ACADEMIC READING TEST-1
PASSAGE-1
A spark, a flint: How fire leapt to life
Here are 50 vocabulary words from the passage, excluding levels A1 and A2:
divine (adjective): relating to or coming from a god; sacred. Example: "To early man, fire was seen as a divine gift from the gods."
randomly (adverb): happening without a definite plan or pattern; by chance. Example: "Early humans believed that fire was delivered randomly through natural events like lightning."
slow-burning (adjective): burning or smoldering at a slow and steady pace. Example: "Early peoples stored fire by keeping slow-burning logs alight."
friction (noun): the resistance encountered when one surface rubs against another; the act of rubbing. Example: "The earliest method of making fire involved creating friction by rubbing wooden drills together."
concentrate (verb): to bring or draw together in one place; to focus. Example: "The Ancient Greeks used lenses to concentrate the sun's rays for fire-lighting."
efficient (adjective): achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Example: "The technique of chipping flints to produce sparks became more efficient with the discovery of iron."
compound (noun): a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Example: "The Eskimos produced a spark by striking quartz against iron pyrites, a compound containing sulphur."
tinder (noun): dry, flammable material that can be ignited to start a fire. Example: "Steel, flint, and tinder were commonly used for fire-lighting in Europe."
combustibility (noun): the ability of a substance to burn or ignite. Example: "Chemists were impressed by the combustibility of phosphorus and used it in early fire-lighting devices."
inflammable (adjective): easily set on fire; flammable. Example: "The results of using phosphorus in fire-lighting devices were dangerously inflammable."
matches (noun): small wooden sticks with a combustible tip that can be ignited by friction. Example: "The first matches resembling those used today were made in 1827."
pharmacist (noun): a person trained in preparing and dispensing medicinal drugs. Example: "John Walker, an English pharmacist, made the first matches similar to modern ones."
patented (verb): obtained exclusive rights to a product or invention through an official process. Example: "John Walker never patented his match invention."
toxic (adjective): poisonous or harmful to living organisms. Example: "The use of white phosphorus in matches proved to be toxic and caused health issues."
substitute (verb): to use or put in place of another; to replace. Example: "Charles Sauria created the first "strike-anywhere" match by substituting white phosphorus with another ingredient."
necrosis (noun): the death of cells or tissue in the body, often caused by injury or disease. Example: "Match-makers exposed to white phosphorus fumes suffered from necrosis, a disease affecting the jawbones."
exploited (verb): used to one's advantage, often unfairly or selfishly. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom **explo
exploited (verb): used to one's advantage, often unfairly or selfishly. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom exploited the commercial potential of non-toxic red phosphorus for safety matches."
ignition (noun): the process or action of igniting or starting a fire. Example: "The match tip contained potassium chlorate with a relatively high ignition temperature."
lagged behind (phrase): to be slower or behind in progress or development compared to others. Example: "America lagged behind Europe in match technology and safety standards."
patent (noun): a government license granting the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a certain period of time. Example: "The Diamond Match Company bought a French patent for safety matches."
innovation (noun): a new idea, method, or product introduced for the first time. Example: "The Diamond Match Company pioneered innovations like book matches."
prevailing (adjective): existing or most commonly encountered at a particular time or place. Example: "The French patent did not work properly in the different prevailing climatic conditions in America."
adapted (verb): made suitable or adjusted to fit a new or different purpose or situation. Example: "Scientists adapted the French patent for the US by making necessary modifications."
novel (adjective): new, original, or unusual in an interesting way. Example: "A brewery had the novel idea of advertising its product in match books."
after-glow (noun): a glowing light or lingering brightness that remains after something has been extinguished. Example: "An anti-after-glow solution prevented the match from smoldering after it was blown out."
smoldering (adjective): burning with little or no flame and producing smoke. Example: "The match had a tendency to keep smoldering even after it was extinguished."
waterproof (adjective): resistant to the penetration of water, preventing water from entering or affecting it. Example: "The invention of the waterproof match allowed it to be ignited even after being submerged in water for hours."
quest (noun): a long or arduous search for something. Example: "The quest for a practical match led to various experiments and innovations."
transmute (verb): to change or alter in form, nature, or substance. Example: "The German alchemist was trying to transmute silver into gold when he discovered phosphorus."
chemists (noun): scientists who specialize in the study of chemistry and the properties of substances. Example: "Several 17th-century chemists used phosphorus in their fire-lighting experiments."
hazardous (adjective): involving risk or danger; potentially harmful. Example: "The early fire-lighting devices made with phosphorus were hazardous and could easily catch fire."
splints (noun): thin, narrow pieces of wood or other material used for lighting or igniting a fire. Example: "Splints treated with chemicals were dipped in a bottle of sulphuric acid in the Instantaneous Light Box."
invention (noun): a unique device, method, or process created by human skill and imagination. Example: "John Walker's match-making invention revolutionized fire
invention (noun): a unique device, method, or process created by human skill and imagination. Example: "John Walker's match-making invention revolutionized fire-lighting."
formula (noun): a set of prescribed ingredients or instructions for preparing or making something. Example: "John Walker borrowed the formula for matches from a military rocket-maker."
compatriot (noun): a person from one's own country or with whom one shares a common nationality. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom, a Swedish compatriot of Pasch, exploited the commercial potential of non-toxic red phosphorus."
catch on (phrase): to become popular or widely accepted. Example: "Book matches didn't catch on until they were used for advertising."
climatic (adjective): relating to the climate or weather conditions of a particular region. Example: "The French patent didn't work properly in the climatic conditions prevailing in America."
commercially (adverb): in a way that is related to or intended for buying and selling products or services. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom exploited non-toxic red phosphorus commercially for safety matches."
dispensing (verb): preparing and giving out a product or substance, typically in a measured quantity. Example: "A pharmacist is trained in dispensing medicinal drugs."
splinter (noun): a small, sharp, thin piece of wood or other material that has broken off from a larger piece. Example: "The match was ignited by striking it against a splinter of glass paper."
toxicity (noun): the degree to which a substance can cause harm or damage to living organisms. Example: "The toxicity of white phosphorus led to health issues among match-makers."
ignition temperature (noun): the minimum temperature at which a substance will ignite and sustain combustion. Example: "The match tip contained potassium chlorate, which had a relatively high ignition temperature."
marketing (noun): the action or business of promoting and selling products or services. Example: "The Diamond Match Company pioneered match marketing techniques."
innovations (noun): new or improved ideas, devices, or methods. Example: "The Diamond Match Company introduced various innovations like book matches."
catch fire (phrase): to start burning suddenly or become engulfed in flames. Example: "The early fire-lighting devices made with phosphorus could easily catch fire."
modifications (noun): changes or adjustments made to something in order to improve it or make it suitable for a specific purpose. Example: "Scientists made necessary modifications to adapt the French patent for the US."
expensive (adjective): costing a lot of money; high-priced. Example: "The first matches made with phosphorus were expensive due to the high cost of the element."
phosphoric (adjective): relating to or containing phosphorus. Example: "The Phosphoric Candle contained a twist of paper tipped with phosphoric materials."
non-toxic (adjective): not harmful or poisonous to living organisms. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom's safety matches used non-toxic red phosphorus."
exposed to (phrase): subjected to or affected by something, typically something negative or harmful. Example: "Match-makers who were exposed to the fumes of white phosphorus suffered from health issues."
banned (verb): officially prohibited or not allowed. Example: "White phosphorus was banned in 1906 due to its harmful effects."
discovered (verb): found or learned something for the first time. Example: "A Swedish chemist called Pasch discovered non-toxic red phosphorus."
red phosphorus (noun): a non-toxic form of phosphorus that is used in the production of safety matches. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom utilized red phosphorus in the creation of safe matches."
compound (noun): a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Example: "Iron pyrites is a compound that contains sulphur, used by Eskimos to produce sparks."
combustibility (noun): the ability to catch fire and burn. Example: "Chemists were impressed by the element's combustibility when they discovered phosphorus."
Alchemist (noun): a person who practices alchemy, a medieval chemical philosophy and precursor to modern chemistry. Example: "The German alchemist attempted to transmute silver into gold and discovered phosphorus."
self-combust (verb): ignite or catch fire on its own without an external flame. Example: "When the sealed glass tube was broken, the phosphorus would self-combust due to the rush of air."
chemically treated (phrase): subjected to a process involving the use of chemicals. Example: "Splints were chemically treated before being dipped in sulphuric acid in the Instantaneous Light Box."
pharmacist (noun): a person who is trained and licensed to prepare and dispense medicinal drugs. Example: "John Walker, an English pharmacist, invented the first matches resembling those used today."
pioneered (verb): introduced or developed something for the first time. Example: "The Diamond Match Company pioneered the concept of book matches."
PASSAGE-2
Zoo Conservation Programmes
distort (verb): to alter or twist the meaning or appearance of something. Example: The media often distort information to create sensational stories.
endangered (adjective): at risk of becoming extinct or disappearing. Example: The conservationists are working to protect endangered species in the rainforest.
sceptical (adjective): having doubts or reservations; inclined to question or doubt something. Example: She was sceptical about the politician's promises and wanted to see real action.
mediocre (adjective): of only average quality; not very good. Example: The restaurant received mediocre reviews and struggled to attract customers.
conservation (noun): the protection, preservation, and careful management of natural resources and wildlife. Example: The government implemented strict conservation measures to protect the national park.
unrealistic (adjective): not based on reality; not practical or achievable. Example: His plans to become a millionaire overnight were unrealistic and lacked a solid foundation.
estimate (verb): to make an approximate judgment or calculation. Example: The experts estimated that the project would take six months to complete.
underestimate (verb): to underestimate or undervalue something or someone. Example: Don't underestimate her abilities; she's capable of achieving great things.
masquerade (verb): to pretend to be someone or something else; to disguise oneself. Example: The spy masqueraded as a waiter to gather information at the secret meeting.
flaw (noun): a defect or imperfection; a weakness or mistake. Example: The design of the building had a major flaw, causing leaks during heavy rain.
faith (noun): complete trust or confidence in someone or something; belief in the absence of proof. Example: He had faith in his team's ability to win the championship.
criteria (noun): standards or principles used to evaluate or assess something. Example: The selection committee has specific criteria for choosing the best candidate.
dubious (adjective): doubtful or uncertain; questionable. Example: The politician's dubious ethics raised concerns among the voters.
censure (verb): to express strong disapproval or criticism. Example: The committee voted to censure the senator for his unethical behavior.
redevelopment (noun): the process of renovating or rebuilding an area or property for a new purpose. Example: The city invested in redevelopment projects to revitalize the downtown area.
incorporating (verb): including or integrating something as part of a whole. Example: The new software update will incorporate several user-requested features.
potential (noun): the possibility or likelihood of something happening or being realized. Example: The candidate has great potential for success in the field of technology.
proposition (noun): a suggested plan or idea; a proposal. Example: The company presented a business proposition to the investors.
failings (noun): weaknesses or shortcomings; areas where someone or something falls short. Example: The coach addressed the team's failings and worked on improving their performance.
resounding (adjective):
resounding (adjective): impressive and unmistakable; producing a loud and echoing sound. Example: The team's victory was met with resounding applause from the crowd.
optimism (noun): a hopeful and positive outlook; the belief that things will turn out well. Example: Despite the challenges, she maintained an attitude of optimism and never gave up.
breeding (noun): the process of producing offspring through reproduction. Example: The farm specializes in the breeding of rare and exotic species of birds.
progress (noun): forward or onward movement towards a goal or destination. Example: The construction project is making steady progress and is expected to be completed on time.
target (noun): a specific goal or objective to be achieved. Example: The company set ambitious sales targets for the upcoming quarter.
captive (adjective): held or confined as a prisoner or under someone's control. Example: The captive animals were eventually released back into their natural habitat.
propagation (noun): the act of reproducing or multiplying; the process of spreading or disseminating. Example: The propagation of ideas through social media has led to rapid information sharing.
implement (verb): to put into effect or action; to carry out or execute a plan. Example: The company plans to implement new strategies to improve customer satisfaction.
dedicated (adjective): committed and devoted to a task or cause. Example: She is a dedicated teacher who goes above and beyond to help her students succeed.
behaviour (noun): the way in which a person or animal acts or conducts oneself. Example: The child's disruptive behaviour in class led to a meeting with the parents.
cooperate (verb): to work together willingly and actively towards a common goal. Example: The two companies agreed to cooperate on a joint marketing campaign.
proposition (noun): a suggested plan or idea; a proposal. Example: The company presented a business proposition to the investors.
captivity (noun): the state of being confined or held prisoner. Example: The animals showed signs of stress after years of captivity in the small cages.
conservationist (noun): a person who advocates for the protection and preservation of the environment and wildlife. Example: The conservationist worked tirelessly to save the endangered species from extinction.
endorsed (verb): publicly support or recommend. Example: The famous athlete endorsed the new sports drink in a television commercial.
core (noun): the central or essential part of something. Example: The core of the argument was the need for stricter environmental regulations.
scheme (noun): a plan, design, or system. Example: The government introduced a new tax scheme to encourage renewable energy.
document (noun): a written or printed piece of information that provides evidence or records facts. Example: The legal document outlined the terms of the contract.
flawed (adjective): having errors, defects, or weaknesses. Example: The study's methodology was flawed, resulting in inaccurate conclusions.
considered (adjective): thought about or contemplated. Example: After careful thought, she made a considered decision to pursue a different
considered (adjective): thought about or contemplated. Example: After careful thought, she made a considered decision to pursue a different career path.
select (adjective): carefully chosen or picked out. Example: The art gallery showcased a select collection of contemporary paintings.
membership (noun): the state of being a member or part of a group or organization. Example: The membership in the club provides access to exclusive benefits and events.
roundly (adverb): in a forceful and comprehensive manner; thoroughly. Example: The company was roundly criticized for its unethical business practices.
veterinary (adjective): relating to the medical care and treatment of animals. Example: She decided to pursue a career in veterinary medicine to help sick and injured animals.
inspector (noun): a person who officially examines or investigates something to ensure compliance or quality. Example: The building inspector checked the construction site to ensure it met safety regulations.
notorious (adjective): famous or well-known, typically for something negative or unfavorable. Example: The city had a notorious reputation for its high crime rates.
obliged (verb): to be legally or morally bound to do something; to feel compelled or required. Example: She felt obliged to help her neighbor with the heavy groceries.
standards (noun): a level of quality or attainment that is considered acceptable or desirable. Example: The company has high standards for customer service and satisfaction.
overall (adjective): taking everything into account; considering all aspects. Example: The overall performance of the team was outstanding, leading to their victory.
reputation (noun): the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something. Example: The restaurant has built a reputation for its delicious and innovative cuisine.
rapid (adjective): happening quickly or with great speed; fast-paced. Example: Technological advancements have led to rapid changes in the way we communicate.
PASSAGE-3
ARCHITECTURE - Reaching for the Sky
architecture: (noun) the art and science of designing buildings and structures. Example: "The city's skyline is dominated by impressive architecture."
reflect: (verb) to show or express a particular quality or feature. Example: "The building's design reflects the cultural heritage of the region."
aspiration: (noun) a strong desire or ambition. Example: "The architect's aspiration was to create a sustainable and functional space."
controversial: (adjective) causing disagreement or discussion. Example: "The proposed design for the new museum has sparked controversial debates among architects."
style: (noun) a particular form or approach to artistic expression. Example: "The building's architectural style is a blend of modern and traditional elements."
movement: (noun) a group or trend with a particular artistic or ideological focus. Example: "The Modernist movement challenged conventional architectural norms."
origins: (noun) the point or place where something begins or is derived from. Example: "The origins of this architectural style can be traced back to the early 20th century."
technological: (adjective) relating to technology or technological advancements. Example: "The architect incorporated technological innovations into the building's design."
materials: (noun) substances used to make or construct something. Example: "The choice of materials in sustainable architecture is crucial for reducing environmental impact."
concrete: (noun) a building material made from a mixture of cement, sand, and gravel. Example: "The walls of the structure were constructed using reinforced concrete."
strengthened: (verb) made stronger or more resilient. Example: "The use of steel bars strengthened the building's foundation."
urban: (adjective) relating to a city or town. Example: "The rapid growth of urban areas led to increased demand for housing."
slums: (noun) overcrowded and poor neighborhoods with substandard living conditions. Example: "Efforts are being made to improve living conditions in urban slums."
emerged: (verb) came into existence or prominence. Example: "A new architectural style emerged in the mid-20th century."
idealistic: (adjective) characterized by the pursuit of noble or high-minded principles. Example: "The architect had idealistic visions of creating a harmonious urban environment."
geometric: (adjective) relating to or characterized by geometric shapes or forms. Example: "The building's design featured clean lines and geometric patterns."
decoration: (noun) ornamentation or embellishment added to enhance appearance. Example: "The minimalist design avoided unnecessary decoration."
influential: (adjective) having great influence or impact. Example: "Le Corbusier was one of the most influential architects of the Modernist movement."
economic: (adjective) relating to the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. Example: "The economic conditions influenced architectural development in the post-war era."
realized: (verb) made into reality or achieved. Example: "The architect's vision was realized in the construction of the iconic building."
standardized: (verb) made uniform or consistent in quality, style, or appearance. Example: "The International Style standardized the design of buildings worldwide."
exploited: (verb) used or taken advantage of for personal gain. Example: "The developers exploited the demand for affordable housing by cutting corners in construction."
improvement: (noun) the act or process of making something better. Example: "The renovation project brought significant improvements to the building's functionality."
preserving: (verb) protecting or maintaining something in its original state. Example: "The organization is dedicated to preserving historic buildings for future generations."
facades: (noun) the front-facing side of a building. Example: "The architect retained the original facades of the historic structure."
emerging: (adjective) developing or coming into existence. Example: "The city has an emerging architectural scene with innovative designs."
sophisticated: (adjective) complex, advanced, or refined. Example: "The building's sophisticated design incorporates cutting-edge technology."
coexistence: (noun) the state of existing together or simultaneously. Example: "The architectural style reflects the coexistence of different historical influences."
trend: (noun) a general direction in which something is developing or changing. Example: "Green architecture is becoming a popular trend in sustainable design."
awareness: (noun) knowledge or understanding of a particular situation or fact. Example: "There is a growing public awareness of the importance of environmentally friendly architecture."
efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task or produce results with minimal waste or effort. Example: "Energy efficiency is a key consideration in modern building design."
quality: (noun) the standard or level of excellence of something. Example: "The architect focused on ensuring the highest quality in every detail of the design."
economical: (adjective) cost-effective or efficient in the use of resources. Example: "The use of sustainable materials makes the building more economical in the long run."
land: (noun) an area of ground, especially in terms of ownership or use. Example: "The skyscraper was built to maximize the land usage in the city center."
construction: (noun) the process of building or assembling something. Example: "The construction of the new bridge is scheduled to begin next year."
techniques: (noun) methods or procedures used to accomplish a specific task. Example: "The architect employed innovative construction techniques in the project."
parading: (verb) displaying or showing off openly or proudly. Example: "The building's design embraced the idea of parading its structural elements."
imitations: (noun) copies or replicas that attempt to resemble the original. Example: "The market was flooded with cheap imitations of famous architectural designs."
interest: (noun) the state of wanting to know or learn more about something. Example: "There is a renewed interest in sustainable and eco-friendly architecture."
classical: (adjective) relating to the ancient Greek and Roman architectural style. Example: "The building's classical columns and proportions evoke a sense of grandeur."
context**: (noun) the circumstances or conditions in which something exists or occurs. Example: "The architectural design must consider the context of the surrounding environment."
tradition: (noun) a long-established or inherited way of thinking or doing something. Example: "The architect drew inspiration from local architectural traditions."
environmental: (adjective) relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it. Example: "The building incorporates environmental features such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting."
tall: (adjective) of great height; high. Example: "The city skyline is dotted with tall skyscrapers."
frames: (noun) rigid structures that provide support or enclosure. Example: "The building's steel frames allowed for flexible floor plans."
passenger: (noun) a person traveling in a vehicle, such as a car or an elevator. Example: "The passenger elevator can transport people between floors quickly."
originated: (verb) had its source or beginning. Example: "The concept of the skyscraper originated in the late 19th century."
reality: (noun) the state of existing or being actual. Example: "The architect's vision became a reality with the completion of the building."
improved: (adjective) made better than before. Example: "The renovated building features improved accessibility and energy efficiency."
demand: (noun) the desire or need for a particular product or service. Example: "There is a growing demand for sustainable housing solutions."
ACADEMIC READING TEST-2
PASSAGE-1
Right and left-handedness in humans
left-handedness: (noun) the preference or inclination to use the left hand more dominantly than the right hand. Example: "Left-handedness is less common in the population compared to right-handedness."
asymmetry: (noun) lack of symmetry or balance; the condition of being unequal or uneven. Example: "The human brain displays a certain degree of asymmetry in terms of its functions."
genetic: (adjective) relating to genes or heredity. Example: "There is evidence to suggest that genetic factors play a role in determining handedness."
offspring: (noun) the child or children of a person or animal. Example: "The offspring of left-handed parents may have a higher likelihood of being left-handed themselves."
identical: (adjective) exactly alike or the same. Example: "Even identical twins can exhibit different handedness preferences."
dominance: (noun) the condition of being more powerful, influential, or prevalent than others. Example: "In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain typically shows dominance in language processing."
hemisphere: (noun) half of a sphere, especially one of the halves of the brain. Example: "The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with language functions in most right-handed people."
bilateral: (adjective) relating to or affecting both sides. Example: "Left-handers may exhibit a more bilateral distribution of speech functions in the brain."
embryos: (noun) the early stage of development in an organism before it is born or hatched. Example: "Studies on human embryos have shown the existence of left-right brain asymmetry before birth."
lateralised: (verb) to show a preference or tendency for one side over the other. Example: "Some individuals may have less lateralised brain development, leading to left-handedness."
superior: (adjective) higher in quality, skill, or ability. Example: "Left-handed individuals may exhibit superior skills in certain areas associated with the left hemisphere."
logic: (noun) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity. Example: "Left-handers tend to excel in logic and abstract thinking."
rationality: (noun) the quality of being based on reason or logic. Example: "The left hemisphere of the brain is often associated with rationality and analytical thinking."
abstraction: (noun) the process of thinking about or representing something in a general or conceptual way. Example: "Left-handers may have a predisposition for abstraction and creative thinking."
attitudes: (noun) a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior. Example: "Attitudes towards left-handed people are slowly changing as more research is conducted."
subliminally: (adverb) below the threshold of conscious perception; without conscious awareness. Example: "Language can subliminally influence our perception and biases."
sinister: (adjective) giving the impression of harmful or evil intent; threatening or ominous. Example: "The word "left" is sometimes associated with a sinister connotation."
freedom: (noun) the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Example: "Left-handed children forced to use their right hand may feel their freedom of expression is limited."
attitudes: (noun) a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior.
consolation: (noun) comfort or solace in a time of distress or disappointment. Example: "The research findings provide some consolation for left-handers who have faced challenges in a right-handed world."
virtue: (noun) a quality or trait considered morally good or desirable. Example: "The word "right" is often associated with positive connotations and seen as a virtue."
compliments: (noun) polite expressions of praise or admiration. Example: "Left-handed compliments are backhanded remarks that may seem flattering but actually contain a hidden insult."
robbed: (verb) to deprive someone of something valuable or important. Example: "Left-handed children forced to use their right hand may feel robbed of their natural inclination."
attitudes: (noun) a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior. Example: "As research progresses, attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually becoming more inclusive."
journalist: (noun) a person who reports, writes, or edits news stories or articles for newspapers, magazines, or broadcast media. Example: "Charles Moore, a renowned journalist, has highlighted the biases associated with right-handedness in language and society."
subconscious: (adjective) existing or operating in the mind beneath or beyond consciousness. Example: "Language can have a subconscious influence on our thoughts and perceptions."
research: (noun) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Example: "Ongoing research on the causes of left-handedness contributes to a better understanding of this trait."
changing: (verb) undergoing a transformation or becoming different. Example: "As more information becomes available, attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing."
champion: (noun) a person who has surpassed all rivals in a competition or activity. Example: "Ivan Lendl, a renowned tennis champion, expressed a desire to be left-handed to enhance his game."
lefthander: (noun) a person who predominantly uses their left hand for activities. Example: "Among mathematicians and architects, lefthanders are more common than in other professions."
stammer: (verb) to speak with involuntary pauses or repetitions of sounds, often due to nervousness or speech impediments. Example: "Left-handed children forced to switch to their right hand may experience difficulties and develop a stammer as they struggle to adjust."
logic: (noun) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity. Example: "Certain superior skills, such as logic, rationality, and abstraction, are associated with the left hemisphere of the brain."
rationality: (noun) the quality of being based on or in accordance with reason or logic. Example: "Left-handed individuals may possess a greater inclination towards rationality due to the specialization of the left hemisphere of the brain."
abstraction: (noun) the process of considering something independently of its associations, attributes, or concrete existence. Example: "The left hemisphere's involvement in abstraction allows left-handed individuals to excel in creative and conceptual thinking."
superior: (adjective) higher in quality, value, or skill level. Example: "Left-handed individuals have been found to demonstrate superior skills in certain fields such as mathematics and architecture."
masculine: (adjective) having qualities or characteristics typically associated with men or boys. Example: "Research suggests that the development of a male brain may contribute to the prevalence of left-handedness and certain masculine traits."
embryos: (noun) unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development. Example: "Studies on human embryos have revealed that left-right brain asymmetry exists even before birth."
lateralised: (adjective) having a tendency or preference for using one side of the body or brain more than the other. Example: "The brain's lateralised development during pregnancy can influence handedness and language dominance."
specialisation: (noun) the process of concentrating on and becoming an expert in a particular subject or skill. Example: "The specialisation of brain functions, including language processing, contributes to the development of handedness."
foetus: (noun) an unborn or unhatched offspring of a mammal, in particular, an unborn human more than eight weeks after conception. Example: "During the development of a male foetus, hormonal factors can influence brain lateralisation and the likelihood of left-handedness."
skills: (noun) abilities or competencies developed through training, practice, or experience. Example: "Left-handed individuals may possess certain skills and advantages, such as enhanced spatial reasoning abilities."
origins: (noun) the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived from. Example: "The origins of left-handedness and its correlation with brain hemispheres have been the subject of extensive scientific investigation."
gradually: (adverb) happening or changing slowly or in small increments over time. Example: "Attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually becoming more inclusive and accepting."
inclination: (noun) a person's natural tendency or preference towards a particular course of action or behavior. Example: "Left-handed individuals have an innate inclination to use their left hand for various activities."
information: (noun) facts or knowledge acquired through study, research, or experience. Example: "Ongoing research provides valuable information about the factors influencing handedness and brain lateralisation."
inclusive: (adjective) including or covering all items, services, facilities, or categories. Example: "Society is becoming more inclusive by recognizing and accommodating the needs and preferences of left-handed individuals."
prevalence: (noun) the condition of being widespread
widespread: (adjective) existing or happening over a large area or among many people. Example: "The prevalence of right-handedness is widespread in human populations, with approximately 90 percent of individuals being right-handed."
consolation: (noun) comfort or solace in a time of disappointment or loss. Example: "The research findings may offer some consolation to left-handed individuals who have historically faced challenges in a right-handed world."
virtue: (noun) a quality or trait that is considered morally good or desirable. Example: "Mr. Charles Moore highlights that the word 'right' in language often reinforces its own virtue, while the left is associated with negative connotations."
sinister: (adjective) suggesting or indicating harm, evil, or malevolence. Example: "Language and cultural biases have historically associated the left with sinister meanings, perpetuating negative stereotypes."
attitudes: (noun) opinions, beliefs, or feelings towards something or someone. Example: "The attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing, fostering a more inclusive and accepting environment."
journalist: (noun) a person who collects, writes, or reports news for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio. Example: "Mr. Charles Moore, a renowned writer and journalist, sheds light on the biases and challenges faced by left-handed individuals."
subliminally: (adverb) in a manner that is not consciously perceived or understood. Example: "According to Mr. Charles Moore, language subliminally reinforces biases by associating positive qualities with the right and negative qualities with the left."
freedom: (noun) the power or right to act, speak, or think without hindrance or restraint. Example: "Mr. Charles Moore suggests that left-handed children forced to use their right hand may experience a loss of freedom of speech."
tournament: (noun) a competition or contest in which players or teams compete against each other to determine a winner. Example: "Left-handed tennis player Ivan Lendl, a former champion, expressed his desire to become a left-hander to improve his game in a tournament."
researchers: (noun) individuals who engage in systematic investigation, study, or analysis to contribute to knowledge in a specific field. Example: "Various researchers have dedicated their efforts to understanding the factors influencing handedness, brain lateralisation, and associated traits."
asymmetry: (noun) the lack of equality or balance between two sides or parts. Example: "The human brain's asymmetry between the left and right hemispheres contributes to handedness and language dominance."
speech impediments: (noun) difficulties or disorders that affect the ability to produce or articulate speech sounds. Example: "Some left-handed children forced to switch to their right hand may develop speech impediments as they adapt to the change."
champion: (noun) a person who has defeated all competitors in a competition and holds the title or highest rank. Example: "Ivan Lendl, a renowned tennis champion, recognized the advantages associated with being a left-handed player."
PASSAGE-2
MIGRATORY BEEKEEPING
eke out: (phrasal verb) to make a living or obtain something with difficulty or by using limited resources. Example: "The beekeepers managed to eke out a living from their honeybee business."
commercial: (adjective) relating to or engaged in commerce or business activities. Example: "The United States has a significant number of commercial beekeepers."
honeybee: (noun) a type of bee that produces honey and plays a crucial role in pollination. Example: "Honeybees are important for both honey production and crop pollination."
pollinate: (verb) to transfer pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ of a flower, resulting in fertilization. Example: "Bees help to pollinate crops, contributing to their growth and reproduction."
scramble: (verb) to move or act quickly and eagerly, often in a chaotic or disorganized manner. Example: "Beekeepers scramble to secure pollination contracts in high-demand areas."
fertile: (adjective) capable of producing abundant crops, offspring, or other desirable results. Example: "California's Central Valley is known for its fertile agricultural land."
migration: (noun) the regular seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, often in search of better resources or suitable conditions. Example: "The migration of beekeepers allows their bees to access more flowering fields."
blooming: (adjective) in the process of producing flowers or in full flower. Example: "The migratory beekeepers move their bees to blooming fields for optimal honey production."
keepers: (noun) those who take care of or manage something. Example: "Beekeepers are responsible for the well-being of their honeybee colonies."
rent: (verb) to allow someone to use or occupy property in exchange for payment. Example: "Farmers rent bees from beekeepers to ensure their crops are adequately pollinated."
migratory: (adjective) relating to or characterized by migration. Example: "The migratory behavior of bees is essential for their survival and honey production."
experimented: (verb) tried or tested a new idea, method, or activity to see how it works or what results it produces. Example: "North American beekeepers experimented with moving bees on barges and railroads."
affordable: (adjective) reasonably priced and within one's financial means. Example: "The affordability of cars and trucks facilitated the growth of migratory beekeeping."
catch on: (phrasal verb) become popular or widely accepted. Example: "Migratory beekeeping began to catch on when transportation options improved."
pollination: (noun) the process of transferring pollen from the male to the female reproductive organs of a plant, resulting in fertilization. Example: "Effective pollination is crucial for the successful reproduction of many plant species."
grove: (noun) a small group of trees, especially fruit trees. Example: "Almond groves provide essential resources for honeybees during the pollination season."
bonanza: (noun) a situation or event that creates a sudden increase in wealth, success, or good fortune. Example: "The
bonanza: (noun) a situation or event that creates a sudden increase in wealth, success, or good fortune. Example: "The pollination season is a bonanza for both beekeepers and their bees, as they can earn significant income from almond groves."
pacify: (verb) to calm or soothe someone or something. Example: "Beekeepers use smoke to pacify the bees and keep them relatively calm during hive transportation."
fragrant: (adjective) having a pleasant or sweet smell. Example: "Honey produced from orange groves is known for its fragrant aroma."
stack: (verb) to pile or arrange things in a neat and orderly manner. Example: "The beekeepers stack the beehives onto wooden pallets for transportation."
extra: (adjective) additional or supplementary. Example: "Beekeepers