? B. Can / Could বর্তমান সামর্থ্য (Ability):  can ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  He can  work hard. অনুমতি (Permission):  চাইতে বা দিতে can ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:   Can  I go now? / You can  go now. অতীতের স্থায়ী সামর্থ্য:  Could ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  My grandfather could  speak in five languages. Could have + V3:  অতীতে করার সামর্থ্য ছিল কিন্তু করা হয়নি। Ex:  You could have helped  the poor. (করতে পারতে কিন্তু করোনি)। C. May / Might অনুমতি (Permission - Formal):  may ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:   May  I come in, Sir? / You may  go now. সাধারণ সম্ভাবনা (Possibility):  may ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  It may  rain today. সুদূর/ক্ষীণ সম্ভাবনা:  might ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  Bangladesh might  go under water within 100 years. May/Might have + V3:  অতীতের কোনো কাজ সম্পর্কে অনুমান। Ex:  You might have heard  the name of Mohsin. D. Should সুপারিশ/উপদেশ (Recommendation):  Should ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  You should  work harder. সম্ভাব্যতা (Probability):  যৌক্তিক ফলাফল। Ex:  She should  be back tomorrow. Past Obligation (অতীতের কর্তব্য):  Should have + V3 (উচিত ছিল কিন্তু করা হয়নি)। Ex:  I should have phoned  you. E. Must বাধ্যবাধকতা (Obligation):  জোরালো কর্তব্য। Ex:  I must  go now. Logical Conclusion (বর্তমান):  Must be + ing / adj. Ex:  He gets good grades; he must  study a lot. Ex:  I see fire; something must be burning . Logical Conclusion (অতীত):  Must have + V3 (নিশ্চিত অনুমান)। Ex:  The pen is out of ink. Someone must have used  it. F. Would Rather পছন্দ (Preference):  দুটি জিনিসের মধ্যে একটিকে বেশি পছন্দ করা। Structure:  Subject + would rather + V1 + than  + V1. Ex:  I would rather  die than  beg. Negative:  Subject + would rather + not  + V1. Ex:  I would rather not  take tea. Unreal Past (Would rather that):  অন্য কেউ কিছু করুক এমন চাওয়া। Structure:  Subject + would rather that + Subject + V2 (Past form) . Ex:  I would rather that  you stayed  at home. G. Had Better উপদেশ/সতর্কবাণী (Advice/Warning):  'বরং ভালো' অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়। Structure:  Subject + had better + V1 (Base form) . Ex:  You had better leave  now. Negative:  Had better + not + V1. Ex:  You had better not  waste your time. H. Need As Main Verb:  Tense অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়। Ex:  I need  a car. / I need to go . As Modal Verb:  Negative/Interrogative বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এর পরে s/es বা to বসে না। Ex:  You need not go  there. Need not have + V3:  না করলেও হতো (কিন্তু করা হয়েছে)। Ex:  You need not have woken  me up. Passive Meaning:  বস্তুবাচক subject হলে need + V-ing অথবা need + to be + V3 হয়। Ex:  The grass needs cutting . 3. Modal Exercises (Previous Questions & Self Test) 01. Despite the lack of evidence, politicians ______ blaming the media for violence. [DU C-Unit: 13-14] (A) do not resist (B) will not have resisted (C) may not resist (D) cannot resist Ans: (D) Explanation:  'Cannot resist' অর্থ সামলাতে না পারা বা বিরত থাকতে না পারা। 02. He ______ there, because he spent the evening here with me. [BSMRSTU-E: 15-16] (A) may be (B) can't be (C) may have been (D) could have been Ans: (D)   (Note: Contextually 'can't have been' is better, but D is the book answer suggesting possibility structure). 03. Although working conditions... _____ in the past few years... [CU: B1, 16-17] (A) might improve (B) may have improved (C) can't have improved (D) could improve Ans: (B) Explanation:  অতীতে উন্নতি হয়েছে বোঝাতে May have + V3. 04. Before you entered the classroom, you ______ the teacher's permission. [JKKNIU-B: 18-19] (A) should have sought (B) would have sought (C) seek (D) should seek Ans: (A) Explanation:  অতীতে করা উচিত ছিল বোঝাতে Should have + V3. 05. You think she is married? She ______ be, she hasn't got a ring... [DU-B: 01-02] (A) shouldn't (B) mustn't (C) can't (D) could Ans: (C) Explanation:  নেতিবাচক নিশ্চিত অনুমান বোঝাতে Can't be ব্যবহৃত হয়। 06. The streets are wet. It ______ last night. [DU-D: 14-15] (A) had rained (B) must have rained (C) has rained (D) would have rained Ans: (B) Explanation:  অতীতের নিশ্চিত অনুমান (রাস্তা ভেজা দেখে বোঝা যাচ্ছে) - Must have + V3. 07. It is a great sin to tell a lie. I ______ die than tell a lie. [IU-B: 19-20] (A) would (B) would rather (C) had better (D) should Ans: (B) Explanation:  Would rather... than (বরং... তবু)। 08. We had better ______ the schedule of the examination. [D-Unit: 14-15] (A) to check (B) checked (C) checking (D) check Ans: (D) Explanation:  Had better + Base form. 09. The people who badly ______ relief materials were gathering... [KU-A: 07-08] (A) needed (B) needing (C) were needing (D) were needed Ans: (A) Explanation:  এখানে need হলো Main verb (Past tense)। 10. Which ______ can be used as a modal and also as a main verb? [DU-HEC: 23-24] (A) Mind (B) Can (C) Need (D) Shall Ans: (C) 11. It's a hospital. You ______ smoke. (Self Test) (A) cannot (B) need not (C) may not (D) must not Ans: (D)  (Prohibition/নিষেধ). 12. Yesterday we had ______ twenty minutes for a bus. (Self Test) (A) wait (B) to wait (C) to waiting (D) to waited Ans: (B)  (Had to - বাধ্যবাধকতা). 13. ______ a person be everywhere? (Self Test) (A) Will (B) Do (C) Can (D) Shall Ans: (C)  (সামর্থ্য বা সম্ভাবনা). 14. How ______ you break the rule? (Self Test) (A) dares (B) daring (C) dared (D) dare Ans: (D)  (Dare as Modal + V1). Answers With Explanation:

VERB-Exercise Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. She likes ______ adventure books. [DU-C (Re-Exam): 24-25] (A) reads (B) reading (C) to reading (D) read Ans: (B) Explanation:  Like, start, finish, stop, enjoy, mind, suggest ইত্যাদি verb-এর পরে অন্য কোনো verb আসলে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়। 02. Choose the correct sentence. [DU-Humanities: 23-24] (A) Cycling is a good exercise. (B) To cycle is a good exercise. (C) Cycle is a good exercise. (D) To cycle is good exercise. Ans: (A) Explanation:  কোনো verb-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়ে যদি একই সাথে noun ও verb-এর কাজ করে, তবে তাকে Gerund বলে। এখানে 'Cycling' বাক্যের Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। 03. The verb form of the word 'prison' is- [DU-A: 22-23] (A) enprison (B) imprisonment (C) inprison (D) imprison Ans: (D) Explanation:  Prison (কারাগার) শব্দটি noun। এর verb form হলো imprison (কারারুদ্ধ করা/জেলে দেওয়া)। 04. There are several likely reasons why Asians are not prioritized in medical research... [DU-B: 20-21] (A) conjunction (B) noun (C) verb (D) adjective Ans: (C) Explanation:  Prioritized শব্দটি এখানে passive voice-এর main verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। 05. The past participle form of the verb 'lie' is- [DU-C: 20-21] (A) laid (B) lain (C) lay (D) lying Ans: (B) Explanation:  Lie (শয়ন করা) এর forms হলো: Lie - Lay - Lain. (অন্যদিকে Lie-মিথ্যা বলা এর forms: Lie-Lied-Lied)। 06. People lauded Mandela's humanity... [DU-B: 19-20] (A) laude (B) led (C) lead (D) laud Ans: (D) Explanation:  Lauded (প্রশংসিত) হলো past form. এর present form বা base form হলো laud (প্রশংসা করা)। 07. What kind of verb is the word 'went' in the sentence 'The dog went mad.' [DU-C: 98-99] (A) Transitive verb (B) Causative verb (C) Factitive verb (D) Copulative verb Ans: (D) Explanation:  Go, get, become, feel, look ইত্যাদি যখন linking verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তখন এদের Copulative Verb-ও বলা হয়। এদের পরে adjective (complement) বসে। 08. That night Abu Ben Adam had a strange dream. Here 'had' is: [DU-HEC: 23-24] (A) Cognate verb (B) Intransitive verb (C) Non-finite verb (D) Transitive verb Ans: (D) Explanation:  এই বাক্যে had (ছিল/দেখল) verb টির object হলো 'a strange dream'। যে verb-এর object থাকে তাকে Transitive verb বলে। 09. The judge wanted the murderer to be ______. [DU-7 college Science: 21-22] (A) hung (B) hanged (C) hunged (D) hang Ans: (B) Explanation:  মানুষকে 'ফাঁসিতে ঝোলানো' অর্থে Hang এর Past ও Past Participle form হলো Hanged. (কোনো বস্তু ঝোলানো অর্থে Hung)। 10. Be careful, don't ______ your keys. [DU-7 college Business: 20-21] (A) lose (B) loose (C) lost (D) loss Ans: (A) Explanation:  Lose (verb) অর্থ হারানো। Loose (adj) অর্থ ঢিলা/আলগা। Loss (noun) অর্থ ক্ষতি। Do/Don't এর পর verb এর base form বসে। JnU Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. He gave up ______ football. [JnU-B: 24-25] (A) to play (B) of playing (C) playing (D) played Ans: (C) Explanation:  Preposition (up) এর পরে verb আসলে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়। এছাড়া 'give up' একটি phrasal verb যার পর gerund বসে। 02. Walking is good for health. 'Walking' is a: [JnU-A: 16-17] (A) gerund (B) phrase (C) clause (D) participle Ans: (A) Explanation:  Verb+ing যখন Noun-এর কাজ করে তখন তাকে Gerund বলে। এখানে Walking বাক্যের Subject (Noun)-এর কাজ করছে। JU Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. There was an electric pole. The underlined verb is: [JU-D: 24-25] (A) Action verb (B) Non-action verb (C) Transitive verb (D) Cognate verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  যে verb দ্বারা কোনো কাজ করা বোঝায় না, কেবল 'থাকা' বা 'হওয়া' বোঝায় তাকে Stative বা Non-action verb বলে। Be verb (was) এখানে non-action verb. 02. It is assumed that graduates will ______ about English... [JU: 19-20] (A) know (B) know how (C) knowledge (D) knowing Ans: (A) Explanation:  Will (Modal Auxiliary) এর পরে সর্বদা Verb-এর Base form বসে। RU Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. The present form of 'lost' is [RU-A: 24-25] (A) lose (B) lost (C) loose (D) loss Ans: (A) Explanation:  Lose (হারানো) - Lost - Lost. 02. I enjoy teaching. The underlined word is: [RU-C: 23-24] (A) gerund (B) verb (C) participle (D) complement Ans: (A) Explanation:  Enjoy verb-এর object হিসেবে verb+ing (teaching) বসেছে, তাই এটি Gerund. 03. Let us winter in Malaysia. Here 'winter' is: [RU-A: 22-23] (A) a noun (B) an adjective (C) an adverb (D) a verb Ans: (D) Explanation:  Winter শব্দটি সাধারণত Noun (শীতকাল) হলেও এখানে 'শীতকাল অতিবাহিত করা' অর্থে Verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। 04. Please ______ me to take my medicine. [RU-A: 22-23] (A) remind (B) recollect (C) remember (D) reminisce Ans: (A) Explanation:  Remind অর্থ কাউকে কোনো কিছু মনে করিয়ে দেওয়া। Remember অর্থ নিজে মনে রাখা। এখানে 'আমাকে মনে করিয়ে দিও' বোঝাচ্ছে। 05. Mandela ______ to life imprisonment in 1964. [RU-A: 22-23] (A) is sentenced (B) sentenced (C) was sentenced (D) has been sentenced Ans: (C) Explanation:  বাক্যে অতীত নির্দেশক সময় (1964) উল্লেখ থাকায় Past Indefinite Tense হবে। আর ম্যান্ডেলাকে দণ্ড 'দেওয়া হয়েছিল' (নিজে দেননি), তাই Passive Voice হবে (was sentenced)। 06. He left the place feeling shocked... [RU-A: 22-23] (A) a verb (B) a conjunction (C) a phrase (D) a participle Ans: (D) Explanation:  Shocked (Past Participle) এখানে Adjective-এর মতো কাজ করছে (অবস্থা বোঝাচ্ছে), তাই এটি Participle. 07. Which sentence contains an infinitive? [RU-B: 22-23] (A) She enjoys reading books. (B) To be or not to be - that is the question. (C) Running is a great exercise. (D) We should treat others with kindness. Ans: (B) Explanation:  To + Verb (base form) কে Infinitive বলে। এখানে 'To be' হলো Infinitive. 08. Which sentence contains a gerund? [RU-B: 22-23] (A) Cooking is one of my favorite hobbies. (B) I love to travel. (C) She starts her day with coffee. (D) He is studying. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Cooking (Verb+ing) বাক্যের Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হওয়ায় এটি Gerund. 09. The promise sounds hollow. The underlined word is: [RU-C: 22-23] (A) a complement (B) a transitive verb (C) an intransitive verb (D) a linking verb Ans: (A) Explanation:  Sound একটি Linking verb. Linking verb-এর পরে যা বসে (Subject সম্পর্কে তথ্য দেয়) তাকে Complement বলে। Hollow এখানে Adjective Complement. 10. He has a lot of influence... Verb form? [RU-A: 21-22] (A) influence (B) influent (C) influential (D) inflow Ans: (A) Explanation:  Influence শব্দটি Noun (প্রভাব) এবং Verb (প্রভাবিত করা) উভয় রূপেই ব্যবহৃত হয়। CU Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. The past form of 'read' is- [CU-D: 24-25] (A) readed (B) red (C) read (D) rad Ans: (C) Explanation:  Read ভার্বটির তিনটি form-ই বানানে এক (Read-Read-Read), তবে উচ্চারণে ভিন্নতা আছে (রিড - রেড - রেড)। 02. There is no credit in earning money illegally. [CU-D: 23-24] (A) an infinitive (B) a gerund (C) past participle (D) present continuous Ans: (B) Explanation:  Preposition (in)-এর পরে verb+ing বসলে তা Gerund হয়। 03. The movie ... affected the audience heavily. [CU-C: 21-22] (A) effected (B) affected (C) has effected (D) have affected Ans: (B) Explanation:  Affect (verb) অর্থ প্রভাবিত করা। Effect (noun) অর্থ ফলাফল। এখানে verb প্রয়োজন। 04. 'Ronaldo headed the ball'. 'Headed' is: [CU-A: 09-10] (A) noun (B) participle (C) verb (D) adverb Ans: (C) Explanation:  Head শব্দটি সাধারণত Noun হলেও এখানে 'মাথা দিয়ে আঘাত করা' অর্থে Verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। KU Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. Which is a regular verb? [KU-16-17] (A) Began (B) Taken (C) Knew (D) Wanted Ans: (D) Explanation:  যে verb-এর শেষে d/ed যোগ করে past/past participle করা হয় তাকে Regular/Weak verb বলে। Want-Wanted-Wanted. বাকিগুলো Irregular/Strong verb. 02. 'What strikes me...' Past form? [KU-B: 16-17] (A) Striken (B) Struck (C) Striked (D) Stroke Ans: (B) Explanation:  Strike - Struck - Struck/Stricken. CoU Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. Subject + Linking verb + Complement can be found in: [CoU-B: 18-19] (A) They do not seem nervous. (B) She does not laugh. (C) The telephone rang. (D) She will buy Anindita a gift. Ans: (A) Explanation:  এখানে They (Subject) + seem (Linking verb) + nervous (Adjective Complement). GST Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. Please water the plants... [GST-B: 22-23] (A) Noun (B) Adverb (C) Adjective (D) Verb Ans: (D) Explanation:  Water (verb) - গাছে পানি দেওয়া। 02. What type of verb is 'play' in "I play football"? [GST-B: 22-23] (A) Finite (B) Nonfinite (C) Transitive (D) Intransitive Ans: (C) Explanation:  Play verb-টির object (football) আছে, তাই এটি Transitive verb. (এটি Finite-ও বটে, তবে অপশনে classification চাইলে Transitive অধিক যুক্তিযুক্ত)। 03. You have made your bed and now you may lie on it. [GST-B: 21-22] (A) lie (B) lay (C) lain (D) laid Ans: (A) Explanation:  May (Modal)-এর পর verb-এর base form 'lie' (শয়ন করা) বসবে। 04. I will water the plants. 'Water' is: [GST-B: 21-22] (A) a noun (B) a verb (C) an adjective (D) an adverb Ans: (B) 05. Which is not a verb? [IU-B: 19-20] (A) threaten (B) worsen (C) bounden (D) flatten Ans: (C) Explanation:  Bounden (বাধ্য/আবদ্ধ) একটি adjective (যেমন: bounden duty). বাকিগুলো verb (en যুক্ত). 06. The past participle of 'Swim' is- [RSTU 18-19] (A) Swim (B) Swam (C) Swum (D) Swame Ans: (C) Explanation:  Swim - Swam - Swum. 07. In which sentence 'wrong' is a verb? [JKKNIU 17-18] (A) Wrong seldom prospers. (B) He spells words wrong. (C) You wrong me by the suspicion. (D) You have taken the wrong road. Ans: (C) Explanation:  You (Subject) + wrong (Verb - অন্যায় করা) + me (Object). অর্থ: তুমি সন্দেহ করে আমার প্রতি অন্যায় করছ। MBBS-BDS-AFMC Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. The sentence "He seems to have acted rightly" is- [MBBS: 24-25] (A) Past continuous (B) Past perfect (C) Simple past (D) Perfect infinitive Ans: (D) Explanation:  'To have acted' গঠনটি হলো Perfect Infinitive (To + have + v3). 02. I came to England to learn English. [MBBS: 23-24] (A) to learn (B) for to learn (C) to learning (D) for learning Ans: (A) Explanation:  উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে Infinitive (To + V1) ব্যবহৃত হয়। 03. Fire burns. 'burn' is: [BDS: 23-24] (A) causative (B) copulative (C) intransitive (D) transitive Ans: (C) Explanation:  Burn verb-টির এখানে কোনো object নেই, তাই এটি Intransitive verb. 04. Father loves me. 'loves' is: [MBBS: 22-23] (A) simple verb (B) transitive verb (C) intransitive verb (D) auxiliary verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  Loves verb-এর object (me) আছে, তাই এটি Transitive verb. BCS-Bank-All Job Questions & Answers with Explanations 01. To help others is a great deed. [48th BCS] (A) To help (B) To helping (C) Help (D) To Ans: (A) Explanation:  Infinitive (To + verb) বাক্যের Subject হিসেবে বসতে পারে। 02. Which can be used as a verb? [46 BCS] (A) mobile (B) media (C) sugar (D) sand Ans: (C) Explanation:  Sugar শব্দটি Noun (চিনি) এবং Verb (চিনি মেশানো/মিষ্টি করা) উভয় হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 03. 'He contemplated marrying his cousin.' 'marrying' is: [43 BCS] (A) present participle (B) verb (C) gerund (D) infinitive Ans: (C) Explanation:  Contemplate verb-এর object হিসেবে verb+ing (marrying) বসেছে, তাই এটি Gerund. 04. Go and catch the falling star. 'falling' is: [42nd BCS] (A) preposition (B) adjective (participle) (C) verb (D) adverb Ans: (B) Explanation:  Falling শব্দটি star (noun)-এর অবস্থা বর্ণনা করছে, তাই এটি Adjective বা Participle. 05. "Look at the flying bird". 'Flying' is: [42nd BCS] (A) gerund (B) verbal noun (C) participle (D) gerundial infinitive Ans: (C) Explanation:  Flying এখানে bird (noun)-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করছে, তাই এটি Participle. 06. 'I will not let you go.' 'go' is: [41st BCS] (A) infinitive (B) participle (C) gerund (D) verbal noun Ans: (A) Explanation:  Let, make, bid, hear, see ইত্যাদির পর to উহ্য থাকে (Bare Infinitive). 07. 'The old man was tired of walking.' 'walking' is: [41st BCS] (A) present participle (B) adjective (C) common noun (D) gerund Ans: (D) Explanation:  Preposition (of)-এর পরে verb+ing সর্বদা Gerund হয়। TEST-1 01. He was born in 1980. What kind of verb is it? (A) transitive (B) intransitive (C) linking (D) non-finite Ans: (B) Explanation:  Born (জন্মানো) - এখানে কোনো object গ্রহণ করেনি। 02. I dreamt a wonderful dream. Identify 'dreamt'. (A) Retained object (B) Cognate object (C) Reflexive object (D) Cognate verb Ans: (D) Explanation:  Intransitive verb (dream) যখন সমজাতীয় noun (dream)-কে object হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে, তখন verb-টিকে Cognate Verb বলে। 03. She takes after her mother. 'Takes after' is: (A) Verbal idiom (B) Phrasal verb (C) regular verb (D) intransitive verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  Verb-এর সাথে Preposition যুক্ত হয়ে ভিন্ন অর্থ প্রকাশ করলে তাকে Group Verb বা Phrasal Verb বলে। (Take after = দেখতে একই রকম হওয়া)। 04. The boy reads a book. 'Reads' is: (A) linking verb (B) auxiliary verb (C) transitive verb (D) intransitive verb Ans: (C) Explanation:  Reads verb-এর object (a book) আছে। 05. Mother loves me. 'Loves' is: (A) Transitive verb (B) Auxiliary verb (C) Intransitive verb (D) Simple verb Ans: (A) 06. Mother laughs. 'Laughs' is: (A) Intransitive verb (B) Auxiliary verb (C) Transitive Verb (D) Causative Verb Ans: (A) Explanation:  Laughs verb-এর কোনো object নেই। 07. Rahat felt the cold breeze. 'Felt' is: (A) Reflexive verb (B) Perception verb (C) Quasi passive verb (D) Factitive verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  Feel, see, hear, smell ইত্যাদি ইন্দ্রিয়গ্রাহ্য verb-কে Perception verb বলে। 08. He became a politician. 'Became' is: (A) transitive verb (B) linking verb (C) action verb (D) intransitive verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  Become একটি Linking verb যা Subject ও Complement (Politician)-কে যুক্ত করেছে। 09. Honey tastes sweet. 'Tastes' is: (A) linking (B) intransitive (C) non-finite (D) none Ans: (A) Explanation:  Taste একটি Linking verb. (এটি Quasi-passive verb-ও বটে)। 10. They elected him captain. 'Elected' is: (A) Transitive verb (B) Intransitive Verb (C) Factitive Verb (D) Causative Verb Ans: (C) Explanation:  যে Transitive verb অতিরিক্ত object complement (captain) ছাড়া অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না, তাকে Factitive Verb বলে। 11. Dip, Feed, Fell, Raise, Get; all these words are: (A) Transitive Verb (B) Causative Verb (C) Intransitive Verb (D) Factitive Verb Ans: (B) Explanation:  এই verb-গুলো অন্যকে দিয়ে কাজ করানো বোঝাতে Causative form হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। 12. The Past tense of the word 'Cut' is: (A) Cat (B) Cut (C) Cutt (D) Cott Ans: (B) Explanation:  Cut - Cut - Cut. 13. What is the past form 'Welcome'? (A) welcome (B) welcame (C) welcomed (D) wellcame Ans: (C) 14. Find out the weak verb: (A) Get (B) Sing (C) Drive (D) Dream Ans: (D) Explanation:  Dream - Dreamt/Dreamed (d/t যুক্ত হয়)। বাকিগুলো Strong verb (vowel পরিবর্তন হয়)। 15. By working hard, you can prosper. 'Working' is: (A) Participle (B) Verbal Noun (C) Gerund (D) Infinitive Ans: (C) Explanation:  Preposition (by) এর পরে verb+ing হলে তা Gerund হয়। TEST-2 01. What is the past form "blow"? (A) blowed (B) blowt (C) blew (D) blewd Ans: (C) Explanation:  Blow - Blew - Blown. 02. What is the number of auxiliary verb in English? (A) Eleven (B) Twelve (C) Fourteen (D) Fifteen Ans: (B) Explanation:  সাধারণত প্রধান Auxiliary verb ১২টি ধরা হয় (Be, Have, Do + main modals)। 03. Raju need not think of a job. 'Think' is: (A) Principal (B) Finite (C) Full (D) Modal Ans: (A) Explanation:  এখানে Need হলো Modal Auxiliary এবং Think হলো Principal verb. 04. She made her daughter ______ homework. (A) do (B) did (C) to do (D) done Ans: (A) Explanation:  Causative verb 'make'-এর পর ব্যক্তিবাচক object থাকলেও verb-এর base form বসে। 05. Past participle of 'Quit'? (A) Quit (B) Quitten (C) Quited (D) Quitted Ans: (A) Explanation:  Quit - Quit - Quit. 06. Past form of 'shear'? (A) Shore (B) Shorn (C) Shear (D) Sheared Ans: (D) Explanation:  Shear - Sheared - Shorn/Sheared. 07. 'He became mad.' 'Became' is: (A) Copulative (B) Causative (C) Transitive (D) Simple Ans: (A) Explanation:  Linking verb-এর অপর নাম Copulative verb. 08. Fire burns. 'Burn' is: (A) Auxiliary (B) Intransitive (C) Transitive (D) Causative Ans: (B) Explanation:  Object নেই। 09. Past Participle form of 'Refer' is: (A) Referred (B) Refered (C) Referred (D) Reference Ans: (A) 10. I should have preferred a more interesting approach. Underlined words show: (A) Subject (B) Verb (C) Complement (D) Adverbial Ans: (B) Explanation:  'Should have preferred' পুরো অংশটি Verb Phrase. 11. We found the house ______ (A) abandoned (B) have abandoned (C) to be abandoned (D) none Ans: (A) Explanation:  Past Participle (abandoned) adjective হিসেবে বসেছে। 12. A verb that is active in form but passive in sense is known as: (A) causative (B) inchoate (C) reflexive (D) quasi-passive Ans: (D) Explanation:  যেমন: Rice sells cheap. 13. 'A great deal of thoughts ______ into the designing of the auditorium.' (A) go (B) have gone (C) went (D) has gone Ans: (D) Explanation:  'A great deal of' + Uncountable/Abstract noun (thought process) -> Singular verb. (যদি thoughts কে plural ধরা হয়, তবে have gone হতে পারে, কিন্তু 'A great deal' সাধারণত singular quantity নির্দেশ করে। সঠিক উত্তর D). 14. Identify a sentence having: Sub + Verb + Indirect object + Direct object. (A) Tinni sent me a flower. (B) Flower is sent to me by Tinni. (C) I sent a flower to her. (D) I was sent a flower by Tinni. Ans: (A) Explanation:  Tinni (Sub) + sent (Verb) + me (Indirect Obj) + a flower (Direct Obj). 15. Which one is an example of an intransitive verb? (A) They painted their fences green. (B) My family moved to another city. (C) We believed the boy. (D) He gave the papers to the lawyer. Ans: (B) Explanation:  Move (স্থানান্তর হওয়া) এখানে Intransitive. বাকিগুলোতে object আছে। Answers With Explanation:

VERB Part 1: Primary Discussion যে word বাক্যে subject এর কোনো কার্য সম্পাদন করা, হওয়া, বলা, থাকা ইত্যাদি নির্দেশ করে তাকে verb  বলে। বাক্য গঠনে verb একটি অত্যাবশ্যকীয় উপাদান। বাক্যে কার্য সম্পাদন ও গঠনের রূপ অনুযায়ী verb প্রধানত দুই প্রকার। যথা: Finite Verb  (সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া) Non-finite Verb  (অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া) Finite Verb এবং Non-finite Verb এর বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুযায়ী verb এর শ্রেণিবিভাগ নিম্নরূপ: Finite Verb Principal Transitive Intransitive Linking Auxiliary Primary Modal Periphrastic Non-finite Verb Infinitive Participle (Present, Past, Perfect) Gerund Part 2: Important Rules with Previous Questions Finite Verb Subject এর number, person, tense এবং voice অনুযায়ী যে verb এর রূপগত পরিবর্তন হয় তাকে finite verb  বলে। We go  to college. He goes to college. (উপরিউক্ত প্রথম বাক্যের subject plural number হওয়ায় we এর পর plural verb হিসেবে go এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্যের subject singular number হওয়ায় he এর পর singular verb হিসেবে goes বসেছে।) Finite verb দুই প্রকার। যথা: Principal Verb  এবং Auxiliary Verb । 01. Principal Verb যে verb অন্য কোনো verb এর সাহায্য ছাড়া বাক্যে স্বাধীনভাবে সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে তাকে principal verb  বলে। Ex:  We play  cricket. Ex:  Tinni swims  everyday. Principal verb তিন ভাগে বিভক্ত। যথা: (i) Transitive Verb (ii) Intransitive Verb (iii) Linking Verb (i) Transitive Verb যে verb, object গ্রহণ ছাড়া বাক্যের অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ করতে পারে না তাকে transitive verb  (সকর্মক ক্রিয়া) বলে। Structure:  Subject + transitive verb + indirect/direct object + ext. Ex:  He flies  a kite. Ex:  We gave  him a reward. Ex:  She has given  me a kite. Ex:  Which of the following makes correct use of 'transitive verb'? [KU, B: 18-19] (A) The policeman stopped the car. (B) He speaks loudly. (C) How do you do? (D) Some of the gifts were very expensive. Ans: (A) Note:  Transitive verb এর পর সরাসরি direct object ব্যবহার করলে indirect object এর পূর্বে to বসে এবং 'জন্য' বোঝালে for বসে। Ex:  They gave a pen to  him. Ex:  He bought a shirt for  me. (ii) Intransitive Verb যে verb, object গ্রহণ ছাড়াই বাক্যের অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ করতে পারে তাকে intransitive verb  বলে। Structure:  Subject + intransitive verb + ext (যদি থাকে). Ex:  The girl sings . Ex:  Birds fly  in the sky. Some Common Transitive & Intransitive Verbs: Verb Transitive Example Intransitive Example Stop She tried to stop  her from leaving. The train stopped  in the middle of road. Move You should move  your car. The trees are moving  in the breeze. Start We all started  the game. The match starts  at 3 p.m. Change Marriage hasn't changed  her. The area changed  greatly in the last decade. Close Close  your eyes, please. Most shops close  at 5:30 here. Open Open  the window. The museum opens  at 10 a.m. Do Have you done  your homework? Shahin is doing  well in his new job. Set He set  a chair next to the bed. The sun is setting  in the west. Continue We will continue  the meeting. The meeting continued  after the break. Play I can play  the guitar. They will play  outside today. Return You should return  the book. The students returned  to college. Grow I grow  a palm tree. My child is growing  day by day. Write Write  your name here. He cannot write . (iii) Linking Verb যে verb বাক্যে subject এবং complement এর মধ্যে সংযোগ স্থাপন করে তাকে linking  বা copulative verb  (সংযোজক ক্রিয়া) বলে। Structure:  Subject + linking verb + complement (adjective/noun) + extension. Ex:  Misu is  a student. Ex:  He looks  handsome. নিম্নলিখিত verb গুলো সাধারণত linking verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়: Be, Become, Appear, Feel, Get, Go, Grow, Prove, Keep, Stay, Look, Sound, Remain, Run, Smell, Seem, Taste. Ex:  He went mad. This verb is: [RU, A: 19-20] (A) transitive (B) intransitive (C) linking (D) stative Ans: (C) 02. Auxiliary Verb যে verb বাক্যে অন্য verb কে tense, mood, voice গঠনে সহায়তা করে তাকে auxiliary verb বা helping verb বলে। Auxiliary verb তিন ভাগে বিভক্ত: (i) Primary Auxiliary (ii) Modal Auxiliary (iii) Periphrastic Modal Auxiliary (i) Primary Auxiliary যে verb বাক্যে auxiliary অথবা ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে principal verb হিসেবেও ব্যবহৃত হয় তাকে primary auxiliary verb বলে। Ex:  I have  a car. (Principal) Ex:  I have  bought a car. (Auxiliary) Primary Auxiliary verb গুলো নিম্নরূপ: Be verb:  Am, Is, Are, Was, Were, Be, Being, Been. Have verb:  Have, Has, Had. Do verb:  Do, Does, Did. (ii) Modal Auxiliary যে auxiliary verb সরাসরি verb এর base form গ্রহণ করে এবং বক্তার/বক্তব্যের mood প্রকাশে সহায়তা করে তাকে modal auxiliary verb বলে। Ex:  I can  do the work alone. Ex:  You must  abide by the rules. সচরাচর ব্যবহৃত Modal Auxiliary verb: Can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Should, Will, Would, Must, Dare, Need, Ought to, Had Better, Had Rather, Would Better, Would Rather. (iii) Periphrastic Modal Auxiliary যে modal auxiliary verb এর সাথে 'to' যুক্ত থাকে এবং সরাসরি verb এর base form গ্রহণ করে তাকে periphrastic modal auxiliary verb বলে। Ex:  We ought to  help others. Ex:  They used to  swim in the river. List:  Be to, Be going to, Used to, Ought to, Be about to, Have to. Non-Finite Verb Subject এর number, person, tense এবং voice অনুযায়ী যে verb এর রূপগত কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না তাকে non-finite verb  বলে। Murad wants  to meet me. We saw  a bird flying in the sky. Non-Finite Verb তিন প্রকার: Infinitive:  To + verb এর base form কে infinitive verb বলে। এটি সাধারণত 'উদ্দেশ্যে' বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। Ex:  She has come here to take  it. Gerund:  Verb এর base form এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়ে noun এর মতো কাজ করলে তাকে gerund বলে। Ex:   Swimming  is a good exercise for our health. Participle:  Verb এর যে form একই সাথে verb এবং adjective এর কাজ করে তাকে participle verb বলে। Ex:  We saw a singing  bird. Participle verb তিন ভাগে বিভক্ত: (i) Present Participle:  Verb এর base form এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়ে adjective এর মতো কাজ করলে তাকে present participle বলে। Ex:  I saw a running  man in the field. (ii) Past Participle:  Verb এর তিন নং form (v3) যা adjective এর মতো কাজ করে। Ex:  I need a washed  car. (iii) Perfect Participle:  Having + v3 কে perfect participle verb বলে। Ex:   Having finished  the work, I went there. Other Verbs Factitive Verb:  যে transitive verb এর object থাকা সত্ত্বেও একটি object complement গ্রহণ ছাড়া বাক্যের অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ করতে পারে না, তাকে factitive verb বলে। Ex:  We elected  him chairman. Common Factitive Verbs:  Appoint, Call, Consider, Choose, Designate, Elect, Find, Judge, Keep, Label, Make, Name, Prove, Think. Cognate Verb:  যখন কোনো Intransitive verb তার সমজাতীয় noun-কে object হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে, তখন তাকে Cognate Verb বলে। Ex:  He ran  a race. Ex:  I dreamt  a wonderful dream. Ex:  "I dreamt a wonderful dream." Here 'dream' is an example of- [BSMRSTU, F: 12-13] (A) Retained object (B) Cognate object (C) Reflexive object (D) Factitive object Ans: (B) Quasi-Passive Verb:  যে verb বাক্যে active form এ ব্যবহৃত হলেও অর্থের দিক থেকে passive এর ধারণা প্রকাশ করে, তাকে quasi-passive verb বলে। Ex:  Honey tastes  sweet. Ex:  The bed feels  soft. Perception Verb:  যে verb ইন্দ্রিয়গ্রাহ্য অনুভূতির ধারণা প্রকাশ করে তাকে perception verb বলে। List:  See, Hear, Smell, Feel, Notice, Observe, Taste, Touch. Ex:  I saw  a dog on the road. Reflexive Verb:  যে verb এর subject ও reflexive object একই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু হয় তাকে reflexive verb বলে। Ex:  He killed  himself. Ex:  She fanned  herself. Group Verb:  সাধারণত, verb এর সাথে বিভিন্ন preposition যুক্ত হয়ে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন অর্থ প্রদান করলে তাকে group verb/phrasal verb বলে। Ex:  He gave up  his bad habits. Conjugation of Verb Verb এর মূল form থেকে Tense, Person, Number এবং Voice অনুযায়ী বিভিন্ন রূপে পরিবর্তিত হওয়াকে conjugation of verb বলা হয়। Strong Verb যে সকল verb এর অন্তর্গত vowel পরিবর্তন করে Past form এবং অন্তর্গত vowel পরিবর্তন করে অথবা n, en, ne যোগ করে past participle গঠন করা হয়, তাদেরকে Strong verb বলে। Present Past Past Participle Arise arose arisen Awake awoke awoken Be was, were been Bear bore born/borne Begin began begun Bite bit bitten Blow blew blown Break broke broken Choose chose chosen Do did done Drink drank drunk Drive drove driven Eat ate eaten Fall fell fallen Fly flew flown Forget forgot forgotten Freeze froze frozen Get got got/gotten Give gave given Go went gone Grow grew grown Know knew known Lie lay lain Ride rode ridden Rise rose risen See saw seen Shake shook shaken Sing sang sung Speak spoke spoken Steal stole stolen Swim swam swum Take took taken Tear tore torn Throw threw thrown Wear wore worn Write wrote written Weak Verb যে সকল verb এর শেষে d, ed বা t যোগ করে Past ও Past Participle গঠন করা হয়, তাদেরকে Weak verb বলে। Present Past Past Participle Bend bent bent Bring brought brought Build built built Burn burnt/burned burnt/burned Buy bought bought Catch caught caught Creep crept crept Deal dealt dealt Dream dreamt dreamt Feel felt felt Fight fought fought Keep kept kept Kneel knelt knelt Leave left left Lend lent lent Lose lost lost Make made made Mean meant meant Meet met met Pay paid paid Say said said Seek sought sought Sell sold sold Send sent sent Sleep slept slept Spend spent spent Teach taught taught Tell told told Think thought thought Weep wept wept Verb with Identical Forms নিম্নলিখিত verb গুলোর তিনটি form একই রকম হয়: Present Past Past Participle Bet bet bet Burst burst burst Cast cast cast Cost cost cost Cut cut cut Hit hit hit Hurt hurt hurt Let let let Put put put Read read read Rid rid rid Set set set Shed shed shed Shut shut shut Split split split Spread spread spread Part 3: Self Practice with Previous Questions DU Questions & Answers 01. She likes _____ adventure books. [DU-C (Re-Exam): 24-25] (A) reads (B) reading (C) to reading (D) read Ans: (B)Explanation: Like, start, finish, stop, enjoy, mind ইত্যাদি শব্দের পরের verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়। 02. Choose the correct sentence. [DU-Humanities: 23-24] (A) Cycling is a good exercise. (B) To cycle is a good exercise. (C) Cycle is a good exercise. (D) To cycle is good exercise. Ans: (A)Explanation: কোনো verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়ে একই সাথে noun ও verb এর কাজ করলে তাকে gerund বলে যা বাক্যে subject অথবা object হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। 03. The verb form of the word 'prison' is [DU-A: 22-23] (A) enprison (B) imprisonment (C) inprison (D) imprison Ans: (D)Explanation: Prison (কারাগার) শব্দটি noun যার verb form হলো imprison (কারারুদ্ধ করা)। 04. There are several likely reasons why Asians are not prioritized in medical research... [B: 20-21] (A) conjunction (B) noun (C) verb (D) adjective Ans: (C)Explanation: Prioritized শব্দটি এখানে verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে (passive form)। 05. The past participle form of the verb 'lie' is. [C: 20-21] (A) laid (B) lain (C) lay (D) lying Ans: (B)Explanation: Lie (শয়ন করা) -> Lay -> Lain. 06. People lauded Mandela's humanity... [B: 19-20] (A) laude (B) led (C) lead (D) laud Ans: (D)Explanation: Lauded এর present form হবে laud (প্রশংসা করা)। 07. What kind of verb is the word 'went' in the sentence 'The dog went mad.' [C: 98-99] (A) Transitive verb (B) Causative verb (C) Factitive verb (D) Copulative verb Ans: (D)Explanation: Copulative verb (linking verb) যেমন go, sound, look, feel এর পরে adjective বসে। 08. That night Abu Ben Adam had a strange dream. Here 'had' is: [DU-HEC: 23-24] (A) Cognate verb (B) Intransitive verb (C) Non-finite verb (D) Transitive verb Ans: (D)Explanation: যে verb এর object থাকে তাকে Transitive verb বলে। এখানে 'a strange dream' হলো object. 09. The judge wanted the murderer to be ______. [DU-7 college Science: 21-22] (A) hung (B) hanged (C) hunged (D) hang Ans: (B)Explanation: ফাঁসিতে ঝোলানো অর্থে hang এর past participle হলো hanged. (কোনো বস্তু ঝোলানো অর্থে hung)। 10. Be careful, don't ______ your keys. [DU-7 college Business: 20-21] (A) lose (B) loose (C) lost (D) loss Ans: (A)Explanation: Lose (v) হারানো। Loose (adj) আলগা। Loss (n) ক্ষতি। Don't এর পর verb এর base form 'lose' বসবে। JnU Questions & Answers 01. He gave up ______ football. [JnU-B: 24-25] (A) to play (B) of playing (C) playing (D) played Ans: (C)Explanation: 'Give up' (phrasal verb/preposition) এর পরে verb এর ing form ব্যবহৃত হয়। 02. Walking is good for health. 'Walking' is a: [JnU-A: 16-17] (A) gerund (B) phrase (C) clause (D) participle Ans: (A)Explanation: Subject হিসেবে verb+ing বসে noun এর কাজ করছে, তাই gerund. JU Questions & Answers 01. There was an electric pole. The underlined verb is: [JU-D: 24-25] (A) Action verb (B) Non-action verb (C) Transitive verb (D) Cognate verb Ans: (B)Explanation: যে verb দ্বারা কোনো কাজ করা বোঝায় না বরং থাকা/হওয়া বোঝায় তাকে non-action/stative verb বলে। 02. It is assumed that graduates will ______ about English... [19-20] (A) know (B) know how (C) knowledge (D) knowing Ans: (A)Explanation: Will (modal) এর পর verb এর base form 'know' বসবে। RU Questions & Answers 01. The present form of 'lost' is [RU-A: 24-25] (A) lose (B) lost (C) loose (D) loss Ans: (A)Explanation: Lose - Lost - Lost. 02. I enjoy teaching. The underlined word is: [RU-C: 23-24] (A) gerund (B) verb (C) participle (D) complement Ans: (A)Explanation: Enjoy verb এর object হিসেবে teaching (gerund) বসেছে। 03. Let us winter in Malaysia. Here 'winter' is: [RU-A: 22-23] (A) a noun (B) an adjective (C) an adverb (D) a verb Ans: (D)Explanation: Winter এখানে 'শীতকাল অতিবাহিত করা' অর্থে verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। 04. Please ______ me to take my medicine. [RU-A: 22-23] (A) remind (B) recollect (C) remember (D) reminisce Ans: (A)Explanation: Remind অর্থ কাউকে কোনো কিছু স্মরণ করিয়ে দেওয়া। 05. Mandela ______ to life imprisonment in 1964. [RU-A: 22-23] (A) is sentenced (B) sentenced (C) was sentenced (D) has been sentenced Ans: (C)Explanation: 1964 সালের ঘটনা (Past tense) এবং passive voice (তাকে দণ্ড দেওয়া হয়েছিল), তাই was sentenced হবে। 06. He left the place feeling shocked... [RU-A: 22-23] (A) a verb (B) a conjunction (C) a phrase (D) a participle Ans: (D)Explanation: Past participle (adjective এর মতো কাজ করছে)। 07. Which sentence contains an infinitive? [RU-B: 22-23] (A) She enjoys reading books. (B) To be or not to be - that is the question. (C) Running is a great exercise. (D) We should treat others with kindness. Ans: (B)Explanation: 'To be' হলো infinitive. 08. Which sentence contains a gerund? [RU-B: 22-23] (A) Cooking is one of my favorite hobbies. (B) I love to travel. (C) She starts her day with coffee. (D) He is studying. Ans: (A)Explanation: Cooking (Subject হিসেবে verb+ing) হলো gerund. 09. The promise sounds hollow. The underlined word is: [RU-C: 22-23] (A) a complement (B) a transitive verb (C) an intransitive verb (D) a linking verb Ans: (A)  (Note: Question asks about 'hollow', usually an adjective complement. If asking about 'sounds', it's a linking verb. Based on options, A is best for 'hollow' if D refers to the verb). Correction based on standard questions: usually 'sounds' is the target, answer Linking Verb. If 'hollow' is underlined, it is an Adjective Complement.  Let's assume the question asks about the nature of the relationship  or the word  based on context. Wait, the snippet says "The underlined word is- [RU-C: 22-23] (A) a complement (D) a linking verb". If 'hollow' is underlined, it is a complement. 10. He has a lot of influence... Verb form? [A: 21-22] (A) influence (B) influent (C) influential (D) inflow Ans: (A)Explanation: Influence শব্দটি noun এবং verb উভয় হিসেবেই ব্যবহৃত হয়। CU Questions & Answers 01. The past form of 'read' is- [CU-D: 24-25] (A) readed (B) red (C) read (D) rad Ans: (C)Explanation: Read - Read (উচ্চারণ red) - Read. 02. There is no credit in earning money illegally. [CU-D: 23-24] (A) an infinitive (B) a gerund (C) past participle (D) present continuous Ans: (B)Explanation: Preposition (in) এর পরে verb+ing সর্বদা gerund হয়। 03. The movie ... affected the audience heavily. [C: 21-22] (A) effected (B) affected (C) has effected (D) have affected Ans: (B)Explanation: Affect (v) প্রভাবিত করা। Effect (n) ফলাফল। 04. 'Ronaldo headed the ball'. 'Headed' is: [A: 09-10] (A) noun (B) participle (C) verb (D) adverb Ans: (C)Explanation: Headed এখানে verb (মাথা দিয়ে আঘাত করা)। KU Questions & Answers 01. Which is a regular verb? [KU-16-17] (A) Began (B) Taken (C) Knew (D) Wanted Ans: (D)Explanation: Want-Wanted-Wanted (ed যুক্ত হয়)। 02. 'What strikes me...' Past form? [KU-B: 16-17] (A) Striken (B) Struck (C) Striked (D) Stroke Ans: (B)Explanation: Strike - Struck - Struck. CoU Questions & Answers 01. Subject + Linking verb + Complement can be found in: [CoU-B: 18-19] (A) They do not seem nervous. (B) She does not laugh. (C) The telephone rang. (D) She will buy Anindita a gift. Ans: (A)Explanation: Seem (linking verb) + nervous (adjective complement). HSTU Questions & Answers 03. Past participle of 'Swim'- [HSTU-C: 24-25] (A) Sween (B) Swom (C) Swum (D) Sweam Ans: (C)Explanation: Swim - Swam - Swum. GST Questions & Answers 01. Please water the plants... [GST-B: 22-23] (A) Noun (B) Adverb (C) Adjective (D) Verb Ans: (D)Explanation: Water (verb) - পানি দেওয়া। 02. What type of verb is 'play' in "I play football"? [GST-B: 22-23] (A) Finite (B) Nonfinite (C) Transitive (D) Intransitive Ans: (C)Explanation: Play এর object (football) আছে, তাই Transitive. (Finite ও সঠিক, তবে Transitive বেশি স্পেসিফিক)। 03. You have made your bed and now you may lie on it. [GST-B: 21-22] (A) lie (B) lay (C) lain (D) laid Ans: (A)Explanation: May (modal) এর পর base form 'lie' (শয়ন করা) বসবে। 04. I will water the plants. 'Water' is: [GST-B: 21-22] (A) a noun (B) a verb (C) an adjective (D) an adverb Ans: (B) 05. Which is not a verb? [IU-B: 19-20] (A) threaten (B) worsen (C) bounden (D) flatten Ans: (C)Explanation: Bounden (বাধ্য/আবদ্ধ) একটি adjective. 06. The past participle of 'Swim' is- [RSTU 18-19] (A) Swim (B) Swam (C) Swum (D) Swame Ans: (C) 07. In which sentence 'wrong' is a verb? [JKKNIU 17-18] (A) Wrong seldom prospers. (B) He spells words wrong. (C) You wrong me by the suspicion. (D) You have taken the wrong road. Ans: (C)Explanation: এখানে You (sub) + wrong (verb) + me (obj). অর্থ: অন্যায় করা। MBBS-BDS-AFMC Questions 01. The sentence "He seems to have acted rightly" is- [MBBS: 24-25] (A) Past continuous (B) Past perfect (C) Simple past (D) Perfect infinitive Ans: (D)Explanation: To have acted হলো Perfect Infinitive. 02. I came to England to learn English. [MBBS: 23-24] (A) to learn (B) for to learn (C) to learning (D) for learning Ans: (A)Explanation: উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে Infinitive (to + v1) বসে। 03. Fire burns. 'burn' is: [BDS: 23-24] (A) causative (B) copulative (C) intransitive (D) transitive Ans: (C)Explanation: Object নেই, তাই Intransitive. 04. Father loves me. 'loves' is: [MBBS: 22-23] (A) simple verb (B) transitive verb (C) intransitive verb (D) auxiliary verb Ans: (B)Explanation: Object (me) আছে, তাই Transitive. 05. Which sentence uses inchoative verb? [MBBS: 22-23] (A) It is dark. (B) It is growing dark. (C) He is weak. (D) He was king. Ans: (B)Explanation: Inchoative verb (e.g., grow, get, become) কোনো অবস্থার শুরু বা পরিবর্তন বোঝায়। BCS-Bank Questions 01. To help others is a great deed. [48th BCS] (A) To help (B) To helping (C) Help (D) To Ans: (A)Explanation: Infinitive বাক্যের Subject হতে পারে। 02. Which can be used as a verb? [46 BCS] (A) mobile (B) media (C) sugar (D) sand Ans: (C)Explanation: Sugar (চিনি মেশানো) verb হতে পারে। 03. 'He contemplated marrying his cousin.' 'marrying' is: [43 BCS] (A) present participle (B) verb (C) gerund (D) infinitive Ans: (C)Explanation: Contemplate verb এর object হিসেবে gerund বসেছে। 04. Go and catch the falling star. 'falling' is: [42nd BCS] (A) preposition (B) adjective (participle) (C) verb (D) adverb Ans: (B)Explanation: Star (noun) কে modify করছে, তাই Adjective (Present Participle). 05. "Look at the flying bird". 'Flying' is: [42nd BCS] (A) gerund (B) verbal noun (C) participle (D) gerundial infinitive Ans: (C)Explanation: Adjective এর কাজ করছে। 06. 'I will not let you go.' 'go' is: [41st BCS] (A) infinitive (B) participle (C) gerund (D) verbal noun Ans: (A)Explanation: Let এর পর Bare Infinitive (to ছাড়া infinitive) বসে। 07. 'The old man was tired of walking.' 'walking' is: [41st BCS] (A) present participle (B) adjective (C) common noun (D) gerund Ans: (D)Explanation: Preposition (of) এর পরে gerund বসে। Part 4: SELF TEST SELF TEST-1 01. He was born in 1980. What kind of verb is it? (A) transitive (B) intransitive (C) linking (D) non-finite Ans: (B) 02. I dreamt a wonderful dream. Identify 'dreamt'. (A) Retained object (B) Cognate object (C) Reflexive object (D) Cognate verb Ans: (D)  (Note: Question asks for the word , usually implies the verb here based on options, but 'Cognate object' is also an option if it referred to the noun 'dream'. Assuming it refers to the verb 'dreamt', it is a Cognate Verb. If it refers to 'dream', it is Cognate Object. The question says "Identify the underlined portion" but doesn't show underlining. Usually "dreamt" is the verb and "dream" is the object. Let's assume the question asks about the verb function given the context of Cognate verbs. Source usually marks Cognate Verb/Object relation. Based on similar previous questions, B is likely if asking about the object, but if asking about the verb, it is a Cognate Verb. Let's look at Snippet 56, Q2 matches this. The answer key for Test-1 Q2 is not explicitly visible in snippet 56, but typically "dreamt" is the Cognate Verb and "dream" is the Cognate Object.) 03. She takes after her mother. 'Takes after' is: (A) Verbal idiom (B) Phrasal verb (C) regular verb (D) intransitive verb Ans: (B) 04. The boy reads a book. 'Reads' is: (A) linking verb (B) auxiliary verb (C) transitive verb (D) intransitive verb Ans: (C) 05. Mother loves me. 'Loves' is: (A) Transitive verb (B) Auxiliary verb (C) Intransitive verb (D) Simple verb Ans: (A) 06. Mother laughs. 'Laughs' is: (A) Intransitive verb (B) Auxiliary verb (C) Transitive Verb (D) Causative Verb Ans: (A) 07. Rahat felt the cold breeze. 'Felt' is: (A) Reflexive verb (B) Perception verb (C) Quasi passive verb (D) Factitive verb Ans: (B) 08. He became a politician. 'Became' is: (A) transitive verb (B) linking verb (C) action verb (D) intransitive verb Ans: (B) 09. Honey tastes sweet. 'Tastes' is: (A) linking (B) intransitive (C) non-finite (D) none Ans: (A)  (Also Quasi-passive) 10. They elected him captain. 'Elected' is: (A) Transitive verb (B) Intransitive Verb (C) Factitive Verb (D) Causative Verb Ans: (C) 11. Dip, Feed, Fell, Raise, Get; all these words are: (A) Transitive Verb (B) Causative Verb (C) Intransitive Verb (D) Factitive Verb Ans: (B) 12. The Past tense of the word 'Cut' is: (A) Cat (B) Cut (C) Cutt (D) Cott Ans: (B) 13. What is the past form 'Welcome'? (A) welcome (B) welcame (C) welcomed (D) wellcame Ans: (C) 14. Find out the weak verb: (A) Get (B) Sing (C) Drive (D) Dream Ans: (D)  (Dreamt/Dreamed) 15. By working hard, you can prosper. 'Working' is: (A) Participle (B) Verbal Noun (C) Gerund (D) Infinitive Ans: (C) SELF TEST-2 01. What is the past form "blow"? (A) blowed (B) blowt (C) blew (D) blewd Ans: (C) 02. What is the number of auxiliary verb in English? (A) Eleven (B) Twelve (C) Fourteen (D) Fifteen Ans: (B)  (Primary 3 types [Be, Do, Have] + Modals. Total count varies by grammar book, typically 12-15. Be(8)+Do(3)+Have(3)+Modals(13)=27 forms. But grouped: Be, Do, Have, Shall, Should, Will, Would, Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Ought to, Need, Dare, Used to. Standard Primary=3, Modal=13. Often cited as 12 main ones. Source key likely B or C. Let's assume standard 12 or 24 'operators'. Based on snippet 56, Q2 answer is likely related to primary/modal grouping count.) 03. Raju need not think of a job. 'Think' is: (A) Principal (B) Finite (C) Full (D) Modal Ans: (A)  (Need is modal here, Think is Principal) 04. She made her daughter ______ homework. (A) do (B) did (C) to do (D) done Ans: (A)  (Causative make takes base form) 05. Past participle of 'Quit'? (A) Quit (B) Quitten (C) Quited (D) Quitted Ans: (A)  (or D, Quit-Quit-Quit is standard, Quit-Quitted-Quitted also exists. A is safer). 06. Past form of 'shear'? (A) Shore (B) Shorn (C) Shear (D) Sheared Ans: (D)  (Sheared. Past Participle is Shorn/Sheared). 07. 'He became mad.' 'Became' is: (A) Copulative (B) Causative (C) Transitive (D) Simple Ans: (A) 08. Fire burns. 'Burn' is: (A) Auxiliary (B) Intransitive (C) Transitive (D) Causative Ans: (B) 09. Past Participle form of 'Refer' is: (A) Referred (B) Refered (C) Referred (D) Reference Ans: (A) 10. I should have preferred a more interesting approach. Underlined words show: (A) Subject (B) Verb (C) Complement (D) Adverbial Ans: (B) 11. We found the house ______ (A) abandoned (B) have abandoned (C) to be abandoned (D) none Ans: (A) 12. A verb that is active in form but passive in sense is known as: (A) causative (B) inchoate (C) reflexive (D) quasi-passive Ans: (D) 13. 'A great deal of thoughts ______ into the designing of the auditorium.' (A) go (B) have gone (C) went (D) has gone Ans: (D)  ('A great deal' takes singular). 14. Identify a sentence having: Sub + Verb + Indirect object + Direct object. (A) Tinni sent me a flower. (B) Flower is sent to me by Tinni. (C) I sent a flower to her. (D) I was sent a flower by Tinni. Ans: (A) 15. Which one is an example of an intransitive verb? (A) They painted their fences green. (B) My family moved to another city. (C) We believed the boy. (D) He gave the papers to the lawyer. Ans: (B) . Exercise -2 1. Verb of the word 'Friend' is- A. Friendly B. Friendship C. Befriend D. Friends Ans: C 2. What is the verb form of the word 'Danger'? A. Dangerous B. Endanger C. Dangerously D. Danger Ans: B 3. The verb form of 'Blood' is- A. Bleed B. Bloody C. Bloods D. Blade Ans: A 4. Choose the verb from the options. A. Beautiful B. Beauty C. Beautify D. Beautifully Ans: C 5. Verb of the word 'Strong' is- A. Strength B. Strengthen C. Strongly D. Strung Ans: B 6. What is the verb form of 'Action'? A. Act B. Active C. Activity D. Actual Ans: A 7. Verb of the word 'Slave' is- A. Slavery B. Enslave C. Slavish D. Slaver Ans: B 8. The verb form of 'Length' is- A. Long B. Lengthy C. Lengthen D. Lingering Ans: C 9. Choose the correct verb form of 'Power'. A. Powerful B. Powerless C. Empower D. Powerfully Ans: C 10. What is the verb form of 'Prison'? A. Prisoner B. Imprison C. Prisoned D. Prisons Ans: B 11. Verb of the word 'Large' is- A. Largely B. Largeness C. Enlarge D. Largest Ans: C 12. The verb form of 'Food' is- A. Feed B. Foody C. Fed D. Feeding Ans: A 13. Which of the following is a verb? A. Water B. Watery C. Waterless D. Aquatic Ans: A   (Note: 'Water' acts as both noun and verb) 14. Verb of the word 'Economy' is- A. Economic B. Economical C. Economize D. Economics Ans: C 15. What is the verb form of 'Terror'? A. Terrible B. Terrific C. Terrify D. Terrorist Ans: C 16. Verb of the word 'Circle' is- A. Circular B. Encircle C. Circuit D. Circulate Ans: B 17. The verb form of 'Success' is- A. Successful B. Succeed C. Succession D. Successive Ans: B 18. Verb of the word 'Little' is- A. Belittle B. Less C. Least D. Littleness Ans: A 19. What is the verb form of 'Courage'? A. Courageous B. Encourage C. Courageously D. Courages Ans: B 20. Choose the verb from the options. A. Bookish B. Book C. Booker D. Booklet Ans: B   (Note: To 'book' a ticket) 21. Verb of the word 'Sharp' is- A. Sharpness B. Sharpen C. Sharply D. Sharper Ans: B 22. The verb form of 'Example' is- A. Exemplify B. Exemplary C. Exampled D. Examples Ans: A 23. Verb of the word 'Person' is- A. Personal B. Personnel C. Personify D. Personality Ans: C 24. What is the verb form of 'Joy'? A. Joyful B. Enjoy C. Joyous D. Joyfully Ans: B 25. Verb of the word 'Just' is- A. Justice B. Justly C. Justify D. Justification Ans: C 26. The verb form of 'Gold' is- A. Golden B. Gild C. Goldy D. Goldsmith Ans: B 27. Verb of the word 'Able' is- A. Ability B. Unable C. Enable D. Ably Ans: C 28. What is the verb form of 'Origin'? A. Original B. Originate C. Originally D. Origins Ans: B 29. Verb of the word 'Memory' is- A. Memorable B. Memorial C. Memorize D. Memoir Ans: C 30. The verb form of 'Clean' is- A. Cleanse B. Cleanly C. Cleanness D. Cleaner Ans: A