Test-1
Case Study: Tourism New Zealand Website
Passage-1
Inhabitants - (n.) the people who live in a particular place Example: New Zealand has four million inhabitants.
Long-haul - (adj.) involving or covering long distances Example: New Zealand is a long-haul flight from major tourist markets.
Gross domestic product (GDP) - (n.) the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given period Example: Tourism contributes to New Zealand's gross domestic product.
Export sector - (n.) a part of the economy that involves selling goods or services to other countries Example: Tourism is New Zealand's largest export sector.
Overseas - (adv.) in or to a foreign country Example: Tourism brings customers from overseas to New Zealand.
Campaign - (n.) a series of organized activities with a particular goal, usually involving advertising or promotion Example: Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to promote the country.
Brand position - (n.) the unique identity or image that a brand has in the minds of consumers Example: The brand position of New Zealand focused on scenic beauty and outdoor activities.
Scenic beauty - (n.) the attractive or visually pleasing aspects of natural landscapes Example: New Zealand's scenic beauty attracts many tourists.
Exhilarating - (adj.) making you feel very excited, happy, or alive Example: New Zealand offers exhilarating outdoor activities like bungee jumping.
Authentic - (adj.) genuine, real, or true Example: Visitors can experience authentic Maori culture in New Zealand.
National brands - (n.) brands that are widely recognized and associated with a specific country Example: New Zealand became one of the strongest national brands in the world.
Website - (n.) a collection of web pages accessible via the internet Example: The website www.newzealand.com provided information about the country.
Gateway - (n.) an entrance or access point to a particular place or system Example: The website served as a gateway to everything New Zealand had to offer.
Database - (n.) a structured collection of data stored and organized for easy retrieval Example: The website had a database of tourism services operators.
Tourism-related - (adj.) connected to or associated with tourism Example: Any tourism-related business could be listed on the website.
Web presence - (n.) the visibility or existence of a person, business, or organization on the internet Example: Even small bed and breakfasts could gain a web presence through the website.
Evaluation - (n.) the process of assessing or judging the quality, value, or importance of something Example: Participating businesses underwent an evaluation against national standards.
Environment - (n.) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates Example: The effect of each business on the environment was considered.
Experience - (n.) an event or occurrence that leaves an impression on someone Example: Tourism in New Zealand offers unique experiences for visitors.
Interview - (n.) a formal meeting in which one person asks questions and another person answers them Example: The website featured an interview with a former rugby captain.
Blockbuster films - (n.) highly successful and widely popular movies Example: The website showcased locations used in blockbuster films.
Interactive - (adj.) involving communication or action between people or things Example: The website offered an interactive journey through various locations.
Itineraries - (n.) a planned route or journey with a list of places to visit Example: The website helped travelers devise their own customized itineraries.
Motoring holidays - (n.) vacations or trips involving travel by car or other vehicles Example: The website catalogued popular driving routes for motoring holidays.
Catalogued - (adj.) organized or listed systematically, often in a catalog or similar format Example: The website catalogued driving routes for easy reference.
Suggested - (adj.) offered or recommended as an idea or possibility Example: The Travel Planner suggested routes between chosen locations.
Public transport - (n.) transportation services available for use by the general public, such as buses or trains Example: The website provided information about public transport options.
Accommodation - (n.) a place to stay or live, especially on a temporary basis Example: The website included links to various accommodation options.
Registering - (v.) signing up or enrolling for membership or participation Example: Users could save their Travel Plan by registering on the website.
Travel Plan - (n.) a personalized plan or schedule for a trip or journey Example: Users could save and revisit their customized Travel Plan.
Webby awards - (n.) awards given for outstanding achievement and innovation in web design and development Example: The website won two Webby awards for online achievement.
Expenditure - (n.) the act of spending money on something Example: Tourism expenditure in New Zealand increased over the years.
Overall - (adj.) taking everything into account; considering all aspects Example: Overall, tourism in New Zealand experienced significant growth.
British - (adj.) relating to or characteristic of Britain or its people Example: Visits to New Zealand from British tourists grew at a high rate.
Visits abroad - (n.) trips or travels to foreign countries Example: The growth rate for visits abroad by British tourists was lower.
Individuals - (n.) single persons considered separately from a group or society Example: The website allowed individuals to create their own itineraries.
Travel organizations - (n.) companies or groups that specialize in providing travel-related services Example: Travel organizations could create customized travel packages.
Geographical location - (n.) a specific point or area on the Earth's surface Example: Visitors could search for activities not just by geographical location.
Nature - (n.) the inherent or essential qualities or characteristics of something Example: Activities could be searched by the nature of the activity.
Research - (n.) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions Example: Research shows
Research - (n.) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions Example: Research shows that activities are a key driver of visitor satisfaction.
Visitor satisfaction - (n.) the level of contentment or fulfillment experienced by visitors Example: Activities contribute to visitor satisfaction in New Zealand.
Transport infrastructure - (n.) the physical structures and systems for the movement of people and goods Example: New Zealand is known for its reliable transport infrastructure.
Once-in-a-lifetime - (adj.) happening or experienced only once in a person's lifetime Example: Many visitors see their trip to New Zealand as a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
Lessons - (n.) valuable knowledge or wisdom gained from experience or study Example: The underlying lessons can be applied to any destination.
Effectiveness - (n.) the degree to which something is successful in producing the desired results Example: A strong brand can enhance the effectiveness of marketing campaigns.
Strategy - (n.) a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal or objective Example: A strategy based on unique experiences can attract more tourists.
Comprehensive - (adj.) complete, including all necessary aspects or elements Example: The website provided a comprehensive range of information.
User-friendly - (adj.) easy to use or understand for the intended user Example: The website was designed to be user-friendly for visitors.
Small businesses - (n.) independently owned and operated enterprises that are relatively small in size Example: New Zealand's visitor economy is composed mainly of small businesses.
Reliable - (adj.) dependable, able to be trusted or relied on Example: New Zealand is perceived as a reliable and safe destination.
Passage-2
Why Being Bored Is Stimulating – And Useful Too
A
Boredom - (n.) a state of feeling uninterested, unengaged, or lacking stimulation Example: I often experience boredom during long meetings.
Lab - (n.) a laboratory, a controlled environment for scientific research and experimentation Example: The scientists conducted their experiments in the lab.
Frustration - (n.) a feeling of being upset or annoyed due to obstacles or unmet desires Example: The constant delays caused a lot of frustration among the passengers.
Apathy - (n.) lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern Example: He showed apathy towards the project and didn't contribute much.
Depression - (n.) a mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest Example: She sought therapy to address her depression.
Indifference - (n.) a lack of interest or concern, a feeling of not caring Example: His indifference towards the issue was evident in his lack of action.
Low-energy - (adj.) lacking vigor, enthusiasm, or vitality Example: After a long day at work, I usually feel low-energy and just want to relax.
Flat - (adj.) lacking excitement or variation, dull or uninteresting Example: The party turned out to be quite flat, with no entertainment or engaging activities.
Agitated - (adj.) feeling restless, anxious, or unsettled Example: He became agitated waiting for the delayed train.
Restless - (adj.) unable to rest or relax, constantly moving or fidgeting Example: She felt restless during the long flight and couldn't sleep.
B.
Distinct - (adj.) clearly different or separate from others Example: The five types of boredom have distinct characteristics.
Calibrating - (adj.) adjusting or fine-tuning to achieve a desired result or state Example: The calibrating type of boredom involves seeking balance or adjustment.
Searching - (adj.) characterized by actively seeking or looking for something Example: The searching type of boredom involves a desire for stimulation or engagement.
Reactant - (adj.) characterized by strong emotional response or resistance to being bored Example: The reactant type of boredom involves high arousal and negative emotions.
Apathetic - (adj.) showing or feeling lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern Example: The apathetic type of boredom involves feeling detached and disinterested.
Arousal - (n.) a state of heightened physiological or mental alertness or activation Example: The horror movie caused a high level of arousal among the audience.
Positive - (adj.) characterized by optimism, favorability, or desirable qualities Example: She had a positive attitude towards the new project.
Negative - (adj.) characterized by pessimism, unfavorability, or undesirable qualities Example: The feedback had a negative impact on his self-esteem.
Damaging - (adj.) causing harm or negative effects Example: The damaging effects of pollution on the environment are evident.
Relaxed - (adj.) feeling calm, at ease, or free from tension or stress Example: She took a warm bath to help her feel relaxed after a long day.
C.
Psychologist - (n.) an expert in the study of the human mind and behavior Example: The psychologist helped him work through his anxiety.
Creative - (adj.) involving imagination, originality, or artistic expression Example: The artist had a creative approach to painting.
Afraid - (adj.) feeling fear or apprehension Example: He was afraid of heights and avoided tall buildings.
Passive - (adj.) not actively participating or involved, inactive Example: She took a passive role in the group project and let others lead.
Wander - (v.) to move aimlessly or without a clear destination Example: During the hike, we decided to wander through the forest.
Overstimulation - (n.) excessive or overwhelming stimulation or sensory input Example: The loud music and flashing lights caused overstimulation in the nightclub.
Meaning - (n.) significance, purpose, or value Example: Finding meaning in life can contribute to overall happiness.
Phones - (n.) mobile devices used for communication, often referring to smartphones Example: People are increasingly dependent on their phones for various activities.
Motivate - (v.) to provide a reason or incentive to act or do something Example: The coach's pep talk motivated the team to give their best performance.
Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: He tried to engage the audience by asking thought-provoking questions.
D.
Convincing - (adj.) persuading or making someone believe something Example: His argument was so convincing that everyone agreed with him.
Undesirable - (adj.) not wanted, unpleasant, or unfavorable Example: The rainy weather made outdoor activities undesirable.
Adaptive - (adj.) able to adjust or adapt to changing circumstances or conditions Example: The ability to learn new skills is adaptive in today's fast-paced world.
Fester - (v.) to become worse or more intense if ignored or left untreated Example: If you don't address the issue, it will fester and cause more problems.
Attention - (n.) the act or state of focusing or directing one's mind towards something Example: She couldn't pay attention during the boring lecture.
Inability - (n.) the state of being unable to do something Example: His inability to swim made him anxious around water.
Focus - (v.) to concentrate attention or effort on a particular task or objective Example: She needed to focus on studying for her upcoming exam.
Irritability - (n.) a tendency to become easily annoyed or angered Example: Lack of sleep can lead to increased irritability.
Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: The teacher tried to engage the students in a discussion.
Toxic - (adj.) harmful or poisonous, having a detrimental effect Example: The toxic relationship
E.
Personality - (n.) the combination of characteristics and qualities that form an individual's distinctive character Example: Her outgoing and friendly personality made her popular among her peers.
Boredom proneness - (n.) the tendency or likelihood to experience boredom frequently Example: People with high boredom proneness may struggle to stay engaged in tasks.
Motivated - (adj.) having a strong desire or drive to achieve or accomplish something Example: She was highly motivated to succeed in her career.
Curiosity - (n.) a strong desire to know or learn something Example: Her curiosity led her to explore new subjects and ideas.
Threshold - (n.) the point at which a stimulus or experience becomes noticeable or has an effect Example: He has a high boredom threshold and rarely gets bored.
Detrimental - (adj.) causing harm or damage, having a negative impact Example: Lack of exercise can be detrimental to one's health.
Prospects - (n.) chances or possibilities for future success or advancement Example: She had promising career prospects after graduating from university.
Alleviate - (v.) to reduce or lessen the intensity or severity of something Example: Taking a break can help alleviate feelings of stress or boredom.
Approach - (v.) to come near or closer to something or someone Example: He decided to approach the problem from a different angle.
Distraction - (n.) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration on a task Example: Social media can be a major distraction when trying to study or work.
F.
Speculates - (v.) makes assumptions or guesses without complete evidence Example: The scientist speculates that the new treatment could be effective.
Over-connected - (adj.) excessively connected or linked, often referring to constant access to technology or communication devices Example: Our over-connected lifestyles can lead to feelings of overwhelm and information overload.
Meaningful - (adj.) having significance or purpose, conveying a sense of importance or value Example: Engaging in meaningful activities can contribute to a sense of fulfillment.
Phones - (n.) mobile devices used for communication, often referring to smartphones Example: People are increasingly dependent on their phones for various activities.
Motivate - (v.) to provide a reason or incentive to act or do something Example: The coach's pep talk motivated the team to give their best performance.
Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: He tried to engage the audience by asking thought-provoking questions.
Toxic - (adj.) harmful or poisonous, having a detrimental effect Example: The toxic relationship was detrimental to her mental health.
Approach - (v.) to come near or closer to something or someone Example: He decided to approach the problem from a different angle.
Alleviate - (v.) to reduce or lessen the intensity or severity of something Example: Taking a break can help alleviate feelings of stress or boredom.
Distraction - (n.) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration on a task Example: Social media can be a major distraction when trying to study or work.
Overstimulation - (n.) excessive or overwhelming stimulation or sensory input Example: The loud music and flashing lights caused overstimulation in the nightclub.
Meaning - (n.) significance, purpose, or value Example: Finding meaning in life can contribute to overall happiness.
Motivate - (v.) to provide a reason or incentive to act or do something Example: The coach's pep talk motivated the team to give their best performance.
Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: He tried to engage the audience by asking thought-provoking questions.
Toxic - (adj.) harmful or poisonous, having a detrimental effect Example: The toxic relationship was detrimental to her mental health.
Approach - (v.) to come near or closer to something or someone Example: He decided to approach the problem from a different angle.
Alleviate - (v.) to reduce or lessen the intensity or severity of something Example: Taking a break can help alleviate feelings of stress or boredom.
Distraction - (n.) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration on a task Example: Social media can be a major distraction when trying to study or work.
Overstimulation - (n.) excessive or overwhelming stimulation or sensory input Example: The loud music and flashing lights caused overstimulation in the nightclub.
Meaning - (n.) significance, purpose, or value Example: Finding meaning in life can contribute to overall happiness.
Passage-3
Artificial Artists
Computer programs - (n.) sets of instructions or code that enable computers to perform specific tasks or functions Example: The advancement of computer programs has led to increased automation in various industries.
Creative talents - (n.) abilities or skills related to artistic expression, imagination, or innovation Example: The artist showcased his creative talents through his unique sculptures.
Enraptured - (adj.) deeply captivated or delighted Example: The audience was enraptured by the mesmerizing performance.
Tricked - (v.) deceived or fooled someone into believing something false Example: The magician tricked the audience with his impressive sleight of hand.
Sophisticated - (adj.) complex, advanced, or refined in terms of knowledge, technology, or design Example: The new smartphone features sophisticated facial recognition technology.
Break down - (v.) to analyze or divide something into smaller parts to understand its components or processes Example: Scientists are trying to break down the human genome to understand genetic variations.
Computer code - (n.) instructions or programming language used to communicate with computers and create software Example: Software developers write computer code to build applications and websites.
Human creativity - (n.) the ability of humans to generate original ideas, concepts, or artistic expressions Example: Human creativity has led to remarkable advancements in various fields, including art, literature, and technology.
Core - (n.) the central or essential part of something Example: The core of the issue lies in the lack of communication between team members.
Scares - (v.) frightens or causes fear or concern Example: The horror movie scares me, but I still enjoy watching it.
Special - (adj.) unique, exceptional, or distinct from others Example: Her artistic talent is something special that sets her apart from other painters.
Tool - (n.) a device or instrument used to perform a specific task Example: The artist used various brushes and palettes as tools to create her masterpiece.
Direction - (n.) guidance or instructions on how to proceed or accomplish something Example: The coach provided direction to the players on the field.
Concepts - (n.) abstract ideas or mental representations of something Example: The artist's work often explores complex philosophical concepts.
Imagination - (n.) the faculty or ability to create or visualize mental images or ideas Example: Children have vivid imaginations and can create fantastical stories.
Original works - (n.) creations or pieces of art that are unique and not copied or imitated Example: The gallery displayed a collection of original works by emerging artists.
Mechanical - (adj.) relating to machines or the operation of machinery Example: The robot's movements were precise and mechanical.
Double standards - (n.) a set of principles or rules applied differently to different people or situations Example: It's unfair to have double standards when it comes to gender equality.
Bug - (n.) an error or flaw in computer software that causes unexpected behavior Example: The programmer fixed the bug that was causing the program to crash.
Glitch - (n.) a temporary malfunction or error in a system or technology Example: The website experienced a glitch that prevented users from logging in.
Replicas - (n.) copies or reproductions of something, often identical or very similar to the original Example: The museum showcased historical artifacts and their replicas for educational purposes.
Objective - (adj.) unbiased, based on facts or evidence rather than personal opinions or feelings Example: The journalist presented the news in an objective manner, providing all sides of the story.
Prejudice - (n.) preconceived opinions or judgments formed without sufficient knowledge or reason Example: Prejudice can lead to discrimination and unfair treatment of certain groups.
Stems from - (v.) originates or arises from a particular source or cause Example: The argument stems from a difference in values and beliefs.
Essence - (n.) the fundamental nature or quality of something Example: The essence of her artwork captured the beauty of nature.
Prospect - (n.) the possibility or likelihood of future success, achievement, or opportunity Example: He had high prospects of getting a promotion at work due to his exceptional performance.
Meaningful - (adj.) significant, purposeful, or conveying a sense of depth or importance Example: The artist's paintings had a profound and meaningful impact on viewers.
Complex - (adj.) intricate, involving multiple interconnected elements or factors Example: The mathematician solved a complex equation using advanced algorithms.
Depth - (n.) the quality of having intellectual or emotional complexity and richness Example: The novel explores the depth of human emotions and relationships.
Inspiration - (n.) a stimulus or source of creative ideas or motivation Example: Nature often serves as an inspiration for artists, poets, and writers.
Social networks - (n.) online platforms or websites that facilitate social interactions and connections between individuals Example: Facebook and Twitter are popular social networks where people can share updates and connect with friends.
Themes - (n.) recurring or central ideas or topics in a work of art, literature, or culture Example: The novel explores various themes such as love, identity, and social injustice.
Fascinated - (adj.) greatly interested or captivated by something Example: She was fascinated by astronomy and spent hours stargazing.
Originality - (n.) the quality of being new, unique, or inventive Example: The artist's work stood out due to its originality and fresh perspective.
Subtle - (adj.) not obvious or easily noticeable, requiring attention to perceive or understand Example: The painting had subtle shades of color that added depth to the artwork.
Compositions - (n.) musical pieces or works created through the arrangement of musical elements Example: Beethoven's symphonies are considered masterful compositions of classical music.
Classical composers - (n.) musicians who wrote music in the classical music era, typically referring to composers like Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven Example: Beethoven is one of the most influential classical composers in history.
Revered - (adj.) highly respected, admired, or regarded with deep reverence Example: The artist was revered for his innovative techniques and profound insights.
Pseudoscience - (n.) a belief or practice that is presented as scientific but lacks proper evidence or scientific methodology Example: Astrology is often criticized as pseudoscience due to its lack of empirical support.
Explanation - (n.) a statement or clarification that makes something more understandable or comprehensible Example: The teacher provided a detailed explanation of the scientific concept to the students.
Replicas - (n.) copies or reproductions of something, often identical or very similar to the original Example: The museum showcased historical artifacts and their replicas for educational purposes.
Controversy - (n.) a disagreement or debate marked by opposing views or strong emotions Example: The decision to demolish the historic building sparked controversy among preservationists.
Destroyed - (v.) completely ruined or eliminated Example: The fire destroyed the entire building, leaving only ashes behind.
Guess - (v.) to form an opinion or estimate without sufficient evidence or knowledge Example: She could only guess the correct answer to the challenging question.
Liked - (v.) found something enjoyable or appealing Example: He liked the movie so much that he watched it multiple times.
Objective - (adj.) unbiased, based on facts or evidence rather than personal opinions or feelings Example: The journalist presented the news in an objective manner, providing all sides of the story.
Subjective - (adj.) influenced by personal opinions, biases, or feelings rather than facts Example: Art appreciation is often subjective, as people have different interpretations and preferences.
Essential - (adj.) absolutely necessary, fundamental, or crucial Example: Good communication skills are essential for building strong relationships.
Explore - (v.) to investigate or examine something in detail to discover new information or insights Example: The scientist planned to explore the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems.
Complexity - (n.) the state of being intricate, involved, or consisting of interconnected elements Example: The complexity of the human brain is still not fully understood by scientists.
Test-2
Passage-1
Bringing Cinnamon to Europe
Cinnamon - (n.) a sweet and aromatic spice derived from the inner bark of trees belonging to the Cinnamomum genus Example: She added a pinch of cinnamon to her morning coffee for a warm and spicy flavor.
Condiment - (n.) a substance, such as a spice or sauce, that is added to food to enhance its flavor Example: Mustard and ketchup are commonly used as condiments for hamburgers and hot dogs.
Middle Ages - (n.) a historical period between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance, roughly from the 5th to the 15th century Example: Knights and castles are often associated with the Middle Ages.
Elite - (adj.) referring to a select group of people who are considered superior or have high social status Example: The exclusive club is open only to the elite members of society.
Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region.
Profit - (n.) the financial gain or benefit obtained from a business transaction or investment Example: The company reported a significant increase in profits for the fiscal year.
Spice trade - (n.) the buying, selling, and exchange of various spices, often involving long-distance commerce Example: The spice trade played a crucial role in shaping global economic and cultural interactions.
High profits - (n.) significant financial gains or earnings Example: The successful business venture resulted in high profits for the investors.
Portuguese - (adj.) relating to or originating from Portugal Example: The Portuguese explorer sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in search of new trade routes.
Traders - (n.) individuals or companies engaged in buying and selling goods or services Example: The street market was filled with various traders selling fresh produce and handmade crafts.
Allied - (adj.) joined together in a cooperative or mutually beneficial relationship Example: The two countries formed an allied alliance to strengthen their military and economic ties.
Harvesting - (n.) the process of gathering crops or resources from the land Example: Farmers were busy harvesting wheat during the autumn season.
Enslaved - (v.) forced into slavery or servitude Example: Many Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade.
Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region.
Lure - (v.) to attract or entice someone or something Example: The advertisement used attractive visuals to lure customers to buy their product.
Exhausted - (adj.) depleted or completely used up Example: After hours of intense exercise, she felt exhausted and needed to rest.
Diminishing - (adj.) decreasing in size, importance, or quantity Example: The diminishing daylight indicated the approach of winter.
Supplemented - (v.) added something extra in order to enhance or complete it Example: She supplemented her diet with vitamins and minerals to ensure proper nutrition.
Displaced - (v.) forcibly removed or replaced from a position or location Example: The construction of the new highway displaced several families from their homes.
Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region.
Acceptable - (adj.) satisfactory or suitable within the limits of what is considered reasonable or appropriate Example: The customer found the quality of the product to be acceptable for its price.
Indian Ocean - (n.) the third-largest ocean in the world, located between Africa, Asia, and Australia Example: The Indian Ocean is known for its rich marine biodiversity and trade routes.
Superseded - (v.) replaced or succeeded by something superior or more advanced Example: Vinyl records were superseded by CDs and later digital streaming services.
Rise - (n.) an increase or upward movement in something Example: The rise in global temperatures is a concerning issue due to climate change.
Trade - (n.) the buying, selling, or exchange of goods and services Example: International trade plays a vital role in global economic growth and development.
Cultivation - (n.) the act of preparing and nurturing land for the growth of plants or crops Example: The farmers practiced sustainable cultivation methods to preserve the fertility of the soil.
Native - (adj.) originating from a particular place or region Example: The kangaroo is a native species of Australia.
Tribute - (n.) a payment, gift, or act of respect given to show honor or allegiance Example: The village offered a tribute of fruits and grains to the local deity during the harvest festival.
Overran - (v.) conquered or invaded by force, overwhelming in numbers or power Example: The army overran the enemy's territory, seizing control of key strategic locations.
Expelled - (v.) forced to leave or removed from a place or organization Example: The troublemaker was expelled from school due to his disruptive behavior.
Hold - (n.) control or possession of something Example: The company has a strong hold on the market, dominating its competitors.
Alter - (v.) to change or modify something Example: She decided to alter her hairstyle by cutting her long hair into a short bob.
Harshly - (adv.) in a severe, strict, or unkind manner Example: The teacher scolded the student harshly for not completing the assigned homework.
Diminishing - (adj.) decreasing in size, importance, or quantity Example: The diminishing daylight indicated the approach of winter.
Systematic - (adj.) carried out according to a plan or method, organized and consistent Example: The team followed a systematic approach to solve complex problems.
Supplement - (v.) to add something extra to enhance or complete it Example: She decided to supplement her diet with additional vitamins and minerals.
English - (adj.) relating to or originating from England Example: William Shakespeare is an English playwright and poet.
Control - (n.) the power or authority to manage or direct something Example: The government has control over the country's economic policies.
Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region.
Displacing - (v.) causing someone or something to move from their original position or role Example: The construction of the new highway is displacing several businesses in the area.
Lavish - (adj.) characterized by extravagance or luxury Example: The millionaire lived a lavish lifestyle, owning multiple mansions and luxury cars.
Grade - (n.) a level or rank in a scale of measurement or quality Example: The students received a good grade on their final exams.
Economic - (adj.) relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services Example: The government implemented new economic policies to stimulate job growth.
Potential - (n.) the possibility or likelihood of something happening or developing in the future Example: The young athlete has great potential to become a professional in his sport.
Trade - (n.) the buying, selling, or exchange of goods and services Example: International trade plays a vital role in global economic growth and development.
Coffee - (n.) a beverage made from roasted coffee beans, often consumed for its stimulating effects Example: She enjoys a cup of freshly brewed coffee in the morning to start her day.
Tea - (n.) a hot or cold beverage made by infusing dried leaves of the tea plant in hot water Example: The British have a strong tradition of drinking tea in the afternoon.
Chocolate - (n.) a sweet, typically brown food made from roasted and ground cacao beans Example: She treated herself to a bar of dark chocolate as a dessert.
Sugar - (n.) a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, used as a sweetener Example: She added a teaspoon of sugar to her tea to enhance its taste.
Spice - (n.) a substance used to enhance the flavor of food, often derived from plants or seeds Example: Cumin is a popular spice used in many Indian and Middle Eastern dishes.
Oxytocin
Volunteers - (n.) individuals who willingly offer themselves for a particular purpose or task Example: The organization relies on volunteers to help with community events and initiatives.
Competitive - (adj.) characterized by or involving competition, striving to outperform others Example: The athletes trained rigorously for the upcoming competitive race.
Envy - (n.) a feeling of discontent or resentment caused by desiring what someone else possesses Example: She couldn't help but feel a pang of envy when she saw her friend's new car.
Disposition - (n.) a person's natural qualities of mind and character; temperament Example: He has a friendly and positive disposition that makes him easy to get along with.
Adept - (adj.) highly skilled or proficient in a particular activity or subject Example: She is an adept pianist who can play complex pieces with ease.
Cooperation - (n.) the process of working together towards a common goal or objective Example: The success of the project relied on the cooperation of all team members.
Complete strangers - (phrase) people who are entirely unknown to one another Example: They struck up a conversation with complete strangers while waiting for the bus.
Favouritism - (n.) the practice of showing unfair preference or bias towards a particular person or group Example: The teacher was accused of favouritism for always giving special treatment to certain students.
Biases - (n.) preconceived opinions or prejudices that influence one's judgment or decision-making Example: It's important to be aware of our own biases and strive for unbiased thinking.
Nuanced - (adj.) characterized by subtle distinctions, complexity, or variations Example: The novel offers a nuanced portrayal of the protagonist's inner struggles.
Propelling - (v.) driving or moving forward; causing to make progress or advance Example: Their shared vision and determination were propelling the team towards success.
Hypotheses - (n.) tentative explanations or assumptions that are subject to further testing and investigation Example: The scientists developed several hypotheses to explain the observed phenomenon.
Co-opted - (v.) to take or acquire (something) for one's own use, often by appropriating or adapting it Example: The artist co-opted traditional folk motifs and incorporated them into her modern paintings.
Amygdala - (n.) a small almond-shaped structure in the brain associated with processing emotions and emotional responses Example: The amygdala plays a key role in the brain's fear and anxiety response.
Manifest - (v.) to become apparent or evident; to show or demonstrate Example: Her talent for singing manifested itself at an early age.
Passage-2
Making the most of trends
Jeopardize - (v.) to put at risk or in danger Example: Ignoring market trends could jeopardize a company's competitiveness and future success.
Transform - (v.) to change or alter completely, often in a significant or fundamental way Example: The introduction of smartphones transformed the way people communicate and access information.
Profit opportunities - (phrase) chances or possibilities for making financial gains or earning profits Example: By identifying and capitalizing on emerging market trends, businesses can seize profit opportunities ahead of their competitors.
Peripheral - (adj.) relating to something that is of secondary importance or not directly related to the main focus Example: Managers may overlook peripheral trends that seem unrelated to their core markets, but these trends can still have significant impacts.
Adept - (adj.) highly skilled, proficient, or knowledgeable in a particular area Example: Developing a team of adept professionals in market research and product development is crucial for analyzing and exploiting trends effectively.
Value propositions - (n.) the unique benefits or advantages that a product or service offers to customers Example: Companies need to create compelling value propositions that align with customers' aspirations and address their evolving needs.
Infuse - (v.) to incorporate or introduce something into something else to enhance or improve it Example: The company decided to infuse its existing product line with eco-friendly features to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers.
Augment - (v.) to increase or enhance something by adding extra or additional elements Example: The new software update augments the functionality of the existing program, providing users with more advanced features.
Engender - (v.) to cause or bring about a particular situation, condition, or response Example: Market trends can engender new consumer behaviors and preferences, shaping the demand for products and services.
Transcend - (v.) to go beyond the limits or boundaries of something; to surpass or exceed Example: By embracing digital technologies, the company was able to transcend its traditional market and enter new digital spaces.
Counteract - (v.) to act against or neutralize the effects of something; to offset or counterbalance Example: The company developed a campaign to counteract negative perceptions of its brand by emphasizing its commitment to social responsibility.
Reaffirm - (v.) to confirm or strengthen the validity or importance of something; to restate or reassert Example: The company's CEO gave a speech to reaffirm the company's commitment to quality and customer satisfaction.
Pedometer - (n.) a device that counts the number of steps a person takes, typically worn or carried during physical activity Example: The fitness tracker includes a built-in pedometer to track the user's daily steps and encourage physical activity.
Disparity - (n.) a significant difference or inequality between two or more things Example: The growing disparity between consumer expectations and the company's offerings called for innovative solutions to bridge the gap.
Core values - (n.) fundamental beliefs, principles, or ideals that define the essence and identity of a person, organization, or category Example: The company's core values of integrity, sustainability, and customer-centricity guide its business decisions and operations.
Aspirations - (n.) strong desires or ambitions; goals or objectives that one hopes to achieve Example: Understanding consumers' aspirations is essential for developing products and services that meet their needs and aspirations.
Attitudes - (n.) opinions, beliefs, or dispositions towards something; the way one thinks or feels about a particular subject Example: Consumer attitudes towards sustainability and eco-consciousness have significantly influenced purchasing decisions in recent years.
Behavior - (n.) the way in which a person or group acts or conducts themselves; observable actions or responses Example: The study examined consumer behavior in response to various marketing stimuli and identified patterns and trends.
Reputation - (n.) the general opinion or perception that others have about a person, organization, or brand; the overall assessment of credibility, trustworthiness, and quality Example: Nike has built a strong reputation for high-performance athletic footwear and apparel over the years.
Engagement - (n.) the level of involvement, interest, or interaction between individuals or between individuals and a product, brand, or activity Example: The company strives to increase customer engagement by providing personalized experiences and interactive features.
Desires - (n.) strong wants or cravings; things that one wishes or longs for Example: The company aims to develop products that fulfill consumers' desires for convenience, efficiency, and sustainability.
Economic downturn - (n.) a period of decline or reduced economic activity, typically characterized by falling GDP, decreased consumer spending, and rising unemployment Example: The global financial crisis in 2008 led to an economic downturn that affected various industries and consumer behaviors.
Opulence - (n.) great wealth, luxury, or abundance; an extravagant or lavish quality Example: The brand was associated with opulence and luxury, appealing to affluent consumers who valued exclusivity.
Cheapening - (v.) reducing the value, quality, or perception of something by making it appear less valuable or inferior Example: Lowering prices could risk cheapening the brand's image and undermine its position in the luxury market.
Renewal - (n.) the act or process of restoring, revitalizing, or making something new or fresh again Example: The company's innovative approach brought renewal to the brand, attracting a new generation of consumers.
Amateur athletes - (n.) individuals who participate in sports or athletic activities for personal enjoyment or recreation, rather than as professionals Example: Nike's products cater to both professional athletes and amateur athletes who pursue sports as a hobby or for fitness.
Engaging - (adj.) capturing and holding one's attention or interest; interesting, compelling, or captivating Example: The digital sports kit offered an engaging experience that combined technology with athletic performance.
Association - (n.) a connection or link between two or more things; the act of connecting or relating one thing to another Example: The ME2 video game aimed to create positive associations with physical play, promoting active and healthy lifestyles.
Exercise - (n.) physical activity performed to improve health, fitness, or strength; movement or exertion of the body Example: The ME2 game encouraged children to combine video gaming with physical exercise to promote an active lifestyle.
Perceived - (adj.) understood or interpreted in a certain way; how something is viewed or believed to be Example: Consumer behavior is influenced not only by the actual quality of a product but also by the perceived quality.
Passage-3
The Coconut Palm
Exotic - (adj.) originating or characteristic of a distant foreign country; unusual, striking, or intriguing due to its foreignness Example: Coconuts were considered exotic in the western world, as they were not commonly found in those regions.
Mention - (v.) refer to or briefly speak about something; make a statement or observation about something Example: The travel writings of Sir John Mandeville mention the presence of coconuts as "great Nuts of India."
Timber - (n.) wood that is used for construction, particularly for building houses and structures Example: The smooth, slender trunk of the coconut palm is an important source of timber for building houses and furniture.
Rosette - (n.) a round or circular arrangement of leaves or other objects that resembles a rose Example: At the top of the coconut palm's trunk, there is a rosette of leaves that can be up to six meters long.
Tapped - (v.) extract or obtain a substance, such as sap or liquid, by making a small hole or opening Example: The flower stems of coconut palms can be tapped to collect sap, which can be used to produce a drink or sugar.
Fruit - (n.) the mature ovary of a flowering plant, typically containing seeds; the edible or reproductive part of a plant Example: Coconuts are considered fruits and contain the nutrients needed for the development of the coconut seed.
Fibrous - (adj.) consisting of or characterized by fibers; having a texture or composition that is thread-like or stringy Example: The middle layer of the coconut fruit is fibrous and is used to produce coconut fiber, known as "coir."
Endosperm - (n.) the tissue inside a seed that provides nourishment to the developing embryo; a source of stored nutrients Example: The endosperm of the coconut seed gradually solidifies to form the edible flesh or meat of the coconut.
Viability - (n.) the ability of something to survive and remain capable of growing or developing Example: Coconuts can remain viable for a certain period at sea, but after about 110 days, they are no longer able to germinate.
Germinate - (v.) begin to grow and develop into a new plant or organism; start the process of growth Example: Coconut seeds are able to germinate and root even when cast onto desert island shores with little soil.
Academic - (adj.) relating to education, scholarship, or the pursuit of knowledge; pertaining to institutions of learning Example: The origins of coconuts have been a subject of academic debate for centuries.
Diametrically opposed - (adj.) completely or directly opposite or contrary to each other; having completely opposite viewpoints or positions Example: Two diametrically opposed theories on the origin of coconuts have been proposed, with one suggesting an Asian origin and the other suggesting a native American origin.
Indigenous - (adj.) native or originating from a particular place or region; naturally occurring or living in a specific area Example: There is no evidence to suggest that coconuts are indigenous to America, despite the presence of coconut relatives in the region.
Dispersed - (v.) spread or distribute over a wide area; scatter or spread out Example: The intriguing suggestion is that coconuts originated on coral islands in the Pacific and were dispersed from there.
Test-3
Passage-1