Sentence - Lesson -1 for University Admission Test, Job Application Test, BCS Exam and Any Competitive Examination
- Fakhruddin Babar
- 7 days ago
- 10 min read
SENTENCE
Part 1: Primary Discussion
একাধিক word বা শব্দ সমষ্টি একত্রে মিলিত হয়ে যদি বক্তার মনের ভাব সম্পূর্ণরূপে প্রকাশ করে তবে তাকে Sentence বা বাক্য বলে। একটি বাক্যের সাধারণত দুটি অংশ থাকে। যথা:
Subject (উদ্দেশ্য): বাক্যের যে অংশে কার সম্পর্কে কিছু বলা হয় তাকে subject বলে।
Predicate (বিধেয়): Subject সম্পর্কে যা কিছু বলা হয় তাকে predicate বলে।
Ex: Kamal (subject) is a good student (predicate).
Classification of Sentence: অর্থভেদে Sentence পাঁচ প্রকার এবং গঠনভেদে তিন প্রকার।
According to Meaning (অর্থানুসারে):
Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য)
Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য)
Imperative Sentence (অনুজ্ঞাসূচক বাক্য)
Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা বা আশীর্বাদমূলক বাক্য)
Exclamatory Sentence (আবেগসূচক বাক্য)
According to Structure (গঠনানুসারে):
Simple Sentence (সরল বাক্য)
Complex Sentence (জটিল বাক্য)
Compound Sentence (যৌগিক বাক্য)
Part 2: Important Rules with Previous Questions
1. Simple Sentence
যে Sentence-এ একটিমাত্র Subject এবং একটিমাত্র Finite Verb থাকে তাকে Simple Sentence বলে।
Ex: I saw a bird flying in the sky.
Ex: He is too weak to walk.
Ex: 'I have no money to spare.' It is a/an — [DU-B: 12-13]
(A) simple sentence
(B) complex sentence
(C) compound sentence
(D) interrogative sentence
Ans: (A) (একটি মাত্র finite verb 'have' আছে।)
Ex: "In spite of his poverty, he is honest." is a — [RU-E: 15-16]
(A) compound sentence
(B) complex sentence
(C) simple sentence
(D) none
Ans: (C)
2. Complex Sentence
যে Sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে তাকে Complex Sentence বলে। Subordinate clause টি সাধারণত Subordinating Conjunction (who, which, that, when, where, why, how, if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, until, unless ইত্যাদি) দ্বারা শুরু হয়।
Ex: If you come, I will go.
Ex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Ex: If I had known you were coming ______ [32nd BCS]
(A) I would go to the station
(B) I had gone to the station
(C) I would have gone to the station
(D) I went to the station
Ans: (C) (If যুক্ত clause থাকায় এটি Complex sentence)
Ex: The sentence "I know that he is innocent" is — [RU-F: 15-16]
(A) simple
(B) complex
(C) compound
(D) interrogative
Ans: (B)
3. Compound Sentence
যে Sentence-এ দুই বা ততোধিক Principal Clause থাকে এবং সেগুলো Coordinating Conjunction (and, but, or, yet, so, otherwise ইত্যাদি) দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।
Ex: He is poor but he is honest.
Ex: Do or die.
Ex: Which of the following is a compound sentence? [DU-D: 03-04]
(A) As he was ill, he could not go.
(B) Being ill, he could not go.
(C) He was ill and could not go.
(D) He could not go because he was ill.
Ans: (C) ('and' দ্বারা যুক্ত)
Ex: 'He is poor but honest.' In this sentence which is conjunction? [JKKNIU: 15-16]
(A) He
(B) Poor
(C) But
(D) Honest
Ans: (C) (Coordinating conjunction)
Transformation of Sentences (Simple, Complex, Compound)
নিচে কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম দেওয়া হলো যার মাধ্যমে এক ধরনের বাক্যকে অন্য ধরনে রূপান্তর করা যায়:
Rule-01: Since/As/When (কারণ বোঝাতে)
Complex: Since/As/When + subject + verb...
Simple: Verb+ing (যদি subject একই হয়) অথবা Because of / Due to / On account of (যদি subject ভিন্ন হয় বা কারণ বোঝায়)।
Compound: ...and...
Ex (Complex): Since he was ill, he could not come.
Ex (Simple): Being ill, he could not come. / Because of his illness, he could not come.
Ex (Compound): He was ill and (therefore) could not come.
Rule-02: Though/Although (বিপরীত বোঝাতে)
Complex: Though/Although + subject + verb...
Simple: In spite of / Despite + possessive + noun/verb+ing...
Compound: ...but...
Ex (Complex): Though he is poor, he is honest.
Ex (Simple): In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
Ex (Compound): He is poor but he is honest.
Rule-03: So that (উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে)
Complex: ...so that + subject + can/could + verb...
Simple: ...to + verb... / ...in order to + verb...
Compound: ...and so... / ...and want to...
Ex (Complex): He works hard so that he can succeed.
Ex (Simple): He works hard to succeed.
Ex (Compound): He works hard and so he can succeed.
Rule-04: If/Unless (শর্ত বোঝাতে)
Complex: If + affirmative... / If + negative (Unless)...
Simple: By + gerund... (Affirmative) / Without + gerund... (Negative)
Compound: ...and... (Affirmative) / ...or... (Negative)
Ex (Complex): If you read more, you will learn more.
Ex (Simple): By reading more, you will learn more.
Ex (Compound): Read more and you will learn more.
Ex (Complex): If you do not work hard, you will fail. / Unless you work hard, you will fail.
Ex (Simple): Without working hard, you will fail.
Ex (Compound): Work hard or you will fail.
Rule-05: So...that (ফলাফল বোঝাতে)
Complex: ...so + adjective + that + subject + cannot/could not + verb...
Simple: ...too + adjective + to + verb...
Compound: ...very... and...
Ex (Complex): He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Ex (Simple): He is too weak to walk.
Ex (Compound): He is very weak and cannot walk.
Rule-06: Relative Pronoun (Who/Which/That)
Complex: ...noun + who/which/that + verb...
Simple: (i) ...noun + participle (verb+ing)... [Active] / (ii) ...noun + past participle (V3)... [Passive]
Compound: ...and...
Ex (Complex): The man who is working here is my brother.
Ex (Simple): The man working here is my brother.
Ex (Complex): The book which was bought yesterday is lost.
Ex (Simple): The book bought yesterday is lost.
Part 3: Self Practice with Previous Questions
DU Questions & Answers
01. Identify the simple sentence. [DU-B: 15-16]
(A) He is weak but he can walk.
(B) Though he is weak, he can walk.
(C) In spite of his weakness, he can walk.
(D) As he is weak, he cannot walk.
Ans: (C)
02. Which one is a complex sentence? [DU-D: 11-12]
(A) I saw a bird flying.
(B) I saw a bird which was flying.
(C) I saw a flying bird.
(D) I saw a bird and it was flying.
Ans: (B)
03. "Do or die" is a — [DU-C: 09-10]
(A) Simple sentence
(B) Complex sentence
(C) Compound sentence
(D) Optative sentence
Ans: (C)
04. No sooner had he left ______ I came. [DU-B: 08-09]
(A) than
(B) then
(C) when
(D) before
Ans: (A) (Complex sentence structure)
JU Questions & Answers
01. "Wait here until I come back." This is a — [JU-A: 19-20]
(A) Simple sentence
(B) Complex sentence
(C) Compound sentence
(D) None
Ans: (B) ('Until' is a subordinating conjunction)
02. Transform into simple: "As he was sick, he could not attend the meeting." [JU-C: 18-19]
(A) Being sick, he could not attend the meeting.
(B) He was sick and so he could not attend.
(C) Because of his being sick, he could not attend.
(D) Both A & C
Ans: (D)
RU Questions & Answers
01. "Honey tastes sweet." This sentence is — [RU-E: 16-17]
(A) Active
(B) Passive
(C) Quasi-passive
(D) Imperative
Ans: (C) (Quasi-passive voice in a simple sentence)
02. Which is a simple sentence? [RU-A: 14-15]
(A) He is poor but honest.
(B) Though he is poor, he is honest.
(C) In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
(D) He is poor and honest.
Ans: (C)
BCS & Other Exams
01. 'Whatever' is a/an — [40th BCS]
(A) Adjective
(B) Pronoun
(C) Conjunction
(D) Adverb
Ans: (C) (Used as a conjunction in complex sentences)
02. Which one is a compound sentence? [36th BCS]
(A) He is too weak to move.
(B) As he is weak, he cannot move.
(C) He is very weak and cannot move.
(D) Because of his weakness, he cannot move.
Ans: (C)
03. "If I were you, I would accept the offer." This is an example of —
(A) Simple sentence
(B) Complex sentence
(C) Compound sentence
(D) Negative sentence
Ans: (B)
Part 4: SELF TEST
01. Identify the complex sentence:
(A) I have no money to spare.
(B) He is poor but honest.
(C) If you work hard, you will succeed.
(D) Walking is a good exercise.
Ans: (C)
02. "He is very weak and cannot walk." This is a —
(A) Simple sentence
(B) Complex sentence
(C) Compound sentence
(D) Mixed sentence
Ans: (C)
03. Transform into complex: "I saw a bird flying in the sky."
(A) I saw a bird which was flying in the sky.
(B) I saw a bird and it was flying in the sky.
(C) I saw a flying bird.
(D) Seeing a bird, I stopped.
Ans: (A)
04. "By working hard, you can prosper." This simple sentence can be changed into compound as —
(A) If you work hard, you can prosper.
(B) Work hard and you can prosper.
(C) Though you work hard, you can prosper.
(D) Unless you work hard, you cannot prosper.
Ans: (B)
05. "Unless you move, you will die." This complex sentence can be changed into simple as —
(A) Move or die.
(B) Without moving, you will die.
(C) If you do not move, you will die.
(D) Moving is necessary to live.
Ans: (B)
06. Which conjunction is used in a compound sentence?
(A) Since
(B) As
(C) And
(D) Though
Ans: (C)
07. "The man who came here is my uncle." The underlined clause is —
(A) Noun clause
(B) Adjective clause
(C) Adverbial clause
(D) Coordinate clause
Ans: (B)
08. "Tell me when he will come." The underlined clause is —
(A) Noun clause
(B) Adjective clause
(C) Adverbial clause
(D) Principal clause
Ans: (A) (Object of 'tell')
09. "I will go where he lives." The underlined clause is —
(A) Noun clause
(B) Adjective clause
(C) Adverbial clause
(D) Relative clause
Ans: (C) (Adverbial clause of place)
10. "Walk fast lest you should miss the train." This is a —
(A) Simple sentence
(B) Complex sentence
(C) Compound sentence
(D) None
Ans: (B) ('Lest' is a subordinating conjunction)
Exercise
Topic: Sentence
Questions:
1. Only Rina can do this sum. (Negative)
a) Only Rina cannot do this sum.
b) Rina cannot do this sum.
c) None but Rina can do this sum.
d) Anyone but Rina can do this sum.
2. I must do this. (Make it negative)
a) I cannot but doing this.
b) I cannot help do this.
c) I must not but do this.
d) I cannot help doing this.
3. Nobody likes a liar. The affirmative form of the sentence is
a) Everybody dislikes lying
b) All people dislike a liar
c) Everybody hates a liar
d) Everybody likes the truth
4. 'Every mother loves her child'. Make it negative.
a) Every mother does not love her child.
b) Every mother doesn't love her child.
c) There is no mother but loves her child.
d) Every mother loves no child.
5. All love flower. (Interrogative)
a) Who does not love flower?
b) Who do not love flower?
c) Who did not love flower?
d) Do all love flower
6. Identify the imperative sentence.
a) I shall go to college.
b) Matin is singing a song.
c) It has been raining since morning.
d) Stand up.
7. May Allah/God help you. What kind of sentence is this?
a) Assertive
b) Optative
c) Imperative
d) Exclamatory
8. What type of sentence is 'If I knew this before!'?
a) Optative
b) Exclamatory
c) Assertive
d) Imperative
9. "All men must die" (Negative)
a) No men will never die
b) None but all men will die
c) Nothing but all men must die
d) None can avoid death
10. Which one is a negative interrogative sentence?
a) Had they not work
b) Do they not work?
c) Do not he work?
d) Could he not worked?
11. Although he is rich, he is an honest man. This is a
a) simple sentence
b) complex sentence
c) compound sentence
d) multiple sentence
12. What is lotted cannot be blotted. This is
a) Simple sentence
b) Compound sentence
c) Complex sentence
d) Multiple sentence
13. Do or die is a -
a) complex sentence
b) compound sentence
c) simple sentence
d) conditional sentence
14. All that glitters is not gold. This sentence is-
a) simple
b) complex
c) compound
d) complex-compound
15. 'In spite of being old, he was young at heart.' The compound sentence of it is -
a) Though he was old he was young at heart
b) He was too old to be young at heart
c) He was old but young at heart
d) All of the above
16. What is lotted cannot be blotted. This is -
a) Simple sentence
b) Compound sentence
c) Complex sentence
d) Multiple sentence
17. The girl who sat next to me is an architect. It is a:
a) simple sentence
b) complex sentence
c) compound sentence
d) complex-compound sentence
18. I saw that the boy was playing. It is an example of a-
a) complex sentence
b) compound sentence
c) simple sentence
d) exclamatory sentence
19. Move and die. (Make simple)-
a) Move or Die
b) In case of your moving you will die.
c) Move unless you die
d) Move never you will die
20. I know her name. (Make it complex)
a) What her name I know
b) I know what her name is
c) I know what is her name.
d) Her name I know.
Answers With Explanation:
1. c) None but Rina can do this sum (Affirmative sentence with 'Only' or 'Alone' referring to a person is changed to 'None but' in negative. ব্যক্তি বুঝালে Only এর পরিবর্তে None but বসে।)
2. d) I cannot help doing this. ('Must' is replaced by 'cannot but + base verb' or 'cannot help + verb+ing'. Must থাকলে negative করতে cannot help + ing বসে।)
3. c) Everybody hates a liar (Affirmative of 'Nobody' is 'Everybody'. Antonym of 'likes' is 'hates'. 'Nobody likes' becomes 'Everybody hates'.)
4. c) There is no mother but loves her child. ('Every' is replaced by 'There is no ... but' in negative. Every থাকলে There is no ... but বসে।)
5. a) Who does not love flower? ('All' or 'Everybody' is replaced by 'Who does not' in interrogative. All থাকলে Who does not বসে।)
6. d) Stand up. (Imperative sentences usually start with a verb and express order, request, or advice. আদেশ, উপদেশ বা অনুরোধ বুঝালে Imperative sentence হয়।)
7. b) Optative (Sentences starting with 'May' that express a wish or prayer are Optative. ইচ্ছা বা প্রার্থনা বুঝালে Optative sentence হয়।)
8. d) Exclamatory (Note: Source key says 8.d. Standard grammar classifies sentences expressing sudden emotion or wish (like 'If I knew...') as Exclamatory. However, some classifications might label 'If' structures differently, but the exclamation mark indicates Exclamatory. Key 8.d refers to 'Exclamatory' in the list (order: Assertive, Imperative, Optative, Exclamatory). In text, d is Exclamatory.)
9. d) None can avoid death ('Must' indicates obligation/inevitability. 'All men must die' implies no one can escape it. Negative: 'None can avoid death'. অর্থ ঠিক রেখে Negative করা হয়েছে।)
10. b) Do they not work? (Structure: Aux + S + not + V...? or Aux + not + S + V...? 'Do they not work?' follows correct grammatical structure. সঠিক গঠন হলো Auxiliary + Subject + Not + Verb.)
11. b) complex sentence (Sentences with 'Although' consist of a main clause and a subordinate clause, making it Complex. Although থাকলে Complex sentence হয়।)
12. c) Complex sentence (Contains a noun clause "What is lotted" as the subject. Subordinate clause থাকায় এটি Complex sentence.)
13. b) compound sentence (Two independent clauses joined by 'or'. Or দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকলে Compound sentence হয়।)
14. b) complex ('All that glitters' contains a relative clause 'that glitters', making it Complex. Relative clause থাকায় এটি Complex.)
15. c) He was old but young at heart (Simple sentence with 'In spite of' converts to Compound using 'but'. In spite of থাকলে Compound করতে but বসে।)
16. c) Complex sentence (Repetition of Question 12.)
17. b) complex sentence (Contains a relative clause 'who sat next to me'. Who দ্বারা যুক্ত clause থাকায় এটি Complex.)
18. a) complex sentence (Contains a noun clause 'that the boy was playing'. That দ্বারা যুক্ত clause থাকায় এটি Complex.)
19. b) In case of your moving you will die. ("Move and die" implies a condition "If you move, you will die". Simple form uses a phrase like "In case of...". 'In case of' ব্যবহার করে Simple করা হয়েছে।)
20. c) I know what her name is
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