Conditional Sentences - Lesson -1 for University Admission Test, Job Application Test, BCS Exam and Any Competitive Examination
- Fakhruddin Babar
- 6 days ago
- 5 min read
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Part 1: Primary Discussion
Conditional Sentence (শর্তমূলক বাক্য) হলো এমন বাক্য যেখানে একটি কাজ হওয়া বা না হওয়া অন্য একটি শর্তের (Condition) ওপর নির্ভর করে। এই বাক্যগুলোতে সাধারণত দুটি অংশ থাকে:
If-Clause (Subordinate Clause): যেখানে শর্তটি উল্লেখ থাকে।
Main Clause (Principal Clause): যেখানে ফলাফল (Result) উল্লেখ থাকে।
Ex: If it rains (Condition), I will not go (Result).
Classification: Conditional Sentence প্রধানত চার প্রকার:
Zero Conditional: চিরন্তন সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য।
First Conditional: ভবিষ্যতে ঘটার সম্ভাবনা আছে।
Second Conditional: বর্তমান বা ভবিষ্যতে ঘটার সম্ভাবনা নেই (অবাস্তব কল্পনা)।
Third Conditional: অতীতে ঘটেনি এমন কাজের আক্ষেপ (পুরোপুরি অসম্ভব)।
Part 2: Rules & Structures
1. Zero Conditional (Scientific/Universal Truth)
যখন শর্তটি পূরণ হলে ফলাফলটি অবশ্যম্ভাবী বা চিরন্তন সত্য হয়। এখানে উভয় অংশেই Present Indefinite Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Structure: If + Present Indefinite + Present Indefinite.
Ex: If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
Ex: If ice melts, it becomes water.
Ex: If you freeze water, it ______ ice.
(A) became
(B) becomes
(C) will become
(D) would become
Ans: (B) (Scientific truth).
2. First Conditional (Probable/Real Condition)
যদি শর্তটি পূরণ হওয়ার বাস্তব সম্ভাবনা থাকে (Real possibility in future)।
Structure: If + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite (Subject + shall/will/can/may + V1).
Ex: If you come, I will go.
Ex: If he works hard, he will shine in life.
Ex: If it rains, we will cancel the match.
Ex: If you walk slowly, you ______ the train.
(A) miss
(B) will miss
(C) would miss
(D) missed
Ans: (B)
3. Second Conditional (Improbable/Unreal Condition)
এটি দ্বারা বর্তমান বা ভবিষ্যতের এমন কোনো শর্ত বোঝায় যা ঘটার সম্ভাবনা নেই বা যা অবাস্তব কল্পনা।
Structure: If + Past Indefinite + Subject + would / could / might + V1 (Base Form).
Ex: If I had money, I would help the poor. (টাকা নেই, তাই সাহায্যও করতে পারছি না)।
Ex: If he came, I would go.
Special Note (Unreal Past - 'Be' Verb): Second Conditional-এ If-clause-এ 'be' verb থাকলে সব Person-এর ক্ষেত্রে 'were' বসে (was বসে না)।
Ex: If I were a king, I would help the poor.
Ex: If I were you, I would accept the offer.
Ex: If I had a typewriter, I ______ it myself. [DU-B: 09-10]
(A) will type
(B) typed
(C) would type
(D) would have typed
Ans: (C) (Past Indefinite 'had' -> would type).
4. Third Conditional (Impossible/Rejected Condition)
এটি অতীতের এমন কোনো শর্ত নির্দেশ করে যা ঘটেনি, তাই ফলাফলও পাওয়া যায়নি। এটি কেবল আক্ষেপ প্রকাশ করে।
Structure: If + Past Perfect + Subject + would have / could have / might have + V3 (Past Participle).
Ex: If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. (দেখাও হয়নি, বলাও হয়নি)।
Ex: If you had worked hard, you would have succeeded.
Ex: If I had known you were coming, I ______ to the station. [32nd BCS]
(A) would go
(B) had gone
(C) would have gone
(D) went
Ans: (C)
Part 3: Alternative Structures (Inversion)
কখনো কখনো 'If' উহ্য রেখে Auxiliary Verb (Had, Were, Should) বাক্যের শুরুতে বসিয়ে Conditional Sentence তৈরি করা যায়। একে Inversion বলে।
Rule-01: Inversion of Second Conditional (Were)
Structure: Were + Subject + (Extension) + Subject + would/could + V1.
Standard: If I were a bird, I would fly.
Inversion: Were I a bird, I would fly.
Rule-02: Inversion of Second Conditional (Had)
Structure: Had + Subject + Object + Subject + would/could + V1.
Standard: If I had enough money, I would buy a car.
Inversion: Had I enough money, I would buy a car.
Note: এখানে 'Had' মূল verb হিসেবে কাজ করছে (Past Indefinite), তাই এটি Second Conditional.
Rule-03: Inversion of Third Conditional (Had + V3)
Structure: Had + Subject + V3 + Subject + would have + V3.
Standard: If I had seen him, I would have given the message.
Inversion: Had I seen him, I would have given the message.
Ex: Had I known this before, I ______ . [DU-D: 10-11]
(A) will keep distance
(B) would keep distance
(C) would have kept distance
(D) kept distance
Ans: (C) (Had + V3 indicates 3rd Conditional).
Part 4: Other Conditional Connectors
Unless (যদি না): Unless নিজেই নেতিবাচক, তাই Unless যুক্ত অংশে 'not' বসে না।
Structure: Unless + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite (Negative meaning mostly).
Ex: Unless you work hard, you will fail. (= If you do not work hard...)
Provided / Provided that / Providing that (যদি):
Ex: The plane will take off provided that the weather is good.
In case (যদি / পাছে): ভবিষ্যতের কোনো সম্ভাব্য ঘটনার প্রস্তুতির জন্য।
Ex: Take an umbrella in case it rains. (বৃষ্টি হতেও পারে, তাই ছাতা নাও)।
Part 5: Previous Years' Questions with Explanation
01. If I were you, I ______ the situation more carefully. [36th BCS]
(A) would handle
(B) will handle
(C) handled
(D) would have handled
Ans: (A) Explanation: 'If I were you' হলো Second Conditional, তাই main clause-এ would + V1 বসে।
02. Had I been a king, I ______ the poor. [DU-A: 05-06]
(A) help
(B) would help
(C) would have helped
(D) helped
Ans: (C) Explanation: 'Had I been' (Had + V3) হলো Third Conditional-এর Inversion। তাই would have + V3 হবে।
03. If I had known that you were coming, I ______ to the airport. [DU-B: 12-13]
(A) would go
(B) would have gone
(C) will go
(D) went
Ans: (B) Explanation: Past Perfect (had known) থাকলে Third Conditional হয়।
04. If the price is low, demand ______ . [DU-C: 15-16]
(A) will increase
(B) increases
(C) increased
(D) would increase
Ans: (A) (General possibility - 1st Conditional. 'Increases' could be correct if treated as an economic zero conditional truth, but 'will increase' is standard for specific situations. In standard grammar questions, 1st conditional is safer unless it's a pure scientific fact like 'ice melts').
05. Choose the correct sentence. [33rd BCS]
(A) If he would have come, I would have gone.
(B) If he came, I would have gone.
(C) If he had come, I would have gone.
(D) If he comes, I would have gone.
Ans: (C) (Correct 3rd Conditional structure).
Part 6: SELF TEST (Master Exercise)
01. If you run fast, you ______ the train.
(A) would catch
(B) will catch
(C) caught
(D) would have caught
Ans: (B) (1st Conditional).
02. If I had a lot of money, I ______ round the world.
(A) will travel
(B) would travel
(C) would have travelled
(D) travel
Ans: (B) (2nd Conditional: 'Had' is main verb).
03. If the sun shines, we ______ for a walk.
(A) would go
(B) will go
(C) went
(D) gone
Ans: (B) (1st Conditional).
04. Were I a bird, I ______ in the sky.
(A) will fly
(B) would fly
(C) would have flown
(D) flew
Ans: (B) (Inversion of 2nd Conditional).
05. If I ______ you, I would not do this.
(A) am
(B) was
(C) were
(D) had been
Ans: (C) (Unreal past takes 'were').
06. Had he wanted, he ______ done it.
(A) could have
(B) could
(C) can
(D) will have
Ans: (A) (Inversion of 3rd Conditional).
07. Unless you study, you ______ .
(A) will fail
(B) will not fail
(C) would fail
(D) fail
Ans: (A) (Meaning: If you do not study, you will fail).
08. If water freezes, it ______ into ice.
(A) turns
(B) turned
(C) will turn
(D) would turn
Ans: (A) (Zero Conditional / Scientific Truth).
09. What would you do if you ______ a million dollars?
(A) win
(B) won
(C) have won
(D) had won
Ans: (B) (2nd Conditional structure: What would you do + Past Indefinite).
10. If he had tried, he ______ .
(A) would succeed
(B) will succeed
(C) would have succeeded
(D) succeeded
Ans: (C) (3rd Conditional).
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