Cambridge IELTS 4 Reading Vocabulary

Cambridge 4 Reading Test-1

PASSAGE-1

Alarming Rate of Loss of Tropical Rainforests

1. alarming: (adjective) causing worry or concern; disturbing. Example: "The alarming rate of deforestation in the rainforests has raised global concerns."

2. loss: (noun) the state or process of losing something or someone. Example: "The loss of biodiversity in the rainforests is a significant environmental issue."

3. tropical: (adjective) relating to or characteristic of the tropics, the region near the equator. Example: "Tropical rainforests are found in regions with high temperatures and abundant rainfall."

4. rainforest: (noun) a dense forest characterized by high levels of rainfall and biodiversity. Example: "The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world."

5. equivalent: (adjective) equal in value, amount, function, or meaning. Example: "The rate of deforestation in the rainforest is equivalent to losing one thousand football fields every forty minutes."

6. duration: (noun) the length of time that something continues or lasts. Example: "The duration of a typical classroom period is around forty minutes."

7. mistaken: (adjective) wrong in one's belief or understanding; incorrect. Example: "Children may have mistaken ideas about rainforests due to misinformation or misconceptions."

8. incorporated: (verb) included or combined as part of a whole. Example: "Misconceptions about rainforests can become incorporated into a child's understanding of the subject."

9. framework: (noun) a basic structure or system used as a guide for organizing and developing ideas. Example: "Children's misconceptions about rainforests become part of a conceptual framework they use to understand the topic."

10. erroneous: (adjective) incorrect; based on false information or beliefs. Example: "Some of the component ideas in children's understanding of rainforests may be erroneous."

11. robust: (adjective) strong and healthy; vigorous. Example: "Children's misconceptions can make their understanding of rainforests more robust but less accurate."

12. accessible: (adjective) easy to approach, reach, or understand. Example: "Misconceptions make children's ideas about rainforests more accessible but may hinder their learning of accurate information."

13. refined: (adjective) improved or perfected by making small changes or adjustments. Example: "Teachers play a vital role in helping children refine their ideas about rainforests through discussion and exploration."

14. extensive: (adjective) covering a large area; broad or widespread. Example: "The destruction of rainforests has received extensive coverage in the media."

15. information: (noun) facts or details about a subject or event. Example: "There is a lack of formal information about children's understanding of rainforests."

16. survey: (verb) examine or investigate something in detail. Example: "The study surveyed children's scientific knowledge and attitudes towards rainforests."

17. geographical: (adjective) relating to the study of the physical features of the Earth and its atmosphere. Example: "The second question in the survey asked about the geographical location of rainforests."

18. dominant: (adjective) having power, influence, or control over others; prevailing. Example: "The dominant idea expressed by most children was that rainforests provide habitats for animals."

19. indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place;

1. indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "The indigenous populations of rainforests have a deep connection with their natural environment."

2. sympathetic: (adjective) showing compassion or understanding for others' feelings or situations. Example: "Girls tend to be more sympathetic towards animals and express concern for their well-being."

3. conservation: (noun) the act of protecting and preserving natural resources and environments. Example: "The importance of rainforest conservation cannot be overstated for the preservation of biodiversity."

4. encounter: (verb) come across or meet unexpectedly or by chance. Example: "In 1997 and 1998, America encountered the climatic phenomenon of El Niño."

5. phenomenon: (noun) a remarkable or extraordinary occurrence or event. Example: "El Niño is a natural phenomenon characterized by abnormal warming of ocean waters."

6. accused: (verb) charge someone with an offense or crime. Example: "El Niño was accused of causing disruptions in tourism and affecting weather patterns."

7. estimation: (noun) a rough calculation or judgment of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something. Example: "The estimation of rainforest destruction in terms of football field equivalents was meant to provide a relatable scale."

8. embrace: (verb) accept or support willingly or enthusiastically. Example: "Some children embraced the idea that rainforests are essential habitats for various plant and animal species."

9. compatible: (adjective) able to exist or work together without conflict or contradiction. Example: "Rainforest destruction would be incompatible with sustaining the Earth's atmosphere and its diverse life forms."

10. predominate: (verb) be the strongest or main element; prevail. Example: "Certain ideas predominate in children's thinking about rainforests, shaping their overall understanding."

11. ecosystems: (noun) a community of organisms and their physical environment, interacting as a system. Example: "Rainforests are incredibly diverse ecosystems, housing a wide range of plant and animal species."

12. appreciate: (verb) recognize the value or significance of something; be grateful for. Example: "Older children acquire the ability to appreciate the complexity of environmental issues like rainforest destruction."

13. evaluate: (verb) assess or judge the value, importance, effectiveness, or quality of something. Example: "Environmental education encourages students to evaluate different perspectives and make informed decisions."

14. conflicting: (adjective) opposing or contradictory; in disagreement. Example: "Rainforest conservation can involve conflicting views and interests, requiring careful consideration."

15. arena: (noun) a place or platform where significant events or actions take place. Example: "Environmental education provides an arena for students to explore and discuss important issues."

16. essential: (adjective) absolutely necessary; extremely important. Example: "Rainforests are essential for maintaining biodiversity and supporting the health of the planet."

17. decision-makers: (noun) individuals or groups responsible for making important choices or decisions. Example: "Children today will become the decision-makers of the future, shaping environmental policies and actions."

18. concerns: (noun) worries or anxieties about something. Example: "There are growing concerns about the impact of deforestation on global climate change."

19. biodiversity: (noun) the variety and abundance of plant and animal species in a particular environment. Example: "Rainforests are known for their rich biodiversity,

1. biodiversity: (noun) the variety and abundance of plant and animal species in a particular environment. Example: "Rainforests are known for their rich biodiversity, housing countless species of plants, animals, and microorganisms."

2. deforestation: (noun) the action of clearing forests, typically for agriculture, logging, or urbanization. Example: "The rapid deforestation of rainforests poses a significant threat to global ecosystems."

3. media coverage: (noun) the reporting and portrayal of events or issues by the media. Example: "The media coverage of rainforest destruction has raised public awareness about the urgency of conservation efforts."

4. curriculum: (noun) the subjects, topics, and content taught in a school or educational program. Example: "Misconceptions about rainforests highlight the need for improvements in the science curriculum."

5. tuition: (noun) the teaching or instruction given by a teacher or tutor. Example: "Children may develop misconceptions about rainforests outside formal tuition, influenced by media sources."

6. programs: (noun) planned activities or courses of study designed to achieve specific goals or outcomes. Example: "Schools can develop environmental education programs to enhance children's understanding of rainforests."

7. open-form: (adjective) allowing free expression or open-ended responses, without strict guidelines or limitations. Example: "The questionnaire contained five open-form questions, giving students the opportunity to express their ideas freely."

8. responses: (noun) answers or reactions given in reply to a question, statement, or situation. Example: "The study analyzed children's responses to various questions about rainforests to identify common misconceptions."

9. components: (noun) individual parts or elements that make up a whole. Example: "Children's understanding of rainforests consists of various components, including ideas about habitats and destruction."

10. logging: (noun) the activity of cutting down trees for timber or other wood products. Example: "Logging is one of the human activities responsible for the destruction of rainforests."

11. acid rain: (noun) rainfall with a high level of acidity, often caused by pollution from industrial emissions. Example: "Although acid rain doesn't directly impact rainforests, some children mistakenly associate it with rainforest destruction."

12. pollution: (noun) the presence or introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment. Example: "Children should be educated about the effects of pollution and its role in environmental degradation, including rainforest destruction."

13. oxygen: (noun) a gas that is vital for respiration and the survival of most living organisms. Example: "Rainforests play a crucial role in producing oxygen, supporting the planet's oxygen cycle."

14. global warming: (noun) a long-term increase in Earth's average temperature, primarily due to the buildup of greenhouse gases. Example: "Rainforest destruction contributes to global warming by reducing the Earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis."

PASSAGE 2

What Do Whales Feel?

1. Cetaceans: (noun) a group of marine mammals including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Example: "Cetaceans are known for their adaptation to life in the water and their diverse species."

2. Toothed: (adjective) possessing teeth. Example: "Toothed cetaceans, such as dolphins and porpoises, have specialized teeth for capturing prey."

3. Brain structure: (noun) the arrangement and organization of the brain. Example: "The brain structure of cetaceans provides insights into their sensory capabilities and adaptations."

4. Smell: (verb) the act of perceiving odors or scents through the nose. Example: "Toothed cetaceans are believed to lack the ability to smell due to their brain structure."

5. Baleen: (noun) a flexible material made of keratin found in the mouths of some whales. Example: "Baleen species of cetaceans, such as humpback whales, use their baleen plates to filter small prey from the water."

6. Function: (verb) to work or operate in a specific way. Example: "The functionality of related brain structures in baleen species is not yet fully understood."

7. Functional: (adjective) capable of working or operating effectively. Example: "It remains uncertain whether the related brain structures in baleen species are functional."

8. Speculated: (verb) to form a theory or conjecture without conclusive evidence. Example: "Scientists have speculated that the migration of blowholes in cetaceans may have affected their sense of smell."

9. Degenerated: (verb) to decline or deteriorate in quality or function. Example: "The nerves serving taste buds in cetaceans have degenerated or become rudimentary."

10. Responsive: (adjective) reacting or replying quickly and positively. Example: "Trainers have observed that captive dolphins and small whales are responsive to being touched or rubbed."

11. Contact: (noun) the act of touching or communicating with someone or something. Example: "Cetaceans, including adults and calves, frequently make contact with each other as part of their social interactions."

12. Maintain: (verb) to keep in existence or continue. Example: "Contact among cetaceans may help maintain order within their social groups."

13. Courtship ritual: (noun) a set of behaviors or actions performed by animals to attract a mate. Example: "Stroking or touching is often part of the courtship ritual in many cetacean species."

14. Vision: (noun) the ability to see or perceive with the eyes. Example: "Different cetacean species have varying degrees of vision, adapted to their specific environments."

15. Stereoscopic vision: (noun) the ability to perceive depth and three-dimensionality. Example: "Dolphins and porpoises, with their forward and downward eye position, likely have stereoscopic vision."

16. Field of vision: (noun) the extent or range of what can be seen with the eyes. Example: "The field of vision in baleen whales is limited due to the position of their eyes."

17. Keen: (adjective) having a sharp, highly developed sense or ability. Example: "Bottlenose dolphins have an extremely keen vision in water, allowing them to track and catch fast-moving prey."

18. Interface: (noun) the boundary or area where two different substances or entities meet. Example: "The air-water interface is the boundary between the air and water, where different optical properties affect vision.

1. Preliminary: (adjective) happening or done at an early stage, before more complete information is available. Example: "Preliminary experimental evidence suggests that the in-air vision of dolphins may be poor."

2. Accuracy: (noun) the quality or state of being correct or precise. Example: "Dolphins display remarkable accuracy when leaping high to catch small fish out of a trainer's hand."

3. Compensated for: (phrase) to make up for or offset a deficiency or weakness. Example: "Cetaceans compensate for their reduced senses of smell and taste with their well-developed acoustic sense."

4. Acoustic: (adjective) related to sound or the sense of hearing. Example: "Cetaceans rely heavily on their acoustic sense, using vocalizations and echolocation to navigate and communicate."

5. Repertoire: (noun) a collection or range of skills, abilities, or performances. Example: "Toothed cetaceans have a wider variety of sounds in their vocal repertoire compared to baleen species."

6. Communicative: (adjective) relating to the act of communication or conveying information. Example: "Some of the complex sounds produced by cetaceans are believed to serve communicative purposes."

7. Social life: (noun) the interactions and relationships within a community or group. Example: "The role of complex sounds in the social life and 'culture' of cetaceans is still a subject of speculation."

8. Solid science: (noun phrase) established and reliable scientific knowledge or research. Example: "Further studies are needed to move beyond speculation and gather solid science on the social behaviors of cetaceans."

9. Habitats: (noun) the natural environments in which organisms live and thrive. Example: "The variation in sensory abilities among cetacean species can be explained by their respective habitats."

10. Inhabiting: (verb) living or occupying a particular place or environment. Example: "Cetacean species inhabiting clear open waters may rely more on vision than those living in turbid rivers."

11. Turbid: (adjective) cloudy or opaque due to stirred-up sediment or pollutants. Example: "Cetaceans living in turbid rivers may have limited vision due to the reduced visibility in their environment."

12. Limited: (adjective) restricted or constrained in some way. Example: "Certain cetacean species, like the South American boutu and Chinese beiji, have limited vision."

13. Blind: (adjective) unable to see or lacking the sense of sight. Example: "The Indian susus are blind, with their eyes reduced to slits that only allow them to sense light direction and intensity."

14. Deteriorated: (verb) to become worse or decline in quality or effectiveness. Example: "The senses of taste and smell in cetaceans appear to have deteriorated over time."

15. Acoustic sense: (noun phrase) the ability to perceive and interpret sound waves or vibrations. Example: "Cetaceans rely on their well-developed acoustic sense for communication and navigation."

16. Vocal: (adjective) relating to the production of sound or voice. Example: "Cetaceans are highly vocal, producing a range of sounds as part of their communication repertoire."

17. Forage: (verb) to search or hunt for food. Example: "Many cetacean species use echolocation to forage for food, emitting high-frequency sounds and listening for the echoes to detect prey.

1. Frequency spectrum: (noun phrase) the range of frequencies present in a sound or signal. Example: "Toothed cetaceans utilize a wider frequency spectrum in their vocalizations compared to baleen species."

2. Monotonous: (adjective) dull, repetitive, or lacking in variety. Example: "The vocalizations of the sperm whale are primarily a monotonous series of high-energy clicks."

3. Social interactions: (noun phrase) the behaviors and relationships between individuals within a social group. Example: "Complex sounds produced by cetaceans play a role in their social interactions and communication."

4. Wild speculation: (noun phrase) unfounded or speculative ideas without solid scientific evidence. Example: "The role of complex sounds in cetacean social life has been the subject of wild speculation."

5. Solid science: (noun phrase) reliable and well-founded scientific knowledge or research. Example: "More studies and research are needed to establish solid science on the role of sounds in cetacean communication."

6. Adaptations: (noun) physical or behavioral changes that help organisms survive and thrive in their environments. Example: "Cetaceans have undergone various adaptations to their aquatic lifestyle, including sensory modifications."

7. Echolocation: (noun) a process used by animals to navigate and locate objects using reflected sound waves. Example: "Cetaceans use echolocation to navigate, find food, and detect potential threats in their environment."

8. Navigating: (verb) finding one's way or directing a course through a particular area. Example: "Dolphins rely on echolocation for navigating through their marine habitats."

9. Communication: (noun) the exchange of information or ideas between individuals or groups. Example: "Cetaceans use vocalizations and body language for communication within their social groups."

10. Optical properties: (noun phrase) characteristics or behaviors of light, particularly how it interacts with substances. Example: "The optical properties of water can affect the visibility and perception of objects for cetaceans."

11. Environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which an organism lives or operates. Example: "Cetaceans have evolved to thrive in their aquatic environments, adapting their senses accordingly."

12. Prey: (noun) an animal that is hunted and eaten by another animal. Example: "Cetaceans use their sensory abilities, including echolocation, to locate and capture prey."

13. Vocalizations: (noun) sounds or calls produced by animals for communication purposes. Example: "Cetaceans use a variety of vocalizations, including clicks, whistles, and songs, to communicate with each other."

14. Culture: (noun) the shared behaviors, beliefs, and practices within a social group. Example: "The existence of cetacean 'culture,' including unique vocalizations and behaviors, is a topic of ongoing study."

15. Solidify: (verb) to strengthen or establish firmly. Example: "Ongoing research aims to solidify our understanding of cetacean sensory capabilities and social behaviors."

1. Sonar: (noun) a system that uses sound waves and their echoes to determine the location and distance of objects in the environment. Example: "Cetaceans employ a natural form of sonar, known as echolocation, to navigate and locate prey."

2. Acoustic communication: (noun phrase) the transmission of information through the use of sound signals. Example: "Acoustic communication plays a vital role in the social interactions and coordination of cetaceans."

3. Stereoscopic vision: (noun phrase) the ability to perceive depth and three-dimensional spatial relationships using both eyes. Example: "Dolphins, with their forward-facing eyes, have the potential for stereoscopic vision, aiding their perception of objects in the water."

4. Habitats: (noun) the natural environments in which organisms live and are best suited to thrive. Example: "Different cetacean species have adapted to various marine habitats, such as open oceans, coastal areas, or rivers."

5. Range of sounds: (noun phrase) the variety of different sounds produced by cetaceans. Example: "Cetaceans exhibit a wide range of sounds, including clicks, whistles, songs, and other vocalizations."

6. Cetacean species: (noun phrase) the different types or kinds of cetaceans, including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Example: "There are numerous cetacean species, each with its own unique characteristics and adaptations."

7. Visual acuity: (noun phrase) the sharpness or clarity of vision. Example: "Cetaceans have varying degrees of visual acuity, depending on the species and their habitats."

8. Underwater environment: (noun phrase) the conditions and surroundings present below the water's surface. Example: "Cetaceans have evolved to thrive in the underwater environment, which presents unique challenges and opportunities."

9. Courtship ritual: (noun phrase) a series of behaviors or actions performed by individuals to attract mates and initiate reproduction. Example: "Stroking and touching are part of the courtship ritual in most cetacean species, contributing to mate selection and bonding."

10. Environmental adaptations: (noun phrase) changes or modifications in response to the specific conditions and demands of the environment. Example: "Cetaceans have developed various environmental adaptations, including their sensory systems, to survive and thrive in aquatic habitats."

1. echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave echoes.

PASSAGE-3

You should spend no more than 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Visual Symbols and the Blind

1.       appreciate: (verb) to understand or recognize the value, importance, or quality of something. Example: "Blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives in describing objects."

2.       outlines: (noun) the outer edge or shape of something; a line that defines the outer limits or shape of an object. Example: "The blind woman used outlines to depict the arrangement of objects in space."

3.       perspectives: (noun) a particular way of regarding or interpreting something; a point of view. Example: "Blind people can understand the perspectives used to describe objects."

4.       literal: (adjective) taking words or statements in their usual or most basic sense, without metaphor or exaggeration. Example: "Pictures are not always literal representations of objects."

5.       spinning: (adjective) rotating rapidly around a central axis or point. Example: "The blind woman drew a wheel as it was spinning."

6.       curve: (noun) a smooth, rounded line, shape, or path without sharp angles. Example: "To show the wheel's motion, she traced a curve inside the circle."

7.       motion: (noun) movement or a change in position of objects or individuals. Example: "The blind subjects used different lines of motion to represent movement."

8.       invention: (noun) the creation or development of something that did not exist before. Example: "Lines of motion are a relatively recent invention in illustration."

9.       rendition: (noun) an interpretation or representation of something, usually in a particular artistic style or manner. Example: "Several blind subjects showed a clever rendition of the spinning wheel."

10.   metaphorical: (adjective) used in a way that suggests a comparison or analogy; figurative. Example: "Blind subjects described the curved lines as metaphorical representations of motion."

11.   indicator: (noun) a sign, signal, or device that shows or suggests something. Example: "The bent spokes were taken as an indicator that the wheel was jerking."

12.   idiosyncratic: (adjective) peculiar or individualistic; characteristic of a particular person. Example: "I wanted to determine if the lines of motion were merely idiosyncratic marks."

13.   interpreting: (verb) explaining the meaning or significance of something; making sense of or understanding something. Example: "I wanted to discover the differences in how the blind and sighted were interpreting lines of motion."

14.   depicting: (verb) representing or showing something in a picture, painting, or other artistic form. Example: "I created raised-line drawings depicting different wheels."

15.   volunteers: (noun) individuals who offer themselves for a service or activity willingly and without pay. Example: "Eighteen blind volunteers participated in the study."

16.   distinctive: (adjective) characteristic or unique; easily recognizable as different from others. Example: "Blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel."

17.   wobbling: (verb) moving unsteadily from side to side in a rocking or swaying motion. Example: "Blind subjects associated wavy spokes with the wheel wobbling."

18.   jerking: (verb) making a sudden, sharp

19.   braking: (noun) the action of slowing down or stopping the motion of something, typically a vehicle or a wheel. Example: "Spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter were taken as an indicator that the wheel had its brakes on."

20.   spinning: (verb) rotating rapidly around a central axis or point. Example: "Dashed spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning quickly."

21.   consensus: (noun) general agreement or opinion reached by a group of people. Example: "There was a consensus among the blind subjects regarding the meaning of the motion lines."

22.   familiar: (adjective) well-known, recognized, or acquainted with something. Example: "Motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind."

23.   problem solving: (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues or challenges. Example: "The task given to the blind subjects involved some problem solving."

24.   figured out: (phrasal verb) understood or solved a problem through careful thinking or analysis. Example: "The blind subjects figured out the meaning behind each motion line."

25.   symbolism: (noun) the use of symbols to represent ideas, qualities, or concepts. Example: "We explored how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes like hearts."

26.   directly: (adverb) without anything intervening or without deviation. Example: "Shapes such as hearts do not directly represent their meaning."

27.   pairs: (noun) two corresponding or matching things considered together. Example: "We presented twenty pairs of words to the sighted subjects."

28.   related: (verb) connected or linked to something else; having a logical or causal connection. Example: "We asked the sighted subjects to pick the term that best related to a circle."

29.   depict: (verb) to represent or show something in a picture, painting, or other form of visual representation. Example: "One blind woman drew a picture depicting a child inside a heart."

30.   surrounded: (verb) encircled or enclosed by something; having something all around. Example: "The blind woman chose the heart to show that love surrounded the child."

31.   explore: (verb) to investigate, study, or analyze in detail. Example: "We have begun exploring how well blind people understand visual metaphors."

32.   doctoral: (adjective) relating to a doctorate or a doctoral degree; advanced or highest level of academic achievement. Example: "Chang Hong Liu is a doctoral student from China."

33.   assumed: (verb) accepted something as true or probable without evidence or proof. Example: "Subjects assumed that the spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter indicated the wheel had its brakes on."

34.   barely: (adverb) only just; almost not; by the narrowest of margins. Example: "The consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind."

35.   unfamiliar: (adjective) not known or recognized; not familiar or acquainted with. Example: "Motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind subjects."

36.   device: (noun) a tool or instrument designed for a particular purpose; a mechanism or apparatus. Example: "Motion lines are a device used to represent movement in drawings."

37.   involved: (adjective) complicated or intricate

38.   determine: (verb) to ascertain or establish something through examination, investigation, or analysis. Example: "I wanted to determine if the lines of motion were effective in showing movement."

39.   interpretation: (noun) the act or process of explaining or understanding the meaning or significance of something. Example: "I wanted to understand the differences in interpretation between the blind and sighted individuals."

40.   participants: (noun) individuals who take part or engage in an activity, event, or study. Example: "Eighteen blind individuals were participants in the study."

41.   understand: (verb) to comprehend or grasp the meaning or significance of something. Example: "Blind subjects were able to understand the meaning behind each motion line."

42.   group: (noun) a collection of individuals who are considered together as a unit or category. Example: "As a group, the blind subjects generally came up with the same meaning for each motion line."

43.   visual: (adjective) relating to sight or vision; connected with the sense of seeing. Example: "Blind people may not have visual perception, but they can still understand visual metaphors."

44.   metaphor: (noun) a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to represent something else, typically by suggesting a comparison. Example: "The curved lines used by blind subjects were metaphorical representations of motion."

45.   comparison: (noun) the act or process of examining the similarities and differences between two or more things. Example: "The blind subjects' use of curved lines allowed for a comparison to spinning motion."

46.   analysis: (noun) the process of breaking down a complex topic or issue into its constituent parts for examination or interpretation. Example: "We conducted an analysis of the blind subjects' interpretations of motion lines."

47.   logic: (noun) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity and soundness. Example: "Blind subjects used their logic and reasoning skills to interpret the meaning of each motion line."

48.   deviation: (noun) a departure or divergence from a standard or expected course. Example: "Shapes like hearts deviate from directly representing their meaning."

49.   corresponding: (adjective) matching or connected to something else in a related or equivalent way. Example: "In each pair of words, the sighted subjects chose the term that best corresponded to a circle."

50.   logical: (adjective) characterized by clear, sound reasoning or thinking; following the principles of logic. Example: "The sighted subjects used their logical thinking skills to select the appropriate term for each shape."

Cambridge 4 Reading Test-2

PASSAGE-1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

 Lost for Words

Many minority languages are on the danger list.

1. sprawls: (verb) spreads out over a large area in an irregular or untidy way. Example: "The Native American Navajo nation sprawls across four states in the American southwest."

2. linguists: (noun) experts or scholars in the study of language and its structure. Example: "According to linguists, half of the world's languages are likely to vanish within two generations."

3. vanish: (verb) disappear or become extinct. Example: "Many languages are in danger of vanishing within a century."

4. linguistic diversity: (noun phrase) the variety of languages spoken in a particular region or the world. Example: "The decline of languages leads to a reduction in linguistic diversity."

5. dominating: (adjective) having control or influence over others; prevailing. Example: "Only a few languages will end up dominating the world if the current trend continues."

6. mass extinction: (noun phrase) a widespread and rapid decrease in the number of species or languages. Example: "The decline of languages is compared to a mass extinction due to its rapid pace."

7. isolation: (noun) the state of being separated or alone; lack of contact or connection with others. Example: "The geographical isolation of communities can contribute to the preservation of their unique languages."

8. endangered: (adjective) at risk of becoming extinct or disappearing. Example: "Navajo, despite having 150,000 speakers, is considered an endangered language."

9. faith: (noun) strong belief or confidence in something. Example: "Loss of faith in their culture can lead people to reject their native language."

10. voluntary: (adjective) done, given, or acting of one's own free will. Example: "Language shifts are not always voluntary, but can be influenced by external factors."

11. ban: (verb) officially or legally prohibit something. Example: "Government policies can ban the use of minority languages in public or educational settings."

12. discouraging: (adjective) causing someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm; demoralizing. Example: "Governments may implement policies discouraging the use of minority languages to promote national unity."

13. globalization: (noun) the process of international integration and interdependence among countries, societies, and cultures. Example: "Economic globalization can put pressure on communities to adapt to the dominant language."

14. pride: (noun) a feeling of deep satisfaction and pleasure in one's achievements, qualities, or cultural heritage. Example: "Native Americans have not lost their pride in their language, but economic pressures have forced them to adapt."

15. diversity: (noun) a range of different things or elements; variety. Example: "The loss of linguistic diversity deprives us of different ways of looking at the world."

16. physiological: (adjective) relating to the functions and processes of the body. Example: "Learning a language can have physiological effects on the brain."

17. structures: (noun) arrangements or organization of parts or elements. Example: "Linguistic habits shape the patterns and structures of our thoughts and perceptions."

1. fostering: (verb) promoting or encouraging the development or growth of something. Example: "The key to fostering linguistic diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue."

2. degree: (noun) a level or stage in a scale or series, especially of rank, size, or intensity. Example: "Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism."

3. erosion: (noun) the gradual wearing away or reduction of something, such as language or culture. Example: "Language classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori in New Zealand."

4. rekindled: (verb) revived or reignited. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages have rekindled interest in their use."

5. indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "Volunteer 'apprentices' learn from the last living speakers of indigenous languages."

6. transmit: (verb) pass on or cause to pass on from one person or place to another. Example: "Fluent speakers of endangered languages can transmit the language to the next generation."

7. preserve: (verb) protect or keep alive or in existence. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages are essential for their survival."

8. revival: (noun) the act or process of bringing something back to life or into use again. Example: "Written forms can contribute to the revival of languages that have become extinct."

9. unique: (adjective) being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else. Example: "Each language carries its own unique cultural and linguistic characteristics."

10. heritage: (noun) valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, customs, or languages that have been passed down through generations. Example: "Preserving endangered languages helps protect cultural heritage."

11. jar: (noun) a glass or ceramic container with a lid, used for storing food or preserving fruits. Example: "Preserving a language is like preserving fruits in a jar; it keeps it intact for future generations."

12. evolution: (noun) the gradual development and change of something over time. Example: "The study of languages and their evolution relies on the availability of diverse languages."

13. comparison: (noun) the act or process of examining the similarities and differences between two or more things. Example: "Data for the study of languages relies on comparisons between living and dead languages."

14. data: (noun) facts, statistics, or information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. Example: "The loss of languages results in a loss of data for linguistic studies."

15. perceptions: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: "Different languages can shape our perceptions of the world around us."

16. ancestral: (adjective) relating to or inherited from one's ancestors or family heritage. Example: "Learning one's ancestral tongue helps connect individuals to their cultural roots."

17. degree: (noun) a qualification awarded by a university or college to indicate the successful completion of a course or program of study. Example: "Language revitalization programs can offer degrees or certifications in endangered languages."

18. bilingualism: (noun) the ability to speak two languages fluently. Example: "A

1. bilingualism: (noun) the ability to speak two languages fluently. Example: "A large degree of bilingualism is crucial for the survival of endangered languages."

2. erosion: (noun) the gradual wearing away or reduction of something, such as language or culture. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages aim to slow down the erosion of linguistic diversity."

3. heritage: (noun) valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, customs, or languages that have been passed down through generations. Example: "Preserving endangered languages is a way to protect cultural heritage."

4. apprentice: (noun) a person who is learning a trade or profession from a skilled employer, having agreed to work for a fixed period at low wages. Example: "In California, volunteer 'apprentices' are paired with the last living speakers of indigenous languages to learn traditional skills."

5. indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "Efforts to revitalize indigenous languages have shown positive results in Hawaii."

6. instruction: (noun) the act of teaching or providing knowledge and information. Example: "The 'apprentice' programs provide instruction in endangered languages, focusing on traditional skills."

7. generation: (noun) all of the people born and living at about the same time. Example: "The transmission of endangered languages to the next generation is crucial for their survival."

8. written form: (noun phrase) a system of representing a language using a set of written symbols. Example: "A written form is essential for the revival of languages that have become extinct."

9. existence: (noun) the fact or state of living or having objective reality. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages aim to ensure their continued existence."

10. cultural identity: (noun phrase) the feeling of belonging to a particular group or culture and sharing its customs, beliefs, and values. Example: "Learning one's ancestral tongue contributes to a sense of cultural identity."

11. preservation: (noun) the act of protecting or maintaining something in its original or existing state. Example: "The preservation of endangered languages requires collective efforts from communities and institutions."

12. diversity: (noun) a range of different things or elements; variety. Example: "The loss of languages leads to a reduction in linguistic diversity."

13. tradition: (noun) the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way. Example: "The rejection of native languages can result from a crisis of confidence in one's cultural tradition."

14. interest: (noun) the feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone. Example: "Efforts to revitalize endangered languages have sparked renewed interest in their use."

15. revive: (verb) restore to life or consciousness. Example: "Some languages have been revived by later generations through written forms and language revitalization efforts."

16. external: (adjective) relating to or coming from outside a particular place or source. Example: "Language shifts can be influenced by external factors such as government policies and economic pressures."

PASSAGE-2

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA

1.       alternative medicine: (noun) non-traditional or unconventional medical practices and treatments. Example: "Many people turn to alternative medicine as a complementary approach to conventional treatments."

2.       acupuncture: (noun) a traditional Chinese medical practice that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate energy flow and promote healing. Example: "The use of acupuncture has gained popularity as an alternative therapy for pain management."

3.       regulate: (verb) to control, manage, or adjust something according to specific rules or principles. Example: "The practice of yoga can help regulate breathing and reduce stress."

4.       Qi: (noun) in traditional Chinese medicine, the vital energy or life force that flows through the body. Example: "According to Chinese philosophy, Qi is essential for maintaining health and well-being."

5.       establishment: (noun) the existing system or structure, particularly referring to organizations or institutions that have authority or influence. Example: "The medical establishment plays a significant role in shaping healthcare policies and practices."

6.       conservative: (adjective) resistant to change or innovation; holding traditional values and beliefs. Example: "Some medical professionals hold conservative views and are skeptical of alternative therapies."

7.       pretender: (noun) someone who lays claim to a particular role or position without proper qualifications or authority. Example: "The medical community may view practitioners of alternative medicine as pretenders without proper medical training."

8.       industrialized: (adjective) highly developed, particularly in terms of industry, technology, and economic advancement. Example: "Germany is known for its industrialized economy and efficient manufacturing processes."

9.       orthodox: (adjective) conforming to established or traditional beliefs, practices, or standards. Example: "In some countries, orthodox medicine is the dominant form of healthcare."

10.   pharmaceutical: (adjective) relating to drugs or medications; pertaining to the production and sale of drugs. Example: "The pharmaceutical industry plays a vital role in developing and distributing medications."

11.   scientifically: (adverb) based on or supported by scientific methods, principles, or evidence. Example: "It is important to conduct scientifically rigorous studies to validate the effectiveness of medical treatments."

12.   disenchantment: (noun) a feeling of disappointment or disillusionment, typically resulting from unmet expectations. Example: "Some individuals turn to alternative therapies out of disenchantment with conventional medicine."

13.   popularity: (noun) the state of being widely liked, admired, or supported by a large number of people. Example: "The popularity of yoga has grown significantly in recent years as a form of mind-body exercise."

14.   skeptical: (adjective) having doubts or reservations; questioning or doubting the validity or truth of something. Example: "Some people are skeptical about the effectiveness of alternative therapies."

15.   educate: (verb) to provide knowledge, information, or instruction to someone; to teach. Example: "It is important to educate the public about the benefits and risks of different medical treatments."

16.   expensive: (adjective) costing a lot of money; having a high price. Example: "Some alternative therapies can be expensive, especially when not covered by insurance."

17.   clientele: (noun) the customers or clients of a particular business or professional. Example: "The acupuncture clinic attracts a diverse clientele seeking alternative treatments."

18.   financial: (adjective) relating to money or finances; concerning monetary matters. Example: "The decision to offer alternative therapies was partly driven by financial considerations."

19.   exodus: (noun) a mass departure or migration of people from a place. Example: "The increasing popularity of alternative therapies has led to an exodus from traditional medical clinics."

20.   relevant: (adjective) closely connected or appropriate to the matter at hand; pertinent. Example: "The survey provided relevant data on patients' experiences with alternative therapists."

21.   inadequacies: (noun) deficiencies or shortcomings; the state of being insufficient or lacking in some way. Example: "The study highlighted the inadequacies of orthodox doctors in addressing chronic illnesses."

22.   mainstream: (noun) the dominant or prevailing trend, ideology, or group in society. Example: "Alternative therapies are gradually gaining acceptance in the mainstream healthcare system."

23.   concurs: (verb) to agree or be in harmony with someone or something. Example: "The president of the medical association concurs that alternative therapists have valuable insights."

24.   musculo-skeletal: (adjective) relating to the muscles, bones, and other structures involved in movement and support of the body. Example: "Chiropractors specialize in treating musculo-skeletal conditions such as back pain."

25.   complaints: (noun) ailments, disorders, or problems that individuals experience and seek treatment for. Example: "Alternative therapists address a wide range of complaints, including digestive issues and emotional problems."

26.   represent: (verb) to stand for or symbolize something; to act as a typical or characteristic Example of something. Example: "These statistics represent the prevalence of different health conditions among patients seeking alternative therapies."

27.   respiratory: (adjective) relating to the organs and processes involved in breathing and the respiratory system. Example: "Some individuals turn to alternative therapies for relief from respiratory conditions like asthma."

28.   candida: (noun) a type of yeast or fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, commonly causing oral or vaginal infections. Example: "Alternative therapies may be sought by individuals dealing with chronic candida infections."

29.   headache: (noun) a continuous or recurrent pain in the head; a common symptom of various conditions. Example: "Many people seek alternative treatments for headaches as a non-pharmaceutical approach."

30.   general ill health: (phrase) a state of poor physical well-being or a range of unexplained symptoms indicating overall poor health. Example: "Some individuals visit alternative therapists for a holistic approach to addressing general ill health."

31.   maintenance: (noun) the process of preserving or keeping something in good condition or working order. Example: "Regular exercise and a healthy diet are essential for the maintenance of good health."

32.   survey: (noun) a systematic collection of data or opinions from a sample of individuals or a population. Example: "The survey aimed to gather information about the experiences and preferences of alternative therapy patients."

33.   adjunct: (noun) something added or connected to a larger or more important thing; an accessory or supplement. Example: "Alternative medicine can be viewed as an adjunct to conventional medicine, providing additional options for patients.

34.   disillusionment: (noun) a feeling of disappointment or loss of faith in something or someone previously believed in. Example: "The lack of improvement with conventional treatments led to disillusionment and the search for alternative therapies."

35.   conventional: (adjective) following traditional or widely accepted practices, methods, or standards. Example: "Conventional medicine relies on evidence-based practices supported by scientific research."

36.   mind-body: (adjective) relating to the connection between mental and physical well-being; involving the interaction of the mind and body. Example: "Yoga and meditation are popular practices for promoting mind-body wellness."

37.   validation: (noun) the process of confirming or verifying the accuracy, effectiveness, or legitimacy of something. Example: "Clinical trials are conducted to provide validation for the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments."

38.   risks: (noun) potential dangers, hazards, or negative consequences associated with a particular action or decision. Example: "Alternative therapies, like any medical intervention, carry certain risks that should be considered."

39.   complementary: (adjective) combining or working well together; used to describe treatments that enhance or support each other. Example: "Some patients use complementary therapies alongside conventional treatments for a more holistic approach."

40.   holistic: (adjective) considering the whole person or a comprehensive approach that addresses all aspects of a person's well-being. Example: "Holistic medicine takes into account physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects of a patient's health."

41.   prevalence: (noun) the occurrence or frequency of something within a population or specific group. Example: "The prevalence of alternative therapy use has increased in recent years."

42.   search: (verb) to look or seek diligently or systematically; to explore or investigate. Example: "Patients often search for alternative treatments when conventional options are limited."

43.   dominant: (adjective) having the greatest influence, control, or power; prevailing or most common. Example: "Conventional medicine remains the dominant approach in the healthcare system."

44.   insights: (noun) valuable or enlightening information, understanding, or perspectives. Example: "Alternative therapists bring unique insights and perspectives to patient care."

45.   ailments: (noun) minor illnesses or health problems; physical or mental disorders that are not severe. Example: "Alternative therapies can provide relief for common ailments such as headaches or muscle pain."

46.   relief: (noun) a lessening or alleviation of pain, discomfort, or distress. Example: "Massage therapy can provide relief from muscle tension and promote relaxation."

47.   prevalent: (adjective) widespread or commonly found; existing or occurring in a large number or amount. Example: "Back pain is a prevalent condition that many individuals seek alternative therapies for."

48.   non-pharmaceutical: (adjective) not involving or related to the use of pharmaceutical drugs. Example: "Some individuals prefer non-pharmaceutical approaches for managing chronic conditions."

49.   personalized: (adjective) tailored or customized to meet an individual's specific needs or preferences. Example: "Alternative therapists often provide personalized treatment plans based on the patient's unique circumstances."

50.   answer: (noun) a solution or response to a problem or question; a resolution or explanation. Example: "When conventional medicine fails to provide an answer, individuals may turn to alternative therapies in search of different approaches to their health concerns.

PASSAGE-3

PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS

1. engrossed: (adjective) completely absorbed or focused on something. Example: "The children were so engrossed in their make-believe game that they didn't notice the time passing."

2. make-believe: (noun) pretending or imaginative play. Example: "Children often engage in make-believe scenarios, using their imagination to create new worlds."

3. carefree: (adjective) without worries or responsibilities; free from concern. Example: "During their summer break, the children enjoyed a carefree lifestyle, playing and exploring without any worries."

4. exuberant: (adjective) full of energy, excitement, and enthusiasm. Example: "The kittens displayed their exuberant nature as they chased after a ball of string."

5. cost: (verb) to cause a loss or negative consequence. Example: "Playing near the edge of the cliff cost the young fox its life, as it failed to notice the approaching predator."

6. predator: (noun) an animal that hunts and feeds on other animals. Example: "The lions in the savannah are powerful predators, preying on herbivores for their survival."

7. expensive: (adjective) requiring a large amount of money, resources, or effort. Example: "Playing sports can be physically expensive, as it demands a lot of energy and stamina."

8. cavort: (verb) to jump or move around in a lively and playful manner. Example: "The playful dolphins cavorted in the waves, leaping out of the water with joy."

9. wasting: (verb) using or spending something unnecessarily or without purpose. Example: "Leaving the lights on when not needed is wasting electricity and increasing energy consumption."

10. optimum: (noun) the best or most favorable point, degree, or amount. Example: "The optimum time to water plants is early in the morning when the soil can absorb the moisture effectively."

11. advantageous: (adjective) beneficial; providing an advantage or benefit. Example: "For a bird, having a keen sense of sight is advantageous for finding food and avoiding predators."

12. suckling: (noun) a young mammal that is still being nourished with milk from its mother. Example: "The suckling instinctively seeks its mother for milk and warmth."

13. decline: (verb) to become smaller, weaker, or less in quantity, importance, or quality. Example: "As the puppies grew older, their interest in play started to decline, and they became more focused on other activities."

14. interpretation: (noun) the act of explaining or understanding the meaning or significance of something. Example: "Different people can have different interpretations of a work of art based on their own perspectives."

15. predatory: (adjective) related to or characteristic of predators or predation. Example: "The predatory instincts of a lion are honed through play and practice during its early stages of life."

16. hunting prowess: (noun phrase) exceptional skill or ability in hunting. Example: "The cheetah's hunting prowess is unmatched, allowing it to chase down prey with incredible speed."

1. measurement: (noun) the action of measuring something or the result of a measurement. Example: "Scientists conducted precise measurements to determine the correlation between brain size and playfulness in mammals."

2. converse: (verb) to have a conversation or discussion; to exchange ideas or opinions. Example: "During the conference, researchers conversed about their findings and shared insights with one another."

3. mould: (verb) to shape or form something; to influence or guide the development of something. Example: "Early experiences and interactions mould a child's personality and behavior."

4. stimuli: (noun) plural form of stimulus; things that provoke a reaction or response. Example: "Children exposed to various stimuli from a young age tend to have better cognitive development."

5. absorb: (verb) to take in or soak up something; to understand or comprehend information. Example: "Children's brains are like sponges, able to absorb knowledge quickly and effortlessly."

6. variable: (adjective) changing or able to be changed; not consistent or fixed. Example: "The weather in this region is highly variable, with frequent shifts in temperature and precipitation."

7. unpredictable: (adjective) not able to be predicted or anticipated; uncertain. Example: "The stock market can be highly unpredictable, with prices fluctuating rapidly."

8. likens: (verb) to compare or equate someone or something to another. Example: "The researcher likens the brain's activity during play to a kaleidoscope, with constantly changing patterns."

9. reciprocity: (noun) the practice of exchanging things or actions with others for mutual benefit or cooperation. Example: "In social interactions, reciprocity plays a crucial role in building and maintaining relationships."

10. specialised: (adjective) designed or developed for a particular purpose, function, or area of study. Example: "Certain birds have specialised beaks that are adapted for specific feeding habits, such as cracking nuts or probing flowers."

11. rules: (noun) principles or guidelines that define how something should be done or how people should behave. Example: "In sports, it's important to follow the rules to ensure fair play and maintain a level playing field."

12. activation: (noun) the process of making something active or causing it to function or operate. Example: "During play, there is increased activation in different regions of the brain, facilitating learning and cognitive development."

13. link-ups: (noun) connections or associations between different elements or parts. Example: "Play can create unexpected link-ups between brain areas, fostering creativity and innovative thinking."

14. enhance: (verb) to improve or increase the quality, value, or effectiveness of something. Example: "Regular exercise can enhance physical fitness and overall well-being."

15. creativity: (noun) the ability to produce original and imaginative ideas, solutions, or expressions. Example: "Engaging in artistic activities can nurture a child's creativity and self-expression."

16. experimentation: (noun) the act of conducting experiments or tests to gather data or explore a hypothesis. Example: "Scientists rely on experimentation to validate theories and expand our understanding of the natural world."

17. interact: (verb) to communicate or engage with someone or something; to have an effect on each other. Example: "Children learn social skills by **inter

1. interact: (verb) to communicate or engage with someone or something; to have an effect on each other. Example: "Children learn social skills by interacting with their peers and practicing cooperation."

2. denied: (verb) to refuse or withhold something from someone; to not allow or grant access. Example: "The rat pups were denied the opportunity to play, resulting in stunted brain development."

3. components: (noun) parts or elements that make up a whole. Example: "The brain consists of various components that contribute to different functions and processes."

4. apply: (verb) to use or implement something in a practical or relevant way. Example: "Children need to apply the social rules they learn during play when interacting with their peers."

5. peers: (noun) people of the same age, status, or ability as oneself; colleagues or companions. Example: "In school, children learn from and interact with their peers, fostering social development and cooperation."

6. exam-orientated: (adjective) focused or centered around examinations or tests. Example: "In some educational systems, the curriculum becomes increasingly exam-orientated, putting pressure on students to perform well in tests."

7. result: (noun) the outcome or consequence of an action or event. Example: "The result of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis and provided valuable insights."

8. ratified: (verb) to officially approve or confirm something, especially through a formal process. Example: "The findings of the study were ratified by a panel of experts in the field."

9. correlation: (noun) a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things. Example: "The study revealed a strong positive correlation between physical activity and overall well-being."

10. influence: (verb) to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something. Example: "Parents play a crucial role in shaping and influencing their children's values and beliefs."

11. foster: (verb) to encourage or promote the development or growth of something. Example: "The school aims to foster a supportive and inclusive learning environment for all students."

12. insights: (noun) deep understanding or perceptions gained from a situation or experience. Example: "The researcher's insights shed new light on the relationship between play and cognitive development."

13. ability: (noun) the power or skill to do something; competence or proficiency. Example: "Musical ability can be nurtured through practice and dedicated training."

14. nurture: (verb) to care for, protect, and encourage the growth or development of someone or something. Example: "Parents play a vital role in nurturing their child's emotional well-being and self-esteem."

15. perspectives: (noun) individual points of view or ways of looking at and interpreting a situation or idea. Example: "Different cultures have diverse perspectives on societal norms and values."

16. fluctuating: (adjective) changing or varying unpredictably; experiencing ups and downs. Example: "The stock market is known for its fluctuating nature, with prices constantly changing."

17. effortlessly: (adverb) with ease or without much effort or difficulty. Example: "The skilled pianist played the complex piece effortlessly, showcasing years of practice and dedication."

1. resultant: (adjective) following as a consequence or outcome; resulting from a particular situation or action. Example: "The resultant effect of regular exercise is improved physical fitness and overall well-being."

Cambridge 4 Reading Test-3

PASSAGE-1

Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth

1. adequately: (adverb) in a manner that is sufficient or suitable. Example: "The school needs to be adequately funded to provide quality education."

2. dearth: (noun) a scarcity or lack of something. Example: "There is a dearth of job opportunities in the rural areas."

3. demand: (noun) the desire or need for a particular product or service. Example: "The demand for organic food has been increasing in recent years."

4. income: (noun) money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments. Example: "Her monthly income comes from her job and rental properties."

5. breakdown: (noun) a failure of a relationship or system. Example: "The breakdown of communication between the team members led to misunderstandings."

6. exploitative: (adjective) taking advantage of someone unfairly for personal gain. Example: "Some employers engage in exploitative practices by paying low wages and providing poor working conditions."

7. urban: (adjective) relating to a city or characteristic of city life. Example: "He prefers the urban lifestyle with its convenience and cultural opportunities."

8. entrepreneurship: (noun) the activity of setting up and running a business, taking on financial risks in the hope of making a profit. Example: "She has a strong passion for entrepreneurship and wants to start her own company."

9. flexible: (adjective) able to change or adapt easily to different circumstances or requirements. Example: "He appreciates a job with flexible working hours as it allows him to balance work and personal life."

10. domestic: (adjective) relating to the running of a home or to family relations. Example: "She enjoys taking care of domestic tasks such as cooking and cleaning."

11. innovative: (adjective) introducing new ideas, methods, or products. Example: "The company is known for its innovative approach to product design."

12. parcels: (noun) packages or objects wrapped in paper or packaging for transportation or delivery. Example: "The courier delivered several parcels to our office this morning."

13. gradually: (adverb) happening slowly or in small stages over a period of time. Example: "She gradually improved her language skills through regular practice."

14. individual: (adjective) relating to or belonging to a single person or thing. Example: "Each individual has unique talents and strengths."

15. relationship: (noun) the way in which two or more people or things are connected or the state of being connected. Example: "They have a close relationship built on trust and mutual respect."

16. assets: (noun) valuable or useful qualities or things. Example: "Her knowledge and experience are her greatest assets in the job market."

17. modest: (adjective) not excessive or elaborate; moderate. Example: "He lives a modest lifestyle, avoiding unnecessary luxury."

18. concept: (noun) an abstract idea or general notion. Example: "She struggled to grasp the concept of quantum mechanics."

19. provision: (noun) the action of providing or supplying something for use. Example: "The government's provision of healthcare services is essential for the well-being of citizens."

1. ambitions: (noun) strong desires or aspirations to achieve something. Example: "She has ambitious ambitions to become a successful entrepreneur and make a positive impact on society."

2. critical: (adjective) of crucial importance; essential. Example: "Time management skills are critical for success in a fast-paced work environment."

3. productive: (adjective) producing or achieving a significant amount or result. Example: "He has been very productive at work, completing all his tasks ahead of schedule."

4. impoverished: (adjective) extremely poor; lacking financial resources. Example: "The government should implement policies to alleviate the conditions of the impoverished communities."

5. fulfill: (verb) to satisfy or meet a requirement, desire, or expectation. Example: "Her promotion at work fulfilled her long-held career goals."

6. extended: (adjective) lasting for a longer period or greater length. Example: "The project timeline had to be extended due to unexpected delays."

7. association: (noun) a connection or relationship between people or organizations. Example: "She has a strong association with various charitable organizations."

8. procedure: (noun) a series of actions conducted in a particular order or manner. Example: "Before surgery, the doctors followed a strict procedure to ensure patient safety."

9. enforce: (verb) to compel or ensure compliance with rules, regulations, or laws. Example: "The police officers are responsible for enforcing traffic laws."

10. tremendous: (adjective) very large, great, or intense. Example: "The team made a tremendous effort to complete the project ahead of schedule."

11. emphasis: (noun) special importance, value, or prominence given to something. Example: "The teacher placed emphasis on the importance of critical thinking skills."

12. financial: (adjective) relating to money or the management of money. Example: "She has extensive financial knowledge and experience in investment banking."

13. initiative: (noun) a new plan or action taken to solve a problem or improve a situation. Example: "The government launched an initiative to promote renewable energy sources."

14. enterprise: (noun) a project or business venture, typically involving some risk or innovation. Example: "He started his own enterprise in the tech industry and has seen significant growth."

15. savings: (noun) money that is saved or set aside for future use. Example: "She has a habit of regularly depositing a portion of her income into her savings account."

16. program: (noun) a planned series of activities or actions with a particular purpose. Example: "The training program provided participants with essential skills and knowledge."

17. partner: (noun) a person or organization that shares in an activity or venture. Example: "He is looking for a business partner to help launch his startup."

18. expansion: (noun) the action of becoming larger or more extensive. Example: "The company's expansion into international markets has increased its global presence."

19. exposure: (noun) the state of being exposed to a particular situation, often involving risks or vulnerabilities. Example: "Children living on the streets face constant exposure to danger and exploitation."

20. exploit: (verb) to make use of someone or something unfairly or for personal gain .Example: "Some individuals exploit the vulnerability of street children for their own benefit."

1. joint: (adjective) done by or involving two or more parties working together. Example: "The project was a joint effort between the government and several NGOs."

2. training: (noun) the action of teaching a person or group of people specific skills or knowledge. Example: "The employees underwent extensive training to improve their customer service skills."

3. skills: (noun) abilities or expertise acquired through training, practice, or experience. Example: "Effective communication and problem-solving are essential skills in the workplace."

4. credit: (noun) money lent or borrowed, typically with a specified interest rate. Example: "He applied for a bank credit to finance his new business venture."

5. participants: (noun) individuals who take part in or are involved in a particular activity. Example: "The conference attracted participants from various industries and countries."

6. lessons: (noun) knowledge or skills acquired through study, experience, or teaching. Example: "She learned valuable lessons about teamwork and leadership in her previous job."

7. concepts: (noun) abstract ideas or principles that help explain or understand something. Example: "The trainer explained complex marketing concepts in a simple and understandable way."

8. in association with: (phrase) in partnership or collaboration with. Example: "The company organized a charity event in association with local nonprofits."

9. critical skills: (noun phrase) essential abilities or competencies that are crucial for success. Example: "Effective communication and problem-solving are critical skills in today's competitive job market."

10. life skills: (noun phrase) abilities and knowledge necessary for managing one's life effectively. Example: "The school curriculum includes teaching life skills such as financial literacy and time management."

11. loan amounts: (noun phrase) the specific sum of money borrowed or lent as part of a loan agreement. Example: "The loan amounts provided by the organization range from $500 to $10,000."

12. bank rates: (noun phrase) the interest rates charged by banks for borrowing money or earning interest on deposits. Example: "The bank rates have been fluctuating due to changes in the economy."

13. economic lives: (noun phrase) the financial aspects and activities that individuals or communities engage in to sustain their livelihoods. Example: "The organization aims to improve the economic lives of marginalized communities through entrepreneurship programs."

14. poverty: (noun) the state of being extremely poor, lacking the resources or means to meet basic needs. Example: "The government implemented policies to alleviate poverty and provide social support to vulnerable populations."

15. knowledge: (noun) information, skills, and understanding acquired through experience, education, or training. Example: "She has extensive knowledge in the field of environmental sustainability."

16. paper: (noun) a document or piece of writing, often in the form of a sheet or roll, made of paper or a similar material. Example: "She signed the legal paper to finalize the contract."

17. management: (noun) the process of planning, organizing, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals. Example: "Effective management is crucial for the success of any organization."

PASSAGE-2 

 Volcanoes – earth-shattering news

1. Volcanoes - Noun: Openings in the Earth's crust from which hot magma, ash, and gases are discharged during an eruption. Example: The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 was one of the most devastating volcanic events in recent history.

2. Eruption - Noun: A sudden and violent release of magma, gases, and ash from a volcano. Example: The eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 destroyed the ancient city of Pompeii.

3. Kilometres - Noun: Units of measurement equivalent to 1,000 meters. Example: The marathon race is approximately 42.195 kilometers long.

4. Ash - Noun: Fine, powdery residue that is ejected from a volcano during an eruption. Example: The ash cloud from the volcanic eruption disrupted air travel across the region.

5. Globe - Noun: The Earth; the world. Example: The explorer's journey took him to various corners of the globe.

6. Stratosphere - Noun: The second major layer of Earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, characterized by its stability and the presence of the ozone layer. Example: High-altitude aircraft fly in the stratosphere, above most weather systems.

7. Continent - Noun: One of the seven large landmasses on Earth, such as Asia, Africa, Europe, etc. Example: Australia is the smallest continent by land area.

8. Volcanism - Noun: The processes and activities associated with volcanoes. Example: The study of volcanism helps us understand the geothermal energy potential of certain regions.

9. Rifted - Verb (Past tense of "rift"): Split or divided. Example: The tectonic plates rifted apart, creating a deep oceanic trench.

10. Mountain Chains - Noun: A series or row of connected mountains. Example: The Rocky Mountains and the Andes are two famous mountain chains in the Americas.

11. Constructed - Verb (Past tense of "construct"): Built; created. Example: The ancient Egyptians constructed impressive pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs.

12. Topography - Noun: The physical features and characteristics of the surface of a place or region. Example: The topography of the area includes valleys, hills, and rivers.

13. Basement - Noun: The lowermost layer of rock on which other layers of sedimentary rock are deposited. Example: The basement rocks in this region are primarily composed of granite.

14. Atmosphere - Noun: The layer of gases surrounding a celestial body, such as the Earth. Example: The Earth's atmosphere contains a mixture of gases, including nitrogen and oxygen.

15. Stable - Adjective: Not likely to change or undergo a significant shift. Example: The economy has been relatively stable over the past decade.

16. Oceans - Noun: Large bodies of saltwater covering most of the Earth's surface. Example: The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean on Earth.

17. Rivers - Noun: Natural watercourses that flow towards an ocean, sea, or lake. Example: The Nile River is the longest river in the world.

18. Ice-caps - Noun: Masses of ice that cover a significant portion of the Earth's polar regions. Example: The melting of ice caps contributes to rising sea levels.

19. Active - Adjective: Currently erupting or showing signs of volcanic activity. Example: The volcano is considered active and closely monitored by geologists.

20. Cubic Kilometres - Noun: A unit of volume equal to the space occupied by a cube with sides of one kilometer in length. Example: The volcanic eruption released several cubic kilometers of lava and ash into the atmosphere.

21. Smoking Away - Phrase: Continuously emitting smoke or gases. Example: The volcano has been smoking away for days, indicating a potential eruption.

22. Gases - Noun: Substances that are not solid or liquid, such as air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Example: The atmosphere is composed of a mixture of different gases.

23. Water Vapour - Noun: Gaseous form of water. Example: When water boils, it turns into water vapor.

24. Nitrogen - Noun: A colorless, odorless gas that makes up the majority of Earth's atmosphere. Example: Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth.

25. Carbon Dioxide - Noun: A greenhouse gas produced by the respiration of living organisms and the combustion of fossil fuels. Example: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

26. Sulphur Dioxide - Noun: A gas produced by volcanic eruptions and industrial processes. Example: The emissions from the power plant contain high levels of sulfur dioxide.

27. Methane - Noun: A potent greenhouse gas released from sources like livestock, wetlands, and landfills. Example: Methane is a key component of natural gas.

28. Ammonia - Noun: A pungent-smelling gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen. Example: Ammonia is used in household cleaning products.

29. Hydrogen - Noun: A colorless, odorless gas that is the lightest element. Example: Hydrogen is used as fuel in some hydrogen-powered vehicles.

30. Quantity - Noun: The amount or number of something. Example: The quantity of rainfall this year has been unusually high.

31. Mass - Noun: A measure of the amount of matter in an object. Example: The asteroid's mass determines its gravitational pull.

32. Alive - Adjective: Having life; living. Example: Plants and animals are living organisms, and they are considered alive.

33. Soil - Noun: The top layer of the Earth's surface, composed of minerals, organic matter, and water. Example: Good soil is essential for healthy plant growth.

34. Air - Noun: The mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. Example: We need clean air to breathe and sustain life.

35. Stable Atmosphere - Phrase: A consistent and balanced state of the Earth's atmosphere. Example: A stable atmosphere helps regulate weather patterns.

36. Basalt - Noun: A dark, dense volcanic rock that makes up a significant portion of the Earth's crust. Example: The Hawaiian Islands were formed by the accumulation of basalt lava flows.

37. Geothermal Energy - Noun: Energy generated from the heat of the Earth's interior. Example: Geothermal energy is used to produce electricity in some regions.

38. Tectonic Plates - Noun: Large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that move and interact with each other. Example: The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity.

39. Oceanic Trench - Noun: A long, narrow depression on the ocean floor caused by the subduction of one tectonic plate beneath another. Example: The Mariana Trench is the deepest oceanic trench in the world.

40. Impressive - Adjective: Producing admiration or awe due to grandeur or excellence. Example: The view from the mountaintop was truly impressive.

41. Tombs - Noun: Burial places for the dead. Example: The ancient Egyptians constructed elaborate tombs for their pharaohs.

42. Ancient - Adjective: Belonging to a time long past; very old. Example: The ancient city of Rome is rich in history and culture.

43. Troposphere - Noun: The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where weather occurs and temperature decreases with altitude. Example: Most of the Earth's weather occurs in the troposphere.

44. Ozone Layer - Noun: A region in the stratosphere containing a high concentration of ozone molecules that absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation. Example: The ozone layer helps protect life on Earth from the sun's harmful rays.

45. Melting - Verb (Present participle of "melt"): Changing from a solid to a liquid state due to increased temperature. Example: The polar ice caps are melting due to global warming.

46. Geologists - Noun: Scientists who study the Earth's structure, materials, and processes. Example: Geologists use various tools to analyze rocks and minerals.

47. Geothermal - Adjective: Relating to the heat from the Earth's interior. Example: Geothermal energy is harnessed from underground heat sources.

48. Polar Regions - Noun: The regions near the North and South Poles of the Earth. Example: Polar bears are well-adapted to living in the harsh conditions of the polar regions.

49. Atmosphere - Noun: The layer of gases surrounding a celestial body, such as the Earth. Example: The Earth's atmosphere plays a crucial role in supporting life.

50. Geothermal Energy Potential - Phrase: The possibility of using geothermal energy as a renewable power source. Example: Iceland has substantial geothermal energy potential due to its active volcanic activity.

1. Geologists - Noun: Scientists who study the Earth's structure, materials, and processes. Example: Geologists use various tools to analyze rocks and minerals.

2. Molten Core - Noun: The central part of the Earth, believed to be in a liquid state. Example: The molten core generates Earth's magnetic field.

3. Semi-molten Mantle - Noun: The layer of the Earth's interior between the core and the crust, partially melted and ductile. Example: Convection currents in the semi-molten mantle drive tectonic plate movement.

4. Brittle - Adjective: Easily broken or shattered. Example: The brittle nature of some rocks can cause them to fracture under stress.

5. Squishy - Adjective: Soft and easily deformed when squeezed. Example: The marshmallow had a squishy texture.

6. Yolk - Noun: The yellow part of an egg surrounded by the egg white. Example: The chef separated the egg yolk from the egg white.

7. Firm - Adjective: Solid and resistant to pressure. Example: The cake had a firm texture but was still moist.

8. Convection Currents - Noun: Circular currents of heat within a fluid, caused by temperature differences. Example: Convection currents in the Earth's mantle drive plate tectonics.

9. Fracture - Verb: To break or crack, especially due to pressure or stress. Example: The rock fractured when exposed to extreme heat and pressure.

10. Crust - Noun: The outermost layer of the Earth's surface. Example: The Earth's crust is composed of various types of rocks.

11. Plates - Noun: Large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that move and interact with each other. Example: The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity.

12. Overlapping - Verb: Extending over or covering part of something else. Example: The two tectonic plates were overlapping, leading to increased seismic activity.

13. Earthquakes - Noun: Sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Example: The earthquake caused significant damage to buildings and infrastructure.

14. Mid-Ocean Floor - Noun: The oceanic crust that forms at the boundaries of tectonic plates. Example: The mid-ocean floor is characterized by underwater mountain ranges and deep trenches.

15. Lava - Noun: Hot molten rock expelled during a volcanic eruption. Example: The lava flows from the volcano destroyed nearby villages.

16. Atlantic - Noun: The ocean located between the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. Example: The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean on Earth.

17. Philippine - Adjective: Relating to the Philippines, an archipelago in Southeast Asia. Example: The Philippine islands are known for their stunning beaches and diverse marine life.

18. Japan - Noun: An island country in East Asia known for its technological advancements and rich culture. Example: Mount Fuji is one of the most iconic symbols of Japan.

19. Tectonic Plates - Noun: Large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that move and interact with each other. Example: The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity.

20. Dramatic - Adjective: Striking or impressive in appearance or effect. Example: The volcano's eruption created a dramatic display of ash and lava.

21. Explosions - Noun: Violent and sudden releases of energy, often accompanied by loud sounds and forceful ejections of materials. Example: The explosion of the fireworks lit up the night sky.

22. Rockies - Noun: Short for the Rocky Mountains, a mountain range in North America. Example: The Rockies are a popular destination for hikers and outdoor enthusiasts.

23. Archipelago - Noun: A group or chain of islands. Example: The Philippines is an archipelago composed of over 7,000 islands.

24. Mantle - Noun: The layer of the Earth's interior between the core and the crust, partially melted and ductile. Example: The mantle plays a crucial role in plate tectonics and volcanic activity.

25. Halter - Adjective: Slow or sluggish. Example: The flow of the mantle is halter but continuous.

26. Treacle - Noun: A thick, dark, and sticky syrup made from molasses. Example: The dessert was drizzled with treacle for added sweetness.

27. Convection - Noun: The transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature and density. Example: Convection currents in the atmosphere influence weather patterns.

28. Plug - Noun: A solid, often hardened, mass that blocks an opening or hole. Example: The lava cooled and formed a plug in the volcanic vent.

29. Irresistible - Adjective: Too appealing or powerful to be resisted or ignored. Example: The smell of freshly baked cookies was irresistible.

30. Pelée - Noun: A volcano on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean. Example: The eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902 caused widespread devastation.

31. Blast - Noun: A violent explosion. Example: The blast from the bomb shattered windows in nearby buildings.

32. Indonesia - Noun: A country in Southeast Asia consisting of thousands of islands. Example: Indonesia is known for its rich biodiversity and cultural diversity.

33. Stratosphere - Noun: The second major layer of Earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, characterized by its stability and the presence of the ozone layer. Example: High-altitude aircraft fly in the stratosphere, above most weather systems.

34. Europe - Noun: The continent that includes countries such as France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Example: Europe has a diverse cultural heritage and historical landmarks.

35. North America - Noun: The continent that includes the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Example: North America is the third-largest continent in terms of land area.

36. Volcanoes - Noun: Openings in the Earth's crust from which hot magma, ash, and gases are discharged during an eruption. Example: The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 was one of the most devastating volcanic events in recent history.

37. Cap - Verb: To cover or seal something. Example: The volcano capped itself with a layer of solidified lava.

38. Harvest - Noun: The process of gathering crops from the fields. Example: The harvest season is a busy time for farmers.

1. Magma - Noun: Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, often associated with volcanic activity. Example: The volcano erupted, sending hot magma into the air.

2. Surges - Verb: Moves or rushes suddenly and powerfully. Example: The river surged after heavy rainfall, causing flooding.

3. Gases - Noun: Substances that are not solid or liquid, such as air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Example: The atmosphere is composed of a mixture of different gases.

4. Expand - Verb: To increase in size or volume. Example: As the balloon is heated, it expands and takes up more space.

5. Froth - Verb: To form bubbles or foam on the surface of a liquid. Example: The milk froths when steamed, creating a creamy texture.

6. Tremendous - Adjective: Very large or powerful; extraordinary. Example: The explosion caused tremendous damage to the surrounding area.

7. Cooler - Adjective: Having a lower temperature than something else. Example: The weather is cooler in the evening after the sun sets.

8. Crater - Noun: A bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano, formed by an eruption. Example: The astronauts explored the crater of the dormant volcano.

9. Mars - Noun: The fourth planet from the sun in our solar system. Example: Mars is often referred to as the "Red Planet" due to its reddish appearance.

10. Moon - Noun: The natural satellite of the Earth. Example: Neil Armstrong was the first human to walk on the moon.

11. Jupiter - Noun: The largest planet in our solar system, known for its prominent storm called the Great Red Spot. Example: Jupiter is a gas giant and has a large number of moons.

12. Uranus - Noun: The seventh planet from the sun, known for its unique tilt on its axis. Example: Uranus appears bluish-green due to the presence of methane in its atmosphere.

13. Vulcanologists - Noun: Scientists who study volcanoes and volcanic activity. Example: Vulcanologists monitor volcanic activity to assess potential hazards.

14. Evidence - Noun: Information or data that supports a conclusion or claim. Example: The detective gathered evidence to solve the mystery.

15. Pumice - Noun: A light, porous volcanic rock formed from frothy lava with trapped gas bubbles. Example: Pumice stones are used for exfoliating and smoothing skin.

16. Crystalline - Adjective: Composed of crystals or having a regular crystal structure. Example: The snowflakes had a beautiful crystalline pattern.

17. Basalt - Noun: A dark, dense volcanic rock that makes up a significant portion of the Earth's crust. Example: The Hawaiian Islands were formed by the accumulation of basalt lava flows.

18. Giant's Causeway - Noun: A famous basalt formation in Northern Ireland with distinctive hexagonal columns. Example: The Giant's Causeway is a popular tourist attraction.

19. Gentle - Adjective: Mild or gradual in effect or action. Example: The gentle rain helped to water the plants.

20. Vulcanologists - Noun: Scientists who study volcanoes and volcanic activity. Example: Vulcanologists monitor volcanic activity to assess potential hazards.

21. Mantle - Noun: The layer of the Earth's interior between the core and the crust, partially melted and ductile. Example: The mantle plays a crucial role in plate tectonics and volcanic activity.

22. Evidence - Noun: Information or data that supports a conclusion or claim. Example: The detective gathered evidence to solve the mystery.

23. Mid-Ocean Floor - Noun: The oceanic crust that forms at the boundaries of tectonic plates. Example: The mid-ocean floor is characterized by underwater mountain ranges and deep trenches.

24. Moons - Noun: Natural satellites that orbit planets. Example: Jupiter has numerous moons, including Io, Europa, and Ganymede.

25. Philippine - Adjective: Relating to the Philippines, an archipelago in Southeast Asia. Example: The Philippine islands are known for their stunning beaches and diverse marine life.

26. Dramatic - Adjective: Striking or impressive in appearance or effect. Example: The volcano's eruption created a dramatic display of ash and lava.

27. Explosions - Noun: Violent and sudden releases of energy, often accompanied by loud sounds and forceful ejections of materials. Example: The explosion of the fireworks lit up the night sky.

28. Rockies - Noun: Short for the Rocky Mountains, a mountain range in North America. Example: The Rockies are a popular destination for hikers and outdoor enthusiasts.

29. Archipelago - Noun: A group or chain of islands. Example: The Philippines is an archipelago composed of over 7,000 islands.

30. Force - Noun: Strength or energy applied to an object to make it move or change direction. Example: The force of the wind caused the tree branches to sway.

31. Mount Pinatubo - Noun: A volcano located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Example: The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 was one of the most significant volcanic events of the 20th century.

32. Manila - Noun: The capital city of the Philippines. Example: Manila is a bustling metropolis with a rich cultural heritage.

33. Pacific 'Ring of Fire' - Noun: A region in the Pacific Ocean known for its frequent seismic and volcanic activity. Example: The Pacific 'Ring of Fire' is characterized by its many active volcanoes and earthquake-prone areas.

34. El Chichón - Noun: A volcano in Mexico that erupted in 1982. Example: The eruption of El Chichón caused significant devastation in the surrounding region.

35. Decade - Noun: A period of ten years. Example: The company celebrated its 50th anniversary last decade.

36. World-shaking - Adjective: Having a significant and widespread impact on the world. Example: The world-shaking event changed the course of history.

37. Blasts - Noun: Explosions or sudden releases of energy. Example: The powerful blast from the volcano sent ash and debris high into the sky.

38. Krakatoa - Noun: A volcanic island in Indonesia famous for its massive eruption in 1883. Example: The eruption of Krakatoa caused a global climatic impact and resulted in the deaths of thousands of people.

39. Sunda Straits - Noun: The strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. Example: The Sunda Straits are an important maritime route connecting the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean.

40. Predictable - Adjective: Able to be foreseen or anticipated. Example: The scientist's predictions about the weather were remarkably accurate.

PASSAGE-3

                         Obtaining Linguistic Data

1. Procedures - Noun: A set of actions or steps taken to achieve a particular goal or outcome. Example: The medical team followed strict procedures during the surgery.

2. Obtaining - Verb (Present participle of "obtain"): To acquire or get hold of something. Example: The researchers are obtaining data from various sources for their study.

3. Utterances - Noun: Spoken or written words or phrases. Example: The linguist analyzed the meaning of the speaker's utterances.

4. Casual - Adjective: Relaxed, informal, or not planned in advance. Example: We had a casual conversation over coffee.

5. Introspection - Noun: The examination or observation of one's own thoughts and feelings. Example: Through introspection, she gained insight into her emotions.

6. Norm - Noun: A standard or accepted pattern of behavior. Example: Punctuality is considered a norm in many cultures.

7. Generative - Adjective: Relating to the process of generating or producing something. Example: The generative approach to language focuses on the rules underlying sentence structure.

8. Uncertain - Adjective: Not sure or definite; lacking confidence. Example: The outcome of the experiment is uncertain at this point.

9. Disagree - Verb: To have a different opinion or to express a conflicting view. Example: The two experts disagree on the best approach to the problem.

10. Objective - Adjective: Based on facts and free from personal bias or opinions. Example: The report presents an objective analysis of the data.

11. Enquiry - Noun: An investigation or search for information. Example: The police conducted an enquiry to determine the cause of the accident.

12. Scrupulous - Adjective: Diligent and thorough in attending to details. Example: The scrupulous researcher double-checked the data for accuracy.

13. Sampling Theory - Noun: The branch of statistics that deals with the selection of a subset of individuals or items from a larger population. Example: The sampling theory is crucial for ensuring the representativeness of the data.

14. Investigative - Adjective: Related to or involving investigation and research. Example: The detective used various investigative techniques to solve the case.

15. Naturalistic - Adjective: Realistic or resembling nature. Example: The filmmaker aimed to capture the naturalistic beauty of the landscape.

16. Paradox - Noun: A statement or situation that seems contradictory or logically absurd but may still be true. Example: The Fermi Paradox questions the apparent contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial life and the lack of contact.

17. Ethical - Adjective: Relating to principles of right and wrong conduct. Example: The company adheres to strict ethical guidelines in its business practices.

18. Stimulates - Verb (Present tense of "stimulate"): To encourage or arouse interest or activity. Example: The teacher used games to stimulate the students' creativity.

19. Non-verbal - Adjective: Not involving spoken words. Example: Non-verbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions, and body language.

20. Transcriptions - Noun: Written or typed records of spoken language. Example: The linguist carefully transcribed the interview recordings.

21. Facial Expression - Noun: The movements and changes in the face that convey emotions and attitudes. Example: Her facial expression showed surprise when she saw the birthday cake.

22. Elicited - Verb (Past tense of "elicit"): To draw out or bring forth. Example: The therapist elicited memories from the patient to explore past traumas.

23. Participant - Noun: A person who takes part in an activity or event. Example: The participants in the study were asked to complete a questionnaire.

24. Context - Noun: The circumstances or setting in which something happens. Example: The context of a conversation can influence its meaning.

25. Limitations - Noun: Constraints or restrictions that prevent something from being fully effective or complete. Example: The study's limitations were taken into account when interpreting the results.

26. Bilingual - Adjective: Able to speak two languages fluently. Example: Growing up in a multilingual household, she became bilingual from an early age.

27. Interpreter - Noun: A person who translates spoken language from one language to another. Example: The conference had interpreters to help attendees who spoke different languages.

28. Questionnaires - Noun: Written surveys used to gather information or opinions from respondents. Example: The researchers distributed questionnaires to collect data from the participants.

29. Elicitation - Noun: The act of drawing out information or responses from someone. Example: The teacher used elicitation techniques to encourage student participation.

30. Bilingual Informant - Phrase: A person who is fluent in two languages and provides language data for analysis. Example: The linguist conducted interviews with bilingual informants to study language contact phenomena.

31. Hypothesis - Noun: A proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through research. Example: The scientist's hypothesis suggested that the new drug would improve patient outcomes.

32. Corpus - Noun: A representative collection of language data used for linguistic analysis. Example: The linguist analyzed the corpus to identify patterns in the language usage.

33. Unbiased - Adjective: Free from bias or prejudice; impartial. Example: The judge made an unbiased decision based on the evidence presented in court.

34. Frequency - Noun: The rate or occurrence of something within a specific period. Example: The frequency of earthquakes in the region has increased in recent years.

35. Transcriptions - Noun: Written or typed records of spoken language. Example: The linguist carefully transcribed the interview recordings.

36. Extent - Noun: The degree or scope to which something happens or is true. Example: The extent of the damage caused by the storm was extensive.

37. Hypothesis - Noun: A proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through research. Example: The scientist's hypothesis suggested that the new drug would improve patient outcomes.

38. Researcher - Noun: A person who conducts research or investigations to gain knowledge or understanding. Example: The researcher collected data from various sources to support the study's findings.

39. Variable - Noun: A factor or element that can change or vary in value. Example: The scientist studied the relationship between temperature and plant growth as the independent variable.

40. Pronunciation - Noun: The way in which words are spoken or pronounced. Example: She worked on improving her pronunciation of difficult sounds in the foreign language.

41. Elicit - Verb: To draw out or bring forth (a response or reaction). Example: The teacher used questions to elicit responses from the students.

42. Substitution Frame - Noun: A linguistic structure in which one or more elements are replaced with specific words or phrases. Example: The linguist used a substitution frame to study different verb forms.

43. Direct Methods - Noun: Techniques or approaches that involve directly asking for specific language data. Example: The linguist used direct methods of elicitation to collect information about word usage.

44. Major Research Projects - Phrase: Large-scale studies that involve extensive investigation and data collection. Example: The university received funding for a major research project on language acquisition.

45. Principle - Noun: A fundamental truth or law that serves as the basis for a belief or action. Example: The principle of equality advocates for fairness and equal treatment for all.

46. Inevitably - Adverb: In a way that is certain to happen; unavoidably. Example: With time, technological advancements are inevitably made.

47. Supplemented - Verb (Past tense of "supplement"): To add to or enhance something by providing additional support or information. Example: The report was supplemented with charts and graphs for better understanding.

48. Derived - Verb (Past participle of "derive"): To obtain or receive from a source. Example: The researcher derived valuable insights from analyzing the data.

49. Intuitions - Noun: The ability to understand or know something immediately without the need for conscious reasoning. Example: Her intuitions about people often proved accurate.

50. Experimentation - Noun: The process of conducting experiments to test hypotheses or gather data. Example: The scientist performed controlled experimentation to investigate the effects of a new drug.

Cambridge 4 Reading Test-4

PASSAGE-1

How much higher? How much faster?

1. Endurance - Noun: The ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort. Example: Marathon runners need great endurance to complete the race.

2. Dramatic - Adjective: Striking or impressive in appearance or effect. Example: The dramatic improvement in his performance surprised everyone.

3. Complement - Noun: A thing that completes or brings to perfection. Example: His speed and strength are a complement to his athletic abilities.

4. Appreciably - Adverb: To a noticeable or significant degree. Example: The temperature dropped appreciably overnight.

5. Genetics - Noun: The study of genes and heredity, and their influence on traits and characteristics. Example: Genetics plays a crucial role in determining physical traits.

6. Emphasizing - Verb (Present participle of "emphasize"): To give special importance or prominence to something. Example: The coach is emphasizing the importance of teamwork.

7. Endow - Verb: To provide with a quality or ability. Example: Some individuals are endowed with natural athletic talent.

8. Plyometrics - Noun: A training technique that focuses on explosive movements to improve power. Example: Plyometrics exercises help athletes enhance their jumping ability.

9. Trace Minerals - Noun: Essential minerals required by the body in small amounts for proper functioning. Example: Iron and zinc are examples of trace minerals necessary for good health.

10. Nutritional - Adjective: Related to nutrition and the process of nourishment. Example: Athletes need a well-balanced nutritional diet to perform at their best.

11. Methodologies - Noun: Methods or approaches used in a particular field of study. Example: Researchers are exploring new methodologies to understand athletic performance.

12. Biomechanics - Noun: The study of the mechanical principles of movement in living organisms. Example: Biomechanics helps analyze the efficiency of an athlete's movements.

13. Digitizes - Verb: To convert data into a digital format. Example: The scientist digitizes the athlete's performance for analysis.

14. Three Dimensions - Noun: The measurements of length, width, and depth in a three-dimensional space. Example: The 3D model of the building shows all three dimensions.

15. Jumper - Noun: A person who participates in a jumping event, such as high jump or long jump. Example: The high jumper cleared the bar with ease.

16. Comprehending - Verb (Present participle of "comprehend"): To understand or grasp the meaning of something. Example: The students have difficulty comprehending complex mathematical concepts.

17. Unorthodox - Adjective: Contrary to what is usual, traditional, or established. Example: The athlete's unorthodox technique surprised the coaches.

18. Vexingly - Adverb: In a way that causes annoyance or frustration. Example: The complicated instructions were vexingly difficult to follow.

19. Equation - Noun: A mathematical statement showing that two expressions are equal. Example: Solving this equation requires advanced algebra skills.

20. Innovation - Noun: A new idea, method, or device. Example: The latest innovation in athletic equipment improved performance.

21. Resourcefulness - Noun: The ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties. Example: The athlete's resourcefulness allowed him to adapt to changing conditions.

22. Humbled - Verb (Past participle of "humble"): To cause someone to feel less important or proud. Example: The challenging competition humbled the confident athlete.

23. Resourcefulness - Noun: The ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties. Example: The athlete's resourcefulness allowed him to adapt to changing conditions.

24. Equation - Noun: A mathematical statement showing that two expressions are equal. Example: Solving this equation requires advanced algebra skills.

25. Innovation - Noun: A new idea, method, or device. Example: The latest innovation in athletic equipment improved performance.

26. Resourcefulness - Noun: The ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties. Example: The athlete's resourcefulness allowed him to adapt to changing conditions.

27. Humbled - Verb (Past participle of "humble"): To cause someone to feel less important or proud. Example: The challenging competition humbled the confident athlete.

28. Fundamental - Adjective: Basic, essential, or foundational. Example: Proper nutrition is fundamental to an athlete's performance.

29. Futile - Adjective: Pointless or incapable of producing any useful result. Example: Despite their efforts, the team's attempts to win seemed futile.

30. Continues - Verb (Present tense of "continue"): To persist or go on without interruption. Example: The athlete's training regimen continues throughout the year.

31. Breakthrough - Noun: A significant and notable discovery or development. Example: The new training technique was a breakthrough in athletic performance.

32. Impressive - Adjective: Producing admiration or awe due to grandeur or excellence. Example: The athlete's impressive jump set a new record.

33. Optimal - Adjective: Best or most favorable; optimum. Example: Finding the optimal training routine is essential for peak performance.

34. Efficient - Adjective: Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Example: The athlete's efficient technique allowed for faster running times.

35. Swiftness - Noun: The quality of being quick or rapid. Example: The swiftness of his movements impressed the spectators.

36. Long Jump - Noun: A track and field event in which athletes attempt to leap the greatest distance horizontally from a take-off point. Example: She won the gold medal in the long jump event.

37. Vexing - Adjective: Causing annoyance or frustration. Example: The athlete faced vexing challenges during the race.

38. Breakthrough - Noun: A significant and notable discovery or development. Example: The new training technique was a breakthrough in athletic performance.

39. Propelled - Verb (Past participle of "propel"): To drive or push forward; to cause to move in a particular direction. Example: The strong winds propelled the sailboat across the water.

40. Prowess - Noun: Exceptional skill or ability, especially in a particular field or activity. Example: The gymnast's prowess on the balance beam impressed the judges.

41. Flawlessly - Adverb: In a manner without any mistakes or imperfections. Example: The athlete executed the routine flawlessly.

42. Perseverance - Noun: Steadfastness in doing something despite difficulties or delays in achieving success. Example: The athlete's perseverance in training paid off with a victory.

43. Medley - Noun: A mixture or combination of various elements. Example: The swimming competition includes a medley of different strokes.

44. Thwarted - Verb (Past participle of "thwart"): To prevent someone from accomplishing something. Example: The opposing team thwarted the athlete's attempt to score.

45. Indomitable - Adjective: Impossible to subdue or defeat. Example: The athlete displayed indomitable spirit, never giving up despite the odds.

46. Resilience - Noun: The ability to recover quickly from setbacks or difficulties. Example: The athlete's resilience allowed her to bounce back after a disappointing performance.

47. Unyielding - Adjective: Firm and determined, not giving way to pressure or persuasion. Example: The athlete's unyielding commitment to training led to success.

48. Victories - Noun (Plural of "victory"): Achievements or successes in competitions. Example: The athlete celebrated multiple victories throughout the season.

49. Obstacles - Noun: Challenges or barriers that impede progress. Example: The athlete overcame numerous obstacles to reach the top.

50. Astonishing - Adjective: Extremely surprising or impressive. Example: The athlete's astonishing feat set a new world record.

PASSAGE-2

The Nature and Aims of Archaeology

Archaeology - Noun: The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains. Example: The archaeologists uncovered ancient pottery fragments at the dig site.

2. Scientific Analyst - Noun: A professional who examines and interprets data using scientific methods and techniques. Example: The scientific analyst studied the chemical composition of the rock samples.

3. Creative Imagination - Noun: The ability to come up with original and inventive ideas. Example: The artist's paintings were a result of her creative imagination.

4. Excavation - Noun: The process of digging and uncovering archaeological remains. Example: The team conducted an excavation to unearth ancient artifacts.

5. Inuit - Noun: A group of indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, and Alaska. Example: The Inuit have a rich cultural heritage and a deep connection to the environment.

6. Sewers - Noun: Underground channels or pipes that carry wastewater and sewage away from buildings. Example: The city's sewer system was designed to prevent flooding during heavy rains.

7. Interpretation - Noun: The act of explaining or understanding the meaning of something. Example: The museum guide provided an interpretation of the ancient artifacts on display.

8. Conservation - Noun: The protection and preservation of cultural, historical, and natural resources. Example: The organization focuses on the conservation of endangered species.

9. Intellectual Pursuit - Noun: A scholarly or academic pursuit involving the exploration of ideas and knowledge. Example: Pursuing a Ph.D. in philosophy is an intellectual pursuit.

10. Detective Work - Noun: Investigative and analytical work to uncover facts and solve problems. Example: Solving complex mathematical problems requires detective work and logical reasoning.

11. Fiction Writers - Noun: Authors who write imaginative stories and novels. Example: Many fiction writers draw inspiration from real-life events for their plots.

12. Portrayals - Noun: Representations or depictions of something or someone in a particular way. Example: The actor's portrayal of the historical figure was praised by critics.

13. Reality - Noun: The state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined or believed to be. Example: The documentary provides a glimpse of the harsh reality of life in a war-torn region.

14. Quest - Noun: A journey or search for something valuable or important. Example: The knight embarked on a quest to find the mythical sword.

15. Discipline - Noun: A branch of knowledge or field of study. Example: Physics is a discipline that explores the fundamental laws of the universe.

16. Anthropology - Noun: The study of humanity, including its physical characteristics, culture, and social behavior. Example: Anthropologists study the customs and traditions of various indigenous tribes.

17. Ethnography - Noun: The detailed study and description of individual cultures and societies. Example: The ethnography of the tribe provided insights into their unique customs and rituals.

18. Ethnology - Noun: The comparative study of different cultures to understand human society's diversity. Example: Ethnologists analyze similarities and differences between cultural practices in various regions.

19. Ethnoarchaeology - Noun: The study of contemporary communities to understand past human behavior and material culture. Example: The ethnoarchaeologists lived among the indigenous tribe to learn about their traditional pottery-making techniques.

20. Conservation - Noun: The protection and preservation of cultural, historical, and natural resources. Example: The organization focuses on the conservation of endangered species.

21. Heritage Studies - Noun: The field of research and practice concerned with preserving cultural heritage. Example: The heritage studies program aims to safeguard historical landmarks and artifacts.

22. Written Records - Noun: Documents, texts, or inscriptions in written form that provide historical information. Example: The ancient scrolls contain written records of religious ceremonies and rituals.

23. Conventional - Adjective: In line with widely accepted norms or practices. Example: The conventional method of farming has been used for generations.

24. Span - Noun: A period of time or duration. Example: The bridge has a span of 500 meters.

25. Distinction - Noun: A difference or contrast between similar things. Example: The distinction between right and wrong is essential in ethical decision-making.

26. Oral Histories - Noun: Verbal accounts of historical events or traditions passed down through generations by word of mouth. Example: The elder storyteller shared the tribe's oral histories with the younger members.

27. Humanistic Study - Noun: An academic discipline focused on understanding human culture, history, and values. Example: Literature and philosophy are examples of humanistic studies.

28. Historical Discipline - Noun: A field of study concerned with investigating and interpreting the past. Example: The historian's research contributes to the historical discipline's understanding of ancient civilizations.

29. Directly - Adverb: In a straightforward or immediate manner. Example: The witness testified directly about the events they had observed.

30. Scientist - Noun: A person who engages in systematic study and investigation of the natural world using scientific methods. Example: The scientist conducted experiments to test the hypothesis.

31. Data - Noun: Facts, information, or measurements used for analysis and research. Example: The survey collected data on consumer preferences and behavior.

32. Hypothesis - Noun: A proposed explanation based on limited evidence, subject to further testing and verification. Example: The scientist formulated a hypothesis about the relationship between temperature and plant growth.

33. Conclusion - Noun: A reasoned judgment or decision based on evidence and analysis. Example: After analyzing the data, the researcher drew a conclusion about the study's findings.

34. Coherent - Adjective: Logical, consistent, and connected in a clear manner. Example: The speaker delivered a coherent presentation, addressing each point systematically.

35. View - Noun: A particular way of considering or understanding something. Example: The author's book offers a unique view of historical events.

36. Natural World - Noun: The physical universe and its phenomena, excluding human-made or artificial constructs. Example: Scientists study the natural world to understand its laws and principles.

37. Humankind - Noun: The entire human race; humanity as a collective group. Example: The evolution of humankind has been shaped by various factors over time.

38. Written Evidence - Noun: Documentary records or accounts in written form that provide historical information. Example: The historian analyzed written evidence from ancient manuscripts to reconstruct historical events.

39. Conventional - Adjective: In line with widely accepted norms or practices. Example: The conventional method of farming has been used for generations.

40. Physical Characteristics - Noun: The visible and measurable attributes of an individual or group, such as height, weight, and facial features. Example: The anthropologist studied the physical characteristics of different populations to understand human diversity.

41. Biological Characteristics - Noun: Traits and attributes related to the biology and genetics of an organism. Example: The study explored the biological characteristics of endangered species to assess their conservation status.

42. Cultural Characteristics - Noun: Aspects of a society's behavior, beliefs, customs, and traditions. Example: The cultural characteristics of the community were influenced by its history and environment.

43. Summarise - Verb: To condense or present the main points or substance of something in a concise manner. Example: The executive summarized the quarterly report for the board meeting.

44. Pattern - Noun: A regular and consistent arrangement or sequence of elements. Example: The data revealed a distinct pattern of consumer preferences over time.

45. Scientist - Noun: A person who engages in systematic study and investigation of the natural world using scientific methods. Example: The scientist conducted experiments to test the hypothesis.

46. Picture - Noun: A mental image or representation of something. Example: The historian pieced together the evidence to form a picture of the ancient civilization's daily life.

47. Quest - Noun: A journey or search for something valuable or important. Example: The knight embarked on a quest to find the mythical sword.

48. Discipline - Noun: A branch of knowledge or field of study. Example: Physics is a discipline that explores the fundamental laws of the universe.

49. Ethnoarchaeology - Noun: The study of contemporary communities to understand past human behavior and material culture. Example: The ethnoarchaeologists lived among the indigenous tribe to learn about their traditional pottery-making techniques.

50. Humankind - Noun: The entire human race; humanity as a collective group. Example: The evolution of humankind has been shaped by various factors over time.

 

The Problem of Scarce Resources

Allocate - Verb: To distribute or assign resources or tasks for a specific purpose. Example: The government allocated funds to improve healthcare facilities in rural areas.

2. Apportioned - Adjective: Divided or distributed among different individuals or groups. Example: The budget was apportioned based on the needs of various departments.

3. Just - Adjective: Fair and morally right; based on principles of justice and equity. Example: The court's decision was seen as just and impartial.

4. Efficient - Adjective: Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or resources. Example: The new manufacturing process is more efficient and cost-effective.

5. Community - Noun: A group of people living in the same area or sharing common interests. Example: The local community organized a charity event to raise funds for the homeless.

6. Proportion - Noun: A part or share of a whole; a relative size or amount. Example: The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing.

7. Apportioned - Verb (Past tense of "apportion"): To distribute or divide resources among different individuals or groups. Example: The resources were apportioned based on the needs of each department.

8. Priority - Noun: Something that is given greater importance or considered more urgent than other things. Example: Providing education for all children is a top priority for the government.

9. Cost-effective - Adjective: Producing the best possible results for the least amount of money. Example: Investing in renewable energy sources is a cost-effective way to reduce carbon emissions.

10. Finitude - Noun: The state of being limited or having an end. Example: The concept of finitude reminds us that resources are not infinite.

11. Exhaustible - Adjective: Capable of being used up or depleted. Example: Fossil fuels are exhaustible resources that will eventually run out.

12. Sustain - Verb: To maintain or support something over time. Example: It is essential to sustain efforts to protect the environment.

13. Capacity - Noun: The maximum amount that something can hold or produce. Example: The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000 spectators.

14. Revelation - Noun: A surprising or remarkable discovery or disclosure. Example: The scientific study led to a revelation about the origins of the universe.

15. Sustainable - Adjective: Capable of being maintained or continued without depleting resources or causing harm to the environment. Example: Sustainable agriculture practices aim to protect natural resources and biodiversity.

16. Invisible Hand - Phrase: A metaphorical representation of the self-regulating nature of the market forces in a free-market economy. Example: Adam Smith famously introduced the concept of the invisible hand in his book "The Wealth of Nations."

17. Autonomous - Adjective: Having the freedom and capacity to make independent decisions. Example: As adults, we strive to be autonomous and responsible for our choices.

18. Poverty-stricken - Adjective: Extremely poor or lacking basic necessities. Example: The charity organization helps support poverty-stricken families with food and shelter.

19. Obligation - Noun: A duty or commitment to do something. Example: It is the government's obligation to protect the rights of its citizens.

20. Formal - Adjective: Official and in accordance with established rules or procedures. Example: The company issued a formal apology for the mistake.

21. Generate - Verb: To produce or create something. Example: The wind turbines generate electricity from the natural breeze.

22. Provided - Verb (Past tense of "provide"): To supply or make available something needed or desired. Example: The hospital provided medical assistance to the accident victims.

23. Public Good - Noun: A good or service that benefits society as a whole and is not exclusive to any particular individual. Example: Clean air and water are considered public goods.

24. Indispensable - Adjective: Absolutely necessary or essential. Example: The internet has become an indispensable tool for research and communication.

25. Liberal - Adjective: Open to new ideas and willing to respect the rights and freedoms of others. Example: The liberal approach to politics emphasizes individual rights and freedoms.

26. Extrapolations - Noun: The act of estimating or projecting something based on known data or trends. Example: The scientists made extrapolations about future climate patterns.

27. Demographic - Adjective: Relating to the characteristics of a specific population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Example: The demographic changes in the country have led to increased demand for healthcare services.

28. Scenario - Noun: A sequence of events or a possible situation. Example: The company prepared a contingency plan for various business scenarios.

29. Administrators - Noun: Individuals responsible for managing and organizing an organization or institution. Example: The school administrators implemented new policies to improve student performance.

30. Economist - Noun: An expert in economics, the study of how societies produce, distribute, and consume goods and services. Example: The economist predicted a downturn in the economy based on current trends.

31. Obligation - Noun: A duty or commitment to do something. Example: It is the government's obligation to protect the rights of its citizens.

32. Provision - Noun: The act of providing or making something available for use. Example: The hospital has adequate provisions for emergency medical care.

33. Fundamental - Adjective: Basic and essential; forming the foundation of something. Example: Education is a fundamental right for every child.

34. Distinction - Noun: A clear difference or contrast between things. Example: The distinction between right and wrong is taught from an early age.

35. Liberal Society - Noun: A society that emphasizes individual rights, freedoms, and the rule of law. Example: A liberal society values freedom of speech and expression.

36. Consequence - Noun: The result or effect of an action or event. Example: The consequences of climate change are becoming increasingly evident.

37. Extrapolations - Noun: The act of estimating or projecting something based on known data or trends. Example: The scientists made extrapolations about future climate patterns.

38. Major - Adjective: Significant or important in size, quantity, or influence. Example: The discovery of a new species is a major breakthrough in biology.

39. Demographic - Adjective: Relating to the characteristics of a specific population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Example: The demographic changes in the country have led to increased demand for healthcare services.

40. Proportion - Noun: A part or share of a whole; a relative size or amount. Example: The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing.

41. Declining - Adjective: Becoming smaller, weaker, or less in quantity or quality. Example: The declining population of bees is a concern for agriculture and biodiversity.

42. Doomsday - Noun: A day of final judgment or the end of the world; a catastrophic or disastrous event. Example: Some people believe that a doomsday event will lead to the end of civilization.

43. Proportion - Noun: A part or share of a whole; a relative size or amount. Example: The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing.

44. GDP - Acronym: Gross Domestic Product - the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given period. Example: The country's GDP increased by 5% last year.

45. Projected - Verb (Past tense of "project"): To estimate or forecast future trends or events. Example: The economists projected an economic growth rate of 3% for the next quarter.

46. GDP - Acronym: Gross Domestic Product - the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given period. Example: The country's GDP increased by 5% last year.

47. Health Administrators - Noun: Individuals responsible for managing and organizing healthcare organizations or institutions. Example: Health administrators play a crucial role in optimizing healthcare delivery.

48. Economists - Noun: Experts in economics, the study of how societies produce, distribute, and consume goods and services. Example: Economists analyze market trends and economic policies.

49. Proportion - Noun: A part or share of a whole; a relative size or amount. Example: The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing.

50. Extrapolations - Noun: The act of estimating or projecting something based on known data or trends. Example: The scientists made extrapolations about future climate patterns.