ACADEMIC READING TEST-1
PASSAGE-1
A Chronicle of Timekeeping
Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it
1. Archaeological: Related to the study of ancient human history. Example: The archaeological dig unearthed ancient artifacts.
2. Calendars: Systems for measuring and organizing time. Example: We use calendars to keep track of important dates.
3. Coordinate: To arrange or organize in a harmonious way. Example: The team needs to coordinate their efforts for the project.
4. Regulate: To control or manage according to rules or standards. Example: Laws are in place to regulate the use of firearms.
5. Solar day: The 24-hour period determined by the rotation of the Earth. Example: A solar day consists of day and night.
6. Lunar month: A month determined by the phases of the moon. Example: The lunar month has 29 or 30 days.
7. Solar year: A year determined by the Earth's orbit around the sun. Example: The solar year consists of 365 days.
8. Latitude: The distance north or south from the equator. Example: The city's latitude affects its climate.
9. Equator: The imaginary line dividing the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. Example: The equator is located at 0 degrees latitude.
10. Cosmic significance: Importance or meaning related to the universe. Example: Some cultures attach cosmic significance to celestial events.
11. Temporal hours: Hours measured according to the changing length of day and night. Example: Temporal hours vary throughout the year.
12. Dripped: To fall or let fall in drops. Example: Water dripped from the leaking pipe.
13. Sundials: Timekeeping devices that use the sun's position to tell time. Example: Ancient civilizations used sundials to measure time.
14. Counterpart: A thing that corresponds to another in function or purpose. Example: The moon is Earth's counterpart in the night sky.
15. Inscribed: Marked or carved into a surface. Example: The monument had the names of the fallen soldiers inscribed on it.
16. Medieval: Relating to the Middle Ages. Example: Knights and castles are often associated with the medieval period.
17. Mechanical clock: A clock powered by gears and machinery. Example: The old mechanical clock needed winding every day.
18. Adjusted: To change or regulate to achieve accuracy. Example: The clock was adjusted to keep perfect time.
19. Commencing: Beginning or starting. Example: The concert will be commencing shortly.
20. Weight-driven: Powered by the force of gravity on weights. Example: The grandfather clock is a weight-driven timepiece.
21. Motive force: The power that moves or drives something. Example: The engine provides the motive force for the car.
22. Gear wheels: Mechanisms with teeth that transfer motion. Example: The gear wheels in the watch ensure accurate timekeeping.
23. Escapement: A device in a clock that controls the release of energy. Example: The escapement regulates the ticking of the clock.
24. Coiled spring: A spring wound into a spiral shape. Example: The coiled spring stores energy in the clock.
25. Constant force: A consistent and unchanging amount of power. Example: The constant force of the engine kept the car moving smoothly.
26. Mainspring: The main spring in a clock or watch that powers it. Example: The mainspring needs winding to keep the watch running.
27. Pendulum clock: A clock that uses a swinging pendulum for timekeeping. Example: The pendulum clock is known for its accuracy.
28. Efficient: Performing a task with minimal wasted effort or resources. Example: The new machine is more efficient than the old one.
29. Variation: A change or difference in condition, amount, or level. Example: There is variation in temperature throughout the year.
30. Anchor escapement: A type of mechanism used in pendulum clocks. Example: The anchor escapement improved clock accuracy.
31. Precise amount: A specific and exact quantity. Example: The recipe calls for a precise amount of sugar.
32. Grandfather clock: A tall, freestanding clock with a pendulum. Example: The grandfather clock chimed loudly every hour.
33. Integral: Necessary and essential to the whole. Example: Teamwork is integral to the success of the project.
34. Global Positioning System (GPS): A satellite-based navigation system. Example: GPS helps drivers find their way using satellites.
35. Calibrate: To adjust or standardize for accuracy. Example: The scientist needed to calibrate the instrument.
36. Navigation equipment: Devices used for determining one's location and direction. Example: Ships rely on navigation equipment for safe travel.
37. Dependency: The state of relying on something or someone. Example: Our dependency on technology is growing.
38. Fail to work: Not function or operate as expected. Example: The computer failed to work after the power outage.
39. Quartz-crystal clock: A clock that uses the vibrations of a quartz crystal for timekeeping. Example: Most modern watches have a quartz-crystal clock.
40. Precisely: Exactly and accurately. Example: He arrived at the meeting precisely on time.
41. Beamed down: Sent or transmitted, usually by radio waves. Example: The TV signal was beamed down from the satellite.
42. Instant stock-trading systems: Automated systems for buying and selling stocks. Example: Instant stock-trading systems allow for quick trades.
43. Nationwide: Extending throughout an entire nation. Example: The company has a nationwide network of stores.
44. Power-distribution grids: Networks for delivering electrical power. Example: Power-distribution grids ensure electricity reaches homes.
45. Integral: Necessary and essential to the whole. Example: Teamwork is integral to the success of the project.
46. Dependency: The state of relying on something or someone. Example: Our dependency on technology is growing.
47. Fail to work: Not function or operate as expected. Example: The computer failed to work after the power outage.
48. Quartz-crystal clock: A clock that uses the vibrations of a quartz crystal for timekeeping. Example: Most modern watches have a quartz-crystal clock.
49. Precisely: Exactly and accurately. Example: He arrived at the meeting precisely on time.
50. Beamed down: Sent or transmitted, usually by radio waves. Example: The TV signal was beamed down from the satellite.
PASSAGE-2
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USA
1. Establishment: The act of creating or setting up something. Example: The establishment of the FAA was a response to a serious aviation accident.
2. Regulate: To control or govern according to rules or regulations. Example: The government agency helps regulate safety standards in the industry.
3. Congested: Overcrowded or filled to capacity. Example: The city streets were congested with traffic during rush hour.
4. Rudimentary: Basic or undeveloped; not highly advanced. Example: Their rudimentary knowledge of the language made communication difficult.
5. Controllers: People or devices that manage or operate something. Example: Air traffic controllers ensure safe takeoffs and landings.
6. Visual: Related to or involving sight or the sense of vision. Example: The artist created a stunning visual masterpiece.
7. Beacons: Signal lights or markers used for navigation. Example: Lighthouses serve as beacons for ships at sea.
8. Cross-country: Involving travel or movement across a country. Example: They embarked on a cross-country road trip.
9. Approximating: Coming close to or resembling something. Example: The painting was an approximating replica of the original.
10. Communication: The exchange of information or messages. Example: Effective communication is key to successful teamwork.
11. Fortuitous: Happening by chance or luck. Example: Their meeting was fortuitous and led to a great partnership.
12. Advent: The arrival or beginning of something significant. Example: The advent of the internet revolutionized communication.
13. Margin: The border or edge of something. Example: She made notes in the margin of her textbook.
14. Reserve: A supply of something that is saved or stored for future use. Example: They tapped into their reserve of food during the winter.
15. Blanketed: Covered completely, as if with a blanket. Example: The snow blanketed the entire landscape.
16. Recreational: Related to activities done for enjoyment or relaxation. Example: Fishing is a popular recreational activity in this area.
17. Regulations: Official rules or laws governing an activity. Example: The company follows strict safety regulations.
18. Protection: The act of keeping something safe from harm or damage. Example: Wearing a helmet provides protection while biking.
19. Consciously: With awareness or intent. Example: She consciously made an effort to eat healthier.
20. Reliance: Dependence on or trust in something or someone. Example: The team's success was due to their reliance on each other.
21. Altitude: The height above sea level or the ground. Example: The plane reached a cruising altitude of 30,000 feet.
22. Navigational: Related to the process of determining a route or direction. Example: The sailor used a navigational chart to plot the course.
23. Instrument panel: The control panel in an aircraft's cockpit. Example: The pilot checked the instrument panel before takeoff.
24. License: An official document granting permission or privilege. Example: You need a driver's license to operate a car.
25. Accommodates: Provides space or room for something. Example: The hotel accommodates guests with various needs.
26. Aviation: The operation of aircraft and related activities. Example: His passion for aviation led him to become a pilot.
27. Heavily: To a great degree or in a significant way. Example: The team relied heavily on their star player.
28. Efficiently: In a way that produces results with minimal waste. Example: The new machine operates efficiently and saves time.
29. Metropolitan: Related to a major city or its surrounding areas. Example: New York City is a bustling metropolitan area.
30. Explicit: Clearly and directly stated or expressed. Example: The contract had explicit terms and conditions.
31. Clearance: Permission or authorization to proceed. Example: The pilot received clearance to land at the airport.
32. Realm: A particular area or domain of activity or knowledge. Example: Literature is her realm of expertise.
33. Aerospace: The branch of technology and industry related to aviation and space travel. Example: The aerospace industry has made significant advancements.
34. Stringent: Strict, precise, and exacting. Example: The company enforces stringent quality control measures.
35. Procedures: A series of steps or actions taken in a specific order. Example: The medical procedures were followed carefully.
36. Encounter: To come across or meet unexpectedly. Example: They encountered a rare bird during their hike.
37. Risks: The possibility of harm or danger. Example: Climbing the mountain involves certain risks.
38. Aviation accident: An incident involving aircraft that results in damage or injury. Example: The investigation revealed the cause of the aviation accident.
39. Rigorously: In a thorough and strict manner. Example: The research was rigorously conducted to ensure accuracy.
40. Dominant: Exercising control or influence over others. Example: The company has a dominant position in the market.
41. Navigation: The process of planning and directing a course. Example: The ship's navigation system helped them reach their destination.
42. Infrastructure: The basic physical structures and facilities needed for society. Example: Roads, bridges, and utilities are part of a region's infrastructure.
43. Airways: Established routes for aircraft to follow during flight. Example: The pilot followed the designated airways on the flight plan.
44. Safety: The condition of being free from harm or danger. Example: Safety measures are essential in the workplace.
45. Relatively: To a moderate degree or in comparison to something else. Example: The cost of living is relatively lower in rural areas.
46. Concentration: The action of focusing one's attention on a specific task. Example: Her concentration on the project led to its success.
47. Uncontrolled: Not subject to regulation or restriction. Example: The company's expansion was uncontrolled and chaotic.
48. Precisely: Exactly or accurately. Example: The measurements need to be precisely calculated.
49. Practically: Almost or nearly; in a practical or realistic sense. Example: The solution is practically feasible within our budget.
50. Governing: Exercising control or authority over something. Example: The governing body of the organization sets policies and rules.
PASSAGE-3
Telepathy
1. Telepathy: The supposed ability to transmit thoughts or feelings from one person's mind to another's without using any known human senses. Example: Many claim to have experienced telepathy in their close relationships.
2. Derision: Contemptuous ridicule or mockery. Example: His idea was met with derision from his colleagues.
3. Sceptical: Doubtful or questioning the validity of something. Example: She remained sceptical about the paranormal claims.
4. Implications: Consequences or results that follow from a particular action or situation. Example: The implications of the decision were far-reaching.
5. Dividing: Creating a division or disagreement among people. Example: The issue of climate change often divides public opinion.
6. Compelling: Convincing or persuasive. Example: The evidence presented in the trial was compelling.
7. Genuine: Authentic or real, not fake or counterfeit. Example: The antique shop sold genuine historical artifacts.
8. Collapse: A sudden failure or breakdown. Example: The bridge's collapse was due to structural flaws.
9. Parapsychologists: Researchers who study paranormal or psychic phenomena. Example: Parapsychologists investigate claims of ghost sightings.
10. Tranquillity: Calmness and peacefulness. Example: The garden provided a sense of tranquillity.
11. Experimental: Relating to or based on experiments. Example: The experimental results were consistent with the hypothesis.
12. Hit-rate: The percentage of correct guesses or successful attempts. Example: The player had a high hit-rate in scoring goals.
13. Statistical: Relating to the use of statistics or data analysis. Example: The study used statistical methods to analyze the data.
14. Overlooked: Not noticed or considered. Example: The importance of the issue should not be overlooked.
15. Conventional: Usual or traditional; following established customs. Example: His conventional approach to problem-solving worked well.
16. Sensory leakage: Unintentional transmission of sensory information. Example: Sensory leakage may explain some apparent telepathic experiences.
17. Outright: Completely and without reservation. Example: She denied the accusation outright.
18. Fraud: Deception or dishonesty for personal gain. Example: The company discovered cases of fraud in its accounting.
19. Review: A critical examination or assessment of something. Example: The movie received a positive review from critics.
20. Automated: Operated or controlled by machines or computers. Example: The factory uses automated machinery for production.
21. Flawed: Imperfect or containing errors. Example: The plan had some flawed assumptions.
22. Meta-analysis: A statistical analysis that combines data from multiple studies. Example: The meta-analysis revealed a consistent trend in the results.
23. Consistency: The quality of being reliable or uniform. Example: The consistency of his performance impressed the coach.
24. Mainstream: The prevailing or dominant trend or style. Example: The film industry follows mainstream trends.
25. Plausible: Believable or likely to be true. Example: His explanation seemed plausible given the circumstances.
26. Theoretical physics: The branch of physics that deals with abstract concepts and mathematical models. Example: Theoretical physics explores the fundamental nature of the universe.
27. Quantum entanglement: A quantum physics phenomenon where particles become correlated in a way that their properties are connected, regardless of the distance between them. Example: Quantum entanglement challenges our understanding of the universe.
28. Transform: To change or convert something completely. Example: Education can transform people's lives.
29. Mechanism: The process or system by which something operates. Example: Understanding the mechanism of a machine is essential for repair.
30. Creative: Having the ability to produce original and imaginative ideas. Example: Artists often have a creative approach to their work.
31. Artistic: Relating to the arts or creative expression. Example: The artistic community celebrated the opening of a new gallery.
32. Probing: Investigating or examining deeply. Example: The detective was probing for clues at the crime scene.
33. Autoganzfeld: An automated version of the ganzfeld experiment. Example: The autoganzfeld test used computerized randomization.
34. Faint: Barely perceptible or weak. Example: She heard a faint whisper in the distance.
35. Signal: A sign or indication of something. Example: The red light was a signal to stop.
36. Futile: Pointless or incapable of producing results. Example: Their efforts to change his mind were futile.
37. Strengthen: To make something stronger or more robust. Example: Exercise can strengthen muscles and improve health.
38. Existence: The state or fact of being real or living. Example: The existence of extraterrestrial life is a subject of debate.
39. Reject: To refuse or dismiss something as unacceptable. Example: The committee decided to reject the proposal.
40. Plausible: Believable or reasonable. Example: The detective found the suspect's alibi to be plausible.
41. Attitude: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something. Example: Her positive attitude made a difference in the team's morale.
42. Paranormal: Beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding. Example: The paranormal phenomenon remains a mystery.
43. Hypothesis: A proposed explanation or theory to be tested. Example: The scientist developed a new hypothesis for the experiment.
44. Combined: Joined or brought together into one. Example: The teams combined their efforts to complete the project.
45. Disturbed: Upset or bothered emotionally. Example: The news of the accident disturbed her deeply.
46. Esoteric: Intended for or understood by a select few. Example: The book contained esoteric knowledge known to only a few.
47. Entanglement: The state of being twisted or tangled together. Example: The entanglement of wires made it difficult to untangle.
48. Transform: To change or convert something completely. Example: The technology has the power to transform industries.
49. Involvement: Participation or engagement in an activity. Example: Her involvement in the project was crucial to its success.
50. Evidence: Facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true. Example: The forensic team collected evidence at the crime scene.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-2
PASSAGE-1
Sheet glass manufacture: the float process
1. Mesopotamians: The people of ancient Mesopotamia, an early civilization in the region of modern-day Iraq. Example: The Mesopotamians developed early forms of writing.
2. Mixture: A combination of different elements or substances. Example: The recipe called for a mixture of herbs and spices.
3. Molten: In a liquid state due to being heated to a high temperature. Example: The molten metal was poured into the mold to create a sculpture.
4. Effective: Producing the desired result or having an impact. Example: The new marketing strategy was very effective in increasing sales.
5. Blemished: Marred or marked with imperfections. Example: The old painting was blemished by cracks and discoloration.
6. Labour intensive: Requiring a lot of manual work or effort. Example: Building the furniture by hand was a labour-intensive task.
7. Continuous: Ongoing without interruption. Example: The factory operates on a continuous basis, 24 hours a day.
8. Marked: Having visible marks or signs. Example: The shoes were marked with scuffing from heavy use.
9. Ground and polished: Process of smoothing and shining a surface by removing imperfections. Example: The jeweler ground and polished the gemstone to perfection.
10. Inventor: A person who creates or devises something new. Example: Thomas Edison was a famous inventor known for his contributions to electricity.
11. Bed of molten metal: A pool of liquid metal. Example: The bed of molten metal was used in the glass-making process.
12. Eliminating: Removing or getting rid of something. Example: The new software update aims at eliminating bugs and glitches.
13. Gravity: The force that attracts objects toward the center of the Earth. Example: An apple falls to the ground due to the force of gravity.
14. Parallel: Side by side and having the same distance between them. Example: The railroad tracks run parallel to each other.
15. Thickness: The measure of how thick something is. Example: The thickness of the book made it challenging to carry.
16. Surface tension: The force that causes the surface of a liquid to resist penetration. Example: The surface tension of water allows some insects to walk on it.
17. Pilot plant: A small-scale experimental facility used to test processes or products. Example: The company built a pilot plant to develop a new type of battery.
18. Continuous production: A manufacturing process that operates without stopping. Example: Continuous production is essential in the automobile industry.
19. Melting: The process of changing a solid into a liquid by heating it. Example: The melting ice cream turned into a puddle.
20. Homogenising: Making something uniform or consistent. Example: The blender is used for homogenising ingredients in a smoothie.
21. Optical quality: Referring to the visual clarity and precision of an object. Example: The optical quality of the camera lens produces sharp images.
22. Inclusions: Foreign substances or particles within a material. Example: Gemstone inclusions can affect the value of a diamond.
23. Flaws: Imperfections or defects in something. Example: The potter carefully examined the ceramic vase for flaws.
24. Downstream: In the later stages of a process or flow. Example: The quality control happens downstream in the production line.
25. Steer: To guide or direct in a particular direction. Example: The captain had to steer the ship through rough waters.
26. Patterns: Repeated arrangements or designs. Example: The wallpaper had a floral pattern.
27. Minimize: To reduce or keep to a minimum. Example: The goal is to minimize waste in the production process.
28. Square metre: A unit of area measurement equal to the area of a square with sides of one meter. Example: The carpet is sold by the square metre.
PASSAGE-2
PASSAGE-2 THE LITTLE ICE AGE
1. Little Ice Age: (n.) A period of cooler climate conditions that lasted roughly from 1300 to the middle of the nineteenth century, characterized by irregular climatic shifts.
2. glacial episodes: (n.) Periods of time during which glaciers expanded, covering large portions of the Earth's surface.
3. drought cycles: (n.) Repeated patterns of dry weather conditions, often resulting in water shortages and crop failures.
4. dazzling opportunism: (n. phrase) Remarkable ability to take advantage of favorable circumstances or adapt creatively to challenging situations.
5. stock-raising: (n.) Raising livestock for agricultural purposes, such as meat, milk, or wool production.
6. pre-industrial civilizations: (n. phrase) Societies that existed before the widespread use of industrial technologies and methods.
7. pack ice: (n.) Large pieces of floating ice formed from sea water, typically found in polar regions.
8. climatic shifts: (n. phrase) Changes or variations in climate conditions over time.
9. seesaw: (n.) A back-and-forth movement or alternation between two contrasting conditions or situations.
10. easterly winds: (n.) Winds blowing from the east, often associated with cooler weather conditions.
11. Atlantic storms: (n. phrase) Storm systems originating in the Atlantic Ocean, characterized by strong winds and heavy precipitation.
12. proxy records: (n. phrase) Indirect evidence or data used to reconstruct past climate conditions, such as tree rings or ice cores.
13. reconstructed: (adj.) Recreated or rebuilt based on available evidence or information.
14. temperature variations: (n. phrase) Changes in temperature levels over time, often measured against a baseline or average.
15. narrative history: (n. phrase) A historical account or description presented in the form of a narrative or story.
16. Medieval Warm Period: (n. phrase) A period of relatively warmer climate conditions in Europe and other regions from around 900 to 1200 AD.
17. Norse voyagers: (n. phrase) Scandinavian sailors who explored and settled in various regions during the Viking Age.
18. intensive commercial farming: (n. phrase) Agricultural practices focused on maximizing productivity and profitability through efficient use of resources and technology.
19. self-sufficient: (adj.) Capable of meeting one's own needs without relying on external assistance or resources.
20. potato blight: (n. phrase) A disease that affects potato plants, causing them to rot and leading to widespread crop failures.
21. global warming: (n. phrase) The long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature, primarily due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
22. land clearance: (n. phrase) The process of removing vegetation or trees from an area of land, often for agricultural or developmental purposes.
23. carbon dioxide: (n. phrase) A greenhouse gas produced by burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human activities, contributing to global warming.
24. fossil fuels: (n. phrase) Natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals, and used as sources of energy.
25. greenhouse gas: (n. phrase) Gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
26. proliferated: (v.) Increased rapidly in number or extent.
27. steep: (adj.) Rising or falling sharply; having a pronounced gradient or slope.
28. Categor 5 hurricanes: (n. phrase) The most intense and destructive hurricanes, characterized by sustained wind speeds of over 157 miles per hour.
Reading Passage-3
PASSAGE-3 The meaning and power of smell
1. olfaction: (n.) the sense of smell.
· Example: Olfaction plays a crucial role in our perception of the world around us.
2. aromas: (n.) pleasant or agreeable smells; fragrances.
· Example: The kitchen was filled with the aromas of freshly baked bread and simmering spices.
3. impaired: (adj.) weakened or damaged; not functioning at full capacity.
· Example: His impaired sense of smell made it difficult for him to enjoy food.
4. faculty: (n.) an inherent mental or physical power; ability or talent.
· Example: She has a remarkable faculty for languages, easily picking up new ones.
5. survey: (n.) a detailed study or analysis of a subject or area, typically done to gather information or opinions.
· Example: The survey revealed interesting insights into people's attitudes towards smell.
6. emotional: (adj.) relating to feelings or emotions; characterized by strong feelings.
· Example: The movie had a powerful emotional impact on the audience.
7. evoke: (v.) to bring to mind or recall; to elicit a response or reaction.
· Example: The old photograph evoked memories of her childhood.
8. odour: (n.) a distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one.
· Example: The foul odour coming from the garbage bin made everyone hold their noses.
9. grimace: (v.) to make a facial expression indicating disgust, pain, or discomfort.
· Example: She grimaced when she tasted the spoiled milk.
10. disgust: (n.) a strong feeling of revulsion or aversion; intense dislike or distaste.
· Example: The sight of the rotting food filled her with disgust.
11. fragrant: (adj.) having a pleasant and sweet-smelling aroma.
· Example: The garden was filled with fragrant flowers.
12. perception: (n.) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted.
· Example: His perception of the situation was different from mine.
13. infants: (n.) young children or babies.
· Example: Infants require constant care and attention from their parents.
14. recognize: (v.) to identify someone or something from having encountered them before; to acknowledge the existence, validity, or legality of something.
· Example: She couldn't recognize her old friend after so many years apart.
15. cues: (n.) a signal or indication; a prompt or stimulus to take action.
· Example: Nonverbal cues such as body language can convey a lot of information.
16. undervalued: (adj.) not given enough importance or recognition; underestimated.
· Example: Despite its importance, the sense of smell is often undervalued in society.
17. feeble: (adj.) lacking strength, force, or effectiveness; weak or frail.
· Example: His feeble attempts at lifting the heavy box were futile.
18. acquire: (v.) to gain or obtain possession of something; to come to have something.
· Example: She acquired a new skill after taking a cooking class.
19. elusive: (adj.) difficult to find, catch, or achieve; evasive or elusive.
· Example: The solution to the problem remained elusive despite hours of searching.
20. describe: (v.) to give an account or representation of something in words; to explain or depict something.
· Example: Can you describe the suspect to the police?
21. recollections: (n.) memories or remembrances of past events or experiences.
· Example: Her recollections of her childhood were filled with happiness.
22. physical: (adj.) relating to the body or its material nature; tangible or concrete.
· Example: Regular exercise is important for maintaining physical health.
23. objective: (adj.) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; unbiased or impartial.
· Example: The scientist conducted the experiment with the goal of obtaining objective results.
24. undertaken: (v.) committed oneself to begin or engage in (an enterprise or activity).
· Example: The project was undertaken with the aim of improving efficiency.
25. fundamental: (adj.) forming a necessary base or core; essential or central.
· Example: Good communication skills are fundamental to success in any profession.
26. responding: (v.) reacting to something said or done; replying or answering.
· Example: The audience responded enthusiastically to the performer's song.
27. interacting: (v.) engaging in communication or social activity; communicating or cooperating with others.
· Example: The children were interacting with each other during playtime.
28. charged: (adj.) filled with emotional or other significance; intense or emotionally charged.
· Example: The atmosphere in the room was charged with tension.
29. distinguish: (v.) to recognize or perceive the difference between things; to differentiate or separate.
· Example: He could easily distinguish between genuine and fake jewelry.
30. investigation: (n.) the action or process of investigating or examining something systematically.
· Example: The police launched an investigation into the robbery.
31. phenomenon: (n.) a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question.
· Example: The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the northern hemisphere.
32. offensive: (adj.) causing someone to feel hurt, angry, or upset; insulting or disrespectful.
· Example: His remarks were offensive and hurtful to many people.
33. means: (n.) a method, course of action, or instrument by which something can be accomplished or achieved.
· Example: Hard work is the means to success.
34. model: (n.) a representation or example of a particular concept, ideal, or process.
· Example: The new car model was unveiled at the auto show.
35. attached: (v.) connected or fastened to something; joined or affixed.
· Example: The document had a note attached to it.
36. interiorized: (v.) to internalize or incorporate something as an integral part of one's identity or being.
· Example: The values of honesty and integrity were interiorized by the members of the organization.
37. cultures: (n.) the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.
· Example: Different cultures have their own unique traditions and ways of life.
38. essence: (n.) the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, that determines its character.
· Example: Love is the essence of life.
39. significant: (adj.) sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy or meaningful.
· Example: The discovery of a new species was a significant event in the field of biology.
40. inherently: (adv.) in a permanent, essential, or characteristic way; essentially or naturally.
· Example: Cats are inherently curious creatures.
41. inevitably: (adv.) as is certain to happen; unavoidably or necessarily.
· Example: With the change in weather, allergies will inevitably flare up.
42. psychological: (adj.) relating to the mental and emotional state of a person.
· Example: The therapy session focused on addressing psychological issues stemming from childhood trauma.
43. conflicting: (adj.) being in opposition or disagreement; contradictory or incompatible.
· Example: The two parties held conflicting opinions on the issue.
44. departments: (n.) a division of a large organization or institution, such as a university or government, dealing with a specific area of activity or responsibility.
· Example: The marketing department is responsible for promoting the company's products.
45. collaborative: (adj.) involving or characterized by collaboration; cooperative or joint.
· Example: The project was a collaborative effort involving multiple departments.
46. pockets: (n.) small isolated groups or areas within a larger whole; localized or limited regions.
· Example: There are pockets of poverty in even the wealthiest cities.
47. multipilot: (adj.) involving or having more than one pilot.
· Example: Multipilot aircraft are often used for long-haul flights.
48. passivity: (n.) acceptance or compliance without active response or resistance; acquiescence or submission.
· Example: The passivity of the audience surprised the speaker.
49. overbearing: (adj.) domineering or dictatorial; oppressive or authoritarian.
· Example: Her overbearing manner made it difficult for her colleagues to work with her.
50. revolutionized: (v.) to completely change or transform something, typically in a radical way.
· Example: The invention of the internet revolutionized the way we communicate and access information.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-3
PASSAGE-1
Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers
1. dramatic: (adj.) highly effective or striking, especially in effect or intensity.
· Example: The play's dramatic conclusion left the audience in awe.
2. fury: (n.) wild or violent anger; intense or extreme force.
· Example: The hurricane unleashed its fury on the coastal town.
3. inflicts: (v.) causes something unpleasant or painful to be suffered by someone or something.
· Example: The accident inflicted serious injuries on the driver.
4. terrifying: (adj.) causing extreme fear or dread; frightening.
· Example: The horror movie was so terrifying that I couldn't sleep afterwards.
5. dice with: (v.) to put oneself in a situation where there is a risk of harm or danger.
· Example: Walking alone in the dark alley is like dicing with death.
6. inviting: (adj.) appealing or attractive; tempting.
· Example: The warm glow of the fire was inviting on a cold winter night.
7. damage: (n.) physical harm caused to something, typically as a result of an accident or improper handling.
· Example: The storm caused extensive damage to the coastal properties.
8. neutralising: (v.) counteracting or making ineffective; nullifying.
· Example: The antidote was effective in neutralizing the effects of the venom.
9. armoury: (n.) a collection of resources or weapons available for a particular purpose.
· Example: The company has an impressive armoury of marketing strategies.
10. thunderclouds: (n.) dense, towering clouds associated with thunderstorms, typically producing lightning and thunder.
· Example: Dark thunderclouds gathered on the horizon, signaling an approaching storm.
11. discharge: (v.) release or cause to release (a substance, etc.) from where it is stored.
· Example: The factory discharged toxic waste into the river, causing environmental damage.
12. technique: (n.) a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure.
· Example: The chef demonstrated various cooking techniques during the cooking class.
13. survives: (v.) continues to exist or remain after the passage of time.
· Example: The ancient ruins are all that survive of the once-great civilization.
14. precise: (adj.) exact, accurate, or careful in details.
· Example: The surgeon's precise movements were crucial during the delicate operation.
15. bear up: (v.) to endure or cope with a difficult situation.
· Example: Despite the challenges, she managed to bear up and complete the task.
16. behaved: (adj.) conducted or carried out in a particular way; acted.
· Example: The students were well-behaved during the school assembly.
17. populated: (adj.) inhabited or occupied by people or human communities.
· Example: The densely populated city was bustling with activity.
18. streams: (n.) continuous flow or succession, especially of people, vehicles, or things.
· Example: The streams of traffic in the city center came to a standstill during rush hour.
19. stumbling block: (n.) an obstacle or impediment that prevents progress or success.
· Example: Lack of funding proved to be a stumbling block for the project.
20. portable: (adj.) able to be easily carried or moved, especially because of being lightweight or compact.
· Example: The laptop is portable, making it convenient for travel.
21. monster: (n.) something unusually large or powerful; a huge or monstrous creature.
· Example: The hurricane was described as a monster storm, causing widespread destruction.
22. manageable: (adj.) capable of being controlled, regulated, or dealt with; easily handled or controlled.
· Example: The project seemed overwhelming at first, but once broken down, it became more manageable.
23. attracting: (v.) causing someone or something to become interested or drawn to.
· Example: The new marketing campaign succeeded in attracting more customers to the store.
24. avalanche: (n.) a sudden and overwhelming quantity or accumulation of something.
· Example: The website experienced an avalanche of traffic after going viral.
25. interact: (v.) act in such a way as to have an effect on each other; communicate or cooperate.
· Example: The teacher encouraged students to interact with each other during group activities.
26. formation: (n.) the action of forming or process of being formed.
· Example: The formation of a new government brought hope for political stability.
27. torrential: (adj.) of or relating to a sudden, heavy downpour; pouring down in abundance.
· Example: The storm brought torrential rain, flooding the streets.
28. confront: (v.) meet (someone) face to face with hostile or argumentative intent.
· Example: She had to confront her fears in order to overcome them.
29. menaces: (n.) a person or thing that is likely to cause harm; a threat or danger.
· Example: The growing crime rate in the neighborhood was seen as a menace to the community.
30. trigger: (v.) cause (an event or situation) to happen or occur.
· Example: The loud noise triggered a panic among the crowd.
31. shake out: (v.) to cause something to fall or come out by shaking.
· Example: She shook out the rug to remove the dust.
32. moisture: (n.) small drops of water in the air or on a surface.
· Example: The air conditioner helps to reduce the moisture in the room.
33. crop: (n.) a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a grain, fruit, or vegetable.
· Example: The farmer's fields were full of ripe wheat crops.
34. gathering: (n.) an assembly or meeting, especially a formal one.
· Example: The family reunion was a joyous gathering of relatives from near and far.
35. toting: (v.) carrying or hauling something heavy or bulky.
· Example: The porter was toting several suitcases for the hotel guests.
36. strike back: (v.) to retaliate or counterattack against someone or something that has attacked or wronged oneself.
· Example: The soldiers were prepared to strike back if the enemy invaded their territory.
Top of Form
PASSAGE-2
The Nature of Genius
geniuses: (n.) exceptionally intelligent or talented people.
Example: Many geniuses throughout history have made significant contributions to science and art.
prodigies: (n.) individuals, especially children, who show exceptional talent or ability in a particular field at an early age.
Example: The young pianist was hailed as a prodigy for her extraordinary musical skills.
ambivalent: (adj.) having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about someone or something.
Example: She felt ambivalent about accepting the job offer, as it required relocating to a new city.
mythology: (n.) a body of myths, especially those belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition, that explain natural phenomena, customs, or beliefs.
Example: Greek mythology is filled with stories of gods and heroes.
eccentric: (adj.) unconventional and slightly strange; odd.
Example: The eccentric artist was known for wearing colorful outfits and speaking in riddles.
denigration: (n.) the act of criticizing or belittling someone or something; disparagement.
Example: His constant denigration of her work eventually led her to quit her job.
encouragement: (n.) the action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope.
Example: Her parents provided her with constant encouragement to pursue her dreams.
beneficial: (adj.) favorable or advantageous; resulting in good.
Example: Regular exercise has many beneficial effects on overall health.
anecdotes: (n.) short, amusing, or interesting stories about a real incident or person.
Example: The book is filled with anecdotes about the author's travels around the world.
norm-referenced: (adj.) evaluated or assessed in relation to a standard or average; compared to the performance of others.
Example: The test results are norm-referenced, meaning they are compared to the scores of other test takers.
infant mortality: (n.) the death of infants within the first year of life.
Example: Improved healthcare has led to a decrease in infant mortality rates in many countries.
privileged: (adj.) having special rights, advantages, or immunities; favored or elite.
Example: The country club is open only to privileged members who can afford the expensive fees.
paediatrics: (n.) the branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases.
Example: She specialized in paediatrics and spent her career caring for sick children.
objective: (adj.) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; impartial.
Example: The journalist strives to present the news in an objective manner, without bias.
continuum: (n.) a continuous sequence or progression; a range or spectrum.
Example: Intelligence can be viewed as a continuum, with different levels of ability.
accidental: (adj.) happening by chance or unintentionally; occurring unexpectedly.
Example: Her discovery of the rare flower was purely accidental; she stumbled upon it while hiking in the forest.
manifestations: (n.) events, actions, or occurrences that clearly show or demonstrate something.
Example: The sudden decrease in crime rates was a manifestation of the new policing strategy's effectiveness.
outstrip: (v.) to surpass or exceed someone or something in performance or achievement.
Example: The company's profits outstripped expectations, leading to record-breaking revenue.
palatable: (adj.) acceptable or agreeable to the mind; satisfactory.
Example: The compromise reached by the negotiating teams was palatable to both parties involved.
perseverance: (n.) steadfastness in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success.
Example: Her perseverance in the face of adversity eventually paid off when she was promoted to manager.
single-mindedness: (n.) the quality of being focused or determined to achieve a particular goal.
Example: His single-mindedness in pursuing his dreams led him to become a successful entrepreneur.
dedication: (n.) the quality of being committed to a task or purpose; devotion or loyalty.
Example: Her dedication to her studies earned her top marks in all her classes.
integrity: (n.) the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness.
Example: He was admired for his integrity and fairness in dealing with others.
delude: (v.) to mislead or deceive someone; to cause someone to believe something that is not true.
Example: She deluded herself into thinking that she could finish the project in one day.
performance: (n.) the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing a task, duty, or function.
Example: The athlete's stellar performance in the race earned her a gold medal.
substance: (n.) the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists; the essence or essential nature of something.
Example: The substance of her argument was based on scientific research and empirical evidence.
emulate: (v.) to match or surpass (a person or achievement), typically by imitation.
Example: Aspiring writers often seek to emulate the style of their favorite authors.
unpalatable: (adj.) difficult to accept or endure; unpleasant or disagreeable.
Example: The decision to lay off employees was unpalatable, but necessary for the company's survival.
price: (n.) the amount of money or resources expected, required, or given in exchange for something.
Example: The success of the business came at a price, as it required long hours and sacrifices.
context: (n.) the circumstances or setting in which something occurs; the background or environment.
Example: Understanding the context of the story is crucial for interpreting its meaning.
development: (n.) the process of growth, maturation, or progression from a simple to a more complex form or stage.
Example: The development of technology has transformed the way we live and work.
performance: (n.) the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing a task, duty, or function.
Example: The athlete's stellar performance in the race earned her a gold medal.
supremacy: (n.) the state or condition of being superior to all others in authority, power, or status.
Example: The country sought to maintain its military supremacy in the region.
achievement: (n.) a thing done successfully with effort, skill, or courage.
Example: Winning the championship was a remarkable achievement for the young team.
degree: (n.) a unit of measurement of angles, one three-hundred-and-sixtieth of the circumference of a circle.
Example: He received his bachelor's degree in engineering from the university.
substance: (n.) the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists; the essence or essential nature of something.
Example: The substance of her argument was based on scientific research and empirical evidence.
determination: (n.) firmness of purpose; resolve; the process of establishing something exactly by calculation or research.
Example: Her determination to succeed helped her overcome numerous obstacles along the way.
capability: (n.) the power or ability to do something.
Example: The new software has the capability to process large amounts of data efficiently.
persistence: (n.) the quality of continuing steadily despite problems or difficulties.
Example: Her persistence in pursuing her goals eventually paid off with a promotion.
Top of Form
PASSAGE-3
HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK?
1. restricted: (adj.) limited or confined in extent, number, scope, or action.
· Example: Our access to the restricted area was denied due to security reasons.
2. biologically: (adv.) in relation to biology or the biological processes and phenomena of living organisms.
· Example: The scientist studied the biologically active compounds found in certain plants.
3. subjected to: (adj.) exposed to; made vulnerable to a particular experience or treatment.
· Example: The wooden furniture was subjected to harsh weather conditions, causing it to deteriorate.
4. wear and tear: (n.) damage or deterioration resulting from ordinary use or exposure.
· Example: The car showed signs of wear and tear after years of regular use.
5. unusable: (adj.) not able to be used; not suitable for its intended purpose.
· Example: The computer became unusable after it crashed and lost all its data.
6. comparable: (adj.) similar in nature, extent, amount, or quality, worthy of comparison.
· Example: The two paintings are comparable in terms of style and technique.
7. static: (adj.) lacking in movement, action, or change; stationary.
· Example: The old factory remained static for years, abandoned and untouched.
8. constitutes: (v.) forms or makes up a part of a whole.
· Example: Hard work and dedication constitute the foundation of success.
9. thermodynamics: (n.) the branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy.
· Example: Thermodynamics explains the principles governing the conversion of heat into mechanical energy.
10. inevitable: (adj.) certain to happen; unavoidable.
· Example: Death is an inevitable part of the cycle of life.
11. renew: (v.) restore or replenish; make something new or fresh again.
· Example: The company decided to renew its marketing strategy to attract more customers.
12. equilibrium: (n.) a state of balance or stability achieved by the equal action of opposing forces.
· Example: The market reached an equilibrium between supply and demand.
13. mechanisms: (n.) systems or processes that function in a particular way to produce a desired result.
· Example: The immune system has various mechanisms for defending the body against infections.
14. restricted: (adj.) limited in extent, number, scope, or action.
· Example: The restricted access area was off-limits to unauthorized personnel.
15. evolution: (n.) the gradual development or change of something over time.
· Example: The theory of evolution explains how species adapt and change over generations.
16. characteristic: (adj.) typical or distinctive of a particular person, place, or thing.
· Example: Diligence and determination are characteristic traits of successful individuals.
17. parameter: (n.) a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation.
· Example: The temperature and pressure are important parameters for studying the behavior of gases.
18. observation: (n.) the action or process of closely monitoring or watching something or someone.
· Example: The scientist recorded his observations of the behavior of the lab mice.
19. genetically: (adv.) in a manner relating to genes or inherited characteristics.
· Example: The disease is believed to be genetically inherited from one's parents.
20. internal: (adj.) situated or occurring within; inside.
· Example: The internal organs of the body are protected by the rib cage.
21. metabolic: (adj.) relating to metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.
· Example: Regular exercise can help improve metabolic rate and overall health.
22. relationship: (n.) the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected or associated with each other.
· Example: There is a close relationship between diet and health outcomes.
23. inverted: (adj.) reversed in position, direction, or order.
· Example: The graph showed an inverted trend, with sales declining over time.
24. relaxation: (n.) the state of being free from tension and anxiety.
· Example: Yoga and meditation are effective techniques for inducing relaxation.
25. equable: (adj.) calm, steady, or even-tempered.
· Example: The manager's equable demeanor helped diffuse tense situations in the workplace.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-4
LAND OF THE RISING SUM
1. attainment: (n.) the action or fact of achieving a goal toward which one has worked.
· Example: The students celebrated their academic attainment with a graduation ceremony.
2. proportion: (n.) a part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.
· Example: A significant proportion of the population supports the proposed policy changes.
3. variation: (n.) a change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits.
· Example: There is a wide variation in climate across different regions of the country.
4. consistent: (adj.) unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time.
· Example: She has shown consistent improvement in her performance over the past few months.
5. cover: (v.) deal with or treat a subject or situation.
· Example: The textbook covers a wide range of topics related to environmental science.
6. virtually: (adv.) almost; nearly.
· Example: Virtually all participants agreed with the proposed changes.
7. sector: (n.) a distinct part or branch of a nation's economy or society.
· Example: The healthcare sector plays a crucial role in maintaining public health.
8. streamed: (adj.) organized or arranged according to ability or skill level.
· Example: The school streamed students into different classes based on their academic performance.
9. neighbourhood: (n.) a district or community within a town or city.
· Example: The local neighbourhood association organized a cleanup day for the community park.
10. identity: (n.) the distinguishing character or personality of an individual or group.
· Example: The school's emphasis on community service helped foster a sense of identity among students.
11. loyalty: (n.) faithfulness or allegiance to a person, group, or cause.
· Example: Employee loyalty can contribute significantly to the success of a company.
12. remarkably: (adv.) in a way that is worthy of attention or strikingly unusual.
· Example: She recovered remarkably quickly from her illness.
13. centralised: (adj.) organized or controlled from a single central point.
· Example: The company adopted a more centralised approach to decision-making.
14. pattern: (n.) a regular and repeated way in which something happens or is done.
· Example: There is a pattern of increasing temperatures in the region during the summer months.
15. circulate: (v.) move continuously or freely through a closed system or area.
· Example: The teacher circulated around the classroom, checking on students' progress.
16. self-observation: (n.) the act of observing or monitoring one's own behavior or thoughts.
· Example: Through self-observation, he was able to identify patterns of behavior that he wanted to change.
17. logical: (adj.) characterized by clear, sound reasoning; rational.
· Example: The plan followed a logical sequence of steps to achieve its objectives.
18. consistency: (n.) the quality of achieving a level of performance or behavior which does not vary greatly in quality over time.
· Example: Consistency is key to building trust and reliability in relationships.
19. attain: (v.) succeed in achieving; accomplish.
· Example: She worked hard to attain her goal of becoming a doctor.
20. emphasize: (v.) give special importance or prominence to (something) in speaking or writing.
· Example: The coach emphasized the importance of teamwork to the players.
21. stream: (v.) divide (a group of people or things) into separate categories or levels of quality.
· Example: The school streams students into different classes based on their academic abilities.
22. inspirational: (adj.) providing or showing creative or spiritual inspiration.
· Example: His speech was so inspirational that it motivated everyone in the audience.
PASSAGE-2
Biological Control of Pests
1. reckless: (adj.) careless or heedless; lacking caution or prudence.
· Example: The reckless use of pesticides has led to unintended consequences for the environment.
2. counter-productive: (adj.) having the opposite of the desired effect; tending to hinder rather than facilitate progress or success.
· Example: His micromanagement style proved to be counter-productive, demotivating the team instead of increasing productivity.
3. pests: (n.) destructive insects or other animals that attack crops, food, livestock, etc.
· Example: Farmers struggle to control pests like aphids and caterpillars without causing harm to beneficial insects.
4. ecological: (adj.) relating to or concerned with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings; pertaining to ecology.
· Example: Ecological balance is crucial for the health of ecosystems.
5. emergence: (n.) the process of coming into view or becoming visible or noticeable; the appearance or arrival of something.
· Example: The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to public health.
6. resistance: (n.) the refusal to accept or comply with something; the ability to withstand something.
· Example: The bacteria showed strong resistance to the antibiotic treatment.
7. immune: (adj.) resistant to a particular infection or toxin owing to the presence of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
· Example: Vaccinated individuals are immune to certain diseases.
8. agricultural: (adj.) relating to farming or agriculture.
· Example: Many rural economies rely on agricultural activities for their livelihoods.
9. non-targeted: (adj.) not specifically aimed at or intended for a particular target or objective.
· Example: The pesticide spray unintentionally killed many non-targeted species of insects.
10. agro-ecologists: (n.) scientists who study the relationship between agriculture and ecosystems.
· Example: Agro-ecologists seek to develop sustainable farming practices that minimize environmental impact.
11. tremendous: (adj.) very great in amount, scale, or intensity; enormous or immense.
· Example: The project required a tremendous amount of effort from everyone involved.
12. breeding: (n.) the mating and production of offspring by animals.
· Example: Selective breeding has been used for centuries to develop new plant varieties.
13. genetic: (adj.) relating to genes or heredity; determined by or resulting from genetic factors.
· Example: Genetic engineering allows scientists to modify the DNA of organisms.
14. havoc: (n.) widespread destruction or devastation; chaos or disorder.
· Example: The hurricane wreaked havoc on the coastal communities.
15. glory: (n.) high renown or honor won by notable achievements.
· Example: The athlete basked in the glory of winning the gold medal.
16. intensive: (adj.) involving or requiring concentrated effort; thorough or exhaustive.
· Example: The company provided intensive training for its new employees.
17. avidly: (adv.) with great enthusiasm or interest; eagerly or eagerly.
· Example: She avidly read every book she could find on the topic.
18. proliferation: (n.) rapid increase in the number or amount of something.
· Example: The proliferation of fast-food restaurants has led to concerns about obesity.
19. financial: (adj.) relating to finance or finances; monetary or fiscal.
· Example: The company's financial situation improved after implementing cost-saving measures.
20. outlay: (n.) an amount of money spent on something; an expenditure.
· Example: The initial outlay for the project was significant, but it paid off in the long run.
21. perpetual: (adj.) never-ending or continuously recurring; lasting for an indefinitely long time.
· Example: The machine required perpetual maintenance to keep it running smoothly.
22. detrimental: (adj.) causing harm or damage; injurious or harmful.
· Example: Smoking has detrimental effects on both physical and mental health.
23. polluting: (adj.) causing pollution; contaminating or fouling.
· Example: Industrial factories are major sources of polluting emissions.
24. self-dispersing: (adj.) capable of spreading or dispersing itself without external intervention.
· Example: Some plants have self-dispersing seeds that are carried by the wind.
25. indiscriminate: (adj.) done at random or without careful consideration; haphazard or unselective.
· Example: The indiscriminate use of force led to civilian casualties.
26. escalating: (adj.) increasing rapidly in size, amount, intensity, or extent; growing or expanding.
· Example: The escalating violence in the region raised concerns about the safety of civilians.
27. ecologically: (adv.) in a way that relates to or concerns the relationships between organisms and their environment.
· Example: Ecologically sustainable practices aim to minimize environmental impact.
28. selective: (adj.) involving careful or deliberate selection; discriminating or choosy.
· Example: The university has a selective admissions process for its graduate programs.
29. predators: (n.) animals that hunt, kill, and eat other animals.
· Example: Lions are apex predators, meaning they are at the top of the food chain.
30. parasites: (n.) organisms that live on or in another organism (the host) and benefit at the host's expense.
· Example: Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that can cause serious health problems in humans.
31. eradication: (n.) the complete destruction or elimination of something; the removal or obliteration of something undesirable.
· Example: The eradication of smallpox is considered one of the greatest achievements in medical history.
32. nuisance: (n.) a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance.
· Example: The loud music from the neighbor's party was a nuisance late at night.
33. infested: (adj.) overrun or inhabited in large numbers by pests or parasites.
· Example: The abandoned building was infested with rats and cockroaches.
34. inadequately: (adv.) in a way that does not meet the requirements or standards; insufficiently or unsatisfactorily.
· Example: The proposal was inadequately prepared and lacked necessary details.
35. mutations: (n.) changes or alterations in the genetic material of an organism, typically resulting in physical or behavioral differences.
· Example: Mutations can lead to new traits that are beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the organism.
36. adverse: (adj.) preventing success or development; harmful or unfavorable.
· Example: The adverse weather conditions delayed the construction project.
37. cancer: (n.) a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body; malignant tumor.
· Example: Lung cancer is often caused by smoking.
38. institutions: (n.) organizations or establishments founded for a specific purpose, such as education, government, or finance.
· Example: Universities and hospitals are examples of institutions that serve the public.
39. non-commercial: (adj.) not engaged in or involving commerce or the buying and selling of goods or services.
· Example: The organization is non-commercial and relies on donations to fund its activities.
40. import: (v.) bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale.
· Example: The country imports a large quantity of oil to meet its energy needs.
41. export: (v.) send (goods or services) to another country for sale.
· Example: The company exports electronics to markets around the world.
42. parthenium: (n.) a genus of plants in the sunflower family, some of which are considered invasive weeds.
· Example: Parthenium weed can cause allergic reactions in humans and livestock.
43. noxious: (adj.) harmful, poisonous, or very unpleasant.
· Example: The smoke from the factory emitted a noxious odor.
44. hyacinth: (n.) a bulbous plant of the lily family, with straplike leaves and a compact spike of bell-shaped fragrant flowers.
· Example: Water hyacinth is an invasive species that can clog waterways and disrupt ecosystems.
45. defoliants: (n.) chemicals used to remove the leaves from trees and plants, typically as part of military operations or agricultural practices.
· Example: Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War, was a defoliant that had long-lasting environmental and health effects.
46. biological: (adj.) relating to biology or living organisms; of or relating to life and living organisms.
· Example: Biological research aims to understand the processes and systems of living organisms.
47. larval: (adj.) relating to or in the form of a larva (the immature, juvenile form of many animals).
· Example: The larval stage of butterflies is often called a caterpillar.
48. forage: (n.) food for horses or cattle; the act of searching for food or provisions.
· Example: The herd of deer went foraging for acorns in the forest.
49. implications: (n.) the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated; the logical consequences or significance of an action or event.
· Example: The implications of the new policy are still being debated.
50. essentialized: (adj.) reduced to or treated as an essence; simplified or distilled to its most basic form.
· Example: The theory essentialized complex social phenomena, overlooking important nuances and variations.
PASSAGE-3
Collecting Ant Specimens
1. exhaustive: (adj.) thorough and comprehensive; covering all possible details.
· Example: The report provided an exhaustive analysis of the environmental impacts of the proposed project.
2. taxonomy: (n.) the branch of science concerned with the classification and naming of organisms.
· Example: Taxonomy helps scientists organize and categorize the vast diversity of life on Earth.
3. abundances: (n.) the state of being plentiful; the degree to which something is present in a particular area or environment.
· Example: Ecologists study the abundances of different species in an ecosystem to understand their interactions.
4. castes: (n.) social classes or strata within a society, usually based on heredity or occupation.
· Example: In ant colonies, there are different castes, such as workers, soldiers, and the queen.
5. desirable: (adj.) worth having or seeking; advantageous or beneficial.
· Example: A desirable outcome of the project would be increased biodiversity in the area.
6. variation: (n.) the occurrence of differences among individuals of the same species or group.
· Example: Genetic variation within a population allows for adaptation to changing environmental conditions.
7. compatible: (adj.) able to exist or occur together without conflict or inconsistency.
· Example: Their personalities were compatible, which made working together enjoyable.
8. overlook: (v.) fail to notice or consider; ignore or neglect.
· Example: Don't overlook the importance of proper documentation in your research.
9. elusive: (adj.) difficult to find, catch, or achieve; evasive or elusive.
· Example: The answer to the problem remained elusive despite hours of searching.
10. baits: (n.) substances used to attract animals or insects, often for the purpose of trapping or killing them.
· Example: Fishermen use various baits to attract different types of fish.
11. foraging: (v.) searching widely for food or provisions.
· Example: Bears spend much of the fall foraging for berries to fatten up before winter hibernation.
12. aspirator: (n.) a device used for suction, often used in collecting small insects or other specimens.
· Example: The entomologist used an aspirator to collect insects from the field.
13. preservative: (n.) a substance used to prevent decay or deterioration, often added to food or other perishable items.
· Example: Vinegar can act as a natural preservative for pickling vegetables.
14. evaporate: (v.) to change from a liquid to a vapor; to disappear or dissipate gradually.
· Example: The puddle evaporated quickly under the hot sun.
15. maintenance: (n.) the process of keeping something in good condition or working order; the act of maintaining or preserving.
· Example: Regular maintenance of the equipment is essential to prevent breakdowns.
16. intervention: (n.) the action or process of intervening; interference or involvement in a situation.
· Example: The teacher's intervention helped resolve the conflict between the students.
17. encounter: (v.) unexpectedly experience or be faced with (something difficult or hostile).
· Example: The hikers encountered a bear while hiking in the wilderness.
18. strata: (n.) layers or levels, especially when arranged in a hierarchical order.
· Example: The social stratification of society can be understood in terms of different strata based on wealth and power.
19. heredity: (n.) the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.
· Example: Traits such as eye color and height are determined by heredity.
20. occupations: (n.) jobs or professions; activities that a person engages in to earn a living.
· Example: Teaching and nursing are examples of occupations that require specialized training.
21. evasive: (adj.) tending to avoid commitment or self-revelation, especially by responding only indirectly.
· Example: The politician gave evasive answers to the reporter's questions.
22. suction: (n.) the process of drawing in or pulling something, typically by the action of a partial vacuum.
· Example: The vacuum cleaner uses suction to remove dirt and debris from carpets.
23. deterioration: (n.) the process of becoming progressively worse; the decline or worsening of something.
· Example: The house showed signs of deterioration due to years of neglect.
24. dissipate: (v.) to disperse or scatter; to disappear or vanish gradually.
· Example: The morning fog dissipated as the sun rose higher in the sky.
25. hierarchical: (adj.) arranged in a graded or ranked series; organized according to rank, importance, or authority.
· Example: The company has a hierarchical structure, with managers at the top and employees at lower levels.
26. stratification: (n.) the arrangement or formation of layers or strata, especially within a hierarchical system.
· Example: Social stratification refers to the division of society into different layers based on factors like wealth, status, and power.
27. traits: (n.) distinguishing qualities or characteristics, typically of a person or animal.
· Example: Kindness and honesty are admirable traits in a person.
28. partial: (adj.) existing only in part; incomplete or limited.
· Example: The report provided only a partial explanation of the problem.
29. vanish: (v.) to disappear suddenly or completely; to cease to exist.
· Example: The magician made the rabbit vanish into thin air.
30. specialized: (adj.) requiring or involving specialized knowledge, skills, or techniques.
· Example: Brain surgery is a specialized field of medicine that requires years of training and experience.
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