Cambridge IELTS 7 Reading Vocabulary

         ACADEMIC READING TEST-1

PASSAGE-1

Let’s Go Bats

1. Problem: A difficulty or challenge. Example: Bats have a problem finding prey in the dark.

2. Hunt: To search for or pursue something. Example: Bats hunt for insects at night.

3. Prey: An animal that is hunted by another for food. Example: Bats catch insects as their prey.

4. Obstacle: Something that blocks or hinders progress. Example: Bats need to avoid obstacles while flying at night.

5. Exploited: To make full use of or take advantage of. Example: Daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures.

6. Nocturnal: Active during the night. Example: Bats are nocturnal animals.

7. Ancestry: The lineage or family background of a person or animal. Example: Our mammalian ancestors survived by living at night.

8. Extinction: The complete disappearance of a species. Example: The mass extinction of the dinosaurs occurred 65 million years ago.

9. Engineering: The application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build things. Example: Bats face an engineering problem in navigating in the dark.

10. Deep-sea: Referring to the ocean's depths. Example: Deep-sea creatures live in extreme darkness.

11. Muddy: Covered in or containing mud. Example: Fish in extremely muddy water cannot see.

12. Obstructed: Blocked or hindered. Example: Light is obstructed by dirt in muddy water.

13. Scattered: Spread out or dispersed in different directions. Example: Light is scattered by particles in the water.

14. Manufacture: To produce or create something. Example: Fireflies manufacture their own light.

15. Lantern: A portable light source with a protective enclosure. Example: Some animals use a lantern to navigate in the dark.

16. Consumed: Used up or depleted. Example: Manufacturing light can consume a lot of energy.

17. Prohibitive: So high as to prevent or discourage use. Example: The prohibitive energy cost of using light for navigation.

18. Detect: To discover or identify something. Example: Eyes have to detect the light bouncing off the scene.

19. Immense: Extremely large or vast. Example: A headlight must be immensely brighter for navigation.

20. Phantom limb: The sensation of an amputated limb that feels like it's still there. Example: Blind people experience phantom limb sensations.

21. Echos: Reflected sound waves. Example: Blind people use echos to sense obstacles.

22. Manoeuvre: To move skillfully or carefully. Example: Finding ways to manoeuvre in the dark is crucial for bats.

23. Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose. Example: Engineers built instruments to measure sea depth.

24. Exploit: To make full use of something for a specific purpose. Example: Instruments exploit echoes to measure sea depth.

25. Submarines: Watercraft capable of underwater operations. Example: Submarines are difficult to detect without specialized equipment.

26. Pioneers: Early innovators or leaders in a field. Example: The pioneers of radar technology.

27. Strike: To impress or amaze someone. Example: Bats' radar-like abilities would strike an engineer with admiration.

28. Technically: According to the technical details or principles. Example: It's technically sonar, not radar, that bats use.

29. Underlying: Fundamental or foundational. Example: The underlying principles of radar and sonar are similar.

30. Mathematical: Relating to mathematics. Example: Mathematical understanding of bats' echolocation.

31. Details: Specific pieces of information or facts. Example: Scientific understanding of bats' abilities involves studying the details.

32. Coined: Invented or created a new term or phrase. Example: Donald Griffin coined the term 'echolocation.'

33. Echolocation: The use of sound waves to navigate and locate objects. Example: Bats use echolocation to hunt and avoid obstacles.

34. Expenses: Costs or expenditures. Example: The expenses associated with using light for navigation are high.

35. Weird: Strange or unusual. Example: Some weird deep-sea fish have unique adaptations.

36. Detection: The act of discovering or sensing something. Example: Radar technology is used for detection.

37. Navigation: The process of finding one's way. Example: Bats' radar helps them with navigation in the dark.

38. Sonar: A system that uses sound waves for navigation and detection. Example: Bats use sonar to locate prey.

39. Scientific: Relating to the systematic study of the natural world. Example: Scientific understanding of bats' abilities.

40. Achieves: Accomplishes or attains something. Example: Bats' sonar achieves remarkable feats of detection.

41. Incorrect: Not accurate or true. Example: It's incorrect to refer to bat sonar as radar.

42. Admiration: A feeling of respect and approval. Example: Engineers would be filled with admiration for bats' abilities.

43. Apply: To use or employ something for a specific purpose. Example: Applying radar theory to bats' echolocation.

44. Zoologist: A scientist who studies animals. Example: Donald Griffin was an American zoologist.

45. Coined: Invented or created a new term or phrase. Example: Griffin coined the term 'echolocation.'

46. Cover: To include or encompass. Example: The term 'echolocation' covers both sonar and radar.

47. Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose. Example: Sonar and radar are instruments for detection.

48. Exploited: To make full use of something for a specific purpose. Example: Bats have exploited echolocation for millions of years.

49. Scientific: Relating to the systematic study of the natural world. Example: Scientific understanding of echolocation in bats.

50. Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose. Example: Human-made instruments have been developed based on bat echolocation.

PASSAGE-2

 

MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT

1. Entwined: Twisted or woven together. Example: The vines were entwined around the tree branches.

2. Manipulate: To control or handle skillfully. Example: He knew how to manipulate the tools with precision.

3. Aqueducts: Structures for transporting water over long distances. Example: The ancient Romans built impressive aqueducts to supply water to their cities.

4. Innovative: Introducing new ideas or methods. Example: The company's innovative approach to design revolutionized the industry.

5. Occupants: People who reside or live in a place. Example: The occupants of the apartment building were friendly neighbors.

6. Industrial: Relating to industries or manufacturing. Example: The city's economy relied heavily on its industrial sector.

7. Unprecedented: Never seen or done before. Example: The storm's damage was unprecedented in the region's history.

8. Monumental: Extremely large or significant. Example: The construction of the skyscraper was a monumental achievement.

9. Irrigation: The artificial supply of water to land or crops. Example: Farmers use irrigation systems to ensure their fields receive enough water.

10. Hydropower: Electricity generated from the energy of flowing water. Example: Hydropower plants harness the power of rivers to generate electricity.

11. Dark side: The negative or unfavorable aspect. Example: Despite its success, the project had a dark side with unforeseen consequences.

12. Inferior: Lower in quality or rank. Example: The cheap materials used made the product inferior to its competitors.

13. Sanitation: Conditions related to cleanliness and hygiene. Example: Proper sanitation is crucial for preventing the spread of diseases.

14. Preventable: Capable of being avoided or stopped. Example: Many accidents are preventable with the right precautions.

15. Jeopardizing: Putting at risk or endangering. Example: His reckless driving was jeopardizing the safety of everyone on the road.

16. Reservoirs: Artificial lakes or storage areas for water. Example: The city's reservoirs were running low during the drought.

17. Ecosystems: A community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The coral reef ecosystem is a delicate balance of marine life.

18. Degrade: To reduce in quality or value. Example: Pollution can degrade the air and water quality in a region.

19. Aquifers: Underground layers of rock that store water. Example: The town relies on the aquifer beneath it for its water supply.

20. Pumped down: To extract or draw down water from a source. Example: The well was pumped down to reach the underground water table.

21. Disputes: Conflicts or disagreements. Example: The border disputes between the two countries led to tension.

22. Tensions: Mental or emotional strain. Example: The political tensions in the region escalated into violence.

23. Philosophical shift: A change in fundamental beliefs or principles. Example: The company underwent a philosophical shift towards sustainability.

24. Infrastructure: The basic physical structures needed for a society. Example: Roads, bridges, and utilities are essential infrastructure components.

25. Opposition: Resistance or disagreement. Example: There was strong opposition to the proposed law.

26. Universal: Applying to all cases or situations. Example: The principle of human rights should be universal.

27. Pressing problems: Urgent or critical issues. Example: Poverty and hunger remain pressing problems in many parts of the world.

28. Diminished: Reduced or lessened. Example: The value of the currency has diminished over time.

29. Efficiency: The ability to do something with minimal waste. Example: The new manufacturing process improved efficiency and reduced costs.

30. Conservation: The protection and preservation of resources. Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species.

31. Productivity: The measure of output per unit of input. Example: The factory's productivity increased after implementing new technology.

32. Specifications: Detailed requirements or descriptions. Example: The architect provided specifications for the building's construction.

33. Accountability: Being responsible for one's actions or decisions. Example: The government officials were held accountable for their mistakes.

34. Ecological: Related to the study of the environment and ecosystems. Example: Ecological research helps us understand the impact of human activity on nature.

35. Criteria: Standards or guidelines used for evaluation. Example: The selection criteria for the job were clearly defined.

36. Infrastructure projects: Large-scale construction projects. Example: The government invested in infrastructure projects to improve transportation.

37. Warranted: Justified or necessary. Example: The repairs were warranted due to the structural damage.

38. Ecological criteria: Factors related to the impact on the environment. Example: The construction plan must meet ecological criteria to protect local wildlife.

39. Population: The number of people living in an area. Example: The city's population has grown steadily over the years.

40. Account for: To explain or justify. Example: The report will account for the company's financial performance.

41. Impressive: Arousing admiration due to quality or skill. Example: The artist's work was highly impressive and received critical acclaim.

42. Harness: To utilize or control a resource for a specific purpose. Example: Wind turbines harness wind energy to generate electricity.

43. Revise: To make changes or improvements to something. Example: The author needed to revise the manuscript before publication.

44. Unforeseen: Not predicted or expected. Example: The sudden rainstorm was an unforeseen event.

45. Replenished: To fill or restore something to its original state. Example: The water in the reservoir was replenished after heavy rainfall.

46. Soar: To rise or increase rapidly. Example: The company's profits began to soar after the successful product launch.

47. Fall behind: To lag or not keep up with progress. Example: Without proper funding, the school will fall behind in technology.

48. Tremendous: Extremely large or significant. Example: The project's success was due to the tremendous effort of the team.

49. Compensate: To provide something in return for loss or inconvenience. Example: The company compensated the customers for the defective products.

50. Smaller budget: A reduced amount of money allocated for a purpose. Example: The nonprofit organization had to operate on a smaller budget this year.

PASSAGE-3

EDUCATING PSYCHE

1. Approaches: Methods or strategies for doing something. Example: There are various approaches to solving this problem.

2. Effects: The results or outcomes of an action. Example: The medication had positive effects on the patient's health.

3. Imagination: The ability to create mental images or ideas. Example: His imagination allowed him to come up with creative solutions.

4. Unconscious: Not aware or not within conscious thought. Example: Dreams often reveal our unconscious thoughts and desires.

5. Processing: The act of dealing with or handling information. Example: The computer's fast processing speed makes tasks quicker.

6. Durable: Able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage. Example: This material is very durable and will last for years.

7. Peripheral: Relating to things on the outer edge or margin. Example: He noticed some peripheral details in the painting.

8. Typeface: A particular design of letters and characters. Example: The book used a classic and elegant typeface.

9. Concentrating: Focusing one's attention on a specific task. Example: She was concentrating intently on her work.

10. Hypnosis: A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility. Example: The therapist used hypnosis to help the patient relax.

11. Memorize: To commit something to memory. Example: She needed to memorize the speech for the presentation.

12. Inducing: Causing or bringing about a particular state or condition. Example: The medication is effective at inducing sleep.

13. Reserve: A supply of something that is saved or stored for future use. Example: They tapped into their reserve of food during the winter.

14. Suggestopedia: A teaching method that focuses on the power of suggestion. Example: The suggestopedia approach has been used in language learning.

15. Curriculum: The subjects and content taught in a course or program. Example: The school's curriculum includes math, science, and literature.

16. Foreign: From another country or culture. Example: Learning a foreign language can be challenging but rewarding.

17. Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: There are several variants of this software available.

18. Listening: Paying attention to and hearing what is being said. Example: Good listening skills are important in effective communication.

19. Classical: Relating to the music of the classical period. Example: Beethoven's symphonies are considered classical masterpieces.

20. Solemnly: In a serious and dignified manner. Example: The judge solemnly declared the verdict.

21. Silence: Complete absence of sound or noise. Example: The room fell into silence as everyone listened.

22. Baroque: A style of music and art characterized by elaborate ornamentation. Example: The baroque architecture of the cathedral was breathtaking.

23. Expectation: The anticipation or belief that something will happen. Example: There is an expectation of success in the company.

24. Preliminary: Happening before or as a preparation for something. Example: The team had a preliminary meeting to discuss their strategy.

25. Stimulated: Encouraged or prompted to take action. Example: The coach stimulated the players to give their best effort.

26. Recall: To remember or bring back into one's mind. Example: She could easily recall the details of the story.

27. Automatic: Operating by itself or without human intervention. Example: The doors opened automatically as we approached.

28. Effortless: Requiring little or no physical or mental exertion. Example: Her dance moves looked effortless on stage.

29. Grammar: The rules and structure of a language. Example: Proper grammar is important for clear communication.

30. Idiom: A phrase or expression with a figurative meaning. Example: "It's raining cats and dogs" is an English idiom.

31. Experimented: Conducted tests or trials to gather data or information. Example: The scientists experimented with different chemicals.

32. Trance: A state of focused attention and reduced awareness. Example: She went into a deep trance during meditation.

33. Essential: Absolutely necessary or fundamental. Example: Water is essential for human survival.

34. Rituals: Formalized and repeated ceremonies or actions. Example: Wedding rituals vary from culture to culture.

35. Placebos: Inactive substances given to some patients as a control in medical experiments. Example: The patients received placebos instead of the actual medication.

36. Effective: Producing the desired result or outcome. Example: The new treatment proved to be highly effective.

37. Dispensed: Distributed or provided to others. Example: The pharmacist dispensed the medication to the patients.

38. Mediocre: of moderate quality; not very good. Example: The restaurant received mediocre reviews for its food.

39. Motivated: Driven or inspired to take action. Example: Her passion for art motivated her to become an artist.

40. Mindset: A person's way of thinking and their beliefs. Example: A positive mindset can lead to success.

41. Faith: Strong belief or trust in something. Example: His faith in the team's abilities never wavered.

42. Real teaching: Traditional or conventional methods of instruction. Example: Some students prefer real teaching with textbooks and lectures.

43. Work: Effort or labor expended on a task. Example: Hard work and dedication are keys to success.

44. Categoric: Absolute or unambiguous. Example: She gave a categoric response to the question.

45. Notoriety: Being well-known, especially for something negative. Example: The criminal gained notoriety for his daring heists.

46. Mind-control: Techniques or methods to influence or control someone's thoughts. Example: Some cults use mind-control tactics to manipulate their members.

47. Ceremonies: Formal events with rituals and traditions. Example: Wedding ceremonies often include vows and ring exchange.

48. Dispensed with: Removed or eliminated. Example: The old policies were dispensed with in favor of new ones.

49. Effective: Producing the desired result or outcome. Example: The new treatment proved to be highly effective.

50. Autocratic: Exercising complete control or authority. Example: The manager had an autocratic leadership style.

          ACADEMIC READING TEST-2

PASSAGE-1

WHY PAGODAS DON’T FALL DOWN?

1.       Pagodas: Tower-like structures, often associated with Buddhist temples. Example: The ancient pagodas in Kyoto are famous tourist attractions.

2.       Collapsed: To fall down or give way suddenly. Example: The old bridge collapsed under the weight of the heavy truck.

3.       Durable: Able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage. Example: This material is very durable and will last for years.

4.       Devastated: Destroyed or greatly damaged. Example: The hurricane devastated the coastal town.

5.       Unscathed: Not harmed or affected. Example: Despite the accident, she emerged unscathed.

6.       Mystified: Confused or puzzled. Example: The strange phenomenon mystified the scientists.

7.       Shock absorbers: Devices that reduce the impact of shocks or vibrations. Example: The car's shock absorbers made the ride smoother.

8.       Sway: To move gently back and forth. Example: The trees began to sway in the breeze.

9.       Multi-storey: Having multiple levels or floors. Example: The multi-storey building had a modern design.

10.   Adapted: Adjusted or modified for a specific purpose. Example: The novel was adapted into a successful movie.

11.   Eaves: The overhanging edges of a roof. Example: Birds built their nests in the eaves of the house.

12.   Batter: To hit or strike repeatedly. Example: The waves batter the shoreline during a storm.

13.   Porcelain: A type of fine ceramic material. Example: The teacups were made of delicate porcelain.

14.   Overhang: To project or extend beyond the edge of something. Example: The roof's overhang provided shade on hot days.

15.   Earthenware: Pottery made from clay. Example: The ancient earthenware artifacts were well-preserved.

16.   Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or shocks. Example: Her resilience helped her overcome challenges.

17.   Massive: Extremely large or heavy. Example: The elephant had a massive presence.

18.   Trunk-like: Resembling the trunk of a tree. Example: The trunk-like support pillar was central to the building.

19.   Flexes: Bends or becomes pliable under pressure. Example: The gymnast's body flexes as she performs the routine.

20.   Staircase: A set of steps leading from one floor to another. Example: The grand entrance had a sweeping marble staircase.

21.   Watchtowers: Tall structures used for observation or surveillance. Example: The old castle had watchtowers overlooking the valley.

22.   Stack: To arrange items on top of each other. Example: He neatly stacked the books on the shelf.

23.   Tightrope walker: A performer who walks on a thin, high wire. Example: The circus features a skilled tightrope walker.

24.   Anticipated: Expected or predicted. Example: The team anticipated a tough match.

25.   Regulations: Rules or laws governing a particular area or activity. Example: The company must adhere to safety regulations.

26.   Balancing pole: A long stick used for balance, especially by tightrope walkers. Example: The acrobat held the balancing pole steady as she walked.

27.   Jolt: A sudden and strong shake or jerk. Example: The earthquake caused a powerful jolt.

28.   Abrupt: Sudden and unexpected. Example: Her abrupt departure surprised everyone.

29.   Anticipated: Expected or predicted. Example: The team anticipated a tough match.

30.   Concepts: Abstract ideas or mental constructs. Example: Understanding complex concepts can be challenging.

31.   Structural engineering: The branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction of structures. Example: Structural engineering plays a crucial role in building safety.

32.   Phenomenon: A remarkable or unusual occurrence. Example: The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon.

33.   Pendulum: A weight suspended from a fixed point that swings back and forth. Example: The pendulum in the clock swings rhythmically.

34.   Transmitting: Sending or conveying something. Example: The radio tower is responsible for transmitting signals.

35.   Counterparts: Similar or equivalent things in different contexts. Example: The American and British versions are counterparts.

36.   Stacked: Arranged in a pile or stack. Example: The firewood was neatly stacked by the cabin.

37.   Design: The plan or arrangement of elements in something. Example: The architect discussed the building's design.

38.   Permitted: Allowed or authorized. Example: Smoking is not permitted in this area.

39.   Tightrope walker: A performer who walks on a thin, high wire. Example: The circus features a skilled tightrope walker.

40.   Preserved: Kept in its original state or condition. Example: The ancient ruins have been well preserved.

41.   Shaketable: A device used to simulate earthquake vibrations. Example: Engineers test building designs on a shaketable.

42.   Loosely: Not firmly or tightly. Example: The rope was tied loosely around the tree.

43.   Suspended: Hung or attached from above. Example: The chandelier was suspended from the ceiling.

44.   Regulations: Rules or laws governing a particular area or activity. Example: The company must adhere to safety regulations.

45.   Puzzled: Confused or uncertain. Example: She was puzzled by the mysterious message.

46.   Advanced: Highly developed or innovative. Example: The smartphone has advanced technology.

47.   Swaying: Moving gently back and forth. Example: The trees were swaying in the breeze.

48.   Graceful: Elegantly beautiful or well-executed. Example: Her graceful dance captivated the audience.

49.   Startling: Surprising or shocking. Example: The startling news left everyone speechless.

50.   Consecutive: Following one after the other without interruption. Example: He scored consecutive goals in the game.

PASSAG-2

The True Cost of Food

1. Collateral: Additional, secondary, or accompanying. Example: The collateral damage from the accident was extensive.

2. Enervation: The state of being weakened or drained of energy. Example: The long journey left him in a state of enervation.

3. Monocultures: Farming or cultivation of a single type of crop. Example: Monocultures can lead to soil depletion and pest problems.

4. Battery rearing: The practice of raising livestock in confined spaces. Example: Battery rearing of chickens is criticized for its inhumane conditions.

5. Genetic engineering: The manipulation of an organism's genes to achieve specific traits. Example: Genetic engineering has led to the development of disease-resistant crops.

6. Onward march: The continuous progression or advancement. Example: The onward march of technology has transformed our lives.

7. Yields: The amount of produce or crop produced. Example: The high yields of corn in this field are impressive.

8. Colossal: Extremely large or significant. Example: The task ahead of us is a colossal challenge.

9. Vanished: Disappeared or became extinct. Example: The rare species vanished from the forest.

10. Wildflowers: Flowers that grow naturally in the wild. Example: The meadow is filled with colorful wildflowers.

11. Fertiliser run-off: The movement of fertilizers from soil into water sources. Example: Fertilizer run-off can lead to water pollution.

12. Externalities: Costs or consequences that are not directly involved in a transaction. Example: Environmental externalities can impact public health.

13. Aesthetic: Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of art. Example: The artist's work is known for its aesthetic value.

14. Quantified: Measured or expressed in numerical terms. Example: The impact of the policy was quantified through research.

15. Staggering: Astonishing or overwhelming. Example: The amount of data collected was staggering.

16. Arable land: Land suitable for growing crops. Example: The region has limited arable land for farming.

17. Conservative estimate: A cautious or minimal calculation. Example: The budget includes a conservative estimate of expenses.

18. Nitrates: Chemical compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen. Example: High levels of nitrates in water can be harmful.

19. Phosphates: Chemical compounds containing phosphorus. Example: Phosphates are often used in fertilizers.

20. Cryptosporidium: A microscopic parasite that can cause illness. Example: Contaminated water sources can contain cryptosporidium.

21. Emissions: Release of gases or pollutants into the environment. Example: Car emissions contribute to air pollution.

22. Climate change: Long-term alterations in temperature and weather patterns. Example: Climate change is a global environmental concern.

23. Soil erosion: The process of soil being carried away by wind or water. Example: Soil erosion can lead to land degradation.

24. Organic carbon: Carbon-based compounds in organic matter. Example: Organic carbon is essential for soil fertility.

25. Food poisoning: Illness caused by consuming contaminated food. Example: Proper food handling can prevent food poisoning.

26. Cattle disease: Health issues affecting cattle. Example: Vaccination programs help prevent cattle disease.

27. Sustainable: Capable of being maintained or continued over time. Example: Sustainable farming practices promote long-term environmental health.

28. Diverse: Varied or having a wide range. Example: Biodiversity is essential for a diverse ecosystem.

29. Environmental practices: Actions or methods related to protecting the environment. Example: Recycling and reducing waste are good environmental practices.

30. Agrochemical use: The use of chemicals in agriculture, such as pesticides. Example: Responsible agrochemical use can minimize environmental impact.

31. Land management: The planning and control of land resources. Example: Sustainable land management is crucial for conservation.

32. Water and energy use: The consumption of water and energy resources. Example: Energy-efficient appliances reduce energy use.

33. Food safety: Measures to ensure that food is safe to eat. Example: Food safety regulations protect consumers.

34. Animal health: The well-being and health of animals. Example: Proper veterinary care is essential for animal health.

35. Greener Food Standard: A set of criteria for environmentally friendly food production. Example: The Greener Food Standard encourages sustainable farming.

36. Commitment: Dedication or a promise to do something. Example: Their commitment to conservation is admirable.

37. Shift: A change or movement in a different direction. Example: There is a growing shift towards eco-friendly products.

38. Consumer: A person who purchases goods or services. Example: Consumers are becoming more conscious of their choices.

39. Viable: Capable of working successfully or being effective. Example: Is organic farming a viable alternative to conventional methods?

40. Premium: An additional cost or price for a higher-quality product. Example: Organic products often come with a price premium.

41. Immediate: Happening or occurring without delay. Example: We need to address the immediate concerns.

42. Introduction: The act of bringing something into use or existence. Example: The introduction of new technology improved efficiency.

43. Commitment: Dedication or a promise to do something. Example: Their commitment to conservation is admirable.

44. Criteria: Standards or guidelines for evaluating something. Example: The criteria for selecting the winner were clear.

45. Practices: Actions or procedures carried out regularly. Example: Sustainable farming practices protect the environment.

46. Norm: A standard or typical pattern. Example: Recycling should become the norm in our society.

47. Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources. Example: Conservation efforts aim to save endangered species.

48. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The rainforest is a diverse and complex ecosystem.

49. Minimize: To reduce to the smallest possible extent. Example: We need to minimize our environmental impact.

50. Admirable: Worthy of respect, approval, or admiration. Example: Their dedication to humanitarian causes is admirable.

PASSAGE-3

Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project

Section A:

1. Rethink: To reconsider or revise a strategy or idea. Example: They had to rethink their marketing plan after poor results.

2. Integrated rural transport: A comprehensive approach to rural transport that aims to improve access to essential goods and services. Example: The integrated rural transport project aimed to make transportation more efficient for rural communities.

3. Objective: A goal or purpose. Example: The objective of the project was to reduce transportation time for rural households.

4. Social and economic development: The improvement of both social and economic conditions. Example: Education and job opportunities are essential for social and economic development.

5. Financial support: Funding or monetary assistance. Example: The project received financial support from various organizations.

Section B:

1. Isolated: Cut off or separated from others. Example: The island was isolated from the mainland during the storm.

2. Regional road: A road that connects different regions or areas. Example: The regional road was in poor condition and needed repair.

3. Alternative means: Other options or methods. Example: When the car broke down, they had to consider alternative means of transportation.

4. Restricted to: Limited to or confined to. Example: Access to the area was restricted to authorized personnel only.

5. Arduous: Difficult, strenuous, or demanding. Example: The hike up the mountain was an arduous journey.

Section C:

1. Approaches: Methods or strategies. Example: They explored different approaches to solving the problem.

2. Mechanical workshop: A place where machinery and vehicles are repaired. Example: The mechanical workshop repaired the broken equipment.

3. Footbridges: Structures that allow people to cross a river or stream on foot. Example: The footbridges made it easier to cross the river safely.

4. Efficient: Doing something well with minimal waste. Example: The new machine was more efficient and reduced production time.

5. Promotion: The act of supporting or encouraging something. Example: The promotion of eco-friendly products has increased.

6. Local manufacturable: Able to be produced locally. Example: The project focused on using locally manufacturable materials.

Section D:

1. Refinement: The process of improving or making something better. Example: The refinement of the design made the product more user-friendly.

2. Essential goods: Basic necessities or required items. Example: Access to clean water and food are essential goods.

3. Fluctuate: To change or vary, often in an unpredictable way. Example: Prices of goods can fluctuate based on supply and demand.

4. Motorised vehicles: Vehicles powered by engines, such as cars and trucks. Example: Motorised vehicles are commonly used for transportation.

5. Resources: Available means or assets. Example: The lack of resources made it difficult to complete the project.

6. Low-cost means of transport: Inexpensive methods of transportation. Example: Bicycles are considered a low-cost means of transport.

Section E:

1. Top-down approach: A method where decisions are made by authorities and then implemented by communities. Example: The top-down approach led to challenges in community engagement.

2. Villagers: People living in a village. Example: The villagers worked together to improve their community.

3. Awareness: Knowledge or understanding of a situation or issue. Example: The campaign aimed to raise awareness about environmental issues.

Section F:

1. Dedicated: Committed or devoted to a cause. Example: The team was dedicated to making a positive impact in their community.

2. Reference: Something used as a source of information or comparison. Example: The report serves as a reference for future research.

3. Initiative: A plan or action to achieve a specific goal. Example: The government launched an initiative to reduce pollution.

4. Community development: Efforts to improve the well-being of a community. Example: Community development projects focus on education, healthcare, and infrastructure.

5. Well established: Firmly recognized or accepted. Example: The organization is well established in the field of education.

 ACADEMIC READING TEST-3

PASSAGE-1 

  Ant Intelligence

1.       Cognition: The mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding. Example: Human cognition involves thinking, perception, and memory.

2.       Repel: To drive away or fend off. Example: The strong odor can repel insects.

3.       Chemical signals: Signals or messages communicated through chemicals. Example: Chemical signals help ants communicate danger.

4.       Embarrassment: A feeling of self-consciousness or discomfort. Example: She felt a sense of embarrassment when she tripped in public.

5.       Aphids: Small insects often found on plants. Example: Aphids can damage crops by feeding on leaves.

6.       Genes: The segments of DNA that carry genetic information. Example: Eye color is determined by our genes.

7.       Cultural transmission: The passing down of knowledge and customs within a culture. Example: Cultural transmission includes language, traditions, and beliefs.

8.       Instincts: Inborn patterns of behavior. Example: Animals rely on instincts for survival.

9.       Continuity: The state of being continuous or unbroken. Example: The river flows with continuity throughout the year.

10.   Advantage: A favorable or superior position. Example: Having prior experience is an advantage in this job.

11.   Sustainable: Capable of being maintained over the long term. Example: We need to adopt sustainable farming practices.

12.   Ruined: Destroyed or severely damaged. Example: The hurricane ruined many homes.

13.   Agribusiness: The business of large-scale agricultural production. Example: Agribusiness is a major industry in the region.

14.   Sophisticated: Highly developed or complex. Example: The new technology is very sophisticated.

15.   Fifty million years: An extended period of time. Example: The fossil record spans fifty million years.

16.   Cellulose: A complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls. Example: Wood contains a high amount of cellulose.

17.   Domesticating: Taming or adapting for human use. Example: Humans have a history of domesticating animals.

18.   Antibiotics: Medications that inhibit the growth of bacteria. Example: Doctors prescribe antibiotics to treat infections.

19.   Weeds: Unwanted plants that compete with cultivated crops. Example: Gardeners need to remove weeds from their gardens.

20.   Fertilize: To add nutrients to the soil to promote plant growth. Example: Farmers fertilize their fields before planting.

21.   Genetically: Relating to genes or genetic material. Example: Genetically modified crops are resistant to pests.

22.   Adaptability: The ability to adjust to new conditions. Example: His adaptability allowed him to thrive in different environments.

23.   Intricately: In a highly detailed or complex manner. Example: The intricately carved designs were impressive.

24.   Technical achievement: A notable accomplishment in a specific field. Example: The invention of the internet is a major technical achievement.

25.   Supercolony: A large and interconnected group of organisms. Example: The supercolony of ants covered a vast area.

26.   Megalopolis: A very large and heavily populated urban area. Example: Tokyo is a megalopolis known for its bustling streets.

27.   Integrate: To combine or bring together into a unified whole. Example: The company aims to integrate new technology into its products.

28.   Consulted: Sought information or advice from a source. Example: She consulted a dictionary to define the word.

29.   Navigate: To find one's way or guide a path. Example: Pilots navigate airplanes through the sky.

30.   Elaborate: Involving many details or complexities. Example: The elaborate plan required careful execution.

31.   Complex messages: Messages with intricate or detailed content. Example: The document contained complex messages about the project.

32.   Individuals: Distinct persons or entities. Example: Each individual has unique characteristics.

33.   Observation: The act of watching or closely examining. Example: Scientific observation is crucial for research.

34.   Exposure: Contact with or experience of something. Example: Her exposure to new cultures broadened her perspective.

35.   Framework: A structure or system that provides support. Example: The framework of the building was made of steel.

36.   Lifestyles: Patterns of living or ways of life. Example: Urban and rural lifestyles can be very different.

37.   Foraging: Searching for food or provisions. Example: Birds engage in foraging for insects and seeds.

38.   Transmit: To send or convey something. Example: Radio waves transmit signals over long distances.

39.   Sequences: Ordered series of events or elements. Example: The movie's sequences were well-choreographed.

40.   Laboratory: A controlled environment for scientific research. Example: The laboratory is equipped with advanced equipment.

41.   Attachments: Connections or links between things. Example: The attachments in the email included photos and documents.

42.   Impressively: In a way that leaves a strong positive impression. Example: Her speech was impressively eloquent.

43.   Consulted: Sought information or advice from a source. Example: She consulted a dictionary to define the word.

44.   Expose: To make something visible or accessible. Example: The report will expose the truth about the situation.

45.   Exhaustive: Comprehensive and thorough. Example: The exhaustive study covered every aspect of the topic.

46.   Attachments: Connections or links between things. Example: The attachments in the email included photos and documents.

47.   Tightrope walker: A performer who walks on a thin, high wire. Example: The circus features a skilled tightrope walker.

48.   Individuals: Distinct persons or entities. Example: Each individual has unique characteristics.

49.   Prehistoric: Relating to a time before recorded history. Example: The fossils provide insights into prehistoric life.

50.   Primitive: Relating to an early or basic stage of development. Example: Primitive tools were made from stone and wood.

PASSAGE-2

 Population movements and genetics

1.       Archaeological: Relating to the study of past human societies through artifacts and remains. Example: The archaeological dig uncovered ancient pottery shards.

2.       Fossil: The preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms. Example: The fossil of a dinosaur was found in the rock layers.

3.       Objective: Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; impartial. Example: The scientist conducted the experiment with objective analysis.

4.       Distribution: The way something is spread or arranged over an area. Example: The distribution of resources is crucial for survival.

5.       Colonisers: People or groups that establish colonies in new territories. Example: The European colonisers settled in the New World.

6.       Launch: To start or initiate something. Example: They plan to launch a new product next month.

7.       Migration: The movement of people or animals from one place to another. Example: Bird migration patterns vary by species.

8.       Genetic: Relating to genes and heredity. Example: Genetic research has advanced our understanding of DNA.

9.       Markers: Indicators or signs used for identification. Example: The map had markers to show key locations.

10.   Anthropologist: A person who studies human societies and cultures. Example: The anthropologist conducted fieldwork in Africa.

11.   Protein: A biological molecule essential for various functions in the body. Example: Meat and beans are good sources of dietary protein.

12.   Calibrated: Adjusted or measured precisely. Example: The scale needed to be calibrated for accurate readings.

13.   Interbred: To breed or reproduce within a population or group. Example: The animals in the zoo are carefully managed to avoid interbreeding.

14.   Variants: Different versions or forms of something. Example: There are many variants of the flu virus.

15.   Inuit: Indigenous people of the Arctic regions, also known as Eskimo. Example: The Inuit have a rich cultural heritage.

16.   Aleut: Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Example: The Aleut are skilled hunters and fishermen.

17.   Deduced: To arrive at a conclusion through logical reasoning. Example: From the evidence, we can deduce that she was not at the scene.

18.   Ancestral: Relating to one's ancestors or family lineage. Example: She traced her ancestral roots back to Europe.

19.   Micro-evolution: Small-scale changes in traits within a population. Example: Micro-evolution can lead to genetic diversity.

20.   Mitochondrial DNA: Genetic material found in mitochondria, inherited from the mother. Example: Mitochondrial DNA is used in ancestry testing.

21.   Calibrating: Adjusting or setting a standard for measurement. Example: Calibrating the instrument ensures accurate readings.

22.   Teeth: Hard, bony structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing. Example: Proper dental care is essential for healthy teeth.

23.   Crown: The visible part of a tooth above the gum line. Example: The crown of the tooth was damaged and needed repair.

24.   Roots: The parts of a tooth below the gum line that anchor it in the jaw. Example: The dentist examined the roots of the patient's teeth.

25.   Incisor: A type of tooth used for cutting. Example: The dentist extracted the damaged incisor.

26.   Premolars: Teeth located behind the canines, used for grinding food. Example: Chewing tough meat requires strong premolars.

27.   Molars: Flat-topped teeth at the back of the mouth, used for crushing and grinding. Example: The dentist filled a cavity in one of the patient's molars.

28.   Linguist: A person skilled in the study of languages. Example: The linguist could speak multiple languages fluently.

29.   Amerind: A term referring to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Example: Amerind cultures have diverse languages and traditions.

30.   Migration: The movement of people or animals from one place to another. Example: Bird migration patterns vary by species.

31.   Backing: Support or confirmation for a statement or idea. Example: The research provides strong backing for the hypothesis.

32.   Caution: Careful consideration or warning against potential risks. Example: It's important to exercise caution when handling chemicals.

33.   Hard: Difficult to change or refute. Example: The hard evidence supported the detective's theory.

34.   Environmental: Relating to the natural surroundings or conditions. Example: Environmental factors can impact an organism's behavior.

35.   Evidence: Facts or information that indicate the truth or validity of a claim. Example: The fingerprints were crucial evidence in the investigation.

36.   Traits: Characteristics or features of an organism. Example: Eye color is a genetic trait inherited from parents.

37.   Northern: Located in the north or relating to the northern region. Example: Canada is known for its northern wilderness.

38.   Crown: The visible part of a tooth above the gum line. Example: The crown of the tooth was damaged and needed repair.

39.   Roots: The parts of a tooth below the gum line that anchor it in the jaw. Example: The dentist examined the roots of the patient's teeth.

40.   Incisor: A type of tooth used for cutting. Example: The dentist extracted the damaged incisor.

41.   Premolars: Teeth located behind the canines, used for grinding food. Example: Chewing tough meat requires strong premolars.

42.   Molars: Flat-topped teeth at the back of the mouth, used for crushing and grinding. Example: The dentist filled a cavity in one of the patient's molars.

43.   Linguist: A person skilled in the study of languages. Example: The linguist could speak multiple languages fluently.

44.   Amerind: A term referring to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Example: Amerind cultures have diverse languages and traditions.

45.   Backing: Support or confirmation for a statement or idea. Example: The research provides strong backing for the hypothesis.

46.   Cauti: Careful consideration or warning against potential risks. Example: It's important to exercise caution when handling chemicals.

47.   Hard: Difficult to change or refute. Example: The hard evidence supported the detective's theory.

48.   Environmental: Relating to the natural surroundings or conditions. Example: Environmental factors can impact an organism's behavior.

49.   Evidence: Facts or information that indicate the truth or validity of a claim. Example: The fingerprints were crucial evidence in the investigation.

50.   Traits: Characteristics or features of an organism. Example: Eye color is a genetic trait inherited from parents.

PASSAGE-3

Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage

1.       Heritage: The cultural, historical, or natural legacy passed down from previous generations. Example: The preservation of our cultural heritage is important.

2.       Imbalances: Lack of proportion or equality. Example: Economic imbalances can lead to social unrest.

3.       Mismanagement: The improper or inefficient handling of something. Example: The company suffered due to mismanagement by its leaders.

4.       Co-ordinate: To organize or harmonize activities for a common purpose. Example: We need to co-ordinate our efforts to achieve success.

5.       Preparatory: Relating to preparation or preliminary work. Example: The preparatory phase of the project took several weeks.

6.       Geographical: Relating to the physical features of a region. Example: The geographical location of the city is ideal for trade.

7.       Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their environment. Example: The ecosystem of the rainforest is incredibly diverse.

8.       Biological: Relating to living organisms and their processes. Example: Biological research helps us understand life on Earth.

9.       Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy. Example: Photosynthesis is essential for plant growth.

10.   Renewed: Restored or regenerated. Example: The forest's renewed vitality was evident after the rain.

11.   Unwind: To relax or release tension. Example: After a long day at work, she liked to unwind with a book.

12.   Leisure: Free time for relaxation and enjoyment. Example: Weekends are for leisure activities and hobbies.

13.   Condemned: To express strong disapproval or criticism. Example: The public condemned the government's decision.

14.   Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from adversity. Example: Her resilience helped her overcome life's challenges.

15.   Myth: A traditional story or belief, often with a supernatural element. Example: The myth of Atlantis has fascinated people for centuries.

16.   Primary: Original or existing from the beginning. Example: Primary education is crucial for a child's development.

17.   Transcend: To go beyond or surpass. Example: His artistry transcends mere painting; it's a form of expression.

18.   Vital: Essential or necessary for life. Example: Water is vital for all living organisms.

19.   Declaration: A formal or explicit statement. Example: The president made a declaration of peace.

20.   Surveillance: The monitoring or observation of a place or person. Example: Security cameras provide constant surveillance.

21.   Cumulative: Increasing or growing by accumulation. Example: The cumulative effect of pollution is harming the environment.

22.   Culprits: Those responsible for a wrongdoing. Example: The police are searching for the culprits of the robbery.

23.   Compounds: A combination of two or more elements. Example: Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen compounds.

24.   Climatic: Relating to the climate or weather conditions. Example: The region's climatic patterns are changing.

25.   Imbalances: Lack of proportion or equality. Example: Economic imbalances can lead to social unrest.

26.   Preserve: To protect and maintain something in its original state. Example: We must preserve our natural habitats.

27.   Databank: A collection of data or information stored electronically. Example: The company maintains a vast databank of customer information.

28.   Mountain ecosystem: The complex web of relationships among the living and non-living components in mountain regions. Example: The mountain ecosystem faces unique challenges.

29.   Skiing: The sport or activity of sliding on snow using skis. Example: Many tourists visit the mountains for skiing in the winter.

30.   Physiological: Related to the normal functions of living organisms. Example: Physiological changes occur during exercise.

31.   Biochemical: Related to the chemical processes occurring within living organisms. Example: The study of biochemical reactions is essential in medicine.

32.   Harmonizing: Bringing elements into agreement or balance. Example: Harmonizing different voices in a choir requires skill.

33.   Protection: The act of keeping someone or something safe from harm. Example: The protection of endangered species is a priority.

34.   Frontiers: Boundaries or limits. Example: The explorer crossed the frontiers of uncharted territory.

35.   Participant: Someone who takes part in an activity or event. Example: The participants in the study provided valuable data.

36.   Continuity: The state of maintaining a consistent or uninterrupted flow. Example: Continuity in leadership is important for organizational stability.

37.   Scholarships: Financial support or grants for education. Example: She received a scholarship to attend college.

38.   Framework: A structure or system that provides support or organization. Example: The framework of the project outlines its key components.

39.   Priority: Something that is given greater importance or urgency. Example: Safety is our top priority in this project.

40.   Ecologically: In a manner related to the relationships between organisms and their environment. Example: Ecologically, the wetlands play a crucial role.

41.   Ministerial: Relating to government ministers or their roles. Example: The ministerial conference discussed important policies.

42.   Renewable: Capable of being replaced or restored. Example: Solar energy is a renewable source of power.

43.   Biodiversity: The variety of life forms in a particular habitat or ecosystem. Example: Protecting biodiversity is essential for a healthy planet.

44.   Reversible: Capable of being undone or changed back. Example: The damage to the environment may not be reversible.

45.   Emissions: Releases of substances, often pollutants, into the atmosphere. Example: The reduction of carbon emissions is a global concern.

46.   Harvesting: The process of gathering crops or resources. Example: Harvesting timber must be done sustainably.

47.   Erosion: The gradual wearing away of soil or rock by natural forces. Example: Coastal erosion is a problem in many regions.

48.   Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources. Example: Conservation efforts aim to save endangered species.

49.   Stewardship: The responsible management and care of resources. Example: Environmental stewardship is essential for future generations.

50.   Sustainability: The capacity to endure and maintain balance over time. Example: The goal is to achieve sustainability in agriculture and industry.

           ACADEMIC READING TEST-4

PASSAGE-1 

Pulling string to build pyramids

1. Hieroglyph: A system of writing using pictures or symbols. Example: Ancient Egyptians used hieroglyphs to record their history.

2. Mechanical: Relating to machines or machinery. Example: The mechanical engineer designed the new car engine.

3. Aeronautics: The study and practice of flight and aviation. Example: Aeronautics has led to advances in air travel technology.

4. Modest: Not excessive or extravagant; moderate. Example: She lived a modest life in a small town.

5. Trolley: A wheeled vehicle used for transporting goods. Example: The workers used a trolley to move heavy equipment.

6. Rectangular: Having the shape of a rectangle. Example: The room had a rectangular layout with four walls.

7. Nylon: A synthetic material used in various applications. Example: Her jacket was made of lightweight nylon.

8. Stunned: Extremely surprised or shocked. Example: The unexpected news left him stunned.

9. Force: Strength or power applied to move or change something. Example: The force of the wind pushed against the sail.

10. Vertical: Upright or in an upright position. Example: The flagpole stood vertically in the center of the park.

11. Gentle: Mild or soft in force or effect. Example: The gentle breeze rustled the leaves of the trees.

12. Jerk: A sudden, sharp movement or force. Example: The jerk of the car's brakes made everyone lurch forward.

13. Brute force: The use of sheer strength or power. Example: Opening the jammed door required brute force.

14. Convinced: Firmly persuaded or certain of something. Example: She was convinced that her plan would succeed.

15. Specialists: Experts or professionals in a particular field. Example: Specialists in medicine treat specific health conditions.

16. Non-existent: Not existing or lacking in reality. Example: Evidence for the theory was non-existent.

17. Sailors: People who operate or work on ships. Example: Experienced sailors navigated the rough seas.

18. Pulleys: Wheels with a grooved rim used to change the direction of a force. Example: The pulleys helped lift heavy objects.

19. Artifact: An object made by humans, often of historical or cultural significance. Example: The museum displayed ancient artifacts from different civilizations.

20. Gliders: Aircraft designed for unpowered flight. Example: The pilot controlled the glider as it soared through the sky.

21. Sophistication: The quality of being refined or advanced. Example: The sophistication of the technology amazed everyone.

22. Developing: Advancing or improving over time. Example: The country was developing its infrastructure rapidly.

23. Civilisations: Advanced societies with complex cultural and social systems. Example: Ancient civilizations left behind impressive architectural wonders.

24. Messages: Information or communication sent from one person to another. Example: She received a heartfelt message from her friend.

25. Debris: Scattered fragments or remains of something destroyed. Example: After the explosion, the debris covered the area.

26. Practical: Useful or suitable for a particular purpose. Example: His practical advice helped solve the problem.

27. Access: The ability or right to enter or use something. Example: The keycard provides access to the building.

28. Equipment: Tools or machinery needed for a specific task. Example: The construction site had a lot of heavy equipment.

29. Design: The plan or arrangement of something. Example: The architect presented the building design to the client.

30. Hints: Clues or suggestions about something. Example: She gave him some helpful hints for solving the puzzle.

31. Construction: The process of building or creating something. Example: The construction of the new bridge is underway.

32. Century: A period of 100 years. Example: The 21st century brought many technological advancements.

33. AD: Abbreviation for "Anno Domini," which means "in the year of our Lord" and is used to indicate years after the birth of Jesus Christ. Example: The event took place in 2023 AD.

PASSAGE-2

 Endless Harvest

1.       Archipelago: A group or chain of islands. Example: The Greek archipelago is known for its beautiful islands.

2.       Inhabitants: People or organisms that live in a particular place. Example: The inhabitants of the forest include various wildlife species.

3.       Bounty: A generous amount or supply of something. Example: The garden produced a bounty of fresh vegetables.

4.       Shellfish: Seafood with a hard protective shell. Example: We enjoyed a delicious meal of shellfish at the seafood restaurant.

5.       Crustaceans: Aquatic animals with a hard exoskeleton, like crabs and lobsters. Example: Crustaceans are commonly found in ocean ecosystems.

6.       Mollusks: Soft-bodied animals with a hard shell, such as snails and clams. Example: Some mollusks are known for their intricate shell patterns.

7.       Ex-vessel: The value of fish or seafood at the point of landing or capture. Example: The ex-vessel price of the fish was recorded by the fisherman.

8.       Cultural: Relating to the customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group. Example: The festival celebrated the cultural diversity of the community.

9.       Flourish: To grow or thrive in a healthy way. Example: The flowers flourished in the garden with proper care.

10.   Paraconsciously: Beyond or outside of conscious awareness. Example: Some thoughts and behaviors may occur paraconsciously.

11.   Over-fishing: Harvesting fish or seafood from a body of water at a rate that exceeds its natural replenishment. Example: Over-fishing can lead to the depletion of fish populations.

12.   Crashes: Sudden and dramatic declines or failures. Example: The stock market experienced several crashes throughout its history.

13.   Disaster area: A region affected by a natural or man-made disaster. Example: After the hurricane, the coastal town was declared a disaster area.

14.   Sustainable: Capable of being maintained over the long term without causing harm to the environment or resources. Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the land for future generations.

15.   Biologists: Scientists who study living organisms and their interactions. Example: Biologists conduct research to understand ecosystems.

16.   Sonar: A system that uses sound waves to detect and locate objects underwater. Example: Submarines use sonar technology for navigation.

17.   Sport fishing: Recreational fishing for enjoyment rather than for commercial purposes. Example: Sport fishing is a popular activity for anglers.

18.   Prosper: To succeed and thrive, often in terms of wealth or well-being. Example: The company continued to prosper despite economic challenges.

19.   Endangered: At risk of becoming extinct or disappearing from the wild. Example: Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species.

20.   Abundance: A large quantity or plenty of something. Example: The garden was filled with an abundance of colorful flowers.

21.   Judged: Evaluated or assessed based on certain criteria. Example: The talent show contestants were judged by a panel of experts.

22.   Environmental responsibility: The duty to protect and preserve the environment. Example: Companies are increasingly adopting environmental responsibility practices.

23.   Collapsed: Suffered a sudden and complete breakdown or failure. Example: The building's roof collapsed under the weight of heavy snow.

24.   Subsistence: The act of providing for basic needs, often related to food and shelter. Example: Subsistence farming is common in rural areas.

25.   Climatic shifts: Changes in weather patterns and conditions. Example: Climatic shifts can lead to unpredictable weather events.

26.   El Niño/La Niña: Climatic phenomena associated with changes in Pacific Ocean temperatures. Example: The occurrence of El Niño can lead to extreme weather patterns.

27.   Frozen: Turned into ice or subjected to freezing temperatures. Example: The pond was frozen solid in the winter.

28.   Reacted: Responded to a situation or stimulus. Example: The team reacted quickly to the emergency.

29.   Certified: Officially recognized or approved by an authoritative body. Example: The product was certified for meeting safety standards.

30.   Environmental standards: Guidelines or criteria related to environmental protection. Example: Companies must adhere to strict environmental standards.

31.   Appoint: To select or designate someone for a specific role or task. Example: The committee appointed a new chairman.

32.   Criteria: Standards or conditions used for evaluation. Example: Meeting the criteria for the scholarship requires a high GPA.

33.   Devastated: Caused severe emotional or physical damage. Example: The hurricane devastated the coastal town.

34.   Initial: Happening at the beginning or starting point. Example: The initial phase of the project involves planning.

35.   Review: An assessment or evaluation of something. Example: The review of the film was positive.

36.   Required: Necessary or mandatory. Example: Safety equipment is required in the workplace.

37.   Display: To show or present something for others to see. Example: The art gallery will display the new paintings.

38.   Label: A tag or sticker with information about a product. Example: Check the label for the expiration date.

39.   Replenishment: The act of refilling or restocking something. Example: The replenishment of supplies is essential for the project.

40.   Harvests: The process of gathering crops or natural resources. Example: The harvests of apples were bountiful this year.

41.   In-Season: Occurring during the appropriate time or season. Example: Fishing is only allowed in-season to protect fish populations.

42.   Abundance-Based Management: Managing resources based on their current availability. Example: Abundance-based management helps ensure sustainable fishing.

43.   Streamside: Along the banks or edges of a stream or river. Example: We enjoyed a picnic in the streamside meadow.

44.   Cumulative: Accumulative or adding up over time. Example: The cumulative effect of pollution can harm the environment.

45.   Excess: An amount that is more than necessary or usual. Example: There was an excess of food at the buffet.

46.   Salmon eggs: The eggs or roe of the salmon fish. Example: The riverbanks are a crucial spawning ground for salmon eggs.

47.   Certification process: A series of steps to determine if something meets specific standards or criteria. Example: The certification process ensures product quality.

48.   Committee: A group of people appointed for a specific purpose, often to make decisions. Example: The committee met to discuss the budget.

49.   Environmental responsibility: The duty to protect and preserve the environment. Example: Companies are increasingly adopting environmental responsibility practices.

50.   Continuing: Persisting or ongoing over a period of time. Example: The project's continuing success is attributed to teamwork.

spawners: fish thai have released eggs spawn: release eggs

PASSAGE-3

EFFECTS of Noise

1.       Plausible: Believable or reasonable. Example: His explanation for the accident seemed plausible.

2.       Adapting: Adjusting or changing to fit new conditions. Example: Moving to a new country requires adapting to a different culture.

3.       Countryside: Rural or open areas away from cities. Example: The countryside offers a peaceful escape from city life.

4.       Range: A variety or assortment within a particular limit. Example: The store sells a range of products from electronics to clothing.

5.       Research: The systematic investigation of a subject. Example: Scientists conduct research to gather data and make discoveries.

6.       Exposure: Being subjected to or experiencing something. Example: Her exposure to different cultures enriched her worldview.

7.       Bursts: Sudden and brief releases or instances. Example: The firecrackers created loud bursts of sound.

8.       Physiological: Related to the body's physical functions. Example: Stress can have a negative impact on physiological health.

9.       Disruptive: Causing disturbance or interruption. Example: The noisy construction work was disruptive to the neighborhood.

10.   Arousal: A state of heightened alertness or excitement. Example: Her arousal increased as she approached the finish line.

11.   Interfered: To get in the way or hinder progress. Example: The loud music interfered with her ability to concentrate.

12.   Concentrate: To focus one's attention or efforts. Example: It's important to concentrate when solving complex problems.

13.   Aeroplane: Another term for an airplane. Example: The aeroplane was ready for takeoff.

14.   Interfere: To disrupt or hinder the normal process. Example: The storm could interfere with our travel plans.

15.   Tracking: Monitoring or following the movement of something. Example: The radar system is used for tracking aircraft.

16.   Paraconsciously: Operating at a level below conscious awareness. Example: She made decisions paraconsciously without realizing it.

17.   Predictability: The quality of being able to be anticipated or expected. Example: The predictability of his behavior made him easy to understand.

18.   Chronic: Persistent or ongoing over a long period. Example: Chronic pain can be difficult to manage.

19.   Tune out: To stop paying attention to something. Example: She learned to tune out distractions while studying.

20.   Intrusions: Unwanted interruptions or interference. Example: The constant intrusions made it hard to focus on work.

21.   Annoying: Causing irritation or displeasure. Example: The constant noise from construction was annoying.

22.   Proofreading: Checking and correcting errors in written text. Example: She spent hours proofreading her essay before submitting it.

23.   Fatigue: Physical or mental tiredness. Example: After a long day of work, she felt fatigue.

24.   Variable: A factor that can change or vary. Example: Temperature is a variable that affects plant growth.

25.   Control: The power to influence or manage something. Example: She has control over the company's finances.

26.   Option: A choice or alternative. Example: You have the option to upgrade your membership.

27.   Eliminates: Completely removes or gets rid of. Example: The new software eliminates the need for manual data entry.

28.   Effects: Outcomes or consequences of actions. Example: The effects of climate change are becoming more evident.

29.   Lasting: Continuing for a long time or permanent. Example: The impact of his words had a lasting effect on her.

30.   Follow-up: A subsequent action or investigation. Example: The doctor scheduled a follow-up appointment to check progress.

31.   Distracted: Unable to concentrate due to interruptions. Example: The noisy neighbors distracted him from his work.

32.   Classrooms: Rooms where students receive instruction. Example: The classroom was equipped with modern technology.

33.   Comparable: Similar or equivalent in some way. Example: These two products are comparable in quality.

34.   Ethnicity: Cultural or social background. Example: The festival celebrates the ethnicity of various communities.

35.   Matched: Paired or compared with another. Example: The two teams were evenly matched in skill.

36.   Investigators: People who conduct research or inquiries. Example: The investigators gathered evidence at the crime scene.

37.   Quiet: Free from noise or disturbance. Example: The quiet of the forest was peaceful and serene.

38.   Day after day: Continuously, without interruption. Example: She worked diligently day after day to achieve her goals.

39.   Blood pressure: The force of blood against the walls of the arteries. Example: High blood pressure can increase the risk of heart disease.

40.   Serious: Significant or important. Example: This is a serious matter that requires immediate attention.

41.   Distractible: Easily diverted or unable to focus. Example: The noisy environment made her feel distractible.

42.   Neighborhoods: Local areas or communities. Example: The neighborhoods in the city are diverse and vibrant.

43.   Adaptability: The ability to adjust to new conditions. Example: Her adaptability helped her thrive in different environments.

44.   Worry: To feel anxious or concerned. Example: She couldn't help but worry about her upcoming exams.

45.   Investigators: People who conduct research or inquiries. Example: The investigators gathered evidence at the crime scene.

46.   Serene: Calm and peaceful. Example: The serene lake was a perfect place for meditation.

47.   Impact: The effect or influence of something. Example: The impact of the earthquake was devastating.

48.   Progress: Forward movement or development. Example: She tracked her progress in her journal.

49.   Management: The process of controlling or overseeing. Example: Effective management is essential for a successful business.

50.   Investigation: A systematic inquiry or examination. Example: The police conducted an investigation into the robbery.