Cambridge IELTS 9 Reading Vocabulary

        ACADEMIC READING TEST-1

PASSAGE-1

                          William Henry Perkin

1.Invented (Past tense of "invent"): Created something new. Example: He invented a groundbreaking device.

2. Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity led him to explore unknown territories.

3. Enthusiasm: A strong feeling of excitement and interest. Example: Her enthusiasm for the project was contagious.

4. Immersed: Deeply involved in or absorbed by something. Example: She was immersed in her studies all weekend.

5. Perceived: Became aware of or noticed something. Example: He perceived a change in the atmosphere.

6. Eminent: Famous and respected within a particular sphere or profession. Example: She is an eminent scientist in her field.

7. Breakthrough: A significant development or discovery. Example: The invention of the internet was a major breakthrough.

8. Viable: Capable of working successfully; feasible. Example: The project is viable if we secure enough funding.

9. Desirability: The quality of being desirable or attractive. Example: The desirability of the location increased property prices.

10. Substitute: A replacement for something. Example: Soy milk can be a substitute for cow's milk.

11. Synthetic: Made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product. Example: Synthetic materials are used in making plastic.

12. Incorporating: Including or combining something. Example: The new plan incorporates the latest technology.

13. Mysterious: Difficult to understand or explain. Example: The disappearance of the ship remains mysterious.

14. Solution: A liquid mixture in which substances are dissolved. Example: The chemist created a powerful cleaning solution.

15. Potential: The possibility of something happening or being developed. Example: He has great potential as an athlete.

16. Historically: In the past, as it relates to history. Example: Historically, this city has been a center of trade.

17. Outrageously: In a shocking or extremely excessive manner. Example: The price of that luxury car is outrageously high.

18. Backdrop: The setting or background of a situation. Example: The mountain provided a beautiful backdrop for the wedding.

19. Grasped: Understood or perceived. Example: She quickly grasped the concept of the game.

20. Manufacture: To make goods or products on a large scale. Example: The company manufactures smartphones.

21. Fast: Resistant to fading or running. Example: The color of the shirt remained fast after several washes.

22. Commercial: Relating to or engaged in commerce or business. Example: The commercial sector of the economy is booming.

23. Utilizing: Making practical and effective use of something. Example: They are utilizing renewable energy sources.

24. Flattered: Pleased or complimented. Example: She was flattered by the compliments on her dress.

25. Fashionable: Stylish and currently popular. Example: That hairstyle is very fashionable this season.

26. Bold: Fearless and confident. Example: She made a bold decision to start her own business.

27. Chemist: A person who specializes in the science of chemistry. Example: The chemist conducted experiments in the laboratory.

28. Crucial: Extremely important or necessary. Example: Communication is crucial in any relationship.

29. Bacteria: Microscopic organisms that can cause disease. Example: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

30. Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria. Example: Tuberculosis is caused by bacilli.

31. Artificial: Made by humans; not natural. Example: Artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly.

32. Vital: Absolutely necessary or essential. Example: Water is vital for survival.

33. Fame: The state of being known or recognized by many people. Example: Her talent brought her fame and fortune.

34. Assured: Guaranteed or made certain. Example: He assured us that the project would be completed on time.

35. Research: The systematic investigation of a subject. Example: The research revealed interesting findings.

36. Role: The function or part played by someone or something. Example: His role in the project was crucial.

37. Contemporary: Belonging to or occurring in the present. Example: Contemporary art often challenges traditional norms.

38. Quest: A search or pursuit made in order to find or obtain something. Example: Their quest for knowledge led them on a long journey.

39. Medicine: The science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Example: He studied medicine to become a doctor.

40. Malaria: A disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Example: Malaria is a major health concern in some regions.

PASSAGE-2

IS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE?

 

 

1.       Haunted: To be continually troubled or worried by something. Example: The memory of the accident haunted her for years.

2.       Acronym: An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words. Example: NASA is an acronym for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

3.       Intelligent: Having the ability to think, learn, and understand. Example: She is known for her intelligent and insightful analysis.

4.       Intermittently: Occurring at irregular intervals; not continuously. Example: The rain fell intermittently throughout the day.

5.       Determined: Having a strong desire to do something and not giving up easily. Example: She was determined to finish the marathon.

6.       Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity led him to explore unknown territories.

7.       Fostered: Encouraged the development or growth of something. Example: The school fostered a love of learning in its students.

8.       Detection: The act of discovering or identifying something. Example: The detection of a rare bird species thrilled the ornithologists.

9.       Horizon: The line at which the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet. Example: The sun dipped below the horizon, creating a beautiful sunset.

10.   Optimism: A hopeful and positive outlook on the future. Example: Despite the challenges, her optimism kept her going.

11.   Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof. Example: Your argument is based on false assumptions.

12.   Observable: Capable of being seen or noticed. Example: The effects of climate change are now observable worldwide.

13.   Attenuated: Weakened or reduced in force, intensity, or value. Example: The signal became attenuated as it traveled through space.

14.   Transmit: To send or convey information from one place to another. Example: We can transmit data through the internet.

15.   Concentrated: Focused or gathered in one place or on one thing. Example: The company concentrated its efforts on improving customer service.

16.   Thorough: Complete, with attention to every detail. Example: She conducted a thorough investigation of the case.

17.   Ethical: Relating to moral principles or values. Example: It's important to make ethical decisions in business.

18.   Superior: Higher in quality, rank, or importance. Example: The team demonstrated superior skills in the competition.

19.   Urgency: The state of requiring immediate attention or action. Example: The urgency of the situation demanded swift action.

20.   Global: Relating to the whole world; worldwide. Example: Climate change is a global issue affecting all nations.

21.   Culture Shock: A feeling of disorientation when experiencing a different culture. Example: Moving to a foreign country often leads to culture shock.

22.   Drafts: To prepare or write a plan, document, or letter. Example: She drafted a proposal for the new project.

23.   Brink: The point at which something is about to happen or change. Example: They stood on the brink of a major breakthrough.

24.   Survival: The act of staying alive or continuing to exist. Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential in the wild.

25.   Variety: A number of different types or forms of something. Example: The store offers a variety of products.

26.   Intelligent: Having the ability to think, learn, and understand. Example: She is known for her intelligent and insightful analysis.

27.   Attenuated: Weakened or reduced in force, intensity, or value. Example: The signal became attenuated as it traveled through space.

28.   Survival: The act of staying alive or continuing to exist. Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential in the wild.

29.   Detection: The act of discovering or identifying something. Example: The detection of a rare bird species thrilled the ornithologists.

30.   Brink: The point at which something is about to happen or change. Example: They stood on the brink of a major breakthrough.

31.   Attenuated: Weakened or reduced in force, intensity, or value. Example: The signal became attenuated as it traveled through space.

32.   Urgency: The state of requiring immediate attention or action. Example: The urgency of the situation demanded swift action.

33.   Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something. Example: His curiosity led him to explore unknown territories.

34.   Brink: The point at which something is about to happen or change. Example: They stood on the brink of a major breakthrough.

35.   Ethical: Relating to moral principles or values. Example: It's important to make ethical decisions in business.

36.   Optimism: A hopeful and positive outlook on the future. Example: Despite the challenges, her optimism kept her going.

37.   Thorough: Complete, with attention to every detail. Example: She conducted a thorough investigation of the case.

38.   Transmit: To send or convey information from one place to another. Example: We can transmit data through the internet.

39.   Survival: The act of staying alive or continuing to exist. Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential in the wild.

40.   Global: Relating to the whole world; worldwide. Example: Climate change is a global issue affecting all nations.

41.   Observable: Capable of being seen or noticed. Example: The effects of climate change are now observable worldwide.

42.   Controversial: Causing disagreement or argument. Example: The new law is controversial and has sparked debate.

43.   Assumptions: Beliefs or ideas taken for granted without proof. Example: Your argument is based on false assumptions.

44.   Horizon: The line at which the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet. Example: The sun dipped below the horizon, creating a beautiful sunset.

45.   Debate: A formal discussion on a particular topic in which opposing arguments are put forward. Example: The debate on climate change continues to be a global concern.

46.   Drafts: To prepare or write a plan, document, or letter. Example: She drafted a proposal for the new project.

47.   Impracticality: Lack of practicality or feasibility. Example: The plan had to be abandoned due to its impracticality.

48.   Variety: A number of different types or forms of something. Example: The store offers a variety of products.

49.   Resemble: To look like or be similar to someone or something. Example: The two brothers strongly resemble each other.

50.   Conservative: Tending to favor traditional values and cautious about change. Example: His conservative views often clash with modern trends.

Top of Form

 

PASSAGE-3

                    THE HISTORY OF THE TORTOISE 

1.       Evolutionary: Relating to the process of gradual development and change over time. Example: Evolutionary biology studies the history of life on Earth.

2.       Enterprising: Showing initiative and readiness to undertake new projects. Example: The enterprising explorer ventured into uncharted territory.

3.       Parched: Extremely dry, often due to lack of water. Example: The desert was so parched that nothing could grow there.

4.       Cellular: Relating to cells, the basic structural units of living organisms. Example: Cellular biology explores the functions of individual cells.

5.       Fluids: Substances that flow and can take the shape of their container, like liquids or gases. Example: Water and air are examples of fluids.

6.       Reptiles: Cold-blooded vertebrate animals, including snakes, lizards, and turtles. Example: Crocodiles are large reptiles found in tropical regions.

7.       Crustaceans: A large group of arthropods, including crabs and lobsters, typically with a hard exoskeleton. Example: The seafood restaurant serves various crustaceans.

8.       Millipedes: Arthropods with long segmented bodies and many legs. Example: Millipedes are often found in damp forest environments.

9.       Centipedes: Arthropods with long, flattened bodies and numerous legs. Example: Centipedes are skilled hunters of smaller insects.

10.   Marine: Relating to the sea or ocean. Example: Marine life includes a wide variety of creatures.

11.   Invasion: The act of entering a place or area in large numbers. Example: The invasion of tourists during the holiday season is common.

12.   Intermediates: Entities or organisms that are in-between or transitional states. Example: Fossils can provide evidence of intermediates in evolution.

13.   Remote: Far away in distance or time. Example: The remote island was difficult to access.

14.   Incarnation: A particular form or version of something. Example: Her latest role is considered her best incarnation as an actress.

15.   Gills: Organs in fish and other aquatic animals for extracting oxygen from water. Example: Fish use their gills to breathe underwater.

16.   Fossils: Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms. Example: Paleontologists study fossils to learn about prehistoric life.

17.   Amphibious: Able to live both on land and in water. Example: Frogs are amphibious animals.

18.   Terrestrial: Relating to the land or Earth. Example: Terrestrial planets like Earth have solid surfaces.

19.   Branches: Divisions or offshoots of a larger system or group. Example: The family tree had many branches.

20.   Nested: Placed or situated inside something else. Example: The smaller box was nested inside the larger one.

21.   Primeval: Relating to the earliest ages or periods of history. Example: The primeval forest had remained untouched for centuries.

22.   Remarkable: Exceptionally impressive or notable. Example: Her talent for music was truly remarkable.

23.   Double: Twice as much or in two ways. Example: Winning the championship was a double victory for the team.

24.   Continuously: Without interruption or stopping. Example: The machine ran continuously for 24 hours.

25.   Generations: Groups of individuals born and living at the same time. Example: Family traditions are passed down through generations.

26.   Ancestry: The lineage or family history of a person or organism. Example: She traced her ancestry back to Europe.

27.   Remote: Far away in distance or time. Example: The remote island was difficult to access.

28.   Intermediates: Entities or organisms that are in-between or transitional states. Example: Fossils can provide evidence of intermediates in evolution.

29.   Triangle: A geometric shape with three sides and three angles. Example: The base of the pyramid forms a triangle.

30.   Thick: Having a relatively large distance between opposite surfaces or sides. Example: The book had a thick cover.

31.   Continuous: Without interruption or stopping. Example: The continuous rain lasted for hours.

32.   Amphibious: Able to live both on land and in water. Example: Frogs are amphibious animals.

33.   Preserved: Kept in its original state or condition. Example: The ancient manuscript was well-preserved.

34.   Impressively: In a manner that leaves a strong and positive impact. Example: Her performance at the concert was impressively powerful.

35.   Untouched: Not affected or changed by something. Example: The natural beauty of the wilderness remained untouched.

36.   Offshoots: Secondary branches or developments that originate from a main source. Example: The company had various offshoots that specialized in different industries.

37.   Aquatic: Relating to or living in water. Example: Fish are well-adapted to their aquatic environment.

38.   Triangular: Having the shape of a triangle. Example: The road junction formed a triangular pattern.

39.   Impressive: Evoking admiration or respect because of size, quality, or skill. Example: The view from the mountaintop was truly impressive.

40.   Reverted: Returned to a previous state or condition. Example: After a period of experimentation, the artist reverted to her original style.

41.   Evidence: Proof or information that supports a claim or statement. Example: There is strong evidence to support the theory of evolution.

42.   Measurements: The act or process of determining the size, length, or quantity of something. Example: Accurate measurements are crucial in scientific research.

43.   Exoskeleton: A hard, external protective covering of certain animals, such as insects and crustaceans. Example: The exoskeleton of a lobster provides protection.

44.   Situations: The conditions or circumstances in which something happens or exists. Example: Different situations require different approaches.

45.   Relative: Considered in relation or in proportion to something else. Example: The price of the car is relative to its features.

46.   Terrestrial: Relating to the land or Earth. Example: Terrestrial ecosystems include forests and grasslands.

47.   Ancestors: People or organisms from whom one is descended. Example: Exploring one's family tree can uncover distant ancestors.

48.   Exceptionally: To a higher degree or unusually. Example: The chef's culinary skills were exceptionally impressive.

49.   Transitional: Relating to a period of change or transition. Example: The transitional phase between childhood and adulthood is challenging.

50.   Deserts: Arid and dry regions with little rainfall and vegetation. Example: The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert.

      ACADEMIC READING TEST-2

READING PASSAGE – 1

1.       Chronic: Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Example: Chronic pain can significantly affect one's quality of life.

2.       Cognition: The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding. Example: Cognitive therapy aims to improve cognitive functions in patients with brain injuries.

3.       Impede: To obstruct or hinder the progress of something. Example: Heavy traffic can impede the flow of vehicles on the highway.

4.       Reluctant: Unwilling or hesitant to do something. Example: She was reluctant to speak in public due to her fear of public speaking.

5.       Pervasive: Spreading widely throughout an area or group of people. Example: The pervasive influence of social media affects people of all ages.

6.       Inclusive: Including all types of people or ideas. Example: The school promotes an inclusive environment where diversity is celebrated.

7.       Implement: To put a plan or decision into effect. Example: The government plans to implement new safety regulations next year.

8.       Endorse: To publicly support or approve of something. Example: The celebrity endorsed the new skincare product in a television commercial.

9.       Inadequate: Not sufficient or not good enough for a particular purpose. Example: The company's resources were inadequate to meet the growing demand.

10.   Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Example: The organization engages in advocacy for children's rights.

11.   Consensus: General agreement among a group of people. Example: The team reached a consensus on the best approach to the project.

12.   Mobilize: To organize or prepare something, such as resources or troops, for action. Example: The government mobilized emergency services in response to the natural disaster.

13.   Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties or challenges. Example: Despite facing setbacks, his resilience helped him bounce back stronger.

14.   Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Example: The government plans to invest in improving the country's infrastructure, including roads and bridges.

15.   Inequality: The unfair situation in society where some people have more opportunities, money, etc., than others. Example: Income inequality remains a significant issue in many countries around the world.

16.   Sustainable: Capable of being maintained at a steady level without exhausting natural resources or causing severe ecological damage. Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the environment for future generations.

17.   Diverse: Showing a great deal of variety or differences. Example: The company prides itself on its diverse workforce, representing people from different backgrounds and cultures.

18.   Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products. Example: Technological innovation has revolutionized many industries, including healthcare and transportation.

19.   Collaboration: The action of working with someone to produce something. Example: The collaboration between scientists from different countries led to groundbreaking research.

20.   Empowerment: The process of giving someone the authority or power to do something. Example: Education is key to the empowerment of individuals in society.

21.   Transparency: The quality of being open and honest, without hidden agendas or motives. Example: The government promised transparency in its decision-making processes.

22.   Incentive: Something that motivates or encourages someone to do something. Example: The company offers financial incentives to employees who meet their performance targets.

23.   Innovative: Introducing or using new ideas or methods. Example: The company is known for its innovative approach to product design.

24.   Adaptation: The process of adjusting to new conditions or changes. Example: Plants have evolved various adaptations to survive in different environments.

25.   Resilient: Able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions. Example: Despite facing economic downturns, the company has proven to be resilient.

26.   Mitigate: To make something less severe, harmful, or painful. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide.

27.   Collateral: Something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default. Example: The bank accepted the house as collateral for the loan.

28.   Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products. Example: Technological innovation has revolutionized many industries, including healthcare and transportation.

29.   Resourceful: Skilled at finding ways to deal with difficult situations or to solve problems. Example: She is a resourceful entrepreneur who always finds creative solutions to challenges.

30.   Inclusive: Including all types of people or ideas. Example: The school promotes an inclusive environment where diversity is celebrated.

31.   Sustainability: The ability to maintain or endure something over the long term without causing significant damage to the environment or depleting resources. Example: The company is committed to sustainability practices, such as using renewable energy sources and reducing waste.

32.   Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Example: The organization engages in advocacy for environmental conservation.

33.   Inequality: The state of being unequal, especially in terms of opportunities, wealth, or social status. Example: Income inequality remains a pressing issue in many societies.

34.   Collaboration: Working together with others to achieve a common goal. Example: The successful project outcome was a result of effective collaboration between different departments.

35.   Empowerment: The process of giving individuals or groups the authority or power to do something. Example: Education is a key factor in the empowerment of marginalized communities.

36.   Transparency: Openness and honesty in actions and decisions, without hidden agendas. Example: The company's commitment to transparency builds trust with its customers.

37.   Incentive: Something that motivates or encourages someone to take action or achieve a goal. Example: The company offers bonuses as an incentive for employees to meet sales targets.

38.   Innovative: Introducing new ideas, methods, or technologies that bring about significant change or improvement. Example: The company's innovative approach to product design sets it apart from its competitors.

39.   Adaptation: The process of adjusting to new conditions or environments. Example: Animals develop physical and behavioral adaptations to survive in their habitats.

40.   Resilient: Able to recover quickly from difficulties or setbacks. Example: Despite facing challenges, the community demonstrated its resilience in rebuilding after the natural disaster.

41.   Mitigate: To lessen the severity or impact of something, such as a problem or risk. Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide.

42.   Resourceful: Skilled at finding quick and clever solutions to problems. Example: She demonstrated her resourcefulness by improvising tools from materials at hand.

43.   Renewable: Capable of being replenished or replaced naturally within a relatively short period. Example: Solar and wind energy are renewable sources of power.

44.   Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or technologies that bring about significant change or improvement. Example: Technological innovation has transformed the way we communicate and work.

45.   Sustainability: The ability to maintain or endure something over the long term without causing significant damage to the environment or depleting resources. Example: Sustainable agriculture practices promote soil health and biodiversity.

46.   Advocacy: Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Example: Advocacy groups campaign for policy changes to address social injustices.

47.   Inequality: Disparity or unfairness in opportunities, resources, or treatment. Example: Gender inequality persists in many workplaces despite efforts to promote diversity and inclusion.

48.   Collaboration: Cooperative effort between individuals or groups to achieve a common goal. Example: The successful completion of the project was the result of effective collaboration among team members.

49.   Empowerment: The process of giving individuals or communities the tools and resources needed to make decisions and take control of their lives. Example: Education is a powerful tool for empowerment, enabling individuals to pursue their aspirations.

50.   Transparency: Openness and honesty in actions and decisions, allowing for accountability and trust. Example: Government transparency ensures that citizens are informed about the use of public funds and decisions affecting their lives.

 

PASSAGE-2

Venus in Transit

1.       Ultimate: The final or eventual outcome or purpose. Example: The ultimate goal of the project was to improve access to clean water in remote areas.

2.       Scale: The relative size or extent of something compared to other similar things. Example: The scale of the universe is difficult to comprehend due to its vastness.

3.       Expedition: A journey undertaken for a particular purpose, often exploration or research. Example: The scientific expedition discovered a new species of plant in the rainforest.

4.       Difficulties: Obstacles or challenges that hinder progress or success. Example: Despite facing many difficulties, they persevered and completed the project on time.

5.       Superseded: Replaced by something newer or more advanced. Example: Traditional farming methods have been superseded by modern agricultural techniques.

6.       Calculation: The process of determining a value or result through mathematical methods. Example: The calculation of the rocket's trajectory required complex mathematical equations.

7.       Accuracy: The degree of correctness or precision in measurements or information. Example: The accuracy of the weather forecast depends on reliable data and advanced forecasting models.

8.       Spectacular: Remarkable or impressive in a dramatic or eye-catching way. Example: The sunset over the ocean was truly spectacular, with vibrant colors painting the sky.

9.       Cosmic: Relating to the universe or cosmos, especially in a grand or vast sense. Example: The cosmic background radiation is a remnant of the Big Bang.

10.   Parallax: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different perspectives. Example: Astronomers use parallax to determine the distance to nearby stars.

11.   Respected: Held in high esteem or admiration by others. Example: The professor was widely respected for his contributions to the field of physics.

12.   Significant: Meaningful, important, or having a notable impact. Example: The discovery of a new species in the rainforest was significant for biodiversity conservation.

13.   Measurement: The process of determining the size, quantity, or extent of something using standardized units. Example: Accurate measurements are essential for scientific experiments and engineering projects.

14.   Instruments: Tools or devices used for a specific purpose, especially in scientific or technical contexts. Example: The laboratory was equipped with various instruments for conducting experiments.

15.   Distance: The amount of space between two points or objects, often measured in units such as meters or kilometers. Example: The distance between the Earth and the Moon is approximately 384,400 kilometers.

16.   Apparent: Seeming or appearing to be true, though not necessarily so. Example: The apparent motion of the stars across the night sky is caused by the Earth's rotation.

17.   Goal: A desired outcome or objective that one aims to achieve. Example: His goal was to climb Mount Everest, the tallest peak in the world.

18.   Examine: To inspect or scrutinize something closely in order to understand or evaluate it. Example: The forensic scientist carefully examined the crime scene for evidence.

19.   Orbit: The path that an object follows as it revolves around another object in space, such as a planet orbiting a star. Example: The Earth's orbit around the Sun is elliptical in shape.

20.   Desolate: Barren, empty, and devoid of life or activity. Example: The abandoned town in the desert appeared desolate and haunting.

21.   Astronomers: Scientists who study celestial objects and phenomena, including stars, planets, galaxies, and cosmic events. Example: Astronomers use telescopes and other instruments to observe the universe.

22.   Magnitude: The measure of the brightness or intensity of a celestial object, often expressed as a numerical value. Example: The magnitude of a star indicates its brightness relative to other stars.

23.   Precise: Exact, accurate, or characterized by a high level of detail or specificity. Example: The architect's drawings were precise, down to the millimeter.

24.   Location: A specific place or position, often described by its geographical coordinates. Example: The location of the buried treasure was marked on an old map.

25.   Observatory: A facility equipped for observing and studying celestial phenomena, often equipped with telescopes and other instruments. Example: The observatory atop the mountain provided astronomers with a clear view of the night sky.

26.   Latitude: The angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. Example: The city's latitude determines its climate and weather patterns.

27.   Longitude: The angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees. Example: Sailors use longitude to navigate accurately across the seas.

28.   Ultimate: Representing the greatest or most extreme example of something. Example: The ultimate goal of the space program is to explore other planets.

29.   Scale: The ratio of a measurement in a drawing, model, map, or plan to the actual measurement. Example: The map had a scale of 1:10,000, indicating that one unit on the map represents 10,000 units on the ground.

30.   Expedition: A journey or voyage undertaken for a specific purpose, especially exploration or research. Example: The scientific expedition to Antarctica discovered new species of marine life.

31.   Difficulties: Problems, challenges, or obstacles that hinder progress or achievement. Example: Despite facing numerous difficulties, they persevered and reached their goal.

32.   Superseded: Replaced or succeeded by something newer, more advanced, or more effective. Example: The old model of the smartphone was superseded by the latest version.

33.   Calculation: The process of determining something by mathematical methods or reasoning. Example: The calculation of the rocket's trajectory required complex mathematical equations.

34.   Accuracy: The degree of correctness, exactness, or precision in measurements or information. Example: The accuracy of the laboratory equipment ensured reliable experimental results.

35.   Spectacular: Impressively large, dramatic, or eye-catching. Example: The fireworks display was a spectacular sight against the night sky.

36.   Cosmic: Relating to the universe, especially as distinct from the Earth or human civilization. Example: Cosmologists study the cosmic microwave background to understand the early universe.

37.   Parallax: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different positions. Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to nearby stars.

38.   Respected: Regarded with admiration, esteem, or honor by others. Example: The scientist was widely respected for his groundbreaking research.

39.   Significant: Meaningful, important, or having notable effects or implications. Example: The discovery of a new species in the rainforest was significant for biodiversity conservation.

40.   Measurement: The process of determining the size, length, or quantity of something using standard units. Example: Accurate measurements are crucial for building structures according to specifications.

41.   Instruments: Tools, devices, or equipment used for a specific purpose, especially in scientific or technical contexts. Example: The surgeon used precise instruments during the delicate operation.

42.   Distance: The amount of space between two points, objects, or locations. Example: The distance between the Earth and the Moon is approximately 384,400 kilometers.

43.   Apparent: Clearly visible, obvious, or seeming to be true without necessarily being so. Example: The apparent motion of the stars across the sky is due to the Earth's rotation.

44.   Goal: An objective or desired outcome that one works toward or intends to achieve. Example: His goal is to complete a marathon within the next year.

45.   Examine: To inspect, investigate, or scrutinize something closely and systematically. Example: The detective examined the crime scene for any clues.

46.   Orbit: The curved path followed by a celestial object or spacecraft as it revolves around another body in space. Example: The Earth orbits the Sun once every 365 days.

47.   Desolate: Barren, empty, and devoid of life or human activity. Example: The abandoned town in the desert looked desolate and eerie.

48.   Astronomers: Scientists who study celestial objects, phenomena, and the universe as a whole. Example: Astronomers use telescopes to observe distant galaxies.

49.   Magnitude: The measure of the brightness or intensity of a celestial object, usually expressed on a logarithmic scale. Example: The magnitude of a star indicates its apparent brightness as seen from Earth.

50.   Precise: Exact, accurate, or clearly defined in details or terms. Example: The architect's precise measurements ensured that the building would fit perfectly on the site.

PASSAGE-3

A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently

1.       Iconoclast: A person who does things that others say can't be done. Example: Steve Jobs was considered an iconoclast in the world of technology.

2.       Neuroeconomics: A field that studies the brain's role in economic decision-making. Example: Neuroeconomics has provided valuable insights into consumer behavior.

3.       Constraints: Limitations or restrictions that hold something back. Example: Budget constraints prevented them from expanding the project.

4.       Efficiently: In a way that maximizes productivity with minimal waste. Example: The factory operates efficiently, producing high-quality products.

5.       Perception: The way in which something is understood or interpreted. Example: Our perception of art varies from person to person.

6.       Biological: Related to living organisms and their processes. Example: The study focused on the biological factors influencing growth.

7.       Rumblings: Low, continuous sounds or vibrations. Example: The rumblings of thunder could be heard in the distance.

8.       Hardwired: Ingrained or built-in as a natural part of something. Example: Some behaviors are hardwired into our DNA.

9.       Conjectures: Ideas or opinions based on incomplete information. Example: His conjectures about the future of technology were often accurate.

10.   Statistical: Relating to the use of data and probabilities in analysis. Example: The study used statistical methods to analyze the results.

11.   Embrace: To accept or adopt something willingly. Example: She decided to embrace the new opportunities presented to her.

12.   Impediment: Something that hinders or obstructs progress. Example: Lack of funding can be a major impediment to research.

13.   Phobias: Extreme or irrational fears of specific things or situations. Example: Claustrophobia is a common phobia of enclosed spaces.

14.   Afflicts: Causes pain, suffering, or distress to someone. Example: The disease afflicts millions of people worldwide.

15.   Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: The new variant of the software includes additional features.

16.   Explosion: A sudden and rapid increase or expansion. Example: There was an explosion of interest in the new product.

17.   Coordinate: To work together efficiently and harmoniously. Example: The team needed to coordinate their efforts to complete the project.

18.   Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Example: Her empathy for the homeless inspired her to volunteer at a shelter.

19.   Fairness: The quality of being just, impartial, or equitable. Example: The fairness of the decision was questioned by some.

20.   Interwined: To be closely connected or mixed together. Example: Their fates were intertwined from childhood.

21.   Creativity: The ability to generate new ideas or concepts. Example: The artist's creativity was evident in every painting.

22.   Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products. Example: Technological innovation has transformed many industries.

23.   Committees: Groups of people appointed to perform specific tasks. Example: The committee met to discuss the budget for the upcoming year.

24.   Alienation: A feeling of isolation or estrangement from others. Example: His constant criticism led to the alienation of his colleagues.

25.   Asset: Something valuable or useful that can be used to advantage. Example: Her knowledge and expertise are valuable assets to the company.

26.   Crucial: Extremely important or necessary. Example: Proper communication is crucial in building strong relationships.

27.   Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: The new variant of the virus was more contagious.

28.   Perceptual: Related to the process of perception or how something is perceived. Example: There are perceptual differences in how people interpret abstract art.

29.   Convince: To persuade or make someone believe something. Example: She needed to convince her team to support the new project.

30.   Understanding: The ability to comprehend or grasp the meaning of something. Example: Clear communication is essential for mutual understanding.

31.   Revolution: A significant and sudden change or upheaval. Example: The Industrial Revolution transformed society in the 19th century.

32.   Polymath: A person with knowledge or skills in a wide range of subjects. Example: Leonardo da Vinci was a famous polymath known for his diverse talents.

33.   Parallax: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles. Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to nearby stars.

34.   Ultimate: The highest, most important, or final goal. Example: Winning the championship was the ultimate achievement for the team.

35.   Interpretation: The act of explaining or understanding the meaning of something. Example: The interpretation of the painting varied among art critics.

36.   Variety: A range of different things of the same general type. Example: The store offers a variety of products to choose from.

37.   Suffer: To experience pain, distress, or hardship. Example: He suffered from a severe illness for many years.

38.   Willingness: The quality of being prepared to do something. Example: Her willingness to help others made her a valued team member.

39.   Bombard: To subject something to a continuous flow or barrage. Example: The media often bombard us with news and information.

40.   Novelty: The quality of being new, original, or unusual. Example: The novelty of the invention captured people's attention.

41.   Trigger: To cause or initiate a particular reaction or response. Example: His words seemed to trigger a strong emotional response.

42.   Inhibit: To hinder, restrain, or prevent something from happening. Example: Fear can inhibit one's ability to take risks.

43.   Cooperate: To work together with others for a common purpose. Example: The two companies decided to cooperate on a joint project.

44.   Variant: A different form or version of something. Example: The variant spelling of the word is commonly used in British English.

45.   Explosion: A sudden and violent burst of energy or force. Example: The explosion of fireworks lit up the night sky.

46.   Harmoniously: In a way that is pleasing and in agreement. Example: The orchestra played harmoniously, creating beautiful music.

47.   Convince: To persuade or make someone believe something. Example: He tried to convince his parents to let him go on the trip.

48.   Embrace: To accept or adopt something willingly. Example: The company decided to embrace new technologies for efficiency.

49.   Variety: A range of different things of the same general type. Example: The garden had a variety of colorful flowers.

50.   Asset: Something valuable or useful that can be used to advantage. Example: Her experience and knowledge were considered valuable assets to the team.

Top of Form

ACADEMIC READING TEST-3

PASSAGE-1

Attitude of Language

1.       Systematic

·         Meaning: Done or acting according to a fixed plan or system.

·         Example: The research followed a systematic approach to data collection.

2.       Objective

·         Meaning: Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; impartial.

·         Example: The journalist presented an objective report of the event.

3.       Linguistic

·         Meaning: Relating to language or the study of language.

·         Example: Linguistic diversity is evident in the various dialects spoken in this region.

4.       Debate

·         Meaning: A formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting or legislative assembly.

·         Example: The presidential candidates engaged in a heated debate on live television.

5.       Deteriorates

·         Meaning: Becomes progressively worse.

·         Example: If the building's foundation is not repaired, it will deteriorate further.

6.       Invective

·         Meaning: Abusive or strongly critical language.

·         Example: The politician's speech was filled with invective against his opponent.

7.       Polemic

·         Meaning: A strong verbal or written attack on someone or something.

·         Example: The author's book was a polemic against the government's policies.

8.       Exempt

·         Meaning: Free from an obligation or liability imposed on others.

·         Example: Some organizations are exempt from paying certain taxes.

9.       Influence

·         Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.

·         Example: Parents have a significant influence on their children's values.

10.   Judges

·         Meaning: Forms an opinion or conclusion about.

·         Example: The jury will judge the defendant's actions based on the evidence.

11.   Personality

·         Meaning: The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character.

·         Example: Her cheerful personality made her popular among her colleagues.

12.   Intelligence

·         Meaning: The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.

·         Example: His intelligence and problem-solving skills impressed his teachers.

13.   Social

·         Meaning: Relating to society or its organization.

·         Example: Social interactions are important for building relationships.

14.   Status

·         Meaning: The relative social, professional, or other standing of someone.

·         Example: His promotion to manager elevated his status within the company.

15.   Educational

·         Meaning: Relating to the process of teaching or learning.

·         Example: The educational system in this country emphasizes critical thinking.

16.   Aptitude

·         Meaning: Natural ability or skill in a particular area.

·         Example: She has a strong aptitude for mathematics.

17.   Identity

·         Meaning: The characteristics that define who or what someone or something is.

·         Example: Cultural identity plays a significant role in one's sense of belonging.

18.   Survival

·         Meaning: The state of continuing to live or exist, often despite difficulties or threats.

·         Example: Wilderness survival skills are essential for outdoor enthusiasts.

19.   Propounded

·         Meaning: Put forward or promote (a theory or idea).

·         Example: The scientist propounded a groundbreaking theory in physics.

20.   Codify

·         Meaning: Arrange (laws or rules) into a systematic code.

·         Example: The legal team worked to codify the new regulations.

21.   Principles

·         Meaning: Fundamental truths or rules that govern behavior or belief.

·         Example: Honesty and integrity are important principles in business.

22.   Disputes

·         Meaning: A disagreement or argument.

·         Example: They resolved their dispute through mediation.

23.   Authoritarian

·         Meaning: Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority.

·         Example: The dictator ruled with an authoritarian regime.

24.   Half-measures

·         Meaning: Incomplete or insufficient actions or efforts.

·         Example: The government's response to the crisis was criticized as half-measures.

25.   Deviations

·         Meaning: Departures or variations from a standard or norm.

·         Example: The statistical analysis revealed significant deviations from the expected results.

26.   Evaluate

·         Meaning: Assess or judge the value, quality, or significance of something.

·         Example: The teacher will evaluate the students' performance on the test.

27.   Opposition

·         Meaning: Resistance or dissent, often in the context of disagreement.

·         Example: The opposition party criticized the government's policies.

28.   Extreme

·         Meaning: Reaching a high or the highest degree; very great.

·         Example: The weather conditions were extremely harsh.

29.   Advocates

·         Meaning: People who publicly support or recommend a particular cause or policy.

·         Example: Environmental advocates are working to raise awareness of climate change.

30.   Tenet

·         Meaning: A principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.

·         Example: Freedom of speech is a fundamental tenet of democracy.

31.   Quasi-political

·         Meaning: Resembling or having the characteristics of political involvement.

·         Example: The debate took on a quasi-political tone as candidates discussed economic policies.

32.   Conventions

·         Meaning: Accepted customs or practices in a society.

·         Example: Following social conventions can help maintain harmony in a community.

33.   Adherents

·         Meaning: Supporters or followers of a particular belief or cause.

·         Example: The religious leader had many loyal adherents in his congregation.

34.   Variety

·         Meaning: A particular type or version of something.

·         Example: There is a wide variety of cuisines available in this multicultural city.

35.   Codified

·         Meaning: Arranged or compiled into a systematic code or law.

·         Example: The legal system has codified regulations for property ownership.

36.   Halting

·         Meaning: Proceeding or speaking with hesitation or difficulty.

·         Example: His halting speech made it clear that he was nervous about public speaking.

37.   Perceptual

·         Meaning: Related to the process of perception or interpretation of sensory information.

·         Example: Optical illusions can play tricks on our perceptual abilities.

38.   Unfeelingly

·         Meaning: In a manner lacking sensitivity or empathy.

·         Example: She delivered the news unfeelingly, causing distress to those present.

39.   Abused

·         Meaning: Used or treated in a harmful or offensive way.

·         Example: Animal abuse is a serious concern for animal welfare organizations.

40.   Realize

·         Meaning: Become aware of a fact or truth.

·         Example: It took her years to realize the importance of a healthy lifestyle.

41.   Reputation

·         Meaning: The beliefs or opinions that others have about someone or something.

·         Example: Building a good reputation is crucial for a successful business.

42.   Facts

·         Meaning: Information or events that can be proven to be true.

·         Example: The investigator gathered facts to solve the mystery.

43.   Motivate

·         Meaning: Provide a reason or incentive for someone to take action.

·         Example: A sense of purpose can motivate individuals to achieve their goals.

44.   Opponents

·         Meaning: People or groups who are in competition or conflict with each other.

·         Example: The two teams are fierce opponents on the field.

45.   Elevated

·         Meaning: Raised to a higher position or status.

·         Example: Her dedication and hard work elevated her to a leadership role.

46.   Characterized

·         Meaning: Described or identified as having specific qualities or features.

·         Example: The novel is characterized by its vivid descriptions of nature.

47.   Liberalism

·         Meaning: A political or social philosophy advocating freedom and equality.

·         Example: The candidate's policies are rooted in the principles of liberalism.

48.   Committees

·         Meaning: Groups of people appointed for a specific task or purpose.

·         Example: The committee met to discuss the budget for the upcoming project.

49.   Criticized

·         Meaning: Expressing disapproval or judgment about something.

·         Example: Film critics criticized the movie for its weak plot.

50.   Inhibit

·         Meaning: Hinder, restrain, or prevent an action or process.

·         Example: Fear can inhibit a person's ability to take risks.

PASSAGE-2                                                      Tidal Power

1. Renewable

• Meaning: Capable of being restored or replaced naturally.

• Example: Solar and wind power are examples of renewable energy sources.

1. Predictable

• Meaning: Able to be foreseen or expected with a high degree of certainty.

• Example: The tides are predictable, making them a reliable energy source.

1. Export

• Meaning: To send goods or services to another country for sale.

• Example: The country exports a significant amount of agricultural products.

1. Undersea

• Meaning: Located or occurring beneath the surface of the sea.

• Example: Submarines explore the undersea world.

1. Self-sufficient

• Meaning: Able to provide for one's own needs without external assistance.

• Example: The off-grid cabin was self-sufficient, generating its own electricity and growing food.

1. Carbon dioxide emissions

• Meaning: The release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, often from burning fossil fuels.

• Example: Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is essential to combat climate change.

1. Codify

• Meaning: To arrange or compile into a systematic code or law.

• Example: The legal system codifies the rules and regulations of a society.

1. Inherently

• Meaning: In a way that is a permanent, essential characteristic.

• Example: Some people believe that creativity is inherently linked to intelligence.

1. Ailing

• Meaning: In poor health or experiencing difficulties.

• Example: The ailing economy needed immediate attention.

1. Prospect

• Meaning: The possibility or likelihood of something happening in the future.

• Example: There is a prospect of rain later in the day.

1. Turbines

• Meaning: Machines with blades that are turned by wind, water, or steam to generate power.

• Example: Wind turbines generate electricity from the wind's kinetic energy.

1. Undercutting

• Meaning: Selling a product or service at a lower price than a competitor.

• Example: The company gained a competitive edge by undercutting its rivals' prices.

1. Venture

• Meaning: A risky or daring journey or undertaking.

• Example: Starting a new business is a risky venture.

1. Channel islands

• Meaning: A group of British islands in the English Channel, including Alderney.

• Example: Tourists visit the Channel Islands for their scenic beauty.

1. Venture

• Meaning: To dare to do something or go somewhere new or unknown.

• Example: She ventured into the forest to explore its secrets.

1. Maintenance

• Meaning: The process of keeping something in good condition through regular checks and repairs.

• Example: Regular car maintenance can extend its lifespan.

1. Robust

• Meaning: Strong and resilient; able to withstand harsh conditions.

• Example: The new building was constructed with robust materials to withstand earthquakes.

1. Cavitations

• Meaning: The formation of air bubbles in a liquid due to low pressure.

• Example: The propeller's cavitations caused vibration in the boat.

1. Vibration

• Meaning: A continuous slight shaking or trembling motion.

• Example: The earthquake caused the ground to tremble with vibrations.

1. Hostile

• Meaning: Unfriendly, antagonistic, or opposed.

• Example: The negotiations took place in a hostile environment with both sides refusing to compromise.

1. Indented

• Meaning: Set in from the edge or surface.

• Example: The coast had many indented bays and coves.

1. Tenet

• Meaning: A principle or belief that is held by a person, group, or organization.

• Example: Freedom of speech is a fundamental tenet of democracy.

1. Quasi-political

• Meaning: Resembling or having characteristics of political issues or conflicts.

• Example: The debate over taxes had taken on a quasi-political dimension.

1. Extreme

• Meaning: Reaching a high or the highest degree; very great.

• Example: The weather conditions in the mountains can be extreme.

1. Concern

• Meaning: Worry, fear, or anxiety about something.

• Example: There is growing concern about the environmental impact of pollution.

1. Devon

• Meaning: A county in southwestern England.

• Example: Many tourists visit Devon to explore its picturesque villages.

1. Robust

• Meaning: Strong and able to withstand tough conditions.

• Example: The robust construction of the bridge ensured its durability.

1. Lynmouth

• Meaning: A coastal village in Devon, England.

• Example: Lynmouth is a popular tourist destination known for its scenic beauty.

1. Blade

• Meaning: The flat, elongated part of a tool or machine that cuts or propels.

• Example: The helicopter's blades spin rapidly to generate lift.

1. Re-imported

• Meaning: To bring something back into a country after it has been exported.

• Example: The goods were re-imported into the country due to high demand.

1. Dispute

• Meaning: A disagreement or argument about something.

• Example: The labor union is in a dispute with the company over wages.

1. Anticipated

• Meaning: Expected or predicted.

• Example: The anticipated arrival of the new product generated excitement among customers.

1. Differ

• Meaning: To be unlike or distinct from something or someone else.

• Example: Their opinions on the matter differ significantly.

1. Predominant

• Meaning: Having greater influence, importance, or power.

• Example: English is the predominant language spoken in this region.

1. Attribute

• Meaning: Regard something as being caused by.

• Example: Some people attribute success to hard work and determination.

1. Influence

• Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on someone or something.

• Example: The media has a significant influence on public opinion.

1. Motivate

• Meaning: Provide with a reason or incentive for doing something.

• Example: Recognition and rewards can motivate employees to perform better.

1. Alternative

• Meaning: An option or choice that is different from the usual or conventional one.

• Example: We need to consider alternative solutions to this problem.

1. Rival

• Meaning: A person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity.

• Example: The two companies are fierce rivals in the smartphone industry.

1. Parallax

• Meaning: The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles.

• Example: Astronomers use parallax to measure the distance to stars.

PASSAGE-3

Information Theory- the Big Data

1. Astonishing

• Meaning: Extremely surprising or impressive.

• Example: Her ability to solve complex problems was astonishing.

1. Triumph

• Meaning: A great victory or achievement.

• Example: The successful launch of the spacecraft was a triumph for the team.

1. Inveigle

• Meaning: To persuade or manipulate someone to do something through flattery or deception.

• Example: He tried to inveigle his way into her good graces.

1. Convey

• Meaning: To transport or communicate a message or information.

• Example: He used gestures to convey his feelings.

1. Precise

• Meaning: Exact, accurate, and careful about details.

• Example: The measurements need to be precise for the experiment.

1. Binary

• Meaning: Relating to a system of numbers or code with only two possible values, typically 0 and 1.

• Example: Computers use binary code for processing data.

1. Interference

• Meaning: The action of interfering or causing disruption.

• Example: The interference from other radio signals affected the broadcast.

1. Bandwidth

• Meaning: The range of frequencies within a given band, in particular, the range of frequencies over which a radio or television signal can be transmitted.

• Example: High-definition video requires a lot of bandwidth for streaming.

1. Absolute

• Meaning: Complete; not mixed or adulterated.

• Example: The team had absolute control over the project.

1. Ravages

• Meaning: Severe damage or destruction.

• Example: The ravages of war left the city in ruins.

1. Cope

• Meaning: Deal effectively with something difficult.

• Example: She had to cope with the stress of her demanding job.

1. Packaging

• Meaning: The process of enclosing something in a container or covering.

• Example: The packaging of the product was eco-friendly.

1. Ravages

• Meaning: Severe damage or destruction.

• Example: The ravages of war left the city in ruins.

1. Revolution

• Meaning: A sudden, complete, or marked change in something.

• Example: The invention of the internet brought about a revolution in communication.

1. Ambiguous

• Meaning: Open to more than one interpretation; unclear.

• Example: Her ambiguous statement left everyone confused.

1. Compression

• Meaning: The action of compressing or being compressed.

• Example: Video compression reduces file sizes for easier storage.

1. Superfluous

• Meaning: Unnecessary, especially through being more than enough.

• Example: The extra details in the report were superfluous and added no value.

1. Manipulate

• Meaning: Control or influence (a person or situation) cleverly or unfairly.

• Example: He tried to manipulate the stock market for personal gain.

1. Text messages

• Meaning: Short electronic messages sent between mobile phones.

• Example: She sent a series of text messages to confirm the meeting.

1. Cram

• Meaning: To put something or many things into a space that is too small.

• Example: She had to cram all her clothes into a small suitcase.

1. Compression methods

• Meaning: Techniques or processes used to reduce the size of digital data files.

• Example: JPEG is a popular compression method for images.

1. Shunned

• Meaning: Deliberately avoid, ignore, or reject.

• Example: He shunned social events and preferred solitude.

1. Ingenuity

• Meaning: The quality of being clever, original, and inventive.

• Example: Her ingenuity in solving problems was well-known in the company.

1. Foundations

• Meaning: The basis on which something is grounded or established.

• Example: Ethics are the foundation of a strong organizational culture.

1. Hostile

• Meaning: Unfriendly and antagonistic.

• Example: The negotiations between the two companies turned hostile.

1. Error rate

• Meaning: The rate at which mistakes or inaccuracies occur.

• Example: The error rate in the data analysis was surprisingly low.

1. Over II hours

• Meaning: More than 11 hours.

• Example: The flight delay was over 11 hours due to bad weather.

1. Binary unit

• Meaning: A unit of information represented by a binary digit, either 1 or 0.

• Example: Computers process data using binary units.

1. Undercutting

• Meaning: Selling something at a lower price than a competitor.

• Example: The company's strategy involved undercutting competitors' prices.

1. Ailing

• Meaning: In poor health or condition; failing or deteriorating.

• Example: The ailing economy needed immediate attention.

1. Ingest

• Meaning: To take in or consume, especially food or drink.

• Example: It's important to ingest enough fluids to stay hydrated.

1. Power input

• Meaning: The amount of power supplied or provided.

• Example: The power input of the device is adjustable.

1. Satellite communication

• Meaning: Communication using artificial satellites in orbit around the Earth.

• Example: Satellite communication allows us to transmit signals over long distances.

1. Deep Space Network

• Meaning: A network of radio antennas used to communicate with spacecraft in deep space.

• Example: The Deep Space Network maintained contact with the Voyager probe.

1. Communication channels

• Meaning: The means by which information is transmitted between people or devices.

• Example: The internet provides various communication channels, including email and video conferencing.

1. Bar codes

• Meaning: A code consisting of a group of printed and variously patterned bars and spaces and sometimes numerals, typically designed to be scanned and read by a barcode scanner.

• Example: Bar codes are used for quick and accurate product identification.

1. Error-detecting

• Meaning: A system or technique used to identify and report errors in data.

• Example: The error-detecting mechanism in the software helped identify and correct mistakes.

1. Turbo codes

• Meaning: A class of error-correcting codes that achieve high performance close to Shannon's limit.

• Example: Turbo codes are used in modern telecommunications to improve data transmission.

1. Stripping out

• Meaning: Removing or taking something away.

• Example: She was stripping out unnecessary elements from the document to make it concise.

1. Supermarket check-out

• Meaning: The area in a supermarket where customers pay for their purchases.

• Example: There was a long line at the supermarket check-out counter.

1. Crisps

• Meaning: Potato chips (in British English).

• Example: He grabbed a bag of crisps as a snack.

1. Mobile videophone

• Meaning: A device or system that enables video calls on mobile phones.

• Example: The mobile videophone allows us to see and talk to people while on the move.

1. Admirable

• Meaning: Deserving respect and approval; excellent.

• Example: Her dedication to charity work is truly admirable.

1. Incredible

• Meaning: Difficult to believe; extraordinary.

• Example: The incredible speed of the new computer amazed everyone.

1. Precisely

• Meaning: Exactly; with great accuracy.

• Example: The laser measurement provided precise results.

1. Sensors

• Meaning: Devices that detect changes or signals in the environment.

• Example: The sensors in the car help with parking and navigation.

1. Interplanetary

• Meaning: Existing or occurring between planets.

• Example: The mission aimed to study interplanetary space.

1. Transmitted

• Meaning: Sent or conveyed from one place to another.

• Example: The message was transmitted via satellite.

1. Coded message

• Meaning: A message that is encoded or transformed using a specific system or language.

• Example: The spies communicated using coded messages to maintain secrecy.

1. Underwater cables

• Meaning: Cables laid on the ocean floor to transmit data or signals over long distances.

• Example: Underwater cables connect continents for global internet communication.

ACADEMIC READING TEST-4

PASSAGE-1

The Life & Work of Marie Curie

1. Radioactivity

• Meaning: The emission of radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei.

• Example: Marie Curie's groundbreaking work involved the study of radioactivity.

1. Nobel Prize

• Meaning: A prestigious international award presented annually in several categories, including Physics and Chemistry, to individuals who have made significant contributions to those fields.

• Example: Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes in her lifetime.

1. Prodigious

• Meaning: Remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree.

• Example: Her prodigious memory allowed her to excel in academics.

1. Sorbonne

• Meaning: The University of Paris, often referred to as the Sorbonne, is a renowned educational institution in France.

• Example: Marie Curie studied at the Sorbonne in Paris.

1. Examination

• Meaning: A formal test of a person's knowledge or proficiency in a particular subject or skill.

• Example: She performed exceptionally well in her examinations.

1. Mathematical sciences

• Meaning: Fields of study that involve advanced mathematics, such as algebra, calculus, and statistics.

• Example: Marie Curie excelled in both physical and mathematical sciences.

1. Marriage

• Meaning: A legally recognized union between two people, typically a man and a woman, in which they become partners for life.

• Example: Marie Curie's marriage to Pierre Curie marked the beginning of their scientific partnership.

1. Minerals

• Meaning: Naturally occurring substances, typically inorganic, that have a characteristic chemical composition and physical properties.

• Example: She studied the radioactivity of minerals.

1. Pitchblende

• Meaning: A mineral, also known as uraninite, that is a major source of uranium and radium.

• Example: Pitchblende was of particular interest to Marie Curie due to its high radioactivity.

1. New elements

• Meaning: Chemical elements that were previously unknown or undiscovered.

• Example: Marie Curie's research led to the discovery of new elements, polonium and radium.

1. Doctorate

• Meaning: The highest academic degree awarded by a university or college, typically after completing advanced research.

• Example: Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science for her research.

1. Pure radium

• Meaning: Radium in a highly purified form, free from impurities.

• Example: Her goal was to obtain pure radium.

1. Experimental demonstrations

• Meaning: Practical displays or experiments that illustrate scientific principles.

• Example: Marie Curie introduced teaching methods based on experimental demonstrations.

1. Radiography

• Meaning: The use of X-rays for medical or industrial imaging.

• Example: During World War I, Marie Curie worked on the development of X-radiography for medical purposes.

1. Mobile units

• Meaning: Portable equipment or vehicles equipped with X-ray machines for medical use.

• Example: Marie Curie's "little Curies" were mobile units used for treating wounded soldiers.

1. Radium Institute

• Meaning: A research institution focused on the study of radium and related topics.

• Example: Marie Curie played a key role in establishing the Radium Institute in Paris.

1. Triumphant

• Meaning: Having achieved victory or success.

• Example: Marie Curie's journey to the United States was triumphant in raising funds for research.

1. Gram of radium

• Meaning: A unit of measurement for radium, a radioactive element.

• Example: Women in the United States presented Marie Curie with a gram of radium for her campaign.

1. Triumphant journey

• Meaning: A successful and celebrated voyage or mission.

• Example: Marie Curie's triumphant journey aimed to raise awareness and funds for her research.

1. Curie Foundation

• Meaning: An organization or institution founded to support scientific research and education.

• Example: The Curie Foundation in Paris contributed to advancements in nuclear physics and chemistry.

1. Radioactive sources

• Meaning: Materials or substances that emit radiation due to their radioactive properties.

• Example: Marie Curie emphasized the need for intense radioactive sources for research.

1. Neutron

• Meaning: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, with no electric charge.

• Example: The discovery of the neutron was a significant development in nuclear physics.

1. Artificial radioactivity

• Meaning: Radioactivity induced in a substance through human-made processes.

• Example: The Joliot-Curies' discovery of artificial radioactivity expanded our understanding of nuclear science.

1. Leukemia

• Meaning: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow.

• Example: Marie Curie's exposure to radiation led to her development of leukemia.

1. Isotopes

• Meaning: Variants of a chemical element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei.

• Example: Marie Curie often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes.

1. Ambitious

• Meaning: Having a strong desire to achieve something significant or challenging.

• Example: Marie Curie's ambitious research goals led to groundbreaking discoveries.

1. Legacy

• Meaning: Something handed down or left behind by a predecessor.

• Example: Marie Curie's legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists.

1. Influence

• Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.

• Example: Marie Curie's influence on nuclear physics is profound.

1. Chemists

• Meaning: Scientists who study the composition, properties, and reactions of substances.

• Example: Marie Curie's work had a significant impact on chemists and physicists alike.

1. Inauguration

• Meaning: The formal beginning or introduction of an institution, system, or activity.

• Example: The inauguration of the Radium Institute marked a new era in scientific research.

1. Disintegration

• Meaning: The process of breaking down or falling apart into smaller parts.

• Example: Radioactive elements undergo disintegration over time.

1. Acclaim

• Meaning: Praise or recognition for achievement.

• Example: Claude Shannon received acclaim for his contributions to communication theory.

1. Radium

• Meaning: A radioactive chemical element, symbol Ra, used in various applications, including medical treatments.

1. Substance

• Meaning: A particular kind of matter with uniform properties.

• Example: Pitchblende contains an unknown substance with high radioactivity.

1. Chemical elements

• Meaning: Substances composed of atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei.

• Example: The periodic table lists all known chemical elements.

1. Subsidiary

• Meaning: A company or organization controlled by another larger company.

• Example: Marine Current Turbines is a subsidiary of IT power.

1. Advancements

• Meaning: Progress or improvements in a particular field.

• Example: The advancements in technology have transformed our daily lives.

1. Triumphant

• Meaning: Having achieved a great victory or success.

• Example: Marie Curie's research was triumphant, leading to two Nobel Prizes.

1. Conveyed

• Meaning: Transported or transmitted from one place to another.

• Example: Information can be conveyed through various forms of media.

1. Ambiguous

• Meaning: Open to more than one interpretation; unclear or uncertain.

• Example: His ambiguous statement left us puzzled about his intentions.

1. Foundations

• Meaning: Organizations or institutions established to provide financial support for various purposes, such as research or education.

• Example: The Rockefeller Foundation funds medical research projects.

1. Exposure

• Meaning: The state of being exposed to something, often referring to harmful substances or radiation.

• Example: Prolonged exposure to sunlight can lead to skin damage.

1. Pioneering

• Meaning: Involving new ideas or methods that lead the way for others.

• Example: Marie Curie's pioneering work in radioactivity revolutionized science.

1. Renowned

• Meaning: Widely known or famous for something.

• Example: The Louvre Museum in Paris is renowned for its art collection.

1. Founding

• Meaning: The action of establishing an organization or institution.

• Example: The founding of the United Nations aimed to promote world peace.

1. Profound

• Meaning: Having deep meaning or significance.

• Example: Her speech had a profound impact on the audience.

1. Dissertation

• Meaning: A long essay or research project written as part of a university degree.

• Example: Marie Curie's dissertation focused on radioactivity.

1. Institute

• Meaning: An organization or establishment for research, education, or professional training.

• Example: The Max Planck Institute is known for its contributions to physics.

1. Revolutionized

• Meaning: To completely change or transform something, often in a radical way.

• Example: The invention of the internet revolutionized communication.

1. Adherents

• Meaning: People who support or follow a particular belief, principle, or ideology.

• Example: The adherents of the environmental movement advocate for sustainable practices.

PASSAGE-2

Young Children's Sense of Identity

1. Subject

• Meaning: A person or thing that is being discussed or dealt with.

• Example: The subject of today's lecture is child development.

1. Recognition

• Meaning: The acknowledgment or identification of something or someone.

• Example: Her recognition of his hard work earned him a promotion.

1. Distinctiveness

• Meaning: The quality of being easily distinguished from others.

• Example: The distinctiveness of her voice made her stand out in the crowd.

1. Emergence

• Meaning: The process of coming into view or becoming evident.

• Example: The emergence of new technologies has changed our lives.

1. Power to Act

• Meaning: The ability or capacity to take action or make decisions.

• Example: With great power to act, she became a successful leader.

1. Agency

• Meaning: The capacity of a person to act independently and make choices.

• Example: The agency of the detective allowed her to solve complex cases.

1. Mimic

• Meaning: To imitate or copy the actions, speech, or appearance of someone.

• Example: Children often mimic their parents' behaviors.

1. Contingent

• Meaning: Dependent on or influenced by something else.

• Example: His success was contingent on the support of his team.

1. Empirical

• Meaning: Based on observation, experience, or evidence rather than theory.

• Example: The scientist conducted empirical research to test the hypothesis.

1. Identity

• Meaning: The distinguishing character or personality of an individual.

• Example: Cultural traditions can shape a person's identity.

1. Comparison

• Meaning: The act of examining similarities and differences between things.

• Example: The comparison of the two paintings revealed unique styles.

1. Trustworthiness

• Meaning: The quality of being reliable, honest, and deserving of trust.

• Example: Her trustworthiness made her the ideal candidate for the job.

1. Inextricably

• Meaning: In a way that cannot be separated or disentangled.

• Example: The fates of the two nations were inextricably linked.

1. Cues

• Meaning: Hints or signals that provide information or guidance.

• Example: Non-verbal cues, such as body language, can convey emotions.

1. Longitudinal

• Meaning: Relating to a study or analysis that observes the same subjects over an extended period.

• Example: The longitudinal study tracked the development of children from infancy to adulthood.

1. Intensity

• Meaning: The degree of strength, force, or emotion in something.

• Example: The intensity of the storm caused widespread damage.

1. Ownership

• Meaning: The state or fact of possessing something.

• Example: Legal documents prove ownership of the property.

1. Struggle

• Meaning: Make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or constriction.

• Example: The child had to struggle to open the stubborn jar.

1. Tug-of-war

• Meaning: A contest in which two teams pull opposite ends of a rope in opposite directions.

• Example: The tug-of-war competition at the picnic was fiercely competitive.

1. Notable

• Meaning: Worthy of attention or remarkable.

• Example: His contributions to the field of science were notable and celebrated.

1. Debate

• Meaning: A formal discussion on a particular topic, often in a structured and organized manner.

• Example: The debate over the new policy lasted for hours.

1. Foundation

• Meaning: The basis or groundwork on which something is built or established.

• Example: Education forms the foundation for a successful career.

1. Influence

• Meaning: The capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something.

• Example: His mentor's influence helped shape his career.

1. Acknowledge

• Meaning: To recognize the existence, truth, or validity of something.

• Example: She acknowledged her mistake and apologized.

1. Primary

• Meaning: Of chief importance or main in significance.

• Example: Her primary goal was to complete the project on time.

1. Element

• Meaning: A fundamental or essential part or aspect of something.

• Example: Teamwork is an essential element of a successful organization.

1. Interaction

• Meaning: The act of two or more things communicating or having an effect on each other.

• Example: Social interaction is important for building relationships.

1. Milestone

• Meaning: A significant event or stage in the progress or development of something.

• Example: Graduating from college was a major milestone in her life.

1. Examination

• Meaning: A detailed inspection or investigation.

• Example: The medical examination revealed no signs of illness.

1. Characteristic

• Meaning: A typical feature or quality that distinguishes someone or something.

• Example: Kindness is a characteristic trait of a good leader.

1. Reflect

• Meaning: To think deeply or carefully about something.

• Example: She took a moment to reflect on her choices.

1. Exercise

• Meaning: To make use of or put into action.

• Example: Regular exercise is important for maintaining good health.

1. Cognitive

• Meaning: Relating to the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, or thought.

• Example: Cognitive development in children involves learning and problem-solving.

1. Developmental

• Meaning: Related to the growth or progress of something over time.

• Example: The developmental stages of a butterfly are fascinating.

1. Communication

• Meaning: The exchange of information or ideas between individuals or groups.

• Example: Effective communication is key to resolving conflicts.

1. Significance

• Meaning: The quality of being important or having meaning.

• Example: The discovery had great significance in the field of science.

1. Distinguish

• Meaning: To recognize or point out a difference between things.

• Example: He could easily distinguish between identical twins.

1. Foundation

• Meaning: The base on which something is built or established.

• Example: The foundation of the building was solid and stable.

1. Structure

• Meaning: The arrangement or organization of parts to form a whole.

• Example: The novel's structure was complex and intriguing.

1. Foundation

• Meaning: An organization or institution established to support a cause.

• Example: The charity serves as a foundation for underprivileged children.

1. Observation

• Meaning: The act of watching or noticing something carefully.

• Example: His keen observation skills helped him solve the mystery.

1. Emergence

• Meaning: The process of coming into view or becoming evident.

• Example: The emergence of new technology changed the industry.

1. Controversy

• Meaning: Disagreement or dispute, often involving strong opposing views.

• Example: The controversial topic sparked a heated controversy.

1. Progress

• Meaning: Forward or onward movement toward a goal or destination.

• Example: The project is making steady progress toward completion.

1. Cognitive

• Meaning: Relating to the mental processes of perception, memory, and reasoning.

• Example: Cognitive psychology studies how the mind processes information.

1. Interaction

• Meaning: Communication or direct involvement with others.

• Example: Positive interactions in the workplace foster teamwork.

1. Emerge

• Meaning: To come into view or become known after being hidden or obscure.

• Example: The sun will emerge from behind the clouds soon.

1. Understanding

• Meaning: The ability to comprehend or grasp the meaning of something.

• Example: Clear communication leads to better understanding.

1. Influence

• Meaning: To have an effect on the behavior or actions of someone or something.

• Example: Her kind words influenced him to help others.

1. Connection

• Meaning: A relationship or link between two or more things.

• Example: The strong connection between the two friends lasted a lifetime.

Passage-3

The Development of Museums.

1. Infallible

• Meaning: Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong.

• Example: Some people believe that their intuition is infallible.

1. Veracity

• Meaning: Accuracy or truthfulness.

• Example: The veracity of his claims was questioned by experts.

1. Endures

• Meaning: Persists or continues to exist over time.

• Example: Their love for each other has endured for decades.

1. Exclusive

• Meaning: Limited to a specific group or category.

• Example: The event was by invitation only and exclusive to VIPs.

1. Alter

• Meaning: To change or make different.

• Example: She decided to alter her appearance by getting a new haircut.

1. Attitudes

• Meaning: Opinions or feelings about something.

• Example: His attitudes towards environmental conservation are well-known.

1. Prototype

• Meaning: The original or first model of something from which other forms are developed.

• Example: The prototype of the new car design is impressive.

1. Vulgarisation

• Meaning: The act of making something less sophisticated or refined.

• Example: Some critics argue that reality TV shows lead to the vulgarization of culture.

1. Distinct

• Meaning: Clearly different or separate from something else.

• Example: Each species has its own distinct characteristics.

1. Intolerable

• Meaning: Unable to be endured or tolerated.

• Example: The heat during the heatwave was intolerable.

1. Borrow

• Meaning: To take or use something temporarily with the intention of returning it.

• Example: Can I borrow your pen for a moment?

1. Concepts

• Meaning: Abstract ideas or general notions.

• Example: Understanding complex scientific concepts can be challenging.

1. Authenticity

• Meaning: The quality of being genuine or real.

• Example: The authenticity of the ancient artifact was confirmed by experts.

1. Cages

• Meaning: Enclosed structures used to confine or protect animals.

• Example: The zoo replaced small cages with spacious enclosures for the animals.

1. Environment

• Meaning: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

• Example: The natural environment of the rainforest is rich in biodiversity.

1. Competitive

• Meaning: Involving competition or rivalry.

• Example: The business world can be highly competitive.

1. Assets

• Meaning: Valuable or useful qualities or resources.

• Example: Her creativity and determination are her greatest assets.

1. Bias

• Meaning: Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another.

• Example: The media's bias can influence public opinion.

1. Transitory

• Meaning: Temporary or not lasting.

• Example: Happiness can be transitory; it doesn't last forever.

1. Nostalgia

• Meaning: A sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past.

• Example: Listening to old songs often evokes feelings of nostalgia.

1. Rooted

• Meaning: Firmly established or deeply ingrained.

• Example: Her love for classical music is deeply rooted in her upbringing.

1. Objective

• Meaning: Based on facts and not influenced by personal feelings or opinions.

• Example: The journalist tried to provide an objective account of the event.

1. Veracity

• Meaning: Accuracy or truthfulness.

• Example: The veracity of his statements was questioned by the investigators.

1. Inextricably

• Meaning: In a way that cannot be separated or disentangled.

• Example: Their fates were inextricably linked by their shared experiences.

1. Heritage

• Meaning: Valued objects and qualities such as cultural traditions that have been passed down through generations.

• Example: The preservation of our cultural heritage is important for future generations.

1. Attractively

• Meaning: In a pleasing or appealing manner.

• Example: The artwork was attractively displayed in the gallery.

1. Vulgarisation

• Meaning: The act of making something less sophisticated or refined.

• Example: Critics argue that reality TV shows lead to the vulgarization of culture.

1. Interpretation

• Meaning: An explanation or way of explaining the meaning of something.

• Example: His interpretation of the poem was quite different from mine.

1. Evaporating

• Meaning: Gradually disappearing or vanishing.

• Example: The morning mist was slowly evaporating in the sunlight.

1. Endures

• Meaning: Persists or continues to exist over time.

• Example: Their friendship has endured for decades.

1. Borrow

• Meaning: To take or use something temporarily with the intention of returning it.

• Example: Can I borrow your umbrella for the day?

1. Distinct

• Meaning: Clearly different or separate from something else.

• Example: Each artist has a distinct style in their paintings.

1. Vulgarisation

• Meaning: The act of making something less sophisticated or refined.

• Example: Some critics argue that certain films lead to the vulgarization of cinema.

1. Conceivable

• Meaning: Capable of being imagined or understood.

• Example: It's conceivable that we may encounter challenges along the way.

1. Asset

• Meaning: A useful or valuable thing or person.

• Example: His knowledge of multiple languages is a valuable asset in his career.

1. Professional

• Meaning: Relating to or connected with a profession or occupation.

• Example: She is a professional photographer with years of experience.

1. Tangible

• Meaning: Perceptible by touch; capable of being touched or felt.

• Example: The tangible evidence supported their claims.

1. Prejudices

• Meaning: Preconceived opinions that are not based on reason or actual experience.

• Example: We should strive to overcome our prejudices and treat everyone fairly.

1. Nostalgia

• Meaning: A sentimental longing for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations.

• Example: Listening to old songs often evokes feelings of nostalgia.

1. Presentation

• Meaning: The way in which something is arranged, shown, or displayed.

• Example: The presentation of the data was clear and easy to understand.