Cambridge IELTS 1 Reading Vocabulary

ACADEMIC READING TEST-1

 PASSAGE-1

A spark, a flint: How fire leapt to life

Here are 50 vocabulary words from the passage, excluding levels A1 and A2:

1. divine (adjective): relating to or coming from a god; sacred. Example: "To early man, fire was seen as a divine gift from the gods."

2. randomly (adverb): happening without a definite plan or pattern; by chance. Example: "Early humans believed that fire was delivered randomly through natural events like lightning."

3. slow-burning (adjective): burning or smoldering at a slow and steady pace. Example: "Early peoples stored fire by keeping slow-burning logs alight."

4. friction (noun): the resistance encountered when one surface rubs against another; the act of rubbing. Example: "The earliest method of making fire involved creating friction by rubbing wooden drills together."

5. concentrate (verb): to bring or draw together in one place; to focus. Example: "The Ancient Greeks used lenses to concentrate the sun's rays for fire-lighting."

6. efficient (adjective): achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Example: "The technique of chipping flints to produce sparks became more efficient with the discovery of iron."

7. compound (noun): a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Example: "The Eskimos produced a spark by striking quartz against iron pyrites, a compound containing sulphur."

8. tinder (noun): dry, flammable material that can be ignited to start a fire. Example: "Steel, flint, and tinder were commonly used for fire-lighting in Europe."

9. combustibility (noun): the ability of a substance to burn or ignite. Example: "Chemists were impressed by the combustibility of phosphorus and used it in early fire-lighting devices."

10. inflammable (adjective): easily set on fire; flammable. Example: "The results of using phosphorus in fire-lighting devices were dangerously inflammable."

11. matches (noun): small wooden sticks with a combustible tip that can be ignited by friction. Example: "The first matches resembling those used today were made in 1827."

12. pharmacist (noun): a person trained in preparing and dispensing medicinal drugs. Example: "John Walker, an English pharmacist, made the first matches similar to modern ones."

13. patented (verb): obtained exclusive rights to a product or invention through an official process. Example: "John Walker never patented his match invention."

14. toxic (adjective): poisonous or harmful to living organisms. Example: "The use of white phosphorus in matches proved to be toxic and caused health issues."

15. substitute (verb): to use or put in place of another; to replace. Example: "Charles Sauria created the first "strike-anywhere" match by substituting white phosphorus with another ingredient."

16. necrosis (noun): the death of cells or tissue in the body, often caused by injury or disease. Example: "Match-makers exposed to white phosphorus fumes suffered from necrosis, a disease affecting the jawbones."

17. exploited (verb): used to one's advantage, often unfairly or selfishly. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom **explo

1. exploited (verb): used to one's advantage, often unfairly or selfishly. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom exploited the commercial potential of non-toxic red phosphorus for safety matches."

2. ignition (noun): the process or action of igniting or starting a fire. Example: "The match tip contained potassium chlorate with a relatively high ignition temperature."

3. lagged behind (phrase): to be slower or behind in progress or development compared to others. Example: "America lagged behind Europe in match technology and safety standards."

4. patent (noun): a government license granting the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a certain period of time. Example: "The Diamond Match Company bought a French patent for safety matches."

5. innovation (noun): a new idea, method, or product introduced for the first time. Example: "The Diamond Match Company pioneered innovations like book matches."

6. prevailing (adjective): existing or most commonly encountered at a particular time or place. Example: "The French patent did not work properly in the different prevailing climatic conditions in America."

7. adapted (verb): made suitable or adjusted to fit a new or different purpose or situation. Example: "Scientists adapted the French patent for the US by making necessary modifications."

8. novel (adjective): new, original, or unusual in an interesting way. Example: "A brewery had the novel idea of advertising its product in match books."

9. after-glow (noun): a glowing light or lingering brightness that remains after something has been extinguished. Example: "An anti-after-glow solution prevented the match from smoldering after it was blown out."

10. smoldering (adjective): burning with little or no flame and producing smoke. Example: "The match had a tendency to keep smoldering even after it was extinguished."

11. waterproof (adjective): resistant to the penetration of water, preventing water from entering or affecting it. Example: "The invention of the waterproof match allowed it to be ignited even after being submerged in water for hours."

12. quest (noun): a long or arduous search for something. Example: "The quest for a practical match led to various experiments and innovations."

13. transmute (verb): to change or alter in form, nature, or substance. Example: "The German alchemist was trying to transmute silver into gold when he discovered phosphorus."

14. chemists (noun): scientists who specialize in the study of chemistry and the properties of substances. Example: "Several 17th-century chemists used phosphorus in their fire-lighting experiments."

15. hazardous (adjective): involving risk or danger; potentially harmful. Example: "The early fire-lighting devices made with phosphorus were hazardous and could easily catch fire."

16. splints (noun): thin, narrow pieces of wood or other material used for lighting or igniting a fire. Example: "Splints treated with chemicals were dipped in a bottle of sulphuric acid in the Instantaneous Light Box."

17. invention (noun): a unique device, method, or process created by human skill and imagination. Example: "John Walker's match-making invention revolutionized fire

1. invention (noun): a unique device, method, or process created by human skill and imagination. Example: "John Walker's match-making invention revolutionized fire-lighting."

2. formula (noun): a set of prescribed ingredients or instructions for preparing or making something. Example: "John Walker borrowed the formula for matches from a military rocket-maker."

3. compatriot (noun): a person from one's own country or with whom one shares a common nationality. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom, a Swedish compatriot of Pasch, exploited the commercial potential of non-toxic red phosphorus."

4. catch on (phrase): to become popular or widely accepted. Example: "Book matches didn't catch on until they were used for advertising."

5. climatic (adjective): relating to the climate or weather conditions of a particular region. Example: "The French patent didn't work properly in the climatic conditions prevailing in America."

6. commercially (adverb): in a way that is related to or intended for buying and selling products or services. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom exploited non-toxic red phosphorus commercially for safety matches."

7. dispensing (verb): preparing and giving out a product or substance, typically in a measured quantity. Example: "A pharmacist is trained in dispensing medicinal drugs."

8. splinter (noun): a small, sharp, thin piece of wood or other material that has broken off from a larger piece. Example: "The match was ignited by striking it against a splinter of glass paper."

9. toxicity (noun): the degree to which a substance can cause harm or damage to living organisms. Example: "The toxicity of white phosphorus led to health issues among match-makers."

10. ignition temperature (noun): the minimum temperature at which a substance will ignite and sustain combustion. Example: "The match tip contained potassium chlorate, which had a relatively high ignition temperature."

11. marketing (noun): the action or business of promoting and selling products or services. Example: "The Diamond Match Company pioneered match marketing techniques."

12. innovations (noun): new or improved ideas, devices, or methods. Example: "The Diamond Match Company introduced various innovations like book matches."

13. catch fire (phrase): to start burning suddenly or become engulfed in flames. Example: "The early fire-lighting devices made with phosphorus could easily catch fire."

14. modifications (noun): changes or adjustments made to something in order to improve it or make it suitable for a specific purpose. Example: "Scientists made necessary modifications to adapt the French patent for the US."

15. expensive (adjective): costing a lot of money; high-priced. Example: "The first matches made with phosphorus were expensive due to the high cost of the element."

16. phosphoric (adjective): relating to or containing phosphorus. Example: "The Phosphoric Candle contained a twist of paper tipped with phosphoric materials."

17. non-toxic (adjective): not harmful or poisonous to living organisms. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom's safety matches used non-toxic red phosphorus."

18. exposed to (phrase): subjected to or affected by something, typically something negative or harmful. Example: "Match-makers who were exposed to the fumes of white phosphorus suffered from health issues."

1. banned (verb): officially prohibited or not allowed. Example: "White phosphorus was banned in 1906 due to its harmful effects."

2. discovered (verb): found or learned something for the first time. Example: "A Swedish chemist called Pasch discovered non-toxic red phosphorus."

3. red phosphorus (noun): a non-toxic form of phosphorus that is used in the production of safety matches. Example: "J.E. Lundstrom utilized red phosphorus in the creation of safe matches."

4. compound (noun): a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Example: "Iron pyrites is a compound that contains sulphur, used by Eskimos to produce sparks."

5. combustibility (noun): the ability to catch fire and burn. Example: "Chemists were impressed by the element's combustibility when they discovered phosphorus."

6. Alchemist (noun): a person who practices alchemy, a medieval chemical philosophy and precursor to modern chemistry. Example: "The German alchemist attempted to transmute silver into gold and discovered phosphorus."

7. self-combust (verb): ignite or catch fire on its own without an external flame. Example: "When the sealed glass tube was broken, the phosphorus would self-combust due to the rush of air."

8. chemically treated (phrase): subjected to a process involving the use of chemicals. Example: "Splints were chemically treated before being dipped in sulphuric acid in the Instantaneous Light Box."

9. pharmacist (noun): a person who is trained and licensed to prepare and dispense medicinal drugs. Example: "John Walker, an English pharmacist, invented the first matches resembling those used today."

10. pioneered (verb): introduced or developed something for the first time. Example: "The Diamond Match Company pioneered the concept of book matches."

 PASSAGE-2

Zoo Conservation Programmes

1. distort (verb): to alter or twist the meaning or appearance of something. Example: The media often distort information to create sensational stories.

2. endangered (adjective): at risk of becoming extinct or disappearing. Example: The conservationists are working to protect endangered species in the rainforest.

3. sceptical (adjective): having doubts or reservations; inclined to question or doubt something. Example: She was sceptical about the politician's promises and wanted to see real action.

4. mediocre (adjective): of only average quality; not very good. Example: The restaurant received mediocre reviews and struggled to attract customers.

5. conservation (noun): the protection, preservation, and careful management of natural resources and wildlife. Example: The government implemented strict conservation measures to protect the national park.

6. unrealistic (adjective): not based on reality; not practical or achievable. Example: His plans to become a millionaire overnight were unrealistic and lacked a solid foundation.

7. estimate (verb): to make an approximate judgment or calculation. Example: The experts estimated that the project would take six months to complete.

8. underestimate (verb): to underestimate or undervalue something or someone. Example: Don't underestimate her abilities; she's capable of achieving great things.

9. masquerade (verb): to pretend to be someone or something else; to disguise oneself. Example: The spy masqueraded as a waiter to gather information at the secret meeting.

10. flaw (noun): a defect or imperfection; a weakness or mistake. Example: The design of the building had a major flaw, causing leaks during heavy rain.

11. faith (noun): complete trust or confidence in someone or something; belief in the absence of proof. Example: He had faith in his team's ability to win the championship.

12. criteria (noun): standards or principles used to evaluate or assess something. Example: The selection committee has specific criteria for choosing the best candidate.

13. dubious (adjective): doubtful or uncertain; questionable. Example: The politician's dubious ethics raised concerns among the voters.

14. censure (verb): to express strong disapproval or criticism. Example: The committee voted to censure the senator for his unethical behavior.

15. redevelopment (noun): the process of renovating or rebuilding an area or property for a new purpose. Example: The city invested in redevelopment projects to revitalize the downtown area.

16. incorporating (verb): including or integrating something as part of a whole. Example: The new software update will incorporate several user-requested features.

17. potential (noun): the possibility or likelihood of something happening or being realized. Example: The candidate has great potential for success in the field of technology.

18. proposition (noun): a suggested plan or idea; a proposal. Example: The company presented a business proposition to the investors.

19. failings (noun): weaknesses or shortcomings; areas where someone or something falls short. Example: The coach addressed the team's failings and worked on improving their performance.

20. resounding (adjective):

1. resounding (adjective): impressive and unmistakable; producing a loud and echoing sound. Example: The team's victory was met with resounding applause from the crowd.

2. optimism (noun): a hopeful and positive outlook; the belief that things will turn out well. Example: Despite the challenges, she maintained an attitude of optimism and never gave up.

3. breeding (noun): the process of producing offspring through reproduction. Example: The farm specializes in the breeding of rare and exotic species of birds.

4. progress (noun): forward or onward movement towards a goal or destination. Example: The construction project is making steady progress and is expected to be completed on time.

5. target (noun): a specific goal or objective to be achieved. Example: The company set ambitious sales targets for the upcoming quarter.

6. captive (adjective): held or confined as a prisoner or under someone's control. Example: The captive animals were eventually released back into their natural habitat.

7. propagation (noun): the act of reproducing or multiplying; the process of spreading or disseminating. Example: The propagation of ideas through social media has led to rapid information sharing.

8. implement (verb): to put into effect or action; to carry out or execute a plan. Example: The company plans to implement new strategies to improve customer satisfaction.

9. dedicated (adjective): committed and devoted to a task or cause. Example: She is a dedicated teacher who goes above and beyond to help her students succeed.

10. behaviour (noun): the way in which a person or animal acts or conducts oneself. Example: The child's disruptive behaviour in class led to a meeting with the parents.

11. cooperate (verb): to work together willingly and actively towards a common goal. Example: The two companies agreed to cooperate on a joint marketing campaign.

12. proposition (noun): a suggested plan or idea; a proposal. Example: The company presented a business proposition to the investors.

13. captivity (noun): the state of being confined or held prisoner. Example: The animals showed signs of stress after years of captivity in the small cages.

14. conservationist (noun): a person who advocates for the protection and preservation of the environment and wildlife. Example: The conservationist worked tirelessly to save the endangered species from extinction.

15. endorsed (verb): publicly support or recommend. Example: The famous athlete endorsed the new sports drink in a television commercial.

16. core (noun): the central or essential part of something. Example: The core of the argument was the need for stricter environmental regulations.

17. scheme (noun): a plan, design, or system. Example: The government introduced a new tax scheme to encourage renewable energy.

18. document (noun): a written or printed piece of information that provides evidence or records facts. Example: The legal document outlined the terms of the contract.

19. flawed (adjective): having errors, defects, or weaknesses. Example: The study's methodology was flawed, resulting in inaccurate conclusions.

20. considered (adjective): thought about or contemplated. Example: After careful thought, she made a considered decision to pursue a different

1. considered (adjective): thought about or contemplated. Example: After careful thought, she made a considered decision to pursue a different career path.

2. select (adjective): carefully chosen or picked out. Example: The art gallery showcased a select collection of contemporary paintings.

3. membership (noun): the state of being a member or part of a group or organization. Example: The membership in the club provides access to exclusive benefits and events.

4. roundly (adverb): in a forceful and comprehensive manner; thoroughly. Example: The company was roundly criticized for its unethical business practices.

5. veterinary (adjective): relating to the medical care and treatment of animals. Example: She decided to pursue a career in veterinary medicine to help sick and injured animals.

6. inspector (noun): a person who officially examines or investigates something to ensure compliance or quality. Example: The building inspector checked the construction site to ensure it met safety regulations.

7. notorious (adjective): famous or well-known, typically for something negative or unfavorable. Example: The city had a notorious reputation for its high crime rates.

8. obliged (verb): to be legally or morally bound to do something; to feel compelled or required. Example: She felt obliged to help her neighbor with the heavy groceries.

9. standards (noun): a level of quality or attainment that is considered acceptable or desirable. Example: The company has high standards for customer service and satisfaction.

10. overall (adjective): taking everything into account; considering all aspects. Example: The overall performance of the team was outstanding, leading to their victory.

11. reputation (noun): the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something. Example: The restaurant has built a reputation for its delicious and innovative cuisine.

12. rapid (adjective): happening quickly or with great speed; fast-paced. Example: Technological advancements have led to rapid changes in the way we communicate.

PASSAGE-3

ARCHITECTURE - Reaching for the Sky

1. architecture: (noun) the art and science of designing buildings and structures. Example: "The city's skyline is dominated by impressive architecture."

2. reflect: (verb) to show or express a particular quality or feature. Example: "The building's design reflects the cultural heritage of the region."

3. aspiration: (noun) a strong desire or ambition. Example: "The architect's aspiration was to create a sustainable and functional space."

4. controversial: (adjective) causing disagreement or discussion. Example: "The proposed design for the new museum has sparked controversial debates among architects."

5. style: (noun) a particular form or approach to artistic expression. Example: "The building's architectural style is a blend of modern and traditional elements."

6. movement: (noun) a group or trend with a particular artistic or ideological focus. Example: "The Modernist movement challenged conventional architectural norms."

7. origins: (noun) the point or place where something begins or is derived from. Example: "The origins of this architectural style can be traced back to the early 20th century."

8. technological: (adjective) relating to technology or technological advancements. Example: "The architect incorporated technological innovations into the building's design."

9. materials: (noun) substances used to make or construct something. Example: "The choice of materials in sustainable architecture is crucial for reducing environmental impact."

10. concrete: (noun) a building material made from a mixture of cement, sand, and gravel. Example: "The walls of the structure were constructed using reinforced concrete."

11. strengthened: (verb) made stronger or more resilient. Example: "The use of steel bars strengthened the building's foundation."

12. urban: (adjective) relating to a city or town. Example: "The rapid growth of urban areas led to increased demand for housing."

13. slums: (noun) overcrowded and poor neighborhoods with substandard living conditions. Example: "Efforts are being made to improve living conditions in urban slums."

14. emerged: (verb) came into existence or prominence. Example: "A new architectural style emerged in the mid-20th century."

15. idealistic: (adjective) characterized by the pursuit of noble or high-minded principles. Example: "The architect had idealistic visions of creating a harmonious urban environment."

16. geometric: (adjective) relating to or characterized by geometric shapes or forms. Example: "The building's design featured clean lines and geometric patterns."

17. decoration: (noun) ornamentation or embellishment added to enhance appearance. Example: "The minimalist design avoided unnecessary decoration."

18. influential: (adjective) having great influence or impact. Example: "Le Corbusier was one of the most influential architects of the Modernist movement."

19. economic: (adjective) relating to the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. Example: "The economic conditions influenced architectural development in the post-war era."

20. realized: (verb) made into reality or achieved. Example: "The architect's vision was realized in the construction of the iconic building."

1. standardized: (verb) made uniform or consistent in quality, style, or appearance. Example: "The International Style standardized the design of buildings worldwide."

2. exploited: (verb) used or taken advantage of for personal gain. Example: "The developers exploited the demand for affordable housing by cutting corners in construction."

3. improvement: (noun) the act or process of making something better. Example: "The renovation project brought significant improvements to the building's functionality."

4. preserving: (verb) protecting or maintaining something in its original state. Example: "The organization is dedicated to preserving historic buildings for future generations."

5. facades: (noun) the front-facing side of a building. Example: "The architect retained the original facades of the historic structure."

6. emerging: (adjective) developing or coming into existence. Example: "The city has an emerging architectural scene with innovative designs."

7. sophisticated: (adjective) complex, advanced, or refined. Example: "The building's sophisticated design incorporates cutting-edge technology."

8. coexistence: (noun) the state of existing together or simultaneously. Example: "The architectural style reflects the coexistence of different historical influences."

9. trend: (noun) a general direction in which something is developing or changing. Example: "Green architecture is becoming a popular trend in sustainable design."

10. awareness: (noun) knowledge or understanding of a particular situation or fact. Example: "There is a growing public awareness of the importance of environmentally friendly architecture."

11. efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task or produce results with minimal waste or effort. Example: "Energy efficiency is a key consideration in modern building design."

12. quality: (noun) the standard or level of excellence of something. Example: "The architect focused on ensuring the highest quality in every detail of the design."

13. economical: (adjective) cost-effective or efficient in the use of resources. Example: "The use of sustainable materials makes the building more economical in the long run."

14. land: (noun) an area of ground, especially in terms of ownership or use. Example: "The skyscraper was built to maximize the land usage in the city center."

15. construction: (noun) the process of building or assembling something. Example: "The construction of the new bridge is scheduled to begin next year."

16. techniques: (noun) methods or procedures used to accomplish a specific task. Example: "The architect employed innovative construction techniques in the project."

17. parading: (verb) displaying or showing off openly or proudly. Example: "The building's design embraced the idea of parading its structural elements."

18. imitations: (noun) copies or replicas that attempt to resemble the original. Example: "The market was flooded with cheap imitations of famous architectural designs."

19. interest: (noun) the state of wanting to know or learn more about something. Example: "There is a renewed interest in sustainable and eco-friendly architecture."

20. classical: (adjective) relating to the ancient Greek and Roman architectural style. Example: "The building's classical columns and proportions evoke a sense of grandeur."

21. context**: (noun) the circumstances or conditions in which something exists or occurs. Example: "The architectural design must consider the context of the surrounding environment."

1. tradition: (noun) a long-established or inherited way of thinking or doing something. Example: "The architect drew inspiration from local architectural traditions."

2. environmental: (adjective) relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it. Example: "The building incorporates environmental features such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting."

3. tall: (adjective) of great height; high. Example: "The city skyline is dotted with tall skyscrapers."

4. frames: (noun) rigid structures that provide support or enclosure. Example: "The building's steel frames allowed for flexible floor plans."

5. passenger: (noun) a person traveling in a vehicle, such as a car or an elevator. Example: "The passenger elevator can transport people between floors quickly."

6. originated: (verb) had its source or beginning. Example: "The concept of the skyscraper originated in the late 19th century."

7. reality: (noun) the state of existing or being actual. Example: "The architect's vision became a reality with the completion of the building."

8. improved: (adjective) made better than before. Example: "The renovated building features improved accessibility and energy efficiency."

9. demand: (noun) the desire or need for a particular product or service. Example: "There is a growing demand for sustainable housing solutions."

ACADEMIC READING TEST-2

PASSAGE-1

Right and left-handedness in humans

left-handedness: (noun) the preference or inclination to use the left hand more dominantly than the right hand. Example: "Left-handedness is less common in the population compared to right-handedness."

asymmetry: (noun) lack of symmetry or balance; the condition of being unequal or uneven. Example: "The human brain displays a certain degree of asymmetry in terms of its functions."

genetic: (adjective) relating to genes or heredity. Example: "There is evidence to suggest that genetic factors play a role in determining handedness."

offspring: (noun) the child or children of a person or animal. Example: "The offspring of left-handed parents may have a higher likelihood of being left-handed themselves."

identical: (adjective) exactly alike or the same. Example: "Even identical twins can exhibit different handedness preferences."

dominance: (noun) the condition of being more powerful, influential, or prevalent than others. Example: "In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain typically shows dominance in language processing."

hemisphere: (noun) half of a sphere, especially one of the halves of the brain. Example: "The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with language functions in most right-handed people."

bilateral: (adjective) relating to or affecting both sides. Example: "Left-handers may exhibit a more bilateral distribution of speech functions in the brain."

embryos: (noun) the early stage of development in an organism before it is born or hatched. Example: "Studies on human embryos have shown the existence of left-right brain asymmetry before birth."

lateralised: (verb) to show a preference or tendency for one side over the other. Example: "Some individuals may have less lateralised brain development, leading to left-handedness."

superior: (adjective) higher in quality, skill, or ability. Example: "Left-handed individuals may exhibit superior skills in certain areas associated with the left hemisphere."

logic: (noun) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity. Example: "Left-handers tend to excel in logic and abstract thinking."

rationality: (noun) the quality of being based on reason or logic. Example: "The left hemisphere of the brain is often associated with rationality and analytical thinking."

abstraction: (noun) the process of thinking about or representing something in a general or conceptual way. Example: "Left-handers may have a predisposition for abstraction and creative thinking."

attitudes: (noun) a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior. Example: "Attitudes towards left-handed people are slowly changing as more research is conducted."

subliminally: (adverb) below the threshold of conscious perception; without conscious awareness. Example: "Language can subliminally influence our perception and biases."

sinister: (adjective) giving the impression of harmful or evil intent; threatening or ominous. Example: "The word "left" is sometimes associated with a sinister connotation."

freedom: (noun) the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Example: "Left-handed children forced to use their right hand may feel their freedom of expression is limited."

attitudes: (noun) a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior.

consolation: (noun) comfort or solace in a time of distress or disappointment. Example: "The research findings provide some consolation for left-handers who have faced challenges in a right-handed world."

virtue: (noun) a quality or trait considered morally good or desirable. Example: "The word "right" is often associated with positive connotations and seen as a virtue."

compliments: (noun) polite expressions of praise or admiration. Example: "Left-handed compliments are backhanded remarks that may seem flattering but actually contain a hidden insult."

robbed: (verb) to deprive someone of something valuable or important. Example: "Left-handed children forced to use their right hand may feel robbed of their natural inclination."

attitudes: (noun) a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior. Example: "As research progresses, attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually becoming more inclusive."

journalist: (noun) a person who reports, writes, or edits news stories or articles for newspapers, magazines, or broadcast media. Example: "Charles Moore, a renowned journalist, has highlighted the biases associated with right-handedness in language and society."

subconscious: (adjective) existing or operating in the mind beneath or beyond consciousness. Example: "Language can have a subconscious influence on our thoughts and perceptions."

research: (noun) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Example: "Ongoing research on the causes of left-handedness contributes to a better understanding of this trait."

changing: (verb) undergoing a transformation or becoming different. Example: "As more information becomes available, attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing."

champion: (noun) a person who has surpassed all rivals in a competition or activity. Example: "Ivan Lendl, a renowned tennis champion, expressed a desire to be left-handed to enhance his game."

lefthander: (noun) a person who predominantly uses their left hand for activities. Example: "Among mathematicians and architects, lefthanders are more common than in other professions."

stammer: (verb) to speak with involuntary pauses or repetitions of sounds, often due to nervousness or speech impediments. Example: "Left-handed children forced to switch to their right hand may experience difficulties and develop a stammer as they struggle to adjust."

logic: (noun) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity. Example: "Certain superior skills, such as logic, rationality, and abstraction, are associated with the left hemisphere of the brain."

rationality: (noun) the quality of being based on or in accordance with reason or logic. Example: "Left-handed individuals may possess a greater inclination towards rationality due to the specialization of the left hemisphere of the brain."

abstraction: (noun) the process of considering something independently of its associations, attributes, or concrete existence. Example: "The left hemisphere's involvement in abstraction allows left-handed individuals to excel in creative and conceptual thinking."

superior: (adjective) higher in quality, value, or skill level. Example: "Left-handed individuals have been found to demonstrate superior skills in certain fields such as mathematics and architecture."

masculine: (adjective) having qualities or characteristics typically associated with men or boys. Example: "Research suggests that the development of a male brain may contribute to the prevalence of left-handedness and certain masculine traits."

embryos: (noun) unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development. Example: "Studies on human embryos have revealed that left-right brain asymmetry exists even before birth."

lateralised: (adjective) having a tendency or preference for using one side of the body or brain more than the other. Example: "The brain's lateralised development during pregnancy can influence handedness and language dominance."

specialisation: (noun) the process of concentrating on and becoming an expert in a particular subject or skill. Example: "The specialisation of brain functions, including language processing, contributes to the development of handedness."

foetus: (noun) an unborn or unhatched offspring of a mammal, in particular, an unborn human more than eight weeks after conception. Example: "During the development of a male foetus, hormonal factors can influence brain lateralisation and the likelihood of left-handedness."

skills: (noun) abilities or competencies developed through training, practice, or experience. Example: "Left-handed individuals may possess certain skills and advantages, such as enhanced spatial reasoning abilities."

origins: (noun) the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived from. Example: "The origins of left-handedness and its correlation with brain hemispheres have been the subject of extensive scientific investigation."

gradually: (adverb) happening or changing slowly or in small increments over time. Example: "Attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually becoming more inclusive and accepting."

inclination: (noun) a person's natural tendency or preference towards a particular course of action or behavior. Example: "Left-handed individuals have an innate inclination to use their left hand for various activities."

information: (noun) facts or knowledge acquired through study, research, or experience. Example: "Ongoing research provides valuable information about the factors influencing handedness and brain lateralisation."

inclusive: (adjective) including or covering all items, services, facilities, or categories. Example: "Society is becoming more inclusive by recognizing and accommodating the needs and preferences of left-handed individuals."

prevalence: (noun) the condition of being widespread

widespread: (adjective) existing or happening over a large area or among many people. Example: "The prevalence of right-handedness is widespread in human populations, with approximately 90 percent of individuals being right-handed."

consolation: (noun) comfort or solace in a time of disappointment or loss. Example: "The research findings may offer some consolation to left-handed individuals who have historically faced challenges in a right-handed world."

virtue: (noun) a quality or trait that is considered morally good or desirable. Example: "Mr. Charles Moore highlights that the word 'right' in language often reinforces its own virtue, while the left is associated with negative connotations."

sinister: (adjective) suggesting or indicating harm, evil, or malevolence. Example: "Language and cultural biases have historically associated the left with sinister meanings, perpetuating negative stereotypes."

attitudes: (noun) opinions, beliefs, or feelings towards something or someone. Example: "The attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing, fostering a more inclusive and accepting environment."

journalist: (noun) a person who collects, writes, or reports news for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio. Example: "Mr. Charles Moore, a renowned writer and journalist, sheds light on the biases and challenges faced by left-handed individuals."

subliminally: (adverb) in a manner that is not consciously perceived or understood. Example: "According to Mr. Charles Moore, language subliminally reinforces biases by associating positive qualities with the right and negative qualities with the left."

freedom: (noun) the power or right to act, speak, or think without hindrance or restraint. Example: "Mr. Charles Moore suggests that left-handed children forced to use their right hand may experience a loss of freedom of speech."

tournament: (noun) a competition or contest in which players or teams compete against each other to determine a winner. Example: "Left-handed tennis player Ivan Lendl, a former champion, expressed his desire to become a left-hander to improve his game in a tournament."

researchers: (noun) individuals who engage in systematic investigation, study, or analysis to contribute to knowledge in a specific field. Example: "Various researchers have dedicated their efforts to understanding the factors influencing handedness, brain lateralisation, and associated traits."

asymmetry: (noun) the lack of equality or balance between two sides or parts. Example: "The human brain's asymmetry between the left and right hemispheres contributes to handedness and language dominance."

speech impediments: (noun) difficulties or disorders that affect the ability to produce or articulate speech sounds. Example: "Some left-handed children forced to switch to their right hand may develop speech impediments as they adapt to the change."

champion: (noun) a person who has defeated all competitors in a competition and holds the title or highest rank. Example: "Ivan Lendl, a renowned tennis champion, recognized the advantages associated with being a left-handed player."

PASSAGE-2

MIGRATORY BEEKEEPING

1. eke out: (phrasal verb) to make a living or obtain something with difficulty or by using limited resources. Example: "The beekeepers managed to eke out a living from their honeybee business."

2. commercial: (adjective) relating to or engaged in commerce or business activities. Example: "The United States has a significant number of commercial beekeepers."

3. honeybee: (noun) a type of bee that produces honey and plays a crucial role in pollination. Example: "Honeybees are important for both honey production and crop pollination."

4. pollinate: (verb) to transfer pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ of a flower, resulting in fertilization. Example: "Bees help to pollinate crops, contributing to their growth and reproduction."

5. scramble: (verb) to move or act quickly and eagerly, often in a chaotic or disorganized manner. Example: "Beekeepers scramble to secure pollination contracts in high-demand areas."

6. fertile: (adjective) capable of producing abundant crops, offspring, or other desirable results. Example: "California's Central Valley is known for its fertile agricultural land."

7. migration: (noun) the regular seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, often in search of better resources or suitable conditions. Example: "The migration of beekeepers allows their bees to access more flowering fields."

8. blooming: (adjective) in the process of producing flowers or in full flower. Example: "The migratory beekeepers move their bees to blooming fields for optimal honey production."

9. keepers: (noun) those who take care of or manage something. Example: "Beekeepers are responsible for the well-being of their honeybee colonies."

10. rent: (verb) to allow someone to use or occupy property in exchange for payment. Example: "Farmers rent bees from beekeepers to ensure their crops are adequately pollinated."

11. migratory: (adjective) relating to or characterized by migration. Example: "The migratory behavior of bees is essential for their survival and honey production."

12. experimented: (verb) tried or tested a new idea, method, or activity to see how it works or what results it produces. Example: "North American beekeepers experimented with moving bees on barges and railroads."

13. affordable: (adjective) reasonably priced and within one's financial means. Example: "The affordability of cars and trucks facilitated the growth of migratory beekeeping."

14. catch on: (phrasal verb) become popular or widely accepted. Example: "Migratory beekeeping began to catch on when transportation options improved."

15. pollination: (noun) the process of transferring pollen from the male to the female reproductive organs of a plant, resulting in fertilization. Example: "Effective pollination is crucial for the successful reproduction of many plant species."

16. grove: (noun) a small group of trees, especially fruit trees. Example: "Almond groves provide essential resources for honeybees during the pollination season."

17. bonanza: (noun) a situation or event that creates a sudden increase in wealth, success, or good fortune. Example: "The

1. bonanza: (noun) a situation or event that creates a sudden increase in wealth, success, or good fortune. Example: "The pollination season is a bonanza for both beekeepers and their bees, as they can earn significant income from almond groves."

2. pacify: (verb) to calm or soothe someone or something. Example: "Beekeepers use smoke to pacify the bees and keep them relatively calm during hive transportation."

3. fragrant: (adjective) having a pleasant or sweet smell. Example: "Honey produced from orange groves is known for its fragrant aroma."

4. stack: (verb) to pile or arrange things in a neat and orderly manner. Example: "The beekeepers stack the beehives onto wooden pallets for transportation."

5. extra: (adjective) additional or supplementary. Example: "Beekeepers add extra boxes called supers to the hives to encourage honey production."

6. temporary: (adjective) lasting for a limited period of time. Example: "Supers are temporary hive extensions used during the honey production period."

7. stash: (verb) to store or hide something in a secret or secure place. Example: "The bees stash honey in the brood chamber for future consumption."

8. insert: (verb) to put or place something into something else. Example: "Beekeepers can insert a screen between the brood chamber and the supers to prevent the queen from accessing the top."

9. gather: (verb) to collect or bring together in one place. Example: "Beekeepers gather the honey-filled supers and take them to a warehouse for further processing."

10. extracting: (adjective) relating to the process of removing or obtaining something. Example: "The extracting room is where the honeycombs are prepared for honey extraction."

11. frame: (noun) a structure that holds or supports something. Example: "The beekeepers remove the frames from the hives for honey extraction."

12. uncapper: (noun) a device used to remove the wax covering from honeycombs. Example: "The beekeepers use an uncapper equipped with rotating blades to remove the wax from the honeycombs."

13. carousel: (noun) a rotating mechanism or device that holds or carries objects. Example: "The frames are placed in a carousel within a large stainless steel drum for honey extraction."

14. revolutions: (noun) complete circular movements or rotations. Example: "The frames in the carousel begin to whirl at 300 revolutions per minute."

15. centrifugal force: (noun) the apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center. Example: "The honey is expelled from the combs due to the centrifugal force generated by the spinning frames."

16. barrels: (noun) large cylindrical containers, typically made of wood or metal. Example: "The honey is poured into barrels for storage and shipment."

17. weakened: (adjective) made less strong or powerful. Example: "A quarter of the hives become weakened due to various factors such as disease or an aging queen."

18. mites: (noun) tiny arachnids, often parasites, that can affect bee colonies. Example: "Beekeepers need to address issues caused

1. teeming: (adjective) full of or swarming with. Example: "A healthy double hive is teeming with bees, indicating a thriving colony."

2. separated: (verb) divided or set apart from something or someone else. Example: "Beekeepers can separate a double hive into two boxes to create new colonies."

3. colony: (noun) a group of organisms, such as bees, living together as a community. Example: "Each hive functions as a colony with different roles for bees."

4. bloom: (verb) to produce flowers; to be in flower. Example: "By the time the flowers bloom, the new queens will be laying eggs."

5. worker: (noun) a bee that performs various tasks within the hive, such as foraging or nursing. Example: "The hives are filled with worker bees responsible for different hive functions."

6. summer location: (noun phrase) the place where the beekeeper and their bees relocate during the summer season. Example: "The beekeeper's family migrates with the bees to their summer location for optimal conditions."

7. disease: (noun) an abnormal condition or illness that affects the body or an organism. Example: "A quarter of the hives may weaken due to disease, requiring replacement."

8. queen: (noun) the reproductive female bee responsible for laying eggs and maintaining the colony. Example: "A healthy hive requires a strong and productive queen bee."

9. queens: (noun) plural form of queen, referring to multiple reproductive female bees. Example: "The beekeeper can introduce young, mated queens to create new colonies."

10. beehive: (noun) a structure or container where bees live and store honey. Example: "Beekeepers carefully manage and maintain their beehives for optimal bee health."

11. migration: (noun) the act of moving from one place to another on a regular basis. Example: "The migration of beekeepers and their bees allows for extended blooming seasons."

12. insects: (noun) small animals with six legs and a segmented body, such as bees. Example: "Bees are important insects known for their role in pollination."

13. fee: (noun) a payment or charge for a service provided. Example: "Beekeepers charge a fee for pollinating crops with their bees."

14. practical: (adjective) sensible and realistic in terms of achieving an objective. Example: "Using cars and trucks for migratory beekeeping proved to be more practical than other methods."

15. optimal: (adjective) best or most favorable; ideal. Example: "Beekeepers strive for optimal conditions to maximize honey production."

PASSAGE-3

TOURISM

1. phenomena: (noun) observable facts or events; plural of phenomenon. Example: "Tourism and travel are significant social phenomena in modern society."

2. commentators: (noun) people who provide commentary or analysis on a particular subject. Example: "Many commentators have overlooked the significance of tourism as a social phenomenon."

3. trivial: (adjective) of little importance or significance. Example: "Although some may consider tourism a trivial topic, it has profound social implications."

4. weightier: (adjective) more serious or important in nature. Example: "Social scientists often grapple with explaining weightier topics like work or politics."

5. deviance: (noun) behavior that deviates from what is considered normal or acceptable. Example: "The study of deviance sheds light on social practices that may be considered unusual."

6. idiosyncratic: (adjective) peculiar or unique to an individual or group. Example: "Deviant behaviors can be idiosyncratic, varying in their acceptance across different societies."

7. presupposes: (verb) assumes or requires something as a precondition. Example: "Tourism presupposes the existence of regulated and organized work in society."

8. manifestation: (noun) an instance or embodiment of something. Example: "Tourism is one manifestation of how work and leisure are separated in modern societies."

9. regulated: (adjective) controlled or governed according to specific rules or regulations. Example: "Work and leisure are regulated as distinct spheres in modern social practice."

10. spheres: (noun) areas or domains of activity or knowledge. Example: "Work and leisure are separate spheres in modern society, each with its own characteristics."

11. characteristics: (noun) distinguishing features or qualities. Example: "Acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of modernity."

12. regularized: (adjective) made regular or standardized; conforming to a set pattern or schedule. Example: "Tourism typically occurs within regularized periods of time and specific places."

13. destinations: (noun) places to which people travel or are sent. Example: "Tourists choose various destinations for their travel experiences."

14. necessarily: (adverb) inevitably; as a logical consequence. Example: "Tourism necessarily involves movement and a temporary stay in new places."

15. temporary: (adjective) lasting for a limited period; not permanent. Example: "Tourism often involves a temporary stay in places outside one's usual residence."

16. proportion: (noun) a part or share of a whole; a ratio or percentage. Example: "A substantial proportion of the population engages in tourist practices."

17. gazes: (noun) the act of looking steadily or intently; plural of gaze. Example: "Tourism involves the collective gazes of many tourists exploring different places."

18. anticipation: (noun) a feeling of excitement or expectation about something to come. Example: "Tourists have an anticipation of intense pleasures and unique experiences."

19. daydreaming: (noun) a series of pleasant thoughts or fantasies that distract one's attention from the present. Example: "

1. fantasy: (noun) an imagined or unreal mental image or scenario. Example: "The anticipation of intense pleasures is often fueled by fantasies of unique experiences."

2. constructed: (adjective) deliberately created or formed. Example: "Anticipation is constructed and reinforced through various media sources."

3. sustained: (adjective) d or maintained over a period of time. Example: "Anticipation is sustained through ongoing exposure to films, literature, and other media."

4. non-tourist: (adjective) not directly related to tourism; opposite of tourist. Example: "Anticipation is fostered through non-tourist practices such as films and magazines."

5. viewing: (noun) the act of looking at something, especially with attention or interest. Example: "Tourists engage in viewing aspects of landscape and townscape that are considered extraordinary."

6. scape: (noun) a combining form meaning "view" or "scene." Example: "Tourists are drawn to unique features of landscape and townscape."

7. patterning: (noun) the arrangement or organization of visual elements. Example: "Tourists exhibit different forms of social patterning in their engagement with sights."

8. linger: (verb) to stay in a place longer than necessary or expected. Example: "Tourists often linger at tourist sights, taking their time to observe and appreciate."

9. objectified: (verb) to treat something as an object, separate from its context or meaning. Example: "The vision of tourist sights is often objectified through photographs and postcards."

10. captured: (verb) to record or preserve a moment or image through various means. Example: "Tourists capture the essence of their experiences through photographs and videos."

11. dissertations: (noun) formal, lengthy essays or papers discussing a particular subject. Example: "Boorstin's analysis of the pseudo event is one of the earliest dissertations on tourism."

12. pseudo: (adjective) false or pretended; not genuine. Example: "Boorstin argues that tourists engage in pseudo experiences rather than authentic ones."

13. contemporary: (adjective) existing or occurring at the same time; modern. Example: "Boorstin's analysis applies to contemporary Americans' engagement with tourism."

14. contrived: (adjective) deliberately created or planned rather than arising naturally or spontaneously. Example: "Tourists often enjoy contrived attractions designed to cater to their desires."

15. gullibly: (adverb) in a naive or easily deceived manner. Example: "Some tourists may gullibly accept and enjoy the pseudo events presented to them."

16. disregarding: (verb) paying no attention to; ignoring or overlooking. Example: "Tourists may often disregard the real world outside their isolated tourist bubble."

17. constitute: (verb) to form or make up; be equivalent to. Example: "Over time, the images generated of tourist sights constitute a closed system of illusions."

18. interplay: (noun) the way in which two or more things or people influence each other's actions or behavior. Example: "The changing hierarchy of tourist attractions depends on the interplay between various interests."

1. hierarchy: (noun) a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked above one another. Example: "The hierarchy of tourist attractions is influenced by competition and changing tastes."

2. burgeoning: (adjective) rapidly growing or expanding; flourishing. Example: "To meet the demands of the burgeoning tourist industry, professionals create new attractions."

3. array: (noun) a large or impressive collection or arrangement of things. Example: "Professionals in the tourist industry offer an array of objects and places for visitors to explore."

4. reproduce: (verb) to create or make a copy or replica of something. Example: "Professionals strive to reproduce and create new objects of interest for tourists."

5. distinctions: (noun) differences or contrasts between similar things or people. Example: "Changing tastes reflect class, gender, and generational distinctions among potential tourists."

6. marker: (noun) a distinctive feature or characteristic that signifies or represents something. Example: "Travel serves as a marker of status and is considered an essential part of the modern experience."

7. insulates: (verb) to protect or shield from outside influences. Example: "American-style hotels often insulate tourists from the unfamiliarities of the host environment."

8. cater: (verb) to provide what is desired or needed; to satisfy. Example: "Professionals in the tourist industry cater to the needs and tastes of their clientele."

9. overall: (adjective) considering or including everything; overall. Example: "Professionals aim to meet the overall expectations of tourists in terms of services and experiences."

10. buoyant: (adjective) cheerful, lighthearted, or optimistic. Example: "The tourist industry is buoyant due to the increasing interest in travel and exploration."

11. commodification: (noun) the process of turning something into a commodity or marketable product. Example: "The commodification of tourist attractions has led to their commercialization and sale."

12. authentic: (adjective) genuine, real, or true to its origins or nature. Example: "Some tourists seek authentic experiences that connect them to the local culture and environment."

13. commodity: (noun) an item that is bought or sold; a product that can be traded. Example: "Tourist attractions are often treated as commodities in the tourism industry."

             ACADEMIC READING TEST-3

PASSAGE-1           

                         Spoken Corpus Comes To Life

1. compiling: (verb) creating or putting together something by gathering information or data. Example: "The process of compiling a dictionary involves collecting and organizing words and their definitions."

2. provenance: (noun) the origin or source of something. Example: "The provenance of the manuscript was traced back to the 18th century."

3. bespectacled: (adjective) wearing glasses. Example: "The bespectacled professor had a vast knowledge of ancient languages."

4. pore over: (phrasal verb) to study or examine something carefully and attentively. Example: "The students had to pore over the textbook to prepare for the exam."

5. nuances: (noun) subtle differences or variations in meaning, expression, or understanding. Example: "She was able to capture the nuances of the character's emotions in her performance."

6. revolutionising: (verb) radically changing or transforming something. Example: "The invention of the internet revolutionised the way people communicate."

7. vibrant: (adjective) full of life, energy, or activity. Example: "The city's downtown area is known for its vibrant nightlife and entertainment."

8. vernacular: (noun) the native language or dialect spoken by ordinary people in a particular region or country. Example: "The author wrote the novel in the vernacular of the local community to capture its authenticity."

9. studied: (adjective) deliberate, intentional, or calculated. Example: "He gave a studied response, carefully choosing his words."

10. discreetly: (adverb) cautiously, without drawing attention or being noticed. Example: "She placed the gift discreetly on his desk, hoping he would find it later."

11. transcribed: (verb) converted spoken or written words into a written or printed form. Example: "The court reporter transcribed every word spoken during the trial."

12. corpus: (noun) a collection of written or spoken texts used as a reference for linguistic analysis. Example: "The linguistic researcher analyzed a large corpus of ancient manuscripts to study the evolution of language."

13. keywords: (noun) significant or essential words used to indicate or express the essence or main points of something. Example: "When conducting an online search, it's important to use relevant keywords for accurate results."

14. pick out: (phrasal verb) to choose or select from a group or assortment. Example: "She picked out a few books from the library that caught her interest."

15. intuitively: (adverb) based on instinct, gut feeling, or immediate understanding without conscious reasoning. Example: "He intuitively knew the answer to the puzzle without having to think it through."

16. sifting out: (phrasal verb) separating or filtering out based on certain criteria. Example: "The hiring manager was sifting out resumes to identify the most qualified candidates."

17. vital: (adjective) essential, necessary, or of critical importance. Example: "Regular exercise is vital for maintaining good health."

1. inventive: (adjective) creative, resourceful, or able to think and create new ideas. Example: "The artist's inventive use of recycled materials made her sculptures unique and environmentally friendly."

2. twisting: (verb) distorting or changing the meaning or form of something, often for artistic or creative purposes. Example: "The comedian had a talent for twisting common sayings and turning them into hilarious jokes."

3. pauses: (noun) temporary stops or breaks in speech or action. Example: "The speaker used strategic pauses to emphasize key points in the presentation."

4. convey: (verb) to communicate or express a message or feeling. Example: "Her facial expression and tone of voice conveyed her disappointment."

5. irony: (noun) a figure of speech or situation where there is a contrast between what is expected and what actually happens. Example: "The irony of the situation was that the firefighter's house burned down."

6. benefiting: (verb) gaining an advantage or receiving a positive outcome. Example: "The new tax policy is benefiting small businesses by reducing their financial burden."

7. accurate: (adjective) correct, precise, or without errors. Example: "The scientist conducted multiple experiments to ensure the accurate measurement of the data."

8. initiative: (noun) a new plan, project, or action taken to solve a problem or achieve a goal. Example: "The government launched an initiative to promote renewable energy sources."

9. publisher: (noun) a person or company that produces and distributes books, magazines, or other printed material. Example: "The publisher was excited about the release of their new bestselling novel."

10. universities: (noun) higher education institutions that offer academic degrees and conduct research. Example: "She enrolled in multiple universities to pursue her passion for learning."

11. database: (noun) a structured collection of data stored and organized for easy retrieval and analysis. Example: "The company's customer database contains information about their clients and their preferences."

12. linguistic: (adjective) related to language, its structure, and how it is used. Example: "She was fascinated by the linguistic diversity of the world's languages."

13. evolution: (noun) the gradual development or change over time. Example: "The evolution of technology has transformed the way we communicate."

14. frequent: (adjective) happening or occurring often; regular. Example: "He was a frequent visitor to the museum, attending various exhibits and events."

15. learner: (noun) a person who is acquiring knowledge or skills in a particular subject or field. Example: "The language learner practiced speaking with native speakers to improve their fluency."

16. authenticity: (noun) the quality of being genuine, real, or true. Example: "The artist's paintings were praised for their authenticity and emotional depth."

17. transformed: (verb) changed or converted completely in form, appearance, nature, or character. Example: "The dilapidated building was transformed into a modern art gallery."

18. disagreement: (noun) a lack of consensus or conflicting opinions or views. Example: "The board members had a heated disagreement over the proposed budget."

19. **literally

1. literally: (adverb) in a strict or exact sense, without exaggeration or metaphor. Example: "When she said she was "starving," she meant it literally; she hadn't eaten all day."

2. enquiry: (noun) an act of asking for information or seeking knowledge about something. Example: "The customer made an enquiry about the availability of a product in the store."

3. phrase: (noun) a small group of words that expresses a particular meaning or idea. Example: "The teacher asked the students to identify the main idea in each phrase of the poem."

4. inventive: (adjective) creative, resourceful, or able to think and create new ideas. Example: "The inventor's inventive solution to the problem revolutionized the industry."

5. resourceful: (adjective) skilled at finding solutions or using available resources effectively. Example: "During the camping trip, he showed his resourceful nature by building a shelter from fallen branches."

6. pause: (noun) a momentary break or hesitation in speech or action. Example: "After delivering the punchline, he waited for a pause to let the audience react with laughter."

7. emotion: (noun) a strong feeling such as happiness, sadness, anger, or fear. Example: "Her voice trembled with emotion as she delivered her heartfelt speech."

8. contrast: (noun) a noticeable difference or dissimilarity between two or more things. Example: "The contrast between the two paintings was striking; one was vibrant, while the other was monochromatic."

9. outcome: (noun) the result or consequence of a particular action or event. Example: "The outcome of the negotiation was a win-win situation for both parties."

10. policy: (noun) a set of rules or guidelines implemented by an organization or government. Example: "The company adopted a strict no-smoking policy within its premises."

11. release: (verb) to make available or give out to the public. Example: "The author was excited to release their new book after months of hard work."

12. academic: (adjective) related to education, learning, or scholarship. Example: "She pursued an academic career and became a professor at a prestigious university."

13. structure: (noun) the way something is organized, arranged, or built. Example: "The structure of the essay consisted of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion."

14. gradual: (adjective) happening slowly or in small increments over time. Example: "The student's gradual improvement in math was evident from their test scores."

15. fluency: (noun) the ability to speak or write a language smoothly, accurately, and effortlessly. Example: "Through consistent practice, she achieved fluency in speaking French."

1. vernacular: (noun) the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region or country. Example: "The poet incorporated local vernacular in his verses to capture the essence of the community."

2. corpus: (noun) a collection of written or spoken texts used as a basis for linguistic analysis. Example: "The linguist analyzed a large corpus of written novels to study the evolution of language."

3. depth: (noun) the distance from the top or surface to the bottom or innermost part of something. Example: "The diver explored the depth of the ocean, discovering beautiful marine life."

4. transcribe: (verb) to make a written or typed copy of spoken or recorded material. Example: "The secretary was responsible for transcribing the meeting minutes."

5. sifting out: (phrase) the process of carefully selecting or filtering out certain items or information. Example: "The editor began sifting out irrelevant details from the manuscript to improve its clarity."

6. intuitively: (adverb) based on instinct or without conscious reasoning. Example: "She intuitively knew the right answer without needing to analyze the problem."

7. pauses: (noun) brief stops or breaks in speech or action for various purposes. Example: "The comedian used well-timed pauses to enhance the comedic effect of his jokes."

8. irony: (noun) a literary device or situation characterized by a contrast between expectations and reality. Example: "The irony of the situation was that the fire station burned down."

9. linguist: (noun) a person skilled in the study of language and its structure. Example: "The renowned linguist conducted extensive research on the syntax of ancient languages."

10. evolution: (noun) the gradual development or change over time, often involving improvement or adaptation. Example: "The theory of evolution explains how species have diversified and changed over millions of years."

PASSAGE-2          

                                 Moles happy as homes go underground

1. falling foul of: (phrase) to come into conflict with or violate something. Example: "The builders ended up falling foul of the strict building regulations."

2. individualistic: (adjective) characterized by independence and uniqueness; distinctive. Example: "The homeowners wanted to express their individualistic style through their houses."

3. subterranean: (adjective) situated, operating, or taking place below the surface of the earth. Example: "The concept of subterranean living is gaining popularity among certain groups."

4. cosseted: (adjective) pampered, protected, or treated with great care. Example: "The luxury homes were cosseted away inside an earth-covered embankment."

5. embankment: (noun) a raised bank or mound of earth, often used for support or protection. Example: "The houses were hidden within a high embankment along the main road."

6. queued up: (phrasal verb) lined up or waited in a line. Example: "Customers excitedly queued up to purchase the unique submerged houses."

7. part-submerged: (adjective) partially immersed or below the surface of a liquid or element. Example: "The houses had a distinctive design, with a part-submerged structure."

8. mound: (noun) a raised area or hill of earth or other material. Example: "The back wall of the houses consisted of a grassy mound, blending with the landscape."

9. gallery: (noun) a long, narrow room or passageway, often with a glass front, used for display or exhibition. Example: "The front of the houses featured a long glass gallery, providing a panoramic view."

10. burrowing: (noun) the act of creating tunnels or underground spaces. Example: "Growing numbers of people are embracing burrowing to create unique living spaces."

11. discos: (noun) establishments or venues for dancing and entertainment, typically featuring music and lights. Example: "Some individuals are even building discos underground to enjoy a unique club experience."

12. shopping malls: (noun) large indoor complexes with multiple retail stores and services. Example: "Underground shopping malls have become common in many cities around the world."

13. disfiguring: (adjective) spoiling the appearance or attractiveness of something. Example: "Building underground can help avoid disfiguring the natural beauty of the landscape."

14. environmentally sensitive: (adjective) referring to areas or aspects of the environment that require special care or protection. Example: "Developers must consider environmentally sensitive areas when planning construction projects."

15. consumes: (verb) uses up or takes in something, especially resources or energy. Example: "Large commercial buildings consume significant amounts of land and resources."

16. cinemas: (noun) movie theaters or venues for watching films. Example: "Underground cinemas provide a unique movie-watching experience away from the surface."

17. warehouses: (noun) large buildings used for the storage of goods or materials. Example: "Underground warehouses can efficiently utilize space without the need for windows."

18. insulation: (noun) material used to prevent the passage of heat, sound, or electricity. Example: "Living underground provides excellent natural

1. insulation: (noun) material used to prevent the passage of heat, sound, or electricity. Example: "Living underground provides excellent natural insulation against temperature fluctuations."

2. enquiries: (noun) requests for information or investigations. Example: "The British Earth Sheltering Association receives numerous enquiries about underground homes."

3. squeezed into: (verb phrase) fitted tightly or crammed into a small space. Example: "In Japan, a large population is squeezed into a limited land space."

4. minimal: (adjective) very small in amount or degree; negligible. Example: "Living underground provides minimal exposure to external noise."

5. imparticular view: (phrase) to provide or reflect a particular perspective or outlook. Example: "The underground departments at the University of Minnesota have periscopes to imparticular views for the occupants."

6. conventional: (adjective) traditional or usual; conforming to established practices. Example: "Many local authorities and developers prefer conventional mass-produced housing."

7. greeted with: (verb phrase) received or welcomed in a particular way. Example: "The Dutch development was greeted with relief by the local planners."

8. chronic: (adjective) persistent or long-lasting; characterized by a particular quality or behavior. Example: "Holland has a chronic shortage of land for housing."

9. planners: (noun) individuals responsible for designing and organizing projects or developments. Example: "The South Limburg planners were relieved to have a solution to the land shortage."

10. mixture: (noun) a combination of different elements or substances. Example: "The "space creation" systems in Japan utilize a mixture of light, sound, and scents."

11. stimulate: (verb) to encourage or provoke a response or reaction. Example: "The "space creation" systems are designed to stimulate people's senses underground."

12. equipped with: (verb phrase) provided or furnished with necessary items or features. Example: "Underground offices in Japan are equipped with virtual windows and mirrors."

13. vibrations: (noun) movements or oscillations, often referring to subtle or imperceptible movements. Example: "Living close to the earth, the family drew strength from its natural vibrations."

14. adapt: (verb) to adjust or modify oneself to fit new circumstances or environments. Example: "Not everyone is able to adapt easily to living underground."

15. heatwave: (noun) a period of unusually hot weather. Example: "During the heatwave, the family found relief by sleeping in their underground cool room."

16. evolved: (verb) developed gradually or changed over time. Example: "The family's underground home evolved from a small cool room into a full living space."

17. boast: (verb) to possess or have something desirable or impressive. Example: "The children boast about having rabbits watching them through their playroom windows."

18. terrain: (noun) a particular type of land or physical features of a region. Example: "Building underground allows homeowners to make use of the natural terrain."

19. acclaimed: (adjective) highly praised or recognized. Example: "The Olivetti residential center in Italy is an acclaimed example of subterranean architecture."

1. maisonettes: (noun) small apartments on two levels within a larger building. Example: "The Olivetti residential center comprises 82 one-bedroomed apartments and 12 maisonettes."

2. facade: (noun) the front face or exterior of a building. Example: "From the outside, the Olivetti residential center has a sleek glass facade."

3. resident: (noun) a person who lives in a particular place. Example: "Patnzia Vallecchi has been a resident of the Olivetti residential center since 1992."

4. shimizu Corporation: (noun) a company involved in construction and engineering projects. Example: "The Shimizu Corporation has developed innovative systems for underground spaces."

5. periscopes: (noun) optical devices that reflect or redirect light to provide a view from a different angle or position. Example: "Underground offices at the University of Minnesota are equipped with periscopes."

6. bakery: (noun) a place where bread and other baked goods are made or sold. Example: "Frank Siegmund dug a cool room for his bakery business in the hill."

7. heatwave: (noun) a period of unusually hot weather. Example: "During the heatwave, the underground rooms provided a cool escape from the high temperatures."

8. vibrations: (noun) subtle movements or oscillations. Example: "The Siegmund family drew strength from the natural vibrations of the earth."

9. nature: (noun) the natural world and its phenomena. Example: "Living close to the earth allowed the Siegmund family to feel connected to nature."

10. hobbit: (noun) a fictional race from J.R.R. Tolkien's novels, known for living in underground homes. Example: "Frank Siegmund and his family embraced a hobbit lifestyle in their underground home."

11. conventional: (adjective) following traditional or established practices. Example: "Living in an underground home is unconventional compared to conventional above-ground houses."

12. boast: (verb) to proudly possess or have something. Example: "The Siegmund children boast about the unique features of their underground home."

13. rabbit: (noun) a small mammal with long ears and a short tail, often associated with living underground. Example: "Rabbits are often seen near the Siegmund's underground home, watching the children play."

14. playroom: (noun) a room specifically designed for children to play in. Example: "The Siegmund children enjoy spending time in their playroom within their underground home."

 

PASSAGE-3

A Workaholic Economy

1. productivity: (noun) the measure of how efficiently resources, such as time and labor, are used to produce goods or services. Example: "Increased productivity in the manufacturing sector led to higher profits for the company."

2. decrease: (verb) to become smaller or less; to reduce. Example: "The company decided to decrease its production capacity to match the lower demand."

3. shrinking: (adjective) becoming smaller or reducing in size. Example: "The company faced financial difficulties due to the shrinking market for their products."

4. generation: (noun) a group of people born and living during the same period of time. Example: "The older generation often has different values and perspectives than the younger one."

5. bothered: (adjective) worried, concerned, or troubled by something. Example: "The parents were bothered by their child's sudden change in behavior."

6. output: (noun) the amount of something produced or generated by a person, machine, or system. Example: "The factory increased its output by implementing new manufacturing techniques."

7. noticeably: (adverb) in a way that is easily seen or recognized; visibly. Example: "The quality of the product has improved noticeably since the company changed its production methods."

8. economist: (noun) an expert in economics, the study of how resources are allocated and managed. Example: "The economist provided insights into the impact of government policies on the economy."

9. decoupled: (verb) separated or disconnected from something else; to break the connection between two things. Example: "The company decoupled its operations in order to focus on different market segments."

10. downsizing: (noun) the process of reducing the size or number of employees in a company or organization. Example: "The company underwent downsizing to cut costs and improve efficiency."

11. labour: (noun) work, especially physical work done by hand. Example: "The factory relied on manual labour to assemble the products."

12. incentive: (noun) something that motivates or encourages someone to take action or do something. Example: "The company offered financial incentives to employees who achieved their sales targets."

13. compensation: (noun) payment or benefits given to someone in exchange for their work or services. Example: "The company provided competitive compensation packages to attract top talent."

14. quirks: (noun) peculiar or unusual traits or characteristics; idiosyncrasies. Example: "The boss had some quirks that made him different from other managers."

15. diminishing: (adjective) decreasing or becoming less over time. Example: "The diminishing returns of the investment led to a decline in profitability."

16. efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task or produce a desired result with the least amount of wasted resources. Example: "The new production process improved the company's overall efficiency."

17. arable: (adjective) suitable for farming or growing crops. Example: "The fertile land in the region was highly arable and ideal for agriculture."

18. proxy: (noun) a person or thing that represents or stands in for someone else

1. underlings: (noun) people who are subordinate or lower in rank or position. Example: "The manager delegated tasks to his underlings to ensure smooth workflow."

2. redundancy: (noun) the state of being no longer needed or useful; unnecessary repetition or duplication. Example: "The company implemented cost-cutting measures that resulted in job redundancy."

3. culture: (noun) the shared beliefs, customs, behaviors, and values of a particular group or society. Example: "The company has a strong corporate culture that promotes teamwork and innovation."

4. skewed: (adjective) distorted or biased; not balanced or impartial. Example: "The survey results were skewed due to the limited sample size."

5. assumption: (noun) a belief or supposition taken for granted without proof. Example: "The project's success was based on the assumption that demand would remain high."

6. microprocessor: (noun) an integrated circuit that contains the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. Example: "The latest smartphone models are equipped with powerful microprocessors for faster performance."

7. appropriate: (adjective) suitable or fitting for a particular purpose or situation. Example: "She chose an appropriate outfit for the formal event."

8. inversion: (noun) a reversal or opposite of the normal or usual order or position. Example: "The inversion of roles between the teacher and student created a unique learning experience."

9. flexible: (adjective) able to change or adapt easily to different circumstances or requirements. Example: "The company offers flexible working hours to accommodate employees' personal needs."

10. financial: (adjective) relating to money or the management of money. Example: "The company hired a financial advisor to help with budget planning."

11. cultural: (adjective) relating to the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular group or society. Example: "The festival showcased various cultural performances and traditions."

12. structures: (noun) the way in which parts are arranged or organized; systems or frameworks. Example: "The architect designed innovative building structures that combined aesthetics and functionality."

13. employment: (noun) the state of being employed or having paid work. Example: "The government implemented policies to promote employment and reduce unemployment rates."

14. households: (noun) a group of people living together in the same residence, usually sharing common resources. Example: "The survey analyzed the spending habits of different households in the city."

15. manufacture: (verb) to make or produce goods on a large scale, usually using machinery. Example: "The company manufactures high-quality automobiles for the global market."

16. developer: (noun) a person or company involved in the construction or renovation of buildings or land. Example: "The real estate developer built a new residential complex in the city center."

17. goods: (noun) tangible products or merchandise that can be bought or sold. Example: "The store offers a wide range of electronic goods at affordable prices."

18. skilled: (adjective) having a high level of knowledge, ability, or expertise in a particular field or profession. Example: "The company hired skilled professionals to handle complex projects."

1. income: (noun) money received, especially on a regular basis, through work, investments, or other sources. Example: "He relied on his monthly income to cover his expenses."

2. crises: (noun) a time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger; a critical or unstable situation. Example: "The company faced multiple crises due to supply chain disruptions and financial setbacks."

3. corporate: (adjective) relating to a corporation or large company. Example: "The corporate headquarters oversees the operations of all regional branches."

4. contribution: (noun) the act of giving or doing something, especially to a common cause or project. Example: "Her contribution to the team's success was recognized and appreciated."

5. proxy: (noun) a person or thing that represents or stands in for someone else. Example: "The attorney acted as his client's proxy during the legal proceedings."

6. proxy: (noun) a person or thing that represents or stands in for someone else. Example: "The attorney acted as his client's proxy during the legal proceedings."

7. appropriation: (noun) the act of setting aside or allocating something for a specific purpose or use. Example: "The government announced the appropriation of funds for infrastructure development."

8. strategy: (noun) a plan or course of action designed to achieve a specific goal or objective. Example: "The marketing team developed a new strategy to target younger demographics."

9. innovation: (noun) the introduction of new ideas, methods, or products; the act of creating something new. Example: "The company fosters a culture of innovation to stay ahead of competitors."

10. segment: (noun) a distinct part or section of something. Example: "The market can be divided into different segments based on consumer preferences."

11. effort: (noun) the physical or mental exertion required to accomplish a task or goal. Example: "He put a lot of effort into studying for the exam."

12. managerial: (adjective) relating to the role or responsibilities of a manager or management. Example: "She attended a managerial training program to enhance her leadership skills."

13. flexibility: (noun) the ability to adapt or change easily in response to different situations or circumstances. Example: "The company's flexibility allowed it to quickly adjust to market fluctuations."

            ACADEMIC READING TEST-4

                     GLASS Capturing the dance of light

1. imposing: (adjective) impressive or grand in appearance. Example: "The cathedral's towering spires were imposing against the city skyline."

2. versatile: (adjective) able to adapt or be used for various purposes. Example: "She is a versatile actress who can perform in both comedy and drama roles."

3. adaptable: (adjective) able to adjust or change according to different circumstances or requirements. Example: "The software is highly adaptable and can be customized to suit individual needs."

4. fiberglass: (noun) a material made of thin fibers of glass, often used for insulation or reinforcement. Example: "The car's body is made of lightweight fiberglass for improved fuel efficiency."

5. ceramics: (noun) objects made from clay or other non-metallic minerals, which are hardened by firing at high temperatures. Example: "The art exhibition showcased a variety of beautiful ceramics, including vases and sculptures."

6. dose: (noun) a measured quantity of a substance, typically a medicine, taken at one time. Example: "The doctor prescribed a daily dose of antibiotics to treat the infection."

7. fashioned: (verb) made or shaped in a particular way. Example: "She fashioned a beautiful necklace using beads and wire."

8. dispose of: (phrasal verb) to get rid of or eliminate something. Example: "The company developed a new method to dispose of hazardous waste safely."

9. horizon: (noun) the line at which the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet. Example: "The sun dipped below the horizon as the day turned into night."

10. optical: (adjective) relating to vision or sight. Example: "He visited an optical shop to get his eyes examined and choose new glasses."

11. pulses: (noun) brief bursts or flashes of energy or light. Example: "The laser emits short pulses of light for precise measurements."

12. emerging: (adjective) appearing, growing, or developing. Example: "The company invested in emerging technologies to stay ahead of the competition."

13. commission: (noun) an order or request for a work of art or design. Example: "The artist received a commission to paint a mural on the city's main street."

14. fee: (noun) a payment or charge for services or professional advice. Example: "The lawyer's hourly fee was quite high due to his expertise."

15. ultra-modern: (adjective) extremely modern or advanced in design or style. Example: "The house featured an ultra-modern kitchen with state-of-the-art appliances."

16. plunged: (verb) dropped or fell quickly or suddenly. Example: "The temperature plunged as a cold front moved in."

17. envelope: (noun) a covering or wrapping for something, typically made of paper or a similar material. Example: "She sealed the letter in an envelope and put a stamp on it."

18. rate: (noun) a measure or quantity of something in relation to another quantity or measure. Example: "The unemployment rate has been steadily declining over the past year."

19. team: (noun) a group of people working together to achieve a common goal. Example: "The team of engineers collaborated on the project to design a new bridge."

1. rigid: (adjective) stiff or inflexible; not easily bent or changed in shape. Example: "The metal frame provided rigid support for the structure."

2. random: (adjective) lacking a pattern or regularity; unpredictable. Example: "He chose a random number between 1 and 100 for the lottery."

3. disordered: (adjective) lacking order or organization; chaotic. Example: "Her thoughts were disordered, making it difficult to concentrate."

4. crystalline: (adjective) having a regular, repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules, resembling crystals. Example: "The snowflakes formed intricate crystalline structures."

5. looseness: (noun) the state of being loose or not tightly bound. Example: "The looseness of the knot made it easy to untie."

6. formability: (noun) the quality of being easily shaped or molded. Example: "The clay had excellent formability, allowing the sculptor to create intricate details."

7. experiment: (verb) to try or test something to see how it works or what results it produces. Example: "The scientists experimented with different chemical combinations to find a new drug."

8. mixtures: (noun) combinations of different substances that are blended together. Example: "The chef prepared a delicious dish using a variety of mixtures of herbs and spices."

9. designers: (noun) people who create or plan the look, function, or structure of something. Example: "The designers collaborated to develop a new line of fashion clothing."

10. molecular: (adjective) relating to the structure and properties of molecules. Example: "The scientists studied the molecular composition of the compound."

11. chemistry: (noun) the branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances. Example: "She has a strong background in chemistry and conducts experiments in the lab."

12. dynamic: (adjective) characterized by constant change, activity, or progress. Example: "The business world is dynamic, with new trends and technologies emerging regularly."

13. skin: (noun) a thin outer layer or covering of something. Example: "The snake sheds its old skin as it grows larger."

14. react: (verb) to respond or behave in a particular way as a result of a stimulus or situation. Example: "Some people react to stress by becoming anxious, while others remain calm."

15. opaque: (adjective) not transparent or allowing light to pass through; not able to be seen through. Example: "The frosted glass window was opaque, providing privacy to the room."

16. symphony: (noun) a complex musical composition performed by an orchestra. Example: "The orchestra played a beautiful symphony that captivated the audience."

17. instant: (adjective) happening immediately or without delay. Example: "The coffee machine delivers instant hot water for a quick cup of tea."

18. exorbitant: (adjective) unreasonably high or excessive. Example: "The price of the luxury car was exorbitant, making it out of reach for most people."

19. fulfillment: (noun) the achievement or satisfaction of a desire, need, or goal. Example: "Winning the championship brought a sense of fulfillment to the team."

1. imaginations: (noun) the faculty or action of forming new ideas, images, or concepts in the mind. Example: "Children have vivid imaginations and can create fantastical worlds in their play."

2. perform: (verb) to carry out, accomplish, or execute a task or action. Example: "The actor will perform a monologue in tonight's theater production."

3. vision: (noun) the ability to see or the act of seeing. Example: "Her vision was impaired, so she wore glasses to correct her eyesight."

4. treated: (verb) subjected to a process or action in order to improve or alter its condition. Example: "The wood was treated with a protective coating to prevent decay."

5. curtains: (noun) fabric or material hung to cover a window or divide a space. Example: "She drew the curtains to block out the sunlight."

6. cost: (noun) the amount of money required or spent to acquire something. Example: "The cost of living in the city is higher than in rural areas."

7. exhibition: (noun) a public display or show of works of art, products, or items of interest. Example: "The museum hosted an exhibition of contemporary photography."

8. architect: (noun) a person who designs buildings and oversees their construction. Example: "The architect drew up plans for a modern, sustainable office building."

9. electric: (adjective) relating to or operated by electricity. Example: "She plugged in the electric kettle to boil water for tea."

10. currents: (noun) the flow of electric charge or a steady flow of air or water in a particular direction. Example: "The currents in the ocean affect the movement of marine life."

11. symphony: (noun) a complex musical composition performed by an orchestra. Example: "The orchestra played a beautiful symphony that captivated the audience."

12. fulfillment: (noun) the achievement or satisfaction of a desire, need, or goal. Example: "Winning the championship brought a sense of fulfillment to the team."

PASSAGE-2

Why some women cross the finish line ahead of men

1. recruitment: (noun) the process of finding and hiring suitable candidates for job positions. Example: "The company is conducting a thorough recruitment process to find qualified candidates."

2. apply: (verb) to make a formal request or submit an application for a job or position. Example: "She decided to apply for the managerial position at the company."

3. success rate: (noun) the percentage or proportion of successful outcomes in a particular context or situation. Example: "The success rate of women applying for senior management positions is higher than that of men."

4. employment survey: (noun) a research study conducted to gather information and data about employment-related topics. Example: "The employment survey revealed interesting insights into gender differences in job applications."

5. shortlist: (noun) a select list of candidates who have been chosen for further consideration in a hiring process. Example: "After reviewing all the applications, the hiring manager created a shortlist of potential candidates."

6. private sector: (noun) the part of the economy that is composed of privately owned businesses or organizations. Example: "She has extensive experience working in the private sector."

7. public sector: (noun) the part of the economy that is controlled or owned by the government and provides public services. Example: "He has been working in the public sector for over a decade."

8. qualify: (verb) to meet the necessary requirements or criteria for a particular position or opportunity. Example: "To qualify for the job, candidates must have a minimum of five years of relevant experience."

9. conservative: (adjective) cautious or careful in behavior, beliefs, or opinions. Example: "She took a conservative approach to risk-taking in her business decisions."

10. job search: (noun) the process of actively looking for employment or job opportunities. Example: "He dedicated several hours each day to his job search and submitted numerous applications."

11. employers: (noun) individuals or organizations that hire and employ workers. Example: "The company is known for being one of the largest employers in the region."

12. sell themselves: (phrase) to present or promote oneself in a favorable light to potential employers or clients. Example: "During the job interview, she made sure to sell herself by highlighting her skills and accomplishments."

13. shortcomings: (noun) weaknesses or areas where one's performance or abilities are not as strong. Example: "Although she had a few shortcomings, she was determined to improve and overcome them."

14. managerial: (adjective) related to the role of a manager or management. Example: "He attended a managerial training program to enhance his leadership skills."

15. progress: (noun) forward or onward movement towards a goal or desired outcome. Example: "She has made significant progress in her career over the past year."

16. non-executive: (adjective) not holding a senior or executive position within a company. Example: "The board of directors includes both executive and non-executive members."

17. barriers: (noun) obstacles or hindrances that prevent progress or success. Example: "There are many barriers that women face in the workplace."

18. top: (noun) the highest or most senior level or position in a hierarchy. Example: "She aspires to reach the top of the company and become a CEO."

19. flexibility**: (noun) the ability to adapt to changing circumstances or requirements. Example: "Employers are increasingly valuing flexibility in their employees to meet evolving business needs."

1. demographic: (adjective) relating to the characteristics of a particular group of people, such as age, gender, or education level. Example: "The company conducted a demographic analysis to better understand its target market."

2. higher education: (noun) education beyond the secondary level, typically referring to colleges, universities, or professional schools. Example: "She pursued a degree in business administration in higher education."

3. workforce: (noun) the total number of people who are employed or available for work. Example: "Diversity and inclusion initiatives aim to create a more inclusive workforce."

4. organisations: (noun) groups or associations of people formed for a particular purpose, such as professional or social organizations. Example: "There are many organisations that support the advancement of women in the workplace."

5. skills: (noun) abilities or expertise developed through training, experience, or practice. Example: "He has a wide range of technical and interpersonal skills."

6. contacts: (noun) people with whom one has professional or social connections or relationships. Example: "Networking events provide an opportunity to expand one's professional contacts."

7. recruitment patterns: (noun) trends or tendencies observed in the hiring process or the selection of candidates. Example: "The company is analyzing its recruitment patterns to identify areas for improvement."

8. hurdles: (noun) obstacles or challenges that must be overcome to achieve a goal. Example: "She faced several hurdles during her career but persevered and succeeded."

9. belief: (noun) a strong conviction or acceptance that something is true or real. Example: "The company has a strong belief in the power of diversity and inclusion."

10. value: (verb) to recognize or appreciate the importance, worth, or significance of something. Example: "Employers should value the diverse perspectives and experiences that women bring to the table."

11. equality: (noun) the state of being equal in rights, opportunities, or status. Example: "The company strives for gender equality in all levels of the organization."

12. workforce: (noun) the total number of people who are employed or available for work. Example: "Diversity and inclusion initiatives aim to create a more inclusive workforce."

13. change: (verb) to make or become different or alter in some way. Example: "To achieve progress, organizations must be willing to change and adapt to new realities."

14. gender: (noun) the state of being male or female, typically used in the context of social and cultural differences. Example: "The company is committed to promoting gender diversity and equality in the workplace."

15. anecdotal: (adjective) based on personal accounts, stories, or experiences rather than systematic evidence or data. Example: "Although there is limited research on the topic, there are some anecdotal reports of positive changes in recruitment practices."

16. employers: (noun) individuals or organizations that hire and employ workers. Example: "Employers play a crucial role in creating inclusive and equitable workplaces."

17. difference: (noun) a distinguishing characteristic or quality that sets someone or something apart. Example: "Embracing diversity means recognizing and valuing the difference that each individual brings to the table, whether it's their background, skills, or unique perspective."

1. de-layering: (noun) the process of reducing the number of hierarchical layers or levels within an organization. Example: "The de-layering of management structures can have both positive and negative impacts on career progression."

2. aspiring: (adjective) desiring to achieve or attain a particular goal or position. Example: "She is an aspiring entrepreneur who dreams of starting her own business someday."

3. recession: (noun) a period of economic decline characterized by a decrease in economic activity, often leading to job losses. Example: "The company had to downsize its workforce due to the recession."

4. started up: (phrasal verb) to establish or launch a new business or enterprise. Example: "Many women have started up their own businesses during challenging economic times."

5. business: (noun) an organization or enterprise engaged in commercial, industrial, or professional activities. Example: "She runs a successful business in the technology sector."

6. factor: (noun) a circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a particular result or outcome. Example: "There are multiple factors that contribute to gender inequality in the workforce."

7. prospect: (noun) the possibility or likelihood of something happening in the future. Example: "There is a prospect of achieving greater gender equality in the workplace."

8. network: (verb) to interact or connect with others for professional or social purposes. Example: "She actively networks with professionals in her industry to expand her opportunities."

9. enhance: (verb) to improve or increase the quality, value, or effectiveness of something. Example: "Continuing education courses can help enhance your skills and knowledge."

10. belief: (noun) a strong conviction or acceptance that something is true or real. Example: "The company has a strong belief in the power of diversity and inclusion."

11. employers: (noun) individuals or organizations that hire and employ workers. Example: "Employers play a crucial role in creating inclusive and equitable workplaces."

12. value: (verb) to recognize or appreciate the importance, worth, or significance of something. Example: "Employers should value the diverse perspectives and experiences that women bring to the table."

13. equality: (noun) the state of being equal in rights, opportunities, or status. Example: "The company strives for gender equality in all levels of the organization."

14. change: (verb) to make or become different or alter in some way. Example: "To achieve progress, organizations must be willing to change and adapt to new realities."

PASSAGE-2

Population Viability Analysis

1.    extent: (noun) the degree or scope of something. Example: "To make informed decisions, it is crucial to understand the extent of the environmental impact."

2.    forestry: (noun) the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests. Example: "Sustainable forestry practices aim to balance resource extraction with conservation."

3.    consequences: (noun) the results or effects of an action or event. Example: "Political decisions about deforestation can have long-term consequences for the ecosystem."

4.    viability: (noun) the ability to exist, develop, or function successfully. Example: "Population viability analysis helps assess the likelihood of a species' survival."

5.    ecosystem: (noun) a community of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: "Human activities can disrupt the balance of an ecosystem, leading to negative impacts on biodiversity."

6.    assessment: (noun) the act of evaluating or judging something. Example: "Environmental assessment is essential for understanding the ecological impacts of human actions."

7.    species: (noun) a group of living organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed. Example: "Protecting endangered species is crucial for biodiversity conservation."

8.    extinct: (adjective) no longer in existence; having died out. Example: "The dodo bird is an extinct species that no longer exists today."

9.    prediction: (noun) a statement or estimate about what will happen in the future. Example: "Scientists use data and models to make predictions about climate change."

10.  processes: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to achieve a particular result. Example: "Understanding the natural processes that drive evolution is fundamental to biology."

11.  contribute: (verb) to give or bring something, such as ideas, resources, or support. Example: "Individual actions can contribute to reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change."

12.  demographic: (adjective) related to the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, or income. Example: "A demographic study analyzes population trends and patterns."

13.  fluctuate: (verb) to vary or change irregularly; to go up and down. Example: "The stock market fluctuates based on economic conditions and investor sentiment."

14.  extinction: (noun) the state or process of being completely gone or no longer in existence. Example: "Habitat destruction is a leading cause of species extinction."

15.  inbreeding: (noun) the mating of closely related individuals within a population. Example: "Excessive inbreeding can lead to genetic abnormalities and reduced fitness in offspring."

16.  descended: (verb) to come down or be derived from a particular ancestor or source. Example: "Humans are descended from ancient primates."

17.  capacity: (noun) the ability or power to do, experience, or understand something. Example: "Education has the capacity to transform lives and empower individuals."

18.  variability: (noun) the quality or state of being variable or changeable. Example: "Climate variability affects weather patterns and agricultural productivity."

19.  evolve: (verb) to develop or change gradually over time.

20.  adapt: (verb) to adjust or change in response to new conditions or circumstances. Example: "Animals adapt to their environment through physical and behavioral changes."

21.  predators: (noun) animals that hunt, kill, and feed on other animals. Example: "Lions and tigers are fierce predators at the top of the food chain."

22.  diseases: (noun) illnesses or disorders that affect living organisms. Example: "Vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases."

23.  research: (noun) systematic investigation to gather information or expand knowledge. Example: "Scientists conduct research to uncover new discoveries and advancements."

24.  fluctuations: (noun) variations or changes, especially in an irregular or unpredictable manner. Example: "Economic fluctuations can impact business profits and consumer spending."

25.  catastrophes: (noun) sudden and widespread disasters or extreme events. Example: "Natural catastrophes like earthquakes and hurricanes can cause significant damage."

26.  logging: (noun) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes. Example: "Uncontrolled logging can lead to deforestation and habitat loss."

27.  forced: (verb) to compel or make someone do something against their will. Example: "Deforestation forces wildlife to seek new habitats or face extinction."

28.  density: (noun) the degree of compactness or concentration in a given area or population. Example: "High population density in urban areas can lead to increased traffic and pollution."

29.  theory: (noun) a well-substantiated explanation based on evidence and reasoning. Example: "The theory of evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth."

30.  model: (noun) a simplified representation or simulation of a system or phenomenon. Example: "Computer models help scientists simulate and understand complex processes."

31.  reduction: (noun) the act or process of making something smaller or less in quantity, size, or importance. Example: "Energy reduction measures aim to decrease carbon emissions and conserve resources."

32.  genetic: (adjective) relating to genes, heredity, or inherited characteristics. Example: "Genetic research explores the role of DNA in determining traits and diseases."

33.  distribution: (noun) the way in which something is shared, spread, or apportioned. Example: "The distribution of resources can have a significant impact on social and economic equality."

34.  probability: (noun) the likelihood or chance of something happening or being true. Example: "The probability of winning the lottery is very low."

35.  logging: (noun) the cutting down of trees for commercial purposes. Example: "Uncontrolled logging can lead to deforestation and habitat loss."

36.  arboreal: (adjective) relating to trees; living or moving in trees. Example: "Sloths are arboreal creatures that spend most of their lives in trees."

37.  reduced: (verb) made smaller or less in size, amount, or degree. Example: "Efforts to recycle and reuse materials can reduce waste and environmental impact."

38.  diversity: (noun) the state of being diverse or varied; the range of different elements present. Example: "Biodiversity refers to the diversity of plant and animal species in an ecosystem."

39.  region: (noun) a particular area or part of the world

40.  persist: (verb) to  to exist or endure over a prolonged period. Example: "Certain traditions persist in cultures despite the passage of time."

41.  isolated: (adjective) separated or detached from others; alone or single. Example: "The small village was isolated from the rest of the world, accessible only by a single road."

42.  locality: (noun) a particular place, especially in relation to its surroundings or context. Example: "The locality of the archaeological site provided valuable insights into ancient civilizations."

43.  dependent: (adjective) relying on or requiring the support or aid of something or someone else. Example: "Children are dependent on their parents for care and guidance."

44.  populations: (noun) groups of organisms of the same species living in a particular area. Example: "Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered populations of animals from extinction."

45.  listed: (verb) included or mentioned in a particular list or inventory. Example: "The endangered species was listed under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)."

46.  loaded: (adjective) filled or supplied with a large quantity or amount. Example: "The ship was loaded with cargo bound for international markets."

47.  confident: (adjective) feeling or showing certainty and self-assurance. Example: "With adequate preparation, students can feel confident before taking an exam."

48.  dependent: (adjective) relying on or requiring the support or aid of something or someone else. Example: "Children are dependent on their parents for care and guidance."

49.  forest-dependent: (adjective) relying on or closely associated with forests for survival. Example: "Many species of birds are forest-dependent and rely on forest habitats for nesting and feeding."

50.  extinct: (adjective) no longer in existence; having died out. Example: "The Tasmanian tiger, also known as the thylacine, is an extinct marsupial species."