Unit Nine: Peace and Conflict
Lesson I
Conflict: Causes and Types
Conflict - ঝগড়া - A disagreement or argument.
Disagreement - অমিল - Lack of agreement or consensus.
Antagonism - বিরোধ - Active hostility or opposition.
Brutality - নিষ্ঠুরতা - Savage physical violence; great cruelty.
Resolution - সমাধান - The action of solving a problem, dispute, or contentious matter.
Contentious - বিতর্কিত - Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.
Misunderstandings - মিথ্যা অববোধ - A failure to understand something correctly.
Stress - তনাব - Mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.
Frustration - বিরক্তি - The feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially because of inability to change or achieve something.
Communication - যোগাযোগ - The imparting or exchanging of information or news.
Escalation - বৃদ্ধি - A rapid increase; a rise.
Hostility - শত্রুতা - Hostile behavior; unfriendliness or opposition.
Inevitable - অনিবার্য - Certain to happen; unavoidable.
Varied - বিবিধ - Diverse in form or character; differing.
Principles - নীতি - A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior.
Wars - যুদ্ধ - A state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state.
Contending - প্রতিযোগী - Competing or fighting to achieve something.
Aggressive - আক্রামক - Hostile and unfriendly in the way one expresses oneself.
Maximize - সর্বোচ্চ করা - Make as large or great as possible; make the best use of.
Harmony - সমগ্রতা - The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole.
Competition - প্রতিযোগিতা - The activity or condition of striving to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others.
Opinions - মতামত - A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.
Ideas - ধারণা - A thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action.
Beliefs - বিশ্বাস - Trust, faith, or confidence in someone or something.
Rigid - কঠিন - Unable to bend or be forced out of shape; not flexible.
Expression - অভিব্যক্তি - The process of making known one's thoughts or feelings.
Resources - সম্পদ - A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively.
Hostilities - শত্রুতা - Acts of warfare; conflict or opposition.
Psychological - মানসিক - Relating to the mental and emotional state of a person.
Interpersonal - ব্যক্তিগত - Relating to relationships or communication between people.
Intrapersonal - আত্মবিষয়ক - Existing or occurring within the individual self or mind.
Intragroup - সমূহের মধ্যে - Within a particular group or organization.
Intergroup - প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা - Relating to or involving two or more groups.
Disputes - বিতর্ক - A disagreement or argument.
Agreements - চুক্তি - A negotiated arrangement between two or more parties as a settlement for a dispute.
Insight - অন্তর্দৃষ্টি - The capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something.
Competing - প্রতিযোগিতা - Striving to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others.
Achievement - অর্জন - A thing done successfully, typically by effort, courage, or skill.
Guidance - নির্দেশনা - Advice or information aimed at resolving a problem or difficulty, especially as given by someone in authority.
Resolution - সমাধান - The action of solving a problem, dispute, or contentious matter.
Lesson 2
Cruelties of Conflict
Lying - শুয়েছিলাম - Resting in a horizontal position.
Soul - আত্মা - The spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal.
Thirsty - ক্ষুধার্ত - Feeling a need to drink something.
Loaf - রুটির টুকরা - A quantity of bread that is shaped and baked in one piece.
Bread - পাউরুটি - Food made of flour, water, and yeast or another leavening agent, mixed together and baked.
Stone - পাথর - The hard, solid, non-metallic mineral matter of which rock is made.
Ironically - পরিপূর্বানুরূপে - In a way that is contrary to what is expected or intended.
Millionaires - লক্ষ্মীপতি - People whose wealth amounts to a million or more in money or property.
Banshees - রাতে ঘুরতে ঘোমটা - (In Irish legend) a female spirit whose wailing warns of an impending death in a house.
Expensive - দামী - Costing a lot of money.
Doctors - ডাক্তার - A qualified practitioner of medicine; a physician.
Cure - প্রতিষেধ - Relief from the symptoms of an illness.
Heart - হৃদয় - A hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation.
Storm - ঝড় - A violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.
Gathering - সংগ্রহ - A coming together of people or things.
Wind - বাতাস - The perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current blowing from a particular direction.
Suffering - দুঃখ - The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.
Moan - অত্যন্ত স্তব্ধভাবে উচ্চারণ করা - A long, low sound made by a person expressing physical or mental suffering or sexual pleasure.
Race - প্রজাতি - Each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics.
Lying - শুয়েছিলাম - Resting in a horizontal position.
Soul - আত্মা - The spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal.
Thirsty - ক্ষুধার্ত - Feeling a need to drink something.
Loaf - রুটির টুকরা - A quantity of bread that is shaped and baked in one piece.
Bread - পাউরুটি - Food made of flour, water, and yeast or another leavening agent, mixed together and baked.
Stone - পাথর - The hard, solid, non-metallic mineral matter of which rock is made.
Ironically - পরিপূর্বানুরূপে - In a way that is contrary to what is expected or intended.
Millionaires - লক্ষ্মীপতি - People whose wealth amounts to a million or more in money or property.
Banshees - রাতে ঘুরতে ঘোমটা - (In Irish legend) a female spirit whose wailing warns of an impending death in a house.
Expensive - দামী - Costing a lot of money.
Doctors - ডাক্তার - A qualified practitioner of medicine; a physician.
Cure - প্রতিষেধ - Relief from the symptoms of an illness.
Heart - হৃদয় - A hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation.
Storm - ঝড় - A violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.
Gathering - সংগ্রহ - A coming together of people or things.
Wind - বাতাস - The perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current blowing from a particular direction.
Suffering - দুঃখ - The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.
Moan - অত্যন্ত স্তব্ধভাবে উচ্চারণ করা - A long, low sound made by a person expressing physical or mental suffering or sexual pleasure.
Race - প্রজাতি - Each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics.
Man - মানুষ - An adult human male.
Progress - অগ্রগতি - Forward or onward movement towards a destination.
Gonna' - চলবে - Informal contraction of "going to."
Blow - বাতাসের ঝড় - A current of air in motion.
Suffering - দুঃখ - The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.
Race - প্রজাতি - Each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics.
Storm - ঝড় - A violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.
Gathering - সংগ্রহ - A coming together of people or things.
Wind - বাতাস - The perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current blowing from a particular direction.
Suffering - দুঃখ - The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.
Moan - অত্যন্ত স্তব্ধভাবে উচ্চারণ করা - A long, low sound made by a person expressing physical or mental suffering or sexual pleasure.
From 'September 1, 1939' by W. H. Auden
Dives - অবান্ধবপন্থান - Informal bars or nightclubs, typically of a low standard.
Uncertain - অনিশ্চিত - Not completely confident or sure of something.
Afraid - ভীত - Feeling fear or anxiety.
Clever - কুশল - Quick to understand, learn, and devise or apply ideas.
Hopes - আশা - A feeling of expectation and desire for a particular thing to happen.
Expire - মেয়াদোত্তীর্ণ হত্তয়া - (of a document, authorization, or agreement) come to the end of the period of validity.
Dishonest - অসাধু - Behaving or prone to behave in an untrustworthy or fraudulent way.
Decade - দশক - A period of ten years.
Waves - তরঙ্গ - A long body of water curling into an arched form and breaking on the shore.
Anger - রাগ - A strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility.
Fear - ভয় - An unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm.
Circulate - প্রচলিত হত্তয়া - Move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area.
Bright - উজ্জ্বল - Giving out or reflecting a lot of light; shining.
Darkened - অন্ধকারময় - Made dark or darker, especially through lack of light.
Lands - জমি - The part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water, as opposed to the sea or the air.
Obsessing - আবিষ্ট হত্তয়া - Preoccupying or filling the mind of (someone) continually, intrusively, and to a troubling extent.
Private - ব্যক্তিগত - Belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only.
Unmentionable - অকথ্য - Too embarrassing, offensive, or shocking to mention or talk about.
Odour - গন্ধ - A distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one.
Lesson 3
'The Old Man at the Bridge" by Ernest Hemingway
Uncertain - অনিশ্চিত - Not completely confident or sure of something.
Clever - কুশল - Quick to understand, learn, and devise or apply ideas.
Hopes - আশা - A feeling of expectation and desire for a particular thing to happen.
Expire - মেয়াদোত্তীর্ণ হত্তয়া - (of a document, authorization, or agreement) come to the end of the period of validity.
Dishonest - অসাধু - Behaving or prone to behave in an untrustworthy or fraudulent way.
Decade - দশক - A period of ten years.
Waves - তরঙ্গ - A long body of water curling into an arched form and breaking on the shore.
Anger - রাগ - A strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility.
Fear - ভয় - An unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm.
Circulate - প্রচলিত হত্তয়া - Move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area.
Bright - উজ্জ্বল - Giving out or reflecting a lot of light; shining.
Darkened - অন্ধকারময় - Made dark or darker, especially through lack of light.
Lands - জমি - The part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water, as opposed to the sea or the air.
Private - ব্যক্তিগত - Belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only.
Unmentionable - অকথ্য - Too embarrassing, offensive, or shocking to mention or talk about.
Odour - গন্ধ - A distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one.
September - সেপ্টেম্বর - The ninth month of the year, in the northern hemisphere usually considered the first month of autumn.
Blankly - ফাঁকা - Without expression or understanding; vacantly.
Dully - মধ্যস্থভাবে - In a manner lacking brightness, vividness, or sharpness.
Fascists - ফ্যাসিস্ট - Members of a political party or movement advocating authoritarian government, extreme nationalism, and racism.
Pontoon (English): A flat-bottomed boat or float used for supporting temporary bridges or floating platforms. - পন্তু নৌকা (Bangla)
Stagger (ed) (English): Walk or move unsteadily, as if about to fall. - লম্বমানে চলা বা অস্থিরভাবে চলা (Bangla)
Plodded (English): Walk doggedly and slowly with heavy steps. - ভারে হাটা (Bangla)
Blankly (English): Without expression or understanding; vacantly. - শূন্যতায়, অজ্ঞানে (Bangla)
Fascist (English): A member of a political party or movement advocating authoritarian government, extreme nationalism, and racism. - ফ্যাসিস্ট (Bangla)
Unit Ten : Environment and Nature
Lessen 1
Water, Water Everywhere...
Harrowing (English): Acutely distressing. - বিরহজনক (Bangla)
Curse (English): An appeal or prayer for evil or misfortune to befall someone or something. - অভিশাপ (Bangla)
Crisis (English): A time of intense difficulty or danger. - সঙ্কট (Bangla)
Access (English): The means or opportunity to approach or enter a place. - প্রবেশের সুযোগ (Bangla)
Plenty (English): A large or sufficient amount or quantity; an abundance. - অধিকতম (Bangla)
Perpetual (English): Never ending or changing. - চিরস্থায়ী (Bangla)
Stench (English): A strong and very unpleasant smell. - দুর্গন্ধ (Bangla)
Tributary (English): A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. - উপ-নদী (Bangla)
Bounty (English): Generosity; liberality. - উপহার (Bangla)
Discharge (English): Release or let out. - প্রসারিত (Bangla)
Toxic (English): Poisonous. - বিষাক্ত (Bangla)
Digest (English): Break down (food) in the alimentary canal into substances that can be absorbed and used by the body. - পাচন করা (Bangla)
Cruel (English): Willfully causing pain or suffering to others, or feeling no concern about it. - ক্রুর (Bangla)
Thoughtless (English): Lacking consideration for others; inconsiderate. - চিন্তামুক্ত (Bangla)
Harrowing (English): Acutely distressing. - বিরহজনক (Bangla)
Curse (English): An appeal or prayer for evil or misfortune to befall someone or something. - অভিশাপ (Bangla)
Crisis (English): A time of intense difficulty or danger. - সঙ্কট (Bangla)
Access (English): The means or opportunity to approach or enter a place. - প্রবেশের সুযোগ (Bangla)
Plenty (English): A large or sufficient amount or quantity; an abundance. - অধিকতম (Bangla)
Perpetual (English): Never ending or changing. - চিরস্থায়ী (Bangla)
Stench (English): A strong and very unpleasant smell. - দুর্গন্ধ (Bangla)
Tributary (English): A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. - উপ-নদী (Bangla)
Bounty (English): Generosity; liberality. - উপহার (Bangla)
Discharge (English): Release or let out. - প্রসারিত (Bangla)
Toxic (English): Poisonous. - বিষাক্ত (Bangla)
Digest (English): Break down (food) in the alimentary canal into substances that can be absorbed and used by the body. - পাচন করা (Bangla)
Cruel (English): Willfully causing pain or suffering to others, or feeling no concern about it. - ক্রুর (Bangla)
Thoughtless (English): Lacking consideration for others; inconsiderate. - চিন্তামুক্ত (Bangla)
Shrink (English): Become or make smaller in size or amount. - হ্রাস (Bangla)
Literature (English): Written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit. - সাহিত্য (Bangla)
Economy (English): The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services. - অর্থনীতি (Bangla)
Polluted (English): Contaminated with harmful or poisonous substances. - দূষিত (Bangla)
Trade (English): The action of buying and selling goods and services. - বাণিজ্য (Bangla)
Capital (English): The most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center. - রাজধানী (Bangla)
Chronic (English): Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. - স্থায়ী (Bangla)
Solid waste (English): Unwanted or discarded solid material. - ঠোঁটমুঁট (Bangla)
Monster (English): An imaginary creature that is typically large, ugly, and frightening. - রাক্ষস (Bangla)
Unquiet (English): Causing or characterized by unrest or turmoil; uneasy. - অসন্তুষ্ট (Bangla)
Mysterious (English): Difficult or impossible to understand, explain, or identify. - রহস্যময় (Bangla)
Harmony (English): The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole. - সান্নিধ্য (Bangla)
Abundance (English): A very large quantity of something. - প্রচুরতা (Bangla)
Generosity (English): The quality of being kind and generous. - উদারতা (Bangla)
Pollution (English): The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects. - দূষণ (Bangla)
Government (English): The group of people with the authority to govern a country or state; a particular ministry in office. - সরকার (Bangla)
Unit Ten : Environment and Nature
Lessen 2
The Hakaluki Haor
Biodiversity (English): The variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat or ecosystem. - বায়োডাইভার্সিটি (Bangla)
Inland (English): Situated in or relating to the interior of a country or region. - অভ্যন্তরীণ (Bangla)
Floodplains (English): Flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. - বন্যা উপত্যকা (Bangla)
Ecologically Critical Area (English): An area recognized for its significant ecological importance and vulnerability, often designated for special protection and conservation efforts. - পারিস্থিতিকভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ এলাকা (Bangla)
Ecosystem (English): A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. - জীববৃত্ত (Bangla)
Tributaries (English): A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. - উপ-নদী (Bangla)
Administrative (English): Relating to the management of public affairs. - প্রশাসনিক (Bangla)
Shelter (English): A place giving temporary protection from bad weather or danger. - আশ্রয় (Bangla)
Poaching (English): Illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, typically associated with land use rights. - অবৈধ শিকার (Bangla)
Deforestation (English): The action of clearing a wide area of trees. - বনকাটা (Bangla)
Conservation (English): The action of conserving something, in particular, the environment and natural resources. - সংরক্ষণ (Bangla)
Swamp (English): An area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a bog or marsh. - হাওর (Bangla)
Evergreen (English): (Of a plant) having green leaves throughout the year. - চিরহরিত (Bangla)
Thatching (English): The craft of covering a roof with dry vegetation such as straw or reeds. - ছাল বা কাশের ছাচ (Bangla)
Economic (English): Relating to economics or the economy. - অর্থনৈতিক (Bangla)
Scenic (English): Providing or relating to views of impressive or beautiful natural scenery. - দৃশ্যমণ্ডলীয় (Bangla)
Tourists (English): A person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure. - পর্যটক (Bangla)
Rearing (English): The process of bringing up and training someone, especially a child. - পালন (Bangla)
Aquatic (English): Relating to water. - জলজ (Bangla)
Flash floods (English): A sudden, violent flood resulting from a heavy rainfall in a relatively short period of time. - প্রচণ্ড বন্যা (Bangla)
Floodplains (English): Flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. - বন্যা উপত্যকা (Bangla)
Ecosystem (English): A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. - জীববৃত্ত (Bangla)
Tributary (English): A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. - উপ-নদী (Bangla)
Fry (English): Young fish, especially of a size suitable for frying. - ছোট মাছ (Bangla)
Aquatic (English): Relating to water. - জলজ (Bangla)
Waterfowls (English): Birds that live on or near water, such as ducks, geese, and swans. - জলচর পাখি (Bangla)
Swamp forests (English): Forests that grow in low-lying, waterlogged areas, characterized by dense vegetation and a high water table. - হাওর বন (Bangla)
Vegetation (English): Plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular area or habitat. - উদ্ভিদসমূহ (Bangla)
Reed (English): A tall, slender-leaved plant of the grass family that grows in water or on marshy ground. - তারা (Bangla)
Flash flood (English): A sudden, rapid flooding of low-lying areas, typically caused by heavy rainfall. - অপ্রত্যাশিত বন্যা (Bangla)
Lesson 3
The Lake Isle of Inisfree
Glimmer (English): A faint or wavering light. - অলোকিততা (Bangla)
Cricket (English): A nocturnal insect known for its chirping sound, typically associated with warm summer evenings. - শিঙা (Bangla)
Glade (English): An open space in a forest, especially one that is free of undergrowth. - মরুমণ্ডল (Bangla)
Linnet (English): A small songbird with a melodious voice, often found in woodland areas. - পানকোয়া (Bangla)
Lapping (English): The gentle sound made by water as it strikes against a surface repeatedly, such as waves against a shore. - টলমল আওয়াজ (Bangla)
Hive (English): A structure in which bees live and raise their young, typically consisting of a series of wax cells constructed by the bees. - মৌমাছির ঘর (Bangla)
Wattle (English): A framework of interwoven sticks or branches, used typically to form fences and walls. - বেত (Bangla)
Arise (English): To get up from a sitting, lying, or kneeling position; to move upwards. - উত্থিত হত্তয়া (Bangla)
Cabin (English): A small, simple dwelling, typically constructed of wood and located in a rural or remote area. - কুটীর (Bangla)
Arise (English): To get up or stand up. - উঠা (Bangla)
Isle (English): A small island. - দ্বীপ (Bangla)
Cabin (English): A small, simple house, typically of wood. - ছোট গুহা (Bangla)
Wattles (English): Framework consisting of stakes interwoven with branches to form a fence. - ডালে ঘেট (Bangla)
Bee-loud (English): A place filled with the buzzing sound of bees. - মধু মাখা বিস্তৃত জায়গা (Bangla)
Glade (English): An open space in a forest. - বনমুখ (Bangla)
Veils (English): Thin curtains or coverings. - কাপড় (Bangla)
Cricket (English): A small insect that makes a chirping sound by rubbing its wings together. - গুটি (Bangla)
Glimmer (English): A faint or unsteady light. - আলোর অস্থির ধার (Bangla)
Linnet (English): A small songbird. - আলিট (Bangla)
Pavements (English): The surface of a road or sidewalk. - প্রদর্শনী (Bangla)
Core (English): The central or most important part. - কেন্দ্র (Bangla)
Lesson 4
A Minor Bird
Nostalgia (English): A sentimental longing or affection for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations. - পুরাতন স্মৃতির প্রতি বিনোদনান্বেষণ (Bangla)
Recited (English): Repeat aloud or declaim (a poem or passage) from memory before an audience. - মুখোপমান করা (Bangla)
Inauguration (English): The formal admission of someone to office. - উদ্বোধন (Bangla)
Delight (English): A high degree of pleasure or enjoyment; joy. - আনন্দ (Bangla)
Wisdom (English): The quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment; the quality of being wise. - বিবেক (Bangla)
Emotions (English): A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. - ভাবনা (Bangla)
Grief (English): Intense sorrow, especially caused by someone's death. - দুঃখ (Bangla)
Loneliness (English): Sadness because one has no friends or company. - একাকি ভাব (Bangla)
Clapped (English): Strike the palms of (one's hands) together repeatedly, typically in order to applaud. - একটা বাজি দেওয়া (Bangla)
Silence (English): Complete absence of sound. - শান্তি (Bangla)
Poem "The Tyger" by William
Tyger (English): A tiger, symbolizing power and ferocity. - বাঘ (Bangla)
Burning (English): On fire; aflame. - প্রজ্বলিত (Bangla)
Blight (English): A plant disease, especially one caused by fungi such as mildews, rusts, and smuts. - রোগ (Bangla)
Immortal (English): Living forever; never dying or decaying. - অমর (Bangla)
Fearful (English): Causing fear or apprehension. - ভীতিজনক (Bangla)
Symmetry (English): The quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis. - সমবিন্যাস (Bangla)
Deeps (English): Deep parts of the ocean. - গভীরতা (Bangla)
Skies (English): The region of the atmosphere and outer space seen from the earth. - আকাশ (Bangla)
Burnt (English): Past tense of "burn." - দহকৃত (Bangla)
Aspire (English): Direct one's hopes or ambitions toward achieving something. - উচ্চাকাঙ্খা প্রকাশ করা (Bangla)
Sinews (English): Tendons or connective tissues. - পেশী (Bangla)
Hammer (English): A tool with a heavy metal head mounted at right angles at the end of a handle, used for jobs such as breaking things and driving in nails. - হাতুড়ি (Bangla)
Chain (English): A connected flexible series of metal links used for fastening or securing objects and pulling or supporting loads. - শর্তরী (Bangla)
Furnace (English): An enclosed structure in which material can be heated to very high temperatures, e.g., for smelting metals. - ভক্ষন (Bangla)
Anvil (English): A heavy iron block with a flat top, concave sides, and typically a pointed end, on which metal can be hammered and shaped. - আনভিল (Bangla)
Grasp (English): A firm hold or grip. - ধরা (Bangla)
Stars (English): A fixed luminous point in the night sky that is a large, remote incandescent body like the sun. - তারা (Bangla)
Spears (English): A weapon with a long shaft and a sharp pointed head, used both for thrusting and throwing. - বরা (Bangla)
Tears (English): A drop of clear salty liquid secreted by glands in a person's eye when they cry or when the eye is irritated. - অশ্রু (Bangla)
Lamb (English): A young sheep. - ছাগল (Bangla)
Unit Eleven: Tours and Travels
Lesson 1
Travelling to a Village in Bangladesh
scarce (English) - অভাবমূলক (Bangla): Insufficient; not plentiful.
loaves (English) - রুটি (Bangla): Bread that has been shaped and baked in one piece.
tea (English) - চা (Bangla): A hot drink made by infusing the dried, crushed leaves of the tea plant in boiling water.
milk (English) - দুধ (Bangla): The white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals.
cheese (English) - পনির (Bangla): A food made from the pressed curds of milk.
jam (English) - জ্যাম (Bangla): A sweet spread or preserve made from fruit and sugar boiled to a thick consistency.
Intermediate (English) - মধ্যস্থ (Bangla): Coming between two things in time, place, character, etc.
crowded (English) - সম্পূর্ণ (Bangla): Filled with many people or things.
loveliness (English) - মনোহর (Bangla): The quality of being beautiful or attractive.
moonlit (English) - চাঁদের আলোয় আলোকিত (Bangla): Illuminated by the light of the moon.
paddy (English) - ধান (Bangla): Rice before it is milled.
palms (English) - তালু (Bangla): The inner surface of the hand between the wrist and fingers.
reflected (English) - প্রতিফলিত (Bangla): Thrown back or turned back.
glow (English) - আলো (Bangla): A steady light source.
cooling-fire (English) - শীতল আগুন (Bangla): A fire used for cooling purposes.
lantern (English) - লালটেন (Bangla): A portable source of light.
country boat (English) - দেশী নৌকা (Bangla): A traditional boat used for transportation in rural areas.
tranquil (English) - শান্ত (Bangla): Free from disturbance; calm.
blaze (English) - আলোর ধারাবাহিক (Bangla): A strong, bright, and steady light or flame.
celebrity (English) - বিখ্যাত ব্যক্তি (Bangla): A famous person.
suitcase (English) - স্যুটকেস (Bangla): A rectangular traveling bag.
dawn (English) - ভোর (Bangla): The first appearance of light in the sky before sunrise.
glance (English) - ঝকঝকে দেখা (Bangla): To take a brief or hurried look.
remote (English) - দুরবৃত্ত (Bangla): Far away in distance or time.
remonstrated (English) - তাণ্ডব করা (Bangla): To make a forcefully reproachful protest.
zoo (English) - চিড়িয়াখানা (Bangla): An establishment that maintains a collection of wild animals, typically in a park or gardens, for study, conservation, or display to the public.
permanent (English) - স্থায়ী (Bangla): Lasting or intended to last indefinitely.
court (English) - আদালত (Bangla): A place where trials or other legal cases are heard.
district commissioner (English) - জেলা কমিশনার (Bangla): An official who heads the administrative district of a country.
character (English) - চরিত্র (Bangla): The mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual
gather (English) - সংগ্রহ করা (Bangla): To bring together; collect.
weave (English) - বুনা (Bangla): To form fabric by interlacing threads.
intricate (English) - জটিল (Bangla): Very complicated or detailed.
permanent (English) - স্থায়ী (Bangla): Lasting or intended to last indefinitely.
remote (English) - দুরবৃত্ত (Bangla): Far away in distance or time.
remonstrate (English) - তাণ্ডব করা (Bangla): To make a forcefully reproachful protest.
tranquil (English) - শান্ত (Bangla): Free from disturbance; calm.
Lesson 2
Arriving in the Orient
porpoises - small aquatic mammals resembling dolphins - শিশুড়শিংঘী
ploughed - moved forcefully through something - সাগর সমুদ্র পার করা
enamel-like - resembling the glossy finish of enamel - আইলেস্ট
limned - outlined in a bright color - ছবির রূপান্তর করা
flecks - small spots or marks - ছত্রক
phosphorescent - emitting light without combustion or heat - প্রকাশযুক্ত
punkahs - large fans suspended from the ceiling and operated by a cord - পঙ্খা
salaaming - bowing down with respect - প্রণাম জানানো
maidans - open fields or grounds - মাঠ
galloped - ran quickly - বেগে দৌড়ানো
besought - urgently requested - বিনম্রভাবে অনুরোধ করা
nave - ignorant or uninformed - অজ্ঞ
discharged - spat out forcefully - প্রক্ষেপ করা
savory - pleasant or agreeable - সুগন্ধিত
foamed - produced foam or froth - ফেনা ছিটানো
parched - extremely dry - পরিতপ্ত
egrets - long-legged birds with white plumage - ছাগল
supine - lying face upward - প্রতিষ্ঠিত
pagoda - a tiered tower with multiple eaves, common in Eastern architecture - প্যাগোডা
barbaric - uncivilized or primitive - জঙ্গলী
demonic - resembling or characteristic of demons - অশুভ
jolted - moved suddenly with a jerk - হান্ডাক্রাফ্ট
saurian - resembling a lizard or reptile - সারগ্যো
half-whistle - a whistle made with less than full breath - অর্ধশব্দে সিটি
exclaimed - cried out suddenly or loudly - অবাক হওয়া
seized - grabbed or took hold of forcibly - বদ্ধ করা
torches - handheld light sources - মশাল
wailing - crying mournfully - হাহাকার
niece - a daughter of one's brother or sister - ভাতুজা
warmly - with enthusiasm or affection - তাপমাত্রা বা গরম পরিমাণে
Lesson 3
Ecotourism
Ecotourism - Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education.
Undisturbed - Not disrupted or disturbed; unaffected by human activity.
Impoverished - Poor; lacking the basic necessities of life.
Classification - The act or process of grouping things based on similarities.
Conservation - The protection, preservation, management, or restoration of natural environments and wildlife.
Low impact - Having minimal or little effect on the environment.
Participation - Involvement or engagement in an activity or process.
Biodiversity - The variety of life forms in a given area or ecosystem.
Empowerment - The process of giving power or authority to someone.
Endangered - Seriously at risk of extinction or danger.
Cultural practices - The customs, beliefs, and traditions of a particular group of people.
Minimize - To reduce to the smallest possible amount or degree.
Respect - A feeling of admiration or deference towards something or someone.
Awareness - Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.
Positive experiences - Pleasant or beneficial encounters or events.
Financial aid - Assistance or support provided in the form of money.
Hosts - The local people or communities in a tourist destination.
Political climate - The prevailing political situation or conditions in a country.
Environmental climate - The condition or state of the natural environment.
Conservation - The act of preserving, protecting, or restoring natural habitats and ecosystems.
Sustainable - Capable of being maintained or continued over time.
Diverse - Varied; having different forms or types.
Marine life - Living organisms that inhabit the oceans and seas.
Erosion - The process of wearing away or breaking down of land by natural forces such as wind, water, or ice.
Contamination - The introduction of harmful or undesirable substances into the environment.
Displacement - The forced movement of people or animals from their usual environment or habitat.
Biodiversity - The variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
Exploitation - The act of using resources or people selfishly or unethically for one's own gain.
Adverse effects - Unfavorable or harmful consequences or outcomes.
Infrastructure - The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
Endangered (বিপন্নস্থিতি অবস্থায়) - At risk of extinction or extinction in the near future due to various factors such as habitat loss, climate change, or human activities. (ঝুঁকিতে)
Conservation (সংরক্ষণ) - The careful management and protection of natural resources, ecosystems, and wildlife to ensure their continued existence for future generations. (সংরক্ষণ)
Impoverished (বিপন্ন) - Lacking in financial resources or basic necessities, often resulting in poverty or deprivation. (দরিদ্র)
Biodiversity (বায়োডাইভার্সিটি) - The variety and variability of life forms within a given ecosystem, habitat, or area, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. (জৈব বৈচিত্র্য)
Hiking (হাইকিং) - The activity of walking or trekking for extended periods, typically in natural environments such as mountains, forests, or trails, for recreation, exercise, or exploration. (পাহাড় ও বনে হেঁটে যাওয়া)
Critic (মতামতদাতা) - A person who evaluates or analyzes something, typically works of art, literature, or performances, and expresses their opinions or judgments about its quality or significance. (সমালোচক)
Species (প্রজাতি) - A group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring in nature, sharing common characteristics and occupying a specific ecological niche. (প্রজাতি)
Degradation (অবশেষণ) - The process of deterioration or decline, especially in the quality or condition of something, often resulting from environmental damage, pollution, or misuse. (অবসাদন)
Unit Twelve: Art and Craft
Loosen 1
What is Beauty?
Appreciate (মূল্যায়ন করা) - To recognize the value or quality of something; to admire or enjoy something.
Define (সংজ্ঞা করা) - To explain the meaning or significance of something; to give a precise definition.
Objective (বৈষম্যহীন) - Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; based on facts or reality.
Universal (সার্বজনীন) - Applicable or common to all cases or situations; existing or occurring everywhere.
Dependent (অবলম্বনশীল) - Reliant on or influenced by something else; needing support or assistance.
Perceptions (ধারণা) - The way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted; the process of becoming aware of or understanding something.
Beholder (দর্শক) - A person who observes or looks at something, especially with admiration or fascination.
Manifests (প্রকাশ করা) - To show or demonstrate a quality, feeling, or characteristic clearly.
Repulsed (অসহ্য করা) - To feel strong disgust or aversion towards something; to be unwilling to accept or tolerate something.
Injustice (অন্যায়) - Lack of fairness or justice; unfair treatment or behavior
'She Walks in Beauty' by Lard Byron
Climes (অঞ্চল) - Regions with a particular climate or geographical feature.
Mellowed (শিতল) - Made softer or more gentle; having a pleasant and soothing quality.
Impaired (ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত) - Damaged or weakened; having a reduced quality or ability.
Tress (কেশ) - A long lock or curl of a person's hair.
Eloquent (অচ্ছাদিত) - Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing; expressing oneself clearly and effectively.
Innocent (নির্দোষ) - Free from sin, guilt, or wrongdoing; not causing harm or injury to others.
Adjusted (সমন্বিত) - Set or arranged in a particular way; adapted or made suitable for a specific purpose.
Adjoining (অতিক্রমী) - Next to or joined to something else, especially geographically or in space.
Kinsmen (আত্মীয়) - Male relatives collectively; members of the same family or kinship group.
Moss (ছাই) - A small flowerless plant that typically grows in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations.
Aspect (দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি) - The appearance or quality of something, especially when considered from a particular perspective.
দিক, দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি, পরিমিতি
Gaudy (অশোভন) - Extravagantly bright or showy, typically so as to be tasteless.
উল্লাসপ্রদ, ভ্রমণের সময় নাগাদ পরিধান করা, আলাদাভাবে চমকপ্রদ
Impair (অক্ষম করা) - Weaken or damage something, especially a human faculty or function.
ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত করা, প্রতিবন্ধ করা
Scarce (অভিলম্ব) - Insufficient for the demand; not enough.
অপর্যাপ্ত, বাজে থাকা
Adjoining (সংলগ্ন) - Next to or joined with something else, especially buildings or rooms.
অনুবাদিত, সন্নিহিত
Brethren (সহপ্রাণ) - Fellow members of a particular religion, society, or profession; brothers.
ভাইবোন, বন্ধুবান্ধব
Lesson 2
Folk Music
Folk music - লোকসঙ্গীত - Songs and music of a community that are not influenced by sophisticated musical rules or standard musical styles.
Heritage - ঐতিহ্য - The traditions, achievements, beliefs, etc., that are part of the history of a group or nation.
Secular - ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ - Not religious or spiritual; relating to worldly things.
Sprang - উৎপন্ন হত্তয়া - To originate or arise from a particular source.
Transmission - প্রেরণ - The act or process of sending something from one person, place, or thing to another.
Illiterate - অশিক্ষিত - Unable to read or write.
Semi-literate - অর্ধ-শিক্ষিত - Having some but not extensive literacy skills.
Dialect - উপভাষা - A form of a language that is spoken in a particular area and that uses some of its own words, grammar, and pronunciations.
Metaphor - রূপক - A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to describe something as something else.
Riverine - নদীপরিসর - Relating to, formed by, or resembling a river.
Manifestation - প্রকাশ - A clear appearance of a particular condition or quality.
Ethnic - নৃত্বিজ - Relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions.
Chores - কাজ - Routine tasks or duties, especially a household or farm work.
Regional - অঞ্চলিক - Relating to or characteristic of a particular region or district.
Roof-beating - ছাদের পিটবার গান - A traditional practice of singing songs while beating down and firming rooftops.
Wedding songs - বিবাহের গান - Songs performed during wedding ceremonies.
Pastoral songs - গ্রাম্য গান - Songs that depict rural life, especially those sung by shepherds or rural workers.
Bhawaiya - ভাওয়াইয়া - A genre of folk music popular in northern Bangladesh.
Gambhira - গম্ভীরা - A type of folk song characterized by its serious and philosophical themes, often performed in Malda, Bangladesh.
Kabigan - কবিগান - A form of folk music involving the performance of songs accompanied by storytelling.
Leto - লেতো - A traditional form of folk music involving group singing and dancing.
Alkap - আলকাপ - A traditional folk art form in Bangladesh, often performed during religious festivals.
Folk music (লোকসঙ্গীত) - Music originating from the traditions of ordinary people, typically transmitted orally.
লোকসঙ্গীত
Influenced (প্রভাবিত) - Having an effect on or being affected by something.
প্রভাবিত, প্রভাব পেয়েছে
Ancient (প্রাচীন) - Belonging to the very distant past.
প্রাচীন, প্রাচীনকালীন
Transmitted (প্রেরিত) - Passed on or conveyed from one person or place to another.
প্রেরিত, প্রেরণ করা
Illiterate (অশিক্ষিত) - Unable to read or write.
নিরক্ষর, নিরবিচ্ছিন্ন
Semi-literate (অর্ধাক্ষর) - Having some basic ability to read and write.
অর্ধাক্ষর, অবিশেষ্টিত
Dialect (বোলি) - A particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group.
বাস্তুতন্ত্র, নিজস্ব ভাষা
Supernatural (অতিপ্রাকৃতিক) - Beyond what is natural or observable; not explainable by natural laws or phenomena.
অতিপ্রাকৃতিক, অদ্ভুত
Metaphors (রূপক) - A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
রূপক, মেটাফর
Riverine (নদীবাসী) - Relating to or situated on the banks of a river.
নদীবাসী, নদীর পারবত্য
Genre (ধরণ) - A category of artistic composition, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.
ধরণ, জাতি
Interaction (প্রতিক্রিয়া) - Reciprocal action or influence.
প্রতিক্রিয়া, পরস্পর প্রভাবাধী
Ethnic (নৃত্যজাতীয়) - Relating to a population subgroup with a common cultural or national tradition.
নৃত্যজাতীয়, নৃত্যজাতীয়
Chorus (কোরাস) - A part of a song which is repeated after each verse.
কোরাস, অনুপ্রেরণা
Distinctively (পরিষ্কারভাবে) - In a way that is readily distinguishable from others of the same type.
বিশিষ্টভাবে, পরিষ্কারভাবে
Composition (গঠন) - The action of putting things together; formation or construction.
গঠন, রচনা
Joys and sorrows (আনন্দ এবং দু:খ) - Happiness and sadness.
আনন্দ এবং দু:খ, খুশি ও দু:খ
Rhythms (তাল) - A strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound.
তাল, রিদ্ধান্ত
Emotive (কার্যাত্মক) - Arousing or able to arouse intense feeling.
ভাবাত্মক, কার্যাত্মক
Separation (পৃথক্করণ) - The action or state of moving or being moved apart.
পৃথক্করণ, আলাদা করা
Lalon Shah
Icon (আইকন) - A person or thing regarded as a representative symbol or as worthy of veneration.
চিহ্ন, প্রতীক
Preached (প্রচার করা) - Publicly proclaim or teach (a religious message or belief).
প্রচার করা, শিক্ষা দেওয়া
Tolerance (সহিষ্ণুতা) - The ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with.
সহিষ্ণুতা, ধৈর্য
Rejected (প্রত্যাখ্যাত করা) - Dismiss as inadequate, inappropriate, or not to one's taste.
প্রত্যাখ্যাত করা, অগ্রাহ্য মন্তব্য করা
Creed (ধর্মনীতি) - A system of religious belief; a faith.
ধর্মনীতি, বিশ্বাস
Philosophical (দার্শনিক) - Relating or devoted to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence.
দার্শনিক, তত্ত্ববিদ্যাসংক্রান্ত
Insights (অনুমান) - The capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something.
অনুমান, সূক্ষ্ম বোধ
Formal education (আধিকারিক শিক্ষা) - Education received in a structured and organized environment, typically provided by schools, colleges, or universities.
আধিকারিক শিক্ষা, অনুষ্ঠিত শিক্ষা
Pilgrimage (তীর্থযাত্রা) - A journey to a place of particular interest or significance, typically religious.
তীর্থযাত্রা, পথপ্রস্থ
Smallpox (ডাকাতি) - A highly contagious viral disease, with fever and distinctive pustules that leave permanent scars.
ডাকাতি, চক্ষুধ্বংস
Asceticism (ব্রতচর্যা) - Severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.
ব্রতচর্যা, তপস্যা
Initiated (আরম্ভ করা) - Cause (a process or action) to begin.
আরম্ভ করা, আগত্য করা
Composing (সৃজন করা) - Create or put together (a musical or written work).
সৃজন করা, গীত বা কবিতা রচনা করা
Accompaniment (সহচালন) - A musical part that supports or provides background for other musical parts or for the main melody.
সহচালন, সহকারী অংশ
Admired (প্রশংসিত) - Regarded with approval or respect.
প্রশংসিত, প্রশংসিত
Influenced (প্রভাবিত) - Having an effect on or being affected by something.
প্রভাবিত, প্রভাব পেয়েছে
Shahajiya philosophy (শাহাজিয়া দর্শন) - The attainment of the self through the simple truths that reside in one's own body and soul—not outside.
শাহাজিয়া দর্শন, নিজের শরীর এবং আত্মার মধ্যে অবস্থিত সহজ সত্যের মাধ্যমে আত্মতা অর্জন
Disciples (শিষ্য) - A follower or student of a teacher, leader, or philosopher.
শিষ্য, অনুগামী
Monastery (মনাস্তির) - A building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows.
মনাস্তির, সন্নিধানস্থল
Nursed (পোষা) - Care for and protect (someone) while they are growing.
পোষা, দেখাশোনা করা
Lesson 3
Our Art and Craft
Imagination (কল্পনা) - The ability to form a mental image or concept of something that is not present to the senses.
কল্পনা, মানসিক ছবি
Creative skills (সৃজনাত্মক দক্ষতা) - Abilities or talents related to generating new and innovative ideas or producing original works.
সৃজনাত্মক দক্ষতা, নতুন ও আদির কাজ তৈরি করার দক্ষতা
Painting (চিত্রকলা) - The process or art of using paint, in a picture, design, or decoration.
চিত্রকলা, পেইন্টিং
Sculpture (ভাস্কর্য) - The art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster.
ভাস্কর্য, ভাস্কর্য করা
Architecture (স্থাপত্যকলা) - The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings.
স্থাপত্যকলা, ভবন তৈরি ও নকশা করার দক্ষতা
Evoke (প্রেরণ করা) - Bring or recall (a feeling, memory, or image) to the conscious mind.
প্রেরণ করা, মনে জাগা করা
Aesthetic (রসবোধপ্রাপ্ত) - Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.
রসবোধপ্রাপ্ত, সৌন্দর্য বা সৌন্দর্যগ্রাহ্য সম্পর্কিত
Commendatory (প্রশংসাযোগ্য) - Expressing praise or approval.
প্রশংসাযোগ্য, প্রশংসামূলক
Ravaged (লুটা-পুটি) - Severely damaged; devastated.
লুটা-পুটি, পরাজিত
Appreciate (সম্মান করা) - Recognize the full worth of.
সম্মান করা, মূল্যায়ন করা
Profound (গভীর) - Very great or intense.
গভীর, খুবই গভীর
Traditions (ঐতিহ্য) - The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way.
ঐতিহ্য, প্রথা
Industrial revolution (শিল্প বিপ্লব) - The rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery.
শিল্প বিপ্লব, শিল্পের দ্রুত উন্নতি
Styles (শৈলী) - A particular manner or way of doing something.
শৈলী, প্রণালী
Techniques (পদ্ধতি) - A way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution
Colloquial (অভিধানিক) - Used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary.
অভিধানিক, সাধারণ বা পরিচিত কথ্যে ব্যবহৃত
Intricate (জটিল) - Very complicated or detailed.
জটিল, অত্যন্ত জটিল বা বিস্তৃত
Accompaniment (সঙ্গীত অনুবাদ) - A musical part that supports or partners a solo instrument, voice, or group.
সঙ্গীত অনুবাদ, সঙ্গীত অনুবাদ
Asceticism (তপস্যা) - The practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.
তপস্যা, ধর্মীয় কারণে সঙ্গীত অনুবাদ
Initiated (উদ্বোধন করা) - Introduce someone to a particular activity or skill, especially a difficult or obscure one.
উদ্বোধন করা, কারওয়ার বিষয়ে উদ্বোধন করা
Famine (দুর্ভিক্ষ) - Extreme scarcity of food in a region, often accompanied by starvation, malnutrition, and death.
দুর্ভিক্ষ, অত্যন্ত খাদ্য স্কার্সিটি
Haunting (আত্মা আবহ) - Poignant and evocative; difficult to ignore or forget.
আত্মা আবহ, শোকাকুলকর এবং উত্তেজক; উপেক্ষা বা ভুলা কঠিন
Prominent (প্রমুখ) - Important; famous.
প্রমুখ, গুরুত্বপূর্ণ; বিখ্যাত
Spectacular (আকর্ষণীয়) - Beautiful in a dramatic and eye-catching way.
আকর্ষণীয়, নাটকীয় এবং চোখে প্রকাশ করা উপায়ে সুন্দর
Experimentations (পরীক্ষাবিচার) - The action or process of trying out new ideas, methods, or activities.
পরীক্ষাবিচার, নতুন ধারণা, পদ্ধতি, বা ক্রিয়া পরীক্ষা করার অ্যাকশন বা প্রক্রিয়া
Reshaped (পুনর্নির্মিত) - Give a new shape or form to.
পুনর্নির্মিত, নতুন আকার বা রূপ দিন
Limit (সীমা) - A point or level beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass.
সীমা, যে কোনও জিনিস বা পার্শ্বের একটি বিন্দু বা স্তর, যেখানে অতিক্রান্ত বা পার হতে পারে না
Gallery (গ্যালারি) - A room or building for the display or sale of works of art.
গ্যালারি, কার্যকলাপ বা শিল্পের প্রদর্শন বা বিক্রয়ের জন্য একটি কক্ষ বা ভবন
Reflects (প্রতিফলিত করে) - Show; demonstrate.
প্রতিফলিত করে, প্রদর্শন করা
Insightful (জ্ঞানদায়ক) - Having or showing an accurate and deep understanding; perceptive.
জ্ঞানদায়ক, সঠিক
C.
Intuitive (অনুভূতিগত) - Based on or using intuition or instinct.
অনুভূতিগত, মতিবেদনা বা অনুবোধে ভিত্তি করে
Visionary (দর্শনমূলক) - Thinking about or planning the future with imagination or wisdom.
দর্শনমূলক, ভবিষ্যদ্বাণীমূলক
Practical application (প্রায়োগিক অ্যাপ্লিকেশন) - The use or implementation of knowledge or skills in real-life situations.
প্রায়োগিক অ্যাপ্লিকেশন, সত্যিকার জীবনে জ্ঞান বা দক্ষতা ব্যবহার
Artisans (শিল্পী) - Skilled workers who make things by hand.
শিল্পী, হাতে কিছু তৈরি করে দক্ষ কর্মীগণ
On-the-job (চাকুরীতে) - Relating to the practical experience gained while working in a particular job.
চাকুরীতে, একটি নির্দিষ্ট চাকরির সময়ে অর্জিত অভিজ্ঞতায় সম্পর্কিত
Dependent on (নির্ভরশীল) - Needing someone or something in order to survive or be successful.
নির্ভরশীল, জীবিত থাকার জন্য কাউকে বা কিছুকে প্রয়োজন
Household items (পরিবারিক জিনিস) - Objects or products used within a household, typically for domestic purposes.
পরিবারিক জিনিস, সাধারণত গৃহজীবনের উদ্দেশ্যে
Social occasions (সামাজিক অনুষ্ঠান) - Events or gatherings that involve socializing or interaction among people.
সামাজিক অনুষ্ঠান, মানুষের মধ্যে সামাজিকভাবে যোগাযোগ বা পরিচিতির সাথে ঘটবার ঘটনা বা সম্মেলন
Evolve (বিকাশ) - Develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
বিকাশ, প্রগতিশীলভাবে বিকাশ হত্তয়া, সহজ থেকে একটি আরও জটিল রূপে
Anonymity (নাম অজ্ঞাততা) - The state of being unknown or unrecognized.
নাম অজ্ঞাততা, অজানা বা অবোধ্য অবস্থা
Motifs (মোটিফ) - A decorative design or pattern.
মোটিফ, একটি সাজানো নকশা বা মোটিফ
Tactile (স্পর্শগত) - Perceptible by touch; capable of being felt.
স্পর্শগত, স্পর্শ করা যায়; অনুভব করা যায়
Dynamic (গতিশীল) - Characterized by constant change, activity, or progress.
গতিশীল, স্থির পরিবর্তন, ক্রিয়া, বা অগ্রগতি দ্বারা চিহ্নিত
Abreast (সম্মুখে) - Up to date with the latest news, ideas, or information.
সম্মুখে, সর্বশেষ সংবাদ, ধারণা বা তথ্যের সাথে
Aesthetic preferences (রসনৈতিক পছন্দ) - Individual or collective tastes or choices regarding what is considered beautiful or pleasing.
রসনৈতিক পছন্দ, সে কী রসিকতা বা প্রিয়তের বিষয়ের সাথে সম্পর্কিত ব্যক্তিগত বা সংগঠিত পছন্দ
Signifier (চিহ্নিতকারী) - Something that indicates or signifies something else.
কিছু যা অন্য কিছুর সূচনা বা চিহ্নিত করে।
Personal touch (ব্যক্তিগত মুখোমুখি) - A distinctive feature or quality that reflects an individual's personality or involvement.
একটি বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য বা গুণ যা একটি ব্যক্তির ব্যক্তিত্ব বা সঙ্গের প্রতিফলন করে।
Stature (মর্যাদা) - The level of respect or esteem accorded to a person or thing.
একটি ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে যে সম্মান অথবা শ্রেষ্ঠতা প্রদান করা হয়।
Terracotta (টেরাকোটা) - Unglazed, typically brownish-red earthenware, used chiefly as an ornamental building material.
অস্থির কাচের প্লাস্টিক, প্রধানত আভূষণ ভবন সামগ্রী হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত।
Industrial Revolution (শিল্প বিপ্লব) - The transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
সন্ধান থেকে নতুন উৎপাদন প্রক্রিয়াতে মানব প্রকৃতির পাশে হাসপাতালে যান।
Graphic art (গ্রাফিক শিল্প) - The art of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.
বিজ্ঞাপন, সাময়িকী, বই ইত্যাদির মধ্যে লেখা ও চিত্র মিলিয়ে আসা শিল্প।
Prominent (প্রখ্যাত) - Important; famous.
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ; বিখ্যাত।
Inspired (অনুপ্রেরিত) - Filled with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative.
কিছু করতে বা অনুভব করতে ইচ্ছুক বা সক্ষম অবস্থায় ভরা।
Salvation (মুক্তি) - Deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Christ.
পাপ এবং তার ফলাফল থেকে মোক্ষ, যেহেতু যুক্তিবাদীরা খ্রিস্টের বিশ্বাসের মাধ্যমে উপলব্ধ হয়।
Experimentations (প্রয়োগাভিযোগ) - The action of trying out new ideas, methods, or activities.
নতুন ধারণা, পদ্ধতি বা কার্যকলাপ পরীক্ষা করার অ্যাকশন।
Reshaped (আবদ্ধ করা) - Changed or altered significantly.
চমৎকার পরিবর্তন বা পরিবর্তন।
Dynamic object (গতিশীল বস্তু) - An object that is constantly changing or evolving.
সর্বদা পরিবর্তনশীল বা উন্নত হচ্ছে এমন একটি বস্তু।
Stable (স্থির) - Not likely to change or fail; firmly established.
পরিবর্তন বা ব্যর্থ হতে সম্ভব না; দৃঢ়ভাবে স্থাপিত।
Aesthetic (রসনৈতিক) - Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.
Unit Thirteen : Myths and Literature
Lesson 1
Bengal's Face
Gazing (তাকানো) - Looking steadily and intently, especially in admiration, surprise, or thought.
প্রবীণভাবে এবং স্থিরভাবে তাকানো, বিশেষত আদর, অবাক, বা চিন্তাযুক্ত অবস্থায়।
Roosting (টানা বা বাস করা) - Settling or resting, especially for the night.
সেট বা বিশেষত রাতের জন্য স্থির বা আরাম করা।
Dome (গর্ভগ্রাহ) - A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base.
একটি গোলাকার গম্বুজ যা একটি ভবন বা কাঠামোর ছাদ তৈরি করে, সাধারণত একটি বৃত্তাকার ভিত্তিতে।
Hush (শান্তি) - A sudden silence or stillness.
একটি অসাধারণ চুপকথ্য বা নির্দলতা।
Honeycombed (মৌমাছি কোঠা বা খোলার মত) - Having a structure or texture resembling that of a honeycomb, typically with many small, uniform cavities or compartments.
মৌমাছি কোঠা বা এর মতো মানের বা টেক্সচারের একটি স্ট্রাকচার, সাধারণত অনেকগুলি ছোট, একটিরকম গর্ত বা বিভাগসমূহ সহ।
Waning (ক্ষীণ হওয়া) - (of the moon) have a progressively smaller part of its visible surface illuminated, so that it appears to decrease in size.
(চাঁদের) অপারেশন করে এমন একটি অবস্থা যেখানে এর দেখা সারণির সাথে প্রগতিশীলভাবে ছোট অংশের আলো প্রকাশিত হতে থাকে, তাই এটি আকারে কমে প্রতীত হয়।
Desolate (উপলক্ষ) - (of a place) deserted of people and in a state of bleak and dismal emptiness.
(একটি জায়গা) মানুষহীন এবং অবহেলিত একটি অবস্থায় এবং বিষণ্ণ এবং অবস্থা ফাঁকা দু: খান্ডে।
Wagtail (মুক্তাপাখি) - A small, long-tailed bird with a distinctive habit of constantly wagging its tail up and down while walking or standing.
একটি ছোট, দীর্ঘ-লম্বা পাখি যার নিখুত বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুযায়ী অবিরত তার টেলিগ্রাফ আপ এবং নীচে হতে চলা বা দাঁড়িয়া চলা সময় অত্যন্ত উন্নত হওয়া।
Wailed (চিত্কার করা) - Gave a cry of pain, grief, or anger.
ব্যথা, দু: খ, বা রাগের একটি ক্রী দেওয়া।
fig-tree (English) - ডুমুর গাছ (Bangla): A tree of the mulberry family, native to the Mediterranean and western Asia, which bears edible fruit.
roosting (English) - ঘাসে বাস করা (Bangla): The action of perching or settling, especially for the night.
umbrella-like (English) - ছাতা-সম্মত (Bangla): Resembling or having the shape of an umbrella.
leaves (English) - পাতা (Bangla): The main organs of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants.
leafy (English) - পাতিত (Bangla): Covered with or having many leaves.
dome (English) - গোলক (Bangla): A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base.
clumps (English) - গুচ্ছ (Bangla): A compacted mass or lump of something.
cactus (English) - ক্যাকটাস (Bangla): A succulent plant with thick, fleshy stems that typically bear spines, lack leaves, and have brilliantly colored flowers. Native to arid regions of the Americas.
bushes (English) - গাছবৃক্ষ (Bangla): A woody plant that is smaller than a tree and typically has many branches arising from the base.
honeycombed (English) - মধুশালু (Bangla): Having a structure or appearance resembling a honeycomb.
blue (English) - নীল (Bangla): Of a color intermediate between green and violet, as of the sky or sea on a sunny day.
shade (English) - ছায়া (Bangla): Partial darkness or shadow.
sank (English) - লম্বা হত্তয়া (Bangla): To descend or submerge in water or other liquid.
sandbanks (English) - মোলা (Bangla): A submerged or partly exposed ridge of sand or coarse sediment that is built up by waves or currents parallel to a shore.
thrush's (English) - কেওয়া পাখির (Bangla): Of or relating to a thrush, a small or medium-sized songbird.
soft (English) - নরম (Bangla): Easy to mold, cut, compress, or fold; not hard or firm to the touch.
raft (English) - ফাটাকা (Bangla): A flat buoyant structure of timber or other materials fastened together, used as a boat or floating platform.
wailed (English) - কাঁদা (Bangla): To make a long, high cry of pain or sadness.
strings (English) - তারার (Bangla): Thin pieces of cord, fiber, or wire used to fasten or secure something.
bells (English) - ঘন্টা (Bangla): A hollow object, typically bell-shaped and made of metal, that sounds a clear musical note when struck.
feet (English) - পায় (Bangla): The lower extremity of the leg below the ankle, on which a person stands or walks.
celebrity (English) - প্রতিষ্ঠা (Bangla): A famous person or personality.
planned (English) - পরিকল্পিত (Bangla): Decided or arranged in advance.
blaze (English) - উত্তেজনা (Bangla): A strong fire that burns brightly.
alas (English) - অপরিপূর্ণ কথা (Bangla): An expression of grief, pity, or concern.
rain (English) - বৃষ্টি (Bangla): Moisture condensed from the atmosphere that falls visibly in separate drops.
miles (English) - মাইল (Bangla): A unit of linear measure equal to 5,280 feet, or approximately 1.609 kilometers.
filled (English) - ভরা (Bangla): To make or become full.
gazing (English) - তাকাতাকি (Bangla): To look steadily and intently, especially in admiration, surprise, or thought.
offer (English) - অফার (Bangla): To present or proffer (something) for (someone) to accept or reject as desired.
legendary (English) - দ্বন্দ্বতাত্মক (Bangla): Of, described in, or based on legends.
heroine (English) - নায়িকা (Bangla): A woman admired or idealized for her courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities.
main (English) - প্রধান (Bangla): Chief in size, extent, or importance; principal.
medieval (English) - মধ্যযুগীয় (Bangla): Relating to the Middle Ages, the period in European history from about the 5th century to the 15th century.
epic (English) - প্রামাণিক মহাকাব্য (Bangla): A long poem, typically derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation.
beautiful (English) - সুন্দর (Bangla): Pleasing the senses or mind aesthetically.
intelligent (English) - বুদ্ধিমান (Bangla): Having or showing intelligence, especially of a high level.
married (English) - বিবাহিত (Bangla): Joined in marriage.
devotee (English) - শ্রদ্ধালু (Bangla): A person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about someone or something.
boasted (English) - বিস্ময়ের কথা বলা (Bangla): Talked with excessive pride and self-satisfaction about one's achievements, possessions, or abilities.
impregnable (English) - অজিত (Bangla): Unable to be captured or broken into.
sent (English) - প্রেরণ করা (Bangla): Caused to go or be taken to a particular destination; dispatched.
strand (English) - পর্যবেষ্টিত জায়গা (Bangla): A single thin length of something such as thread, fiber, or wire, especially as twisted together with others.
minute (English) - সুক্ষ (Bangla): Extremely small; tiny.
bit (English) - ছেড়ে দেওয়া (Bangla): Past tense of "bite" - to grip or cut off with or as if with the teeth or jaws.
refused (English) - অস্বীকার করা (Bangla): Indicated or proved unwilling to do or accept something.
corpse (English) - মৃতদেহ (Bangla): A dead body, especially of a human being rather than an animal.
banana (English) - কলা (Bangla): A long curved fruit that grows in clusters and has soft pulpy flesh and yellow skin when ripe.
hazardous (English) - বিপজ্জনক (Bangla): Involving risk or danger.
encountered (English) - সম্মিলিত হয়েছিল (Bangla): Past tense of "encounter" - unexpectedly be faced with or experience (something hostile or difficult).
Lesson 3
The Legend of Gazi Pir
myths (English) - পৌরাণিক কথা (Bangla): Traditional stories or legends, especially ones that concern supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes, that embody and propagate a particular belief system.
legends (English) - ধারাবাহিক কথা (Bangla): Traditional stories sometimes popularly regarded as historical but unauthenticated.
Muslim (English) - মুসলিম (Bangla): A follower of the religion of Islam.
preacher (English) - ধর্মপ্রচারক (Bangla): A person who preaches, especially a minister of religion.
creed (English) - ধর্মাবলম্বন (Bangla): A system of religious belief; a faith.
credited (English) - প্রশংসিত (Bangla): Publicly acknowledge someone as a participant in the production of (something published or broadcast).
calm (English) - শান্ত করা (Bangla): Make (someone) tranquil and quiet; soothe.
docile (English) - নম্র (Bangla): Ready to accept control or instruction; submissive.
depicted (English) - বর্ণিত (Bangla): Represented in a picture or sculpture.
scroll (English) - পত্রময় লিপি (Bangla): A roll of parchment or paper for writing or painting on.
Lesson 4
Hercules
Hercules (English) - হারকিউলিস (Bangla): In Greek mythology, a hero and son of Jupiter, known for his exceptional strength and courage.
Eurystheus (English) - ইউরিস্থেউস (Bangla): A king of Mycenae in Greek mythology, who assigned Hercules the twelve labours.
lion (English) - সিংহ (Bangla): A large, powerful carnivore of the family Felidae, known for its strength and majestic appearance.
valley (English) - উপত্যকা (Bangla): A low area of land between hills or mountains, typically with a river or stream flowing through it.
monster (English) - রাক্ষস (Bangla): An imaginary creature that is typically large, ugly, and frightening.
Hydra (English) - হাইড্রা (Bangla): In Greek mythology, a serpent-like monster with multiple heads, known for its ability to regenerate heads after they are cut off.
immortal (English) - অমর (Bangla): Living forever; never dying or decaying.
striking (English) - ভান্ডারী (Bangla): Impressive or remarkable.
triumphed (English) - বিজয়ী হত্তয়া (Bangla): Achieved a great victory or success.
reputation (English) - খ্যাতি (Bangla): The beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something.
possessing (English) - মালিক (Bangla): Owning or having.
arduous (English) - কঠিন (Bangla): Involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring.
myths (English) - পুরানো কথা (Bangla): Traditional stories or legends, especially ones that explain the beliefs or customs of a society.
legendary (English) - দ্রুত (Bangla): Remarkable enough to be famous; well-known and celebrated in stories.
devotee (English) - শ্রদ্ধালু (Bangla): A person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about someone or something.
boasted (English) - ঘোষণা করা (Bangla): Talked with excessive pride and self-satisfaction about one's achievements, possessions, or abilities.
impregnable (English) - অসংখ্যাযোগ্য (Bangla): Unable to be captured or broken into; invincible.
temptations (English) - প্রলোভন (Bangla): Things that attract or entice someone, especially to do something that they know is wrong or unwise.
immense (English) - অত্যন্ত বড় (Bangla): Extremely large or great, especially in degree or amount.
relying (English) - নির্ভর করা (Bangla): Depend on with full trust or confidence.
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