Cambridge IELTS 10 Reading Vocabulary

           ACADEMIC READING TEST-1

Stepwells

1.  stepwells: (n.) elaborate wells with staircases descending to the water source; used for various purposes including drinking, bathing, and irrigation. Example: Stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India.

2. fundamental: (adj.) essential; serving as a foundation or basis. Example: Clean water is fundamental to maintaining good health.

3. neglected: (adj.) disregarded; not given proper attention or care. Example: The garden had become neglected and overgrown with weeds.

4. restoration: (n.) the act of repairing or renovating something to its original condition. Example: The old castle underwent extensive restoration to preserve its historical significance.

5. spectacular: (adj.) impressive; remarkable in appearance. Example: The view from the mountaintop was truly spectacular.

6. monuments: (n.) significant structures or buildings, often with historical or cultural importance. Example: The ancient pyramids of Egypt are iconic monuments.

7. heyday: (n.) the period of greatest success, popularity, or power. Example: In its heyday, the city was a thriving hub of trade and commerce.

8. utilitarian: (adj.) designed for practical purposes rather than beauty. Example: The utilitarian design of the new office building focused on functionality rather than aesthetics.

9. Unique: (adj.) one of a kind; distinct or unusual. Example: Each snowflake is unique, with its own individual pattern.

10. architecturally: (adv.) relating to the design and construction of buildings. Example: The architecturally stunning cathedral drew visitors from around the world.

11. elaborate: (adj.) intricate or detailed in design or construction. Example: The elaborate wedding gown was adorned with pearls and lace.

12. varied: (adj.) diverse; having many different forms or types. Example: The menu at the restaurant offers a varied selection of dishes from around the world.

13. tiers: (n.) rows or levels arranged one above the other. Example: The wedding cake was decorated with cascading tiers of delicate frosting.

14. intricate: (adj.) complex or detailed; having many interconnected parts. Example: The artist created an intricate mosaic using tiny pieces of colored glass.

15. embellish: (v.) to decorate or enhance with additional details. Example: The storyteller tended to embellish his tales with exaggerated characters and events.

16. derelict: (adj.) abandoned; in a very poor condition due to neglect. Example: The derelict building had become a haven for squatters and vandals.

17. diverted: (v.) redirected; changed the direction or course of something. Example: The river was diverted to prevent flooding in the town.

18. dry spells: (n.) periods of time with little or no rainfall. Example: Farmers struggled during the dry spells, as crops withered in the fields.

19. drought: (n.) a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water. Example: The drought devastated the agricultural industry, causing widespread crop failures.

20. restoring: (v.) bringing something back to its original condition; renovating or repairing. Example: The team was tasked with restoring the historic mansion to its former glory.

21. pristine: (adj.) in perfect condition; immaculate. Example: The newly renovated park looked pristine, with freshly planted flowers and trimmed hedges.

22. commissioned: (v.) officially ordered or instructed. Example: The artist was commissioned to paint a portrait of the mayor.

23. aesthetically: (adv.) in a way that relates to beauty or appearance. Example: The garden was designed not only for practicality but also for aesthetically pleasing landscapes.

24. ornate: (adj.) elaborately decorated; highly detailed. Example: The ceiling of the palace was adorned with ornate frescoes depicting scenes from mythology.

25. neglect: (v.) fail to care for properly. Example: The owner neglected the garden, and it became overrun with weeds.

26. marvels: (n.) wonders; things that cause astonishment or admiration. Example: The Great Wall of China is one of the architectural marvels of the world.

27. ingenuity: (n.) cleverness or originality in inventing or solving problems. Example: The engineer's ingenuity led to the development of a revolutionary new technology.

28. artistry: (n.) creative skill or ability, especially in the arts. Example: The sculptor's artistry was evident in the lifelike statues he created.

29. leisure: (n.) free time; time spent away from work or responsibilities. Example: He enjoys gardening in his leisure time.

30. gathering: (n.) an assembly or meeting of people, especially for a particular purpose. Example: The family reunion was a joyous gathering of relatives from near and far.

31. relaxation: (n.) the state of being free from tension and anxiety. Example: A warm bath is my favorite way to achieve relaxation after a long day.

32. worship: (n.) the reverent honor and homage paid to a deity or sacred personage. Example: The villagers gathered at the temple to offer their worship and prayers.

33. incarnations: (n.) versions or embodiments of a deity or spirit in earthly form. Example: In Hinduism, Vishnu has ten different incarnations.

34. devastating: (adj.) causing severe damage or destruction. Example: The hurricane brought devastating winds and flooding to the coastal town.

35. stunning: (adj.) extremely impressive or attractive. Example: The sunset over the ocean was absolutely stunning.

36. survived: (v.) endured or lived through a difficult or dangerous situation. Example: Despite the odds, he survived the plane crash with only minor injuries.

37. devoted: (adj.) dedicated; showing strong love or loyalty. Example: She was a devoted friend who always stood by me in times of need.

38. constructed: (v.) built; assembled or created something. Example: The new bridge was constructed to withstand even the strongest earthquakes.

39. comprise: (v.) consist of; be made up of. Example: The committee comprises representatives from various departments.

40. silted up: (phrasal v.) filled with silt or sediment, often resulting in reduced capacity or obstruction. Example: The river delta gradually silted up, causing navigation difficulties for ships.

41. underwater: (adj.) situated, occurring, or done beneath the surface of the water. Example: The scuba divers explored the underwater caves.

42. pavilions: (n.) decorative structures or buildings, often used for shelter or entertainment. Example: The park had several small pavilions where visitors could rest and enjoy the view.

43. recedes: (v.) moves back or away from a previous position. Example: As the tide went out, the water receded from the shore.

44. negotiated: (v.) managed to reach an agreement or compromise through discussion or bargaining. Example: The two sides negotiated a settlement to end the dispute.

45. constructed: (v.) built; assembled or created something. Example: The new bridge was constructed to withstand even the strongest earthquakes.

46. architectural: (adj.) relating to the design and construction of buildings. Example: The architectural plans for the new museum were impressive in their detail.

47. supported: (v.) held up or sustained. Example: The columns supported the weight of the roof.

48. sheltered: (adj.) protected or shielded from harm or harsh conditions. Example: We found shelter from the rain under a large tree.

49. dotted: (adj.) scattered or distributed in small amounts or over an area. Example: The countryside was dotted with picturesque villages.

50. preserving: (v.) maintaining or keeping something in its original state or condition. Example: The museum is dedicated to preserving artifacts from ancient civilizations.

PASSAGE-2

EUROPEAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS  1990-2010

What have been the trends and what are the prospects for European transport systems?

1.  vigorous: (adj.) strong, energetic, and active. Example: Vigorous exercise can improve your overall health.

2. facilitating: (v.) making something easier or less difficult. Example: The new software aims at facilitating communication between team members.

3. requirement: (n.) something that is necessary; a necessity. Example: Meeting the basic requirements is essential for admission to the university.

4. spectacular: (adj.) impressive, striking, or dramatic. Example: The fireworks display was truly spectacular.

5. fleet: (n.) a group of vehicles, ships, or aircraft operated by a company or organization. Example: The company has a large fleet of delivery trucks.

6. goods transport: (n.) the movement of commodities or products from one place to another. Example: Goods transport by sea has become increasingly important for global trade.

7. abolished: (v.) formally put an end to (a system, practice, or institution). Example: Slavery was abolished in many countries during the 19th century.

8. relocation: (n.) the act of moving to a new place or position. Example: The company's relocation to a larger office space boosted productivity.

9. assembly plant: (n.) a facility where parts are put together to manufacture a product. Example: The automobile company opened a new assembly plant in the Midwest.

10. candidates: (n.) individuals or entities seeking election, admission, or employment. Example: The political party announced its candidates for the upcoming election.

11. haulage: (n.) the business of transporting goods by road or rail. Example: The haulage industry plays a crucial role in the economy.

12. enlarged: (adj.) made larger in size or extent. Example: The company's profits have increased since it enlarged its product line.

13. imperative: (adj.) of vital importance; crucial. Example: It is imperative that we find a solution to the environmental crisis.

14. sustainable: (adj.) capable of being maintained or continued over the long term without depleting resources. Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to minimize environmental impact.

15. strategy: (n.) a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim. Example: The marketing team developed a new strategy to increase sales.

16. ambitious: (adj.) having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed. Example: She has ambitious plans to start her own business.

17. emissions: (n.) the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation. Example: The factory's emissions are harmful to the environment.

18. attributable: (adj.) capable of being attributed to a specific cause or source. Example: The increase in air pollution is attributable to the rise in car emissions.

19. alternative: (adj.) available as another possibility or choice. Example: Solar energy is considered an alternative to fossil fuels.

20. modal shift: (n.) a change in the predominant mode of transportation used for a particular purpose. Example: The government is promoting a modal shift from cars to public transportation.

21. deterioration: (n.) the process of becoming worse in condition or quality. Example: The deterioration of the old building required extensive renovations.

22. marginalisation: (n.) the process of treating a person, group, or concept as insignificant or unimportant.

• Example: The marginalized community struggled to access basic services.

1. uncoupling: (n.) the act of separating or disconnecting one thing from another. Example: The therapist helped the couple through the process of uncoupling their finances.

2. complementary: (adj.) combining in such a way as to enhance or emphasize the qualities of each other. Example: His skills and hers are complementary, making them a strong team.

3. revitalising: (v.) giving new life, vitality, or energy to something. Example: The city council invested in revitalizing the downtown area.

4. integrated: (adj.) combining or coordinating separate elements so as to provide a harmonious, interrelated whole. Example: The new software offers integrated solutions for project management.

5. market shares: (n.) the portion of total sales in a market that is controlled by a particular company or product. Example: The company's market share has been steadily increasing over the past year.

6. imbalance: (n.) a lack of proportion or relation between corresponding things. Example: The imbalance between supply and demand led to price fluctuations.

7. restrictions: (n.) limitations or constraints placed on something. Example: There are restrictions on how much alcohol you can bring on the plane.

8. mobility: (n.) the ability to move or be moved freely and easily. Example: Improved public transportation increases mobility for city residents.

9. modal: (adj.) relating to or involving different modes of transportation. Example: The city is developing a modal transportation plan to reduce traffic congestion.

10. pitch: (n.) the level of intensity or extent of something. Example: The debate reached such a pitch that it became difficult to hear individual voices.

11. culprit: (n.) a person or thing responsible for a crime or wrongdoing. Example: The faulty wiring was identified as the culprit behind the fire.

12. uncoupling: (n.) the act of separating or disconnecting one thing from another. Example: The therapist helped the couple through the process of uncoupling their finances.

13. alternative fuels: (n.) energy sources other than traditional fossil fuels. Example: Many countries are investing in research on alternative fuels like hydrogen and biofuels.

14. efficiency: (n.) the ability to accomplish something with the least waste of time, effort, or resources. Example: Improving energy efficiency is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

15. infrastructure: (n.) the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Example: The government plans to invest in infrastructure projects to stimulate economic growth.

16. cohesion: (n.) the action or fact of forming a united whole. Example: Social cohesion is important for maintaining stability in a diverse society.

17. emerged: (v.) become known or apparent. Example: A new trend emerged in fashion this season.

18. ambitious: (adj.) having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed. Example: She has ambitious plans to start her own business.

19. uncoupling: (n.) the act of separating or disconnecting one thing from another. Example: The therapist helped the couple through the process of uncoupling their finances.

20. integration: (n.) the process of combining or coordinating separate elements so as to provide a harmonious, interrelated whole. Example: The integration of technology into education has transformed the learning experience.

21. network: (n.) a group or system of interconnected people or things. Example: The internet is a vast network of computers and servers.

22. enlarged: (adj.) made larger in size or extent. Example: The company's profits have increased since it enlarged its product line.

23. imbalance: (n.) a lack of proportion or relation between corresponding things. Example: The imbalance between supply and demand led to price fluctuations.

24. option: (n.) a thing that is or may be chosen. Example: We have several options for dinner tonight.

25. revitalising: (v.) giving new life, vitality, or energy to something. Example: The city council invested in revitalizing the downtown area.

26. ambitious: (adj.) having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed. Example: She has ambitious plans to start her own business.

27. uncoupling: (n.) the act of separating or disconnecting one thing from another. Example: The therapist helped the couple through the process of uncoupling their finances.

28. balance: (n.) an even distribution of weight, enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady. Example: The gymnast demonstrated perfect balance on the balance beam.

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PASSAGE-3

The psychology of innovation

Why are so few companies truly innovative?

1.        Innovative: (adj.) Introducing new ideas; original and creative in thinking. Example: The company's innovative approach to product design set it apart from its competitors.

2.       Resources: (n.) Assets or materials that can be drawn upon when needed. Example: The organization allocated more resources to research and development.

3.       Inspiring: (adj.) Stimulating or motivating someone to act or create. Example: The teacher's passionate speech was inspiring to her students.

4.       Luxurious: (adj.) Characterized by luxury; opulent or extravagant. Example: The hotel offered luxurious accommodations and amenities.

5.       State-of-the-art: (adj.) Using the latest and most advanced techniques or technology. Example: The laboratory was equipped with state-of-the-art equipment for conducting experiments.

6.       Stimulate: (v.) To encourage or prompt an activity or process to begin or develop. Example: The workshop aimed to stimulate creativity and innovation among participants.

7.       Creative: (adj.) Having the ability to produce or invent new ideas, expressions, or objects. Example: The artist's creative approach to painting was admired by critics.

8.       Recruitment: (n.) The process of finding and hiring new employees. Example: The company's recruitment efforts focused on attracting top talent from diverse backgrounds.

9.       Fit: (n.) The degree of compatibility or harmony between two entities. Example: There was a good fit between the candidate's skills and the requirements of the job.

10.   Contribution: (n.) The action of giving or supplying something, typically money or assistance. Example: His contribution to the project was invaluable.

11.   Ambition: (n.) A strong desire to achieve something, typically requiring determination and hard work. Example: Her ambition was to become a successful entrepreneur.

12.   Instinctively: (adv.) Based on instinct or intuition, without conscious thought. Example: She instinctively knew which direction to take.

13.   Understood: (v.) Comprehended or grasped the meaning or significance of something. Example: He understood the importance of teamwork in achieving success.

14.   Inspired: (adj.) Filled with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative. Example: The painting was inspired by the artist's travels around the world.

15.   Pressure: (n.) The force or influence exerted upon someone to do something. Example: The deadline created pressure to finish the project on time.

16.   Hard-wired: (adj.) Inherent or innate; programmed or predetermined. Example: Our brains are hard-wired to respond to certain stimuli.

17.   Managers: (n.) Individuals responsible for directing and controlling the activities of an organization or group of employees. Example: The managers held a meeting to discuss the company's strategic goals.

18.   Approach: (n.) A way of dealing with a situation or problem. Example: The company adopted a proactive approach to customer service.

19.   Counterintuitive: (adj.) Contrary to what one would intuitively expect or think. Example: The solution to the puzzle was counterintuitive but effective.

20.   Inevitably: (adv.) As is certain to happen; unavoidably. Example: With rapid technological advancements, change is inevitably.

21.   Gambles: (n.) Risky actions or decisions taken in the hope of a desired outcome. Example: He took a gamble by investing in the startup, but it paid off handsomely.

22.   Threatened: (adj.) In danger of being harmed, damaged, or destroyed. Example: The company's profits were threatened by the economic downturn.

23.   Collaborative: (adj.) Involving the cooperation of multiple people or groups. Example: The project was a collaborative effort between several departments.

24.   Exchanges: (n.) The act of giving or receiving something of value in return. Example: The cultural exchange program allowed students to learn about different customs and traditions.

25.   Contact: (n.) Communication or interaction between people or groups. Example: The business maintained contact with its clients through regular meetings and emails.

26.   Bosses: (n.) Individuals in a position of authority over others, typically in a workplace setting. Example: The bosses announced a new policy regarding employee benefits.

27.   Scientifically: (adv.) In a manner consistent with the principles and methods of science. Example: The experiment was conducted scientifically, following strict protocols.

28.   Intelligent: (adj.) Having or showing intelligence; clever or smart. Example: She was known for her intelligent approach to problem-solving.

29.   Tap into: (phrasal verb) To make use of or draw upon a resource or reserve. Example: The company tapped into new markets by expanding its product line.

30.   Drivers: (n.) Factors or forces that influence or guide a particular action or outcome. Example: Economic growth and consumer demand are key drivers of the market.

31.   Pervasive: (adj.) Spreading widely throughout an area or group of people. Example: The pervasive influence of social media affects people's behavior and perceptions.

32.   Resistance: (n.) The refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument. Example: There was resistance to the proposed changes among the staff.

33.   Advocate: (v.) To publicly support or recommend a particular cause or policy. Example: She advocates for environmental conservation through her activism.

34.   Stimulate: (v.) To encourage or prompt an activity or process to begin or develop. Example: The workshop aimed to stimulate creativity and innovation among participants.

35.   Prototyping: (n.) The process of creating a preliminary version of a product or system for testing and evaluation. Example: The company used prototyping to refine its new smartphone design.

36.   Scores: (n.) Large numbers or quantities. Example: Scores of people lined up outside the store for the midnight release of the new video game.

37.   Reality: (n.) The state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them. Example: The reality of the situation became clear after careful analysis.

38.   Authoritative: (adj.) Commanding and self-confident; likely to be respected and obeyed. Example: Her authoritative demeanor commanded attention in the boardroom.

39.   Inhibit: (v.) To prevent or hinder (an action or process). Example: Fear can inhibit people from taking risks and pursuing their goals.

40.   Overbearing: (adj.) Unpleasantly or arrogantly domineering. Example: His overbearing attitude alienated his colleagues and subordinates.

41.   Collective: (adj.) Done by people acting as a group. Example: The decision was made by collective agreement among the team members.

42.   Interchange: (n.) The action of exchanging things, typically people or information, between different groups or countries. Example: The cultural interchange between East and West led to the spread of ideas and technologies.

43.   Revolutions: (n.) Dramatic and wide-reaching changes in conditions, attitudes, or operations. Example: The industrial revolution brought about significant changes in manufacturing and transportation.

44.   Ideal: (adj.) Satisfying one's conception of what is perfect or most suitable. Example: The vacation spot was ideal for families with young children.

45.   Accomplishment: (n.) Something that has been achieved successfully. Example: Winning the championship was a great accomplishment for the team.

46.   Frustrating: (adj.) Causing feelings of disappointment or annoyance due to being hindered or thwarted in one's goals. Example: The slow progress on the project was frustrating for everyone involved.

47.   Approaches: (n.) Methods or ways of dealing with a situation or problem. Example: There are different approaches to teaching mathematics, depending on the student's learning style.

48.   Recognizing: (v.) Identifying someone or something from having encountered them before; acknowledging the existence or validity of something. Example: She had a hard time recognizing her old friend after so many years apart.

49.   Psychological: (adj.) Relating to the mental and emotional state of a person. Example: The therapy session focused on addressing psychological issues stemming from childhood trauma.

50.   Realities: (n.) The state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them. Example: The realities of life often differ from our expectations and desires.

          ACADEMIC READING TEST-2

Tea and the Industrial Revolution

A Cambridge professor says that a change in drinking habits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Anjana Abuja reports.

1. enigma: (n.) a puzzling or mysterious problem or situation.

• Example: The disappearance of the ancient civilization remains an enigma to archaeologists.

1. anthropological: (adj.) relating to the study of humans and their societies, cultures, and development.

• Example: The anthropological research shed light on the customs and traditions of the indigenous tribe.

1. wrestling: (v.) struggling with a difficulty or problem.

• Example: The team is wrestling with budget constraints to complete the project on time.

1. revolution: (n.) a sudden, radical, or complete change.

• Example: The invention of the internet brought about a revolution in communication.

1. criteria: (n.) standards or principles by which something is judged or decided.

• Example: The selection criteria for the scholarship program were based on academic performance and extracurricular activities.

1. sufficient: (adj.) enough; adequate.

• Example: We have sufficient evidence to support our claims.

1. revolutionize: (v.) to change something radically or fundamentally.

• Example: The invention of the steam engine revolutionized transportation.

1. eccentric: (adj.) unconventional and slightly strange.

• Example: The artist's eccentric personality was reflected in his avant-garde artwork.

1. scepticism: (n.) a skeptical attitude; doubt about the truth or validity of something.

• Example: There was widespread scepticism about the politician's promises.

1. deduction: (n.) the process of reaching a conclusion by reasoning or inference.

• Example: Sherlock Holmes used deductive reasoning to solve complex mysteries.

1. appraisal: (n.) an evaluation or assessment of the worth, value, or quality of something.

• Example: The performance appraisal highlighted areas for improvement.

1. infant: (adj.) relating to young children or babies.

• Example: Infant mortality rates have decreased significantly due to advances in healthcare.

1. mortality: (n.) the state of being subject to death.

• Example: The mortality rate from the disease has been steadily declining.

1. viruses: (n.) submicroscopic infectious agents that replicate only inside the living cells of organisms.

• Example: Vaccines help protect against viruses such as influenza and measles.

1. bacteria: (n.) single-celled microorganisms that can cause disease or be beneficial to humans.

• Example: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

1. revolutionary: (adj.) involving or causing a complete or dramatic change.

• Example: The invention of the printing press was revolutionary for spreading knowledge.

1. agriculture: (n.) the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals.

• Example: Advances in agriculture led to increased food production.

1. sanitation: (n.) conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal.

• Example: Poor sanitation can lead to the spread of infectious diseases.

1. efforts: (n.) vigorous attempts or actions made to achieve something.

• Example: The company's efforts to reduce waste have been successful.

1. incidence: (n.) the occurrence, rate, or frequency of something, especially undesirable events.

• Example: The incidence of crime in the city has decreased over the past decade.

1. incidence: (n.) the occurrence, rate, or frequency of something, especially undesirable events.

• Example: The incidence of crime in the city has decreased over the past decade.

1. clipper: (n.) a fast sailing ship, especially one of 19th-century design with concave bows and a narrow hull.

• Example: Clippers were commonly used for transporting goods across the oceans.

1. coincidence: (n.) a remarkable concurrence of events or circumstances without apparent causal connection.

• Example: It was a coincidence that we both happened to be in the same city at the same time.

1. preserving: (v.) maintaining or keeping something in its original state.

• Example: Preserving historical landmarks is important for future generations.

1. prevalence: (n.) the fact or condition of being prevalent; commonness.

• Example: The prevalence of smartphones has changed how we communicate.

1. stomach-purifying: (adj.) having properties that cleanse or purify the stomach.

• Example: Certain herbs are known for their stomach-purifying effects.

1. contingency: (n.) a future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty.

• Example: The company developed a contingency plan in case of a natural disaster.

1. technologically: (adv.) in a way that relates to technology or technological advances.

• Example: The company is investing in research and development to stay technologically competitive.

1. advanced: (adj.) at a stage further on in progress or complexity.

• Example: The new smartphone features advanced technology for improved performance.

1. abandoned: (adj.) left without needed protection or care.

• Example: The abandoned building was in a state of disrepair.

1. literacy: (n.) the ability to read and write.

• Example: Education programs aim to improve literacy rates in developing countries.

1. futures: (n.) contracts to buy or sell specified quantities of a commodity or financial instrument at a price agreed upon today for delivery and payment at a future date.

• Example: Investors use futures contracts to hedge against price fluctuations.

1. profound: (adj.) having deep insight or understanding.

• Example: The novel offers a profound exploration of human nature.

1. redundant: (adj.) no longer needed or useful; superfluous.

• Example: The company had to lay off workers due to redundant positions.

1. interchange: (n.) the action of exchanging things, especially information, between different groups or countries.

• Example: The cultural interchange between East and West led to the spread of ideas and technologies.

1. revolutions: (n.) dramatic and wide-reaching changes in conditions, attitudes, or operations.

• Example: The industrial revolution brought about significant changes in manufacturing and transportation.

1. ideal: (adj.) satisfying one's conception of what is perfect or most suitable.

• Example: The vacation spot was ideal for families with young children.

1. accomplishment: (n.) something that has been achieved successfully.

• Example: Winning the championship was a great accomplishment for the team.

1. frustrating: (adj.) causing feelings of disappointment or annoyance due to being hindered or thwarted in one's goals.

• Example: The slow progress on the project was frustrating for everyone involved.

1. approaches: (n.) methods or ways of dealing with a situation or problem.

• Example: There are different approaches to teaching mathematics, depending on the student's learning style.

1. recognizing: (v.) identifying someone or something from having encountered them before; acknowledging the existence or validity of something.

• Example: She had a hard time recognizing her old friend after so many years apart.

1. psychological: (adj.) relating to the mental and emotional state of a person.

• Example: The therapy session focused on addressing psychological issues stemming from childhood trauma.

1. realities: (n.) the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them.

• Example: The realities of life often differ from our expectations and desires.

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PASSAGE-2

Gifted children and learning 

1.       Internationally: (adv.) Involving more than one nation or country. Example: The company operates internationally, with offices in several countries.

2.       Frequently: (adv.) Happening or occurring often; commonly. Example: He frequently travels abroad for business meetings.

3.       Cutoff: (n.) A point or level at which something is stopped or cut off. Example: The cutoff for applications is midnight tonight.

4.       Provision: (n.) The action of providing or supplying something for use. Example: The provision of clean drinking water is essential for public health.

5.       Verbal: (adj.) Relating to words or speech. Example: She has excellent verbal communication skills.

6.       Manipulate: (v.) Handle or control in a skillful manner. Example: He knows how to manipulate the controls of the machine with precision.

7.       Vocabulary: (n.) A set of familiar words within a person's language. Example: Children should be exposed to a wide vocabulary to aid in language development.

8.       Metacognition: (n.) Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. Example: Teaching metacognition helps students become more aware of how they learn.

9.       Evaluation: (n.) The making of a judgment about the amount, number, or value of something; assessment. Example: The evaluation of the project's success will be based on various criteria.

10.   Qualitative: (adj.) Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity. Example: The study focused on qualitative data rather than quantitative measurements.

11.   Compensates: (v.) Makes up for something unwelcome or unpleasant by exerting an opposite force or effect. Example: His enthusiasm compensates for his lack of experience.

12.   Regulation: (n.) A rule or directive made and maintained by an authority. Example: The government introduced new regulations to control pollution levels.

13.   Autonomy: (n.) The ability or right to govern oneself or make one's own decisions. Example: The school promotes autonomy among its students, encouraging them to take responsibility for their learning.

14.   Regulatory: (adj.) Relating to or making rules or regulations. Example: The agency has regulatory authority over the pharmaceutical industry.

15.   Curiosity: (n.) A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity about the natural world led him to pursue a career in science.

16.   Self-regulation: (n.) The ability to control one's own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in order to achieve a goal. Example: Teaching self-regulation skills is important for children's academic success.

17.   Deprived: (adj.) Lacking the necessities of life; disadvantaged. Example: The organization provides support for deprived children in the community.

18.   Theoretical: (adj.) Concerned with or involving the theory of a subject or area of study rather than its practical application. Example: The research explores theoretical concepts in physics.

19.   Expertise: (n.) Expert skill or knowledge in a particular field. Example: Her expertise in computer programming made her the ideal candidate for the job.

20.   Independence: (n.) The state of being free from outside control; self-reliance. Example: The country fought for its independence from colonial rule.

21.   Intellectual: (adj.) Relating to the ability to think and understand ideas at a high level. Example: She has strong intellectual abilities, evident from her insightful analysis.

22.   Effort: (n.) A vigorous or determined attempt. Example: Success requires hard work and effort.

23.   Creativity: (n.) The use of imagination or original ideas to create something new. Example: The artist's creativity is evident in her innovative sculptures.

24.   Motivation: (n.) The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way. Example: His desire to succeed is a strong motivation for studying hard.

25.   Harness: (v.) Control and make use of (natural resources), especially to produce energy. Example: The company harnesses solar power to generate electricity.

26.   Advance: (n.) A forward movement or progress. Example: The project is moving forward, thanks to recent advances in technology.

27.   Facilitate: (v.) Make (an action or process) easier or more efficient. Example: The new software facilitates communication between team members.

28.   Inhibit: (v.) Hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or process). Example: Fear can inhibit creativity and innovation.

29.   Motivates: (v.) Provides (someone) with a motive for doing something. Example: His passion for music motivates him to practice every day.

30.   Problem-solving: (adj.) Relating to or involved in finding solutions to problems. Example: Problem-solving skills are essential in the workplace.

31.   Fundamental: (adj.) Forming a necessary base or core; of central importance. Example: Respect for human rights is a fundamental principle of democracy.

32.   Transfers: (v.) Move (someone or something) from one place to another. Example: He transferred to a different department within the company.

33.   Control: (n.) The power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events. Example: The manager has tight control over the company's finances.

34.   Tutoring: (n.) The act of teaching or instructing, especially privately or individually. Example: She provides tutoring in math for struggling students.

35.   Domain: (n.) An area of territory owned or controlled by a ruler or government. Example: The company expanded its domain by acquiring several smaller competitors.

36.   Expertise: (n.) Expert skill or knowledge in a particular field. Example: Her expertise in computer programming made her the ideal candidate for the job.

37.   Mixed: (adj.) Consisting of different qualities or elements. Example: The painting received mixed reviews from critics.

38.   Review: (n.) A formal assessment or examination of something with the possibility or intention of instituting change if necessary. Example: The committee conducted a review of the company's policies.

39.   Emotions: (n.) A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. Example: Her emotions got the better of her, and she burst into tears.

40.   Inhibit: (v.) Hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or process). Example: Fear can inhibit creativity and innovation.

41.   Curiosity: (n.) A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity about the natural world led him to pursue a career in science.

42.   Desire: (n.) A strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen. Example: Her desire for success drove her to work hard.

43.   Efficiently: (adv.) In a way that achieves maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Example: The new system allows us to work more efficiently.

44.   Motivation: (n.) The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way. Example: His desire to succeed is a strong motivation for studying hard.

45.   Enhance: (v.) Intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of. Example: The new software will enhance our productivity.

46.   Creative: (adj.) Relating to or involving the use of the imagination or original ideas to create something new. Example: The artist's creative work is admired by many.

47.   Emotion: (n.) A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. Example: She couldn't control her emotions and burst into tears.

48.   Efficiency: (n.) The ability to accomplish a job with a minimum expenditure of time and effort. Example: The efficiency of the new system has improved productivity.

49.   Advantage: (n.) A condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position. Example: His early start gave him an advantage over the other competitors.

50.   Outcome: (n.) The way a thing turns out; a result. Example: The outcome of the experiment was unexpected.

Top of Form

PASSAGE-3

Museums of fine art and their public

1.       Reproduction: (n.) The process of making a copy of something. Example: The museum sells high-quality reproductions of famous paintings in its gift shop.

2.       Assumptions: (n.) Things that are accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof. Example: We cannot make assumptions about people based solely on their appearance.

3.       Repository: (n.) A place where things are stored or held for safekeeping. Example: The library serves as a repository of knowledge for the community.

4.       Exhibit: (n.) An object or collection of objects on display for the public to view. Example: The museum's new exhibit features rare artifacts from ancient civilizations.

5.       Unique: (adj.) Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else. Example: Each snowflake is unique, with its own distinct pattern.

6.       Reprographic: (adj.) Relating to the reproduction of images or text. Example: The reprographic department is responsible for making copies of documents.

7.       Faithful: (adj.) Accurate or true to the original; reliable. Example: The translation aims to be faithful to the author's intentions.

8.       Implicit: (adj.) Suggested or understood without being directly expressed. Example: There is an implicit understanding that employees should arrive on time for work.

9.       Limitations: (n.) Restrictions or boundaries that prevent something from being complete or perfect. Example: The project faced limitations due to budget constraints.

10.   Treasure: (n.) Valuable objects or possessions. Example: The pirate's map led them to buried treasure on the deserted island.

11.   Security Guards: (n.) Individuals employed to protect people and property from theft or harm. Example: The security guards patrolled the museum to ensure the safety of the exhibits.

12.   Attendants: (n.) People employed to provide assistance or services to others. Example: The attendants at the theater guided guests to their seats.

13.   Ropes: (n.) Thick cords made of twisted fibers, used for various purposes including securing or tying objects. Example: The climbers tied themselves to the ropes for safety during the ascent.

14.   Displays: (n.) Arrangements or presentations of items for viewing by the public. Example: The store's window displays attract customers passing by on the street.

15.   Architectural: (adj.) Relating to the design and construction of buildings or structures. Example: The city's skyline is characterized by its diverse architectural styles.

16.   Monetary: (adj.) Relating to money or currency. Example: The company experienced a monetary loss due to decreased sales.

17.   Impresses: (v.) Causes someone to feel admiration or respect. Example: Her talent for playing the piano impresses everyone who hears her perform.

18.   Diverse: (adj.) Showing a great deal of variety; different from each other. Example: The city's population is diverse, with people from many different cultures.

19.   Displacement: (n.) The act of moving something from its usual place or position. Example: The displacement of people due to the natural disaster caused widespread homelessness.

20.   Appreciation: (n.) Recognition and enjoyment of the good qualities of something. Example: She expressed her appreciation for the thoughtful gift.

21.   Temporal: (adj.) Relating to time. Example: The temporal sequence of events in the novel is crucial to understanding the plot.

22.   Prescribed: (adj.) Officially recommended or set down as a rule or direction. Example: The doctor prescribed medication to help alleviate the patient's symptoms.

23.   Criticism: (n.) The analysis and judgment of the merits and faults of a literary or artistic work. Example: The film received mixed criticism from reviewers, with some praising its performances and others criticizing its plot.

24.   Suppress: (v.) Prevent the development, action, or expression of (a feeling, impulse, idea, etc.); restrain. Example: She struggled to suppress her laughter during the serious meeting.

25.   Establishment: (n.) A group in a society exercising power and influence over institutions, policies, and practices. Example: The political establishment faced criticism for its handling of the crisis.

26.   Promote: (v.) To support or actively encourage. Example: The company launched a new advertising campaign to promote its latest product.

27.   Status: (n.) The relative social, professional, or other standing of someone or something. Example: His promotion to manager elevated his status within the company.

28.   Environment: (n.) The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The company strives to create a positive work environment for its employees.

29.   Perception: (n.) The way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: Her perception of the situation differed from mine.

30.   Revolves: (v.) Moves in a circular orbit around a central point. Example: The Earth revolves around the sun.

31.   Alternative: (adj.) Available as another possibility or choice. Example: We need to consider alternative solutions to the problem.

32.   Limitations: (n.) Restrictions or boundaries that prevent something from being complete or perfect. Example: The project faced limitations due to budget constraints.

33.   Contemporary: (adj.) Belonging to or occurring in the present. Example: The artist's work reflects contemporary themes and issues.

34.   Inherent: (adj.) Existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute. Example: Risk is inherent in any investment strategy.

35.   Challenge: (n.) A task or situation that tests someone's abilities. Example: Overcoming obstacles is part of the challenge of climbing a mountain.

36.   Reputation: (n.) The beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something. Example: The company has a reputation for providing excellent customer service.

37.   Significance: (n.) The quality of being worthy of attention; importance. Example: The discovery of the new species has great significance for the field of biology.

38.   Authenticity: (n.) The quality of being genuine or true. Example: The museum's experts confirmed the authenticity of the ancient artifact.

39.   Spontaneous: (adj.) Performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse or inclination and without premeditation or external stimulus. Example: Their spontaneous applause showed their appreciation for the performance.

40.   Restrictions: (n.) Limitations or conditions that limit or control someone or something. Example: There are strict restrictions on access to the classified documents.

41.   Illumination: (n.) Lighting or light. Example: The room was filled with soft illumination from the candles.

42.   Pervasive: (adj.) Spreading widely throughout an area or group of people. Example: The pervasive smell of smoke lingered in the air long after the fire was extinguished.

43.   Understanding: (n.) The ability to comprehend or grasp something mentally. Example: Her understanding of the subject matter was evident in her insightful questions.

44.   Analysis: (n.) Detailed examination of the elements or structure of something. Example: The report provides a thorough analysis of the company's financial performance.

45.   Endeavor: (n.) An attempt to achieve a goal. Example: Despite their best endeavors, they were unable to complete the project on time.

46.   Complexity: (n.) The state or quality of being intricate or complicated. Example: The complexity of the issue requires careful consideration.

47.   Hierarchy: (n.) A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority. Example: The military operates according to a strict hierarchy of command.

48.   Demonstrate: (v.) To show or prove something by giving evidence or examples. Example: The experiment was designed to demonstrate the effects of temperature on plant growth.

49.   Reflection: (n.) Serious thought or consideration. Example: Upon reflection, she realized she had made a mistake.

50.   Inspire: (v.) To fill someone with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative. Example: His dedication to his craft inspired others to pursue their passions.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-3

The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism

1. institutionalized: (adj.) established in practice or custom; becoming a part of the established system or order.

• Example: Tourism has become an institutionalized aspect of modern society.

1. phenomenon: (n.) a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question.

• Example: The sudden increase in tourism was a phenomenon that caught the attention of economists.

1. distinctly: (adv.) in a way that is readily distinguishable from others; clearly.

• Example: The new art style was distinctly different from anything seen before.

1. availability: (n.) the quality of being able to be used or obtained.

• Example: The availability of flights increased with the expansion of the airline industry.

1. advent: (n.) the arrival or occurrence of a notable event or person.

• Example: The advent of the internet revolutionized communication.

1. rapid: (adj.) happening in a short time or at a fast pace.

• Example: The rapid growth of technology has transformed many industries.

1. expansion: (n.) the action of becoming larger or more extensive.

• Example: The company's expansion into international markets was a strategic move.

1. employment: (n.) the condition of having paid work.

• Example: The government's priority is to increase employment opportunities for its citizens.

1. foreign exchange: (n.) the currency of a foreign country or countries.

• Example: International tourism contributes to a country's foreign exchange reserves.

1. significantly: (adv.) in a way that is large or important enough to be noticeable or have an effect.

• Example: The new policy significantly impacted the company's bottom line.

1. segments: (n.) parts into which something is or may be divided.

• Example: The market can be divided into several segments based on demographics.

1. recognised: (adj.) acknowledged; accepted as true or valid.

• Example: Her achievements were recognized by the entire industry.

1. unrecognised: (adj.) not acknowledged or identified; not recognized.

• Example: The contributions of the volunteers often go unrecognized.

1. virtually: (adv.) nearly; almost.

• Example: The project is virtually complete; we just need to do some final touches.

1. contributions: (n.) the part played by a person or thing in bringing about a result or helping something to advance.

• Example: His contributions to the field of science are widely recognized.

1. profound: (adj.) having deep insight or understanding.

• Example: The novel offers a profound exploration of human nature.

1. impact: (n.) the effect or influence of one person, thing, or action, on another.

• Example: Climate change has a significant impact on the environment.

1. diversity: (n.) the state of being diverse; variety.

• Example: The diversity of cultures in the city makes it a vibrant place to live.

1. fragmentation: (n.) the process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts.

• Example: The fragmentation of the market made it difficult to target specific demographics.

1. enterprise: (n.) a project or undertaking, typically one that is difficult or requires effort.

• Example: Starting a business requires entrepreneurial skills and determination.

1. analysts: (n.) people who examine and interpret data or information.

• Example: Financial analysts study market trends to make investment recommendations.

1. reliable: (adj.) consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted.

• Example: We need reliable data to make informed decisions.

1. credible: (adj.) able to be believed; convincing.

• Example: The witness provided a credible account of the events.

1. amorphous: (adj.) without a clearly defined shape or form.

• Example: The concept of beauty is somewhat amorphous and varies between cultures.

1. vehicle: (n.) a means of carrying or transporting something or someone.

• Example: Education is seen as a vehicle for social mobility.

1. participants: (n.) people who take part or are involved in something.

• Example: The participants in the study were asked to complete a questionnaire.

1. precise: (adj.) exact; accurate.

• Example: The measurements need to be precise in order to ensure safety.

1. valid: (adj.) logically or factually sound; acceptable.

• Example: The argument presented in the report is not valid without supporting evidence.

1. reliable: (adj.) consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted.

• Example: We need reliable data to make informed decisions.

1. domestic: (adj.) of or relating to one's own country or its internal affairs.

• Example: Domestic tourism contributes to the economy by generating revenue from local travelers.

1. province: (n.) a principal administrative division of certain countries or empires.

• Example: The northern province is known for its natural beauty and wildlife.

1. measured: (adj.) calculated or gauged with accuracy.

• Example: The success of the project will be measured by its impact on the community.

1. statistical: (adj.) relating to the use of statistics or the principles of statistics.

• Example: Statistical analysis revealed a correlation between income level and educational attainment.

1. measurement: (n.) the action of measuring something.

• Example: Accurate measurement is crucial for scientific experiments.

1. significant: (adj.) sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy.

• Example: The findings of the study are significant and warrant further investigation.

1. participation: (n.) the action of taking part in something.

• Example: Active participation in class discussions is encouraged.

1. institute: (v.) to establish or introduce a system, policy, or course of action.

• Example: The government plans to institute new regulations to protect the environment.

1. commodity: (n.) a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold.

• Example: Oil is a valuable commodity traded on international markets.

1. prioritize: (v.) to designate or treat (something) as more important than other things.

• Example: It's important to prioritize your tasks to ensure you meet deadlines.

1. sector: (n.) a distinct part or branch of a nation's economy or society.

• Example: The healthcare sector plays a crucial role in providing essential services to the population.

1. contribution: (n.) the act of giving or doing something.

• Example: Her contribution to the project was invaluable.

1. ranking: (n.) a position in a hierarchical classification.

• Example: The country's ranking in the global competitiveness index improved this year.

1. problems: (n.) difficulties or challenges that need to be resolved.

• Example: The team encountered several problems during the project.

1. definition: (n.) a statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase.

• Example: The dictionary provides definitions for thousands of words.

1. impact: (n.) the effect or influence of one person, thing, or action, on another.

• Example: Climate change has a significant impact on the environment.

1. participation: (n.) the action of taking part in something.

• Example: Active participation in class discussions is encouraged.

1. extent: (n.) the degree to which something has spread; the scope of something.

• Example: The extent of the damage caused by the hurricane was extensive.

1. emphasis: (n.) special importance, value, or prominence given to something.

• Example: The teacher placed emphasis on the importance of studying for exams.

1. vibrant: (adj.) full of energy and life; lively.

• Example: The city's vibrant nightlife attracts tourists from around the world.

1. definition: (n.) a statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase.

• Example: The dictionary provides definitions for thousands of words.

PASSAGE-2 

Autumn leaves

Canadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fall

1. captivating: (adj.) attracting and holding interest or attention; charming.

• Example: The captivating scenery of the mountains left us in awe.

1. puzzled: (adj.) unable to understand; perplexed.

• Example: She looked puzzled by the complex math problem.

1. chlorophyll: (n.) a green pigment found in plants, responsible for absorbing light energy for photosynthesis.

• Example: Chlorophyll gives plants their green color and plays a crucial role in photosynthesis.

1. conifers: (n.) cone-bearing trees or shrubs, typically evergreen and including pines, spruces, firs, and cedars.

• Example: Conifers are well-adapted to cold climates and often retain their needles throughout the year.

1. redundant: (adj.) not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous.

• Example: The redundant equipment was removed to make room for new machinery.

1. precious: (adj.) of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly.

• Example: Time spent with loved ones is precious and should be cherished.

1. discards: (n.) things rejected as no longer useful or desirable.

• Example: The company discards outdated inventory at the end of each fiscal year.

1. dominated: (v.) exert a strong influence on; be the most important or conspicuous element of.

• Example: The towering skyscraper dominated the city skyline.

1. anthocyanins: (n.) water-soluble plant pigments reflecting red to blue hues, responsible for the red coloration of leaves.

• Example: Anthocyanins give certain fruits, such as blueberries and cranberries, their vibrant colors.

1. puzzling: (adj.) causing confusion or uncertainty; perplexing.

• Example: The sudden disappearance of the ship remains a puzzling mystery.

1. widely: (adv.) to a great extent; over a wide area or range.

• Example: The new technology is widely used in the automotive industry.

1. infestation: (n.) the presence of an unusually large number of insects or animals in a place, typically causing damage or disease.

• Example: The infestation of termites caused extensive damage to the wooden structure.

1. advertise: (v.) describe or draw attention to (a product, service, or event) in a public medium in order to promote sales or attendance.

• Example: The company advertised its new product on television and social media.

1. robust: (adj.) strong and healthy; vigorous.

• Example: Regular exercise and a balanced diet are essential for maintaining robust health.

1. intensity: (n.) the quality of being intense; strength or sharpness.

• Example: The intensity of the storm caused widespread damage.

1. plausible: (adj.) seeming reasonable or probable; credible.

• Example: His explanation for being late sounded plausible, but I still had my doubts.

1. paradoxical: (adj.) seemingly absurd or self-contradictory.

• Example: It's paradoxical that she claims to support equality while discriminating against certain groups.

1. vulnerable: (adj.) susceptible to physical or emotional attack or harm.

• Example: The elderly are more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses during summer months.

1. dismantling: (v.) taking apart or breaking down into component parts.

• Example: The old building is being dismantled to make way for a new shopping complex.

1. destruction: (n.) the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired.

• Example: The hurricane left a path of destruction in its wake.

1. straightforward: (adj.) uncomplicated and easy to do or understand; simple.

• Example: The instructions for assembling the furniture were straightforward and clear.

1. clues: (n.) a piece of evidence or information used in the detection of a crime or solving of a mystery.

• Example: The detective followed the clues to unravel the mystery.

1. susceptible: (adj.) likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.

• Example: Young children are more susceptible to infections due to their developing immune systems.

1. stress: (n.) pressure or tension exerted on a material object.

• Example: The bridge collapsed under the stress of heavy traffic.

1. subtle: (adj.) delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe.

• Example: She made subtle changes to the recipe to improve the flavor.

1. complex: (adj.) consisting of many different and connected parts.

• Example: The human brain is a complex organ with billions of neurons.

1. subtle: (adj.) delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe.

• Example: She made subtle changes to the recipe to improve the flavor.

1. intense: (adj.) of extreme force, degree, or strength.

• Example: The intense heatwave caused temperatures to soar above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

1. north: (n.) the direction in which a compass needle normally points, towards the horizon on the left-hand side of a person facing east, or the part of the horizon lying in this direction.

• Example: We headed north towards the mountains for our hiking trip.

1. resort: (v.) turn to and adopt (a course of action, especially an extreme or undesirable one) so as to resolve a difficult situation.

• Example: The company may resort to layoffs if it cannot meet its financial targets.

1. spectacular: (adj.) beautiful in a dramatic and eye-catching way.

• Example: The fireworks display was truly spectacular.

1. complexity: (n.) the state or quality of being intricate or complicated.

• Example: The complexity of the human brain is still not fully understood by scientists.

1. anthocyanins: (n.) water-soluble plant pigments reflecting red to blue hues, responsible for the red coloration of leaves.

• Example: Anthocyanins give certain fruits, such as blueberries and cranberries, their vibrant colors.

1. expenses: (n.) the cost required for something; the money spent on something.

• Example: The company incurred significant expenses during the expansion project.

1. intense: (adj.) of extreme force, degree, or strength.

• Example: The intense heatwave caused temperatures to soar above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

1. revelation: (n.) a surprising and previously unknown fact, especially one that is made known in a dramatic way.

• Example: The discovery of ancient artifacts was a revelation to archaeologists.

1. susceptible: (adj.) likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.

• Example: Young children are more susceptible to infections due to their developing immune systems.

1. benefits: (n.) an advantage or profit gained from something.

• Example: Regular exercise has numerous health benefits.

1. paradoxical: (adj.) seemingly absurd or self-contradictory.

• Example: It's paradoxical that she claims to support equality while discriminating against certain groups.

1. intensity: (n.) the quality of being intense; strength or sharpness.

• Example: The intensity of the storm caused widespread damage.

1. resistance: (n.) the refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument.

• Example: The workers organized a strike in resistance to proposed pay cuts.

1. susceptible: (adj.) likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.

• Example: Young children are more susceptible to infections due to their developing immune systems.

1. exquisite: (adj.) extremely beautiful and, typically, delicate.

• Example: The ballroom was decorated with exquisite floral arrangements.

1. vulnerable: (adj.) susceptible to physical or emotional attack or harm.

• Example: The elderly are more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses during summer months.

1. manufacture: (v.) make (something) on a large scale using machinery.

• Example: The company manufactures electronic devices in its factory.

1. hypothesis: (n.) a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

• Example: The scientist formulated a hypothesis to explain the observed phenomenon.

1. intact: (adj.) not damaged or impaired in any way; complete.

• Example: The ancient artifact was discovered intact, buried deep underground.

1. detection: (n.) the action or process of identifying the presence of something concealed.

• Example: The detection of a gas leak prompted the evacuation of the building.

1. mystery: (n.) something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain.

• Example: The disappearance of the famous painting remains a mystery to this day.

1. subtle: (adj.) delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe.

• Example: She made subtle changes to the recipe to improve the flavor.

Top of Form

PASSAGE-3

Beyond the blue horizon

Ancient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific Ocean 

1. archaeological: (adj.) relating to the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.

• Example: The team made an archaeological discovery of ancient ruins buried beneath the sand.

1. seafaring: (adj.) traveling or working on the sea.

• Example: The seafaring culture of the ancient Polynesians is renowned for their navigational skills.

1. precious: (adj.) of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly.

• Example: The archaeologists found precious artifacts buried in the tomb.

1. conclusively: (adv.) in a manner that leaves no doubt or uncertainty.

• Example: The DNA evidence conclusively proved the suspect's innocence.

1. descendants: (n.) a person, plant, or animal that is descended from a particular ancestor.

• Example: The descendants of the ancient civilization still inhabit the region today.

1. puzzling: (adj.) causing confusion or uncertainty; perplexing.

• Example: The disappearance of the artifacts was a puzzling mystery for the investigators.

1. rigging: (n.) the system of ropes, cables, or chains employed to support and operate the sails, mast, and other equipment of a sailing vessel.

• Example: The sailors worked diligently to repair the damaged rigging of the ship.

1. mariners: (n.) sailors or navigators.

• Example: The ancient mariners relied on the stars for navigation during their long sea voyages.

1. distinguished: (adj.) recognized or identified as being of a particular type; noted.

• Example: The distinguished professor was renowned for his groundbreaking research.

1. presupposes: (v.) to require or depend on something else as a precondition.

• Example: The success of the project presupposes careful planning and coordination.

1. geography: (n.) the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these.

• Example: Geography class involves learning about maps, landforms, and climates.

1. overshooting: (v.) to go beyond or exceed (a limit or range).

• Example: The pilot overshot the runway during the landing, causing the plane to skid off the tarmac.

1. mastered: (v.) to acquire complete knowledge or skill in (an accomplishment, technique, or art).

• Example: She mastered the art of playing the piano after years of practice.

1. assumption: (n.) a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.

• Example: The hypothesis was based on the assumption that increased exercise leads to improved health.

1. scattered: (adj.) dispersed or spread over a wide area.

• Example: The scattered leaves on the ground formed a colorful carpet beneath the trees.

1. thinly: (adv.) to a small extent; not thickly or densely.

• Example: The soup was thinly flavored and lacked seasoning.

1. encountered: (v.) to unexpectedly experience or be faced with (something difficult or hostile).

• Example: The climbers encountered harsh weather conditions as they ascended the mountain.

1. ventured: (v.) to dare to do something or go somewhere that may be dangerous or unpleasant.

• Example: They ventured into the forest despite warnings of wild animals in the area.

1. quits: (n.) to bring to an end; cease.

• Example: After years of disagreement, they decided to call it quits and go their separate ways.

1. renowned: (adj.) known or talked about by many people; famous.

• Example: The renowned artist's paintings are displayed in museums around the world.

1. evolution: (n.) the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.

• Example: The evolution of technology has transformed the way we communicate.

1. outliers: (n.) a person or thing situated away or detached from the main body or system.

• Example: The small island was considered an outlier compared to the larger ones nearby.

1. anthropology: (n.) the study of human societies and cultures and their development.

• Example: Anthropology explores the diversity of human cultures and traditions.

1. excavation: (n.) the action of digging or hollowing out an area of ground.

• Example: The archaeologists conducted an excavation at the site of the ancient city.

1. rituals: (n.) a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order.

• Example: The tribe performed ancient rituals to honor their ancestors.

1. flourish: (v.) to grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly favorable environment.

• Example: The business began to flourish after implementing new marketing strategies.

1. heritage: (n.) valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions, unspoiled countryside, and historic buildings that have been passed down from previous generations.

• Example: Preserving our cultural heritage is important for future generations.

1. remnants: (n.) a small remaining quantity of something.

• Example: The ruins are the remnants of an ancient civilization that once thrived in the region.

1. ancestors: (n.) a person, typically one more remote than a grandparent, from whom one is descended.

• Example: The museum displayed artifacts used by our ancestors thousands of years ago.

1. tariffs: (n.) a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

• Example: The government imposed tariffs on imported goods to protect domestic industries.

1. devised: (v.) to plan or invent (a complex procedure, system, or mechanism) by careful thought.

• Example: The engineer devised a new method for purifying water in remote areas.

1. infrastructure: (n.) the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

• Example: The government invested in improving the country's infrastructure to support economic growth.

1. migration: (n.) movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions.

• Example: The migration of birds is influenced by changes in weather patterns.

1. reconnaissance: (n.) military observation of a region to locate an enemy or ascertain strategic features.

• Example: The reconnaissance mission provided valuable information about enemy troop movements.

1. abandoned: (adj.) having been deserted or left.

• Example: The abandoned house was overgrown with weeds and vines.

1. explored: (v.) to travel in or through (an unfamiliar country or area) in order to learn about or familiarize oneself with it.

• Example: The adventurers explored the dense jungle in search of rare plants and animals.

1. unique: (adj.) being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else.

• Example: The island had a unique ecosystem found nowhere else in the world.

1. domestication: (n.) the process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.

• Example: The domestication of dogs occurred thousands of years ago.

1. distinctive: (adj.) characteristic of one person or thing and so serving to distinguish it from others.

• Example: The distinctive markings on the bird's feathers made it easy to identify.

1. sustainability: (n.) the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

• Example: Conservation efforts aim to promote sustainability and protect the environment.

1. outlying: (adj.) situated far from the center or main population; remote.

• Example: The outlying islands were difficult to reach by boat.

1. settlements: (n.) a place, typically one that has hitherto been uninhabited, where people establish a community.

• Example: The early settlers built their settlements along the riverbank.

1. subsistence: (n.) the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself, especially at a minimal level.

• Example: The tribe relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence.

1. perishable: (adj.) likely to decay or go bad quickly.

• Example: Perishable goods such as fruits and vegetables need to be refrigerated.

1. maritime: (adj.) connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity.

• Example: The country's economy relies heavily on maritime trade.

1. astronomical: (adj.) extremely large or high.

• Example: The cost of the new building project was astronomical.

1. navigation: (n.) the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one's position and planning and following a route.

• Example: The sailors relied on celestial navigation to guide their ship across the ocean.

1. ritualistic: (adj.) relating to or characteristic of a ritual.

• Example: The ritualistic dance was performed during religious ceremonies.

1. generations: (n.) all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively.

• Example: The tradition has been passed down through many generations.

1. colonization: (n.) the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

• Example: The colonization of the New World led to significant cultural changes for indigenous populations.

        ACADEMIC READING TEST-4

PASSAGE-1

The mega fires of California

1. menace: (n.) a person or thing that is likely to cause harm; a threat.

• Example: Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States.

1. erratically: (adv.) in a manner that is not even or regular in pattern or movement; unpredictably.

• Example: The flames spread erratically, making it difficult for firefighters to contain the fire.

1. megafires: (n.) large wildfires that burn 500,000 acres or more.

• Example: Megafires pose significant challenges to firefighting efforts due to their size and intensity.

1. intentional: (adj.) done on purpose; deliberate.

• Example: The decision to stop the wildfires as quickly as possible was intentional, but it had unintended consequences.

1. eradication: (n.) the complete destruction of something; the act of rooting out or eliminating.

• Example: The eradication of underbrush was unintentionally halted by the policy to stop wildfires quickly.

1. adjunct: (adj.) added or connected in a subordinate or auxiliary capacity.

• Example: Dominik Kulakowski serves as an adjunct professor of biology at Clark University.

1. ecosystems: (n.) a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

• Example: Building homes in fire-prone ecosystems increases the risk of wildfires spreading to residential areas.

1. proliferation: (n.) a rapid increase in the number or amount of something.

• Example: The proliferation of wildfires in recent years has raised concerns about fire safety.

1. infrastructure: (n.) the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

• Example: The state invested in improving its infrastructure for firefighting, including upgrading fire engines and command centers.

1. professionalism: (n.) the competence or skill expected of a professional.

• Example: The professionalism of firefighters has contributed to more effective responses to wildfires.

1. coordination: (n.) the organization of different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively.

• Example: Effective coordination among firefighters from different jurisdictions is crucial during wildfire incidents.

1. procurement: (n.) the action of obtaining or procuring something.

• Example: The procurement of new technology has enhanced firefighting capabilities in Southern California.

1. efficiency: (n.) the ability to accomplish something with the least waste of time and effort; competency in performance.

• Example: Greater efficiency in firefighting operations has led to faster containment of wildfires.

1. revamped: (adj.) improved or updated.

• Example: The commission revamped communication procedures to enhance statewide response to wildfires.

1. jurisdictions: (n.) the official power to make legal decisions and judgments.

• Example: Firefighters from different jurisdictions work together to combat wildfires.

1. evacuation: (n.) the action of moving people away from a place of danger to a safer place.

• Example: Evacuation procedures are crucial for ensuring the safety of residents during wildfires.

1. endured: (v.) suffered (something painful or difficult) patiently.

• Example: Randy Jacobs endured the evacuation of his home and business during the wildfires.

1. procurement: (n.) the action of obtaining or procuring something.

• Example: The procurement of new technology has enhanced firefighting capabilities in Southern California.

1. prevention: (n.) the action of stopping something from happening or arising.

• Example: Fire prevention measures are essential for reducing the risk of wildfires.

1. measures: (n.) actions or steps taken to achieve a particular purpose.

• Example: The government implemented various measures to mitigate the impact of wildfires on communities.

1. fanned: (v.) past tense of fan; to cause air to blow upon, as from a fan; to stir up or agitate (something, such as air).

• Example: The Santa Ana Winds fanned the flames, making the wildfires more difficult to contain.

1. significant: (adj.) sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy.

• Example: The increase in wildfires is significant and requires urgent action from policymakers.

1. consequence: (n.) a result or effect of an action or condition.

• Example: One consequence of the policy to stop wildfires quickly was the accumulation of underbrush.

1. preservation: (n.) the action of maintaining something in its original or existing state.

• Example: The preservation of natural habitats is crucial for preventing wildfires.

1. adjacent: (adj.) next to or adjoining something else.

• Example: The wildfires spread quickly from one house to the adjacent ones due to strong winds.

1. commitment: (n.) the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause or activity.

• Example: The state's commitment to firefighting efforts has led to improvements in equipment and training.

1. dilapidated: (adj.) in a state of disrepair or ruin as a result of age or neglect.

• Example: Firefighters complained about the dilapidated equipment and outdated fire engines.

1. mutual-aid: (n.) assistance or support provided by one state or organization to another, especially in times of need or emergency.

• Example: Mutual-aid agreements allow firefighters from different states to support each other during large wildfires.

1. infrastructure: (n.) the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

• Example: The state invested in improving its infrastructure for firefighting, including upgrading fire engines and command centers.

1. capability: (n.) the ability or capacity to do something.

• Example: The state's firefighting capability has been enhanced by investments in new technology.

1. efficacy: (n.) the ability to produce a desired or intended result.

• Example: The efficacy of firefighting efforts depends on factors such as equipment, training, and coordination.

1. expenditure: (n.) the action of spending funds; an amount of money spent.

• Example: The state increased its expenditure on firefighting to improve preparedness and response.

1. crucial: (adj.) of great importance; decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something.

• Example: Effective communication is crucial during wildfire incidents to ensure the safety of residents.

1. observation: (n.) the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.

• Example: The firefighters conducted observations to assess the spread of the wildfire.

1. efficiency: (n.) the ability to accomplish something with the least waste of time and effort; competency in performance.

• Example: Greater efficiency in firefighting operations has led to faster containment of wildfires.

1. mutual: (adj.) experienced or done by each of two or more parties toward the other or others.

• Example: Mutual-aid agreements allow neighboring states to provide assistance to each other during emergencies.

1. resilience: (n.) the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.

• Example: The resilience of communities affected by wildfires is tested by their ability to rebuild and recover.

1. coordinated: (adj.) organized or integrated in a harmonious way; functioning together effectively.

• Example: The coordinated efforts of firefighters from multiple jurisdictions led to the successful containment of the wildfire.

1. incorporate: (v.) to include something as part of a whole; to combine or merge.

• Example: The state incorporated new technology into its firefighting strategy to enhance effectiveness.

1. assessment: (n.) the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something.

• Example: The assessment of wildfire risk helps authorities prioritize resources for prevention and response.

1. enhancement: (n.) the action of improving or enhancing the quality or value of something.

• Example: The enhancement of firefighting capabilities is crucial for effective wildfire management.

1. sustainability: (n.) the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level; the avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain ecological balance.

• Example: Sustainable firefighting practices are necessary to protect ecosystems and prevent further damage.

1. precaution: (n.) a measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous, unpleasant, or inconvenient from happening.

• Example: Evacuation orders are precautionary measures to ensure the safety of residents during wildfires.

1. prevention: (n.) the action of stopping something from happening or arising.

• Example: Fire prevention measures are essential for reducing the risk of wildfires.

1. allocation: (n.) the action or process of distributing something.

• Example: The allocation of resources for firefighting is based on risk assessments and strategic priorities.

1. utilization: (n.) the action of making use of something; the state of being used.

• Example: Efficient utilization of firefighting resources is crucial during wildfire incidents.

1. mitigation: (n.) the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something.

• Example: Mitigation measures aim to minimize the impact of wildfires on communities and ecosystems.

1. maintenance: (n.) the process of preserving or maintaining something in good condition.

• Example: Regular maintenance of equipment is essential for ensuring the effectiveness of firefighting operations.

1. allocation: (n.) the action or process of distributing something.

• Example: The allocation of resources for firefighting is based on risk assessments and strategic priorities.

1. deployment: (n.) the distribution of forces in preparation for battle or work.

• Example: The rapid deployment of firefighters to wildfire hotspots is crucial for preventing further spread.

PASSAGE-2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - 26, which are based on Passage 2 below.

Second nature

1. temperaments: (n.) a person's or animal's nature, especially as it permanently affects their behaviour.

• Example: She had a calm temperament, rarely getting angry or upset.

1. inject: (v.) to introduce (something) into a place or a situation, especially in small quantities.

• Example: He injected a sense of excitement into the otherwise dull meeting.

1. optimism: (n.) hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful outcome of something.

• Example: Despite the challenges, she faced them with optimism, believing that things would improve.

1. psychologists: (n.) experts in the study of the mind and behavior.

• Example: Psychologists often work with individuals to help them overcome mental health challenges.

1. transformation: (n.) a thorough or dramatic change in form or appearance.

• Example: The renovation project resulted in a complete transformation of the old building.

1. traits: (n.) distinguishing qualities or characteristics, typically of one's personality.

• Example: Honesty and integrity are important traits to look for in a friend.

1. inherited: (adj.) received (a characteristic or quality) from one's parents by genetic transmission.

• Example: She inherited her mother's artistic talent and her father's sense of humor.

1. admirable: (adj.) arousing or deserving respect and approval.

• Example: His dedication to helping others was truly admirable.

1. loyalty: (n.) the quality of being loyal; faithfulness to commitments or obligations.

• Example: His loyalty to his friends was unwavering, even in difficult times.

1. kindness: (n.) the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate.

• Example: She showed kindness to strangers by volunteering at the homeless shelter.

1. habitual: (adj.) done or doing constantly or as a habit; typical.

• Example: Her habitual morning routine included a cup of coffee and a brisk walk.

1. cultivating: (v.) preparing and using (land) for crops or gardening.

• Example: He spent years cultivating the soil to grow the perfect tomatoes.

1. potential: (n.) having or showing the capacity to become or develop into something in the future.

• Example: The young artist showed great potential with her unique style of painting.

1. spontaneous: (adj.) performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse or inclination and without premeditation or external stimulus.

• Example: Their spontaneous decision to go on a road trip led to unforgettable memories.

1. transition: (n.) the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another.

• Example: The transition from high school to college can be challenging for many students.

1. rehabilitation: (n.) the action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.

• Example: He underwent months of rehabilitation after the accident to regain the use of his injured leg.

1. suffering: (n.) the state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.

• Example: The refugees endured years of suffering before finding safety in a new country.

1. depression: (n.) feelings of severe despondency and dejection.

• Example: She sought help from a therapist to cope with her depression.

1. support group: (n.) a group of people with common experiences or concerns who provide each other with encouragement, comfort, and advice.

• Example: The cancer support group meets every week to share their experiences and offer support to one another.

1. dysentery: (n.) an infection of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea, typically caused by contaminated food or water.

• Example: Many soldiers died from dysentery during the war due to unsanitary living conditions.

1. convinced: (adj.) completely certain about something.

• Example: She was convinced that she had made the right decision.

1. favourable: (adj.) expressing approval; advantageous.

• Example: The weather conditions were favorable for a successful harvest.

1. outcomes: (n.) the way a thing turns out; a consequence.

• Example: The unexpected outcome of the experiment surprised the researchers.

1. intense: (adj.) of extreme force, degree, or strength.

• Example: The intense heat of the summer made it difficult to go outside.

1. overwhelming: (adj.) very great in amount.

• Example: The support she received from her friends was overwhelming and greatly appreciated.

1. freediving: (n.) the sport or activity of diving underwater without the use of breathing apparatus, especially in deep water.

• Example: He discovered a passion for freediving after taking a scuba diving course.

1. stamina: (n.) the ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort.

• Example: Marathon runners need a lot of stamina to complete the race.

1. untangle: (v.) to separate and remove knots or tangles.

• Example: She carefully untangled the necklace chain to free the pendant.

1. ignorance: (n.) lack of knowledge or information.

• Example: His ignorance of the subject was evident from his confused expression.

1. discipline: (n.) the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience.

• Example: Martial arts teaches discipline as well as self-defense techniques.

1. tolerate: (v.) to allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one dislikes or disagrees with) without interference.

• Example: We must learn to tolerate differences in opinion and respect diverse perspectives.

1. ignorance: (n.) lack of knowledge or information.

• Example: His ignorance of the subject was evident from his confused expression.

1. discipline: (n.) the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience.

• Example: Martial arts teaches discipline as well as self-defense techniques.

1. tolerate: (v.) to allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one dislikes or disagrees with) without interference.

• Example: We must learn to tolerate differences in opinion and respect diverse perspectives.

1. intimidating: (adj.) making someone feel intimidated, fearful, or inadequate.

• Example: His imposing stature and stern expression were intimidating to others.

1. allegations: (n.) a claim or assertion that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically one made without proof.

• Example: The company denied the allegations of discrimination made by former employees.

1. obligation: (n.) an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment.

• Example: Parents have an obligation to provide for their children's basic needs.

1. mitigate: (v.) to make less severe, serious, or painful.

• Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide.

1. motivated: (adj.) having a strong reason to act or accomplish something.

• Example: She was highly motivated to succeed in her career and worked tirelessly to achieve her goals.

1. risks: (n.) situations involving exposure to danger.

• Example: Taking risks is part of life, but it's important to assess them carefully before making decisions.

1. calm: (adj.) not showing or feeling nervousness, anger, or other strong emotions.

• Example: She remained calm in the face of adversity, never letting her emotions get the best of her.

1. internal: (adj.) situated on the inside; belonging to or existing within the mind.

• Example: The conflict had both external and internal causes, making it difficult to resolve.

1. adventure: (n.) an unusual and exciting or daring experience.

• Example: Traveling to remote places and exploring new cultures is an adventure for many people.

1. concentration: (n.) the action or power of focusing one's attention or mental effort.

• Example: She needed complete concentration to solve the complex puzzle.

1. avoiding: (v.) keeping away from or not doing something.

• Example: He had a habit of avoiding difficult conversations, hoping problems would resolve themselves.

1. embarrassing: (adj.) causing embarrassment; making someone feel self-conscious or ashamed.

• Example: Her parents' antics at the party were embarrassing, especially in front of her friends.

1. fascinating: (adj.) extremely interesting or attractive.

• Example: The documentary provided a fascinating glimpse into the lives of wild animals.

1. ethical: (adj.) relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

• Example: The company's ethical practices were praised by consumers and environmental groups.

1. intimidated: (adj.) feeling frightened or nervous because of being in the presence of something or someone perceived as powerful or dangerous.

• Example: He felt intimidated by the group of older students, unsure of how to approach them.

1. moral: (adj.) concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human character.

• Example: She faced a moral dilemma when asked to choose between honesty and loyalty.

Top of Form

PASSAGE-3 

When evolution runs backwards

1. evolution: (n.) the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.

• Example: The theory of evolution explains how species change over time.

1. controversial: (adj.) causing disagreement or discussion.

• Example: The decision to build a new highway through the forest was controversial among environmentalists.

1. reluctant: (adj.) unwilling or hesitant.

• Example: She was reluctant to speak in public because of her fear of public speaking.

1. atavism: (n.) a reappearance of an ancestral characteristic in an organism after several generations of absence.

• Example: The appearance of wings in flightless birds can be considered an atavism.

1. forefather: (n.) an ancestor, especially a male one, from whom a person is descended.

• Example: They traced their lineage back to a forefather who immigrated to the country in the 1800s.

1. irreversible: (adj.) not able to be undone or altered.

• Example: Once the decision is made, it is irreversible.

1. exception: (n.) a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule.

• Example: She was an exception to the rule that all cats hate water; she loved swimming.

1. appendages: (n.) a thing that is added or attached to something larger or more important.

• Example: The humpback whale had unusual appendages resembling legs.

1. probable: (adj.) likely to happen or be the case.

• Example: The forecast predicts probable rain showers in the afternoon.

1. realized: (adj.) made real or concrete; achieved or actualized.

• Example: The dream she had been working on for years finally became realized when her book was published.

1. mutations: (n.) the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations.

• Example: Some mutations can lead to genetic disorders, while others may provide advantages in certain environments.

1. accumulate: (v.) gather together or acquire an increasing number or quantity of.

• Example: He accumulated a vast collection of rare stamps over the years.

1. silence: (v.) to make quiet or stop from speaking or making noise.

• Example: The teacher silenced the class by raising her hand.

1. switched off: (phrasal v.) turned off; deactivated.

• Example: He switched off the lights before leaving the room.

1. lineage: (n.) direct descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree.

• Example: The royal lineage can be traced back for centuries.

1. puzzle: (n.) a situation that is difficult to understand or explain; a mystery.

• Example: The disappearance of the ancient civilization remains a puzzle to archaeologists.

1. intriguing: (adj.) arousing curiosity or interest; fascinating.

• Example: The detective found the case intriguing due to its complex twists and turns.

1. womb: (n.) the organ in the lower body of a woman or female mammal where offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth; the uterus.

• Example: The baby developed in her mother's womb for nine months before being born.

1. advantage: (n.) a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position.

• Example: His height gave him an advantage in basketball.

1. programs: (n.) a planned series of future events or performances.

• Example: The theater announced its program for the upcoming season.

1. absence: (n.) the state of being away from a place or person.

• Example: His absence from the meeting was noted by his colleagues.

1. reappear: (v.) to appear again after having disappeared.

• Example: The sun will reappear after the storm passes.

1. hundreds of millions: (adj. phrase) an extremely large number.

• Example: The company invested hundreds of millions of dollars in the new project.

1. reactivated: (adj.) made active or functional again.

• Example: The old factory was reactivated after being closed for many years.

1. characteristics: (n.) a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it.

• Example: Her kindness is one of her most admirable characteristics.

1. explained: (v.) made clear or understandable.

• Example: The teacher explained the difficult concept in simple terms.

1. proposed: (v.) put forward (an idea or plan) for consideration or discussion by others.

• Example: She proposed a new method for organizing the team's work schedule.

1. discovered: (v.) found (something or someone) unexpectedly or in the course of a search.

• Example: The explorer discovered a hidden cave deep in the jungle.

1. remained: (v.) continued to be in the same state or condition.

• Example: Despite the difficulties, she remained optimistic about the future.

1. reasoned: (v.) thought or argued in a logical manner.

• Example: He reasoned that studying hard would lead to good grades.

1. calculated: (v.) determined (the amount or number of something) mathematically.

• Example: The accountant calculated the company's profits for the quarter.

1. possibility: (n.) a thing that may happen or be the case.

• Example: There is a possibility of rain later today.

1. tens of millions: (adj. phrase) a very large but unspecified number, typically denoting at least twenty million.

• Example: The company invested tens of millions of dollars in research and development.

1. exist: (v.) have objective reality or being.

• Example: Many species of plants and animals exist in the rainforest.

1. disappear: (v.) cease to be visible or to exist.

• Example: The magician made the coin disappear right before our eyes.

1. inheritance: (n.) the action of inheriting something.

• Example: The inheritance of genetic traits from parents is a fundamental concept in biology.

1. suggesting: (v.) putting forward for consideration; indicating.

• Example: His results are suggesting that there may be a correlation between diet and heart health.

1. supported: (v.) provided with assistance or approval.

• Example: The team supported each other through difficult times.

1. argued: (v.) gave reasons for or against something.

• Example: She argued persuasively for the need for stricter environmental regulations.