Cambridge 4 Reading Test-1
PASSAGE-1
Alarming Rate of Loss of Tropical Rainforests
alarming: (adjective) causing worry or concern; disturbing. Example: "The alarming rate of deforestation in the rainforests has raised global concerns."
loss: (noun) the state or process of losing something or someone. Example: "The loss of biodiversity in the rainforests is a significant environmental issue."
tropical: (adjective) relating to or characteristic of the tropics, the region near the equator. Example: "Tropical rainforests are found in regions with high temperatures and abundant rainfall."
rainforest: (noun) a dense forest characterized by high levels of rainfall and biodiversity. Example: "The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world."
equivalent: (adjective) equal in value, amount, function, or meaning. Example: "The rate of deforestation in the rainforest is equivalent to losing one thousand football fields every forty minutes."
duration: (noun) the length of time that something continues or lasts. Example: "The duration of a typical classroom period is around forty minutes."
mistaken: (adjective) wrong in one's belief or understanding; incorrect. Example: "Children may have mistaken ideas about rainforests due to misinformation or misconceptions."
incorporated: (verb) included or combined as part of a whole. Example: "Misconceptions about rainforests can become incorporated into a child's understanding of the subject."
framework: (noun) a basic structure or system used as a guide for organizing and developing ideas. Example: "Children's misconceptions about rainforests become part of a conceptual framework they use to understand the topic."
erroneous: (adjective) incorrect; based on false information or beliefs. Example: "Some of the component ideas in children's understanding of rainforests may be erroneous."
robust: (adjective) strong and healthy; vigorous. Example: "Children's misconceptions can make their understanding of rainforests more robust but less accurate."
accessible: (adjective) easy to approach, reach, or understand. Example: "Misconceptions make children's ideas about rainforests more accessible but may hinder their learning of accurate information."
refined: (adjective) improved or perfected by making small changes or adjustments. Example: "Teachers play a vital role in helping children refine their ideas about rainforests through discussion and exploration."
extensive: (adjective) covering a large area; broad or widespread. Example: "The destruction of rainforests has received extensive coverage in the media."
information: (noun) facts or details about a subject or event. Example: "There is a lack of formal information about children's understanding of rainforests."
survey: (verb) examine or investigate something in detail. Example: "The study surveyed children's scientific knowledge and attitudes towards rainforests."
geographical: (adjective) relating to the study of the physical features of the Earth and its atmosphere. Example: "The second question in the survey asked about the geographical location of rainforests."
dominant: (adjective) having power, influence, or control over others; prevailing. Example: "The dominant idea expressed by most children was that rainforests provide habitats for animals."
indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place;
indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "The indigenous populations of rainforests have a deep connection with their natural environment."
sympathetic: (adjective) showing compassion or understanding for others' feelings or situations. Example: "Girls tend to be more sympathetic towards animals and express concern for their well-being."
conservation: (noun) the act of protecting and preserving natural resources and environments. Example: "The importance of rainforest conservation cannot be overstated for the preservation of biodiversity."
encounter: (verb) come across or meet unexpectedly or by chance. Example: "In 1997 and 1998, America encountered the climatic phenomenon of El Niño."
phenomenon: (noun) a remarkable or extraordinary occurrence or event. Example: "El Niño is a natural phenomenon characterized by abnormal warming of ocean waters."
accused: (verb) charge someone with an offense or crime. Example: "El Niño was accused of causing disruptions in tourism and affecting weather patterns."
estimation: (noun) a rough calculation or judgment of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something. Example: "The estimation of rainforest destruction in terms of football field equivalents was meant to provide a relatable scale."
embrace: (verb) accept or support willingly or enthusiastically. Example: "Some children embraced the idea that rainforests are essential habitats for various plant and animal species."
compatible: (adjective) able to exist or work together without conflict or contradiction. Example: "Rainforest destruction would be incompatible with sustaining the Earth's atmosphere and its diverse life forms."
predominate: (verb) be the strongest or main element; prevail. Example: "Certain ideas predominate in children's thinking about rainforests, shaping their overall understanding."
ecosystems: (noun) a community of organisms and their physical environment, interacting as a system. Example: "Rainforests are incredibly diverse ecosystems, housing a wide range of plant and animal species."
appreciate: (verb) recognize the value or significance of something; be grateful for. Example: "Older children acquire the ability to appreciate the complexity of environmental issues like rainforest destruction."
evaluate: (verb) assess or judge the value, importance, effectiveness, or quality of something. Example: "Environmental education encourages students to evaluate different perspectives and make informed decisions."
conflicting: (adjective) opposing or contradictory; in disagreement. Example: "Rainforest conservation can involve conflicting views and interests, requiring careful consideration."
arena: (noun) a place or platform where significant events or actions take place. Example: "Environmental education provides an arena for students to explore and discuss important issues."
essential: (adjective) absolutely necessary; extremely important. Example: "Rainforests are essential for maintaining biodiversity and supporting the health of the planet."
decision-makers: (noun) individuals or groups responsible for making important choices or decisions. Example: "Children today will become the decision-makers of the future, shaping environmental policies and actions."
concerns: (noun) worries or anxieties about something. Example: "There are growing concerns about the impact of deforestation on global climate change."
biodiversity: (noun) the variety and abundance of plant and animal species in a particular environment. Example: "Rainforests are known for their rich biodiversity,
biodiversity: (noun) the variety and abundance of plant and animal species in a particular environment. Example: "Rainforests are known for their rich biodiversity, housing countless species of plants, animals, and microorganisms."
deforestation: (noun) the action of clearing forests, typically for agriculture, logging, or urbanization. Example: "The rapid deforestation of rainforests poses a significant threat to global ecosystems."
media coverage: (noun) the reporting and portrayal of events or issues by the media. Example: "The media coverage of rainforest destruction has raised public awareness about the urgency of conservation efforts."
curriculum: (noun) the subjects, topics, and content taught in a school or educational program. Example: "Misconceptions about rainforests highlight the need for improvements in the science curriculum."
tuition: (noun) the teaching or instruction given by a teacher or tutor. Example: "Children may develop misconceptions about rainforests outside formal tuition, influenced by media sources."
programs: (noun) planned activities or courses of study designed to achieve specific goals or outcomes. Example: "Schools can develop environmental education programs to enhance children's understanding of rainforests."
open-form: (adjective) allowing free expression or open-ended responses, without strict guidelines or limitations. Example: "The questionnaire contained five open-form questions, giving students the opportunity to express their ideas freely."
responses: (noun) answers or reactions given in reply to a question, statement, or situation. Example: "The study analyzed children's responses to various questions about rainforests to identify common misconceptions."
components: (noun) individual parts or elements that make up a whole. Example: "Children's understanding of rainforests consists of various components, including ideas about habitats and destruction."
logging: (noun) the activity of cutting down trees for timber or other wood products. Example: "Logging is one of the human activities responsible for the destruction of rainforests."
acid rain: (noun) rainfall with a high level of acidity, often caused by pollution from industrial emissions. Example: "Although acid rain doesn't directly impact rainforests, some children mistakenly associate it with rainforest destruction."
pollution: (noun) the presence or introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment. Example: "Children should be educated about the effects of pollution and its role in environmental degradation, including rainforest destruction."
oxygen: (noun) a gas that is vital for respiration and the survival of most living organisms. Example: "Rainforests play a crucial role in producing oxygen, supporting the planet's oxygen cycle."
global warming: (noun) a long-term increase in Earth's average temperature, primarily due to the buildup of greenhouse gases. Example: "Rainforest destruction contributes to global warming by reducing the Earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis."
PASSAGE 2
What Do Whales Feel?
Cetaceans: (noun) a group of marine mammals including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Example: "Cetaceans are known for their adaptation to life in the water and their diverse species."
Toothed: (adjective) possessing teeth. Example: "Toothed cetaceans, such as dolphins and porpoises, have specialized teeth for capturing prey."
Brain structure: (noun) the arrangement and organization of the brain. Example: "The brain structure of cetaceans provides insights into their sensory capabilities and adaptations."
Smell: (verb) the act of perceiving odors or scents through the nose. Example: "Toothed cetaceans are believed to lack the ability to smell due to their brain structure."
Baleen: (noun) a flexible material made of keratin found in the mouths of some whales. Example: "Baleen species of cetaceans, such as humpback whales, use their baleen plates to filter small prey from the water."
Function: (verb) to work or operate in a specific way. Example: "The functionality of related brain structures in baleen species is not yet fully understood."
Functional: (adjective) capable of working or operating effectively. Example: "It remains uncertain whether the related brain structures in baleen species are functional."
Speculated: (verb) to form a theory or conjecture without conclusive evidence. Example: "Scientists have speculated that the migration of blowholes in cetaceans may have affected their sense of smell."
Degenerated: (verb) to decline or deteriorate in quality or function. Example: "The nerves serving taste buds in cetaceans have degenerated or become rudimentary."
Responsive: (adjective) reacting or replying quickly and positively. Example: "Trainers have observed that captive dolphins and small whales are responsive to being touched or rubbed."
Contact: (noun) the act of touching or communicating with someone or something. Example: "Cetaceans, including adults and calves, frequently make contact with each other as part of their social interactions."
Maintain: (verb) to keep in existence or continue. Example: "Contact among cetaceans may help maintain order within their social groups."
Courtship ritual: (noun) a set of behaviors or actions performed by animals to attract a mate. Example: "Stroking or touching is often part of the courtship ritual in many cetacean species."
Vision: (noun) the ability to see or perceive with the eyes. Example: "Different cetacean species have varying degrees of vision, adapted to their specific environments."
Stereoscopic vision: (noun) the ability to perceive depth and three-dimensionality. Example: "Dolphins and porpoises, with their forward and downward eye position, likely have stereoscopic vision."
Field of vision: (noun) the extent or range of what can be seen with the eyes. Example: "The field of vision in baleen whales is limited due to the position of their eyes."
Keen: (adjective) having a sharp, highly developed sense or ability. Example: "Bottlenose dolphins have an extremely keen vision in water, allowing them to track and catch fast-moving prey."
Interface: (noun) the boundary or area where two different substances or entities meet. Example: "The air-water interface is the boundary between the air and water, where different optical properties affect vision.
Preliminary: (adjective) happening or done at an early stage, before more complete information is available. Example: "Preliminary experimental evidence suggests that the in-air vision of dolphins may be poor."
Accuracy: (noun) the quality or state of being correct or precise. Example: "Dolphins display remarkable accuracy when leaping high to catch small fish out of a trainer's hand."
Compensated for: (phrase) to make up for or offset a deficiency or weakness. Example: "Cetaceans compensate for their reduced senses of smell and taste with their well-developed acoustic sense."
Acoustic: (adjective) related to sound or the sense of hearing. Example: "Cetaceans rely heavily on their acoustic sense, using vocalizations and echolocation to navigate and communicate."
Repertoire: (noun) a collection or range of skills, abilities, or performances. Example: "Toothed cetaceans have a wider variety of sounds in their vocal repertoire compared to baleen species."
Communicative: (adjective) relating to the act of communication or conveying information. Example: "Some of the complex sounds produced by cetaceans are believed to serve communicative purposes."
Social life: (noun) the interactions and relationships within a community or group. Example: "The role of complex sounds in the social life and 'culture' of cetaceans is still a subject of speculation."
Solid science: (noun phrase) established and reliable scientific knowledge or research. Example: "Further studies are needed to move beyond speculation and gather solid science on the social behaviors of cetaceans."
Habitats: (noun) the natural environments in which organisms live and thrive. Example: "The variation in sensory abilities among cetacean species can be explained by their respective habitats."
Inhabiting: (verb) living or occupying a particular place or environment. Example: "Cetacean species inhabiting clear open waters may rely more on vision than those living in turbid rivers."
Turbid: (adjective) cloudy or opaque due to stirred-up sediment or pollutants. Example: "Cetaceans living in turbid rivers may have limited vision due to the reduced visibility in their environment."
Limited: (adjective) restricted or constrained in some way. Example: "Certain cetacean species, like the South American boutu and Chinese beiji, have limited vision."
Blind: (adjective) unable to see or lacking the sense of sight. Example: "The Indian susus are blind, with their eyes reduced to slits that only allow them to sense light direction and intensity."
Deteriorated: (verb) to become worse or decline in quality or effectiveness. Example: "The senses of taste and smell in cetaceans appear to have deteriorated over time."
Acoustic sense: (noun phrase) the ability to perceive and interpret sound waves or vibrations. Example: "Cetaceans rely on their well-developed acoustic sense for communication and navigation."
Vocal: (adjective) relating to the production of sound or voice. Example: "Cetaceans are highly vocal, producing a range of sounds as part of their communication repertoire."
Forage: (verb) to search or hunt for food. Example: "Many cetacean species use echolocation to forage for food, emitting high-frequency sounds and listening for the echoes to detect prey.
Frequency spectrum: (noun phrase) the range of frequencies present in a sound or signal. Example: "Toothed cetaceans utilize a wider frequency spectrum in their vocalizations compared to baleen species."
Monotonous: (adjective) dull, repetitive, or lacking in variety. Example: "The vocalizations of the sperm whale are primarily a monotonous series of high-energy clicks."
Social interactions: (noun phrase) the behaviors and relationships between individuals within a social group. Example: "Complex sounds produced by cetaceans play a role in their social interactions and communication."
Wild speculation: (noun phrase) unfounded or speculative ideas without solid scientific evidence. Example: "The role of complex sounds in cetacean social life has been the subject of wild speculation."
Solid science: (noun phrase) reliable and well-founded scientific knowledge or research. Example: "More studies and research are needed to establish solid science on the role of sounds in cetacean communication."
Adaptations: (noun) physical or behavioral changes that help organisms survive and thrive in their environments. Example: "Cetaceans have undergone various adaptations to their aquatic lifestyle, including sensory modifications."
Echolocation: (noun) a process used by animals to navigate and locate objects using reflected sound waves. Example: "Cetaceans use echolocation to navigate, find food, and detect potential threats in their environment."
Navigating: (verb) finding one's way or directing a course through a particular area. Example: "Dolphins rely on echolocation for navigating through their marine habitats."
Communication: (noun) the exchange of information or ideas between individuals or groups. Example: "Cetaceans use vocalizations and body language for communication within their social groups."
Optical properties: (noun phrase) characteristics or behaviors of light, particularly how it interacts with substances. Example: "The optical properties of water can affect the visibility and perception of objects for cetaceans."
Environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which an organism lives or operates. Example: "Cetaceans have evolved to thrive in their aquatic environments, adapting their senses accordingly."
Prey: (noun) an animal that is hunted and eaten by another animal. Example: "Cetaceans use their sensory abilities, including echolocation, to locate and capture prey."
Vocalizations: (noun) sounds or calls produced by animals for communication purposes. Example: "Cetaceans use a variety of vocalizations, including clicks, whistles, and songs, to communicate with each other."
Culture: (noun) the shared behaviors, beliefs, and practices within a social group. Example: "The existence of cetacean 'culture,' including unique vocalizations and behaviors, is a topic of ongoing study."
Solidify: (verb) to strengthen or establish firmly. Example: "Ongoing research aims to solidify our understanding of cetacean sensory capabilities and social behaviors."
Sonar: (noun) a system that uses sound waves and their echoes to determine the location and distance of objects in the environment. Example: "Cetaceans employ a natural form of sonar, known as echolocation, to navigate and locate prey."
Acoustic communication: (noun phrase) the transmission of information through the use of sound signals. Example: "Acoustic communication plays a vital role in the social interactions and coordination of cetaceans."
Stereoscopic vision: (noun phrase) the ability to perceive depth and three-dimensional spatial relationships using both eyes. Example: "Dolphins, with their forward-facing eyes, have the potential for stereoscopic vision, aiding their perception of objects in the water."
Habitats: (noun) the natural environments in which organisms live and are best suited to thrive. Example: "Different cetacean species have adapted to various marine habitats, such as open oceans, coastal areas, or rivers."
Range of sounds: (noun phrase) the variety of different sounds produced by cetaceans. Example: "Cetaceans exhibit a wide range of sounds, including clicks, whistles, songs, and other vocalizations."
Cetacean species: (noun phrase) the different types or kinds of cetaceans, including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Example: "There are numerous cetacean species, each with its own unique characteristics and adaptations."
Visual acuity: (noun phrase) the sharpness or clarity of vision. Example: "Cetaceans have varying degrees of visual acuity, depending on the species and their habitats."
Underwater environment: (noun phrase) the conditions and surroundings present below the water's surface. Example: "Cetaceans have evolved to thrive in the underwater environment, which presents unique challenges and opportunities."
Courtship ritual: (noun phrase) a series of behaviors or actions performed by individuals to attract mates and initiate reproduction. Example: "Stroking and touching are part of the courtship ritual in most cetacean species, contributing to mate selection and bonding."
Environmental adaptations: (noun phrase) changes or modifications in response to the specific conditions and demands of the environment. Example: "Cetaceans have developed various environmental adaptations, including their sensory systems, to survive and thrive in aquatic habitats."
1. echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave echoes.
PASSAGE-3
You should spend no more than 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Visual Symbols and the Blind
1. appreciate: (verb) to understand or recognize the value, importance, or quality of something. Example: "Blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives in describing objects."
2. outlines: (noun) the outer edge or shape of something; a line that defines the outer limits or shape of an object. Example: "The blind woman used outlines to depict the arrangement of objects in space."
3. perspectives: (noun) a particular way of regarding or interpreting something; a point of view. Example: "Blind people can understand the perspectives used to describe objects."
4. literal: (adjective) taking words or statements in their usual or most basic sense, without metaphor or exaggeration. Example: "Pictures are not always literal representations of objects."
5. spinning: (adjective) rotating rapidly around a central axis or point. Example: "The blind woman drew a wheel as it was spinning."
6. curve: (noun) a smooth, rounded line, shape, or path without sharp angles. Example: "To show the wheel's motion, she traced a curve inside the circle."
7. motion: (noun) movement or a change in position of objects or individuals. Example: "The blind subjects used different lines of motion to represent movement."
8. invention: (noun) the creation or development of something that did not exist before. Example: "Lines of motion are a relatively recent invention in illustration."
9. rendition: (noun) an interpretation or representation of something, usually in a particular artistic style or manner. Example: "Several blind subjects showed a clever rendition of the spinning wheel."
10. metaphorical: (adjective) used in a way that suggests a comparison or analogy; figurative. Example: "Blind subjects described the curved lines as metaphorical representations of motion."
11. indicator: (noun) a sign, signal, or device that shows or suggests something. Example: "The bent spokes were taken as an indicator that the wheel was jerking."
12. idiosyncratic: (adjective) peculiar or individualistic; characteristic of a particular person. Example: "I wanted to determine if the lines of motion were merely idiosyncratic marks."
13. interpreting: (verb) explaining the meaning or significance of something; making sense of or understanding something. Example: "I wanted to discover the differences in how the blind and sighted were interpreting lines of motion."
14. depicting: (verb) representing or showing something in a picture, painting, or other artistic form. Example: "I created raised-line drawings depicting different wheels."
15. volunteers: (noun) individuals who offer themselves for a service or activity willingly and without pay. Example: "Eighteen blind volunteers participated in the study."
16. distinctive: (adjective) characteristic or unique; easily recognizable as different from others. Example: "Blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel."
17. wobbling: (verb) moving unsteadily from side to side in a rocking or swaying motion. Example: "Blind subjects associated wavy spokes with the wheel wobbling."
18. jerking: (verb) making a sudden, sharp
19. braking: (noun) the action of slowing down or stopping the motion of something, typically a vehicle or a wheel. Example: "Spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter were taken as an indicator that the wheel had its brakes on."
20. spinning: (verb) rotating rapidly around a central axis or point. Example: "Dashed spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning quickly."
21. consensus: (noun) general agreement or opinion reached by a group of people. Example: "There was a consensus among the blind subjects regarding the meaning of the motion lines."
22. familiar: (adjective) well-known, recognized, or acquainted with something. Example: "Motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind."
23. problem solving: (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues or challenges. Example: "The task given to the blind subjects involved some problem solving."
24. figured out: (phrasal verb) understood or solved a problem through careful thinking or analysis. Example: "The blind subjects figured out the meaning behind each motion line."
25. symbolism: (noun) the use of symbols to represent ideas, qualities, or concepts. Example: "We explored how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes like hearts."
26. directly: (adverb) without anything intervening or without deviation. Example: "Shapes such as hearts do not directly represent their meaning."
27. pairs: (noun) two corresponding or matching things considered together. Example: "We presented twenty pairs of words to the sighted subjects."
28. related: (verb) connected or linked to something else; having a logical or causal connection. Example: "We asked the sighted subjects to pick the term that best related to a circle."
29. depict: (verb) to represent or show something in a picture, painting, or other form of visual representation. Example: "One blind woman drew a picture depicting a child inside a heart."
30. surrounded: (verb) encircled or enclosed by something; having something all around. Example: "The blind woman chose the heart to show that love surrounded the child."
31. explore: (verb) to investigate, study, or analyze in detail. Example: "We have begun exploring how well blind people understand visual metaphors."
32. doctoral: (adjective) relating to a doctorate or a doctoral degree; advanced or highest level of academic achievement. Example: "Chang Hong Liu is a doctoral student from China."
33. assumed: (verb) accepted something as true or probable without evidence or proof. Example: "Subjects assumed that the spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter indicated the wheel had its brakes on."
34. barely: (adverb) only just; almost not; by the narrowest of margins. Example: "The consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind."
35. unfamiliar: (adjective) not known or recognized; not familiar or acquainted with. Example: "Motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind subjects."
36. device: (noun) a tool or instrument designed for a particular purpose; a mechanism or apparatus. Example: "Motion lines are a device used to represent movement in drawings."
37. involved: (adjective) complicated or intricate
38. determine: (verb) to ascertain or establish something through examination, investigation, or analysis. Example: "I wanted to determine if the lines of motion were effective in showing movement."
39. interpretation: (noun) the act or process of explaining or understanding the meaning or significance of something. Example: "I wanted to understand the differences in interpretation between the blind and sighted individuals."
40. participants: (noun) individuals who take part or engage in an activity, event, or study. Example: "Eighteen blind individuals were participants in the study."
41. understand: (verb) to comprehend or grasp the meaning or significance of something. Example: "Blind subjects were able to understand the meaning behind each motion line."
42. group: (noun) a collection of individuals who are considered together as a unit or category. Example: "As a group, the blind subjects generally came up with the same meaning for each motion line."
43. visual: (adjective) relating to sight or vision; connected with the sense of seeing. Example: "Blind people may not have visual perception, but they can still understand visual metaphors."
44. metaphor: (noun) a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to represent something else, typically by suggesting a comparison. Example: "The curved lines used by blind subjects were metaphorical representations of motion."
45. comparison: (noun) the act or process of examining the similarities and differences between two or more things. Example: "The blind subjects' use of curved lines allowed for a comparison to spinning motion."
46. analysis: (noun) the process of breaking down a complex topic or issue into its constituent parts for examination or interpretation. Example: "We conducted an analysis of the blind subjects' interpretations of motion lines."
47. logic: (noun) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity and soundness. Example: "Blind subjects used their logic and reasoning skills to interpret the meaning of each motion line."
48. deviation: (noun) a departure or divergence from a standard or expected course. Example: "Shapes like hearts deviate from directly representing their meaning."
49. corresponding: (adjective) matching or connected to something else in a related or equivalent way. Example: "In each pair of words, the sighted subjects chose the term that best corresponded to a circle."
50. logical: (adjective) characterized by clear, sound reasoning or thinking; following the principles of logic. Example: "The sighted subjects used their logical thinking skills to select the appropriate term for each shape."
Cambridge 4 Reading Test-2
PASSAGE-1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Lost for Words
Many minority languages are on the danger list.
sprawls: (verb) spreads out over a large area in an irregular or untidy way. Example: "The Native American Navajo nation sprawls across four states in the American southwest."
linguists: (noun) experts or scholars in the study of language and its structure. Example: "According to linguists, half of the world's languages are likely to vanish within two generations."
vanish: (verb) disappear or become extinct. Example: "Many languages are in danger of vanishing within a century."
linguistic diversity: (noun phrase) the variety of languages spoken in a particular region or the world. Example: "The decline of languages leads to a reduction in linguistic diversity."
dominating: (adjective) having control or influence over others; prevailing. Example: "Only a few languages will end up dominating the world if the current trend continues."
mass extinction: (noun phrase) a widespread and rapid decrease in the number of species or languages. Example: "The decline of languages is compared to a mass extinction due to its rapid pace."
isolation: (noun) the state of being separated or alone; lack of contact or connection with others. Example: "The geographical isolation of communities can contribute to the preservation of their unique languages."
endangered: (adjective) at risk of becoming extinct or disappearing. Example: "Navajo, despite having 150,000 speakers, is considered an endangered language."
faith: (noun) strong belief or confidence in something. Example: "Loss of faith in their culture can lead people to reject their native language."
voluntary: (adjective) done, given, or acting of one's own free will. Example: "Language shifts are not always voluntary, but can be influenced by external factors."
ban: (verb) officially or legally prohibit something. Example: "Government policies can ban the use of minority languages in public or educational settings."
discouraging: (adjective) causing someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm; demoralizing. Example: "Governments may implement policies discouraging the use of minority languages to promote national unity."
globalization: (noun) the process of international integration and interdependence among countries, societies, and cultures. Example: "Economic globalization can put pressure on communities to adapt to the dominant language."
pride: (noun) a feeling of deep satisfaction and pleasure in one's achievements, qualities, or cultural heritage. Example: "Native Americans have not lost their pride in their language, but economic pressures have forced them to adapt."
diversity: (noun) a range of different things or elements; variety. Example: "The loss of linguistic diversity deprives us of different ways of looking at the world."
physiological: (adjective) relating to the functions and processes of the body. Example: "Learning a language can have physiological effects on the brain."
structures: (noun) arrangements or organization of parts or elements. Example: "Linguistic habits shape the patterns and structures of our thoughts and perceptions."
fostering: (verb) promoting or encouraging the development or growth of something. Example: "The key to fostering linguistic diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue."
degree: (noun) a level or stage in a scale or series, especially of rank, size, or intensity. Example: "Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism."
erosion: (noun) the gradual wearing away or reduction of something, such as language or culture. Example: "Language classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori in New Zealand."
rekindled: (verb) revived or reignited. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages have rekindled interest in their use."
indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "Volunteer 'apprentices' learn from the last living speakers of indigenous languages."
transmit: (verb) pass on or cause to pass on from one person or place to another. Example: "Fluent speakers of endangered languages can transmit the language to the next generation."
preserve: (verb) protect or keep alive or in existence. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages are essential for their survival."
revival: (noun) the act or process of bringing something back to life or into use again. Example: "Written forms can contribute to the revival of languages that have become extinct."
unique: (adjective) being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else. Example: "Each language carries its own unique cultural and linguistic characteristics."
heritage: (noun) valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, customs, or languages that have been passed down through generations. Example: "Preserving endangered languages helps protect cultural heritage."
jar: (noun) a glass or ceramic container with a lid, used for storing food or preserving fruits. Example: "Preserving a language is like preserving fruits in a jar; it keeps it intact for future generations."
evolution: (noun) the gradual development and change of something over time. Example: "The study of languages and their evolution relies on the availability of diverse languages."
comparison: (noun) the act or process of examining the similarities and differences between two or more things. Example: "Data for the study of languages relies on comparisons between living and dead languages."
data: (noun) facts, statistics, or information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. Example: "The loss of languages results in a loss of data for linguistic studies."
perceptions: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: "Different languages can shape our perceptions of the world around us."
ancestral: (adjective) relating to or inherited from one's ancestors or family heritage. Example: "Learning one's ancestral tongue helps connect individuals to their cultural roots."
degree: (noun) a qualification awarded by a university or college to indicate the successful completion of a course or program of study. Example: "Language revitalization programs can offer degrees or certifications in endangered languages."
bilingualism: (noun) the ability to speak two languages fluently. Example: "A
bilingualism: (noun) the ability to speak two languages fluently. Example: "A large degree of bilingualism is crucial for the survival of endangered languages."
erosion: (noun) the gradual wearing away or reduction of something, such as language or culture. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages aim to slow down the erosion of linguistic diversity."
heritage: (noun) valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, customs, or languages that have been passed down through generations. Example: "Preserving endangered languages is a way to protect cultural heritage."
apprentice: (noun) a person who is learning a trade or profession from a skilled employer, having agreed to work for a fixed period at low wages. Example: "In California, volunteer 'apprentices' are paired with the last living speakers of indigenous languages to learn traditional skills."
indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "Efforts to revitalize indigenous languages have shown positive results in Hawaii."
instruction: (noun) the act of teaching or providing knowledge and information. Example: "The 'apprentice' programs provide instruction in endangered languages, focusing on traditional skills."
generation: (noun) all of the people born and living at about the same time. Example: "The transmission of endangered languages to the next generation is crucial for their survival."
written form: (noun phrase) a system of representing a language using a set of written symbols. Example: "A written form is essential for the revival of languages that have become extinct."
existence: (noun) the fact or state of living or having objective reality. Example: "Efforts to preserve endangered languages aim to ensure their continued existence."
cultural identity: (noun phrase) the feeling of belonging to a particular group or culture and sharing its customs, beliefs, and values. Example: "Learning one's ancestral tongue contributes to a sense of cultural identity."
preservation: (noun) the act of protecting or maintaining something in its original or existing state. Example: "The preservation of endangered languages requires collective efforts from communities and institutions."
diversity: (noun) a range of different things or elements; variety. Example: "The loss of languages leads to a reduction in linguistic diversity."
tradition: (noun) the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way. Example: "The rejection of native languages can result from a crisis of confidence in one's cultural tradition."
interest: (noun) the feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone. Example: "Efforts to revitalize endangered languages have sparked renewed interest in their use."
revive: (verb) restore to life or consciousness. Example: "Some languages have been revived by later generations through written forms and language revitalization efforts."
external: (adjective) relating to or coming from outside a particular place or source. Example: "Language shifts can be influenced by external factors such as government policies and economic pressures."
PASSAGE-2
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA
1. alternative medicine: (noun) non-traditional or unconventional medical practices and treatments. Example: "Many people turn to alternative medicine as a complementary approach to conventional treatments."
2. acupuncture: (noun) a traditional Chinese medical practice that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate energy flow and promote healing. Example: "The use of acupuncture has gained popularity as an alternative therapy for pain management."
3. regulate: (verb) to control, manage, or adjust something according to specific rules or principles. Example: "The practice of yoga can help regulate breathing and reduce stress."
4. Qi: (noun) in traditional Chinese medicine, the vital energy or life force that flows through the body. Example: "According to Chinese philosophy, Qi is essential for maintaining health and well-being."
5. establishment: (noun) the existing system or structure, particularly referring to organizations or institutions that have authority or influence. Example: "The medical establishment plays a significant role in shaping healthcare policies and practices."
6. conservative: (adjective) resistant to change or innovation; holding traditional values and beliefs. Example: "Some medical professionals hold conservative views and are skeptical of alternative therapies."
7. pretender: (noun) someone who lays claim to a particular role or position without proper qualifications or authority. Example: "The medical community may view practitioners of alternative medicine as pretenders without proper medical training."
8. industrialized: (adjective) highly developed, particularly in terms of industry, technology, and economic advancement. Example: "Germany is known for its industrialized economy and efficient manufacturing processes."
9. orthodox: (adjective) conforming to established or traditional beliefs, practices, or standards. Example: "In some countries, orthodox medicine is the dominant form of healthcare."
10. pharmaceutical: (adjective) relating to drugs or medications; pertaining to the production and sale of drugs. Example: "The pharmaceutical industry plays a vital role in developing and distributing medications."
11. scientifically: (adverb) based on or supported by scientific methods, principles, or evidence. Example: "It is important to conduct scientifically rigorous studies to validate the effectiveness of medical treatments."
12. disenchantment: (noun) a feeling of disappointment or disillusionment, typically resulting from unmet expectations. Example: "Some individuals turn to alternative therapies out of disenchantment with conventional medicine."
13. popularity: (noun) the state of being widely liked, admired, or supported by a large number of people. Example: "The popularity of yoga has grown significantly in recent years as a form of mind-body exercise."
14. skeptical: (adjective) having doubts or reservations; questioning or doubting the validity or truth of something. Example: "Some people are skeptical about the effectiveness of alternative therapies."
15. educate: (verb) to provide knowledge, information, or instruction to someone; to teach. Example: "It is important to educate the public about the benefits and risks of different medical treatments."
16. expensive: (adjective) costing a lot of money; having a high price. Example: "Some alternative therapies can be expensive, especially when not covered by insurance."
17. clientele: (noun) the customers or clients of a particular business or professional. Example: "The acupuncture clinic attracts a diverse clientele seeking alternative treatments."
18. financial: (adjective) relating to money or finances; concerning monetary matters. Example: "The decision to offer alternative therapies was partly driven by financial considerations."
19. exodus: (noun) a mass departure or migration of people from a place. Example: "The increasing popularity of alternative therapies has led to an exodus from traditional medical clinics."
20. relevant: (adjective) closely connected or appropriate to the matter at hand; pertinent. Example: "The survey provided relevant data on patients' experiences with alternative therapists."
21. inadequacies: (noun) deficiencies or shortcomings; the state of being insufficient or lacking in some way. Example: "The study highlighted the inadequacies of orthodox doctors in addressing chronic illnesses."
22. mainstream: (noun) the dominant or prevailing trend, ideology, or group in society. Example: "Alternative therapies are gradually gaining acceptance in the mainstream healthcare system."
23. concurs: (verb) to agree or be in harmony with someone or something. Example: "The president of the medical association concurs that alternative therapists have valuable insights."
24. musculo-skeletal: (adjective) relating to the muscles, bones, and other structures involved in movement and support of the body. Example: "Chiropractors specialize in treating musculo-skeletal conditions such as back pain."
25. complaints: (noun) ailments, disorders, or problems that individuals experience and seek treatment for. Example: "Alternative therapists address a wide range of complaints, including digestive issues and emotional problems."
26. represent: (verb) to stand for or symbolize something; to act as a typical or characteristic Example of something. Example: "These statistics represent the prevalence of different health conditions among patients seeking alternative therapies."
27. respiratory: (adjective) relating to the organs and processes involved in breathing and the respiratory system. Example: "Some individuals turn to alternative therapies for relief from respiratory conditions like asthma."
28. candida: (noun) a type of yeast or fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, commonly causing oral or vaginal infections. Example: "Alternative therapies may be sought by individuals dealing with chronic candida infections."
29. headache: (noun) a continuous or recurrent pain in the head; a common symptom of various conditions. Example: "Many people seek alternative treatments for headaches as a non-pharmaceutical approach."
30. general ill health: (phrase) a state of poor physical well-being or a range of unexplained symptoms indicating overall poor health. Example: "Some individuals visit alternative therapists for a holistic approach to addressing general ill health."
31. maintenance: (noun) the process of preserving or keeping something in good condition or working order. Example: "Regular exercise and a healthy diet are essential for the maintenance of good health."
32. survey: (noun) a systematic collection of data or opinions from a sample of individuals or a population. Example: "The survey aimed to gather information about the experiences and preferences of alternative therapy patients."
33. adjunct: (noun) something added or connected to a larger or more important thing; an accessory or supplement. Example: "Alternative medicine can be viewed as an adjunct to conventional medicine, providing additional options for patients.
34. disillusionment: (noun) a feeling of disappointment or loss of faith in something or someone previously believed in. Example: "The lack of improvement with conventional treatments led to disillusionment and the search for alternative therapies."
35. conventional: (adjective) following traditional or widely accepted practices, methods, or standards. Example: "Conventional medicine relies on evidence-based practices supported by scientific research."
36. mind-body: (adjective) relating to the connection between mental and physical well-being; involving the interaction of the mind and body. Example: "Yoga and meditation are popular practices for promoting mind-body wellness."
37. validation: (noun) the process of confirming or verifying the accuracy, effectiveness, or legitimacy of something. Example: "Clinical trials are conducted to provide validation for the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments."
38. risks: (noun) potential dangers, hazards, or negative consequences associated with a particular action or decision. Example: "Alternative therapies, like any medical intervention, carry certain risks that should be considered."
39. complementary: (adjective) combining or working well together; used to describe treatments that enhance or support each other. Example: "Some patients use complementary therapies alongside conventional treatments for a more holistic approach."
40. holistic: (adjective) considering the whole person or a comprehensive approach that addresses all aspects of a person's well-being. Example: "Holistic medicine takes into account physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects of a patient's health."
41. prevalence: (noun) the occurrence or frequency of something within a population or specific group. Example: "The prevalence of alternative therapy use has increased in recent years."
42. search: (verb) to look or seek diligently or systematically; to explore or investigate. Example: "Patients often search for alternative treatments when conventional options are limited."
43. dominant: (adjective) having the greatest influence, control, or power; prevailing or most common. Example: "Conventional medicine remains the dominant approach in the healthcare system."
44. insights: (noun) valuable or enlightening information, understanding, or perspectives. Example: "Alternative therapists bring unique insights and perspectives to patient care."
45. ailments: (noun) minor illnesses or health problems; physical or mental disorders that are not severe. Example: "Alternative therapies can provide relief for common ailments such as headaches or muscle pain."
46. relief: (noun) a lessening or alleviation of pain, discomfort, or distress. Example: "Massage therapy can provide relief from muscle tension and promote relaxation."