Test-1
Case Study: Tourism New Zealand Website
Passage-1
Inhabitants - (n.) the people who live in a particular place Example: New Zealand has four million inhabitants.
Long-haul - (adj.) involving or covering long distances Example: New Zealand is a long-haul flight from major tourist markets.
Gross domestic product (GDP) - (n.) the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a given period Example: Tourism contributes to New Zealand's gross domestic product.
Export sector - (n.) a part of the economy that involves selling goods or services to other countries Example: Tourism is New Zealand's largest export sector.
Overseas - (adv.) in or to a foreign country Example: Tourism brings customers from overseas to New Zealand.
Campaign - (n.) a series of organized activities with a particular goal, usually involving advertising or promotion Example: Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to promote the country.
Brand position - (n.) the unique identity or image that a brand has in the minds of consumers Example: The brand position of New Zealand focused on scenic beauty and outdoor activities.
Scenic beauty - (n.) the attractive or visually pleasing aspects of natural landscapes Example: New Zealand's scenic beauty attracts many tourists.
Exhilarating - (adj.) making you feel very excited, happy, or alive Example: New Zealand offers exhilarating outdoor activities like bungee jumping.
Authentic - (adj.) genuine, real, or true Example: Visitors can experience authentic Maori culture in New Zealand.
National brands - (n.) brands that are widely recognized and associated with a specific country Example: New Zealand became one of the strongest national brands in the world.
Website - (n.) a collection of web pages accessible via the internet Example: The website www.newzealand.com provided information about the country.
Gateway - (n.) an entrance or access point to a particular place or system Example: The website served as a gateway to everything New Zealand had to offer.
Database - (n.) a structured collection of data stored and organized for easy retrieval Example: The website had a database of tourism services operators.
Tourism-related - (adj.) connected to or associated with tourism Example: Any tourism-related business could be listed on the website.
Web presence - (n.) the visibility or existence of a person, business, or organization on the internet Example: Even small bed and breakfasts could gain a web presence through the website.
Evaluation - (n.) the process of assessing or judging the quality, value, or importance of something Example: Participating businesses underwent an evaluation against national standards.
Environment - (n.) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates Example: The effect of each business on the environment was considered.
Experience - (n.) an event or occurrence that leaves an impression on someone Example: Tourism in New Zealand offers unique experiences for visitors.
Interview - (n.) a formal meeting in which one person asks questions and another person answers them Example: The website featured an interview with a former rugby captain.
Blockbuster films - (n.) highly successful and widely popular movies Example: The website showcased locations used in blockbuster films.
Interactive - (adj.) involving communication or action between people or things Example: The website offered an interactive journey through various locations.
Itineraries - (n.) a planned route or journey with a list of places to visit Example: The website helped travelers devise their own customized itineraries.
Motoring holidays - (n.) vacations or trips involving travel by car or other vehicles Example: The website catalogued popular driving routes for motoring holidays.
Catalogued - (adj.) organized or listed systematically, often in a catalog or similar format Example: The website catalogued driving routes for easy reference.
Suggested - (adj.) offered or recommended as an idea or possibility Example: The Travel Planner suggested routes between chosen locations.
Public transport - (n.) transportation services available for use by the general public, such as buses or trains Example: The website provided information about public transport options.
Accommodation - (n.) a place to stay or live, especially on a temporary basis Example: The website included links to various accommodation options.
Registering - (v.) signing up or enrolling for membership or participation Example: Users could save their Travel Plan by registering on the website.
Travel Plan - (n.) a personalized plan or schedule for a trip or journey Example: Users could save and revisit their customized Travel Plan.
Webby awards - (n.) awards given for outstanding achievement and innovation in web design and development Example: The website won two Webby awards for online achievement.
Expenditure - (n.) the act of spending money on something Example: Tourism expenditure in New Zealand increased over the years.
Overall - (adj.) taking everything into account; considering all aspects Example: Overall, tourism in New Zealand experienced significant growth.
British - (adj.) relating to or characteristic of Britain or its people Example: Visits to New Zealand from British tourists grew at a high rate.
Visits abroad - (n.) trips or travels to foreign countries Example: The growth rate for visits abroad by British tourists was lower.
Individuals - (n.) single persons considered separately from a group or society Example: The website allowed individuals to create their own itineraries.
Travel organizations - (n.) companies or groups that specialize in providing travel-related services Example: Travel organizations could create customized travel packages.
Geographical location - (n.) a specific point or area on the Earth's surface Example: Visitors could search for activities not just by geographical location.
Nature - (n.) the inherent or essential qualities or characteristics of something Example: Activities could be searched by the nature of the activity.
Research - (n.) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions Example: Research shows
Research - (n.) the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions Example: Research shows that activities are a key driver of visitor satisfaction.
Visitor satisfaction - (n.) the level of contentment or fulfillment experienced by visitors Example: Activities contribute to visitor satisfaction in New Zealand.
Transport infrastructure - (n.) the physical structures and systems for the movement of people and goods Example: New Zealand is known for its reliable transport infrastructure.
Once-in-a-lifetime - (adj.) happening or experienced only once in a person's lifetime Example: Many visitors see their trip to New Zealand as a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
Lessons - (n.) valuable knowledge or wisdom gained from experience or study Example: The underlying lessons can be applied to any destination.
Effectiveness - (n.) the degree to which something is successful in producing the desired results Example: A strong brand can enhance the effectiveness of marketing campaigns.
Strategy - (n.) a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal or objective Example: A strategy based on unique experiences can attract more tourists.
Comprehensive - (adj.) complete, including all necessary aspects or elements Example: The website provided a comprehensive range of information.
User-friendly - (adj.) easy to use or understand for the intended user Example: The website was designed to be user-friendly for visitors.
Small businesses - (n.) independently owned and operated enterprises that are relatively small in size Example: New Zealand's visitor economy is composed mainly of small businesses.
Reliable - (adj.) dependable, able to be trusted or relied on Example: New Zealand is perceived as a reliable and safe destination.
Passage-2
Why Being Bored Is Stimulating – And Useful Too
A
Boredom - (n.) a state of feeling uninterested, unengaged, or lacking stimulation Example: I often experience boredom during long meetings.
Lab - (n.) a laboratory, a controlled environment for scientific research and experimentation Example: The scientists conducted their experiments in the lab.
Frustration - (n.) a feeling of being upset or annoyed due to obstacles or unmet desires Example: The constant delays caused a lot of frustration among the passengers.
Apathy - (n.) lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern Example: He showed apathy towards the project and didn't contribute much.
Depression - (n.) a mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest Example: She sought therapy to address her depression.
Indifference - (n.) a lack of interest or concern, a feeling of not caring Example: His indifference towards the issue was evident in his lack of action.
Low-energy - (adj.) lacking vigor, enthusiasm, or vitality Example: After a long day at work, I usually feel low-energy and just want to relax.
Flat - (adj.) lacking excitement or variation, dull or uninteresting Example: The party turned out to be quite flat, with no entertainment or engaging activities.
Agitated - (adj.) feeling restless, anxious, or unsettled Example: He became agitated waiting for the delayed train.
Restless - (adj.) unable to rest or relax, constantly moving or fidgeting Example: She felt restless during the long flight and couldn't sleep.
B.
Distinct - (adj.) clearly different or separate from others Example: The five types of boredom have distinct characteristics.
Calibrating - (adj.) adjusting or fine-tuning to achieve a desired result or state Example: The calibrating type of boredom involves seeking balance or adjustment.
Searching - (adj.) characterized by actively seeking or looking for something Example: The searching type of boredom involves a desire for stimulation or engagement.
Reactant - (adj.) characterized by strong emotional response or resistance to being bored Example: The reactant type of boredom involves high arousal and negative emotions.
Apathetic - (adj.) showing or feeling lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern Example: The apathetic type of boredom involves feeling detached and disinterested.
Arousal - (n.) a state of heightened physiological or mental alertness or activation Example: The horror movie caused a high level of arousal among the audience.
Positive - (adj.) characterized by optimism, favorability, or desirable qualities Example: She had a positive attitude towards the new project.
Negative - (adj.) characterized by pessimism, unfavorability, or undesirable qualities Example: The feedback had a negative impact on his self-esteem.
Damaging - (adj.) causing harm or negative effects Example: The damaging effects of pollution on the environment are evident.
Relaxed - (adj.) feeling calm, at ease, or free from tension or stress Example: She took a warm bath to help her feel relaxed after a long day.
C.
Psychologist - (n.) an expert in the study of the human mind and behavior Example: The psychologist helped him work through his anxiety.
Creative - (adj.) involving imagination, originality, or artistic expression Example: The artist had a creative approach to painting.
Afraid - (adj.) feeling fear or apprehension Example: He was afraid of heights and avoided tall buildings.
Passive - (adj.) not actively participating or involved, inactive Example: She took a passive role in the group project and let others lead.
Wander - (v.) to move aimlessly or without a clear destination Example: During the hike, we decided to wander through the forest.
Overstimulation - (n.) excessive or overwhelming stimulation or sensory input Example: The loud music and flashing lights caused overstimulation in the nightclub.
Meaning - (n.) significance, purpose, or value Example: Finding meaning in life can contribute to overall happiness.
Phones - (n.) mobile devices used for communication, often referring to smartphones Example: People are increasingly dependent on their phones for various activities.
Motivate - (v.) to provide a reason or incentive to act or do something Example: The coach's pep talk motivated the team to give their best performance.
Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: He tried to engage the audience by asking thought-provoking questions.
D.
Convincing - (adj.) persuading or making someone believe something Example: His argument was so convincing that everyone agreed with him.
Undesirable - (adj.) not wanted, unpleasant, or unfavorable Example: The rainy weather made outdoor activities undesirable.
Adaptive - (adj.) able to adjust or adapt to changing circumstances or conditions Example: The ability to learn new skills is adaptive in today's fast-paced world.
Fester - (v.) to become worse or more intense if ignored or left untreated Example: If you don't address the issue, it will fester and cause more problems.
Attention - (n.) the act or state of focusing or directing one's mind towards something Example: She couldn't pay attention during the boring lecture.
Inability - (n.) the state of being unable to do something Example: His inability to swim made him anxious around water.
Focus - (v.) to concentrate attention or effort on a particular task or objective Example: She needed to focus on studying for her upcoming exam.
Irritability - (n.) a tendency to become easily annoyed or angered Example: Lack of sleep can lead to increased irritability.
Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: The teacher tried to engage the students in a discussion.
Toxic - (adj.) harmful or poisonous, having a detrimental effect Example: The toxic relationship
E.
Personality - (n.) the combination of characteristics and qualities that form an individual's distinctive character Example: Her outgoing and friendly personality made her popular among her peers.
Boredom proneness - (n.) the tendency or likelihood to experience boredom frequently Example: People with high boredom proneness may struggle to stay engaged in tasks.
Motivated - (adj.) having a strong desire or drive to achieve or accomplish something Example: She was highly motivated to succeed in her career.
Curiosity - (n.) a strong desire to know or learn something Example: Her curiosity led her to explore new subjects and ideas.
Threshold - (n.) the point at which a stimulus or experience becomes noticeable or has an effect Example: He has a high boredom threshold and rarely gets bored.
Detrimental - (adj.) causing harm or damage, having a negative impact Example: Lack of exercise can be detrimental to one's health.
Prospects - (n.) chances or possibilities for future success or advancement Example: She had promising career prospects after graduating from university.
Alleviate - (v.) to reduce or lessen the intensity or severity of something Example: Taking a break can help alleviate feelings of stress or boredom.
Approach - (v.) to come near or closer to something or someone Example: He decided to approach the problem from a different angle.
Distraction - (n.) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration on a task Example: Social media can be a major distraction when trying to study or work.
F.
Speculates - (v.) makes assumptions or guesses without complete evidence Example: The scientist speculates that the new treatment could be effective.
Over-connected - (adj.) excessively connected or linked, often referring to constant access to technology or communication devices Example: Our over-connected lifestyles can lead to feelings of overwhelm and information overload.
Meaningful - (adj.) having significance or purpose, conveying a sense of importance or value Example: Engaging in meaningful activities can contribute to a sense of fulfillment.
Phones - (n.) mobile devices used for communication, often referring to smartphones Example: People are increasingly dependent on their phones for various activities.
Motivate - (v.) to provide a reason or incentive to act or do something Example: The coach's pep talk motivated the team to give their best performance.
Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: He tried to engage the audience by asking thought-provoking questions.
Toxic - (adj.) harmful or poisonous, having a detrimental effect Example: The toxic relationship was detrimental to her mental health.
Approach - (v.) to come near or closer to something or someone Example: He decided to approach the problem from a different angle.
Alleviate - (v.) to reduce or lessen the intensity or severity of something Example: Taking a break can help alleviate feelings of stress or boredom.
Distraction - (n.) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration on a task Example: Social media can be a major distraction when trying to study or work.
Overstimulation - (n.) excessive or overwhelming stimulation or sensory input Example: The loud music and flashing lights caused overstimulation in the nightclub.
Meaning - (n.) significance, purpose, or value Example: Finding meaning in life can contribute to overall happiness.
Motivate - (v.) to provide a reason or incentive to act or do something Example: The coach's pep talk motivated the team to give their best performance.
Engage - (v.) to participate or become involved in an activity or conversation Example: He tried to engage the audience by asking thought-provoking questions.
Toxic - (adj.) harmful or poisonous, having a detrimental effect Example: The toxic relationship was detrimental to her mental health.
Approach - (v.) to come near or closer to something or someone Example: He decided to approach the problem from a different angle.
Alleviate - (v.) to reduce or lessen the intensity or severity of something Example: Taking a break can help alleviate feelings of stress or boredom.
Distraction - (n.) something that diverts attention or prevents concentration on a task Example: Social media can be a major distraction when trying to study or work.
Overstimulation - (n.) excessive or overwhelming stimulation or sensory input Example: The loud music and flashing lights caused overstimulation in the nightclub.
Meaning - (n.) significance, purpose, or value Example: Finding meaning in life can contribute to overall happiness.
Passage-3
Artificial Artists
Computer programs - (n.) sets of instructions or code that enable computers to perform specific tasks or functions Example: The advancement of computer programs has led to increased automation in various industries.
Creative talents - (n.) abilities or skills related to artistic expression, imagination, or innovation Example: The artist showcased his creative talents through his unique sculptures.
Enraptured - (adj.) deeply captivated or delighted Example: The audience was enraptured by the mesmerizing performance.
Tricked - (v.) deceived or fooled someone into believing something false Example: The magician tricked the audience with his impressive sleight of hand.
Sophisticated - (adj.) complex, advanced, or refined in terms of knowledge, technology, or design Example: The new smartphone features sophisticated facial recognition technology.
Break down - (v.) to analyze or divide something into smaller parts to understand its components or processes Example: Scientists are trying to break down the human genome to understand genetic variations.
Computer code - (n.) instructions or programming language used to communicate with computers and create software Example: Software developers write computer code to build applications and websites.
Human creativity - (n.) the ability of humans to generate original ideas, concepts, or artistic expressions Example: Human creativity has led to remarkable advancements in various fields, including art, literature, and technology.
Core - (n.) the central or essential part of something Example: The core of the issue lies in the lack of communication between team members.
Scares - (v.) frightens or causes fear or concern Example: The horror movie scares me, but I still enjoy watching it.
Special - (adj.) unique, exceptional, or distinct from others Example: Her artistic talent is something special that sets her apart from other painters.
Tool - (n.) a device or instrument used to perform a specific task Example: The artist used various brushes and palettes as tools to create her masterpiece.
Direction - (n.) guidance or instructions on how to proceed or accomplish something Example: The coach provided direction to the players on the field.
Concepts - (n.) abstract ideas or mental representations of something Example: The artist's work often explores complex philosophical concepts.
Imagination - (n.) the faculty or ability to create or visualize mental images or ideas Example: Children have vivid imaginations and can create fantastical stories.
Original works - (n.) creations or pieces of art that are unique and not copied or imitated Example: The gallery displayed a collection of original works by emerging artists.
Mechanical - (adj.) relating to machines or the operation of machinery Example: The robot's movements were precise and mechanical.
Double standards - (n.) a set of principles or rules applied differently to different people or situations Example: It's unfair to have double standards when it comes to gender equality.
Bug - (n.) an error or flaw in computer software that causes unexpected behavior Example: The programmer fixed the bug that was causing the program to crash.
Glitch - (n.) a temporary malfunction or error in a system or technology Example: The website experienced a glitch that prevented users from logging in.
Replicas - (n.) copies or reproductions of something, often identical or very similar to the original Example: The museum showcased historical artifacts and their replicas for educational purposes.
Objective - (adj.) unbiased, based on facts or evidence rather than personal opinions or feelings Example: The journalist presented the news in an objective manner, providing all sides of the story.
Prejudice - (n.) preconceived opinions or judgments formed without sufficient knowledge or reason Example: Prejudice can lead to discrimination and unfair treatment of certain groups.
Stems from - (v.) originates or arises from a particular source or cause Example: The argument stems from a difference in values and beliefs.
Essence - (n.) the fundamental nature or quality of something Example: The essence of her artwork captured the beauty of nature.
Prospect - (n.) the possibility or likelihood of future success, achievement, or opportunity Example: He had high prospects of getting a promotion at work due to his exceptional performance.
Meaningful - (adj.) significant, purposeful, or conveying a sense of depth or importance Example: The artist's paintings had a profound and meaningful impact on viewers.
Complex - (adj.) intricate, involving multiple interconnected elements or factors Example: The mathematician solved a complex equation using advanced algorithms.
Depth - (n.) the quality of having intellectual or emotional complexity and richness Example: The novel explores the depth of human emotions and relationships.
Inspiration - (n.) a stimulus or source of creative ideas or motivation Example: Nature often serves as an inspiration for artists, poets, and writers.
Social networks - (n.) online platforms or websites that facilitate social interactions and connections between individuals Example: Facebook and Twitter are popular social networks where people can share updates and connect with friends.
Themes - (n.) recurring or central ideas or topics in a work of art, literature, or culture Example: The novel explores various themes such as love, identity, and social injustice.
Fascinated - (adj.) greatly interested or captivated by something Example: She was fascinated by astronomy and spent hours stargazing.
Originality - (n.) the quality of being new, unique, or inventive Example: The artist's work stood out due to its originality and fresh perspective.
Subtle - (adj.) not obvious or easily noticeable, requiring attention to perceive or understand Example: The painting had subtle shades of color that added depth to the artwork.
Compositions - (n.) musical pieces or works created through the arrangement of musical elements Example: Beethoven's symphonies are considered masterful compositions of classical music.
Classical composers - (n.) musicians who wrote music in the classical music era, typically referring to composers like Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven Example: Beethoven is one of the most influential classical composers in history.
Revered - (adj.) highly respected, admired, or regarded with deep reverence Example: The artist was revered for his innovative techniques and profound insights.
Pseudoscience - (n.) a belief or practice that is presented as scientific but lacks proper evidence or scientific methodology Example: Astrology is often criticized as pseudoscience due to its lack of empirical support.
Explanation - (n.) a statement or clarification that makes something more understandable or comprehensible Example: The teacher provided a detailed explanation of the scientific concept to the students.
Replicas - (n.) copies or reproductions of something, often identical or very similar to the original Example: The museum showcased historical artifacts and their replicas for educational purposes.
Controversy - (n.) a disagreement or debate marked by opposing views or strong emotions Example: The decision to demolish the historic building sparked controversy among preservationists.
Destroyed - (v.) completely ruined or eliminated Example: The fire destroyed the entire building, leaving only ashes behind.
Guess - (v.) to form an opinion or estimate without sufficient evidence or knowledge Example: She could only guess the correct answer to the challenging question.
Liked - (v.) found something enjoyable or appealing Example: He liked the movie so much that he watched it multiple times.
Objective - (adj.) unbiased, based on facts or evidence rather than personal opinions or feelings Example: The journalist presented the news in an objective manner, providing all sides of the story.
Subjective - (adj.) influenced by personal opinions, biases, or feelings rather than facts Example: Art appreciation is often subjective, as people have different interpretations and preferences.
Essential - (adj.) absolutely necessary, fundamental, or crucial Example: Good communication skills are essential for building strong relationships.
Explore - (v.) to investigate or examine something in detail to discover new information or insights Example: The scientist planned to explore the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems.
Complexity - (n.) the state of being intricate, involved, or consisting of interconnected elements Example: The complexity of the human brain is still not fully understood by scientists.
Test-2
Passage-1
Bringing Cinnamon to Europe
Cinnamon - (n.) a sweet and aromatic spice derived from the inner bark of trees belonging to the Cinnamomum genus Example: She added a pinch of cinnamon to her morning coffee for a warm and spicy flavor.
Condiment - (n.) a substance, such as a spice or sauce, that is added to food to enhance its flavor Example: Mustard and ketchup are commonly used as condiments for hamburgers and hot dogs.
Middle Ages - (n.) a historical period between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance, roughly from the 5th to the 15th century Example: Knights and castles are often associated with the Middle Ages.
Elite - (adj.) referring to a select group of people who are considered superior or have high social status Example: The exclusive club is open only to the elite members of society.
Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region.
Profit - (n.) the financial gain or benefit obtained from a business transaction or investment Example: The company reported a significant increase in profits for the fiscal year.
Spice trade - (n.) the buying, selling, and exchange of various spices, often involving long-distance commerce Example: The spice trade played a crucial role in shaping global economic and cultural interactions.
High profits - (n.) significant financial gains or earnings Example: The successful business venture resulted in high profits for the investors.
Portuguese - (adj.) relating to or originating from Portugal Example: The Portuguese explorer sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in search of new trade routes.
Traders - (n.) individuals or companies engaged in buying and selling goods or services Example: The street market was filled with various traders selling fresh produce and handmade crafts.
Allied - (adj.) joined together in a cooperative or mutually beneficial relationship Example: The two countries formed an allied alliance to strengthen their military and economic ties.
Harvesting - (n.) the process of gathering crops or resources from the land Example: Farmers were busy harvesting wheat during the autumn season.
Enslaved - (v.) forced into slavery or servitude Example: Many Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade.
Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region.
Lure - (v.) to attract or entice someone or something Example: The advertisement used attractive visuals to lure customers to buy their product.
Exhausted - (adj.) depleted or completely used up Example: After hours of intense exercise, she felt exhausted and needed to rest.
Diminishing - (adj.) decreasing in size, importance, or quantity Example: The diminishing daylight indicated the approach of winter.
Supplemented - (v.) added something extra in order to enhance or complete it Example: She supplemented her diet with vitamins and minerals to ensure proper nutrition.
Displaced - (v.) forcibly removed or replaced from a position or location Example: The construction of the new highway displaced several families from their homes.
Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region.
Acceptable - (adj.) satisfactory or suitable within the limits of what is considered reasonable or appropriate Example: The customer found the quality of the product to be acceptable for its price.
Indian Ocean - (n.) the third-largest ocean in the world, located between Africa, Asia, and Australia Example: The Indian Ocean is known for its rich marine biodiversity and trade routes.
Superseded - (v.) replaced or succeeded by something superior or more advanced Example: Vinyl records were superseded by CDs and later digital streaming services.
Rise - (n.) an increase or upward movement in something Example: The rise in global temperatures is a concerning issue due to climate change.
Trade - (n.) the buying, selling, or exchange of goods and services Example: International trade plays a vital role in global economic growth and development.
Cultivation - (n.) the act of preparing and nurturing land for the growth of plants or crops Example: The farmers practiced sustainable cultivation methods to preserve the fertility of the soil.
Native - (adj.) originating from a particular place or region Example: The kangaroo is a native species of Australia.
Tribute - (n.) a payment, gift, or act of respect given to show honor or allegiance Example: The village offered a tribute of fruits and grains to the local deity during the harvest festival.
Overran - (v.) conquered or invaded by force, overwhelming in numbers or power Example: The army overran the enemy's territory, seizing control of key strategic locations.
Expelled - (v.) forced to leave or removed from a place or organization Example: The troublemaker was expelled from school due to his disruptive behavior.
Hold - (n.) control or possession of something Example: The company has a strong hold on the market, dominating its competitors.
Alter - (v.) to change or modify something Example: She decided to alter her hairstyle by cutting her long hair into a short bob.
Harshly - (adv.) in a severe, strict, or unkind manner Example: The teacher scolded the student harshly for not completing the assigned homework.
Diminishing - (adj.) decreasing in size, importance, or quantity Example: The diminishing daylight indicated the approach of winter.
Systematic - (adj.) carried out according to a plan or method, organized and consistent Example: The team followed a systematic approach to solve complex problems.
Supplement - (v.) to add something extra to enhance or complete it Example: She decided to supplement her diet with additional vitamins and minerals.
English - (adj.) relating to or originating from England Example: William Shakespeare is an English playwright and poet.
Control - (n.) the power or authority to manage or direct something Example: The government has control over the country's economic policies.
Monopoly - (n.) the exclusive control or possession of a particular commodity or market by a single company or group Example: The telecommunications company had a monopoly over the internet service in the region.
Displacing - (v.) causing someone or something to move from their original position or role Example: The construction of the new highway is displacing several businesses in the area.
Lavish - (adj.) characterized by extravagance or luxury Example: The millionaire lived a lavish lifestyle, owning multiple mansions and luxury cars.
Grade - (n.) a level or rank in a scale of measurement or quality Example: The students received a good grade on their final exams.
Economic - (adj.) relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services Example: The government implemented new economic policies to stimulate job growth.
Potential - (n.) the possibility or likelihood of something happening or developing in the future Example: The young athlete has great potential to become a professional in his sport.
Trade - (n.) the buying, selling, or exchange of goods and services Example: International trade plays a vital role in global economic growth and development.
Coffee - (n.) a beverage made from roasted coffee beans, often consumed for its stimulating effects Example: She enjoys a cup of freshly brewed coffee in the morning to start her day.
Tea - (n.) a hot or cold beverage made by infusing dried leaves of the tea plant in hot water Example: The British have a strong tradition of drinking tea in the afternoon.
Chocolate - (n.) a sweet, typically brown food made from roasted and ground cacao beans Example: She treated herself to a bar of dark chocolate as a dessert.
Sugar - (n.) a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, used as a sweetener Example: She added a teaspoon of sugar to her tea to enhance its taste.
Spice - (n.) a substance used to enhance the flavor of food, often derived from plants or seeds Example: Cumin is a popular spice used in many Indian and Middle Eastern dishes.
Oxytocin
Volunteers - (n.) individuals who willingly offer themselves for a particular purpose or task Example: The organization relies on volunteers to help with community events and initiatives.
Competitive - (adj.) characterized by or involving competition, striving to outperform others Example: The athletes trained rigorously for the upcoming competitive race.
Envy - (n.) a feeling of discontent or resentment caused by desiring what someone else possesses Example: She couldn't help but feel a pang of envy when she saw her friend's new car.
Disposition - (n.) a person's natural qualities of mind and character; temperament Example: He has a friendly and positive disposition that makes him easy to get along with.
Adept - (adj.) highly skilled or proficient in a particular activity or subject Example: She is an adept pianist who can play complex pieces with ease.
Cooperation - (n.) the process of working together towards a common goal or objective Example: The success of the project relied on the cooperation of all team members.
Complete strangers - (phrase) people who are entirely unknown to one another Example: They struck up a conversation with complete strangers while waiting for the bus.
Favouritism - (n.) the practice of showing unfair preference or bias towards a particular person or group Example: The teacher was accused of favouritism for always giving special treatment to certain students.
Biases - (n.) preconceived opinions or prejudices that influence one's judgment or decision-making Example: It's important to be aware of our own biases and strive for unbiased thinking.
Nuanced - (adj.) characterized by subtle distinctions, complexity, or variations Example: The novel offers a nuanced portrayal of the protagonist's inner struggles.
Propelling - (v.) driving or moving forward; causing to make progress or advance Example: Their shared vision and determination were propelling the team towards success.
Hypotheses - (n.) tentative explanations or assumptions that are subject to further testing and investigation Example: The scientists developed several hypotheses to explain the observed phenomenon.
Co-opted - (v.) to take or acquire (something) for one's own use, often by appropriating or adapting it Example: The artist co-opted traditional folk motifs and incorporated them into her modern paintings.
Amygdala - (n.) a small almond-shaped structure in the brain associated with processing emotions and emotional responses Example: The amygdala plays a key role in the brain's fear and anxiety response.
Manifest - (v.) to become apparent or evident; to show or demonstrate Example: Her talent for singing manifested itself at an early age.
Passage-2
Making the most of trends
Jeopardize - (v.) to put at risk or in danger Example: Ignoring market trends could jeopardize a company's competitiveness and future success.
Transform - (v.) to change or alter completely, often in a significant or fundamental way Example: The introduction of smartphones transformed the way people communicate and access information.
Profit opportunities - (phrase) chances or possibilities for making financial gains or earning profits Example: By identifying and capitalizing on emerging market trends, businesses can seize profit opportunities ahead of their competitors.
Peripheral - (adj.) relating to something that is of secondary importance or not directly related to the main focus Example: Managers may overlook peripheral trends that seem unrelated to their core markets, but these trends can still have significant impacts.
Adept - (adj.) highly skilled, proficient, or knowledgeable in a particular area Example: Developing a team of adept professionals in market research and product development is crucial for analyzing and exploiting trends effectively.
Value propositions - (n.) the unique benefits or advantages that a product or service offers to customers Example: Companies need to create compelling value propositions that align with customers' aspirations and address their evolving needs.
Infuse - (v.) to incorporate or introduce something into something else to enhance or improve it Example: The company decided to infuse its existing product line with eco-friendly features to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers.
Augment - (v.) to increase or enhance something by adding extra or additional elements Example: The new software update augments the functionality of the existing program, providing users with more advanced features.
Engender - (v.) to cause or bring about a particular situation, condition, or response Example: Market trends can engender new consumer behaviors and preferences, shaping the demand for products and services.
Transcend - (v.) to go beyond the limits or boundaries of something; to surpass or exceed Example: By embracing digital technologies, the company was able to transcend its traditional market and enter new digital spaces.
Counteract - (v.) to act against or neutralize the effects of something; to offset or counterbalance Example: The company developed a campaign to counteract negative perceptions of its brand by emphasizing its commitment to social responsibility.
Reaffirm - (v.) to confirm or strengthen the validity or importance of something; to restate or reassert Example: The company's CEO gave a speech to reaffirm the company's commitment to quality and customer satisfaction.
Pedometer - (n.) a device that counts the number of steps a person takes, typically worn or carried during physical activity Example: The fitness tracker includes a built-in pedometer to track the user's daily steps and encourage physical activity.
Disparity - (n.) a significant difference or inequality between two or more things Example: The growing disparity between consumer expectations and the company's offerings called for innovative solutions to bridge the gap.
Core values - (n.) fundamental beliefs, principles, or ideals that define the essence and identity of a person, organization, or category Example: The company's core values of integrity, sustainability, and customer-centricity guide its business decisions and operations.
Aspirations - (n.) strong desires or ambitions; goals or objectives that one hopes to achieve Example: Understanding consumers' aspirations is essential for developing products and services that meet their needs and aspirations.
Attitudes - (n.) opinions, beliefs, or dispositions towards something; the way one thinks or feels about a particular subject Example: Consumer attitudes towards sustainability and eco-consciousness have significantly influenced purchasing decisions in recent years.
Behavior - (n.) the way in which a person or group acts or conducts themselves; observable actions or responses Example: The study examined consumer behavior in response to various marketing stimuli and identified patterns and trends.
Reputation - (n.) the general opinion or perception that others have about a person, organization, or brand; the overall assessment of credibility, trustworthiness, and quality Example: Nike has built a strong reputation for high-performance athletic footwear and apparel over the years.
Engagement - (n.) the level of involvement, interest, or interaction between individuals or between individuals and a product, brand, or activity Example: The company strives to increase customer engagement by providing personalized experiences and interactive features.
Desires - (n.) strong wants or cravings; things that one wishes or longs for Example: The company aims to develop products that fulfill consumers' desires for convenience, efficiency, and sustainability.
Economic downturn - (n.) a period of decline or reduced economic activity, typically characterized by falling GDP, decreased consumer spending, and rising unemployment Example: The global financial crisis in 2008 led to an economic downturn that affected various industries and consumer behaviors.
Opulence - (n.) great wealth, luxury, or abundance; an extravagant or lavish quality Example: The brand was associated with opulence and luxury, appealing to affluent consumers who valued exclusivity.
Cheapening - (v.) reducing the value, quality, or perception of something by making it appear less valuable or inferior Example: Lowering prices could risk cheapening the brand's image and undermine its position in the luxury market.
Renewal - (n.) the act or process of restoring, revitalizing, or making something new or fresh again Example: The company's innovative approach brought renewal to the brand, attracting a new generation of consumers.
Amateur athletes - (n.) individuals who participate in sports or athletic activities for personal enjoyment or recreation, rather than as professionals Example: Nike's products cater to both professional athletes and amateur athletes who pursue sports as a hobby or for fitness.
Engaging - (adj.) capturing and holding one's attention or interest; interesting, compelling, or captivating Example: The digital sports kit offered an engaging experience that combined technology with athletic performance.
Association - (n.) a connection or link between two or more things; the act of connecting or relating one thing to another Example: The ME2 video game aimed to create positive associations with physical play, promoting active and healthy lifestyles.
Exercise - (n.) physical activity performed to improve health, fitness, or strength; movement or exertion of the body Example: The ME2 game encouraged children to combine video gaming with physical exercise to promote an active lifestyle.
Perceived - (adj.) understood or interpreted in a certain way; how something is viewed or believed to be Example: Consumer behavior is influenced not only by the actual quality of a product but also by the perceived quality.
Passage-3
The Coconut Palm
Exotic - (adj.) originating or characteristic of a distant foreign country; unusual, striking, or intriguing due to its foreignness Example: Coconuts were considered exotic in the western world, as they were not commonly found in those regions.
Mention - (v.) refer to or briefly speak about something; make a statement or observation about something Example: The travel writings of Sir John Mandeville mention the presence of coconuts as "great Nuts of India."
Timber - (n.) wood that is used for construction, particularly for building houses and structures Example: The smooth, slender trunk of the coconut palm is an important source of timber for building houses and furniture.
Rosette - (n.) a round or circular arrangement of leaves or other objects that resembles a rose Example: At the top of the coconut palm's trunk, there is a rosette of leaves that can be up to six meters long.
Tapped - (v.) extract or obtain a substance, such as sap or liquid, by making a small hole or opening Example: The flower stems of coconut palms can be tapped to collect sap, which can be used to produce a drink or sugar.
Fruit - (n.) the mature ovary of a flowering plant, typically containing seeds; the edible or reproductive part of a plant Example: Coconuts are considered fruits and contain the nutrients needed for the development of the coconut seed.
Fibrous - (adj.) consisting of or characterized by fibers; having a texture or composition that is thread-like or stringy Example: The middle layer of the coconut fruit is fibrous and is used to produce coconut fiber, known as "coir."
Endosperm - (n.) the tissue inside a seed that provides nourishment to the developing embryo; a source of stored nutrients Example: The endosperm of the coconut seed gradually solidifies to form the edible flesh or meat of the coconut.
Viability - (n.) the ability of something to survive and remain capable of growing or developing Example: Coconuts can remain viable for a certain period at sea, but after about 110 days, they are no longer able to germinate.
Germinate - (v.) begin to grow and develop into a new plant or organism; start the process of growth Example: Coconut seeds are able to germinate and root even when cast onto desert island shores with little soil.
Academic - (adj.) relating to education, scholarship, or the pursuit of knowledge; pertaining to institutions of learning Example: The origins of coconuts have been a subject of academic debate for centuries.
Diametrically opposed - (adj.) completely or directly opposite or contrary to each other; having completely opposite viewpoints or positions Example: Two diametrically opposed theories on the origin of coconuts have been proposed, with one suggesting an Asian origin and the other suggesting a native American origin.
Indigenous - (adj.) native or originating from a particular place or region; naturally occurring or living in a specific area Example: There is no evidence to suggest that coconuts are indigenous to America, despite the presence of coconut relatives in the region.
Dispersed - (v.) spread or distribute over a wide area; scatter or spread out Example: The intriguing suggestion is that coconuts originated on coral islands in the Pacific and were dispersed from there.
Test-3
Passage-1
Clichés - (n.) overused phrases or ideas that have lost their originality or impact Example: Images of palm-fringed tropical beaches are considered clichés in the western world.
Opulence - (n.) great wealth or luxuriousness; abundance of valuable resources or possessions Example: The Coach brand was associated with opulence and luxury for many years.
Vibrant - (adj.) full of energy, enthusiasm, and activity; bright and striking in color Example: The Poppy handbags launched by Coach were in vibrant colors, appealing to a younger demographic.
Augment - (v.) to make something greater in size, extent, or quantity; to enhance or supplement Example: Coach's strategy was to augment their existing product line with the Poppy range to address the changing consumer needs.
Avert - (v.) to prevent or ward off something undesirable or harmful; to avoid or turn away from Example: Coach managed to avert an across-the-board price cut by introducing the lower-priced Poppy handbags.
Counteract - (v.) to act against something in order to reduce or neutralize its effect; to offset or counterbalance Example: The ME2 video game was created to counteract the negative impacts associated with digital gaming devices.
Desert island - (n.) a remote or uninhabited island, often used metaphorically to refer to a place of isolation or seclusion Example: Coconut seeds can germinate and grow on desert island shores, with little soil or resources.
Cast - (v.) to throw or fling something forcefully or with intention; to cause something to be thrown or spread Example: Coconuts can be cast onto desert island shores by ocean currents, allowing them to potentially grow and root.
Timely - (adj.) done or occurring at a favorable or appropriate time; well-timed or opportune Example: The company's innovations were timely, responding to the changing consumer needs and market trends.
Intriguing - (adj.) arousing curiosity or interest; fascinating or captivating Example: The suggestion that coconuts originated on coral islands in the Pacific is intriguing and warrants further investigation.
Diversity - (n.) the state or quality of being diverse or varied; the range of different forms or types Example: Asia exhibits a high level of coconut diversity with various species and uses of the fruit.
Relatives - (n.) organisms that belong to the same family or are closely related; similar or connected in nature or character Example: Coconuts have relatives growing in the wild in America, but it is uncertain if they are indigenous to the region.
Acquired - (adj.) obtained or gained through one's own efforts or actions; learned or developed over time Example: Glycerine, derived from coconut fat, was acquired strategic importance in Alfred Nobel's invention of dynamite.
Migration - (n.) the movement of individuals or groups from one place to another, typically for the purpose of settling in a new location Example: Trade and human migration patterns played a role in the dispersal of coconuts across different regions.
Passage-1
How Baby Talk Gives Infant Brains A Boost
Absurd - (adj.) wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate; contrary to reason or common sense Example: The sometimes absurd sounds of baby talk can be fascinating to linguists studying its impact on language learning.
Prioritize - (v.) to determine the order of importance or urgency of tasks, goals, or information Example: Babies raised in bilingual homes show better ability to prioritize information due to early language exposure.
Interacted - (v.) engaged in communication or social interaction with someone; exchanged ideas or behaviors Example: The study equipped parents with recording devices to observe how they interacted with their children throughout the day.
Fundamental - (adj.) forming an essential or basic part; foundational or central Example: Dads didn't raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when talking to their kids, as observed in the study.
Repertoire - (n.) a stock of plays, dances, or pieces that a company or performer is prepared to perform; a range or collection of skills or abilities Example: The bridge hypothesis suggests that fathers provide children with a wider repertoire of speech styles and contexts.
Boosted - (v.) increased or improved something, especially significantly or dramatically Example: The study found that frequent baby talk boosted the vocabulary development of children, regardless of socioeconomic status.
Context - (n.) the circumstances or setting in which something occurs; the background or environment that influences the meaning or interpretation of something Example: The study highlighted that using baby talk in a one-on-one context had a greater impact on babies' language development.
Approximates - (v.) comes close to matching or resembling something, but not exactly; makes a similar or near approximation Example: The reactions of babies, like smiling or lip moving, approximate the sound-making of other infants.
Theorizes - (v.) suggests or develops a theory or hypothesis about something; proposes an explanation or interpretation based on evidence or reasoning Example: The researchers theorize that infants' attraction to other infant sounds may help initiate the learning process of speech.
Motor - (adj.) relating to movement or muscular activity; involving or controlling the muscles or body movements Example: The study found activation in the motor areas of the brain when infants were listening to speech sounds.
Scanner - (n.) a device or machine used to scan or examine something, typically by capturing images or data Example: The infants were placed in a brain-activation scanner to record activity while they listened to speech sounds.
Significant - (adj.) important; having a noticeable or meaningful effect or influence Example: The finding of activation in motor areas of the brain is significant as it indicates the engagement of the baby brain in language development.
Uncovered - (v.) revealed or discovered something previously unknown, hidden, or secret Example: The study may have uncovered a process by which babies distinguish between their native language and other languages.
Profound - (adj.) having deep meaning or significance; intense or far-reaching Example: Managers often fail to recognize the profound ways that trends influence consumer behavior.
Exotic - (adj.) foreign, unfamiliar, or strikingly different from what is ordinary or customary Example: Coconuts have always been seen as exotic in the western world.
Voyagers - (n.) travelers or explorers who embark on long journeys, especially by sea Example: Coconuts are considered great maritime voyagers as their ability to float in water allows them to disperse to new locations.
Viability - (n.) the ability to survive, function, or be successful; feasibility or practicality Example: Coconuts can remain viable and capable of germination for about 110 days at sea.
Indigenous - (adj.) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native to a specific region or environment Example: There is no evidence that coconuts are indigenous to America, but they have close relatives growing there.
Replicate - (v.) to reproduce or recreate something exactly; to duplicate or copy Example: The researchers used a special synthesizing device to replicate repeating vowel sounds made by adults and babies.
Engagement - (n.) active participation or involvement in an activity or process; emotional or intellectual commitment Example: Listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing language skills, indicating their engagement in language development.
Recognition - (n.) the identification or acknowledgment of something as valid, true, or significant; the act of realizing or understanding Example: The study found that older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds, suggesting recognition of differences between languages.
Babble - (v.) to produce meaningless or unintelligible sounds, typically in an infant or toddler; to vocalize incoherently Example: Babies who were exposed to more baby talk began to babble more, which later boosted their vocabulary.
Synthesize - (v.) to combine or blend components or elements to form a coherent whole; to create or produce by synthesis Example: The synthesizing device mimicked sounds made by adults and babies, allowing the researchers to study the impact of auditory cues.
Hypothesis - (n.) a proposed explanation or educated guess based on limited evidence or preliminary observations; a theory that requires further testing or verification Example: The bridge hypothesis suggests that fathers use different speech to provide children with a bridge between familial and public speech.
Cliché - (n.) a phrase, expression, or idea that has been overused to the point of losing its originality or impact; a trite or predictable remark or situation Example: Images of palm-fringed tropical beaches have become clichés used to sell various products and evoke a sense of romance or relaxation.
Passage-3
Whatever Happened To The Harappan Civilisation?
Harappan Civilisation - (n.) an ancient Bronze Age society that flourished in Pakistan and India 5,000 years ago Example: The Harappan Civilisation built sophisticated cities and engaged in international trade.
Megacities - (n.) large and highly populated cities Example: The Harappan Civilisation constructed impressive megacities.
Depictions - (n.) representations or portrayals of something or someone Example: The Harappan Civilisation left few depictions of themselves.
Archaeological evidence - (n.) physical remains and artifacts that provide insight into past cultures and civilizations Example: There is archaeological evidence to study the rise of the Harappan Civilisation.
Fall - (n.) the decline or end of something Example: The fall of the Harappan Civilisation remains a mystery.
Transformation - (n.) a significant change or alteration Example: Around 2100 BC, a transformation began in the Harappan cities.
Water supply - (n.) the provision of water for a particular area or community Example: Some theories suggest that changes in water supply affected the Harappan Civilisation.
Agriculture - (n.) the practice of cultivating crops and rearing animals for food and other products Example: The Harappan Civilisation relied on agriculture for sustenance.
Resource base - (n.) the available resources on which a society or civilization depends Example: Some believe that the Harappan Civilisation exhausted their resource base.
Trading economy - (n.) an economic system based on the exchange of goods and services Example: The Harappan Civilisation had a thriving trading economy.
Invasion - (n.) an act of forcefully entering and taking over a place or territory Example: The Harappan Civilisation may have succumbed to invasion and conflict.
Climate change - (n.) long-term shifts or alterations in the Earth's climate patterns Example: Some theories propose that climate change impacted the Harappan Civilisation.
Environmental change - (n.) alterations in the natural surroundings or ecosystem Example: Environmental change could have affected food and water availability.
Solid evidence - (n.) concrete and reliable proof or facts Example: Until now, there has been a lack of solid evidence regarding the decline of the Harappan Civilisation.
Geographic locations - (n.) specific points or positions on the Earth's surface Example: The geographic locations of ancient settlements were inaccurately recorded.
Settlement sites - (n.) areas where people established communities or dwellings Example: The researchers discovered 198 settlement sites previously unknown.
Climate history - (n.) the record of past climate conditions and changes Example: The researchers used geochemical analysis to trace the climate history of the region.
Drought - (n.) a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, resulting in a shortage of water Example: The region experienced a severe drought around 4,100 years ago.
Indian summer monsoon - (n.) a weather system that brings heavy rainfall to the Indian subcontinent during summer Example: The Indian summer monsoon played a significant role in the region's climate.
Weakening - (n.) the process of becoming less strong or intense Example: The Indian summer monsoon climate weakened for about 200 years.
Archaeological records - (n.) documents or information related to past human activities and artifacts Example: The researchers are examining archaeological records to understand ancient societies.
Cultivated grains - (n.) grains that are intentionally grown and cultivated by humans Example: The researchers are analyzing cultivated grains from that time period.
Water stress - (n.) a condition where water availability is insufficient to meet the needs of a population or crops Example: The researchers are investigating whether crops were grown under extreme conditions of water stress.
Pottery - (n.) objects made of clay that are shaped and hardened by heat, often used for storage or decoration Example: The types of pottery used can provide insights into ancient cultures.
Material culture - (n.) the physical objects and artifacts created and used by a society Example: The researchers are studying the material culture of the Harappan Civilisation.
Distinctive - (adj.) unique, characteristic, or easily recognizable Example: The researchers are examining whether pottery styles were distinctive to specific regions.
Interactive networks - (n.) interconnected systems or relationships among different groups or communities Example: The study provides insights into the interactive networks of the Harappan Civilisation.
Population - (n.) the total number of people living in a particular area or community Example: Understanding how past societies responded to change can inform population management today.
Environmental pressures - (n.) external factors or forces that impact the natural environment Example: Archaeologists investigate how past societies responded to environmental pressures.
Water supply management - (n.) the planning and administration of water resources to ensure their sustainable use Example: The study emphasizes the importance of water supply management.
Urban and rural development - (n.) the growth and planning of cities and rural areas Example: Archaeological research can inform decisions regarding urban and rural development.
Cultural heritage - (n.) the traditions, artifacts, and practices inherited from past generations Example: Preservation of cultural heritage is an important consideration for the future.
Archaeologists - (n.) scientists who study human history and prehistory through the excavation and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains Example: Archaeologists play a crucial role in unraveling the mysteries of ancient civilizations.
Rise - (n.) the process of coming into existence or prominence; an upward movement Example: The rise of the Harappan Civilisation marked a period of growth and prosperity.
Cities - (n.) large and permanent human settlements characterized by complex social and economic systems Example: The Harappan Civilisation built well-planned cities with advanced infrastructure.
Baths - (n.) large structures or facilities used for bathing and personal hygiene Example: The Harappan cities had baths as part of their urban planning.
Craft workshops - (n.) spaces where skilled artisans create handmade products Example: The Harappan Civilisation had specialized craft workshops for producing luxury goods.
Palaces - (n.) grand and elaborate residences of rulers or high-ranking individuals Example: The Harappan cities featured impressive palaces as symbols of power and authority.
Halls - (n.) large rooms or spaces used for public gatherings, ceremonies, or events Example: The Harappan halls served as venues for important social and cultural activities.
Blocks - (n.) areas or sections of a city that are demarcated for specific purposes or functions Example: Houses in the Harappan cities were organized in blocks, creating distinct neighborhoods.
Main streets - (n.) primary thoroughfares or roads that serve as the main arteries of a city Example: The Harappan cities had wide main streets for easy movement of people and goods.
Narrow alleyways - (n.) narrow passages or lanes between buildings Example: The Harappan cities had narrow alleyways connecting different parts of the urban fabric.
Wells - (n.) deep holes or shafts dug into the ground to access underground water sources Example: Many houses in the Harappan cities had their own wells for water supply.
Drainage systems - (n.) infrastructure designed to remove excess water or waste from an area Example: The Harappan cities had well-planned drainage systems to manage wastewater.
Global-scale climate event - (n.) a significant climate event that affects a large geographical area Example: Some believe that a global-scale climate event played a role in the decline of multiple Bronze Age civilizations.
Interactive networks - (n.) interconnected systems of communication, trade, or cultural exchange between different regions or groups Example: The Harappan Civilisation likely had interactive networks with other contemporary societies.
Proactive - (adj.) taking action in advance to prevent or mitigate potential problems or challenges Example: Learning from the past, we can adopt a proactive approach to addressing environmental and societal issues.
Management and administration - (n.) the process of organizing and overseeing the operations of a system or organization Example: Understanding past societies can inform effective management and administration practices today.
Balance - (n.) a state of equilibrium or harmony between different elements or factors Example: Striking a balance between urban and rural development is crucial for sustainable growth.
Preserving cultural heritage - (v.) protecting and safeguarding the traditions, artifacts, and sites that represent a society's cultural identity Example: The importance of preserving cultural heritage is recognized for maintaining a sense of identity and fostering understanding.
Test-4
Passage-1
Cutty Sark: the fastest sailing ship of all time
Technological development - (n.) advancements and progress in technology Example: The nineteenth century in Britain witnessed significant technological development.
Wind power - (n.) the use of wind energy to propel a vessel or generate power Example: The major change in shipping during the nineteenth century was the shift from wind power to steam power.
Steam power - (n.) the use of steam engines for propulsion or power generation Example: Steam power replaced sail as the dominant form of propulsion in shipping.
Wood to iron and steel - (phrase) a transition from using wooden materials to iron and steel in ship construction Example: The nineteenth century saw a shift in shipbuilding from wood to iron and steel.
Clippers - (n.) fast sailing vessels with three masts, designed for transporting goods and sometimes passengers Example: Clippers were the fastest commercial sailing vessels during the nineteenth century.
World trade - (n.) the exchange of goods and services on a global scale Example: Clippers dominated world trade during the period when they were in operation.
Survived - (v.) remained in existence or continued to exist Example: Cutty Sark is the only surviving example of a clipper ship.
Figurehead - (n.) a carved decoration, often in the form of a human or an animal, located at the front of a ship Example: Cutty Sark's figurehead depicts a witch from the poem Tam O'Shanter.
Construction - (n.) the process of building or assembling something Example: Cutty Sark was constructed in Dumbarton, Scotland, in 1869.
Shipping company - (n.) an organization that owns and operates ships for transporting goods or passengers Example: Cutty Sark was owned by a shipping company owned by John Willis.
Journey - (n.) a trip or voyage from one place to another Example: Cutty Sark made its maiden journey from London to China in 1870.
Tea - (n.) a beverage made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant Example: Cutty Sark transported large quantities of tea from China to London.
Rudder - (n.) a vertical blade at the stern of a ship used for steering Example: Cutty Sark's rudder was severely damaged during a stormy voyage.
Steam ships - (n.) ships powered by steam engines Example: Steam ships posed a threat to the dominance of clippers due to their increased speed.
Suez Canal - (n.) an artificial waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea Example: The opening of the Suez Canal had a significant impact on shipping routes.
Cargo capacity - (n.) the maximum amount of cargo that a ship can carry Example: Steam ships had larger cargo capacity compared to clippers.
Trade winds - (n.) prevailing winds in specific regions that facilitated sailing routes Example: Cutty Sark depended on the strong trade winds of the southern hemisphere.
Icebergs - (n.) large masses of floating ice detached from glaciers or ice shelves Example: Cutty Sark sailed dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America.
End of life expectancy - (phrase) the point at which a ship reaches the projected end of its service life Example: As Cutty Sark approached the end of her life expectancy, she became less profitable.
Miscellaneous cargoes - (n.) various types of goods or items transported as cargo Example: Cutty Sark carried miscellaneous cargoes around the world in her later years.
Repairs - (n.) actions taken to fix or restore something that is damaged or broken Example: Cutty Sark underwent repairs in Falmouth after being damaged in a gale.
Training ship - (n.) a vessel used to train sailors or naval cadets Example: Cutty Sark served as a training ship under the ownership of Wilfred Dowman.
Public display - (n.) exhibition or presentation to the general public Example: Cutty Sark was transferred to Greenwich for public display in 1954.
Fire - (n.) a destructive event resulting in the burning of property or structures Example: Cutty Sark suffered from a fire in 2007, causing significant damage.
Visitors - (n.) individuals who visit a place or attraction Example: Cutty Sark attracts a large number of visitors each year.
Quarter of a million - (phrase) approximately 250,000 Example: Cutty Sark attracts approximately a quarter of a million visitors each year.
Nineteenth century - (n.) the period from 1800 to 1899 Example: The nineteenth century was a time of significant technological advancements in Britain.
Shift - (n.) a change or transition from one state or condition to another Example: The shipping industry experienced a shift from wind power to steam power.
Iron and steel - (n.) strong and durable materials used in shipbuilding Example: Shipbuilders began utilizing iron and steel instead of wood for constructing ships.
Clipper ship - (n.) a fast-sailing vessel with sleek lines and a large carrying capacity Example: Cutty Sark is an example of a clipper ship, renowned for its speed.
Dominate - (v.) to be the most influential or prevalent in a particular field or area Example: Clippers dominated world trade during their era of operation.
Intact - (adj.) undamaged or complete, with no parts missing or broken Example: Cutty Sark is the only surviving clipper ship that remains largely intact.
Poem - (n.) a piece of writing in verse, often expressing emotions or ideas creatively Example: Cutty Sark's name is derived from a poem by Robert Burns.
Figurehead - (n.) a carved ornament at the front of a ship, often depicting a person or mythical creature Example: Cutty Sark's figurehead represents a witch from the poem Tam O'Shanter.
Construction - (n.) the process of building or assembling something, in this case, a ship Example: Cutty Sark's construction took place in Dumbarton, Scotland.
Shipping company - (n.) an enterprise that owns and operates ships for commercial purposes Example: Cutty Sark was owned by a shipping company owned by John Willis.
Maiden voyage - (n.) the first official journey of a newly built ship Example: Cutty Sark embarked on her maiden voyage from London to China in 1870.
Bad winds - (phrase) unfavorable or adverse wind conditions for sailing Example: Cutty Sark faced challenges due to bad winds during her voyages.
Rival clipper - (n.) another clipper ship that competes in the same trade routes or markets Example: Cutty Sark encountered a rival clipper, Thermopylae, during a voyage in 1872.
Repairing - (v.) the act of fixing or restoring something that is damaged or broken Example: The ship's crew undertook the task of repairing the severely damaged rudder.
Steam ships - (n.) vessels powered by steam engines for propulsion Example: The rise of steam ships posed challenges to the dominance of clippers.
Suez Canal - (n.) a man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea Example: The opening of the Suez Canal had a significant impact on shipping routes.
Journey time - (n.) the duration or length of time required for a trip or voyage Example: Steam ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by two months.
Profitable - (adj.) yielding financial gain or beneficial in terms of returns Example: Cutty Sark became less profitable as steam ships gained dominance.
Violence aboard - (phrase) incidents of physical aggression or disturbances occurring on a ship Example: Aboard Cutty Sark, there were instances of violence that led to changes in the captaincy.
Incompetent drunkard - (phrase) an individual lacking skill or ability and prone to alcohol abuse Example: The previous captain was replaced by an incompetent drunkard due to his misconduct.
Wool trade - (n.) the buying and selling of wool as a commodity Example: Cutty Sark found success in the wool trade, transporting wool from Australia to Britain.
Captain - (n.) the person in charge of a ship and responsible for its navigation and operation Example: Richard Woodget, the ship's next captain, was an excellent navigator.
Navigator - (n.) a person skilled in planning and directing the course of a ship or aircraft Example: Captain Richard Woodget proved to be an exceptional navigator for Cutty Sark.
Profitability - (n.) the state or condition of being financially beneficial or lucrative Example: Cutty Sark's profitability declined as steam ships became more prevalent.
Passage-2
Saving the soil
1. Soil degradation - (n.) the process of deterioration and loss of quality in soil due to various factors Example: The recent UN report highlights the alarming rate of soil degradation worldwide.
2. Farmable soil - (n.) soil that is suitable for cultivation and farming activities Example: If we don't address the decline, farmable soil could disappear within 60 years.
3. Microorganisms - (n.) microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi Example: Healthy soil contains a diverse community of microorganisms that play vital roles.
4. Antibiotics - (n.) medications used to inhibit or kill bacteria to treat infections Example: Healthy soil is a valuable source of antibiotics that can combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
5. Ally against climate change - (phrase) something that works in favor of mitigating the effects of climate change Example: Soil acts as an ally against climate change by sequestering carbon from decomposed organic matter.
6. Carbon content - (n.) the amount of carbon stored in a substance or material Example: Soils lock in significant carbon content, holding three times more carbon than the entire atmosphere.
7. Water storage - (n.) the capacity of soil to retain and store water Example: Soils play a crucial role in water storage, helping prevent flood damage and regulating water availability.
8. Soil degradation costs - (phrase) expenses incurred due to damages caused by soil degradation Example: In the UK, soil degradation costs £233 million annually in damage to buildings, roads, and bridges from floods.
9. Special properties - (phrase) distinctive characteristics or qualities possessed by soil Example: The danger lies in losing the microorganisms that give soil its special properties.
10. Fertile - (adj.) rich in nutrients and suitable for plant growth Example: Over time, soil becomes less fertile when unused crop residues are not returned to enrich it.
11. Variety of crops - (phrase) a diverse range of different plant species cultivated in an area Example: Varying the variety of crops grown can help maintain soil fertility and prevent degradation.
12. Haber-Bosch process - (n.) a method for the industrial production of ammonia used in synthetic fertilizers Example: The Haber-Bosch process revolutionized agriculture by enabling the widespread use of synthetic fertilizers.
13. Synthetic fertilizers - (n.) artificially produced fertilizers used to provide nutrients to crops Example: Indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers can have negative effects on soil health and contribute to pollution.
14. Acidic and salty - (adj.) having increased acidity or saltiness, detrimental to soil quality Example: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can make soil acidic and salty, degrading its fertility.
15. Beneficial bacteria and fungi - (phrase) microorganisms that contribute positively to soil health Example: Pius Floris developed a mix of beneficial bacteria and fungi to improve soil quality.
16. Desert-like - (adj.) resembling a desert in terms of aridity and lack of vegetation Example: The test plots affected by fertilizer overuse had become desert-like in terms of soil conditions.
17. Control plots - (n.) areas used as a standard comparison in an experiment or study Example: In the experiment, control plots were fed with traditional fertilizers for comparison.
18. Global soil degradation - (phrase) the widespread decline and deterioration of soils worldwide Example: Addressing global soil degradation requires comprehensive measures and global cooperation.
19. Classifying soil - (phrase) categorizing soil based on various characteristics and properties Example: The absence of an agreed international system for classifying soil complicates understanding and action.
20. Global Soil Map project - (n.) an initiative led by the UN to create a comprehensive map of soils worldwide Example: The Global Soil Map project aims to provide real-time data on soil conditions globally.
21. Real-time data - (phrase) up-to-date information available immediately or without delay Example: The Global Soil Map project seeks to provide real-time data on the state of soils worldwide.
22. Land degradation - (n.) the decline or loss of land's productivity and ecosystem services Example: The proposal of 'zero net land degradation' aims to address the issue of land degradation.
23. Protected zones - (n.) designated areas established for the conservation and preservation of endangered soils Example: Some researchers advocate for the creation of protected zones to safeguard endangered soils.
24. Soil diversity - (n.) the variety and richness of different types of soils in a given area Example: Conservation efforts may focus on preserving areas with the highest soil diversity.
25. Benchmark of quality - (phrase) a standard or reference point indicating the desired level of quality Example: Unspoiled soils could serve as a benchmark of quality for future soil restoration efforts.
26. Take action - (phrase) to initiate or engage in efforts to address a problem or situation Example: It is crucial to take action now to prevent further soil degradation and protect our future.
27. Degradation of soil - (phrase) the decline in quality or health of soil due to various factors Example: The long-term degradation of soil poses significant threats to agricultural productivity and ecosystem health.
28. Ecosystem studies - (n.) the scientific examination and analysis of the interactions between organisms and their environment Example: Peter Groffman is a prominent figure in ecosystem studies and has emphasized the importance of soil health.
29. Decomposing plants - (phrase) plants that are in the process of breaking down and returning nutrients to the soil Example: Microorganisms in healthy soil play a role in decomposing organic matter from decomposing plants.
30. Diverse community - (phrase) a variety of different organisms coexisting within a specific area or environment Example: A diverse community of microorganisms in soil contributes to its overall health and fertility.
31. Indiscriminate use - (phrase) the uncontrolled or excessive application of something without careful consideration Example: The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers can have detrimental effects on soil quality and ecosystem balance.
32. Soil health - (n.) the condition and overall well-being of soil, including its fertility and ability to support life Example: Pius Floris focuses on improving soil health by utilizing beneficial bacteria, fungi, and humus.
33. Soil conditions - (n.) the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soil in a particular area Example: The test plots showed significantly improved soil conditions after the application of beneficial microorganisms.
34. Soil restoration - (n.) the process of rehabilitating and improving the quality and functionality of degraded soil Example: Unspoiled soils can serve as a reference point for soil restoration efforts to recover degraded areas.
35. Comprehensive measures - (phrase) a set of extensive and thorough actions or strategies Example: Addressing global soil degradation requires comprehensive measures that encompass sustainable agriculture and land management practices.
36. Carbon neutrality - (n.) the state of achieving a balance between carbon emissions and carbon removal or offsetting Example: The concept of carbon neutrality provides a clear target to guide efforts in mitigating climate change.
37. Soil diversity - (n.) the variety of soil types and characteristics within a specific geographic area Example: The conservation of soil diversity is crucial for maintaining ecosystem resilience and supporting diverse plant and animal life.
38. Expectations - (n.) beliefs or hopes about what is likely to happen in the future Example: The goal of "zero net land degradation" helps shape expectations and encourages collective action to protect soil resources.
39. Immediate creation - (phrase) the prompt establishment or implementation of something Example: Some researchers advocate for the immediate creation of protected zones to safeguard endangered soils.
40. Conservation efforts - (n.) actions or initiatives aimed at preserving and protecting natural resources or ecosystems Example: Conservation efforts play a vital role in safeguarding soil health and preventing further degradation.
41. Global cooperation - (phrase) collaborative efforts involving multiple countries or regions on a global scale Example: Addressing soil degradation requires global cooperation to share knowledge, resources, and implement effective solutions.
42. Future protection - (phrase) measures taken to ensure the preservation and sustainable use of resources for future generations Example: Establishing protected zones can contribute to the future protection of valuable soil resources and their functions.
43. Preserving areas - (phrase) conserving or safeguarding specific locations or habitats from degradation or destruction Example: Preservation of areas with high soil diversity is important for preserving the overall health and resilience of ecosystems.
44. Safeguard endangered soils - (phrase) to protect and ensure the survival of soils facing significant threats or degradation Example: Urgent actions are required to safeguard endangered soils and prevent irreversible damage to our ecosystems.
45. Address the issue - (phrase) to focus on and take steps to deal with a specific problem or concern Example: Governments and stakeholders must work together to address the issue of soil degradation and implement sustainable practices.
46. Comprehensive map - (phrase) a detailed and inclusive representation or visual depiction of a specific area or subject Example: The Global Soil Map project aims to create a comprehensive map that provides valuable data on soil conditions worldwide.
47. Easily understood target - (phrase) a clear and straightforward objective that is easy to comprehend Example: A goal of "zero net land degradation" serves as an easily understood target to mobilize action and raise awareness.
48. Coexistence - (n.) the state of two or more organisms or elements existing or occurring together Example: Soil microorganisms and plants rely on a symbiotic coexistence that supports nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning.
49. Mitigating - (v.) reducing or lessening the severity, impact, or risk of something Example: Implementing sustainable agricultural practices is crucial for mitigating soil degradation and protecting soil health.
50. Immediate action - (phrase) prompt and decisive steps taken without delay or hesitation Example: The urgency of the soil degradation problem demands immediate action to prevent further damage and secure a sustainable future.
Passage-3
Book review
26. Positive psychology - (n.) a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of positive emotions, well-being, and personal growth Example: Richard Layard and other advocates of positive psychology believe that governments can promote collective well-being and happiness.
27. Collective well-being - (n.) the overall state of well-being and happiness within a society or community Example: Layard argues that the purpose of government is to promote collective well-being and ensure the happiness of its citizens.
28. Self-evidently good - (phrase) inherently or obviously good without requiring further justification or explanation Example: According to Layard, happiness is self-evidently good, and its importance does not require external reasons.
29. Vast philosophical literature - (phrase) a wide-ranging body of written works exploring philosophical concepts and ideas Example: Critics argue that proponents of positive psychology overlook the vast philosophical literature that delves into the complexities and interpretations of happiness.
30. Metaphysics or fiction - (phrase) dismissive of philosophical concepts and theories as abstract or imaginary Example: Layard and proponents of positive psychology often disregard philosophical perspectives as metaphysics or fiction.
31. Ethical reflection - (n.) critical thinking and examination of moral values and principles Example: Positive psychology proponents overlook the rich history of ethical reflection on human happiness and its relationship with other values.
32. Moral inquiry - (n.) the process of questioning and investigating moral concepts and principles Example: Davies argues that the view that happiness is the only self-evident good limits moral inquiry and overlooks deeper philosophical reflections.
33. Happiness industry - (n.) a term used to describe the commercialization and commodification of happiness and well-being Example: Davies' book explores how the concept of happiness has been exploited within the happiness industry and its impact on various sectors.
34. Historical framework - (phrase) a structured context that places events or ideas within a historical perspective Example: Davies provides a historical framework by tracing the development of the concept of happiness from Bentham to the present day.
35. Public sector management consultant - (phrase) a professional who advises and assists in improving the management and efficiency of public sector organizations Example: Bentham's activities extended beyond philosophy, resembling those of a public sector management consultant with his proposals for organizational improvements.
36. Psychological maladies - (phrase) mental or emotional disorders or problems Example: Davies highlights how economic problems are sometimes redefined and treated as psychological maladies in the context of the happiness industry.
37. Objective measurement - (phrase) quantification or assessment based on verifiable criteria or standards Example: The belief in objective measurement of inner states of pleasure and displeasure has influenced management studies and advertising.
38. Behaviour change - (phrase) the process of modifying or influencing individuals' actions, habits, or behaviors Example: Governments and organizations aim to promote behaviour change to encourage socially desirable actions among the population.
39. Threat to human freedom - (phrase) a potential danger or risk that undermines individual liberty and autonomy Example: The idea of governments promoting happiness can be seen as a threat to human freedom, as it may involve imposing a particular notion of happiness on individuals.
40. Intellectual pedigree - (phrase) the lineage or origin of an idea or concept within intellectual traditions or history Example: The concept of governments promoting happiness has a long intellectual pedigree that can be traced back to Bentham and his utilitarian philosophy.
41. Motivate them in their labours - (phrase) inspire or drive individuals in their work or efforts Example: The idea of ever-increasing happiness serves as a source of motivation for individuals in modern industrial societies to continue their labours.
42. Reductive model - (n.) a simplified or narrow view that reduces complex phenomena or human behavior to simplistic explanations Example: J.B. Watson's reductive model of behaviorism oversimplifies human action and reduces it to stimulus-response relationships.
43. Behaviour Insights Team - (n.) a government-established team focused on studying and understanding behavioral patterns and promoting desired behaviors Example: The British government has formed a Behaviour Insights Team to investigate how people can be encouraged to adopt socially desirable behaviors at minimal cost.
44. Promoting happiness - (phrase) actively working towards increasing happiness levels in individuals or society as a whole Example: The concept of promoting happiness raises questions about the role of governments in shaping and influencing the well-being of their citizens.
45. Freedom of choice - (phrase) the ability of individuals to make independent decisions and act according to their own preferences Example: The emphasis on promoting happiness by governments may conflict with individual freedom of choice and personal autonomy.
46. Measurement of well-being - (phrase) the process of quantifying and assessing the level of satisfaction and contentment in individuals or communities Example: Positive psychology aims to develop tools and methods for the measurement of well-being to inform policies and interventions.
47. Philosophical exploration - (phrase) in-depth examination and inquiry into philosophical concepts and ideas Example: Critics argue that proponents of positive psychology should engage in deeper philosophical exploration to understand the complexities of happiness.
48. Happiness as a societal goal - (phrase) the idea of prioritizing the well-being and happiness of society as a whole Example: Layard and others advocate for considering happiness as a societal goal to guide policies and decision-making processes.
49. Ethical implications - (phrase) the moral consequences or considerations arising from a particular action, decision, or belief Example: The promotion of happiness by governments raises ethical implications regarding the balance between individual freedom and collective well-being.
50. Critical examination - (phrase) a thorough and analytical evaluation of ideas, theories, or concepts Example: It is essential to subject the concept of promoting happiness to critical examination to ensure a well-rounded understanding of its implications and limitations.
51. Cult of happiness - (phrase) an obsessive or exaggerated focus on the pursuit of happiness as the ultimate goal in life Example: The book highlights the emergence of a cult of happiness in modern society, where happiness is seen as the ultimate objective.
52. Well-being measurement - (phrase) the process of assessing and quantifying the overall state of well-being in individuals or communities Example: Positive psychology aims to develop reliable tools for well-being measurement to gauge the effectiveness of interventions and policies.
53. Philosophical perspectives - (phrase) various viewpoints and theories derived from philosophical thought and analysis Example: It is important to consider various philosophical perspectives when discussing the concept of happiness and its implications.
54. Human freedom and autonomy - (phrase) the ability of individuals to act and make choices independently, without external constraints Example: The discussion around promoting happiness by governments raises concerns about the potential impact on human freedom and autonomy.
55. Subjective well-being - (phrase) an individual's personal evaluation and perception of their own happiness and life satisfaction Example: Positive psychology seeks to understand and enhance subjective well-being by focusing on individual experiences and perceptions.
56. Moral philosophy - (phrase) the branch of philosophy that deals with ethical principles and moral values Example: The concept of happiness has been extensively explored within the field of moral philosophy throughout history.
57. Complexity of happiness - (phrase) the intricate nature of happiness, involving multiple factors and subjective experiences Example: The complexity of happiness challenges the notion of a one-size-fits-all approach to promoting well-being in society.
58. Critique of happiness-centric approach - (phrase) an analysis or evaluation that questions the exclusive emphasis on happiness as the ultimate goal Example: Some scholars offer a critique of the happiness-centric approach, arguing that it overlooks the importance of other values and aspects of human life.
59. Multidimensional well-being - (phrase) a comprehensive perspective that considers multiple dimensions of well-being, including physical, emotional, social, and psychological aspects Example: Instead of focusing solely on happiness, a multidimensional well-being framework takes into account various facets of human flourishing.
60. Balancing individual and collective well-being - (phrase) finding a middle ground between promoting individual happiness and considering the overall well-being of society Example: Governments face the challenge of balancing individual and collective well-being when formulating policies that aim to enhance societal happiness.
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