Cambridge IELTS 5 Reading Vocabulary
- Fakhruddin Babar
- Apr 5, 2024
- 63 min read
ACADEMIC READING TEST-1
PASSAGE-1 Johnson's Dictionary
published: (verb) to make a document available to the public.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary was published in 1775.
concern: (noun) a feeling of worry or interest about something important.
Example: There had been concern about the state of the English language.
standard: (noun) a level of quality or achievement that is considered normal or acceptable.
Example: There was no standard way of speaking or writing.
agreement: (noun) a decision or arrangement made by two or more parties.
Example: There was no agreement as to the best way of bringing order to English spelling.
solution: (noun) a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation.
Example: Dr. Johnson provided the solution to the chaos of English spelling.
compiled: (verb) to put together or compose from materials gathered from various sources.
Example: Robert Cawdray compiled a book of English words.
scholarly: (adjective) showing knowledge, learning, or devotion to academic pursuits.
Example: Cawdray's dictionary tended to concentrate on scholarly words.
circumscribe: (verb) to limit or define the boundaries of something.
Example: The middle class wanted to circumscribe various aspects of society.
heyday: (noun) the period of greatest success, popularity, or vigor.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary was published at the beginning of the heyday of the middle class.
genius: (noun) exceptional intellectual or creative ability.
Example: Johnson raised common sense to the heights of genius.
establishment: (noun) a group of people or organizations that have authority or influence.
Example: An academy was needed to establish decisions about language.
single-handed: (adjective) done by one person without help from others.
Example: Johnson decided to write the dictionary single-handed.
contract: (noun) a formal agreement between two or more parties.
Example: Johnson signed a contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller.
instalments: (noun) equal parts into which a sum of money is divided and paid at regular intervals.
Example: Johnson was to be paid in instalments for his work.
garret: (noun) a small, often cramped, attic or loft.
Example: Johnson worked in a garret at the top of a building.
chaos: (noun) complete disorder and confusion.
Example: The garret was surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books.
clerks: (noun) people employed to do various tasks, especially in an office.
Example: Copying clerks assisted Johnson in his work.
synthesis: (noun) the combination of different ideas, influences, or elements to form a coherent whole.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary was a work of heroic synthesis.
precedent: (noun) an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide for similar cases in the future.
Example: Johnson adopted his definitions on the principle of precedent.
vicissitudes: (noun) changes and variations occurring in the course of something.
Example: The Dictionary faced many vicissitudes during its preparation.
lexicographer: (noun) a person who compiles dictionaries or studies the vocabulary of a language.
Example: Johnson was a renowned lexicographer.
orthography: (noun) the conventional spelling system of a language.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary aimed at setting the orthography of English words.
significations: (noun) meanings or interpretations.
Example: Johnson ascertained the significations of English words.
cornerstone: (noun) an important foundation or basis.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary is the cornerstone of Standard English.
esteem: (noun) respect and admiration for someone.
Example: Johnson was well esteemed for his work on the Dictionary.
prevail: (verb) to succeed or be victorious.
Example: Johnson's friends were able to prevail upon the king to offer him a pension.
vicissitudes: (noun) changes and variations occurring in the course of something.
Example: The Dictionary faced many vicissitudes during its preparation.
folklore: (noun) the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through generations.
Example: Johnson became the Johnson of folklore due to his fame.
obscurities: (noun) the quality or state of being unclear or unknown.
Example: Johnson did not work in the soft obscurities of retirement.
ascertaining: (verb) finding out for sure; determining.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary aimed at ascertaining the meanings of English words.
synonym: (noun) a word or phrase that means the same or nearly the same as another word.
Example: In a dictionary, you can often find synonyms for a given word.
antonym: (noun) a word that means the opposite of another word.
Example: "Hot" is an antonym of "cold."
lexicon: (noun) a complete set of words in a language; a dictionary or vocabulary list.
Example: The lexicon in Johnson's Dictionary was extensive.
etymology: (noun) the study of the origin and historical development of words.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary often included etymological information.
linguistic: (adjective) relating to the scientific study of language and its structure.
Example: Johnson's approach to language was both practical and linguistic.
concentration: (noun) the action of focusing one's attention or mental effort on a particular task.
Example: Cawdray's dictionary had a concentration on scholarly words.
orthodox: (adjective) conforming to established and traditional beliefs or practices.
Example: Johnson's dictionary aimed to establish orthodox spelling.
impression: (noun) an idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone.
Example: The dictionary was meant to convey an impression of fine learning.
distraction: (noun) a thing that prevents someone from concentrating on something else.
Example: Johnson worked amidst inconvenience and distraction.
celebration: (noun) the action of marking a significant event or achievement with festivities or other social activities.
Example: The publication of Johnson's Dictionary was cause for much English celebration.
monument: (noun) a structure or building that is built to honor a person or event.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary is a perpetual monument of fame.
obsolete: (adjective) no longer in use; outdated.
Example: Some of the words in Johnson's Dictionary are now considered obsolete.
academy: (noun) an institution of higher learning, often devoted to specialized instruction or research.
Example: Johnson believed he didn't need an academy to settle arguments about language.
predecessors: (noun) people who held a job or position before someone else.
Example: Johnson drew upon the work of his predecessors in lexicography.
et cetera (etc.): (phrase) used at the end of a list to indicate that there are other items that could be included.
Example: Johnson included words, meanings, and quotations, etc., in his dictionary.
profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary had a profound impact on the English language.
vernacular: (noun) the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.
Example: Johnson's Dictionary included words from the vernacular as well as scholarly language.
obsolete: (adjective) no longer in use; outdated.
Example: Some of the words in Johnson's Dictionary are now considered obsolete.
patronage: (noun) support or sponsorship, often from influential or wealthy individuals.
Example: Johnson did not have the patronage of the great while working on his dictionary.
retirement: (noun) the act of leaving one's job or ceasing to work, often after reaching a certain age.
Example: Johnson did not work in the soft obscurities of retirement; he worked tirelessly on his dictionary.
PASSAGE-2 Nature or Nurture?
Fascinating - extremely interesting or captivating.
Example: The documentary on marine life was truly fascinating.
Disturbing - causing emotional upset or discomfort.
Example: The news of the accident was disturbing to hear.
Behavioural - related to actions and conduct.
Example: Behavioral therapy aims to modify unwanted behaviors.
Willingness - the quality of being ready or eager to do something.
Example: Her willingness to help others made her a valuable team member.
Obedey - to follow orders or instructions.
Example: Children are taught to obey their parents' rules.
Noble - having high moral qualities, such as honor and integrity.
Example: His noble actions during the crisis were commendable.
Punishing - imposing a penalty or consequence for a wrongdoing.
Example: The teacher believed in fair but firm punishing of misbehavior.
Administer - to give or apply something, such as a treatment or punishment.
Example: The nurse will administer the medication to the patient.
Severity - the degree or extent of something being harsh, intense, or serious.
Example: The severity of the storm forced people to stay indoors.
Expletives - offensive or vulgar words or expressions.
Example: He used a string of expletives when he stubbed his toe.
Denouncing - publicly criticizing or condemning something.
Example: The activist denounced the government's policies at the rally.
Revulsion - a strong feeling of disgust or repulsion.
Example: The gruesome scene in the horror movie caused revulsion among viewers.
Psychiatrists - medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses.
Example: The psychiatrist prescribed medication to manage the patient's anxiety.
Anticipated - expected or predicted.
Example: The team anticipated a challenging match against their rivals.
Consensus - general agreement or harmony.
Example: The group reached a consensus on the proposed plan.
Predict - to foretell or forecast a future event.
Example: It's difficult to predict the outcome of the election.
Overwhelming - very intense or powerful.
Example: The overwhelming support from the community was heartwarming.
Repetitions - the act of doing something again.
Example: The athlete's daily repetitions of drills improved his performance.
Discrepancy - a lack of agreement or inconsistency.
Example: There was a discrepancy between the two reports of the incident.
Pressured - subjected to stress or coercion.
Example: She felt pressured to meet the tight deadline.
Flustered - agitated or confused, especially due to nervousness.
Example: He became flustered when asked to speak in public.
Cooperative - willing to work together or collaborate.
Example: The team members were cooperative and achieved their goal.
Activation - the process of making something active or operational.
Example: The activation of the alarm system alerted the security team.
Primal - relating to the earliest stages or basic instincts.
Example: The primal urge for survival is a powerful instinct.
Advantageous - beneficial or favorable.
Example: Learning multiple languages can be advantageous for a career.
Trait - a distinguishing characteristic or quality.
Example: Kindness is a positive trait that many admire.
Legitimacy - the quality of being lawful, valid, or authentic.
Example: The legitimacy of the election results was questioned by some.
Evokes - brings to mind or elicits a particular feeling or reaction.
Example: The painting evokes a sense of nostalgia.
Surrendering - giving up or relinquishing control or possession.
Example: Surrendering to the enemy was the only option left.
Institutional - related to organizations, systems, or establishments.
Example: The university had its own institutional policies.
Elucidating - making something clear or explaining it.
Example: The professor was skilled at elucidating complex concepts.
Bias - a prejudice or inclination in favor of or against something.
Example: The news article had a clear political bias.
Interaction - communication or engagement between individuals or things.
Example: Social interaction is important for human development.
Behavior - the actions, conduct, or reactions of a person or organism.
Example: Good behavior is rewarded in the classroom.
Hard-wired - inherent or deeply ingrained in one's nature.
Example: Our hard-wired instincts help us survive in challenging situations.
Dictates - strongly influences or determines the course of action.
Example: Peer pressure often dictates the choices of teenagers.
Animals - living organisms that are not human.
Example: Dogs and cats are common domestic animals.
Emphasize - to give special importance or focus to something.
Example: The teacher emphasized the importance of studying for the exam.
Elucidating - making something clear or explaining it.
Example: The professor was skilled at elucidating complex concepts.
Biological - related to living organisms and their functions.
Example: The study of genetics is a branch of biological science.
Benevolent - characterized by kindness and goodwill.
Example: The benevolent organization helps those in need.
Malevolent - having or showing a desire to harm others.
Example: The villain in the story had a malevolent plan.
Authority - the power or right to make decisions and enforce rules.
Example: The police have authority to maintain law and order.
Unique - one of a kind, not like anything else.
Example: Each snowflake is unique in its intricate pattern.
Biological - related to living organisms and their functions.
Example: The study of genetics is a branch of biological science.
Institutional - related to organizations, systems, or establishments.
Example: The university had its own institutional policies.
Surrendering - giving up or relinquishing control or possession.
Example: Surrendering to the enemy was the only option left.
Interaction - communication or engagement between individuals or things.
Example: Social interaction is important for human development.
Legitimacy - the quality of being lawful, valid, or authentic.
Example: The legitimacy of the election results was questioned by some.
Advantageous - beneficial or favorable.
Example: Learning multiple languages can be advantageous for a career.
PASSAGE-3
THE TRUTH ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT
Environmentalists - People who advocate for the protection of the environment.
· Example: Environmentalists are working to reduce pollution and conserve natural resources.
2. Abundant - Existing in large quantities; plentiful.
· Example: There is an abundant supply of fresh water in the reservoir.
3. Exaggerated - Represented as being greater than is actually the case.
· Example: The media often exaggerates the impact of certain events to gain attention.
4. Lobby - A group or organization that tries to influence public officials or policies.
· Example: The oil lobby opposes stricter regulations on emissions.
5. Altruistic - Showing a selfless concern for the well-being of others.
· Example: Her altruistic actions, such as volunteering at the homeless shelter, were admirable.
6. Skepticism - A skeptical attitude; doubt about the truth of something.
· Example: The scientist approached the new theory with healthy skepticism until more evidence was presented.
7. Distortions - The act of giving a misleading or false account or impression.
· Example: The politician's speech was full of distortions aimed at discrediting his opponent.
8. Encounter - To come across or meet unexpectedly.
· Example: During their hike, they encountered a rare species of bird.
9. Phenomenon - A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, typically one whose cause is in question.
· Example: The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the polar regions.
10. Adaptation - The process of adjusting to new conditions or environmental changes.
· Example: The adaptation of plants to desert environments allows them to survive with minimal water.
11. Emissions - The production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation.
· Example: Carbon emissions from cars contribute to air pollution.
12. Radically - In a thorough or extreme way.
· Example: The company decided to radically change its business model to stay competitive.
13. Intuition - The ability to understand or know something without the need for conscious reasoning.
· Example: Her intuition told her that something was wrong when she entered the dark alley.
14. Analysis - The process of examining something in detail to understand it better.
· Example: The financial analysis showed that the company's profits had increased significantly.
15. Universal - Relating to all people or things in the world or in a particular group.
· Example: Access to clean drinking water should be a universal right.
16. Sanitation - Conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal.
· Example: Poor sanitation can lead to the spread of diseases in crowded areas.
17. Crucial - Extremely important or necessary.
· Example: The meeting is crucial to the success of the project.
18. Optimistic - Having a positive outlook or expecting a favorable outcome.
· Example: Despite the challenges, she remained optimistic about her future.
19. Pessimistic - Having a negative outlook or expecting unfavorable outcomes.
· Example: Some people are naturally pessimistic and always anticipate the worst.
20. Climatic - Relating to the climate or weather conditions.
· Example: The region's climatic conditions are characterized by hot summers and cold winters.
21. Sustainability - The ability to maintain or support something over the long term without harming the environment.
· Example: Sustainable farming practices aim to protect the environment while producing food.
22. Perception - The way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted.
· Example: Public perception of the government's performance can influence elections.
23. Resources - Available means, materials, or financial assets used for a particular purpose.
· Example: Natural resources like oil and minerals are important for economic development.
24. Population - The total number of people in a specific area, country, or the world.
· Example: The population of the city has been steadily increasing.
25. Extinct - No longer in existence; having died out.
· Example: The dodo bird is an example of an extinct species.
26. Pollution - The presence or introduction into the environment of contaminants or substances harmful to living organisms.
· Example: Air pollution can lead to respiratory problems in humans.
27. Phases - Stages or periods in a process or development.
· Example: The project is currently in the planning phase.
28. Profound - Having deep meaning or significance.
· Example: The book had a profound impact on my understanding of the subject.
29. Estimates - Rough calculations or assessments of the value, size, or extent of something.
· Example: The engineer provided estimates for the cost of the construction project.
30. Lopsidedness - An uneven or unbalanced quality or characteristic.
· Example: The lopsidedness of the debate made it difficult to reach a consensus.
31. Overstate - To exaggerate or describe something as being greater or more important than it actually is.
· Example: He tends to overstate his achievements on his resume.
32. Rubbish - Waste material; garbage.
· Example: The park was littered with rubbish after the picnic.
33. Intensive - Involving a lot of effort or activity in a short period of time.
· Example: The training program is intensive and requires full dedication.
34. Devastating - Causing severe damage or destruction.
· Example: The hurricane had a devastating impact on the coastal town.
35. Disjunction - A lack of connection or continuity between things.
· Example: There is a disjunction between the company's mission statement and its actions.
36. Contribute - To give or supply for a common purpose.
· Example: Many volunteers contribute their time to charitable organizations.
37. Allergies - A hypersensitive reaction to a specific substance that causes physical symptoms.
· Example: Her allergies to pollen made springtime difficult for her.
38. Impression - An idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone.
· Example: His first impression of the new employee was positive.
39. Expelled - Forcefully removed or ejected.
· Example: The disruptive student was expelled from school for his behavior.
40. Admirable - Deserving of respect or approval; worthy of admiration.
· Example: His dedication to helping others is truly admirable.
41. Diminished - Made or became smaller or less significant.
· Example: The importance of the issue was diminished over time.
42. Drought - A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.
· Example: The drought in the region caused widespread crop failures.
43. Mitigate - To make less severe or harmful.
· Example: Planting trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change.
44. Economical - Using resources efficiently to avoid waste.
· Example: She is very economical when it comes to using electricity and water.
45. Reservoir - A large artificial or natural lake used as a source of water supply.
· Example: The reservoir provides drinking water to the city.
46. Magnitude - The great size or extent of something.
· Example: The magnitude of the earthquake was felt across the entire region.
47. Scenario - A possible sequence of events or situations.
· Example: We need to prepare for various scenarios in case of an emergency.
48. Crisis - A time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger.
· Example: The financial crisis of 2008 had a global impact on economies.
49. Consumption - The use of goods and services by people.
· Example: The government encourages responsible energy consumption.
50. Adverse - Harmful or unfavorable; having a negative effect.
· Example: The adverse weather conditions forced the event to be canceled.
Test-2
Passage-1
standard: (adjective) conforming to a widely accepted or recognized measurement, criterion, or model. Example: There was no standard way of speaking or writing before Johnson's Dictionary.
bringing some order: (phrase) organizing or establishing a sense of structure. Example: There was no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling.
compiled: (verb) gathered or collected information or data from various sources. Example: Robert Cawdray compiled a dictionary of hard usual English words.
scholarly: (adjective) related to academic or intellectual learning. Example: Cawdray's dictionary tended to concentrate on 'scholarly' words.
circumscribe: (verb) to define or limit something within certain boundaries. Example: The English middle class wanted to circumscribe the various worlds to conquer, including lexical, social, and commercial ones.
heyday: (noun) the period of greatest success, popularity, or vigor. Example: Johnson published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.
genius: (noun) exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability. Example: Johnson raised common sense to the heights of genius.
academy: (noun) an institution of specialized learning, often associated with higher education or intellectual pursuits. Example: Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language.
single-handed: (adverb) without assistance from others; alone. Example: Johnson decided he would write a dictionary himself and he would do it single-handed.
instalments: (noun) payments made in portions or stages. Example: Johnson was to be paid £1,575 in instalments for writing the Dictionary.
garret: (noun) a small, often cramped, attic room or space. Example: Boswell described the garret where Johnson worked.
rickety: (adjective) poorly constructed or likely to collapse; shaky. Example: Johnson sat on a rickety chair at an old crazy deal table.
chaos: (noun) complete disorder and confusion. Example: Johnson worked surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books.
synthesis: (noun) the combination of different elements to form a coherent whole. Example: Johnson's work was a heroic synthesis of the best of all previous dictionaries.
precedent: (noun) an earlier event or action that serves as an Example or guide for future ones. Example: Johnson adopted his definitions according to precedent.
vicissitudes: (noun) changes or variations occurring in the course of something. Example: After many vicissitudes, the Dictionary was finally published.
landmark: (noun) a significant, distinctive, or important event, development, or achievement. Example: Johnson's Dictionary was instantly recognized as a landmark throughout Europe.
lexicographer: (noun) a person who compiles or writes dictionaries. Example: The leading Italian lexicographer praised Johnson's noble work.
obscurities: (noun) unclear or unknown aspects or details. Example: Johnson did not work in the soft obscurities of retirement.
analogies: (noun) similarities or comparisons between different things or concepts. Example: Johnson's work aimed at regulating the structures and displaying the analogy of English words.
orthography: (noun) the conventional spelling system of a language. Example: Johnson's Dictionary played a significant role in setting the orthography of English words.
significations: (noun) meanings or interpretations of words. Example: Johnson's work aimed at ascertaining the significations of English words.
cornerstone: (noun) a fundamental or essential part that forms the foundation of something. Example: Johnson's Dictionary is considered the cornerstone of Standard English.
esteemed: (adjective) highly respected or regarded. Example: Johnson was so well esteemed that he was offered a pension by King George III.
folklore: (noun) the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, and practices of a community. Example: Johnson became the Johnson of folklore due to his fame and accomplishments.
Passage 2
Nature or Nurture
distaste: (noun) a feeling of dislike or aversion. Example: The subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.
noble: (adjective) having high moral qualities or ideals; honorable. Example: The experiment was presented as being in the noble cause of education.
pupil: (noun) a student or learner. Example: The supposed 'pupil' in the experiment was actually an actor hired by Milgram.
simulate: (verb) to imitate or reproduce the appearance or characteristics of something. Example: The actor simulated receiving the shocks by emitting various sounds and reactions.
revulsion: (noun) a strong feeling of disgust or repugnance. Example: The teacher-subjects felt revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.
consensus: (noun) a general agreement or opinion. Example: The psychiatrists had an overwhelming consensus that most subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter.
anticipate: (verb) to expect or predict. Example: The psychiatrists anticipated that only a small percentage of subjects would administer the highest shock level.
discrepancy: (noun) a lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more things. Example: The experiment revealed a vast discrepancy between predictions and actual results.
flustered: (adjective) agitated or confused. Example: The teacher-subjects were pressured and flustered during the experiment.
instinct: (noun) an innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in response to certain stimuli. Example: One explanation for the teacher-subjects' actions is the activation of a built-in animal aggression instinct.
primal: (adjective) relating to an early stage of development; basic or fundamental. Example: The experiment may have tapped into a primal urge to discharge aggression.
advantageous: (adjective) beneficial or favorable. Example: The aggressive instinct may have evolved as an advantageous trait in ancestral struggles for survival.
remnant: (noun) a small remaining quantity of something. Example: The aggressive instinct is seen as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.
environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The teacher-subjects' actions were influenced by the social environment of the experiment.
benevolent: (adjective) well-meaning and kindly. Example: The psychological laboratory was seen as a benevolent setting pursuing scientific truth.
trust: (noun) a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something. Example: The psychological laboratory evoked trust and confidence in the participants.
surrendering: (verb) giving up or yielding to someone or something. Example: The subjects surrendered their individual properties to the authority of the institutional structure.
plausible: (adjective) reasonable or probable; believable. Example: The question of which explanation is more plausible is a challenge for researchers.
biologists: (noun) scientists who study living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: Biologists are interested in understanding the biological basis of behavior.
elucidating: (verb) to make clear or explain in detail. Example: The field of sociobiology aims at elucidating the biological basis of behavior.
hard-wired: (adjective) innate or instinctive, programmed into one's biology. Example: Sociobiology investigates the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming influences behavior.
dictates: (verb) to determine or prescribe authoritatively. Example: The study aims to discover to what extent genetic programming dictates behavior.
bias: (noun) a tendency or inclination, often towards a particular perspective or opinion. Example: Genetic programming may bias the interaction of animals and humans with their environment.
interaction: (noun) the action or influence of two or more things upon each other. Example: Sociobiology seeks to understand the interaction between genetic programming and behavior.
behaviour: (noun) the way in which one acts or conducts oneself. Example: Sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour.
assortment: (noun) a collection or variety of different things or people. Example: The experiment involved an assortment of shocks ranging from slight to severe.
expletive: (noun) an offensive or emphatic word or phrase, often used to express strong emotions or as a profanity. Example: The actor simulated receiving the shocks by uttering a range of expletives and denouncing the experiment.
disturbing: (adjective) causing anxiety, unease, or concern. Example: The experiment yielded fascinating yet disturbing results.
behavioural: (adjective) relating to behavior or the study of behavior. Example: Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment in the field of behavioural psychology.
willingness: (noun) the state of being ready or inclined to do something. Example: The experiment tested the subjects' willingness to obey instructions.
obey: (verb) to comply with or follow orders, instructions, or rules. Example: The subjects were instructed to obey the leader's commands.
volunteer: (noun) a person who freely offers to do something without being forced or paid. Example: The participants in the experiment were volunteers.
noble: (adjective) having high moral qualities; honorable. Example: The experiment was presented as a noble cause of education.
pupil: (noun) a student or learner in a school or educational institution. Example: The subjects were told they would administer shocks to the pupil for their mistakes.
simulate: (verb) to imitate the appearance or character of something. Example: The actor was hired to simulate receiving the shocks.
groans: (noun) deep, mournful sounds expressing pain or despair. Example: The actor emitted groans to create the impression of pain.
writhings: (noun) twisting or squirming movements of the body. Example: The actor's writhings were meant to indicate discomfort.
expletives: (noun) offensive or vulgar words used to express strong emotions or profanity. Example: The actor uttered expletives while receiving the shocks.
revulsion: (noun) a strong feeling of disgust or horror. Example: The subjects felt revulsion toward the actions they were asked to perform.
consensus: (noun) general agreement among a group of people. Example: The psychiatrists reached a consensus about the subjects' likely responses.
lunatic: (noun) a mentally ill person or someone who behaves in an irrational or unpredictable manner. Example: The psychiatrists believed that only a lunatic fringe would administer the highest shocks.
repetitions: (noun) the act of repeating or doing something again. Example: The experiment was replicated in multiple repetitions.
discrepancy: (noun) a lack of compatibility or agreement between two or more things. Example: The results revealed a discrepancy between predictions and actual behavior.
inclination: (noun) a person's natural tendency or preference. Example: One's inclination might be to argue for a genetic explanation.
instinct: (noun) an innate, fixed pattern of behavior in animals or humans. Example: The experiment raised questions about an animal instinct for aggression.
primal: (adjective) relating to the earliest stages of development; basic or fundamental. Example: The experiment tapped into primal urges and instincts.
malevolent: (adjective) having or showing a wish to do evil to others. Example: The subject's actions were influenced by a **malevolent
environment: (noun) the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. Example: The social environment of the experiment played a significant role in shaping behavior.
benevolent: (adjective) well-meaning and kindly. Example: The experiment was perceived as benevolent and serving the pursuit of scientific truth.
evokes: (verb) brings a feeling, memory, or image into the mind. Example: The psychological laboratory evokes trust and confidence in the participants.
surrendering: (verb) giving up or yielding to a stronger force or authority. Example: The subjects surrendered their individual properties to the service of authority.
loyalty: (noun) a strong feeling of support or allegiance. Example: The subjects demonstrated loyalty to the institutional authority figure.
self-sacrifice: (noun) the act of giving up one's own interests or well-being for the sake of others. Example: The subjects displayed a sense of self-sacrifice by following the experiment's rules.
discipline: (noun) the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior. Example: The subjects exhibited a sense of discipline by carrying on with the experiment.
plausible: (adjective) reasonable or likely to be true. Example: Both explanations presented are plausible, but further investigation is needed.
biologists: (noun) scientists who study living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Example: Biologists seek to understand the biological basis of behavior.
anthropologists: (noun) scientists who study human societies, cultures, and behavior. Example: Anthropologists examine the social and cultural factors influencing behavior.
elucidating: (verb) making something clear or easy to understand. Example: Sociobiology aims at elucidating the biological basis of behavior.
dictates: (verb) commands or directs with authority. Example: Genetic programming dictates the behavior of animals and humans to some extent.
interaction: (noun) the action or influence of people or things on one another. Example: Sociobiology investigates the interaction between genetics and behavior.
behaviour: (noun) the way in which a person or animal acts or conducts oneself. Example: The experiment shed light on the complex behaviour of the teacher-subjects.
PASSAGE-3
The truth about the environment
abundant: (adjective) existing or available in large quantities. Example: "Energy and natural resources have become more abundant over time."
extinct: (adjective) no longer in existence; having died out. Example: "Many species are at risk of becoming extinct."
transient: (adjective) lasting only for a short time; temporary. Example: "Most forms of environmental pollution are transient and associated with industrialization."
lobby groups: (noun) organized groups seeking to influence public opinion or government decisions in favor of their specific interests. Example: "Environmental groups are considered as lobby groups advocating for environmental causes."
scepticism: (noun) a skeptical attitude; doubt or disbelief. Example: "People should apply the same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to other lobby groups."
distortions: (noun) changes or alterations that misrepresent the true nature of something. Example: "The media can create distortions of perception by focusing on bad news."
perception: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Example: "People's perception of environmental issues is influenced by media coverage."
intuition: (noun) the ability to understand something instinctively, without the need for conscious reasoning. Example: "Despite the intuition that something needs to be done, economic analyses show a different perspective."
radically: (adverb) in a thorough or fundamental way; completely. Example: "It would be more expensive to radically cut carbon dioxide emissions."
adaptation: (noun) the action or process of adapting or being adapted. Example: "Paying for the costs of adaptation to increased temperatures may be more feasible than cutting emissions."
access: (noun) the right or opportunity to use or benefit from something. Example: "Universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation is a pressing health problem."
pessimistic: (adjective) having a negative or gloomy outlook; expecting the worst. Example: "Being overly pessimistic can lead to costly decisions."
carbon dioxide emissions: (noun phrase) the release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels. Example: "Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is crucial for mitigating the effects of global warming."
radically: (adverb) in a complete or extreme way. Example: "It would be more expensive to radically cut carbon dioxide emissions."
intuition: (noun) the ability to understand or know something instinctively, without the need for conscious reasoning. Example: "Despite the scientific evidence, some individuals rely on their intuition to form opinions about global warming."
analyses: (noun) plural of analysis; a detailed examination or study of something. Example: "Economic analyses show the cost implications of different approaches to tackling climate change."
feasible: (adjective) possible to do easily or conveniently; practical. Example: "Adapting to increased temperatures may be more feasible in terms of cost than drastically reducing emissions."
pressing: (adjective) urgent; requiring immediate attention or action. Example: "Universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation is a pressing global issue."
outlook: (noun) a person's point of view or general attitude toward something. Example: "Having an optimistic outlook can lead to proactive problem-solving."
mitigating: (verb) reducing the severity or impact of something. Example: "Efforts to mitigate climate change involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions."
gloomy: (adjective) dark or dim; lacking cheer or optimism. Example: "Taking a gloomy perspective can hinder progress and hinder positive action."
cost implications: (noun phrase) the financial consequences or effects of a decision or action. Example: "Assessing the cost implications is essential when evaluating different approaches to environmental challenges."
disjunction: (noun) a lack of correspondence or connection; a disconnect or gap. Example: "There is a disjunction between public perception and the actual environmental reality."
lobby groups: (noun phrase) organized groups or organizations that attempt to influence government policies and decisions in favor of their specific interests. Example: "Environmental lobby groups advocate for policies that promote conservation and sustainability."
curious: (adjective) eager to know or learn something; inquisitive. Example: "People are inherently curious about the state of the environment and its impact on their lives."
diminished: (verb) made smaller or less significant; reduced in size, importance, or intensity. Example: "Efforts to reduce carbon emissions have diminished the environmental impact of certain industries."
adaptation: (noun) the process of adjusting or modifying something to suit new conditions or circumstances. Example: "Species undergo adaptation to survive changes in their habitats."
impair: (verb) weaken, damage, or negatively affect something. Example: "Environmental pollution can impair the quality of air, water, and ecosystems."
sustainability: (noun) the ability to maintain or support something over the long term, without depleting resources or causing harm to the environment. Example: "Promoting sustainability is crucial for ensuring a better future for generations to come."
perception: (noun) the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted; a person's mental impression or understanding of something. Example: "Public perception plays a significant role in shaping environmental policies and actions."
optimistic: (adjective) having a positive outlook or expectation for the future. Example: "Despite challenges, many environmentalists remain optimistic about finding sustainable solutions."
pessimistic: (adjective) having a negative or gloomy outlook or expectation for the future. Example: "Some individuals take a pessimistic view of environmental issues, doubting the possibility of positive change."
ACADEMIC READING TEST-2
BAKELITE
PASSAGE-1The birth of modern plastics
1. synthetic: (adj.) made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product.
· Example: Bakelite was the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.
2. enormous: (adj.) very large in size, quantity, or extent; huge or immense.
· Example: The discovery of Bakelite had enormous technological importance.
3. industry: (n.) economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.
· Example: The invention of Bakelite launched the modern plastics industry.
4. plastic: (n.) a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers.
· Example: Bakelite was a pioneering plastic material.
5. thermoplastic: (adj.) capable of being repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling.
· Example: Some plastics are thermoplastic, meaning they can be reshaped when heated.
6. thermosetting: (adj.) becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated.
· Example: Bakelite was the first entirely synthetic thermosetting plastic.
7. mould: (v.) shape or form (an object) out of a malleable material.
· Example: The molten plastic was poured into a mould to create the desired shape.
8. revert: (v.) return to (a previous state, practice, topic, etc.); to go back.
· Example: Once Bakelite hardens, it cannot revert to its original viscous state.
9. viscous: (adj.) having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid; viscous.
· Example: The molten plastic had a highly viscous texture.
10. launch: (v.) start or set in motion (an activity or enterprise).
· Example: Baekeland's invention effectively launched the modern plastics industry.
11. derived: (v.) obtained or received from a source.
· Example: Some plastics are derived from natural sources, such as plants or animals.
12. substitutes: (n.) a person or thing acting or serving in place of another.
· Example: Plastics were developed as substitutes for luxury materials like tortoiseshell and ivory.
13. impetus: (n.) the force or energy with which a body moves; a driving force.
· Example: Immense technological progress provided the impetus behind the development of early plastics.
14. chemistry: (n.) the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed.
· Example: Baekeland's interest in plastics began during his studies in chemistry.
15. abandoned: (v.) cease to support or look after (someone); to give up completely.
· Example: Baekeland initially abandoned his research into phenolic resins.
16. catalysts: (n.) a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
· Example: Catalysts were used to speed up the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde in Bakelite production.
17. phenolic: (adj.) relating to or denoting compounds containing a hydroxyl group directly linked to an aromatic benzene ring.
· Example: Bakelite is a phenolic resin, produced from the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde.
18. volatile: (adj.) easily evaporated at normal temperatures; liable to change rapidly and unpredictably.
· Example: Aldehydes are volatile fluids similar to alcohol.
19. commercial: (adj.) concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade.
· Example: Bakelite was prepared on a commercial basis for industrial use.
20. grind: (v.) reduce (something) to small particles or powder by crushing it.
· Example: The hardened Bakelite resin was ground into powder for further processing.
21. granular: (adj.) resembling or consisting of small grains or particles; grainy or gritty.
· Example: The Bakelite resin was ground into a granular powder for molding.
22. streamlined: (adj.) designed or organized in such a way as to allow continuous, smooth movement or activity.
· Example: The streamlined design of Bakelite objects became popular in the 1930s.
23. efficient: (adj.) achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense.
· Example: The designer had to consider the most efficient use of machines when designing Bakelite objects.
24. invention: (n.) the action of creating or designing something new or a new process or device.
· Example: Baekeland's invention of Bakelite revolutionized the plastics industry.
25. non-porous: (adj.) not allowing liquid or air to pass through; impermeable.
· Example: Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being non-porous and germ-free.
26. sterilizable: (adj.) capable of being made free from bacteria or other living microorganisms.
· Example: Bakelite kitchen utensils were marketed as being sterilizable and easy to clean.
27. electrical: (adj.) relating to electricity or the use of electricity.
· Example: Bakelite was valued for its electrical insulating properties.
28. insulating: (adj.) preventing the passage of electricity, heat, or sound.
· Example: Bakelite's insulating properties made it ideal for use in electrical components.
29. dazzling: (adj.) extremely bright, especially so as to blind the eyes temporarily.
· Example: The Bakelite objects came in a dazzling array of colors.
30. despised: (v.) feel contempt or a deep repugnance for.
· Example: Bakelite fell from favor during the 1950s and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities.
31. renaissance: (n.) a revival of or renewed interest in something.
· Example: Bakelite has been experiencing something of a renaissance in recent years, with renewed demand for original objects.
32. collectors: (n.) people who collect objects as a hobby or for investment.
· Example: Collectors are willing to pay high prices for rare Bakelite items.
33. originality: (n.) the quality of being novel, unique, or unusual.
· Example: The style and originality of Bakelite objects are appreciated by collectors.
34. innovative: (adj.) featuring new methods; advanced and original.
· Example: Bakelite was an innovative material that revolutionized industrial production.
35. material: (n.) the matter from which a thing is or can be made.
· Example: Bakelite was used as a material for manufacturing various objects.
36. museums: (n.) buildings or institutions dedicated to the acquisition, conservation, study, and exhibition of objects of lasting interest or value.
· Example: Bakelite objects are displayed in museums around the world.
37. style: (n.) a distinctive appearance, typically determined by the principles according to which something is designed.
· Example: The streamlined style of Bakelite objects was characteristic of the Art Deco era.
38. taper: (v.) diminish or reduce in thickness toward one end.
· Example: The designer tapered the object towards the deepest part of the mould for easy extraction.
39. pragmatic: (adj.) dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.
· Example: The development of plastics was driven by pragmatic needs for substitutes for luxury materials.
Top of Form
PASSAGE-2
What's so funny?
John McCrone reviews recent research on humour
1. joke: (noun) a humorous story, anecdote, or statement that is meant to entertain or amuse. Example: "He told a funny joke that made everyone laugh."
2. luxury: (noun) a state of great comfort, pleasure, or extravagance. Example: "Having a personal chef is a luxury that not everyone can afford."
3. reflex: (noun) an automatic or instinctive response to a particular stimulus. Example: "His reflex was to duck when something flew towards his face."
4. biological: (adjective) relating to living organisms and their life processes. Example: "The study of biological diversity focuses on the variety of species in an ecosystem."
5. pedigree: (noun) the recorded ancestry or background of a person or animal. Example: "The dog breeder provided a detailed pedigree for each puppy."
6. superiority: (noun) the state or condition of being higher in rank, status, or quality. Example: "She has a sense of superiority that often comes across as arrogance."
7. psychic: (adjective) relating to or involving supernatural or paranormal phenomena. Example: "Some people claim to have psychic abilities, such as predicting the future."
8. tension: (noun) a state of mental or emotional strain or excitement. Example: "There was a palpable tension in the room before the exam results were announced."
9. ludicrousness: (noun) the quality of being absurd, ridiculous, or laughably unreasonable. Example: "The ludicrousness of the situation made it hard to take it seriously."
10. punchline: (noun) the climactic and humorous ending or final part of a joke or humorous story. Example: "He delivered the punchline with perfect timing, causing everyone to burst into laughter."
11. incongruity: (noun) the state of being inconsistent, contradictory, or not in harmony with the surroundings or expectations. Example: "The incongruity between his serious demeanor and the silly hat he was wearing made people chuckle."
12. nonsense: (noun) words or ideas that have little or no meaning or logic. Example: "He was talking complete nonsense and didn't make any sense."
13. revolve: (verb) to move in a circular or curved path around a central point. Example: "The Earth revolves around the Sun in its annual orbit."
14. conceptual: (adjective) relating to or based on concepts or ideas. Example: "The artist's work is highly conceptual, exploring abstract ideas and philosophical themes."
15. apt: (adjective) suitable or appropriate in the circumstances; having a tendency to do something. Example: "Her choice of words was apt for conveying the intended meaning."
16. semantic: (adjective) relating to the meaning of words, phrases, or language in general. Example: "In linguistics, semantic analysis focuses on the study of meaning."
17. fit: (noun) a sudden burst or occurrence of something. Example: "He burst into a fit of laughter when he heard the punchline."
18. leap: (noun) a sudden and large movement or transition from one place
18. leap: (noun) a sudden and large movement or transition from one place, situation, or perspective to another. Example: "Her unexpected career change was a great leap of faith."
19. perspective: (noun) a particular way of viewing or understanding a situation or concept. Example: "His travels around the world gave him a broader perspective on different cultures."
20. appeasement: (noun) the action of pacifying or satisfying someone by giving in to their demands. Example: "The leader's policy of appeasement only served to embolden the aggressor."
21. crucial: (adjective) extremely important or significant; decisive. Example: "Timely intervention is crucial in preventing the situation from escalating."
22. scuffle: (noun) a short, confused fight or struggle. Example: "There was a scuffle between the fans after the football match."
23. mutation: (noun) a change or alteration in a gene or the genetic material of an organism. Example: "Some genetic mutations can lead to inherited diseases."
24. gaping: (adjective) wide open, with a large or conspicuous gap. Example: "The gaping hole in the fence allowed easy access to the garden."
25. instinctual: (adjective) relating to or resulting from instinct, an innate, natural, or automatic behavior. Example: "The mother's instinctual response was to protect her young."
26. markers: (noun) signs, indications, or cues that serve as a guide or reference point. Example: "Her sudden weight loss and fatigue were markers of an underlying health issue."
27. flag: (verb) to signal or indicate the presence or occurrence of something. Example: "The alarm bells flagged the onset of danger."
28. cognitive: (adjective) relating to mental processes such as thinking, learning, and understanding. Example: "The study focused on the cognitive development of children."
29. evaluative: (adjective) involving the process of assessing or making judgments about something. Example: "The teacher provided evaluative feedback on the students' performance."
30. apparatus: (noun) a complex device or mechanism used for a particular purpose. Example: "The scientific apparatus allowed precise measurements to be taken."
31. metabolic: (adjective) relating to or involving the chemical processes occurring within a living organism. Example: "Regular exercise can boost metabolic rate and improve overall health."
32. adjustments: (noun) small changes made to achieve a desired or optimal outcome. Example: "He made some adjustments to the settings to improve the performance of the machine."
33. palpable: (adjective) able to be touched, felt, or perceived; tangible. Example: "There was a palpable sense of tension in the air before the announcement."
34. abrupt: (adjective) sudden and unexpected; curt or blunt in manner or speech. Example: "Her abrupt departure left everyone surprised and confused."
35. pleasurable: (adjective) causing or providing enjoyment, satisfaction, or pleasure. Example: "He found gardening to be a pleasurable and relaxing activity."
36. milking: (verb) exploiting or taking advantage of something for personal gain or benefit. Example: "Some companies are **milking
36. milking: (verb) exploiting or taking advantage of something for personal gain or benefit. Example: "Some companies are milking their customers by charging exorbitant fees."
37. evaluative: (adjective) involving the process of assessing or making judgments about something. Example: "The teacher provided evaluative feedback on the students' performance."
38. distorted: (adjective) twisted or altered from the original or natural shape, form, or meaning. Example: "The image in the funhouse mirror was distorted, making people appear shorter and wider."
39. lingual: (adjective) related to language or linguistics. Example: "She has a strong lingual proficiency and can speak multiple languages fluently."
40. comprehending: (verb) understanding or grasping the meaning or significance of something. Example: "He had difficulty comprehending the complex scientific concepts."
41. snap: (noun) a sudden and quick movement or action. Example: "With a snap of his fingers, the magician made the coin disappear."
42. reasoning: (noun) the process of thinking or logical analysis to form conclusions or judgments. Example: "Her reasoning skills allowed her to solve complex problems."
43. problem-solving: (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues. Example: "Teamwork and effective communication are essential for successful problem-solving."
44. palpable: (adjective) able to be touched, felt, or perceived; tangible. Example: "The tension in the room was palpable as the final exam approached."
45. arousal: (noun) a state of being awake, alert, or stimulated. Example: "The loud noise caused a sudden arousal of the dog's senses."
46. candidate: (noun) a person who applies for or is considered for a particular position, role, or honor. Example: "She is a strong candidate for the leadership position based on her qualifications and experience."
47. stimulus: (noun) something that causes a response or reaction in a person or organism. Example: "The bright light was a stimulus for her to wake up."
48. escalating: (verb) increasing in intensity, extent, or severity. Example: "The conflict between the two countries was escalating and could lead to war."
49. outlook: (noun) a person's point of view or attitude toward something; perspective. Example: "He has a positive outlook on life, always seeing the bright side of things."
50. evolutionary: (adjective) relating to or undergoing gradual development and change over time. Example: "The theory of evolutionary biology explains the diversity of life on Earth."
PASSAGE-3
The Birth of Scientific English
1. dominated: (verb) controlled or influenced by a particular group or language. Example: "World science is dominated by a few major languages."
2. Japanese: (adjective) relating to Japan or its language. Example: "Japanese scientists have made significant contributions to the field of technology."
3. German: (adjective) relating to Germany or its language. Example: "Many important scientific discoveries were made by German researchers."
4. French: (adjective) relating to France or its language. Example: "French scientists have made significant contributions to various fields of study."
5. popular: (adjective) widely liked or accepted by many people. Example: "English is the popular choice for scientific communication among researchers."
6. global: (adjective) relating to the whole world; worldwide. Example: "English has become the global language of science and communication."
7. research papers: (noun) documents that present the findings and analysis of scientific research. Example: "Scientists publish their findings in research papers to share their discoveries with the scientific community."
8. international: (adjective) involving or connecting multiple countries or nations. Example: "Scientists collaborate on international research projects to solve global challenges."
9. prominence: (noun) the state of being important, famous, or well-known. Example: "Due to its prominence in scientific research, English is widely used in academic publications."
10. lingua franca: (noun) a common language used for communication between people who speak different native languages. Example: "In the past, Latin served as the lingua franca for European intellectuals."
11. Renaissance: (noun) a period of renewed interest and cultural rebirth, particularly in the arts and sciences. Example: "The European Renaissance led to significant advancements in various fields, including science."
12. revival: (noun) the act of bringing something back to life or prominence. Example: "The 14th-16th century was a time of revival in learning and the rediscovery of classical knowledge."
13. knowledge: (noun) information, understanding, or awareness gained through learning or experience. Example: "The scholars of the Renaissance sought to rediscover the knowledge of ancient civilizations."
14. extend: (verb) to make something larger in scope, size, or range. Example: "Scholars in the Renaissance sought to extend their understanding of the natural world."
15. nation states: (noun) politically organized territories or countries with defined borders. Example: "The emergence of nation states in Europe contributed to the development of scientific traditions."
16. exploration: (noun) the act of traveling or investigating new territories or unknown areas. Example: "The Age of Exploration led to the discovery of new lands and cultures."
17. trade: (noun) the buying and selling of goods and services. Example: "The development of trade routes facilitated the exchange of knowledge and ideas."
18. compass: (noun) a navigational instrument used to determine directions. Example: "The invention of the compass revolutionized navigation and enabled long-distance travel."
19. cartography: (noun) the study or practice of making maps. Example: "Advancements in cartography allowed for more accurate and detailed maps."
20. astronomy: (noun) the scientific study of celestial objects, such as stars, planets, and galaxies. Example: "The field
20. astronomy: (noun) the scientific study of celestial objects, such as stars, planets, and galaxies. Example: "The field of astronomy explores the mysteries of the universe and its celestial bodies."
21. Copernicus: (noun) Nicolaus Copernicus, a 16th-century Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system. Example: "The groundbreaking theories of Copernicus challenged the prevailing geocentric view of the universe."
22. enthusiasm: (noun) intense and eager interest or excitement. Example: "Scientists in England embraced the ideas of Copernicus with great enthusiasm."
23. language: (noun) a system of communication consisting of words, gestures, and rules used by a community or nation. Example: "John Wallis and John Wilkins had a keen interest in language and its role in scientific communication."
24. found: (verb) to establish or create something. Example: "John Wallis and John Wilkins helped found the Royal Society, an institution dedicated to promoting scientific research."
25. Royal Society: (noun) a learned society founded in 1660 in London, dedicated to the promotion of scientific knowledge. Example: "The Royal Society played a crucial role in fostering scientific research and collaboration."
26. academies: (noun) institutions or societies that promote and support the pursuit of knowledge and learning. Example: "Similar academies and societies emerged across Europe, each contributing to the development of national scientific traditions."
27. publications: (noun) written materials or works that are published and made available to the public. Example: "Scientific publications play a vital role in sharing research findings with the scientific community."
28. translations: (noun) the process of converting written material from one language to another. Example: "In the early stages of the scientific revolution, many scientific works were translations of existing texts."
29. mathematical: (adjective) relating to mathematics or involving mathematical principles. Example: "Isaac Newton's mathematical treatise, the Principia, revolutionized our understanding of physics."
30. treatise: (noun) a formal and systematic written work on a particular subject. Example: "Isaac Newton's treatise on calculus laid the foundation for modern mathematics."
31. properties: (noun) characteristics or qualities of something. Example: "Isaac Newton's work on the properties of light contributed to our understanding of optics."
32. light: (noun) a form of energy that enables us to see objects. Example: "Newton's experiments with prisms revealed the nature of light and its constituent colors."
33. concern: (noun) a feeling of worry, interest, or attention given to something important. Example: "There was a growing concern about intellectual property rights and the need to protect scientific ideas."
34. secrecy: (noun) the state of keeping something hidden or not disclosed. Example: "Scientists sometimes resorted to secrecy to protect their preliminary ideas from being exploited or stolen."
35. intellectual: (adjective) relating to the mind, intelligence, or the process of thinking. Example: "The scientific revolution emphasized the importance of intellectual pursuits and the power of human reason."
36. labour: (noun) work or effort exerted to accomplish something. Example: "The scientific community recognized the value of private intellectual labour in
36. labour: (noun) work or effort exerted to accomplish something. Example: "The scientific community recognized the value of private intellectual labour in the pursuit of scientific discoveries."
37. classical education: (noun) an education system based on the study of classical languages, literature, and culture. Example: "In the 17th century, there was a social distinction between those with a classical education and those without."
38. linguistic inadequacy: (noun phrase) the lack of sufficient linguistic resources or capabilities. Example: "The linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period posed challenges for scientific communication."
39. technical vocabulary: (noun phrase) specialized terms or words used in a particular field or profession. Example: "English lacked the necessary technical vocabulary to accurately represent scientific concepts at that time."
40. grammatical resources: (noun phrase) the linguistic tools and structures required for effective communication. Example: "English lacked the grammatical resources needed to express complex scientific ideas objectively."
41. suitable: (adjective) appropriate or fitting for a particular purpose or situation. Example: "The Royal Society worked to develop a suitable writing style for scientific communication in English."
42. monographs: (noun) detailed and specialized scholarly works or publications on a specific subject. Example: "Members of the Royal Society published monographs that contributed to the growth of scientific knowledge."
43. narrative: (noun) a spoken or written account of connected events; a story. Example: "Robert Hooke's work, Micrographia, presented his experiments with microscopes in a captivating narrative style."
44. genre: (noun) a category or type of artistic or literary composition. Example: "The establishment of Philosophical Transactions introduced a new genre of scientific writing."
45. focused: (adjective) directed or concentrated on a specific subject or goal. Example: "Philosophical Transactions encouraged focused accounts of experiments, fostering concise scientific writing."
46. lexicon: (noun) the vocabulary or set of words used in a particular language or field of study. Example: "Scientific English experienced substantial lexical growth during the industrial revolution."
47. industrial revolution: (noun) a period of major technological advancements and industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries. Example: "The industrial revolution spurred the need for new technical vocabulary and the establishment of specialized societies."
48. technical: (adjective) relating to a particular field of study, profession, or skill. Example: "Specialized societies were formed to promote technical knowledge and advancements in specific disciplines."
49. disciplines: (noun) branches of knowledge, areas of study, or fields of expertise. Example: "The 19th century witnessed the emergence of new scientific disciplines and specialized areas of research."
50. instituted: (verb) established, introduced, or implemented. Example: "Professional societies were instituted to foster collaboration and the exchange of scientific ideas."
ACADEMIC READING TEST-3
PASSAGE-1
Early Childhood Education
enhanced: (adjective) improved or increased in quality, value, or extent. Example: "The report argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for early childhood education."
equity: (noun) fairness or justice in the distribution of resources or opportunities. Example: "The report aimed to promote equity of access to childcare and early childhood education."
funding: (noun) financial resources provided or allocated for a particular purpose. Example: "The report called for better funding for early childhood education institutions."
pre-schools: (noun) educational institutions or programs for children before they enter formal schooling. Example: "Parents typically send their children to pre-schools around the age of three."
understand: (verb) comprehend, grasp the meaning or significance of something. Example: "According to the Harvard University study, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words by the age of three."
ordinary: (adjective) common, usual, or typical. Example: "By the age of three, children have acquired most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation."
curiosity: (noun) a strong desire to know or learn something. Example: "Every child is born with a natural curiosity, but it can be suppressed during the second and third years of life."
personality: (noun) the combination of characteristics, qualities, and behaviors that make an individual unique. Example: "Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life."
skills: (noun) abilities or proficiencies developed through practice or experience. Example: "During the first three years of life, children learn the basic skills that will serve as a foundation for their later learning."
expand: (verb) grow, increase, or extend in size, scope, or complexity. Example: "After the age of three, children continue to expand their knowledge and understanding of the world."
socio-economic backgrounds: (noun phrase) the combination of social and economic factors that influence a person's life opportunities and experiences. Example: "Young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to perform less well in the education system."
under-achievement: (noun) the failure to reach expected levels of performance or achievement. Example: "In an attempt to address educational under-achievement, the United States launched the 'Headstart' programme."
disappointing: (adjective) not meeting expectations or hopes. Example: "Despite substantial funding, the results of the 'Headstart' programme were disappointing."
bypassing: (verb) avoiding or neglecting to involve or include someone or something. Example: "The 'Headstart' programme's lack of success may be attributed to bypassing the involvement of parents."
predicated: (verb) based on or founded upon something. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme was predicated on research showing the importance of working with parents."
cross-section: (noun) a representative sample or selection that includes a variety of different types or groups. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme included 380 families that represented a cross-section of socio-economic status and family configurations."
intellectual: (adjective) relating to the mind, thinking, or understanding. Example: "The programme focused on fostering the child's intellectual development through guidance and support.
social: (adjective) relating to interactions and relationships between individuals or groups. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme aimed to promote the child's social development alongside intellectual growth."
motor-skill: (noun) physical abilities and coordination related to movement. Example: "The programme provided guidance in fostering the child's motor-skill development."
check-ups: (noun) regular examinations or assessments to monitor progress or detect any issues. Example: "Periodic check-ups of the child's development were conducted to ensure healthy growth and identify potential problems."
handicaps: (noun) limitations or impairments that hinder normal functioning or development. Example: "The check-ups aimed to detect possible handicaps that could affect the child's growth and development."
referral: (noun) the act of directing or recommending someone to seek help or advice from a specialist or professional. Example: "If any medical problems were identified, they were referred to appropriate professionals."
facilitators: (noun) individuals who help or assist in a particular process or activity. Example: "Parent resource centres offered learning materials and facilitators for child care."
evaluated: (verb) assessed, examined, or measured for the purpose of determining progress or effectiveness. Example: "The children in the 'Missouri' programme were evaluated alongside a cross-section of their peers."
phenomenal: (adjective) remarkable, extraordinary, or highly impressive. Example: "The results of the evaluation were phenomenal, indicating significant advancements in language, problem-solving, and social skills."
development: (noun) the process of growth, progress, or advancement. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme showed remarkable outcomes in child development."
achievement: (noun) the act of accomplishing or reaching a goal or standard. Example: "Children in the programme performed equally well regardless of socio-economic disadvantages, challenging traditional measures of achievement."
disadvantage: (noun) an unfavorable or inferior circumstance or condition. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme helped overcome educational disadvantage in children from various backgrounds."
cycle: (noun) a series of events or actions that are repeated over time. Example: "The initiative outlined above could break the cycle of disadvantage in education."
concept: (noun) an idea or principle that represents something abstract or theoretical. Example: "The concept of working with parents in their homes contrasts with institutionalized early childhood education."
inequity: (noun) lack of fairness or justice, an unfair or unequal situation. Example: "Without a focus on parent education, there is a risk of perpetuating educational inequity."
initiative: (noun) a plan or action designed to achieve a particular goal or outcome. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme was a initiative focused on parent involvement and early childhood development."
contrasts: (verb) highlights differences or disparities when compared to something else. Example: "The approach of working with parents contrasts with the report's focus on institutionalized early childhood education."
educational: (adjective) related to or concerning education. Example: "The 'Missouri' programme aimed to improve children's educational outcomes through early intervention."
inequity: (noun) lack of fairness or justice, an unfair or unequal situation. Example: "The evidence suggests that without addressing the importance of the first three years and focusing on parent education, there is a risk of perpetuating educational inequity."
initiative: (noun) a plan or action taken to achieve a particular goal or outcome. Example: "The pilot program in Missouri was an initiative that aimed to improve children's development by working with parents as their child's first teachers."
break: (verb) to interrupt or disrupt a pattern or cycle. Example: "The proposed initiative has the potential to break the cycle of educational disadvantage for children from socio-economic backgrounds."
focus: (noun) attention or emphasis placed on a particular subject or aspect. Example: "The focus of the initiative is on parent education and the vital importance of the first three years of a child's life."
educational: (adjective) relating to education or the process of learning. Example: "Addressing parent education is crucial for overcoming educational inequity and improving children's outcomes."
inequity: (noun) a lack of fairness or justice, resulting in unequal opportunities or treatment. Example: "The report acknowledges the existence of educational inequity faced by children from disadvantaged backgrounds."
outcomes: (noun) the results or consequences of a particular action or situation. Example: "The 'Missouri' program demonstrated positive outcomes in children's language development, problem-solving skills, and social development."
early intervention: (noun) taking action or providing support at an early stage to address or prevent problems. Example: "The 'Missouri' program emphasized the importance of early intervention through parent involvement during the first three years of a child's life."
perpetuating: (verb) continuing or prolonging a situation, often in a negative sense. Example: "Without addressing parent education, there is a risk of perpetuating the educational disparities experienced by children from disadvantaged backgrounds."
disadvantage: (noun) an unfavorable or unfair circumstance or condition that hinders progress or success. Example: "The 'Missouri' program aimed to overcome educational disadvantage by providing support to parents and focusing on early childhood development."
institutionalized: (adjective) established as a norm or standard practice within an organization or system. Example: "The report focuses on the role of institutionalized early childhood education and childcare in promoting access for children and mothers."
risk: (noun) a possibility of harm, loss, or negative consequences. Example: "Without a similar focus on parent education and the first three years, there is a risk that educational inequity will persist."
parent-child interaction: (noun) the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between a parent and their child. Example: "The quality of parent-child interaction was found to be crucial for a child's development, regardless of socio-economic background."
challenge: (verb) to question or dispute the validity or effectiveness of something. Example: "The 'Missouri' program challenged traditional measures of achievement and showed that socio-economic disadvantages can be overcome."
backgrounds: (noun) the social, economic, or cultural circumstances in which a person grows up or lives. Example: "The 'Missouri' program included families from diverse socio-economic backgrounds to ensure a representative sample."
educational outcomes: (noun phrase) the achievements and results in education. Example: "The 'Missouri' program aimed to improve educational outcomes by focusing on early childhood development and parent involvement."
intervention: (noun) the act of taking action or providing support to address a problem or improve a situation. Example: "The 'Missouri' program emphasized early intervention through parent-educators working with families to promote child development."
equity: (noun) fairness, justice, and equal opportunities for all individuals. Example: "Enhancing access to quality early childhood education and focusing on parent education can contribute to promoting equity in education."
policy: (noun) a set of principles or guidelines adopted by an organization or government to guide decision-making and actions. Example: "The findings from the trip can inform New Zealand's education policy by emphasizing the importance of early intervention and parent involvement."
findings: (noun) the results or conclusions reached through research or investigation. Example: "Dr. Lockwood Smith's findings from his trip highlight the significance of early childhood development and parent engagement in education."
trip: (noun) a journey or visit to a place for a specific purpose. Example: "During his trip to the US and Britain, Dr. Lockwood Smith gathered insights on education practices and their implications for New Zealand."
implications: (noun) the potential consequences or effects of something. Example: "Dr. Lockwood Smith discussed the implications of his findings for New Zealand's education policy, considering the importance of early years and parent involvement."
childcare: (noun) the care and supervision of children, especially when their parents are working. Example: "The report called for better funding and enhanced equity of access to childcare and early childhood education institutions."
access: (noun) the opportunity or ability to use or benefit from something. Example: "The report emphasized the need for improved access to childcare and early childhood education for all children in New Zealand."
pre-schools: (noun) educational institutions or programs for children before they enter formal schooling. Example: "Although children typically start attending pre-schools around the age of three, research suggests that the earlier years are crucial for development."
equity of access: (noun phrase) ensuring equal opportunities and resources are available to all individuals. Example: "The report called for enhanced equity of access to childcare and early childhood education, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds."
PASSAGE-2
Disappearing Delta
1. astounding: (adjective) astonishing or surprising. Example: The rate at which the land is eroding along the coast is astounding.
2. eroded: (adjective) worn away or deteriorated. Example: The coastline has been eroded by the actions of the sea.
3. scoured: (verb) cleaned or polished by rubbing. Example: The sea scoured the land, removing sediment and soil.
4. sediment: (noun) particles of solid material that settle at the bottom of a liquid. Example: The River Nile carried sediment from Africa's interior to the delta.
5. deposited: (verb) placed or left in a particular location. Example: The river deposited layers of fertile silt on the delta.
6. fertilizers: (noun) substances added to soil to promote plant growth. Example: The annual flooding brought nutrient-rich soil, eliminating the need for fertilizers.
7. accumulated: (verb) gathered or collected over time. Example: The sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated above the dam.
8. dispensing: (verb) distributing or providing something. Example: The annual flooding played a role in dispensing fertile soil to the delta region.
9. upstream: (adverb) in the opposite direction of a river's flow. Example: The sediment collected upstream of the dam instead of reaching the delta.
10. mare: (noun) a female horse. Example: The river sometimes carries more sediment than before, indicating that it is a mare.
11. strike: (verb) to become apparent or evident. Example: The significance of the sediment issue didn't strike Stanley until later.
12. silt: (noun) fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment. Example: The river carries silt and sand as it erodes the river bed and banks.
13. bank: (noun) the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake. Example: The river's banks are being eroded by the force of the water.
14. replenish: (verb) to fill up again; restore or refresh. Example: Sediment used to replenish the coastline, but that is no longer happening.
15. trapped: (adjective) caught or held in a confined space. Example: The sediment must be trapped within the delta itself.
16. diverted: (verb) changed the direction or route of something. Example: Most of the Nile water is diverted into irrigation canals.
17. proportion: (noun) a part, share, or number considered in relation to a whole. Example: Only a small proportion of the Nile water reaches the sea directly.
18. canals: (noun) artificial waterways constructed for navigation, irrigation, or drainage. Example: The Nile water is directed into a network of canals for irrigation purposes.
19. sediment sinks: (verb phrase) sediment settling to the bottom of a body of water. Example: The sediment sinks to the bottom of the irrigation canals.
20. added to: (verb phrase) included or combined with something. Example: Farmers
20. added to: (verb phrase) included or combined with something. Example: Farmers add the sediment to the fields for its nutrient content.
21. freshwater: (adjective) relating to water that is not salty. Example: The sediment is pumped with the water into the four large freshwater lagoons.
22. coastline: (noun) the outline of a coast, especially with regard to its shape and appearance. Example: Virtually no sediment reaches the coastline to replenish what is being washed away.
23. plains: (noun) flat, extensive areas of land. Example: The farms on the delta plains contribute to Egypt's food supply.
24. aquaculture: (noun) the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food. Example: Aquaculture plays a role in Egypt's food production in the lagoons.
25. account for: (phrasal verb) explain or justify; be responsible for. Example: Farming and aquaculture account for a significant portion of Egypt's food supply.
26. pollutants: (noun) harmful substances or pollutants in the environment. Example: Pollutants from municipal and industrial waste are building up in the delta.
27. building up: (verb phrase) accumulating or increasing in quantity or intensity. Example: Pollutants are building up faster and faster in the delta.
28. coincided: (verb) occurred at the same time or in conjunction with something else. Example: The increase in pollutants coincided with the building of the High Dam.
29. availability: (noun) the state of being accessible or obtainable. Example: The availability of cheap electricity contributed to the increase in pollutants.
30. dramatically: (adverb) significantly or strikingly. Example: The lead concentration has dramatically increased since the construction of the dam.
31. enter the food chain: (phrase) become part of the sequence of organisms consuming each other. Example: These poisons can easily enter the food chain, affecting the ecosystem.
32. ecology: (noun) the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. Example: The use of fertilizers upsets the ecology of the lagoons.
33. international: (adjective) involving or existing between different countries. Example: International environmental organizations are concerned about the erosion and pollution.
34. pay closer attention: (phrase) give more careful consideration or focus. Example: Environmental organizations are starting to pay closer attention to the region.
35. erosion: (noun) the process of wearing away or eroding something. Example: Erosion and pollution pose significant challenges to the Nile delta.
36. desalination: (noun) the process of removing salt and other impurities from seawater. Example: Desalination may be an alternative solution to increase the amount of available water.
37. devise: (verb) plan, invent, or create. Example: Egypt must devise a way to have more water running through the river and the delta.
38. rapidly: (adverb) quickly or swiftly. Example: The desert region has a rapidly growing population.
39. delta: (noun) a triangular tract of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river. Example: The Nile delta is experiencing erosion and pollution.
40. artificial: (adjective) made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally. Example: Artificial floods could be created to flush out the delta waterways.
41. flush out: (phrasal verb) remove or cleanse something by forcing it out with a flow of water or air. Example: The idea is to flush out the delta waterways to mitigate the sediment issue.
42. ecosystem: (noun) a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Example: The impact on the Mediterranean coastal ecosystem is a cause for concern.
43. whole: (noun) entirety or completeness. Example: The impact of the situation on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem is worrisome.
44. environmental: (adjective) relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition. Example: The erosion and pollution of the Nile delta pose significant environmental challenges.
45. solutions: (noun) answers or resolutions to problems or difficulties. Example: Finding effective solutions to the erosion and pollution is a complex task.
46. alternative: (noun) an option or choice that is different from what is usually considered. Example: Desalination may be an alternative process for increasing available water.
47. available: (adjective) able to be used or accessed. Example: The availability of water is a critical issue in the delta region.
48. population: (noun) the total number of people living in a particular area. Example: The population of the desert region is growing rapidly.
49. challenges: (noun) difficulties or problems that require effort to overcome. Example: Erosion and pollution pose significant challenges to the sustainability of the delta.
50. mitigate: (verb) to make less severe, serious, or painful. Example: The artificial floods could help mitigate the impact of erosion and pollution.
PASSAGE-3
The Return of Artificial Intelligence
1. acceptable: (adjective) able to be agreed on; suitable. Example: It is becoming acceptable again to talk about AI performing human tasks.
2. performing: (verb) carrying out or executing a task or activity. Example: Computers are performing human tasks such as problem-solving and pattern-recognition.
3. problem-solving: (noun) the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues. Example: AI can be used for advanced problem-solving tasks.
4. pattern-recognition: (noun) the ability to identify and interpret recurring patterns or structures. Example: AI systems excel in tasks that require pattern-recognition abilities.
5. wilderness: (noun) a state of neglect or obscurity. Example: AI spent years in the wilderness before making a comeback.
6. poised: (adjective) ready or prepared for something. Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' (AI) seems poised to make a comeback.
7. vanished: (verb) disappeared or ceased to exist. Example: AI vanished in the 1990s but is now regaining attention.
8. re-entered: (verb) entered again or returned. Example: AI re-entered public consciousness with the release of a movie about a robot boy.
9. ignited: (verb) sparked or triggered. Example: The movie ignited a public debate about AI.
10. irony: (noun) a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects. Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' is now being used without irony.
11. expression: (noun) a word, phrase, or particular way of speaking. Example: The term is being used once more within the computer industry as a common expression.
12. justification: (noun) a reason or explanation that shows an action or event to be right or reasonable. Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' is being applied to products with justification.
13. over-ambitious: (adjective) excessively ambitious or grand in scale or scope. Example: AI was seen as an over-ambitious field of research in the past.
14. under-achieving: (adjective) not fulfilling expectations or reaching desired goals. Example: AI was viewed as an under-achieving field in the past.
15. coined: (verb) invented or created (a new word or phrase). Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' was coined at a conference in 1956.
16. encompassed: (verb) included or contained. Example: The research program encompassed various fields related to AI.
17. disparate: (adjective) fundamentally different or distinct. Example: AI unified disparate fields like operations research, cybernetics, and logic.
18. imagination: (noun) the faculty or action of forming new ideas or concepts. Example: The term 'artificial intelligence' captured the public imagination.
19. peaked: (verb) reached the highest point or level. Example: AI peaked around 1985 in terms of public interest.
20. optimism: (noun) a hopeful and positive outlook or attitude. Example: There was undue optimism about AI in the early 1980s.
21. breakthrough: (noun) a significant development or achievement. Example: AI researchers implied that a breakthrough in creating artificial intelligence was imminent.
22. prototype: (noun) a first or preliminary version of something. Example: Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs showed promise in the field of AI.
23. backlash: (noun) a strong negative reaction or response. Example: The failure to materialize thinking computers and household robots led to a backlash against AI.
24. retrenchment: (noun) a reduction or curtailment of something. Example: Researchers started avoiding the term AI and embraced specific sub-disciplines in a period of retrenchment.
25. mundane: (adjective) ordinary, commonplace, or lacking interest. Example: Mundane problems were deemed not to fall under the category of AI.
26. deemed: (verb) regarded or considered in a specified way. Example: Problems that were solved were deemed not to be AI.
27. blue-sky: (adjective) referring to theoretical or speculative research that may not have immediate practical applications. Example: AI came to refer to blue-sky research that was far from commercialization.
28. commercialization: (noun) the process of introducing a product or technology into the market. Example: AI research was far from commercialization during that time.
29. differentiate: (verb) to distinguish or make different. Example: Investors now look for firms using clever technology to differentiate themselves.
30. information overload: (noun) the difficulty in processing and absorbing excessive amounts of information. Example: The growth of e-mail and the internet has led to information overload.
31. filter: (verb) to separate or remove unwanted elements from something. Example: AI technologies can help filter and categorize information.
32. categorize: (verb) to classify or sort into categories. Example: AI can assist in categorizing vast amounts of data.
33. prospects: (noun) chances or possibilities for success or achievement. Example: The prospects for AI may be improving due to investor interest.
34. emphasizing: (verb) giving special importance or attention to something. Example: HNC Software is emphasizing the use of AI in their new approach.
35. camouflaged: (adjective) hidden or disguised by blending in with the surroundings. Example: HNC's AI system claims to be able to spot camouflaged vehicles.
36. cluster: (noun) a group or collection of similar things. Example: HNC's AI system is based on a cluster of 30 processors.
37. extract: (verb) to obtain or draw out something. Example: HNC's AI system can extract a voice signal from a noisy background.
38. elusive: (adjective) difficult to find, catch, or achieve. Example: A general theory of machine intelligence remains elusive.
39. emerge: (verb) to come into existence or become known. Example: More AI companies may emerge to address the challenge of information overload.
40. judged: (verb) evaluated or assessed. Example: AI can now be judged based on its capabilities rather than unrealistic expectations.
41. optimism: (noun) a hopeful and positive outlook or attitude. Example: There was a sense of optimism in the 1960s regarding the widespread presence of intelligent computers.
42. implications: (noun) the possible consequences or effects of something. Example: The release of the movie Al had significant implications for the public perception of AI.
43. inverted commas: (phrase) also known as quotation marks, used to indicate that a word or phrase is being used in a non-literal or ironic sense. Example: The term "artificial intelligence" is now being used without inverted commas to indicate a serious application of the technology.
44. over-ambitious: (adjective) excessively ambitious or aiming too high. Example: AI was previously seen as an over-ambitious field that failed to live up to expectations.
45. under-achieving: (adjective) not fulfilling its potential or achieving desired results. Example: AI was once regarded as an under-achieving area of research due to the lack of significant breakthroughs.
46. research programme: (noun) a systematic plan of investigation or study. Example: The term "artificial intelligence" was coined to describe a research programme aiming to mimic human abilities using machines.
47. public imagination: (noun) the collective ideas, images, and concepts that capture the interest and fascination of the general public. Example: The term "artificial intelligence" captured the public imagination in the early days of AI research.
48. speech recognition: (noun) the ability of a computer to understand and interpret spoken language. Example: Speech recognition was one of the research areas within the umbrella of AI.
49. language translation: (noun) the process of converting text or speech from one language into another. Example: Language translation was another aspect of AI research.
50. decision-support: (noun) tools or systems that assist in making informed decisions. Example: Decision-support software was considered part of AI research in the past.
ACADEMIC READING TEST-4
PASSAGE-1
The Impact of Wilderness Tourism
1. booming: (adjective) experiencing rapid growth or success. Example: "The market for wilderness tourism is booming, attracting high-spending tourists from around the world."
2. remote: (adjective) situated far away from any main centers of population or civilization. Example: "Tourism in remote areas offers visitors a chance to explore untouched landscapes."
3. promoting: (verb) supporting or advertising something to increase its visibility or popularity. Example: "Countries are actively promoting their wilderness regions as tourist destinations."
4. fragile: (adjective) easily broken, damaged, or destroyed; delicate or vulnerable. Example: "Wilderness regions are fragile, both ecologically and culturally, requiring careful preservation."
5. proportion: (noun) a part or share considered in relation to a whole. Example: "Deserts, mountains, and Arctic areas cover a significant proportion of the Earth's surface."
6. prevailing: (adjective) existing or most commonly encountered at a particular time, place, or situation. Example: "In these regions, harsh conditions are prevailing for many months each year."
7. indigenous: (adjective) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. Example: "Tourists are attracted to these regions to experience the unique cultures of their indigenous people."
8. breed: (noun) a particular kind, group, or category. Example: "The new breed of adventure tourists is visiting previously isolated areas."
9. decline: (noun) a continuous decrease or deterioration. Example: "The decline in farm output has affected the local economy of hill-regions."
10. terraces: (noun) level platforms or steps constructed on a sloping terrain to create flat areas for cultivation. Example: "Lack of labor has resulted in the decline of maintaining terraces in hill-regions."
11. irrigation: (noun) the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically using channels, ditches, or pipes. Example: "Insufficient labor has impacted the maintenance of irrigation systems in hill-farming areas."
12. dependence: (noun) the state of relying on or being influenced by something or someone for support or aid. Example: "The increasing dependence on bought food has changed traditional food-gathering practices."
13. undermine: (verb) weaken, sabotage, or erode the foundations or effectiveness of something. Example: "Various factors can undermine traditional survival systems, including wage labor and government handouts."
14. dilemma: (noun) a difficult situation or problem that requires a choice between two equally undesirable options. Example: "The dilemma arises when new sources of income dry up, leaving communities vulnerable."
15. deforestation: (noun) the clearing, removal, or destruction of forests. Example: "The demand for cooked food and hot showers in tourist areas can contribute to deforestation."
16. erosion: (noun) the gradual wearing away or destruction of something, typically by wind, water, or other natural agents. Example: "Attention has been focused on preventing erosion along major trails in mountainous regions."
17. renaissance: (noun) a revival or renewed interest in something. Example: "Communal cheese production has experienced a renaissance in the Swiss Alps."
18. exploited: (verb) used or taken advantage of for someone's own benefit. Example: "Some Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies for profit."
19. repatriate: (verb) send someone back to their own country. Example: "Outside companies often repatriate most of the profits made in Arctic tourist destinations."
20. accrue: (verb) accumulate or receive (payments or benefits) over time. Example: "Communities operating their own tour businesses ensure that the benefits accrue locally."
21. pueblos: (noun) communal Native American settlements, typically consisting of multi-story adobe houses. Example: "Native people in the desert regions encourage tourists to visit their pueblos for cultural experiences."
22. handicrafts: (noun) goods or products made by hand, often using traditional methods or skills. Example: "Native communities sell high-quality handicrafts to tourists as a source of income."
23. critical: (adjective) of crucial importance; essential. Example: "Communities gaining greater control over tourism ventures is critical for balancing their needs."
24. decision-making: (noun) the process of making choices or reaching conclusions. Example: "Communities with firm communal decision-making can effectively manage tourism."
25. imbalance: (noun) a lack of balance or equality; a disparity. Example: "The solution to the imbalance lies in achieving greater control over tourism in fragile environments."
26. norm: (noun) a standard or pattern that is typical or expected. Example: "Communities demonstrating successful control over tourism should become the norm."
27. vehicle: (noun) a means or instrument through which something is achieved. Example: "Tourism can be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures and economies."
28. reinvigorating: (verb) giving new energy or strength to; revitalizing. Example: "Tourism can play a role in reinvigorating the cultural heritage of local communities."
29. integration: (noun) the act or process of combining or bringing together different elements into a harmonious whole. Example: "Communities are focusing on the integration of tourism with the local economy."
30. profits: (noun) financial gains or benefits obtained from investments or business activities. Example: "Ensuring that tourism profits benefit the local population is a priority for sustainable development."
31. transient: (adjective) lasting only for a short time; temporary. Example: "Some Arctic tourist destinations employ transient workers during peak seasons."
32. aspirations: (noun) strong desires or ambitions. Example: "Balancing the needs and aspirations of local communities with tourism demands is a complex task."
33. firm: (adjective) strong, solid, or unyielding. Example: "Communal decision-making requires firm commitment and collaboration among community members."
34. penetrated: (verb) entered or gained access to something. Example: "Tourism has penetrated the homelands of many people living in fragile environments."
35. visible: (adjective) able to be seen or perceived; noticeable. Example: "The visible effects of tourism on local communities and the environment should not be ignored."
36. profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance. Example: "The effects of tourism on the
36. profound: (adjective) having deep meaning or significance. Example: "The effects of tourism on the local community can be profound and long-lasting."
37. preservation: (noun) the act of protecting or maintaining something in its original state. Example: "Preservation of the cultural heritage is crucial in wilderness tourism."
38. sustainable: (adjective) capable of being maintained or continued over the long term. Example: "Achieving sustainable tourism practices is essential for the well-being of fragile environments."
39. heritage: (noun) the traditions, achievements, beliefs, or attributes that are part of a community's history. Example: "Tourism can contribute to the preservation of local heritage and traditions."
40. communal: (adjective) shared or done by members of a community. Example: "Communal decision-making involves the active participation of community members."
41. currency: (noun) the system of money in general use in a particular country. Example: "Tourism brings hard currency to poor governments in isolated areas."
42. explores: (verb) travels to or through (an unfamiliar place) in order to learn about it. Example: "Tourists are drawn to these regions to explore the natural beauty and unique cultures."
43. enhance: (verb) intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of something. Example: "Communities are striving to enhance the integration of tourism with the local economy."
44. societies: (noun) groups of individuals living together in organized communities. Example: "Arctic and desert societies have experienced changes due to the influence of tourism."
45. purchases: (noun) items bought or acquired by paying money. Example: "Tourists are encouraged to make purchases of local handicrafts and artwork."
46. imbued: (verb) inspire or permeate with a feeling or quality. Example: "The local communities have imbued their artwork with cultural significance."
47. success: (noun) the accomplishment of an aim or purpose; the attainment of fame, wealth, or social status. Example: "Communities have achieved success in managing their own tourism ventures."
48. reliable: (adjective) able to be trusted or depended on; consistently good or accurate. Example: "Communal cheese production has provided the locals with a reliable source of income."
49. participate: (verb) take part or engage in an activity or event. Example: "Active community participation is crucial in decision-making for sustainable tourism."
50. complex: (adjective) consisting of many different and connected parts; intricate. Example: "Achieving a balance between tourism and local needs is a complex challenge."
PASSAGE-2
Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass
1. shattered: (verb) broken into pieces, often with a loud noise. Example: "The glass pane shattered into fragments and fell from the roof."
2. minute: (adjective) extremely small in size or amount. Example: "Experts found minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass."
3. phenomenon: (noun) a fact or event that can be observed or experienced. Example: "The occurrence of glass breakage due to nickel sulphide is a rare phenomenon."
4. disagree: (verb) have a different opinion or not share the same view. Example: "Experts disagree on the frequency of nickel sulphide-related failures."
5. tip of the iceberg: (idiom) a small, visible part of a much larger problem or issue. Example: "The reported cases of glass failures are just the tip of the iceberg."
6. trace: (noun) a small amount or sign of something. Example: "Raw materials used to make glass contain trace amounts of nickel and sulphur."
7. impurities: (noun) substances or elements that are present in something in small quantities and make it impure. Example: "Nickel sulphide crystals are formed due to impurities in the glass."
8. propagate: (verb) spread or transmit. Example: "Cracks can propagate in materials under tension, leading to glass breakage."
9. compressive: (adjective) relating to or causing compression or squeezing together. Example: "The outer layer of the glass is in a state of compressive force."
10. molten: (adjective) in a liquefied or melted state, usually due to heat. Example: "Fragments of nickel alloys can fall into the molten glass during the manufacturing process."
11. phase: (noun) a stage or state in a process or development. Example: "Nickel sulphide crystals can exist in a stable alpha phase or a less dense beta phase."
12. unstable: (adjective) not steady, firm, or secure; liable to change or collapse. Example: "The presence of unstable alpha crystals in the glass can lead to failure."
13. revert: (verb) return to a previous state or condition. Example: "Unstable alpha crystals in the glass can revert to the beta phase."
14. tensile: (adjective) relating to tension or capable of being stretched or extended. Example: "The tensile region of the glass is susceptible to stress and cracking."
15. elapse: (verb) pass or go by. Example: "The time that elapses before glass failure occurs is unpredictable."
16. speed up: (phrasal verb) increase the speed or rate of something. Example: "Heating the glass can speed up the process of crystal expansion."
17. coiled: (adjective) twisted or wound into a series of concentric rings or spirals. Example: "Unstable alpha crystals are like a coiled spring, ready to change phase."
18. scale: (noun) the extent, size, or range of something. Example: "Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is difficult to find."
19. batches: (noun) groups or quantities of things produced or processed together. Example: "Nickel sulphide crystals occur in batches, making it challenging to identify and address the problem."
20. rash: (noun) a series of occurrences or instances happening in a short period. Example: "The Brisbane block experienced a rash of glass failures due to nickel sulphide."
21. expensive: (adjective) costing a lot of money. Example: "Replacing the panes with dangerous inclusions was a costly process."
22. time-consuming: (adjective) requiring a lot of time and effort. Example: "The analysis of glass panes for inclusions was a time-consuming task."
23. cladding: (noun) a covering or protective layer on the surface of something. Example: "Re-cladding the entire building would have been a much more expensive solution."
24. alternative: (noun) a different or substitute option. Example: "The alternative to replacing the panes was re-cladding the building."
25. revert: (verb) return to a previous state or condition. Example: "Unstable alpha crystals can revert to the beta phase, causing glass breakage."
26. compressive: (adjective) relating to or causing compression or squeezing together. Example: "The compressive force on the glass surface helps resist cracking."
27. propagate: (verb) spread or transmit. Example: "Cracks can propagate through the glass, leading to structural failure."
28. impurities: (noun) substances or elements that are present in something in small quantities and make it impure. Example: "The presence of nickel sulphide crystals is due to impurities in the glass."
29. phase: (noun) a stage or state in a process or development. Example: "The crystals exist in the alpha phase at high temperatures and the beta phase at room temperatures."
30. tensile: (adjective) relating to tension or capable of being stretched or extended. Example: "The tensile strength of the glass determines its resistance to breaking."
31. elapse: (verb) pass or go by. Example: "The time that elapses before glass failure occurs is unpredictable."
32. speed up: (phrasal verb) increase the speed or rate of something. Example: "Applying heat can speed up the chemical reactions in the glass."
33. unstable: (adjective) not steady, firm, or secure; liable to change or collapse. Example: "The presence of unstable crystals increases the risk of glass failure."
34. revert: (verb) return to a previous state or condition. Example: "Under certain conditions, unstable crystals may revert to their original form."
35. compressive: (adjective) relating to or causing compression or squeezing together. Example: "The compressive forces on the glass help keep it intact."
36. propagate: (verb) spread or transmit. Example: "Cracks can propagate rapidly through the glass, leading to complete failure."
37. molten: (adjective) in a liquefied or melted state, usually due to heat. Example: "The glass is molten during the manufacturing process."
38. scale: (noun) the extent, size, or range of something. Example: "The scale of the nickel sulphide problem is difficult to determine."
PASSAGE -3
The effects of light on plant and animal species
1. organisms: (noun) living things, such as plants and animals. Example: "Light is important to organisms for various biological processes."
2. cue: (noun) a signal or indication that prompts a specific response or action. Example: "Day length serves as a reliable cue for triggering breeding behavior in organisms."
3. rhythms: (noun) regular and repeated patterns of activity or behavior. Example: "Organisms exhibit daily and seasonal rhythms influenced by environmental factors."
4. assist: (verb) to help, support, or aid. Example: "Light is used to assist in the growth of plants through photosynthesis."
5. fluctuate: (verb) to vary or change irregularly; to go up and down. Example: "In the temperate zone, temperatures fluctuate greatly during the spring season."
6. predictable: (adjective) able to be anticipated or expected. Example: "Day length provides a predictable pattern of change within the year."
7. physiological: (adjective) relating to the functioning of living organisms and their parts. Example: "Day length has a significant impact on physiological responses in organisms."
8. considerable: (adjective) significant in size, amount, or extent; noteworthy. Example: "There is considerable experimental evidence supporting the phenomenon of photoperiodism."
9. induced: (verb) brought about, caused, or stimulated. Example: "Increased day length induced breeding behavior in certain species of birds."
10. artificially: (adverb) not occurring naturally; created or produced by human intervention. Example: "Breeding in birds can be artificially triggered by manipulating day length."
11. critical: (adjective) crucial, essential, or of vital importance. Example: "A short day plant flowers when the day length is less than a critical threshold."
12. differ: (verb) to be unlike or distinct; to vary or differ in nature or quality. Example: "The critical day length for flowering differs from species to species."
13. occupy: (verb) to fill or take up a space, time, or role. Example: "Breeding seasons in animals are timed to occupy periods when survival chances are highest."
14. reserves: (noun) resources or supplies that are available for future use or contingency. Example: "Food reserves must be built up before the breeding season to support reproduction."
15. assured: (adjective) certain, guaranteed, or secured. Example: "Increasing day lengths in spring ensure that adequate food resources will be assured."
16. adaptive: (adjective) relating to or characterized by adaptation, the ability to adjust or change in response to new conditions. Example: "Plants exhibit adaptive traits that help them thrive in specific environments."
17. maximizing: (verb) making the best or fullest use of something; optimizing. Example: "Short-day plants are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season."
18. fertilization: (noun) the process of combining male and female reproductive cells (gametes) to initiate the development of offspring. Example: "Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects."
19. ripening: (noun) the process of becoming fully mature or ready for harvesting. Example: "Long-day plants are adapted for a long period of seed ripening before dispersal."
20. day-neutral: (adjective) describing plants that are not influenced by day length for flowering. Example: "Some plants, known as day-neutral plants, flower regardless of the photoperiod."
21. evolved: (verb) developed gradually over time through a process of genetic changes and adaptations. Example: "Breeding seasons in animals have evolved to ensure the survival of offspring."
22. nesting: (adjective) related to the construction and use of nests for breeding and raising young. Example: "Increasing day lengths signal the onset of the nesting cycle in birds."
23. resources: (noun) materials, supplies, or assets that can be used or drawn upon. Example: "Adequate food resources are essential for supporting breeding and offspring care."
24. assurance: (noun) confidence or certainty about something; a guarantee or pledge. Example: "The increasing day lengths provide an assurance of available food resources."
25. clear: (adjective) evident, obvious, or easy to understand. Example: "The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plants is clear."
26. germinate: (verb) to begin to grow and develop as a plant from a seed or spore. Example: "Desert annuals germinate and flower whenever suitable rainfall occurs."
27. regardless: (adverb) without paying attention to or being influenced by something. Example: "Day-neutral plants flower regardless of the day length or photoperiod."
28. extraordinary: (adjective) exceptional, remarkable, or beyond what is ordinary or usual. Example: "Some plants exhibit extraordinary delays in their breeding seasons."
29. perennial: (adjective) lasting or continuing for a long time; enduring or recurring. Example: "Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years."
30. trigger: (verb) to cause or initiate a particular action, event, or response. Example: "The climatic factors that trigger flowering in bamboos are not yet known."
31. adaptive: (adjective) characterized by adjustment or change in response to new conditions or environmental factors. Example: "Mass flowering of bamboos is an adaptive strategy to ensure seed dispersal."
32. production: (noun) the process of making or manufacturing something; creation or generation. Example: "Massive production of bamboo seeds overwhelms seed-eating animals."
33. cope with: (phrasal verb) to deal effectively with or manage something difficult or challenging. Example: "Seed-eating animals cannot cope with the abundance of bamboo seeds."
34. escape: (verb) to avoid or get away from something dangerous, harmful, or undesirable. Example: "Some bamboo seeds escape being eaten and grow to form the next generation."
35. essential: (adjective) absolutely necessary or indispensable; vital or crucial. Example: "Light is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert carbon into organic material."
36. convert: (verb) to change or transform something into a different form or substance. Example: "During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide into organic material."
37. uptake: (noun) the process of taking in or absorbing something. Example: "The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by calculating the plant's uptake of carbon."
38. variations: (noun) differences or changes in something, often in terms of quantity, quality, or degree. Example: "Plants exhibit a wide range of photosynthetic responses to variations in light intensity."
39. range: (noun) the extent or scope of something; a variety or selection. Example: "Different plants have different ranges of optimal light intensity for photosynthesis."
40. shade-tolerant: (adjective) able to thrive and grow in low-light or shaded conditions. Example: "Some plant species are shade-tolerant and can survive under low light levels."
41. shade-intolerant: (adjective) requiring or preferring high-light or sunlit conditions for optimal growth. Example: "Shade-intolerant species have higher photosynthetic rates under high light intensities."
42. classification: (noun) the act or process of categorizing or grouping things based on shared characteristics. Example: "Plants can be divided into different groups based on their classification as shade-tolerant or shade-intolerant."
43. forestry: (noun) the science and practice of managing and cultivating forests. Example: "The classification of shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species is commonly used in forestry and horticulture."
44. characteristics: (noun) distinctive features or qualities that distinguish one thing from another. Example: "Plants adapt specific characteristics to survive and thrive in different light conditions."
45. prevent: (verb) to stop or hinder something from happening; to keep something from occurring. Example: "Plants develop traits that prevent them from occupying unsuitable habitats."
46. understorey: (noun) the layer of vegetation beneath the forest canopy, consisting of shrubs, small trees, and ground cover plants. Example: "Eastern hemlock seedlings can survive in the understorey due to their low photosynthetic rate."
47. range: (verb) to extend or stretch over an area or distance. Example: "Plants range in their ability to tolerate different light conditions."
48. calculate: (verb) to determine or estimate something using mathematical or logical methods. Example: "Scientists calculate the rate of photosynthesis based on carbon uptake measurements."
49. photosynthesis: (noun) the process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Example: "Photosynthesis is essential for the growth and development of plants."
50. intensity: (noun) the degree or strength of something, often in terms of brightness, concentration, or force. Example: "Different plants have varying optimal light intensities for efficient photosynthesis."
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