Cambridge IELTS 2 Reading Vocabulary

          ACADEMIC READING TEST-1

PASSAGE-1

AIRPORTS ON WATER

1. difficult: (adjective) not easy; requiring effort or skill. Example: "River deltas are difficult places for map makers."

2. map makers: (noun phrase) people who create maps. Example: "The changes in the river deltas pose challenges for map makers."

3. outlines: (noun) the outer edges or shapes of something. Example: "The outlines of river deltas are always changing."

4. fluctuations: (noun) changes or variations that occur over time. Example: "The river delta experiences natural fluctuations due to erosion and sedimentation."

5. dramatic: (adjective) striking, impressive, or significant. Example: "The changes in China's Pearl River delta are more dramatic than natural fluctuations."

6. created: (verb) brought into existence; made. Example: "An island is being created in the Pearl River delta."

7. interested: (adjective) having an interest in something; curious or engaged. Example: "Civil engineers are interested in the performance and speed of the delta's development."

8. endure: (verb) to continue to exist or last despite challenges or difficulties. Example: "The civil engineers want the new island to endure over time."

9. rumbling: (verb) making a low, continuous, and resonant sound. Example: "Giant dumper trucks are rumbling across Chek Lap Kok island."

10. breakneck: (adjective) extremely fast or dangerous; done at great speed. Example: "The construction of the airport is progressing at a breakneck pace."

11. sinking: (verb) moving downward into or below the surface. Example: "Another Asian island is sinking back into the sea."

12. geological: (adjective) related to the study of the Earth's structure, rocks, and processes. Example: "The differences between the two islands are both political and geological."

13. reclaim: (verb) to recover or restore something, especially land from water or waste. Example: "The usual way to reclaim land is to pile sand and rock on the seabed."

14. oozes: (verb) flows or seeps slowly out of something. Example: "When the seabed oozes with mud, settlement issues can occur."

15. settle: (verb) to sink or come to rest; to establish or become fixed. Example: "The weight of the sand squeezes the water out, causing both water and sponge to settle lower."

16. rarely: (adverb) not often; infrequently. Example: "Settlement is rarely even in areas with muddy seabeds."

17. buckle: (verb) to bend, warp, or become distorted under pressure or strain. Example: "Buildings and roads can buckle due to uneven settlement."

18. crack: (verb) to break or split, often with a sharp sound. Example: "Settlement can cause pipes and roads to crack."

19. engineering: (noun) the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build structures, machines, and systems. Example: "Engineers can find ways to engineer around settlement issues."

1. political: (adjective) relating to government, public affairs, or the conduct of individuals or groups within a society. Example: "The differences between the two islands are both political and geological."

2. supposed: (adjective) assumed or believed to be the case. Example: "Kansai was supposed to be built just one kilometer offshore."

3. offshore: (adjective) situated or occurring in the sea, relatively close to the shore. Example: "Kansai was supposed to be built offshore in solid seabed areas."

4. protested: (verb) expressed strong objection or disagreement. Example: "Fishermen protested the original location of the Kansai airport."

5. shifted: (verb) moved or changed position. Example: "The site of the Kansai airport was shifted further away due to protests."

6. deposits: (noun) layers or accumulations of substances such as sediment or minerals. Example: "The seabed consisted of soft alluvial silt and mud deposits."

7. glacial: (adjective) relating to or produced by glaciers or ice. Example: "Below the soft mud deposits was a not-very-firm glacial deposit."

8. recognized: (verb) acknowledged the existence, validity, or legality of something. Example: "The Kansai builders recognized that settlement was inevitable."

9. strengthen: (verb) make stronger or more resilient. Example: "Sand was driven into the seabed to strengthen it before the landfill was piled on top."

10. cope: (verb) deal effectively with something difficult or challenging. Example: "Kansai's giant terminal is designed to cope with settlement using adjustable pillars."

11. jacked up: (verb phrase) raised or lifted using a mechanical device. Example: "The pillars supporting Kansai's terminal can be jacked up individually."

12. wedges: (noun) objects or pieces used to fill gaps or provide support. Example: "Wedges can be added underneath the pillars to keep the building level."

13. tricky: (adjective) difficult, complicated, or likely to be problematic. Example: "Ensuring the building remains level can be a tricky task."

14. conditions: (noun) the circumstances or factors affecting a situation. Example: "The conditions at Chek Lap Kok are different from those at Kansai."

15. begin with: (phrase) start from a particular point or stage. Example: "There was some land there to begin with, the original little island of Chek Lap Kok."

16. outcrop: (noun) a visible exposure of rock or geological formation. Example: "The new island includes the original outcrop called Lam Chau."

17. granite: (noun) a hard, coarse-grained rock commonly used in construction. Example: "Between the two outcrops, there was a layer of soft mud, but also hard, weathered granite."

18. opted: (verb) chose or decided on a particular course of action. Example: "The consortium opted for a more aggressive approach in building the island."

19. fleet: (noun) a group of ships or vehicles operated together or under the same ownership. Example: "The consortium assembled the world's largest fleet of dredgers."

1. sucked: (verb) drew in forcefully or extracted using suction. Example: "The dredgers sucked up clay and mud from the seabed."

2. dumped: (verb) disposed of or unloaded in a careless or hasty manner. Example: "The dredgers dumped the clay and mud in deeper waters."

3. layer: (noun) a single thickness or stratum of material lying over or under another. Example: "Sand was dredged and piled on top of the layer of stiff clay."

4. blasted: (verb) destroyed or shattered with explosives. Example: "The original granite island was drilled and blasted into smaller boulders."

5. foundations: (noun) the base or support on which a structure is built. Example: "The granite boulders became the foundations for the airport's runways."

6. equivalent: (adjective) equal in value, amount, function, or meaning. Example: "The heap of boulders represents the equivalent of 105m cubic meters of landfill."

7. unyielding: (adjective) rigid, inflexible, or resistant to change. Example: "Granite is an unyielding material used for the airport's foundations."

8. capping: (noun) a covering layer or cap placed on top of something. Example: "The sand dredged from the waters provides a two-meter capping layer over the granite platform."

9. utilities: (noun) services, facilities, or systems necessary for the functioning of a community or building. Example: "The sand layer makes it easier for utilities to dig trenches."

10. trenches: (noun) long, narrow excavations made in the ground, typically for utilities or drainage. Example: "The sand layer facilitates the digging of trenches for utility installation."

11. bolstered: (verb) strengthened, reinforced, or supported. Example: "The new coastline is being bolstered with sea defenses to protect the airport."

12. formidable: (adjective) inspiring fear or respect due to being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable. Example: "The twelve kilometers of sea defenses are a formidable barrier against the forces of nature."

PASSAGE-2

Changing Our Understanding of Health

1.       notions: (noun) ideas or beliefs. Example: "Different cultures have different notions of beauty."

2.       oriented: (adjective) aligned or focused towards a particular direction or goal. Example: "The training program is oriented towards improving customer service skills."

3.       holistically: (adverb) considering or addressing something as a whole, rather than focusing on its individual parts. Example: "Holistic medicine takes into account the patient's physical, mental, and emotional well-being."

4.       emphasis: (noun) special attention or importance given to something. Example: "The teacher placed a strong emphasis on critical thinking skills."

5.       individualistic: (adjective) characterized by an emphasis on individual interests, rights, or freedoms. Example: "Western societies tend to have an individualistic culture."

6.       underemployment: (noun) a situation in which a person is employed in a job that is below their skill level or qualifications. Example: "Many graduates face underemployment and struggle to find jobs in their field."

7.       root cause: (noun phrase) the fundamental reason or source behind a problem or issue. Example: "Identifying the root cause of a malfunction is crucial for effective troubleshooting."

8.       alienation: (noun) a state of feeling isolated, disconnected, or estranged from others. Example: "The new employee experienced a sense of alienation due to the unfriendly work environment."

9.       depletion: (noun) the act or process of reducing or using up a resource or supply. Example: "The depletion of natural resources poses a serious threat to future generations."

10.   interacting: (adjective) engaging or communicating with one another. Example: "The interacting factors contribute to the complexity of the problem."

11.   interdependent: (adjective) mutually reliant on one another; needing each other to function or succeed. Example: "In a healthy ecosystem, plants and animals are interdependent for survival."

12.   complex interrelationships: (noun phrase) intricate connections or associations between different elements. Example: "Understanding the complex interrelationships between social, economic, and environmental factors is crucial for effective policy-making."

13.   promote: (verb) to support, encourage, or advance the growth or development of something. Example: "The company launched a new advertising campaign to promote their latest product."

14.   charter: (noun) a formal document outlining principles, rights, or responsibilities. Example: "The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a charter that sets forth fundamental freedoms."

15.   dimension: (noun) an aspect or feature of something. Example: "Education is an important dimension of personal development."

16.   harmful: (adjective) causing damage, injury, or negative effects. Example: "Excessive exposure to sunlight can have harmful effects on the skin."

17.   fundamental: (adjective) forming a necessary base or core; essential. Example: "Learning basic math skills is fundamental to understanding more advanced concepts."

18.   approaches: (noun) methods or strategies for dealing with a problem or situation. Example: "There are various approaches to teaching foreign languages."

19.   enabling: (verb) empowering or providing the means for someone to do or achieve something. Example: "The new software

20.   scope: (noun) the extent or range of something. Example: "The project's scope includes research, analysis, and implementation."

21.   philosophy: (noun) a system of beliefs or values that guides one's behavior or thinking. Example: "Stoicism is a philosophy that emphasizes self-control and resilience."

22.   control: (noun) the power or ability to influence or direct something. Example: "The manager has control over the decision-making process."

23.   quality of life: (noun phrase) the overall well-being and satisfaction with one's living conditions and circumstances. Example: "Improving healthcare services can greatly enhance the quality of life for individuals."

24.   practical: (adjective) relating to or suitable for actual use or application; realistic. Example: "The workshop provided practical tips and techniques for effective time management."

25.   fundamental strategies: (noun phrase) core or essential approaches or plans. Example: "The company's fundamental strategies focus on innovation and customer satisfaction."

26.   development: (noun) the process of growth, progress, or advancement. Example: "The city invested in infrastructure development to attract new businesses."

27.   political: (adjective) relating to government, public affairs, or the exercise of power. Example: "The candidates discussed their political agendas during the debate."

28.   economic: (adjective) related to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Example: "The government implemented new economic policies to stimulate growth."

29.   cultural: (adjective) pertaining to the beliefs, customs, and practices of a particular group or society. Example: "The museum showcases various cultural artifacts from around the world."

30.   environmental: (adjective) relating to the natural surroundings or the impact of human activities on nature. Example: "The company aims to reduce its environmental footprint by implementing sustainable practices."

31.   behavioural: (adjective) relating to actions, conduct, or behavior. Example: "The study focused on the behavioural patterns of children in different social settings."

32.   biological: (adjective) related to living organisms and their functions. Example: "The scientist conducted experiments to study the biological effects of a new drug."

33.   favour: (verb) to support or show preference for something. Example: "The new tax law favours small businesses by providing tax breaks."

34.   harmful: (adjective) causing damage, injury, or negative effects. Example: "Excessive exposure to sunlight can have harmful effects on the skin."

35.   fundamental: (adjective) forming a necessary base or core; essential. Example: "Learning basic math skills is fundamental to understanding more advanced concepts."

36.   approaches: (noun) methods or strategies for dealing with a problem or situation. Example: "There are various approaches to teaching foreign languages."

37.   enabling: (verb) empowering or providing the means for someone to do or achieve something. Example: "The new software includes features that enable users to automate tasks."

38.   endorse: (verb) to publicly support or approve of something. Example: "The celebrity endorsed the new product in a television commercial."

39.   appropriate: (adjective) suitable or fitting for a particular purpose or situation. Example: "The teacher

40.   declaration: (noun) a formal or explicit statement or announcement. Example: "The government issued a declaration condemning the act of terrorism."

41.   resources: (noun) assets, materials, or capabilities that can be used or drawn upon. Example: "The company allocated sufficient resources to complete the project on time."

42.   equity: (noun) fairness or justice in the distribution of resources, opportunities, or treatment. Example: "The organization advocates for social equity and equal rights for all individuals."

43.   conditions: (noun) circumstances or factors that affect a situation or environment. Example: "The working conditions in the factory were unsafe and led to frequent accidents."

44.   promoting: (verb) actively supporting or encouraging the growth or development of something. Example: "The government launched a campaign aimed at promoting renewable energy sources."

45.   secure: (adjective) safe, protected, or free from danger or risk. Example: "The bank offers secure online banking services with encrypted transactions."

46.   foundation: (noun) the base or underlying support of something. Example: "Education is the foundation for personal and professional growth."

47.   pollution: (noun) the presence or introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment. Example: "Air pollution from factories contributes to respiratory problems in nearby communities."

48.   urbanization: (noun) the process of the growth and development of urban areas. Example: "Rapid urbanization has led to increased demands for housing and infrastructure."

49.   stability: (noun) the state of being steady, balanced, or not easily disrupted. Example: "Economic stability is crucial for attracting investments and promoting growth."

50.   working conditions: (noun phrase) the circumstances and environment in which people work. Example: "The union negotiated better wages and improved working conditions for its members."

PASSAGE-3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which arc based on Reading Passage 3 below

CHILDREN'S THINKING

1. eminent: (adjective) famous, respected, or distinguished in a particular field. Example: "Albert Einstein was an eminent physicist who revolutionized our understanding of the universe."

2. psychologists: (noun) professionals who study the human mind and behavior. Example: "Clinical psychologists help individuals cope with mental health issues and emotional challenges."

3. reasoning: (noun) the process of thinking logically and making judgments based on evidence or facts. Example: "Critical thinking and reasoning skills are essential for problem-solving."

4. segments: (noun) parts or sections into which something is divided. Example: "The report is divided into several segments that address different aspects of the research."

5. novel: (adjective) new, original, or unusual. Example: "The artist's novel approach to painting captured the attention of art enthusiasts."

6. explicitly: (adverb) clearly and directly stated. Example: "The instructions were explicitly written, leaving no room for confusion."

7. principles: (noun) fundamental truths or beliefs that serve as a foundation for behavior or thought. Example: "The company's success is built on the principles of integrity and customer satisfaction."

8. sequence: (noun) a particular order in which related events, actions, or objects follow one another. Example: "The sequence of steps in the experiment must be followed precisely for accurate results."

9. readily: (adverb) easily and willingly; without hesitation. Example: "He readily agreed to help his friend with the project."

10. integrate: (verb) to combine or bring together separate parts into a whole. Example: "The new software system will integrate all the different departments' data into a unified database."

11. terminology: (noun) specialized language or vocabulary used in a particular field or subject. Example: "Medical students must learn the complex terminology used in anatomy and physiology."

12. deductive: (adjective) based on logical reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions. Example: "In Sherlock Holmes stories, the detective uses deductive reasoning to solve mysterious cases."

13. mystery: (noun) something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain. Example: "The disappearance of the ancient civilization remains a mystery to historians."

14. analogy: (noun) a comparison between two things that highlights their similarities in certain aspects. Example: "The professor used an analogy to explain the concept of electricity by comparing it to water flow."

15. psychologically: (adverb) relating to the mind and its processes, emotions, and behaviors. Example: "Experiencing trauma can have long-term psychological effects on an individual."

16. perplexing: (adjective) puzzling, confusing, or difficult to understand. Example: "The math problem was perplexing, and the students struggled to find the solution."

17. apparatus: (noun) equipment or tools used for a specific purpose or activity. Example: "The chemistry lab is equipped with a variety of apparatus for conducting experiments."

18. procedure: (noun) a series of steps or actions followed to achieve a particular result. Example: "The doctor explained the surgical procedure to the patient before the operation."

1. inferential: (adjective) involving or based on inference, the act of drawing conclusions or making deductions based on evidence or reasoning. Example: "In a murder investigation, detectives use inferential reasoning to connect the pieces of evidence and identify the culprit."

2. crucial: (adjective) extremely important or necessary for the success or outcome of something. Example: "Effective communication skills are crucial for building strong relationships in both personal and professional settings."

3. modifications: (noun) changes or alterations made to something to improve or adapt it. Example: "The car underwent several modifications to enhance its performance and fuel efficiency."

4. equivalence: (noun) the state of being equal or equivalent in value, meaning, or function. Example: "In mathematics, the symbol '=' represents equivalence between two expressions."

5. swapping: (noun) the act of exchanging or trading one thing for another. Example: "During the class party, the students enjoyed swapping their snacks and treats with each other."

6. jump: (noun) a significant increase or improvement in quantity, quality, or performance. Example: "The company experienced a huge jump in sales after launching its new advertising campaign."

7. performance: (noun) the manner in which something or someone functions, operates, or behaves. Example: "The athlete's outstanding performance earned him a gold medal in the Olympic Games."

8. improvement: (noun) the act or process of making something better or more satisfactory. Example: "The recent renovations have brought significant improvement to the old building's appearance and functionality."

9. resulted: (verb) to happen or occur as an outcome or consequence of something. Example: "The heavy rainfall resulted in flooding in low-lying areas."

10. clarification: (noun) the act of making something clearer or easier to understand by providing additional information or explanation. Example: "The teacher provided clarification on a difficult concept, helping the students grasp the topic better."

11. capability: (noun) the ability or capacity to do something. Example: "With dedication and practice, anyone can develop the capability to play a musical instrument."

12. real: (adjective) genuine, actual, or existing in reality rather than in appearance or imagination. Example: "She felt a real sense of accomplishment after completing her first marathon."

13. taken: (verb) past participle of "take," meaning to have acquired or accepted something. Example: "He has taken on the responsibility of managing the project."

14. proof: (noun) evidence or information that establishes the truth or validity of something. Example: "The DNA test provided proof of the suspect's involvement in the crime."

15. incapable: (adjective) lacking the necessary ability, qualification, or capacity to do something. Example: "Due to a physical disability, he is incapable of performing certain tasks."

16. perception: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: "People's perception of beauty can vary based on cultural and personal preferences."

                   ACADEMIC READING TEST-2

PASSAGE-1

 IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY

1. operates: (verb) runs, manages, or controls. Example: "Australian Hotels Inc (AHI) operates nine hotels in Australia."

2. permanent: (adjective) lasting or intended to last indefinitely; not temporary. Example: "AHI employs over 2000 permanent full-time staff."

3. part-time: (adjective) involving or working fewer hours than a full-time job. Example: "AHI employs 300 permanent part-time employees."

4. casual: (adjective) employed irregularly or temporarily; not on a regular or permanent basis. Example: "AHI employs 100 casual staff."

5. ventures: (noun) business projects or activities that involve some degree of risk. Example: "The Sydney Airport hotel (SAH) is one of AHI's latest ventures."

6. accommodation: (noun) a place to live, stay, or reside in. Example: "SAH is designed to provide the best available accommodation near Sydney Airport."

7. implications: (noun) the likely consequences or effects of something. Example: "The change in management structure had several implications for the organization."

8. front-line: (adjective) relating to or involving direct contact or responsibility with customers or clients. Example: "Front-line employees are responsible for interacting directly with guests."

9. satisfaction: (noun) the feeling of fulfillment or contentment. Example: "Improving customer satisfaction is a key goal for SAH."

10. fit in: (phrasal verb) to integrate or blend harmoniously into a particular group or environment. Example: "SAH preferred to hire employees who would fit in with its new policies."

11. predominantly: (adverb) mainly, mostly, primarily. Example: "The remaining positions at the hotel were predominantly filled by transfers."

12. applicants: (noun) individuals who apply for a job or position. Example: "Over 7000 applicants filled in application forms for the jobs at SAH."

13. initiatives: (noun) new projects, plans, or actions undertaken to achieve a specific goal. Example: "AHI implemented several initiatives to improve its hotel organization model."

14. management flexibility: (noun phrase) the ability to adapt or adjust management practices according to changing circumstances. Example: "A multi-skilled workforce provides greater management flexibility for SAH."

15. benchmarking: (noun) the process of comparing one's performance or practices with those of others as a standard for improvement. Example: "SAH implemented a benchmarking process to improve service delivery."

16. reservations: (noun) bookings or arrangements made in advance, especially for accommodation. Example: "The front office team discovered that many AHI Club member reservations were incomplete."

17. collated: (verb) gathered or collected together in an organized manner. Example: "Customer comments were collated to identify areas for improvement."

18. perceptions: (noun) the way something is viewed, understood, or interpreted. Example: "Improving guest perceptions of service was a priority for SAH."

19. implementation: (noun) the process of putting a plan or decision into effect. Example: "Employee suggestions for improvement were reviewed

1. valid: (adjective) legally or logically acceptable; sound or justifiable. Example: "If a valid reason is given, employee suggestions may not be implemented immediately."

2. analysis: (noun) the process of examining or studying something in detail to understand its nature or structure. Example: "Suggestions requiring analysis or data collection were given a specific timeframe."

3. recommendations: (noun) suggestions or advice offered based on careful consideration or evaluation. Example: "The Take Charge team provided recommendations for addressing employee suggestions."

4. limited: (adjective) restricted or confined in quantity, scope, or extent. Example: "Quantitative evidence of AHI's initiatives at SAH is currently limited."

5. anecdotal: (adjective) based on personal accounts or stories rather than on systematic evidence. Example: "The anecdotal evidence suggests that these practices are working."

6. progressively: (adverb) gradually, steadily, or in stages. Example: "AHI is progressively rolling out these initiatives in other hotels in Australia."

7. rolling out: (phrasal verb) introducing or implementing gradually or in stages. Example: "The company is rolling out the initiatives to other hotels in a step-by-step manner."

8. emphasize: (verb) to give special importance or attention to something; to highlight. Example: "The report findings may emphasize different aspects compared to the original article."

9. condensed: (adjective) reduced in size, volume, or extent; summarized or abridged. Example: "This article has been condensed from the original source for brevity."

10. cycle: (noun) a series of events or processes that repeat in a regular pattern. Example: "The article discusses the implementation of the cycle of success in a case study."

11. journal: (noun) a periodical publication containing academic articles, research, or reports. Example: "The Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources published the original article."

12. grateful: (adjective) feeling or showing appreciation or thanks. Example: "We are grateful to the author and the journal for allowing us to use the material."

13. venture: (noun) a business or project involving some degree of risk or uncertainty. Example: "The Sydney Airport hotel was one of AHI's latest ventures."

14. labour-cost structure: (noun phrase) the overall expenses related to labor or workforce. Example: "AHI faced challenges in achieving long-term profits due to the country's high labour-cost structure."

15. significant: (adjective) important, notable, or meaningful. Example: "The change in management structure had a significant impact on the organization."

16. communication: (noun) the exchange of information or ideas between individuals or groups. Example: "With the new structure, communication within the organization greatly improved."

17. reference: (noun) the act of consulting or seeking information from a source or authority. Example: "Front-line employees can usually meet guest requests without reference to a supervisor."

18. initiatives: (noun) new projects, plans, or actions undertaken to achieve a specific goal. Example: "AHI implemented several initiatives to improve its hotel organization model."

19. predominantly: (adverb) mainly, mostly, primarily. Example: "The remaining positions at the hotel were predominantly filled by transfers."

1. applicants: (noun) individuals who apply for a job or position. Example: "Over 7000 applicants filled in application forms for the jobs at SAH."

2. leadership: (noun) the ability to guide or direct others; the position or role of a leader. Example: "Category A was for applicants exhibiting strong leadership qualities."

3. qualities: (noun) characteristics or attributes that define a person or thing. Example: "Category B was for applicants with both leader and follower qualities."

4. prospective: (adjective) potential or likely to become or be something in the future. Example: "Department heads and shift leaders composed prospective teams."

5. employment: (noun) the state of being employed or having a job. Example: "Offers of employment were made to team members."

6. multi-skilled: (adjective) having multiple skills or abilities in different areas or fields. Example: "SAH adopted a multi-skilled workforce to enhance flexibility."

7. wide variety: (noun phrase) a broad range or diverse selection of something. Example: "Employees at SAH can work in a wide variety of positions."

8. temporary: (adjective) lasting for only a limited period; not permanent. Example: "During quiet periods, employees from other departments can temporarily fill in for office staff."

9. productivity: (noun) the measure of the efficiency or output of a person, machine, or system. Example: "Benchmarking improved SAH's ability to enhance productivity and quality."

10. quality: (noun) the standard or level of excellence of something. Example: "The benchmarking process aimed to improve service delivery across a range of quality criteria."

11. feedback: (noun) information or reactions given in response to a person's performance or behavior. Example: "Take Charge provides an effective feedback loop from both customers and employees."

12. improvement: (noun) the act or process of making something better or enhancing its quality. Example: "Employee suggestions for improvement were reviewed and implemented promptly."

Passage-2

Solution for: Overcoming the language barrier

1. barrier: (noun) something that prevents or obstructs progress or communication. Example: "The language barrier can impede communication between people from different countries."

2. communication: (noun) the process of exchanging information or ideas between individuals or groups. Example: "The lack of a common language can severely impede communication."

3. encounter: (verb) to come across or meet someone or something unexpectedly or by chance. Example: "Encountering unfamiliar dialects or styles within a single language can pose communication challenges."

4. metaphorical: (adjective) describing something using a figure of speech or metaphor. Example: "'They don't talk the same language' has a major metaphorical meaning alongside its literal one."

5. consequences: (noun) the results or effects of a particular action or event. Example: "A failure to communicate can have major consequences, such as lost orders or legal problems."

6. fatal: (adjective) causing or resulting in death. Example: "Communication failures can sometimes lead to fatal accidents."

7. remedy: (noun) a solution or treatment for a problem or difficulty. Example: "No remedy was known for the poisonous mushroom incident."

8. chemist: (noun) a scientist who specializes in the study of chemistry. Example: "A chemist knew of a treatment for the poisonous mushroom case."

9. published: (verb) made available or released for public consumption, typically in written or printed form. Example: "The treatment had been successfully used in 1959 and published in 1963."

10. journals: (noun) periodicals or publications containing articles on specific topics or academic disciplines. Example: "The report of the treatment had been published in journals written in European languages."

11. avoidance: (noun) the act of staying away from or preventing something undesirable. Example: "Studies of the use or avoidance of foreign-language materials have shed light on the language barrier."

12. consulted: (verb) sought information, advice, or guidance from a source or person. Example: "Surveys of books and documents consulted in libraries showed limited use of foreign-language material."

13. periodicals: (noun) magazines, newspapers, or other publications issued at regular intervals. Example: "Only 13 percent of library requests were for foreign-language periodicals in the field of science."

14. cited: (verb) referred to or quoted as evidence or support. Example: "Studies of sources cited in publications revealed low usage of foreign-language materials."

15. insularity: (noun) the state of being isolated or detached from others; narrow-mindedness or lack of openness. Example: "British industry has been criticized for its linguistic insularity."

16. awareness: (noun) knowledge or understanding of a particular fact or situation. Example: "Industrial training schemes have promoted an increase in linguistic and cultural awareness."

17. translation: (noun) the act or process of rendering written or spoken content from one language to another. Example: "Many firms now have their own translation services to cater to international customers."

18. part-time: (adjective) involving or working for only a portion of the usual working day or week. Example: "Some firms run part-time language courses for employees involved with specific countries."

19. glossaries: (noun) lists of terms and their definitions specific to a particular subject or field.

1. glossaries: (noun) lists of terms and their definitions specific to a particular subject or field. Example: "Some firms produce their own technical glossaries to ensure consistency in translations."

2. market: (verb) promote or sell products or services in a particular market or to a specific group of customers. Example: "Firms face the challenge of marketing their products in foreign countries with different languages."

3. insularity: (noun) the state of being isolated or detached from others; narrow-mindedness or lack of openness. Example: "The linguistic insularity of British firms has been a subject of criticism."

4. comprehension: (noun) the ability to understand or grasp the meaning of something. Example: "Regional and social variation in speech can cause problems of listening comprehension."

5. linguistic: (adjective) relating to language or linguistics. Example: "Awareness of other languages is important for overcoming linguistic barriers in communication."

6. realisation: (noun) an understanding or awareness of something. Example: "The realisation that not everyone knows English well has led to improved linguistic practices."

7. negotiate: (verb) engage in formal discussions or bargaining to reach an agreement. Example: "Not everyone knows English well enough to negotiate effectively in the language."

8. official: (adjective) relating to or done by an authority, organization, or government. Example: "English is not an official language of public administration in most parts of the Far East."

9. permeates: (verb) spreads throughout or pervades. Example: "Regional and social variation permeates speech, making comprehension challenging."

10. linguistic needs: (noun phrase) the language-related requirements or preferences of individuals or groups. Example: "Failure to consider the linguistic needs of customers can disrupt marketing efforts."

11. charge: (noun) a responsibility or duty. Example: "The Take Charge team reviews employee feedback and implements suggestions."

12. listening: (noun) the act of paying attention to and actively trying to hear and understand spoken language. Example: "Listening comprehension can be challenging due to variations in speech."

1. emphasis: (noun) special importance, value, or significance given to something. Example: "The report findings may have been given a different emphasis from the original."

2. awareness: (noun) knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Example: "Industrial training schemes have promoted an increase in linguistic and cultural awareness."

3. dissemination: (noun) the act of spreading or distributing information or knowledge. Example: "The lack of a common language can impede data dissemination in international contexts."

4. impede: (verb) hinder or obstruct the progress or movement of something. Example: "The language barrier can impede the smooth functioning of international business transactions."

5. damaged: (adjective) harmed or impaired. Example: "Marketing efforts can be damaged if the linguistic needs of the customer are not considered."

6. isolated: (adjective) separated or detached from others; alone. Example: "Firms who do not address language barriers may find themselves isolated from potential customers."

7. consulted: (verb) sought advice, information, or opinions from someone or something. Example: "Surveys showed that very little foreign-language material was consulted in English-speaking libraries."

8. prioritize: (verb) treat or consider something as more important than other things. Example: "Awareness of other languages is now seen as a priority in international marketing."

9. correspondence: (noun) written or printed communication exchanged between people. Example: "Many British firms were using English for outgoing correspondence with non-English-speaking customers."

10. literature: (noun) written or printed works, especially those regarded as having artistic or intellectual value. Example: "Some firms had their sales literature available only in English, limiting their reach to non-English speakers."

PASSAGE-3

What is a port city?

1.       fascinating: (adjective) extremely interesting or captivating. Example: "The history of port cities is fascinating, with their diverse cultural influences."

2.       livelihood: (noun) the means of supporting oneself; a person's occupation or source of income. Example: "Fishing has been the traditional livelihood for many residents of coastal port cities."

3.       generic: (adjective) general or common; not specific to a particular item or category. Example: "Port cities share certain generic characteristics related to their economic functions."

4.       distinguished: (verb) recognized as different or distinct; set apart from others. Example: "A port must be distinguished from a harbour based on their different functions."

5.       concept: (noun) an abstract idea or general notion. Example: "Understanding the concept of a port involves considering its economic significance."

6.       shelter: (noun) a place of protection or refuge; a structure that provides cover. Example: "Harbours provide shelter for ships during storms or rough weather."

7.       economic: (adjective) relating to the production, distribution, and use of wealth and resources. Example: "A port is an economic hub, facilitating trade and commerce."

8.       hinterland: (noun) the land or region lying behind or beyond a port or coastal area. Example: "A port's hinterland includes the areas it serves as a trade gateway."

9.       expensively: (adverb) at great cost or expense. Example: "The harbours of Madras and Colombo were expensively improved to accommodate larger ships."

10.   enlarging: (verb) making larger or bigger in size. Example: "The capacity of the harbour was increased by enlarging it through dredging."

11.   breakwaters: (noun) offshore barriers built to protect a harbour or shoreline from the force of waves. Example: "Breakwaters were constructed to provide a safer environment for ships entering the port."

12.   industrial: (adjective) relating to the manufacturing or production of goods using machinery and technology. Example: "Port cities often become industrial centers due to their transportation connections."

13.   financial: (adjective) relating to money, banking, or investments. Example: "Ports can develop into financial hubs with banking and financial services."

14.   service: (noun) an occupation or work that is performed for others. Example: "Port cities offer a wide range of service industries such as tourism and hospitality."

15.   concentration: (noun) the action or process of gathering or clustering together in one place. Example: "The water connections of port cities attract concentration of people and economic activities."

16.   railways: (noun) a system of tracks and trains used for transportation. Example: "Railways play a vital role in connecting port cities to inland regions."

17.   highways: (noun) major roads or routes that connect different cities or regions. Example: "Port cities often have well-developed highways to facilitate transportation."

18.   urban: (adjective) relating to a city or town. Example: "Port cities are characterized by their urban nature and bustling atmosphere."

19.   dominant: (adjective) having power, influence, or control over others; most important or prominent

20.   cosmopolitan: (adjective) having a diverse and international character, reflecting a mixture of cultures and influences. Example: "A port city is often cosmopolitan, with people from different backgrounds and nationalities."

21.   jostle: (verb) to push, elbow, or bump against someone or something in a crowded or busy manner. Example: "In port cities, different cultures and ideas jostle together, creating a vibrant atmosphere."

22.   enrich: (verb) to improve or enhance the quality or value of something. Example: "The diverse influences in port cities enrich the cultural fabric of the community."

23.   microcosm: (noun) a small-scale representation or model of a larger system or society. Example: "Port cities often serve as a microcosm of the global connections and interactions between people."

24.   transformed: (verb) changed or converted completely in form, appearance, or nature. Example: "The advent of powered vessels transformed sea ports, enabling larger and more efficient ships."

25.   accessible: (adjective) easy to reach, enter, or use; able to be reached or approached. Example: "Some formerly important ports have become less accessible due to changes in transportation technology."

26.   by-passed: (verb) avoided or passed by; to go around or bypass. Example: "As shipping routes changed, many ports were by-passed in favor of more direct routes."

27.   backwaters: (noun) remote or isolated areas that are slow to change or develop. Example: "Some ports that were once thriving trade hubs have become backwaters due to shifts in global trade patterns."

28.   museums: (noun) institutions that preserve and display objects of artistic, historical, scientific, or cultural significance. Example: "Former port cities like Galle and Melaka have acquired the character of museums, preserving their maritime heritage."

29.   recorded: (verb) documented or registered; written down or captured in some form. Example: "Much of the domestic port trade has not been recorded in historical documents."

30.   external: (adjective) relating to or coming from outside; not internal or local. Example: "While ports engage in external trade, they also have significant internal trade within their own regions."

31.   engaged: (adjective) involved or occupied; actively participating in something. Example: "A city's engaged population plays a crucial role in providing goods and services for the local community."

32.   basic: (adjective) fundamental or essential; forming the foundation or starting point. Example: "Basic workers in a port city contribute to the core functions of trade and commerce."

33.   estimates: (noun) approximate calculations or judgments based on available information. Example: "Different estimates suggest varying ratios of basic to service workers in port cities."

34.   refining: (verb) the process of purifying or improving something, often by removing impurities or unwanted elements. Example: "Ports are ideal locations for refining industries such as oil refining and ore refining."

35.   bulk: (noun) large quantities or volumes; the main mass or shape of something. Example: "Ports play a role in breaking up the bulk of raw materials for further processing or distribution."

36.   minimised: (verb) reduced to the smallest possible amount or degree; made as small or insignificant as possible.

37.   alter: (verb) to change or modify; to make different without completely changing the essence or nature. Example: "Ports often alter or modify the goods they receive before they are reshipped."

38.   process: (verb) to perform a series of actions or operations on something to achieve a desired outcome. Example: "Ports process and handle a wide range of goods and materials for import and export."

39.   range: (noun) a variety or selection of different things within a particular set or category. Example: "Ports handle a range of goods, from perishable items to manufactured goods."

40.   immediately: (adverb) without delay or hesitation; happening or done without any intervening time or space. Example: "Not all port functions are immediately related to ships or docks."

41.   retained: (verb) kept or preserved; continued to possess or have. Example: "Cities that started as ports have retained their commercial and administrative centers near the waterfront."

42.   commercial: (adjective) relating to the buying and selling of goods and services; related to commerce or trade. Example: "The commercial activities in port cities contribute to their economic growth."

43.   administrative: (adjective) relating to the management and organization of tasks, duties, or affairs. Example: "The administrative functions of a port city involve overseeing trade regulations and customs procedures."

44.   prosimity: (noun) nearness in space, time, or relationship; closeness or immediacy. Example: "The proximity of the commercial and administrative centers to the waterfront is a characteristic of port cities."

45.   metropolis: (noun) a large, important city; a capital or chief city of a region or country. Example: "Over time, some port cities have expanded and evolved into bustling metropolises."

46.   visitor: (noun) a person who comes to a place for a short period, often for leisure, tourism, or exploration. Example: "Even a visitor can sense the maritime heritage of port cities when they see the waterfront areas."

47.   draws: (verb) attracts or pulls something or someone towards a particular place or person. Example: "The allure of port cities draws people seeking opportunities, trade, and cultural experiences."

48.   refuge: (noun) a place of safety or shelter; a sanctuary or protection from danger or harm. Example: "Harbours provide a refuge for ships during storms or adverse weather conditions."

49.   vibrant: (adjective) full of energy, enthusiasm, and activity; lively and dynamic. Example: "Port cities are known for their vibrant atmosphere, bustling markets, and diverse communities."

50.   interactions: (noun) the actions or behaviors that occur when people or things affect one another. Example: "The cultural interactions in port cities create a unique and vibrant social fabric."

         ACADEMIC READING TEST-3

   PASSAGE-1        ABSENTEEISM IN NURSING:                               A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

1. absenteeism: (noun) the habitual or intentional absence from work or school without a valid reason. Example: "The company implemented measures to reduce absenteeism among its employees."

2. disruptive: (adjective) causing disturbance or interruption; tending to interrupt the normal course of something. Example: "The noisy construction work was highly disruptive to the office environment."

3. occurrence: (noun) an instance or event happening; something that takes place. Example: "The occurrence of accidents at the construction site raised concerns about safety measures."

4. entitlement: (noun) the fact of having a right to something; the amount or type of benefits or privileges one is entitled to. Example: "Employees are entitled to a certain number of paid vacation days each year."

5. prevalent: (adjective) widespread or commonly occurring; widely accepted or practiced. Example: "Burnout is a prevalent issue in the healthcare industry."

6. recognition: (noun) acknowledgement or appreciation of someone's abilities, achievements, or qualities. Example: "The company gave out awards to show recognition for outstanding performance."

7. rewarded: (adjective) given a reward or recognition for something; compensated or recognized for one's efforts or actions. Example: "Employees who exceeded their sales targets were rewarded with bonuses."

8. shift work: (noun) a work schedule that involves rotating or irregular shifts, often including night shifts. Example: "Nurses working in hospitals often have to adapt to shift work schedules."

9. fairly: (adverb) in a just or impartial manner; without bias or favoritism. Example: "The supervisor ensured that work assignments were distributed fairly among the team members."

10. longitudinal: (adjective) relating to or involving the study or observation of a phenomenon or group over an extended period. Example: "The researchers conducted a longitudinal study to analyze the long-term effects of the treatment."

11. bereavement: (noun) the state of being deprived of a loved one through death; the period of mourning or grief. Example: "The company provided compassionate leave for employees dealing with bereavement."

12. incentives: (noun) things offered or given to motivate or encourage someone to do something. Example: "The company introduced performance-based incentives to boost employee productivity."

13. rostering: (noun) the process of creating work schedules or assigning shifts to employees. Example: "The HR department was responsible for rostering the staff members."

14. communicated: (verb) conveyed or transmitted information or a message to someone. Example: "The manager communicated the new company policies to all the employees."

15. excessive: (adjective) more than what is considered normal, necessary, or appropriate; too much or overly. Example: "The employee's excessive absences raised concerns about their commitment to the job."

16. tangible: (adjective) perceptible by touch; capable of being touched or felt; real or concrete. Example: "The company's success was evident in its tangible increase in sales and revenue."

17. progressed: (verb) moved forward or advanced; developed or improved over time. Example: "The project **

1. progressed: (verb) moved forward or advanced; developed or improved over time. Example: "The team progressed steadily towards completing the project on time."

2. ceasing: (noun) the act of coming to an end or stopping; termination. Example: "The company's decision to downsize resulted in the ceasing of several departments."

3. empowered: (adjective) having the authority, power, or confidence to take action or make decisions. Example: "The new manager empowered the team members to make independent decisions."

4. contention: (noun) a heated disagreement or dispute; an assertion or claim made in an argument. Example: "There was a contention between the two departments regarding resource allocation."

5. collaborative: (adjective) involving the cooperation and active participation of multiple individuals or groups. Example: "The team members had a collaborative approach to problem-solving, working together to find solutions."

6. facilitated: (verb) made easier or more convenient; assisted or supported the progress of something. Example: "The new software facilitated the data analysis process, saving time and effort."

7. tangibly: (adverb) in a way that can be touched, felt, or perceived physically; in a concrete or measurable manner. Example: "The company's efforts to improve customer service were tangibly reflected in the increased customer satisfaction ratings."

8. communication: (noun) the act of exchanging information or ideas; the process of conveying messages between individuals or groups. Example: "Effective communication is essential for a productive work environment."

9. disappointing: (adjective) not meeting expectations; causing disappointment or dissatisfaction. Example: "The sales figures for the quarter were disappointing, falling short of the projected targets."

10. ownership: (noun) the state or condition of possessing something; having legal or rightful control or possession. Example: "The employees were encouraged to take ownership of their projects and initiatives."

11. measurable: (adjective) capable of being measured, quantified, or evaluated. Example: "Setting specific goals with measurable outcomes helps track progress and success."

12. effects: (noun) the result or outcome of something; the impact or influence produced by a cause. Example: "The new marketing campaign had positive effects on brand awareness and customer engagement."

13. short term: (noun) a relatively brief period of time; the immediate or near future. Example: "The company implemented short-term measures to address the urgent issues at hand."

14. momentum: (noun) the strength or force gained by motion or progress; the tendency to continue moving forward. Example: "The team's successful project completion created momentum for future initiatives."

15. impact: (noun) the effect or influence that an event, action, or decision has on something or someone. Example: "The new policy had a significant impact on employee morale and job satisfaction."

16. cooperation: (noun) the act of working together towards a common goal; joint effort or collaboration. Example: "The success of the project relied on the cooperation of all team members."

17. measures: (noun) actions or steps taken to achieve a particular purpose or goal; methods or approaches used to address a problem. Example: "The company implemented cost-cutting measures to improve financial stability."

1. prior: (adjective) existing or occurring before in time, order, or importance. Example: "The team held a meeting to discuss the prior issues that needed to be addressed."

2. genuine: (adjective) authentic, real, or sincere; not counterfeit or fake. Example: "She showed a genuine interest in helping others and making a positive impact."

3. impact: (verb) to have a strong effect or influence on someone or something. Example: "The new regulations will impact the way businesses operate in the industry."

4. colleagues: (noun) people with whom one works, typically in a professional setting. Example: "She collaborated closely with her colleagues to complete the project."

5. cohesive: (adjective) well-integrated, unified, or closely connected; forming a united whole. Example: "The team had a cohesive working relationship, supporting each other's efforts."

6. management: (noun) the process of planning, organizing, and controlling resources and activities to achieve organizational goals. Example: "Effective management is crucial for the success of any business."

7. organizational: (adjective) relating to the structure, policies, and practices of an organization. Example: "The organizational culture of a company can greatly impact employee satisfaction."

8. implementation: (noun) the act of putting a plan, decision, or system into effect; the process of carrying out something. Example: "The implementation of the new software required training and support for the employees."

9. commitment: (noun) a strong dedication or loyalty to a cause, task, or obligation. Example: "His commitment to the project was evident through his hard work and long hours."

10. productivity: (noun) the measure of how efficiently and effectively work is completed; the output or results achieved. Example: "The company introduced new tools to enhance employee productivity."

11. resource: (noun) a supply or available means to accomplish a purpose; something that can be used to achieve a goal. Example: "The company invested in training programs as a valuable resource for employee development."

12. allocation: (noun) the act of distributing or assigning resources or tasks based on a plan or system. Example: "The project manager oversaw the allocation of responsibilities to the team members."

13. projected: (adjective) estimated or forecasted based on available information or data. Example: "The projected revenue for the next quarter looks promising."

14. initiatives: (noun) new plans or actions undertaken to achieve a particular goal or solve a problem. Example: "The company launched several sustainability initiatives to reduce its environmental impact."

15. success: (noun) the achievement of desired results or the favorable outcome of an endeavor. Example: "The team celebrated the success of their collaborative project."

16. policies: (noun) guidelines or rules established by an organization to guide decision-making and behavior. Example: "The company has strict policies regarding data security and confidentiality."

17. stability: (noun) the state of being stable, secure, or consistent; the ability to withstand changes or disruptions. Example: "Financial stability is a crucial factor in business planning and growth."

PASSAGE-2

The Motor Car

 

 

 

1.       motor vehicles: (noun phrase) automobiles or vehicles powered by engines, usually referring to cars. Example: "The increasing number of motor vehicles on the roads contributes to traffic congestion."

2.       depletion: (noun) the act of reducing or using up a resource, often referring to the exhaustion of natural resources. Example: "The depletion of oil resources is a concern for global energy security."

3.       congestion: (noun) the state of being overcrowded or blocked, often referring to traffic congestion. Example: "The city's downtown area experiences heavy congestion during rush hour."

4.       pollution: (noun) the introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment, causing damage or harm. Example: "Industrial activities are a major source of water and air pollution."

5.       emissions: (noun) gases or substances released into the air, usually referring to exhaust gases from vehicles or industrial processes. Example: "Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is essential for mitigating climate change."

6.       fumes: (noun) smoke, gas, or vapor, often with an unpleasant or harmful odor. Example: "The fumes from the factory were causing respiratory problems for nearby residents."

7.       urban: (adjective) relating to cities or characteristic of city life. Example: "Rapid urban development has led to the expansion of infrastructure and population."

8.       afflicted: (verb) affected or troubled by something, usually referring to negative circumstances. Example: "Many cities are afflicted by high levels of air pollution."

9.       inland: (adjective) situated or occurring in the interior of a country or region, away from the coast. Example: "The company specializes in transporting goods to inland destinations."

10.   freight: (noun) goods or cargo transported by various means, especially by ship, aircraft, truck, or train. Example: "The company operates a large fleet of trucks for freight delivery."

11.   revert: (verb) to return to a previous state or condition; to go back. Example: "The government decided to revert to the original plan after considering public feedback."

12.   convenient: (adjective) suitable, easy to use, or helpful in particular circumstances. Example: "Having a nearby grocery store is very convenient for daily shopping."

13.   sprawl: (noun) the spreading out of a city or urban area into the surrounding countryside. Example: "Urban sprawl has led to the loss of agricultural land."

14.   assigned: (verb) allocated or designated for a particular purpose or use. Example: "The parking lot is assigned for employees of the company."

15.   alienation: (noun) the feeling of being isolated, estranged, or disconnected from others or society. Example: "The sense of alienation among the urban population is a growing concern."

16.   external: (adjective) relating to or existing on the outside; coming from outside. Example: "The external costs of pollution include environmental damage and health impacts."

17.   cropland: (noun) land used for growing crops or agriculture. Example: "The expansion of cities often leads to the conversion of cropland into urban areas."

18.   realistic: (adjective)

18.   realistic: (adjective) having a practical understanding of what is achievable or likely to happen. Example: "It's important to set realistic goals that can be accomplished within the given timeframe."

19.   transit: (noun) the act or process of moving from one place to another; transportation. Example: "The city has invested in improving public transit to reduce reliance on private cars."

20.   flexible: (adjective) capable of bending or adapting easily without breaking; versatile. Example: "A bicycle is a flexible mode of transportation that allows for quick maneuvering in traffic."

21.   unrealistic: (adjective) having expectations or ideas that are not based on reality or practicality. Example: "It's unrealistic to expect immediate results without putting in the necessary effort."

22.   scenario: (noun) a possible or imagined sequence of events or situation. Example: "In a worst-case scenario, the company may have to lay off employees to cut costs."

23.   hybrid: (adjective) combining two or more different elements or systems; utilizing multiple sources of power. Example: "Hybrid cars use a combination of gasoline and electric power to increase fuel efficiency."

24.   tolled: (adjective) subject to a toll or fee for usage, often referring to toll roads. Example: "Some cities have implemented tolled expressways to manage traffic and generate revenue."

25.   geared: (adjective) designed or adjusted to fit a particular purpose or need. Example: "The new policy is geared towards promoting sustainable energy practices."

26.   feasible: (adjective) possible to do or achieve; practical and realistic. Example: "The proposed project is technically and economically feasible within the given constraints."

27.   predominate: (verb) to be the most common, prevalent, or influential; to have control or authority. Example: "In rural areas, traditional farming methods still predominate over modern agricultural practices."

28.   adaption: (noun) the process of adjusting or changing to suit new conditions or circumstances. Example: "Successful adaption to new technologies is essential for business growth and sustainability."

29.   vision: (noun) the ability to imagine or think about what the future could be like; foresight. Example: "Great leaders have a clear vision and can inspire others to work towards a common goal."

30.   profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance; intense or significant. Example: "The discovery of life on another planet would have profound implications for our understanding of the universe."

31.   capital: (noun) financial resources, wealth, or assets used to invest in or fund businesses and projects. Example: "The company secured capital from investors to expand its operations and develop new products."

32.   profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance; intense or significant. Example: "The discovery of life on another planet would have profound implications for our understanding of the universe."

33.   afflict: (verb) to cause pain, suffering, or trouble to someone or something. Example: "The region was afflicted by a severe drought, leading to crop failure and food shortages."

34.   urban: (adjective) relating to cities or characteristic of city life. Example: "Many people are drawn to the urban lifestyle due to the availability of job opportunities and cultural amenities."

35.   pollution: (noun)

35.   pollution: (noun) the presence or introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment, particularly air, water, or soil. Example: "Industrial activities and vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution in urban areas."

36.   hazard: (noun) a source of danger or risk; something that can cause harm or injury. Example: "Exposure to toxic chemicals poses a serious hazard to human health."

37.   efficiency: (noun) the ability to accomplish a task or achieve a goal with the least amount of wasted resources, time, or effort. Example: "Improving energy efficiency can help reduce costs and minimize environmental impact."

38.   technology: (noun) the application of scientific knowledge, tools, and techniques to solve practical problems or improve processes. Example: "Advancements in technology have revolutionized communication and transformed various industries."

39.   convenience: (noun) the state of being convenient or easily accessible; something that saves time or effort. Example: "Online shopping offers the convenience of purchasing products from the comfort of your home."

40.   population: (noun) the total number of people or organisms in a particular area, region, or country. Example: "The rapid growth of the urban population has put pressure on infrastructure and resources."

41.   infrastructure: (noun) the basic physical structures and facilities necessary for the functioning of a society or organization. Example: "Investments in transportation, communication, and utilities are vital for developing a country's infrastructure."

42.   residential: (adjective) relating to or designed for housing or living purposes. Example: "The city has a variety of residential neighborhoods, ranging from apartments to single-family homes."

43.   reduction: (noun) the act or process of making something smaller, lesser, or decreasing in size, quantity, or intensity. Example: "The government implemented policies to promote waste reduction and recycling."

44.   sustainable: (adjective) capable of being maintained or continued over the long term without depleting resources or causing harm. Example: "Renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are considered sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels."

45.   consumption: (noun) the act of using up or consuming resources, goods, or services. Example: "The excessive consumption of single-use plastics contributes to environmental pollution."

46.   mitigating: (verb) reducing or lessening the severity, impact, or harm caused by something. Example: "Planting trees is an effective way of mitigating the effects of climate change."

47.   improvement: (noun) the act or process of making something better or enhancing its quality, condition, or performance. Example: "The company invested in research and development to drive continuous improvement in its products."

48.   emphasize: (verb) to give special importance or attention to something; to highlight or stress. Example: "The speaker emphasized the need for sustainable practices in order to protect the environment."

49.   feasible: (adjective) capable of being done or carried out successfully; practical or achievable. Example: "Before implementing a new project, a feasibility study is conducted to assess its viability."

50.   sustainability: (noun) the practice of using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Example: "Achieving sustainability requires a balance between social, economic, and

50.   sustainability: (noun) the practice of using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Example: "Achieving sustainability requires a balance between social, economic, and environmental factors."

 

 

 

 

PASSGE-3                     THE KEYLESS SOCIETY

1.       authenticate: (verb) to confirm or verify the identity or authenticity of someone or something. Example: "The security system requires users to authenticate their identities through a fingerprint scan."

2.       scanner: (noun) a device or machine that scans and captures information from an object or individual. Example: "The electronic scanner at the entrance of the building captures the biometric data for identification."

3.       voiceprint: (noun) a unique pattern or representation of an individual's voice used for identification purposes. Example: "The security system analyzes the voiceprint of the person speaking to determine their identity."

4.       biometrics: (noun) the use of physical or biological characteristics to identify individuals. Example: "The advancement of biometrics has led to more secure identification methods."

5.       monitor: (verb) to observe, keep track of, or supervise something or someone. Example: "The facility uses biometric technology to monitor the fingerprints of employees entering and exiting."

6.       retina: (noun) the sensitive layer at the back of the eye that contains cells responsible for detecting light and sending signals to the brain. Example: "Retinal scans are a type of biometric technology that analyze the unique patterns in a person's retina."

7.       deployed: (adjective) used or put into action for a specific purpose. Example: "Fingerprint scanners have been deployed in various locations to enhance security measures."

8.       enforcement: (noun) the act of ensuring compliance with laws, rules, or regulations. Example: "Law-enforcement agencies rely on biometric technology to verify the identities of suspects."

9.       commercial: (adjective) related to or involved in business or trade. Example: "The commercial application of biometric systems has expanded in recent years."

10.   viable: (adjective) capable of working or functioning successfully. Example: "The technology has become more viable as prices have dropped and performance has improved."

11.   awareness: (noun) knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or situation. Example: "There is a growing awareness of biometrics and its applications in various industries."

12.   thorny: (adjective) difficult or complicated, often involving controversial or sensitive issues. Example: "The issue of privacy is a thorny concern when it comes to biometric technology."

13.   potential: (noun) the possibility or likelihood of something happening or being developed. Example: "The potential for abuse of biometric data raises ethical and privacy concerns."

14.   tempted: (adjective) strongly attracted or inclined to do something, often despite knowing it is wrong or problematic. Example: "There is concern that governments may be tempted to misuse biometric data for surveillance purposes."

15.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "The fingerprint plan was criticized for its invasive procedure and potential stigmatization."

16.   stigmatize: (verb) to mark or identify someone or something in a way that implies disgrace or shame. Example: "The welfare fingerprint plan was seen as an attempt to stigmatize recipients."

17.   support: (noun) endorsement, approval, or assistance given to someone or something. Example: "There is growing support for the implementation of biometric systems in many communities."

18.   complicated: (adjective) intricate, complex, or difficult to understand or deal with.

19.   identity: (noun) the distinguishing characteristics or qualities that define an individual or a group. Example: "Biometrics help in verifying the identity of individuals based on their unique physical traits."

20.   record: (noun) a written or digital account or documentation of information or data. Example: "Biometric security systems store a record of individuals' unique features for identification purposes."

21.   corresponding: (adjective) matching or related to something else in a particular way. Example: "The biometric system compares the scanned characteristics with the corresponding records to authenticate the user."

22.   market: (noun) the commercial activity of buying and selling goods and services. Example: "The market for biometric technology is experiencing rapid growth and expansion."

23.   irises: (noun) the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil, used as a unique identifier. Example: "Certain biometric systems use the patterns of individuals' irises for identification purposes."

24.   development: (noun) the process of gradually improving or advancing something. Example: "Various biometric technologies are still in the development stage, such as those based on typing patterns and body odors."

25.   particular: (adjective) specific or distinct from others; relating to a specific case or situation. Example: "Biometric systems can be tailored to meet the particular needs of different facilities or organizations."

26.   ensuring: (verb) making certain that something happens or is the case. Example: "Biometric systems play a crucial role in ensuring the security and accuracy of identification processes."

27.   shape: (noun) the form or outline of an object or person. Example: "Hand scanners capture the unique shape of an individual's hand to establish their identity."

28.   size: (noun) the dimensions or extent of something, often measured in terms of length, width, or volume. Example: "The hand scanner analyzes the size of a person's hand as part of the biometric identification process."

29.   irregularities: (noun) deviations or abnormalities from the usual or expected pattern. Example: "Biometric hand scanners detect unique irregularities in hand features to enhance the accuracy of identification."

30.   pop up: (phrasal verb) to appear suddenly or unexpectedly. Example: "Biometrics technology is popping up in various industries and everyday applications."

31.   facilities: (noun) buildings or structures that provide a particular service or function. Example: "More than 10,000 facilities, ranging from prisons to day-care centers, have implemented biometric systems for identification."

32.   ensue: (verb) to happen as a consequence or result of something. Example: "Biometric technology has improved, and as a result, the prices have dropped, making them more commercially viable."

33.   privacy: (noun) the state or condition of being free from unwanted or unauthorized intrusion or disclosure of personal information. Example: "The use of biometrics raises concerns about individual privacy and the protection of personal data."

34.   abuse: (noun) the misuse or improper use of something, often causing harm or damage. Example: "There are concerns about the abuse of biometric data for surveillance or discriminatory purposes."

35.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "Biometric scanning is a common procedure used to authenticate the identity of individuals."

36.   critics: (noun) individuals who express disapproval or objections to something. Example: "Some critics argue that the use of biometrics for welfare programs could violate individuals' rights."

37.   invasive: (adjective) involving the intrusion or invasion of privacy or personal space. Example: "The fingerprint plan was criticized for its invasive nature, as it required individuals to provide their biometric data."

38.   policy: (noun) a set of principles or rules adopted or followed by an organization or government. Example: "The government should establish clear policies to regulate the use and protection of biometric data."

39.   ethical: (adjective) relating to principles of right and wrong or moral values. Example: "The ethical implications of biometric technology need to be carefully considered to ensure its responsible use."

40.   surveillance: (noun) the monitoring, observation, or tracking of individuals or activities for the purpose of gathering information or maintaining security. Example: "Biometrics can raise concerns about surveillance and potential infringements on personal freedom and privacy."

41.   behaviour: (noun) the way in which a person acts or conducts themselves. Example: "Biometrics should not be misused to monitor or control individuals' personal behavior beyond the intended purposes."

42.   awareness: (noun) knowledge or consciousness about a particular fact, situation, or issue. Example: "There is a growing awareness of the benefits and risks associated with the use of biometric technology."

43.   technology: (noun) the application of scientific knowledge and advancements to practical purposes. Example: "Biometric technology continues to evolve and improve, opening up new possibilities and applications."

44.   attendance: (noun) the act of being present or attending an event or place. Example: "Biometric systems can accurately track employee attendance through the use of hand scanners or other methods."

45.   privacy: (noun) the state of being free from public attention or intrusion into one's personal matters or affairs. Example: "The protection of individual privacy is a fundamental concern when implementing biometric systems."

46.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "The use of biometrics requires clear guidelines and procedures to ensure responsible and ethical practices."

47.   stigmatize: (verb) to characterize or label someone or something in a way that brings about shame, disgrace, or negative perception. Example: "It is important to avoid stigmatizing individuals or groups through the use of biometric identification."

48.   support: (noun) assistance, backing, or encouragement provided to someone or something. Example: "Public support for biometric systems is increasing due to their potential benefits in enhancing security and efficiency."

49.   technology: (noun) the knowledge, tools, and techniques used in practical applications to achieve specific objectives. Example: "Advancements in biometric technology have led to more accurate and reliable identification methods."

50.   complicated: (adjective) intricate, complex, or challenging to understand or deal with. Example: "The implementation of biometric systems involves addressing various complicated factors, including privacy and security considerations."

51.   authentication: (noun) the process of verifying or confirming the identity of an individual or entity. Example: "Biometric systems provide a high level of authentication by using unique physical characteristics to verify identities."

52.   record: (noun) a written or digital account or documentation of information. Example: "Biometric security systems store a digitized record of individuals' unique physical features for identification purposes."

53.   corresponding: (adjective) matching or related to something else. Example: "The biometric system scans a person's characteristics and compares them to the corresponding features in the stored records."

54.   market: (noun) the commercial activity or demand for a particular product or service. Example: "The biometric market is experiencing rapid growth due to the increasing need for secure identification and access control."

55.   commercially viable: (phrase) economically feasible or profitable in a business context. Example: "As the technology improved and prices dropped, biometric systems became commercially viable for a wide range of applications."

56.   thorny: (adjective) difficult or complex, often involving challenges or complications. Example: "Biometrics raise thorny questions regarding privacy and potential misuse of personal information."

57.   potential: (adjective) having the possibility or capability to become or develop into something. Example: "Biometrics have the potential to enhance security and streamline processes in various industries."

58.   abuse: (noun) the misuse or improper use of something, often resulting in harm or negative consequences. Example: "Concerns exist regarding the abuse of biometric data for surveillance or unauthorized access."

59.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "Strict procedures should be in place to ensure the secure handling and storage of biometric information."

60.   technology: (noun) the application of scientific knowledge and tools to practical purposes. Example: "The advancements in biometric technology have revolutionized the way we identify and authenticate individuals."

61.   awareness: (noun) knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or fact. Example: "There is a growing awareness of biometrics and their applications in various industries."

62.   privacy: (noun) the state of being free from public attention or intrusion into one's personal affairs. Example: "The use of biometrics raises concerns about personal privacy and the protection of sensitive information."

63.   monitor: (verb) to observe, keep track of, or oversee something. Example: "Biometric systems can monitor and track individuals' access to secure areas."

64.   individual: (noun) a single person, considered separately from a group or society. Example: "Biometric technology enables the identification of an individual based on their unique physical characteristics."

65.   procedure: (noun) a series of actions or steps taken to accomplish a particular task or objective. Example: "The procedure for using biometric authentication involves scanning the physical feature and comparing it with stored data."

66.   insurance: (noun) a contract in which an individual or entity receives financial protection or compensation against specified risks. Example: "Biometric data should be securely stored to prevent potential misuse, such as in health insurance or credit applications."

67.   stigmatize: (verb) to mark or characterize someone or something as disgraceful, shameful, or undesirable. Example: "Some critics argue that the use of biometrics can stigmatize certain individuals or groups."

68.   community: (noun) a group of people living in the same locality or sharing common interests. Example: "Support for biometrics is growing within the community due to its potential for enhanced security."

69.   complicated: (adjective) intricate, complex, or difficult to understand. Example: "Biometric technology can simplify access control processes in complicated environments, such as airports or high-security facilities."

70.   identification: (noun) the act of recognizing or proving who or what someone or something is. Example: "Biometrics provide reliable methods of personal identification based on unique physical characteristics."

           ACADEMIC READING TEST-4

PASSAGE-1  

             

 Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping

1.       flourish: (verb) to thrive or grow vigorously. Example: "Green consumers continue to flourish as an influential group in the market."

2.       significant: (adjective) important or meaningful; having a notable effect. Example: "The report highlights the significant role of green consumers in shaping consumerism."

3.       misjudging: (verb) making an incorrect or mistaken judgment or assessment. Example: "Politicians may be misjudging the public mood by underestimating the importance of environmentalism."

4.       recession: (noun) a period of economic decline characterized by a reduction in business activity, widespread unemployment, and falling prices. Example: "Despite the recession, more people are interested in purchasing environmentally friendly products."

5.       financial pressures: (noun phrase) economic constraints or burdens related to money and finances. Example: "Even with financial pressures, consumers are willing to pay more for green products."

6.       environmentally friendly: (adjective) not harmful to the environment; designed or produced in a way that has minimal impact on nature. Example: "The 'green wave' represents a growing interest in environmentally friendly products."

7.       swept through: (verb phrase) spread quickly or extensively; affected a large number of people. Example: "A 'green wave' has swept through consumerism, attracting individuals who were previously not concerned about the environment."

8.       ethical: (adjective) related to moral principles or values; involving questions of right and wrong. Example: "The report suggests that 'ethical' concerns, such as fair trade and social responsibility, will also gain prominence."

9.       honest: (adjective) truthful, sincere, and free from deceit or dishonesty. Example: "Companies will need to be more honest and transparent in response to the growing demand for ethical products."

10.   open: (adjective) transparent; willing to share information and engage in dialogue. Example: "The report emphasizes the importance of companies being open about their environmental practices."

11.   proportion: (noun) a part or share of a whole; a comparative relationship between different parts. Example: "The proportion of consumers seeking green products has increased over the years."

12.   climbed: (verb) increased or ascended steadily; rose to a higher level. Example: "The number of consumers looking for green products has climbed since 1990."

13.   pay more: (verb phrase) be willing to spend a higher amount of money. Example: "On average, consumers are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products."

14.   substantially: (adverb) significantly or considerably; to a large degree. Example: "The number of green spenders among older people and manual workers has substantially increased."

15.   concerns: (noun) worries or anxieties; matters that cause unease or interest. Example: "Regions like Scotland have caught up with environmental concerns in the south of England."

16.   eccentric: (adjective) unconventional or strange in behavior, appearance, or beliefs. Example: "The image of green consumerism as associated with eccentrics has virtually disappeared."

17.   mainstream: (noun) the prevailing or dominant trend, opinion, or belief within a society or group. Example: "Green consumerism has become firmly established as a mainstream market, appealing to a wide range of consumer groups.

18.   survey: (noun) a research method that involves collecting data from a sample of individuals to gather information or opinions. Example: "Mintel's survey provided insights into consumers' attitudes towards green products."

19.   dark green: (adjective phrase) used to describe individuals who consistently buy environmentally friendly products. Example: "Approximately 13 percent of consumers are classified as dark green."

20.   pale green: (adjective phrase) used to describe individuals who occasionally buy green products if they come across them. Example: "Around 21 percent of consumers fall into the pale green category."

21.   armchair greens: (noun phrase) people who express concern for environmental issues but do not reflect it in their purchasing habits. Example: "A significant percentage of consumers are considered armchair greens."

22.   unconcerned: (adjective) not worried or troubled about something; lacking interest or attention. Example: "Only 10 percent of consumers claim to be unconcerned about green issues."

23.   ethical spenders: (noun phrase) individuals who prioritize buying goods that align with their ethical values and principles. Example: "Four in ten people are considered ethical spenders."

24.   dealings: (noun) transactions, interactions, or business relationships with others. Example: "Ethical spenders avoid goods involving dealings with oppressive regimes."

25.   oppressive: (adjective) unjustly harsh or controlling; exercising power in a burdensome or unjust manner. Example: "Ethical consumers show concerns about products linked to oppressive regimes."

26.   agenda: (noun) a list of things to be addressed or accomplished; a set of goals or objectives. Example: "Consumers may feel that the government and businesses have taken on the environmental agenda."

27.   animal testing: (noun phrase) the practice of conducting experiments or tests on animals to assess product safety or efficacy. Example: "Animal testing is a top issue of concern among green consumers."

28.   deterred: (verb) discouraged or prevented someone from doing something; dissuaded. Example: "A significant percentage of consumers would be deterred from purchasing a product if it had been tested on animals."

29.   irresponsible: (adjective) not showing a sense of responsibility or accountability; careless or negligent. Example: "Consumers express concerns about irresponsible selling practices."

30.   ozone layer: (noun phrase) a region of the Earth's stratosphere that contains a high concentration of ozone, which protects against harmful ultraviolet radiation. Example: "The ozone layer depletion is an environmental issue that worries green consumers."

31.   pollution: (noun) the presence or introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment. Example: "Consumers are increasingly concerned about river and sea pollution."

32.   forest destruction: (noun phrase) the act of clearing or destroying forests or woodlands. Example: "The issue of forest destruction raises alarm among green consumers."

33.   recycling: (noun) the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials to prevent them from being discarded as trash. Example: "Consumers show interest in promoting recycling and reducing waste."

34.   factory farming: (noun phrase) a system of intensive livestock production that aims to maximize output by confining animals in small spaces. Example: "Green consumers are concerned about the ethical implications of factory farming.

35.   specific: (adjective) particular or detailed; relating to a precise or definite thing. Example: "Consumer concern for specific environmental issues has decreased since 1990."

36.   Government: (noun) the governing body of a nation, state, or community; the system or group responsible for making and enforcing laws and regulations. Example: "Many consumers believe that the Government should take on the environmental agenda."

37.   business: (noun) an organization or enterprise engaged in commercial, industrial, or professional activities. Example: "Consumers also expect businesses to play a role in addressing environmental concerns."

38.   history: (noun) the past events, experiences, or developments related to a particular subject or entity. Example: "Consumers will be encouraged to consider the history of the products they purchase."

39.   services: (noun) activities or tasks performed for others, usually for a fee or compensation. Example: "Consumers should evaluate the environmental impact of the services they use."

40.   policies: (noun) principles, rules, or guidelines adopted or followed by an organization or individual. Example: "Consumers will be more conscious of the policies of companies they support."

41.   honesty: (noun) the quality of being truthful, sincere, and free from deceit or dishonesty. Example: "Consumer demand for greater honesty from companies will increase."

42.   animal welfare: (noun phrase) the well-being and ethical treatment of animals. Example: "Animal welfare is a key concern for many green consumers."

43.   sustainable: (adjective) able to be maintained or continued at a certain level without causing significant harm to the environment. Example: "Consumers seek sustainable products and practices."

44.   carbon footprint: (noun phrase) the total amount of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, emitted directly or indirectly by an individual, organization, or product. Example: "Green consumers are conscious of their carbon footprint and strive to reduce it."

45.   renewable energy: (noun phrase) energy obtained from sources that can be naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind, or water. Example: "Consumers show support for renewable energy and its adoption."

46.   eco-friendly: (adjective) environmentally friendly; not harmful to the environment. Example: "The demand for eco-friendly products is on the rise."

47.   conservation: (noun) the protection, preservation, and careful management of natural resources and the environment. Example: "Consumers value efforts towards conservation and biodiversity preservation."

48.   sustainability: (noun) the ability to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Example: "The concept of sustainability resonates with green consumers."

49.   consumerism: (noun) the preoccupation of society with the acquisition of goods and services as a primary social and economic activity. Example: "The 'green wave' challenges traditional notions of consumerism."

50.   occupations: (noun) the types of jobs or professions that people engage in as their means of livelihood. Example: "Green consumerism extends across various occupations and age groups."

PASSAGE-2

18.   repetitive: (adjective) characterized by repetition; occurring in a repeated or recurrent manner. Example: "Books with only one sentence full of repetitive phrases can hinder language development."

19.   redundant: (adjective) no longer needed or useful; exceeding what is necessary or essential. Example: "The pictures in picture books often make the language redundant and hinder imagination."

20.   mental image: (noun phrase) a mental representation or visualization formed in the mind. Example: "Looking at a picture actively prevents children from creating a mental image while reading."

21.   comprehend: (verb) to understand the meaning or significance of something; to grasp or make sense of. Example: "In order to improve reading, children need to practice comprehending and creating their own meaning."

22.   wean off: (phrasal verb) to gradually reduce or eliminate dependence on something. Example: "It can be challenging to wean children off picture books as they become more visually oriented."

23.   formative: (adjective) relating to or affecting the development or foundation of something. Example: "The use of pictures in early reading experiences has a formative impact on children's reading habits."

24.   vulnerable: (adjective) susceptible to physical or emotional harm, attack, or influence. Example: "The least intelligent children are the most vulnerable to the negative effects of picture books."

25.   stimuli: (noun) plural of stimulus; any object or event that evokes a response or reaction. Example: "Children who had no illustrated stimuli learned more words than those exposed to pictures."

26.   detrimental: (adjective) causing harm or damage; disadvantageous or harmful. Example: "Studies have shown that pictures are detrimental to beginner readers' word learning."

27.   pointed: (verb) directed attention or gesture towards a particular object or direction. Example: "Children who ignored the pictures and pointed at the words learned more words."

28.   creative skills: (noun phrase) abilities or aptitudes related to imagination, inventiveness, or artistic expression. Example: "Presenting pictures to save children from developing creative skills may hinder their learning."

29.   dissent: (verb) to hold or express opinions that are at variance or in disagreement with prevailing views. Example: "Some researchers dissent from the notion that pictures are beneficial for beginner readers."

30.   cite: (verb) to refer to or quote as evidence, justification, or authority for an argument or claim. Example: "Academic journals cite experiments that demonstrate the detrimental effects of pictures."

31.   demonstrate: (verb) to show or make evident by reasoning or evidence; to prove or illustrate. Example: "Experiments demonstrate how pictures negatively impact beginner readers."

32.   clear and consistent: (phrase) easily understandable and showing uniformity or coherence. Example: "The research results of Dale Willows were clear and consistent in showing the negative effects of pictures."

33.   misled: (verb) to lead someone to have a wrong or inaccurate idea or impression. Example: "Children looking to pictures for word meanings may be misled by irrelevant aspects of the pictures."

34.   superior: (adjective) of higher quality, value, or importance; better or greater than something else. Example: "Research shows that a word without a picture is **superior

34.   superior: (adjective) of higher quality, value, or importance; better or greater than something else. Example: "Research shows that a word without a picture is superior in promoting word learning."

35.   ignore: (verb) to pay no attention to; to disregard or overlook. Example: "Children who ignore the pictures and focus on the words learn more effectively."

36.   undergraduates: (noun) students who are pursuing their first degree at a university or college. Example: "Oxford and Cambridge universities expressed concern over the decline in literacy among their undergraduates."

37.   motivate: (verb) to stimulate or inspire someone's interest, enthusiasm, or action. Example: "Pictures are used to motivate children to engage in reading through their visual appeal."

38.   weaving: (verb) integrating or combining different elements or aspects into a unified whole. Example: "Listening to well-read stories helps children weave their imagination in response to the narrative."

39.   predominantly: (adverb) mainly, primarily, or mostly; having the greatest influence or presence. Example: "In our increasingly visual culture, picture books are predominantly favored by young children."

40.   distraction: (noun) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration; a source of interruption. Example: "Pictures can serve as a distraction from the words and hinder reading comprehension."

41.   cultural heritage: (noun phrase) the customs, beliefs, traditions, and achievements of a particular society or group. Example: "As our culture becomes more visual, preserving the cultural heritage of reading without pictures becomes crucial."

42.   noticeably: (adverb) in a way that is easily observed or perceived; significantly or strikingly. Example: "Educators have observed a noticeably rapid decline in literacy among students."

43.   conferences: (noun) formal meetings or gatherings for discussion, exchange of ideas, or presentation of research. Example: "The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge held joint conferences to address the declining literacy issue."

44.   exposure: (noun) the state of being subjected to or experiencing something; the act of coming into contact with. Example: "Rich language exposure at school can help counterbalance limited language experiences at home."

45.   psycholinguistics: (noun) the study of the psychological and cognitive processes involved in language use and comprehension. Example: "Psycholinguistics is a field of research that investigates how pictures affect reading development."

46.   significant: (adjective) important, meaningful, or having a notable impact or influence. Example: "Jay Samuels' research findings were significant in highlighting the negative impact of pictures on word learning."

47.   prevailing: (adjective) existing or accepted at a particular time; dominant or widespread in influence or opinion. Example: "Some researchers dissent from the prevailing view that pictures are beneficial for beginner readers."

48.   variance: (noun) a state of disagreement or difference between two or more things. Example: "Some researchers have expressed variance with the belief in the benefits of pictures for early readers."

49.   evokes: (verb) to bring or recall a feeling, memory, or response; to elicit or produce a reaction. Example: "Stimulating stories well read can evoke children's imagination and understanding of the language."

50.   aptitudes: (noun) natural talents, skills, or abilities;

50.   aptitudes: (noun) natural talents, skills, or abilities; inherent or acquired capabilities. Example: "Children's aptitudes for reading can be enhanced through activities that promote language development."

PASSAGE-3

In search of the Holy Grail

Glossary:1DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, molecules responsible for the transference of genetic characteristics. The science of2 Eugenics improving the qualities of the human race; especially the careful selection of parents.

1.       Holy Grail: (noun phrase) a highly sought-after and revered goal or object. Example: "Finding a cure for cancer has long been considered the Holy Grail of medical research."

2.       ambitious: (adjective) having a strong desire and determination to achieve success or make significant accomplishments. Example: "The Human Genome Project is an ambitious undertaking that aims to unravel the mysteries of human genetics."

3.       ailments: (noun) physical or mental illnesses or disorders. Example: "The Human Genome Project is expected to provide new treatments for various ailments such as cancer and heart disease."

4.       afflict: (verb) cause pain, suffering, or hardship. Example: "Millions of people around the world are afflicted by genetic diseases."

5.       genetic blueprint: (noun phrase) the complete set of genetic instructions or information encoded in an organism's DNA. Example: "The Human Genome Project aims to unravel the genetic blueprint of human beings."

6.       eugenics: (noun) the study or practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population through selective breeding or other interventions. Example: "There are concerns that the Human Genome Project could lead to a resurgence of eugenics ideologies."

7.       compendium: (noun) a collection or summary of information or knowledge. Example: "The human genome is a vast compendium of genetic information."

8.       proof-reader: (noun) a person who checks written material for errors and corrects them. Example: "Nature acts as a meticulous proof-reader when it comes to the human genome."

9.       crippling: (adjective) causing severe damage or impairment. Example: "Cystic fibrosis can have crippling effects on a person's respiratory system."

10.   pre-programmed: (adjective) already determined or set in advance. Example: "Single-gene disorders are pre-programmed into an individual's genetic makeup."

11.   curative: (adjective) able to cure or heal a disease or condition. Example: "The development of curative drugs for genetic disorders remains a challenge."

12.   defect: (noun) an imperfection, flaw, or abnormality. Example: "A genetic defect can lead to the manifestation of various diseases."

13.   muscular dystrophy: (noun) a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. Example: "Advancements in genetic research have improved our understanding of conditions like muscular dystrophy."

14.   sequence: (noun) the order in which genetic information is arranged. Example: "Scientists are working to determine the sequence of genes within the human genome."

15.   foetuses: (noun) the plural form of "foetus," referring to an unborn or developing human being. Example: "Prenatal testing can provide information about genetic conditions in foetuses."

16.   currency: (noun) general acceptance or prevalence; widespread use or circulation. Example: "The idea gained currency within the scientific community, leading to support for the Human Genome Project."

17.   extravagance: (noun) excessive or unnecessary abundance, luxury, or exaggeration. Example: "Claims of great scientific breakthroughs must be scrutinized for any signs of extravagance."

18.   distort: (verb) twist, misrepresent, or alter the true meaning or form of something. Example: "Some people worry that focusing solely on genetic constitution may distort our understanding of what it means to be human."

19.   values: (noun) principles or beliefs that guide one's behavior and choices. Example: "The emphasis on genetic makeup may challenge our sense of values and ethics."

20.   discrimination: (noun) unfair or unjust treatment of individuals or groups based on certain characteristics or attributes. Example: "The Human Genome Project raises concerns about potential discrimination based on genetic information."

21.   oppression: (noun) prolonged and unjust treatment or control of individuals or groups, often leading to hardship or suffering. Example: "If misused, the knowledge from the Human Genome Project could result in new forms of oppression."

22.   interactions: (noun) actions, influence, or communication between two or more entities. Example: "Height and intelligence are influenced by complex interactions between genes and the environment."

23.   precisely: (adverb) exactly, accurately, or with great attention to detail. Example: "Understanding the precise genetic constitution related to intelligence is a complex task."

24.   potential: (noun) the possibility or capacity for something to develop or become actual. Example: "The Human Genome Project holds the potential to revolutionize our understanding of human genetics."

25.   alter: (verb) change or modify. Example: "The Human Genome Project raises ethical questions about the potential to alter our genetic inheritance."

26.   mastery: (noun) comprehensive knowledge or skill in a particular subject or area. Example: "The mastery of atomic power has had a profound impact on the world."

27.   potential: (adjective) capable of becoming or developing into something. Example: "Genetic research offers potential benefits for treating various diseases."

28.   potential: (adjective) having the capacity or ability to happen or exist. Example: "Genetic information holds potential for personalized medicine."

29.   central: (adjective) of primary importance or significance; main or essential. Example: "The central moral problem lies in the responsible use of genetic knowledge."

30.   promise: (noun) a declaration or assurance that something will or will not be done, given, or achieved. Example: "The Human Genome Project holds great promise for advancing medical treatments."

31.   destiny: (noun) the predetermined course of events or outcomes. Example: "The mastery of atomic power shaped the destiny of nations."

32.   potential: (noun) latent qualities or abilities that may be developed and lead to future success or achievements. Example: "The Human Genome Project taps into the vast potential of genetic research."

33.   potential: (noun) a person's or group's ability to grow, improve, or succeed. Example: "Every individual has potential for personal and professional growth."

34.   potential: (adjective) having or showing the capacity to become or develop into something in the future. Example: "Stem cell research has potential applications in regenerative medicine."

35.   potential: (adjective) likely to happen or exist; possible. Example: "There are potential risks associated with the use of genetic information."

36.   potential: (adjective) capable of being or becoming; possible or probable. Example: "The discovery of new genes opens up potential avenues

36.   potential: (adjective) capable of being or becoming; possible or probable. Example: "The discovery of new genes opens up potential avenues for medical research."

37.   precision: (noun) the quality of being exact, accurate, or careful in detail. Example: "The Human Genome Project aims to sequence the genome with precision and accuracy."

38.   scrutinized: (verb) examined or inspected closely and critically. Example: "Scientific claims should be scrutinized to ensure their validity and reliability."

39.   genetic makeup: (noun phrase) the combination of genes and genetic information that an individual inherits from their parents. Example: "The Human Genome Project provides insights into the genetic makeup of human beings."

40.   ethics: (noun) moral principles or values that govern human behavior and decision-making. Example: "The ethical implications of genetic research are a subject of ongoing debate."

41.   complex: (adjective) consisting of interconnected or interwoven parts; intricate or complicated. Example: "The relationship between genes and intelligence is a complex topic."

42.   revolutionize: (verb) to completely change or transform something, often in a fundamental way. Example: "The Human Genome Project has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of genetics."

43.   inherited: (adjective) received or passed down from one generation to another. Example: "Genetic disorders can be inherited from parents."

44.   unborn: (adjective) not yet born; still in the womb. Example: "Prenatal testing can provide insights into the health of unborn babies."

45.   manifestation: (noun) the act of showing, displaying, or demonstrating something. Example: "Genetic defects can lead to the manifestation of various diseases."

46.   genetic information: (noun phrase) the data or instructions encoded in an organism's genes. Example: "The Human Genome Project aims to unlock the secrets of genetic information."

47.   scrutinize: (verb) examine or inspect closely and critically. Example: "Scientists scrutinize the human genome to understand its intricacies."

48.   genetic research: (noun phrase) scientific investigation focused on the study of genes and heredity. Example: "Advancements in genetic research have led to breakthroughs in understanding human diseases."

49.   genetic disorders: (noun phrase) conditions or diseases caused by abnormalities in an individual's genes. Example: "The Human Genome Project seeks to shed light on the causes of genetic disorders."

50.   genetic inheritance: (noun phrase) the passing of genetic traits or characteristics from parents to offspring. Example: "The study of genetic inheritance helps us understand the transmission of traits across generations."