Cambridge IELTS 8 Reading Vocabulary

          ACADEMIC READING TEST-1

PASSAGE-1

A Chronicle of Timekeeping

Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it

1.       Archaeological: Related to the study of ancient human history. Example: The archaeological dig unearthed ancient artifacts.

2.       Calendars: Systems for measuring and organizing time. Example: We use calendars to keep track of important dates.

3.       Coordinate: To arrange or organize in a harmonious way. Example: The team needs to coordinate their efforts for the project.

4.       Regulate: To control or manage according to rules or standards. Example: Laws are in place to regulate the use of firearms.

5.       Solar day: The 24-hour period determined by the rotation of the Earth. Example: A solar day consists of day and night.

6.       Lunar month: A month determined by the phases of the moon. Example: The lunar month has 29 or 30 days.

7.       Solar year: A year determined by the Earth's orbit around the sun. Example: The solar year consists of 365 days.

8.       Latitude: The distance north or south from the equator. Example: The city's latitude affects its climate.

9.       Equator: The imaginary line dividing the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. Example: The equator is located at 0 degrees latitude.

10.   Cosmic significance: Importance or meaning related to the universe. Example: Some cultures attach cosmic significance to celestial events.

11.   Temporal hours: Hours measured according to the changing length of day and night. Example: Temporal hours vary throughout the year.

12.   Dripped: To fall or let fall in drops. Example: Water dripped from the leaking pipe.

13.   Sundials: Timekeeping devices that use the sun's position to tell time. Example: Ancient civilizations used sundials to measure time.

14.   Counterpart: A thing that corresponds to another in function or purpose. Example: The moon is Earth's counterpart in the night sky.

15.   Inscribed: Marked or carved into a surface. Example: The monument had the names of the fallen soldiers inscribed on it.

16.   Medieval: Relating to the Middle Ages. Example: Knights and castles are often associated with the medieval period.

17.   Mechanical clock: A clock powered by gears and machinery. Example: The old mechanical clock needed winding every day.

18.   Adjusted: To change or regulate to achieve accuracy. Example: The clock was adjusted to keep perfect time.

19.   Commencing: Beginning or starting. Example: The concert will be commencing shortly.

20.   Weight-driven: Powered by the force of gravity on weights. Example: The grandfather clock is a weight-driven timepiece.

21.   Motive force: The power that moves or drives something. Example: The engine provides the motive force for the car.

22.   Gear wheels: Mechanisms with teeth that transfer motion. Example: The gear wheels in the watch ensure accurate timekeeping.

23.   Escapement: A device in a clock that controls the release of energy. Example: The escapement regulates the ticking of the clock.

24.   Coiled spring: A spring wound into a spiral shape. Example: The coiled spring stores energy in the clock.

25.   Constant force: A consistent and unchanging amount of power. Example: The constant force of the engine kept the car moving smoothly.

26.   Mainspring: The main spring in a clock or watch that powers it. Example: The mainspring needs winding to keep the watch running.

27.   Pendulum clock: A clock that uses a swinging pendulum for timekeeping. Example: The pendulum clock is known for its accuracy.

28.   Efficient: Performing a task with minimal wasted effort or resources. Example: The new machine is more efficient than the old one.

29.   Variation: A change or difference in condition, amount, or level. Example: There is variation in temperature throughout the year.

30.   Anchor escapement: A type of mechanism used in pendulum clocks. Example: The anchor escapement improved clock accuracy.

31.   Precise amount: A specific and exact quantity. Example: The recipe calls for a precise amount of sugar.

32.   Grandfather clock: A tall, freestanding clock with a pendulum. Example: The grandfather clock chimed loudly every hour.

33.   Integral: Necessary and essential to the whole. Example: Teamwork is integral to the success of the project.

34.   Global Positioning System (GPS): A satellite-based navigation system. Example: GPS helps drivers find their way using satellites.

35.   Calibrate: To adjust or standardize for accuracy. Example: The scientist needed to calibrate the instrument.

36.   Navigation equipment: Devices used for determining one's location and direction. Example: Ships rely on navigation equipment for safe travel.

37.   Dependency: The state of relying on something or someone. Example: Our dependency on technology is growing.

38.   Fail to work: Not function or operate as expected. Example: The computer failed to work after the power outage.

39.   Quartz-crystal clock: A clock that uses the vibrations of a quartz crystal for timekeeping. Example: Most modern watches have a quartz-crystal clock.

40.   Precisely: Exactly and accurately. Example: He arrived at the meeting precisely on time.

41.   Beamed down: Sent or transmitted, usually by radio waves. Example: The TV signal was beamed down from the satellite.

42.   Instant stock-trading systems: Automated systems for buying and selling stocks. Example: Instant stock-trading systems allow for quick trades.

43.   Nationwide: Extending throughout an entire nation. Example: The company has a nationwide network of stores.

44.   Power-distribution grids: Networks for delivering electrical power. Example: Power-distribution grids ensure electricity reaches homes.

45.   Integral: Necessary and essential to the whole. Example: Teamwork is integral to the success of the project.

46.   Dependency: The state of relying on something or someone. Example: Our dependency on technology is growing.

47.   Fail to work: Not function or operate as expected. Example: The computer failed to work after the power outage.

48.   Quartz-crystal clock: A clock that uses the vibrations of a quartz crystal for timekeeping. Example: Most modern watches have a quartz-crystal clock.

49.   Precisely: Exactly and accurately. Example: He arrived at the meeting precisely on time.

50.   Beamed down: Sent or transmitted, usually by radio waves. Example: The TV signal was beamed down from the satellite.

PASSAGE-2

 

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USA

1.       Establishment: The act of creating or setting up something. Example: The establishment of the FAA was a response to a serious aviation accident.

2.       Regulate: To control or govern according to rules or regulations. Example: The government agency helps regulate safety standards in the industry.

3.       Congested: Overcrowded or filled to capacity. Example: The city streets were congested with traffic during rush hour.

4.       Rudimentary: Basic or undeveloped; not highly advanced. Example: Their rudimentary knowledge of the language made communication difficult.

5.       Controllers: People or devices that manage or operate something. Example: Air traffic controllers ensure safe takeoffs and landings.

6.       Visual: Related to or involving sight or the sense of vision. Example: The artist created a stunning visual masterpiece.

7.       Beacons: Signal lights or markers used for navigation. Example: Lighthouses serve as beacons for ships at sea.

8.       Cross-country: Involving travel or movement across a country. Example: They embarked on a cross-country road trip.

9.       Approximating: Coming close to or resembling something. Example: The painting was an approximating replica of the original.

10.   Communication: The exchange of information or messages. Example: Effective communication is key to successful teamwork.

11.   Fortuitous: Happening by chance or luck. Example: Their meeting was fortuitous and led to a great partnership.

12.   Advent: The arrival or beginning of something significant. Example: The advent of the internet revolutionized communication.

13.   Margin: The border or edge of something. Example: She made notes in the margin of her textbook.

14.   Reserve: A supply of something that is saved or stored for future use. Example: They tapped into their reserve of food during the winter.

15.   Blanketed: Covered completely, as if with a blanket. Example: The snow blanketed the entire landscape.

16.   Recreational: Related to activities done for enjoyment or relaxation. Example: Fishing is a popular recreational activity in this area.

17.   Regulations: Official rules or laws governing an activity. Example: The company follows strict safety regulations.

18.   Protection: The act of keeping something safe from harm or damage. Example: Wearing a helmet provides protection while biking.

19.   Consciously: With awareness or intent. Example: She consciously made an effort to eat healthier.

20.   Reliance: Dependence on or trust in something or someone. Example: The team's success was due to their reliance on each other.

21.   Altitude: The height above sea level or the ground. Example: The plane reached a cruising altitude of 30,000 feet.

22.   Navigational: Related to the process of determining a route or direction. Example: The sailor used a navigational chart to plot the course.

23.   Instrument panel: The control panel in an aircraft's cockpit. Example: The pilot checked the instrument panel before takeoff.

24.   License: An official document granting permission or privilege. Example: You need a driver's license to operate a car.

25.   Accommodates: Provides space or room for something. Example: The hotel accommodates guests with various needs.

26.   Aviation: The operation of aircraft and related activities. Example: His passion for aviation led him to become a pilot.

27.   Heavily: To a great degree or in a significant way. Example: The team relied heavily on their star player.

28.   Efficiently: In a way that produces results with minimal waste. Example: The new machine operates efficiently and saves time.

29.   Metropolitan: Related to a major city or its surrounding areas. Example: New York City is a bustling metropolitan area.

30.   Explicit: Clearly and directly stated or expressed. Example: The contract had explicit terms and conditions.

31.   Clearance: Permission or authorization to proceed. Example: The pilot received clearance to land at the airport.

32.   Realm: A particular area or domain of activity or knowledge. Example: Literature is her realm of expertise.

33.   Aerospace: The branch of technology and industry related to aviation and space travel. Example: The aerospace industry has made significant advancements.

34.   Stringent: Strict, precise, and exacting. Example: The company enforces stringent quality control measures.

35.   Procedures: A series of steps or actions taken in a specific order. Example: The medical procedures were followed carefully.

36.   Encounter: To come across or meet unexpectedly. Example: They encountered a rare bird during their hike.

37.   Risks: The possibility of harm or danger. Example: Climbing the mountain involves certain risks.

38.   Aviation accident: An incident involving aircraft that results in damage or injury. Example: The investigation revealed the cause of the aviation accident.

39.   Rigorously: In a thorough and strict manner. Example: The research was rigorously conducted to ensure accuracy.

40.   Dominant: Exercising control or influence over others. Example: The company has a dominant position in the market.

41.   Navigation: The process of planning and directing a course. Example: The ship's navigation system helped them reach their destination.

42.   Infrastructure: The basic physical structures and facilities needed for society. Example: Roads, bridges, and utilities are part of a region's infrastructure.

43.   Airways: Established routes for aircraft to follow during flight. Example: The pilot followed the designated airways on the flight plan.

44.   Safety: The condition of being free from harm or danger. Example: Safety measures are essential in the workplace.

45.   Relatively: To a moderate degree or in comparison to something else. Example: The cost of living is relatively lower in rural areas.

46.   Concentration: The action of focusing one's attention on a specific task. Example: Her concentration on the project led to its success.

47.   Uncontrolled: Not subject to regulation or restriction. Example: The company's expansion was uncontrolled and chaotic.

48.   Precisely: Exactly or accurately. Example: The measurements need to be precisely calculated.

49.   Practically: Almost or nearly; in a practical or realistic sense. Example: The solution is practically feasible within our budget.

50.   Governing: Exercising control or authority over something. Example: The governing body of the organization sets policies and rules.

PASSAGE-3

Telepathy

1.       Telepathy: The supposed ability to transmit thoughts or feelings from one person's mind to another's without using any known human senses. Example: Many claim to have experienced telepathy in their close relationships.

2.       Derision: Contemptuous ridicule or mockery. Example: His idea was met with derision from his colleagues.

3.       Sceptical: Doubtful or questioning the validity of something. Example: She remained sceptical about the paranormal claims.

4.       Implications: Consequences or results that follow from a particular action or situation. Example: The implications of the decision were far-reaching.

5.       Dividing: Creating a division or disagreement among people. Example: The issue of climate change often divides public opinion.

6.       Compelling: Convincing or persuasive. Example: The evidence presented in the trial was compelling.

7.       Genuine: Authentic or real, not fake or counterfeit. Example: The antique shop sold genuine historical artifacts.

8.       Collapse: A sudden failure or breakdown. Example: The bridge's collapse was due to structural flaws.

9.       Parapsychologists: Researchers who study paranormal or psychic phenomena. Example: Parapsychologists investigate claims of ghost sightings.

10.   Tranquillity: Calmness and peacefulness. Example: The garden provided a sense of tranquillity.

11.   Experimental: Relating to or based on experiments. Example: The experimental results were consistent with the hypothesis.

12.   Hit-rate: The percentage of correct guesses or successful attempts. Example: The player had a high hit-rate in scoring goals.

13.   Statistical: Relating to the use of statistics or data analysis. Example: The study used statistical methods to analyze the data.

14.   Overlooked: Not noticed or considered. Example: The importance of the issue should not be overlooked.

15.   Conventional: Usual or traditional; following established customs. Example: His conventional approach to problem-solving worked well.

16.   Sensory leakage: Unintentional transmission of sensory information. Example: Sensory leakage may explain some apparent telepathic experiences.

17.   Outright: Completely and without reservation. Example: She denied the accusation outright.

18.   Fraud: Deception or dishonesty for personal gain. Example: The company discovered cases of fraud in its accounting.

19.   Review: A critical examination or assessment of something. Example: The movie received a positive review from critics.

20.   Automated: Operated or controlled by machines or computers. Example: The factory uses automated machinery for production.

21.   Flawed: Imperfect or containing errors. Example: The plan had some flawed assumptions.

22.   Meta-analysis: A statistical analysis that combines data from multiple studies. Example: The meta-analysis revealed a consistent trend in the results.

23.   Consistency: The quality of being reliable or uniform. Example: The consistency of his performance impressed the coach.

24.   Mainstream: The prevailing or dominant trend or style. Example: The film industry follows mainstream trends.

25.   Plausible: Believable or likely to be true. Example: His explanation seemed plausible given the circumstances.

26.   Theoretical physics: The branch of physics that deals with abstract concepts and mathematical models. Example: Theoretical physics explores the fundamental nature of the universe.

27.   Quantum entanglement: A quantum physics phenomenon where particles become correlated in a way that their properties are connected, regardless of the distance between them. Example: Quantum entanglement challenges our understanding of the universe.

28.   Transform: To change or convert something completely. Example: Education can transform people's lives.

29.   Mechanism: The process or system by which something operates. Example: Understanding the mechanism of a machine is essential for repair.

30.   Creative: Having the ability to produce original and imaginative ideas. Example: Artists often have a creative approach to their work.

31.   Artistic: Relating to the arts or creative expression. Example: The artistic community celebrated the opening of a new gallery.

32.   Probing: Investigating or examining deeply. Example: The detective was probing for clues at the crime scene.

33.   Autoganzfeld: An automated version of the ganzfeld experiment. Example: The autoganzfeld test used computerized randomization.

34.   Faint: Barely perceptible or weak. Example: She heard a faint whisper in the distance.

35.   Signal: A sign or indication of something. Example: The red light was a signal to stop.

36.   Futile: Pointless or incapable of producing results. Example: Their efforts to change his mind were futile.

37.   Strengthen: To make something stronger or more robust. Example: Exercise can strengthen muscles and improve health.

38.   Existence: The state or fact of being real or living. Example: The existence of extraterrestrial life is a subject of debate.

39.   Reject: To refuse or dismiss something as unacceptable. Example: The committee decided to reject the proposal.

40.   Plausible: Believable or reasonable. Example: The detective found the suspect's alibi to be plausible.

41.   Attitude: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something. Example: Her positive attitude made a difference in the team's morale.

42.   Paranormal: Beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding. Example: The paranormal phenomenon remains a mystery.

43.   Hypothesis: A proposed explanation or theory to be tested. Example: The scientist developed a new hypothesis for the experiment.

44.   Combined: Joined or brought together into one. Example: The teams combined their efforts to complete the project.

45.   Disturbed: Upset or bothered emotionally. Example: The news of the accident disturbed her deeply.

46.   Esoteric: Intended for or understood by a select few. Example: The book contained esoteric knowledge known to only a few.

47.   Entanglement: The state of being twisted or tangled together. Example: The entanglement of wires made it difficult to untangle.

48.   Transform: To change or convert something completely. Example: The technology has the power to transform industries.

49.   Involvement: Participation or engagement in an activity. Example: Her involvement in the project was crucial to its success.

50.   Evidence: Facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true. Example: The forensic team collected evidence at the crime scene.

       ACADEMIC READING TEST-2

PASSAGE-1

            Sheet glass manufacture: the float process

1.       Mesopotamians: The people of ancient Mesopotamia, an early civilization in the region of modern-day Iraq. Example: The Mesopotamians developed early forms of writing.

2.       Mixture: A combination of different elements or substances. Example: The recipe called for a mixture of herbs and spices.

3.       Molten: In a liquid state due to being heated to a high temperature. Example: The molten metal was poured into the mold to create a sculpture.

4.       Effective: Producing the desired result or having an impact. Example: The new marketing strategy was very effective in increasing sales.

5.       Blemished: Marred or marked with imperfections. Example: The old painting was blemished by cracks and discoloration.

6.       Labour intensive: Requiring a lot of manual work or effort. Example: Building the furniture by hand was a labour-intensive task.

7.       Continuous: Ongoing without interruption. Example: The factory operates on a continuous basis, 24 hours a day.

8.       Marked: Having visible marks or signs. Example: The shoes were marked with scuffing from heavy use.

9.       Ground and polished: Process of smoothing and shining a surface by removing imperfections. Example: The jeweler ground and polished the gemstone to perfection.

10.   Inventor: A person who creates or devises something new. Example: Thomas Edison was a famous inventor known for his contributions to electricity.

11.   Bed of molten metal: A pool of liquid metal. Example: The bed of molten metal was used in the glass-making process.

12.   Eliminating: Removing or getting rid of something. Example: The new software update aims at eliminating bugs and glitches.

13.   Gravity: The force that attracts objects toward the center of the Earth. Example: An apple falls to the ground due to the force of gravity.

14.   Parallel: Side by side and having the same distance between them. Example: The railroad tracks run parallel to each other.

15.   Thickness: The measure of how thick something is. Example: The thickness of the book made it challenging to carry.

16.   Surface tension: The force that causes the surface of a liquid to resist penetration. Example: The surface tension of water allows some insects to walk on it.

17.   Pilot plant: A small-scale experimental facility used to test processes or products. Example: The company built a pilot plant to develop a new type of battery.

18.   Continuous production: A manufacturing process that operates without stopping. Example: Continuous production is essential in the automobile industry.

19.   Melting: The process of changing a solid into a liquid by heating it. Example: The melting ice cream turned into a puddle.

20.   Homogenising: Making something uniform or consistent. Example: The blender is used for homogenising ingredients in a smoothie.

21.   Optical quality: Referring to the visual clarity and precision of an object. Example: The optical quality of the camera lens produces sharp images.

22.   Inclusions: Foreign substances or particles within a material. Example: Gemstone inclusions can affect the value of a diamond.

23.   Flaws: Imperfections or defects in something. Example: The potter carefully examined the ceramic vase for flaws.

24.   Downstream: In the later stages of a process or flow. Example: The quality control happens downstream in the production line.

25.   Steer: To guide or direct in a particular direction. Example: The captain had to steer the ship through rough waters.

26.   Patterns: Repeated arrangements or designs. Example: The wallpaper had a floral pattern.

27.   Minimize: To reduce or keep to a minimum. Example: The goal is to minimize waste in the production process.

28.   Square metre: A unit of area measurement equal to the area of a square with sides of one meter. Example: The carpet is sold by the square metre.

PASSAGE-2

PASSAGE-2                       THE LITTLE ICE AGE

1.       Little Ice Age: (n.) A period of cooler climate conditions that lasted roughly from 1300 to the middle of the nineteenth century, characterized by irregular climatic shifts.

2.       glacial episodes: (n.) Periods of time during which glaciers expanded, covering large portions of the Earth's surface.

3.       drought cycles: (n.) Repeated patterns of dry weather conditions, often resulting in water shortages and crop failures.

4.       dazzling opportunism: (n. phrase) Remarkable ability to take advantage of favorable circumstances or adapt creatively to challenging situations.

5.       stock-raising: (n.) Raising livestock for agricultural purposes, such as meat, milk, or wool production.

6.       pre-industrial civilizations: (n. phrase) Societies that existed before the widespread use of industrial technologies and methods.

7.       pack ice: (n.) Large pieces of floating ice formed from sea water, typically found in polar regions.

8.       climatic shifts: (n. phrase) Changes or variations in climate conditions over time.

9.       seesaw: (n.) A back-and-forth movement or alternation between two contrasting conditions or situations.

10.   easterly winds: (n.) Winds blowing from the east, often associated with cooler weather conditions.

11.   Atlantic storms: (n. phrase) Storm systems originating in the Atlantic Ocean, characterized by strong winds and heavy precipitation.

12.   proxy records: (n. phrase) Indirect evidence or data used to reconstruct past climate conditions, such as tree rings or ice cores.

13.   reconstructed: (adj.) Recreated or rebuilt based on available evidence or information.

14.   temperature variations: (n. phrase) Changes in temperature levels over time, often measured against a baseline or average.

15.   narrative history: (n. phrase) A historical account or description presented in the form of a narrative or story.

16.   Medieval Warm Period: (n. phrase) A period of relatively warmer climate conditions in Europe and other regions from around 900 to 1200 AD.

17.   Norse voyagers: (n. phrase) Scandinavian sailors who explored and settled in various regions during the Viking Age.

18.   intensive commercial farming: (n. phrase) Agricultural practices focused on maximizing productivity and profitability through efficient use of resources and technology.

19.   self-sufficient: (adj.) Capable of meeting one's own needs without relying on external assistance or resources.

20.   potato blight: (n. phrase) A disease that affects potato plants, causing them to rot and leading to widespread crop failures.

21.   global warming: (n. phrase) The long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature, primarily due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

22.   land clearance: (n. phrase) The process of removing vegetation or trees from an area of land, often for agricultural or developmental purposes.

23.   carbon dioxide: (n. phrase) A greenhouse gas produced by burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human activities, contributing to global warming.

24.   fossil fuels: (n. phrase) Natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals, and used as sources of energy.

25.   greenhouse gas: (n. phrase) Gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming.

26.   proliferated: (v.) Increased rapidly in number or extent.

27.   steep: (adj.) Rising or falling sharply; having a pronounced gradient or slope.

28.   Categor 5 hurricanes: (n. phrase) The most intense and destructive hurricanes, characterized by sustained wind speeds of over 157 miles per hour.

               Reading Passage-3

PASSAGE-3                 The meaning and power of smell

1.       olfaction: (n.) the sense of smell.

·         Example: Olfaction plays a crucial role in our perception of the world around us.

2.       aromas: (n.) pleasant or agreeable smells; fragrances.

·         Example: The kitchen was filled with the aromas of freshly baked bread and simmering spices.

3.       impaired: (adj.) weakened or damaged; not functioning at full capacity.

·         Example: His impaired sense of smell made it difficult for him to enjoy food.

4.       faculty: (n.) an inherent mental or physical power; ability or talent.

·         Example: She has a remarkable faculty for languages, easily picking up new ones.

5.       survey: (n.) a detailed study or analysis of a subject or area, typically done to gather information or opinions.

·         Example: The survey revealed interesting insights into people's attitudes towards smell.

6.       emotional: (adj.) relating to feelings or emotions; characterized by strong feelings.

·         Example: The movie had a powerful emotional impact on the audience.

7.       evoke: (v.) to bring to mind or recall; to elicit a response or reaction.

·         Example: The old photograph evoked memories of her childhood.

8.       odour: (n.) a distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one.

·         Example: The foul odour coming from the garbage bin made everyone hold their noses.

9.       grimace: (v.) to make a facial expression indicating disgust, pain, or discomfort.

·         Example: She grimaced when she tasted the spoiled milk.

10.   disgust: (n.) a strong feeling of revulsion or aversion; intense dislike or distaste.

·         Example: The sight of the rotting food filled her with disgust.

11.   fragrant: (adj.) having a pleasant and sweet-smelling aroma.

·         Example: The garden was filled with fragrant flowers.

12.   perception: (n.) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted.

·         Example: His perception of the situation was different from mine.

13.   infants: (n.) young children or babies.

·         Example: Infants require constant care and attention from their parents.

14.   recognize: (v.) to identify someone or something from having encountered them before; to acknowledge the existence, validity, or legality of something.

·         Example: She couldn't recognize her old friend after so many years apart.

15.   cues: (n.) a signal or indication; a prompt or stimulus to take action.

·         Example: Nonverbal cues such as body language can convey a lot of information.

16.   undervalued: (adj.) not given enough importance or recognition; underestimated.

·         Example: Despite its importance, the sense of smell is often undervalued in society.

17.   feeble: (adj.) lacking strength, force, or effectiveness; weak or frail.

·         Example: His feeble attempts at lifting the heavy box were futile.

18.   acquire: (v.) to gain or obtain possession of something; to come to have something.

·         Example: She acquired a new skill after taking a cooking class.

19.   elusive: (adj.) difficult to find, catch, or achieve; evasive or elusive.

·         Example: The solution to the problem remained elusive despite hours of searching.

20.   describe: (v.) to give an account or representation of something in words; to explain or depict something.

·         Example: Can you describe the suspect to the police?

21.   recollections: (n.) memories or remembrances of past events or experiences.

·         Example: Her recollections of her childhood were filled with happiness.

22.   physical: (adj.) relating to the body or its material nature; tangible or concrete.

·         Example: Regular exercise is important for maintaining physical health.

23.   objective: (adj.) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; unbiased or impartial.

·         Example: The scientist conducted the experiment with the goal of obtaining objective results.

24.   undertaken: (v.) committed oneself to begin or engage in (an enterprise or activity).

·         Example: The project was undertaken with the aim of improving efficiency.

25.   fundamental: (adj.) forming a necessary base or core; essential or central.

·         Example: Good communication skills are fundamental to success in any profession.

26.   responding: (v.) reacting to something said or done; replying or answering.

·         Example: The audience responded enthusiastically to the performer's song.

27.   interacting: (v.) engaging in communication or social activity; communicating or cooperating with others.

·         Example: The children were interacting with each other during playtime.

28.   charged: (adj.) filled with emotional or other significance; intense or emotionally charged.

·         Example: The atmosphere in the room was charged with tension.

29.   distinguish: (v.) to recognize or perceive the difference between things; to differentiate or separate.

·         Example: He could easily distinguish between genuine and fake jewelry.

30.   investigation: (n.) the action or process of investigating or examining something systematically.

·         Example: The police launched an investigation into the robbery.

31.   phenomenon: (n.) a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question.

·         Example: The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the northern hemisphere.

32.   offensive: (adj.) causing someone to feel hurt, angry, or upset; insulting or disrespectful.

·         Example: His remarks were offensive and hurtful to many people.

33.   means: (n.) a method, course of action, or instrument by which something can be accomplished or achieved.

·         Example: Hard work is the means to success.

34.   model: (n.) a representation or example of a particular concept, ideal, or process.

·         Example: The new car model was unveiled at the auto show.

35.   attached: (v.) connected or fastened to something; joined or affixed.

·         Example: The document had a note attached to it.

36.   interiorized: (v.) to internalize or incorporate something as an integral part of one's identity or being.

·         Example: The values of honesty and integrity were interiorized by the members of the organization.

37.   cultures: (n.) the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.

·         Example: Different cultures have their own unique traditions and ways of life.

38.   essence: (n.) the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, that determines its character.

·         Example: Love is the essence of life.

39.   significant: (adj.) sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy or meaningful.

·         Example: The discovery of a new species was a significant event in the field of biology.

40.   inherently: (adv.) in a permanent, essential, or characteristic way; essentially or naturally.

·         Example: Cats are inherently curious creatures.

41.   inevitably: (adv.) as is certain to happen; unavoidably or necessarily.

·         Example: With the change in weather, allergies will inevitably flare up.

42.   psychological: (adj.) relating to the mental and emotional state of a person.

·         Example: The therapy session focused on addressing psychological issues stemming from childhood trauma.

43.   conflicting: (adj.) being in opposition or disagreement; contradictory or incompatible.

·         Example: The two parties held conflicting opinions on the issue.

44.   departments: (n.) a division of a large organization or institution, such as a university or government, dealing with a specific area of activity or responsibility.

·         Example: The marketing department is responsible for promoting the company's products.

45.   collaborative: (adj.) involving or characterized by collaboration; cooperative or joint.

·         Example: The project was a collaborative effort involving multiple departments.

46.   pockets: (n.) small isolated groups or areas within a larger whole; localized or limited regions.

·         Example: There are pockets of poverty in even the wealthiest cities.

47.   multipilot: (adj.) involving or having more than one pilot.

·         Example: Multipilot aircraft are often used for long-haul flights.

48.   passivity: (n.) acceptance or compliance without active response or resistance; acquiescence or submission.

·         Example: The passivity of the audience surprised the speaker.

49.   overbearing: (adj.) domineering or dictatorial; oppressive or authoritarian.

·         Example: Her overbearing manner made it difficult for her colleagues to work with her.

50.   revolutionized: (v.) to completely change or transform something, typically in a radical way.

·         Example: The invention of the internet revolutionized the way we communicate and access information.

         ACADEMIC READING TEST-3

PASSAGE-1

              Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers

1.       dramatic: (adj.) highly effective or striking, especially in effect or intensity.

·         Example: The play's dramatic conclusion left the audience in awe.

2.       fury: (n.) wild or violent anger; intense or extreme force.

·         Example: The hurricane unleashed its fury on the coastal town.

3.       inflicts: (v.) causes something unpleasant or painful to be suffered by someone or something.

·         Example: The accident inflicted serious injuries on the driver.

4.       terrifying: (adj.) causing extreme fear or dread; frightening.

·         Example: The horror movie was so terrifying that I couldn't sleep afterwards.

5.       dice with: (v.) to put oneself in a situation where there is a risk of harm or danger.

·         Example: Walking alone in the dark alley is like dicing with death.

6.       inviting: (adj.) appealing or attractive; tempting.

·         Example: The warm glow of the fire was inviting on a cold winter night.

7.       damage: (n.) physical harm caused to something, typically as a result of an accident or improper handling.

·         Example: The storm caused extensive damage to the coastal properties.

8.       neutralising: (v.) counteracting or making ineffective; nullifying.

·         Example: The antidote was effective in neutralizing the effects of the venom.

9.       armoury: (n.) a collection of resources or weapons available for a particular purpose.

·         Example: The company has an impressive armoury of marketing strategies.

10.   thunderclouds: (n.) dense, towering clouds associated with thunderstorms, typically producing lightning and thunder.

·         Example: Dark thunderclouds gathered on the horizon, signaling an approaching storm.

11.   discharge: (v.) release or cause to release (a substance, etc.) from where it is stored.

·         Example: The factory discharged toxic waste into the river, causing environmental damage.

12.   technique: (n.) a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure.

·         Example: The chef demonstrated various cooking techniques during the cooking class.

13.   survives: (v.) continues to exist or remain after the passage of time.

·         Example: The ancient ruins are all that survive of the once-great civilization.

14.   precise: (adj.) exact, accurate, or careful in details.

·         Example: The surgeon's precise movements were crucial during the delicate operation.

15.   bear up: (v.) to endure or cope with a difficult situation.

·         Example: Despite the challenges, she managed to bear up and complete the task.

16.   behaved: (adj.) conducted or carried out in a particular way; acted.

·         Example: The students were well-behaved during the school assembly.

17.   populated: (adj.) inhabited or occupied by people or human communities.

·         Example: The densely populated city was bustling with activity.

18.   streams: (n.) continuous flow or succession, especially of people, vehicles, or things.

·         Example: The streams of traffic in the city center came to a standstill during rush hour.

19.   stumbling block: (n.) an obstacle or impediment that prevents progress or success.

·         Example: Lack of funding proved to be a stumbling block for the project.

20.   portable: (adj.) able to be easily carried or moved, especially because of being lightweight or compact.

·         Example: The laptop is portable, making it convenient for travel.

21.   monster: (n.) something unusually large or powerful; a huge or monstrous creature.

·         Example: The hurricane was described as a monster storm, causing widespread destruction.

22.   manageable: (adj.) capable of being controlled, regulated, or dealt with; easily handled or controlled.

·         Example: The project seemed overwhelming at first, but once broken down, it became more manageable.

23.   attracting: (v.) causing someone or something to become interested or drawn to.

·         Example: The new marketing campaign succeeded in attracting more customers to the store.

24.   avalanche: (n.) a sudden and overwhelming quantity or accumulation of something.

·         Example: The website experienced an avalanche of traffic after going viral.

25.   interact: (v.) act in such a way as to have an effect on each other; communicate or cooperate.

·         Example: The teacher encouraged students to interact with each other during group activities.

26.   formation: (n.) the action of forming or process of being formed.

·         Example: The formation of a new government brought hope for political stability.

27.   torrential: (adj.) of or relating to a sudden, heavy downpour; pouring down in abundance.

·         Example: The storm brought torrential rain, flooding the streets.

28.   confront: (v.) meet (someone) face to face with hostile or argumentative intent.

·         Example: She had to confront her fears in order to overcome them.

29.   menaces: (n.) a person or thing that is likely to cause harm; a threat or danger.

·         Example: The growing crime rate in the neighborhood was seen as a menace to the community.

30.   trigger: (v.) cause (an event or situation) to happen or occur.

·         Example: The loud noise triggered a panic among the crowd.

31.   shake out: (v.) to cause something to fall or come out by shaking.

·         Example: She shook out the rug to remove the dust.

32.   moisture: (n.) small drops of water in the air or on a surface.

·         Example: The air conditioner helps to reduce the moisture in the room.

33.   crop: (n.) a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a grain, fruit, or vegetable.

·         Example: The farmer's fields were full of ripe wheat crops.

34.   gathering: (n.) an assembly or meeting, especially a formal one.

·         Example: The family reunion was a joyous gathering of relatives from near and far.

35.   toting: (v.) carrying or hauling something heavy or bulky.

·         Example: The porter was toting several suitcases for the hotel guests.

36.   strike back: (v.) to retaliate or counterattack against someone or something that has attacked or wronged oneself.

·         Example: The soldiers were prepared to strike back if the enemy invaded their territory.

Top of Form

PASSAGE-2

The Nature of Genius

1. geniuses: (n.) exceptionally intelligent or talented people.

• Example: Many geniuses throughout history have made significant contributions to science and art.

1. prodigies: (n.) individuals, especially children, who show exceptional talent or ability in a particular field at an early age.

• Example: The young pianist was hailed as a prodigy for her extraordinary musical skills.

1. ambivalent: (adj.) having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about someone or something.

• Example: She felt ambivalent about accepting the job offer, as it required relocating to a new city.

1. mythology: (n.) a body of myths, especially those belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition, that explain natural phenomena, customs, or beliefs.

• Example: Greek mythology is filled with stories of gods and heroes.

1. eccentric: (adj.) unconventional and slightly strange; odd.

• Example: The eccentric artist was known for wearing colorful outfits and speaking in riddles.

1. denigration: (n.) the act of criticizing or belittling someone or something; disparagement.

• Example: His constant denigration of her work eventually led her to quit her job.

1. encouragement: (n.) the action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope.

• Example: Her parents provided her with constant encouragement to pursue her dreams.

1. beneficial: (adj.) favorable or advantageous; resulting in good.

• Example: Regular exercise has many beneficial effects on overall health.

1. anecdotes: (n.) short, amusing, or interesting stories about a real incident or person.

• Example: The book is filled with anecdotes about the author's travels around the world.

1. norm-referenced: (adj.) evaluated or assessed in relation to a standard or average; compared to the performance of others.

• Example: The test results are norm-referenced, meaning they are compared to the scores of other test takers.

1. infant mortality: (n.) the death of infants within the first year of life.

• Example: Improved healthcare has led to a decrease in infant mortality rates in many countries.

1. privileged: (adj.) having special rights, advantages, or immunities; favored or elite.

• Example: The country club is open only to privileged members who can afford the expensive fees.

1. paediatrics: (n.) the branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases.

• Example: She specialized in paediatrics and spent her career caring for sick children.

1. objective: (adj.) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; impartial.

• Example: The journalist strives to present the news in an objective manner, without bias.

1. continuum: (n.) a continuous sequence or progression; a range or spectrum.

• Example: Intelligence can be viewed as a continuum, with different levels of ability.

1. accidental: (adj.) happening by chance or unintentionally; occurring unexpectedly.

• Example: Her discovery of the rare flower was purely accidental; she stumbled upon it while hiking in the forest.

1. manifestations: (n.) events, actions, or occurrences that clearly show or demonstrate something.

• Example: The sudden decrease in crime rates was a manifestation of the new policing strategy's effectiveness.

1. outstrip: (v.) to surpass or exceed someone or something in performance or achievement.

• Example: The company's profits outstripped expectations, leading to record-breaking revenue.

1. palatable: (adj.) acceptable or agreeable to the mind; satisfactory.

• Example: The compromise reached by the negotiating teams was palatable to both parties involved.

1. perseverance: (n.) steadfastness in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success.

• Example: Her perseverance in the face of adversity eventually paid off when she was promoted to manager.

1. single-mindedness: (n.) the quality of being focused or determined to achieve a particular goal.

• Example: His single-mindedness in pursuing his dreams led him to become a successful entrepreneur.

1. dedication: (n.) the quality of being committed to a task or purpose; devotion or loyalty.

• Example: Her dedication to her studies earned her top marks in all her classes.

1. integrity: (n.) the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness.

• Example: He was admired for his integrity and fairness in dealing with others.

1. delude: (v.) to mislead or deceive someone; to cause someone to believe something that is not true.

• Example: She deluded herself into thinking that she could finish the project in one day.

1. performance: (n.) the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing a task, duty, or function.

• Example: The athlete's stellar performance in the race earned her a gold medal.

1. substance: (n.) the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists; the essence or essential nature of something.

• Example: The substance of her argument was based on scientific research and empirical evidence.

1. emulate: (v.) to match or surpass (a person or achievement), typically by imitation.

• Example: Aspiring writers often seek to emulate the style of their favorite authors.

1. unpalatable: (adj.) difficult to accept or endure; unpleasant or disagreeable.

• Example: The decision to lay off employees was unpalatable, but necessary for the company's survival.

1. price: (n.) the amount of money or resources expected, required, or given in exchange for something.

• Example: The success of the business came at a price, as it required long hours and sacrifices.

1. context: (n.) the circumstances or setting in which something occurs; the background or environment.

• Example: Understanding the context of the story is crucial for interpreting its meaning.

1. development: (n.) the process of growth, maturation, or progression from a simple to a more complex form or stage.

• Example: The development of technology has transformed the way we live and work.

1. performance: (n.) the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing a task, duty, or function.

• Example: The athlete's stellar performance in the race earned her a gold medal.

1. supremacy: (n.) the state or condition of being superior to all others in authority, power, or status.

• Example: The country sought to maintain its military supremacy in the region.

1. achievement: (n.) a thing done successfully with effort, skill, or courage.

• Example: Winning the championship was a remarkable achievement for the young team.

1. degree: (n.) a unit of measurement of angles, one three-hundred-and-sixtieth of the circumference of a circle.

• Example: He received his bachelor's degree in engineering from the university.

1. substance: (n.) the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists; the essence or essential nature of something.

• Example: The substance of her argument was based on scientific research and empirical evidence.

1. determination: (n.) firmness of purpose; resolve; the process of establishing something exactly by calculation or research.

• Example: Her determination to succeed helped her overcome numerous obstacles along the way.

1. capability: (n.) the power or ability to do something.

• Example: The new software has the capability to process large amounts of data efficiently.

1. persistence: (n.) the quality of continuing steadily despite problems or difficulties.

• Example: Her persistence in pursuing her goals eventually paid off with a promotion.

Top of Form

PASSAGE-3

HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK?

1.       restricted: (adj.) limited or confined in extent, number, scope, or action.

·         Example: Our access to the restricted area was denied due to security reasons.

2.       biologically: (adv.) in relation to biology or the biological processes and phenomena of living organisms.

·         Example: The scientist studied the biologically active compounds found in certain plants.

3.       subjected to: (adj.) exposed to; made vulnerable to a particular experience or treatment.

·         Example: The wooden furniture was subjected to harsh weather conditions, causing it to deteriorate.

4.       wear and tear: (n.) damage or deterioration resulting from ordinary use or exposure.

·         Example: The car showed signs of wear and tear after years of regular use.

5.       unusable: (adj.) not able to be used; not suitable for its intended purpose.

·         Example: The computer became unusable after it crashed and lost all its data.

6.       comparable: (adj.) similar in nature, extent, amount, or quality, worthy of comparison.

·         Example: The two paintings are comparable in terms of style and technique.

7.       static: (adj.) lacking in movement, action, or change; stationary.

·         Example: The old factory remained static for years, abandoned and untouched.

8.       constitutes: (v.) forms or makes up a part of a whole.

·         Example: Hard work and dedication constitute the foundation of success.

9.       thermodynamics: (n.) the branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy.

·         Example: Thermodynamics explains the principles governing the conversion of heat into mechanical energy.

10.   inevitable: (adj.) certain to happen; unavoidable.

·         Example: Death is an inevitable part of the cycle of life.

11.   renew: (v.) restore or replenish; make something new or fresh again.

·         Example: The company decided to renew its marketing strategy to attract more customers.

12.   equilibrium: (n.) a state of balance or stability achieved by the equal action of opposing forces.

·         Example: The market reached an equilibrium between supply and demand.

13.   mechanisms: (n.) systems or processes that function in a particular way to produce a desired result.

·         Example: The immune system has various mechanisms for defending the body against infections.

14.   restricted: (adj.) limited in extent, number, scope, or action.

·         Example: The restricted access area was off-limits to unauthorized personnel.

15.   evolution: (n.) the gradual development or change of something over time.

·         Example: The theory of evolution explains how species adapt and change over generations.

16.   characteristic: (adj.) typical or distinctive of a particular person, place, or thing.

·         Example: Diligence and determination are characteristic traits of successful individuals.

17.   parameter: (n.) a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation.

·         Example: The temperature and pressure are important parameters for studying the behavior of gases.

18.   observation: (n.) the action or process of closely monitoring or watching something or someone.

·         Example: The scientist recorded his observations of the behavior of the lab mice.

19.   genetically: (adv.) in a manner relating to genes or inherited characteristics.

·         Example: The disease is believed to be genetically inherited from one's parents.

20.   internal: (adj.) situated or occurring within; inside.

·         Example: The internal organs of the body are protected by the rib cage.

21.   metabolic: (adj.) relating to metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

·         Example: Regular exercise can help improve metabolic rate and overall health.

22.   relationship: (n.) the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected or associated with each other.

·         Example: There is a close relationship between diet and health outcomes.

23.   inverted: (adj.) reversed in position, direction, or order.

·         Example: The graph showed an inverted trend, with sales declining over time.

24.   relaxation: (n.) the state of being free from tension and anxiety.

·         Example: Yoga and meditation are effective techniques for inducing relaxation.

25.   equable: (adj.) calm, steady, or even-tempered.

·         Example: The manager's equable demeanor helped diffuse tense situations in the workplace.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-4

LAND OF THE RISING SUM

1.       attainment: (n.) the action or fact of achieving a goal toward which one has worked.

·         Example: The students celebrated their academic attainment with a graduation ceremony.

2.       proportion: (n.) a part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.

·         Example: A significant proportion of the population supports the proposed policy changes.

3.       variation: (n.) a change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits.

·         Example: There is a wide variation in climate across different regions of the country.

4.       consistent: (adj.) unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time.

·         Example: She has shown consistent improvement in her performance over the past few months.

5.       cover: (v.) deal with or treat a subject or situation.

·         Example: The textbook covers a wide range of topics related to environmental science.

6.       virtually: (adv.) almost; nearly.

·         Example: Virtually all participants agreed with the proposed changes.

7.       sector: (n.) a distinct part or branch of a nation's economy or society.

·         Example: The healthcare sector plays a crucial role in maintaining public health.

8.       streamed: (adj.) organized or arranged according to ability or skill level.

·         Example: The school streamed students into different classes based on their academic performance.

9.       neighbourhood: (n.) a district or community within a town or city.

·         Example: The local neighbourhood association organized a cleanup day for the community park.

10.   identity: (n.) the distinguishing character or personality of an individual or group.

·         Example: The school's emphasis on community service helped foster a sense of identity among students.

11.   loyalty: (n.) faithfulness or allegiance to a person, group, or cause.

·         Example: Employee loyalty can contribute significantly to the success of a company.

12.   remarkably: (adv.) in a way that is worthy of attention or strikingly unusual.

·         Example: She recovered remarkably quickly from her illness.

13.   centralised: (adj.) organized or controlled from a single central point.

·         Example: The company adopted a more centralised approach to decision-making.

14.   pattern: (n.) a regular and repeated way in which something happens or is done.

·         Example: There is a pattern of increasing temperatures in the region during the summer months.

15.   circulate: (v.) move continuously or freely through a closed system or area.

·         Example: The teacher circulated around the classroom, checking on students' progress.

16.   self-observation: (n.) the act of observing or monitoring one's own behavior or thoughts.

·         Example: Through self-observation, he was able to identify patterns of behavior that he wanted to change.

17.   logical: (adj.) characterized by clear, sound reasoning; rational.

·         Example: The plan followed a logical sequence of steps to achieve its objectives.

18.   consistency: (n.) the quality of achieving a level of performance or behavior which does not vary greatly in quality over time.

·         Example: Consistency is key to building trust and reliability in relationships.

19.   attain: (v.) succeed in achieving; accomplish.

·         Example: She worked hard to attain her goal of becoming a doctor.

20.   emphasize: (v.) give special importance or prominence to (something) in speaking or writing.

·         Example: The coach emphasized the importance of teamwork to the players.

21.   stream: (v.) divide (a group of people or things) into separate categories or levels of quality.

·         Example: The school streams students into different classes based on their academic abilities.

22.   inspirational: (adj.) providing or showing creative or spiritual inspiration.

·         Example: His speech was so inspirational that it motivated everyone in the audience.

PASSAGE-2

Biological Control of Pests

1.       reckless: (adj.) careless or heedless; lacking caution or prudence.

·         Example: The reckless use of pesticides has led to unintended consequences for the environment.

2.       counter-productive: (adj.) having the opposite of the desired effect; tending to hinder rather than facilitate progress or success.

·         Example: His micromanagement style proved to be counter-productive, demotivating the team instead of increasing productivity.

3.       pests: (n.) destructive insects or other animals that attack crops, food, livestock, etc.

·         Example: Farmers struggle to control pests like aphids and caterpillars without causing harm to beneficial insects.

4.       ecological: (adj.) relating to or concerned with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings; pertaining to ecology.

·         Example: Ecological balance is crucial for the health of ecosystems.

5.       emergence: (n.) the process of coming into view or becoming visible or noticeable; the appearance or arrival of something.

·         Example: The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to public health.

6.       resistance: (n.) the refusal to accept or comply with something; the ability to withstand something.

·         Example: The bacteria showed strong resistance to the antibiotic treatment.

7.       immune: (adj.) resistant to a particular infection or toxin owing to the presence of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.

·         Example: Vaccinated individuals are immune to certain diseases.

8.       agricultural: (adj.) relating to farming or agriculture.

·         Example: Many rural economies rely on agricultural activities for their livelihoods.

9.       non-targeted: (adj.) not specifically aimed at or intended for a particular target or objective.

·         Example: The pesticide spray unintentionally killed many non-targeted species of insects.

10.   agro-ecologists: (n.) scientists who study the relationship between agriculture and ecosystems.

·         Example: Agro-ecologists seek to develop sustainable farming practices that minimize environmental impact.

11.   tremendous: (adj.) very great in amount, scale, or intensity; enormous or immense.

·         Example: The project required a tremendous amount of effort from everyone involved.

12.   breeding: (n.) the mating and production of offspring by animals.

·         Example: Selective breeding has been used for centuries to develop new plant varieties.

13.   genetic: (adj.) relating to genes or heredity; determined by or resulting from genetic factors.

·         Example: Genetic engineering allows scientists to modify the DNA of organisms.

14.   havoc: (n.) widespread destruction or devastation; chaos or disorder.

·         Example: The hurricane wreaked havoc on the coastal communities.

15.   glory: (n.) high renown or honor won by notable achievements.

·         Example: The athlete basked in the glory of winning the gold medal.

16.   intensive: (adj.) involving or requiring concentrated effort; thorough or exhaustive.

·         Example: The company provided intensive training for its new employees.

17.   avidly: (adv.) with great enthusiasm or interest; eagerly or eagerly.

·         Example: She avidly read every book she could find on the topic.

18.   proliferation: (n.) rapid increase in the number or amount of something.

·         Example: The proliferation of fast-food restaurants has led to concerns about obesity.

19.   financial: (adj.) relating to finance or finances; monetary or fiscal.

·         Example: The company's financial situation improved after implementing cost-saving measures.

20.   outlay: (n.) an amount of money spent on something; an expenditure.

·         Example: The initial outlay for the project was significant, but it paid off in the long run.

21.   perpetual: (adj.) never-ending or continuously recurring; lasting for an indefinitely long time.

·         Example: The machine required perpetual maintenance to keep it running smoothly.

22.   detrimental: (adj.) causing harm or damage; injurious or harmful.

·         Example: Smoking has detrimental effects on both physical and mental health.

23.   polluting: (adj.) causing pollution; contaminating or fouling.

·         Example: Industrial factories are major sources of polluting emissions.

24.   self-dispersing: (adj.) capable of spreading or dispersing itself without external intervention.

·         Example: Some plants have self-dispersing seeds that are carried by the wind.

25.   indiscriminate: (adj.) done at random or without careful consideration; haphazard or unselective.

·         Example: The indiscriminate use of force led to civilian casualties.

26.   escalating: (adj.) increasing rapidly in size, amount, intensity, or extent; growing or expanding.

·         Example: The escalating violence in the region raised concerns about the safety of civilians.

27.   ecologically: (adv.) in a way that relates to or concerns the relationships between organisms and their environment.

·         Example: Ecologically sustainable practices aim to minimize environmental impact.

28.   selective: (adj.) involving careful or deliberate selection; discriminating or choosy.

·         Example: The university has a selective admissions process for its graduate programs.

29.   predators: (n.) animals that hunt, kill, and eat other animals.

·         Example: Lions are apex predators, meaning they are at the top of the food chain.

30.   parasites: (n.) organisms that live on or in another organism (the host) and benefit at the host's expense.

·         Example: Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that can cause serious health problems in humans.

31.   eradication: (n.) the complete destruction or elimination of something; the removal or obliteration of something undesirable.

·         Example: The eradication of smallpox is considered one of the greatest achievements in medical history.

32.   nuisance: (n.) a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance.

·         Example: The loud music from the neighbor's party was a nuisance late at night.

33.   infested: (adj.) overrun or inhabited in large numbers by pests or parasites.

·         Example: The abandoned building was infested with rats and cockroaches.

34.   inadequately: (adv.) in a way that does not meet the requirements or standards; insufficiently or unsatisfactorily.

·         Example: The proposal was inadequately prepared and lacked necessary details.

35.   mutations: (n.) changes or alterations in the genetic material of an organism, typically resulting in physical or behavioral differences.

·         Example: Mutations can lead to new traits that are beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the organism.

36.   adverse: (adj.) preventing success or development; harmful or unfavorable.

·         Example: The adverse weather conditions delayed the construction project.

37.   cancer: (n.) a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body; malignant tumor.

·         Example: Lung cancer is often caused by smoking.

38.   institutions: (n.) organizations or establishments founded for a specific purpose, such as education, government, or finance.

·         Example: Universities and hospitals are examples of institutions that serve the public.

39.   non-commercial: (adj.) not engaged in or involving commerce or the buying and selling of goods or services.

·         Example: The organization is non-commercial and relies on donations to fund its activities.

40.   import: (v.) bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale.

·         Example: The country imports a large quantity of oil to meet its energy needs.

41.   export: (v.) send (goods or services) to another country for sale.

·         Example: The company exports electronics to markets around the world.

42.   parthenium: (n.) a genus of plants in the sunflower family, some of which are considered invasive weeds.

·         Example: Parthenium weed can cause allergic reactions in humans and livestock.

43.   noxious: (adj.) harmful, poisonous, or very unpleasant.

·         Example: The smoke from the factory emitted a noxious odor.

44.   hyacinth: (n.) a bulbous plant of the lily family, with straplike leaves and a compact spike of bell-shaped fragrant flowers.

·         Example: Water hyacinth is an invasive species that can clog waterways and disrupt ecosystems.

45.   defoliants: (n.) chemicals used to remove the leaves from trees and plants, typically as part of military operations or agricultural practices.

·         Example: Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War, was a defoliant that had long-lasting environmental and health effects.

46.   biological: (adj.) relating to biology or living organisms; of or relating to life and living organisms.

·         Example: Biological research aims to understand the processes and systems of living organisms.

47.   larval: (adj.) relating to or in the form of a larva (the immature, juvenile form of many animals).

·         Example: The larval stage of butterflies is often called a caterpillar.

48.   forage: (n.) food for horses or cattle; the act of searching for food or provisions.

·         Example: The herd of deer went foraging for acorns in the forest.

49.   implications: (n.) the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated; the logical consequences or significance of an action or event.

·         Example: The implications of the new policy are still being debated.

50.   essentialized: (adj.) reduced to or treated as an essence; simplified or distilled to its most basic form.

·         Example: The theory essentialized complex social phenomena, overlooking important nuances and variations.

PASSAGE-3

Collecting Ant Specimens

1.       exhaustive: (adj.) thorough and comprehensive; covering all possible details.

·         Example: The report provided an exhaustive analysis of the environmental impacts of the proposed project.

2.       taxonomy: (n.) the branch of science concerned with the classification and naming of organisms.

·         Example: Taxonomy helps scientists organize and categorize the vast diversity of life on Earth.

3.       abundances: (n.) the state of being plentiful; the degree to which something is present in a particular area or environment.

·         Example: Ecologists study the abundances of different species in an ecosystem to understand their interactions.

4.       castes: (n.) social classes or strata within a society, usually based on heredity or occupation.

·         Example: In ant colonies, there are different castes, such as workers, soldiers, and the queen.

5.       desirable: (adj.) worth having or seeking; advantageous or beneficial.

·         Example: A desirable outcome of the project would be increased biodiversity in the area.

6.       variation: (n.) the occurrence of differences among individuals of the same species or group.

·         Example: Genetic variation within a population allows for adaptation to changing environmental conditions.

7.       compatible: (adj.) able to exist or occur together without conflict or inconsistency.

·         Example: Their personalities were compatible, which made working together enjoyable.

8.       overlook: (v.) fail to notice or consider; ignore or neglect.

·         Example: Don't overlook the importance of proper documentation in your research.

9.       elusive: (adj.) difficult to find, catch, or achieve; evasive or elusive.

·         Example: The answer to the problem remained elusive despite hours of searching.

10.   baits: (n.) substances used to attract animals or insects, often for the purpose of trapping or killing them.

·         Example: Fishermen use various baits to attract different types of fish.

11.   foraging: (v.) searching widely for food or provisions.

·         Example: Bears spend much of the fall foraging for berries to fatten up before winter hibernation.

12.   aspirator: (n.) a device used for suction, often used in collecting small insects or other specimens.

·         Example: The entomologist used an aspirator to collect insects from the field.

13.   preservative: (n.) a substance used to prevent decay or deterioration, often added to food or other perishable items.

·         Example: Vinegar can act as a natural preservative for pickling vegetables.

14.   evaporate: (v.) to change from a liquid to a vapor; to disappear or dissipate gradually.

·         Example: The puddle evaporated quickly under the hot sun.

15.   maintenance: (n.) the process of keeping something in good condition or working order; the act of maintaining or preserving.

·         Example: Regular maintenance of the equipment is essential to prevent breakdowns.

16.   intervention: (n.) the action or process of intervening; interference or involvement in a situation.

·         Example: The teacher's intervention helped resolve the conflict between the students.

17.   encounter: (v.) unexpectedly experience or be faced with (something difficult or hostile).

·         Example: The hikers encountered a bear while hiking in the wilderness.

18.   strata: (n.) layers or levels, especially when arranged in a hierarchical order.

·         Example: The social stratification of society can be understood in terms of different strata based on wealth and power.

19.   heredity: (n.) the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.

·         Example: Traits such as eye color and height are determined by heredity.

20.   occupations: (n.) jobs or professions; activities that a person engages in to earn a living.

·         Example: Teaching and nursing are examples of occupations that require specialized training.

21.   evasive: (adj.) tending to avoid commitment or self-revelation, especially by responding only indirectly.

·         Example: The politician gave evasive answers to the reporter's questions.

22.   suction: (n.) the process of drawing in or pulling something, typically by the action of a partial vacuum.

·         Example: The vacuum cleaner uses suction to remove dirt and debris from carpets.

23.   deterioration: (n.) the process of becoming progressively worse; the decline or worsening of something.

·         Example: The house showed signs of deterioration due to years of neglect.

24.   dissipate: (v.) to disperse or scatter; to disappear or vanish gradually.

·         Example: The morning fog dissipated as the sun rose higher in the sky.

25.   hierarchical: (adj.) arranged in a graded or ranked series; organized according to rank, importance, or authority.

·         Example: The company has a hierarchical structure, with managers at the top and employees at lower levels.

26.   stratification: (n.) the arrangement or formation of layers or strata, especially within a hierarchical system.

·         Example: Social stratification refers to the division of society into different layers based on factors like wealth, status, and power.

27.   traits: (n.) distinguishing qualities or characteristics, typically of a person or animal.

·         Example: Kindness and honesty are admirable traits in a person.

28.   partial: (adj.) existing only in part; incomplete or limited.

·         Example: The report provided only a partial explanation of the problem.

29.   vanish: (v.) to disappear suddenly or completely; to cease to exist.

·         Example: The magician made the rabbit vanish into thin air.

30.   specialized: (adj.) requiring or involving specialized knowledge, skills, or techniques.

·         Example: Brain surgery is a specialized field of medicine that requires years of training and experience.