Grade 11, 12 English For Today Vocabulary-1 (Unit 1-2)

Unit One: People or Institutions Making History

Lesson 1

The Unforgettable History

1. Overflowing with grief - Meaning: Filled with deep sorrow; (বিষণ্ণতায় প্রবল); Synonyms: overwhelmed with sorrow, brimming with sadness, inundated with grief, flooded with anguish, engulfed in misery; Antonym: devoid of sorrow

2. Aware of - Meaning: Having knowledge or perception of something; (সচেত); Synonyms: conscious of, cognizant of, informed about, acquainted with, mindful of; Antonym: unaware of

3. Cope with - Meaning: Deal effectively with a difficult situation; (মোকাবেলা করা); Synonyms: manage, handle, tackle, confront, deal with; Antonym: succumb to

4. Awash with - Meaning: Flooded or overflowing with something; (ধারণায় মোজাম); Synonyms: flooded with, inundated with, overwhelmed by, saturated with, filled with; Antonym: devoid of

5. Tragic - Meaning: Involving or causing great suffering or sorrow; (দু: খিত); Synonyms: sorrowful, calamitous, grievous, woeful, lamentable; Antonym: joyful

6. Inflicted on - Meaning: Caused harm or suffering to someone; (উপাদান); Synonyms: imposed on, brought upon, wreaked on, caused to, afflicted on; Antonym: spared from

7. Victors - Meaning: Winners or conquerors in a conflict or competition; (বিজয়ী); Synonyms: winners, champions, conquerors, triumphant, achievers; Antonym: losers

8. Martial Law - Meaning: Military rule or control imposed by a government; (সামরিক আইন); Synonyms: military rule, state of emergency, armed forces governance, military dictatorship, martial governance; Antonym: civilian rule

9. Reins of the government - Meaning: Control or authority over the government; (সরকারের দড়ি); Synonyms: control of governance, helm of administration, authority over the state, command of the government, governance control; Antonym: lack of control

10. Constitute - Meaning: Be (a part) of a whole; (গঠিত); Synonyms: comprise, form, make up, compose, constitute; Antonym: disband

11. Slaughterhouse - Meaning: A place where animals are killed for food; (মাংসপেশীর গোশালা); Synonyms: abattoir, butchery, slaughterhouse, meatpacking plant, killing floor; Antonym: sanctuary

12. Postponed - Meaning: Delayed or rescheduled to a later time; (স্থগিত); Synonyms: delayed, deferred, rescheduled, put off, postponed; Antonym: expedited

13. Prorogued - Meaning: Temporarily suspended or discontinued; (আলপিত); Synonyms: suspended, adjourned, halted, postponed, prorogued; Antonym: resumed

14. Protested - Meaning: Expressed strong disapproval or objection; (প্রতিষ্ঠা); Synonyms: objected, opposed, resisted, denounced, protested; Antonym: supported

15. General Strike - Meaning: A strike involving workers across various industries; (সাধারণ অবরোধ); Synonyms: nationwide strike, industrial action, work stoppage, walkout, protest; Antonym: normalcy

16. Wretched - Meaning: Miserable or pitiful in condition or circumstances; (দুর্ভাগ্যজনক); Synonyms: miserable, pitiful, distressed, desolate, forlorn; Antonym: fortunate

17. Downtrodden - Meaning: Oppressed or treated unfairly by those in power; (অপমানিত); Synonyms: oppressed, exploited, disadvantaged, subjugated, marginalized; Antonym: privileged

18. Aimed at - Meaning: Directed or targeted towards something; (লক্ষ্য করা); Synonyms: targeted at, directed at, focused on, aimed towards, intended for; Antonym: diverted from

19. Constitute - Meaning: Be (a part) of a whole; (গঠিত); Synonyms: comprise, form, make up, compose, constitute; Antonym: disband

20. Suppress - Meaning: Prevent or subdue by force; (নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা); Synonyms: repress, quell, suppress, subdue, stifle; Antonym: encourage

21. Carried out discussions - Meaning: Conducted talks or negotiations; Synonyms: conducted conversations, held discussions, negotiated, deliberated, conferred; Antonym: ignored

22. Negotiations (আলোচনা) - Meaning: Discussions aimed at reaching agreements; Synonyms: discussions, talks, bargaining, mediation, diplomacy; Antonym: confrontation

23. Shut down - Meaning: Ceased operation or closed forcibly; Synonyms: closed, halted, ceased, suspended, discontinued; Antonym: opened

24. Slaughterhouse (খুনখাওয়ার বাড়ি) - Meaning: A place where animals are killed for food; Synonyms: abattoir, butchery, killing floor, slaughter yard, meatpacking plant; Antonym: sanctuary

25. Declared - Meaning: Announced formally or officially; Synonyms: announced, proclaimed, stated, asserted, pronounced; Antonym: undisclosed

26. Postponed - Meaning: Delayed or rescheduled to a later time; Synonyms: delayed, deferred, rescheduled, put off, postponed; Antonym: expedited

27. Session (অধিবেশন) - Meaning: A meeting or period devoted to a particular activity; Synonyms: meeting, gathering, assembly, sitting, session; Antonym: recess

28. Dissolved - Meaning: Disbanded or ended; Synonyms: disbanded, disintegrated, dispersed, dissolved, terminated; Antonym: united

29. Blame (দোষ) - Meaning: Responsibility for a fault or wrong; Synonyms: fault, culpability, accusation, responsibility, accountability; Antonym: exoneration

30. Prorogued (বিস্থাপিত হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Temporarily suspended or discontinued; Synonyms: suspended, adjourned, halted, postponed, prorogued; Antonym: resumed

31. General Strike (সাধারণ ধর্মঘট) - Meaning: A strike involving workers across various industries; Synonyms: nationwide strike, industrial action, work stoppage, walkout, protest; Antonym: normalcy

32. Wretched (বদলা) - Meaning: Miserable or pitiful in condition or circumstances; Synonyms: miserable, pitiful, distressed, desolate, forlorn; Antonym: fortunate

33. Downtrodden (পিছিয়ে নামা) - Meaning: Oppressed or treated unfairly by those in power; Synonyms: oppressed, exploited, disadvantaged, subjugated, marginalized; Antonym: privileged

34. Massacred (গোলিবারুদ্ধ করা) - Meaning: Killed in a brutal or indiscriminate manner; Synonyms: slaughtered, butchered, massacred, annihilated, exterminated; Antonym: spared

35. Observations (মন্তব্য) - Meaning: Comments or remarks based on careful examination; Synonyms: comments, remarks, observations, statements, opinions; Antonym: ignorance

36. Mowed down (আপনি করা হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Killed or severely injured, especially by gunfire; Synonyms: gunned down, cut down, slaughtered, massacred, mowed down; Antonym: spared

37. Deprived (সংবাদ) - Meaning: Denied the possession or use of something; Synonyms: deprived, disadvantaged, bereft, impoverished, lacking; Antonym: provided

38. Judgement (বিচার) - Meaning: Opinion or decision formed after consideration; Synonyms: opinion, decision, verdict, ruling, determination; Antonym: uncertainty

39. Round Table Conference (গোল টেবিল সম্মেলন) - Meaning: A meeting for discussion or negotiation; Synonyms: conference, summit, forum, convention, symposium; Antonym: unilateral decision-making

40. Withdraw (উত্তোষ) - Meaning: Remove or take back something previously granted; Synonyms: remove, retract, revoke, rescind, retract; Antonym: grant

41. Investigate (তদন্ত করা) - Meaning: Examine or inquire into systematically; Synonyms: examine, inquire, probe, scrutinize, investigate; Antonym: ignore

42. Suppress (দমন করা) - Meaning: Prevent or subdue by force; Synonyms: repress, quell, suppress, subdue, stifle; Antonym: encourage

43. Assist (সাহায্য করা) - Meaning: Help or support someone in need; Synonyms: help, aid, support, assist, facilitate; Antonym: hinder

44. Taint (মলিনতা) - Meaning: Contaminate or pollute something in a negative way; Synonyms: contaminate, pollute, tarnish, corrupt, defile; Antonym: purify

45. Exterminate (নিষ্প্রয়াত করা) - Meaning: Destroy completely, especially a group of living things; Synonyms: annihilate, eradicate, exterminate, obliterate, eliminate; Antonym: preserve

46. Revolutionary (প্রতিক্রিয়াশীল) - Meaning: Relating to or involving radical change or innovation; Synonyms: radical, innovative, transformative, rebellious, revolutionary; Antonym: conservative

47. Striving (চেষ্টা) - Meaning: Making great efforts to achieve or obtain something; Synonyms: endeavoring, struggling, laboring, striving, exerting; Antonym: relaxing

48. Sacrifice (বলিদান) - Meaning: Give up something valuable for the sake of others; Synonyms: surrender, forfeit, relinquish, sacrifice, renounce; Antonym: retain

49. Emancipation (মুক্তি) - Meaning: The act of setting someone free from oppression or restraint; Synonyms: liberation, freedom, emancipation, release, independence; Antonym: oppression

Lesson 2

Nelson Mandela, from Apartheid Fighter to President

1. Apartheid - Meaning: Racial segregation and discrimination system; Synonyms: segregation, discrimination, racial separation, racial inequality, racial injustice; Antonym: integration

2. Multi-racial democracy (বহুরঙ্গীন গণতান্ত্রিকতা) - Meaning: System of government where people of different races have equal rights and representation; Synonyms: diverse democracy, inclusive democracy, mixed-race democracy, pluralistic democracy, heterogeneous democracy; Antonym: monoracial democracy

3. Reconciliation (সমন্বয়) - Meaning: Restoration of friendly relations or harmony; Synonyms: harmony, agreement, conciliation, peace, unity; Antonym: conflict

4. Embody (প্রতিনিধিত্ব করা) - Meaning: Represent or symbolize; Synonyms: symbolize, represent, epitomize, incarnate, personify; Antonym: conceal

5. Resolve (দৃঢ় ইচ্ছাশক্তি) - Meaning: Determination or firmness of purpose; Synonyms: determination, willpower, steadfastness, commitment, perseverance; Antonym: indecision

6. Prestige (মর্যাদা) - Meaning: High regard or respect earned by achievements or reputation; Synonyms: status, reputation, honor, esteem, dignity; Antonym: disgrace

7. Charisma (আকর্ষণ) - Meaning: Compelling attractiveness or charm that inspires devotion in others; Synonyms: charm, magnetism, allure, appeal, enchantment; Antonym: repulsion

8. Manifestations (প্রকাশ্যতা) - Meaning: Evident signs or indications; Synonyms: signs, indications, displays, expressions, demonstrations; Antonym: concealment

9. Acceptance speech (গ্রহণ উপলক্ষ) - Meaning: Speech delivered upon receiving an award or honor; Synonyms: acknowledgment speech, gratitude speech, recognition speech, appreciation speech, thank-you speech; Antonym: refusal speech

10. Chasms (খাই) - Meaning: Wide breaches or gaps; Synonyms: gaps, gulfs, abysses, rifts, divides; Antonym: bridges

11. Emancipation (মুক্তিপ্রাপ্তি) - Meaning: Liberation or freedom from oppression; Synonyms: liberation, freedom, deliverance, independence, release; Antonym: oppression

12. Adoring (ভক্তিপ্রদর্শন) - Meaning: Expressing deep love or admiration; Synonyms: loving, worshipful, devoted, affectionate, adulatory; Antonym: indifferent

13. Revered (পূজ্য) - Meaning: Deeply respected or admired; Synonyms: respected, honored, esteemed, venerated, revered; Antonym: disrespected

14. Mythic stature (পৌরাণিক উচ্চতা) - Meaning: Legendary or iconic status; Synonyms: legendary status, mythical stature, iconic status, fabled height, storied prominence; Antonym: ordinary stature

15. Capital offences (মূল্যবান অপরাধ) - Meaning: Serious crimes punishable by death; Synonyms: capital crimes, felonies, heinous crimes, grave offenses, mortal offenses; Antonym: minor offenses

16. Testimony (সাক্ষ্য) - Meaning: Formal statement or evidence given in a court of law; Synonyms: evidence, statement, declaration, affirmation, attestation; Antonym: denial

17. Democratic society (গণতান্ত্রিক সমাজ) - Meaning: Society where people have equal rights and opportunities; Synonyms: egalitarian society, free society, open society, fair society, participatory society; Antonym: authoritarian society

18. Dedicated (অনুরাগী) - Meaning: Committed or devoted to a cause or purpose; Synonyms: devoted, committed, loyal, faithful, dedicated; Antonym: indifferent

19. Cherished (প্রিয়) - Meaning: Held dear or valued highly; Synonyms: valued, treasured, prized, beloved, esteemed; Antonym: despised

20. Dignity (গরিমা) - Meaning: State or quality of being worthy of honor or respect; Synonyms: honor, respect, pride, self-respect, integrity; Antonym: humiliation

21. Clan name (গোত্র নাম) - Meaning: Name indicating a family or social group; Synonyms: family name, tribal name, lineage name, group name, surname; Antonym: individual name

22. Laureate (পুরস্কৃত) - Meaning: Person honored with an award or honor; Synonyms: awardee, recipient, winner, prizewinner, victor; Antonym: non-recipient

23. Political prisoner (রাজনৈতিক কারাগার) - Meaning: Person imprisoned for their political beliefs or actions; Synonyms: dissident, detainee, captive, detainee, internee; Antonym: free citizen

24. Oppressed (দবিত) - Meaning: Subjected to harsh or unjust treatment or control; Synonyms: persecuted, downtrodden, subjugated, suppressed, exploited; Antonym: liberated

25. Mythical (পৌরাণিক) - Meaning: Existing only in myth or legend; Synonyms: legendary, mythical, fictional, imaginary, fanciful; Antonym: real

26. Charged (চার্জ) - Meaning: Accused formally of a crime; Synonyms: accused, indicted, alleged, incriminated, criminally charged; Antonym: exonerated

27. Humanity (মানবতা) - Meaning: Compassion or benevolence towards others; Synonyms: compassion, kindness, benevolence, empathy, humanity; Antonym: cruelty

28. Spent behind bars (বাড়ির পিছনে কাটানো) - Meaning: Time served in prison; Synonyms: incarcerated, imprisoned, jailed, detained, confined; Antonym: freed

29. Reverence (শ্রদ্ধা) - Meaning: Deep respect or admiration; Synonyms: respect, admiration, veneration, esteem, reverence; Antonym: disrespect

30. Adulatory (উপলক্ষিতপ্রশংসা) - Meaning: Excessively praising or admiring; Synonyms: flattering, fawning, sycophantic, obsequious, adulatory; Antonym: critical

Lesson 3

Two Women

1. Cosmonaut (অন্তরিক্ষযাত্রী) - Meaning: A Russian astronaut; Synonyms: astronaut, space traveler, spaceman, cosmonaut; Antonym: terrestrial

2. Selection (নির্বাচন) - Meaning: Process of choosing someone or something; Synonyms: choice, picking, election, appointment, nomination; Antonym: rejection

3. Proletaria (প্রলেতারিয়া) - Meaning: A member of the working class; Synonyms: worker, laborer, proletarian, wage earner, blue-collar worker; Antonym: bourgeoisie

4. Training (প্রশিক্ষণ) - Meaning: Process of learning or teaching a skill or profession; Synonyms: education, instruction, coaching, preparation, schooling; Antonym: ignorance

5. Isolation (পৃথকতা) - Meaning: State of being separated from others; Synonyms: solitude, seclusion, segregation, quarantine, insulation; Antonym: integration

6. Centrifuge (সেন্ট্রিফিউজ) - Meaning: Device that rotates rapidly to separate substances of different densities; Synonyms: separator, extractor, purifier, spinner, clarifier; Antonym: immobile

7. Faultlessly (নিষ্পক্ষে) - Meaning: In a perfect or flawless manner; Synonyms: perfectly, flawlessly, impeccably, accurately, precisely; Antonym: faultily

8. Nausea (মতিশীতলতা) - Meaning: Feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit; Synonyms: queasiness, sickness, vomiting, nausea, seasickness; Antonym: wellness

9. Orbit (কক্ষ) - Meaning: Circular path of an object around another object; Synonyms: trajectory, revolution, rotation, circuit, loop; Antonym: straight line

10. Log (দৈনন্দিন লেখা) - Meaning: Record of events or activities; Synonyms: journal, diary, record, register, chronicle; Antonym: erase

11. Approached (অবতীর্ণ) - Meaning: Came near to or made contact with; Synonyms: neared, came close, advanced, drew near, reached; Antonym: receded

12. Communication (যোগাযোগ) - Meaning: Exchange of information or messages; Synonyms: interaction, connection, dialogue, correspondence, transmission; Antonym: silence

13. Legislature (আইন-নির্মাণকর্তা) - Meaning: Body of government responsible for making laws; Synonyms: parliament, congress, assembly, senate, council; Antonym: lawlessness

14. Desire (কামনা) - Meaning: Strong feeling of wanting or wishing for something; Synonyms: wish, longing, craving, yearning, aspiration; Antonym: aversion

15. Sub-continent (উপমহাদেশ) - Meaning: Large landmass that is part of a continent; Synonyms: region, landmass, territory, area, mainland; Antonym: island

16. Determined (নির্ধারিত) - Meaning: Having a firm decision or resolution; Synonyms: resolute, decisive, steadfast, committed, unwavering; Antonym: indecisive

17. Citizenship (নাগরিকত্ব) - Meaning: Status of being a legal member of a country; Synonyms: nationality, allegiance, legal status, naturalization, residency; Antonym: statelessness

18. Spacewalk (অন্তরিক্ষ ভ্রমণ) - Meaning: Activity of an astronaut outside their spacecraft; Synonyms: extravehicular activity, EVA, spacewalk, space excursion, orbital walk; Antonym: indoors

19. Microgravity (মাইক্রোগ্র্যাভিটি) - Meaning: Very weak gravitational force experienced in orbit; Synonyms: weightlessness, zero gravity, free fall, absence of gravity; Antonym: gravity

20. Disintegrated (বিচ্ছিন্ন) - Meaning: Broke apart into small pieces; Synonyms: fragmented, shattered, crumbled, collapsed, disassembled; Antonym: integrated

21. Fatal (মরণকর) - Meaning: Resulting in death; Synonyms: deadly, lethal, mortal, disastrous, fatalistic; Antonym: nonfatal

22. Insulating (তাপ নিরোধক) - Meaning: Preventing heat or electricity from passing through; Synonyms: isolating, protective, nonconductive, shielding, thermal; Antonym: conducting

23. Penetrated (আতিক্রমণ করা) - Meaning: Entered or pierced through; Synonyms: pierced, permeated, entered, infiltrated, invaded; Antonym: exited

24. Intense (তীব্র) - Meaning: Extreme or very strong in degree; Synonyms: severe, acute, profound, intense, vehement; Antonym: mild

25. Scheduling (সময়সূচী) - Meaning: Planning or arranging events or activities according to a timetable; Synonyms: planning, arrangement, organization, coordination, timing; Antonym: spontaneity

26. Conducted (পরিচালনা করা) - Meaning: Carried out or performed; Synonyms: performed, executed, organized, managed, supervised; Antonym: neglected

27. Investigation (গবেষণা) - Meaning: Process of examining or researching to discover facts or information; Synonyms: inquiry, examination, scrutiny, analysis, inspection; Antonym: ignorance

28. Peeling off (ছোড়া) - Meaning: Coming off or removing in layers; Synonyms: removing, shedding, flaking, stripping, detaching; Antonym: adhering

29. Support structure (সমর্থন কাঠামো) - Meaning: Framework or frame providing support; Synonyms: framework, scaffold, skeleton, chassis, infrastructure; Antonym: instability

30. Disaster (বিপর্যস্ত) - Meaning: Sudden event causing widespread destruction or suffering; Synonyms: catastrophe, calamity, tragedy, misfortune, havoc; Antonym: success

Unit Two: Education and Life

Lesson 1Why Education

1. Function meaningfully - (প্রভাবশালী ভাবে কাজ করা) - Meaning: Perform tasks with significance and purpose; Synonyms: operate effectively, work meaningfully, perform purposefully; Antonyms: function aimlessly, work insignificantly

2. Articulate our thoughts - (আমাদের ভাবনা প্রকাশ করা) - Meaning: Express our ideas clearly and effectively; Synonyms: express thoughts, vocalize opinions, communicate clearly; Antonyms: mumble, stutter, hesitate

3. Manage our affairs well - (আমাদের কাজ সম্পাদন করা) - Meaning: Handle our responsibilities and tasks efficiently; Synonyms: handle affairs effectively, organize tasks competently; Antonyms: mismanage, neglect responsibilities

4. Critical of deviations - (অব্যতিক্রম সমালোচনার) - Meaning: Disapproving of departures from the usual or expected standards; Synonyms: disapproving of differences, skeptical of deviations; Antonyms: accepting of variations, tolerant of changes

5. Awareness about ourselves - (আমাদের নিজের সম্পর্কে সচেতনতা) - Meaning: Knowledge or understanding of ourselves; Synonyms: self-awareness, self-knowledge, consciousness of oneself; Antonyms: self-ignorance, unawareness of oneself

6. Sense of belonging - (সম্পর্কের মনের সংজ্ঞা) - Meaning: Feeling of being connected or attached to a particular group or place; Synonyms: feeling of membership, affiliation, connection; Antonyms: feeling of alienation, detachment

7. Active member - (সক্রিয় সদস্য) - Meaning: Engaged and involved participant; Synonyms: engaged member, participating individual, involved party; Antonyms: passive observer, inactive bystander

8. Inner strengths - (আন্তরিক শক্তি) - Meaning: Personal qualities or attributes that provide resilience or determination; Synonyms: internal resources, inherent capabilities, innate abilities; Antonyms: weaknesses, vulnerabilities

9. Sharpens our intellect - (আমাদের মনোবুদ্ধিতে একটানা অনুভব করা) - Meaning: Improves our mental acuity or understanding; Synonyms: enhances intelligence, boosts mental capacity; Antonyms: dulls intellect, diminishes mental sharpness

10. Progressive and liberal - (প্রগতিশীল এবং উদার) - Meaning: Forward-thinking and open-minded; Synonyms: forward-looking, tolerant, open to change; Antonyms: conservative, traditional, closed-minded

11. Competencies - (দক্ষতা) - Meaning: Skills, abilities, or knowledge necessary for effective performance; Synonyms: skills, capabilities, proficiencies, aptitudes; Antonyms: incompetencies, deficiencies, inadequacies

12. Challenging of circumstances - (কঠিন অবস্থা) - Meaning: Difficult or demanding situations; Synonyms: tough situations, adverse conditions, difficult environments; Antonyms: favorable circumstances, easy situations

13. Fosters critical thinking - (কৃতিত্ব চিন্তার সৃজন) - Meaning: Encourages the development of analytical and evaluative thinking skills; Synonyms: promotes critical analysis, encourages logical reasoning; Antonyms: inhibits critical thinking, discourages questioning

14. Cherish - (মূর্তি পূজা করা) - Meaning: Hold dear; deeply appreciate or value; Synonyms: treasure, value, appreciate, adore, hold in high esteem; Antonyms: disregard, neglect, abandon

15. Frantically - (উত্তেজিত অবস্থা) - Meaning: In a panicked or frenzied manner; Synonyms: desperately, hurriedly, wildly, hectically, madly; Antonyms: calmly, leisurely, relaxedly

16. Illustrate - (প্রকাশ করা) - Meaning: Explain or demonstrate with examples or pictures; Synonyms: clarify, demonstrate, depict, elucidate, exemplify; Antonyms: obscure, confuse, obfuscate

17. Philosopher - (দর্শনবিদ) - Meaning: A person who studies or teaches philosophy; Synonyms: thinker, sage, scholar, intellectual, theorist; Antonyms: ignoramus, fool, simpleton

18. Guide - (নির্দেশনা) - Meaning: Lead or direct someone to a particular course of action; Synonyms: lead, direct, advise, steer, mentor; Antonyms: mislead, deceive, confuse

19. Deviate - (পথভ্রষ্ট করা) - Meaning: Depart from an established course or standard; Synonyms: diverge, stray, veer, digress, drift; Antonyms: conform, adhere, stick to, follow

20. Motto - (মতবাদ) - Meaning: A short phrase expressing a guiding principle or ideal; Synonyms: slogan, maxim, motto, watchword, creed; Antonyms: indifference, apathy, neglect

21. Combine - (যুক্ত করা) - Meaning: Join or merge together to form a single entity; Synonyms: unite, merge, integrate, amalgamate, blend; Antonyms: separate, divide, segregate

22. Pursuit of happiness - (সুখের অনুসন্ধান) - Meaning: Effort or endeavor to find joy and contentment in life; Synonyms: quest for happiness, search for fulfillment; Antonyms: avoidance of joy, neglect of contentment

23. Seminar - (সেমিনার) - Meaning: Meeting or conference for discussion or training on a particular subject; Synonyms: workshop, symposium, conference, forum, meeting; Antonyms: lecture, monologue, sermon

24. Illustration - (উদাহরণ) - Meaning: Visual explanation or example used to clarify or demonstrate; Synonyms: example, demonstration, elucidation, clarification; Antonyms: ambiguity, obscurity, vagueness

25. Respect - (শ্রদ্ধা) - Meaning: Admiration or regard for someone or something; Synonyms: esteem, honor, reverence, admiration, deference; Antonyms: disrespect, disdain, contempt

26. Compassion - (দয়া) - Meaning: Sympathetic concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others; Synonyms: empathy, kindness, pity, mercy, sympathy; Antonyms: cruelty, indifference, apathy

27. Fellow feeling - (বান্ধবতা) - Meaning: Sympathy or understanding between people based on shared experiences; Synonyms: camaraderie, solidarity, empathy, mutual understanding; Antonyms: hostility, animosity, enmity

28. Chaos - (অস্ততা) - Meaning: Complete disorder and confusion; Synonyms: confusion, disorder, turmoil, pandemonium, anarchy; Antonyms: order, organization, calm, tranquility

29. Colliding - (সংঘর্ষ) - Meaning: Crashing or coming into violent contact with each other; Synonyms: crashing, bumping, clashing, striking, smashing; Antonyms: avoiding, dodging, evading

30. Cherished - (অমূর্তিপূজা) - Meaning: Treasured or held dear; Synonyms: valued, esteemed, beloved, cherished, precious; Antonyms: despised, scorned, rejected, neglected, disdained

Lesson 2

The Parrot’s Tale

1. Unlettered - (অশিক্ষিত) - Meaning: Illiterate; lacking education; Synonyms: uneducated, ignorant, unschooled, untutored, uninformed; Antonyms: educated, literate, schooled, knowledgeable

2. Recite - (উচ্চারণ করা) - Meaning: Repeat aloud from memory; Synonyms: repeat, rehearse, declaim, quote, narrate; Antonyms: forget, omit, skip, neglect

3. Devours - (বেড়ায়) - Meaning: Eats greedily and voraciously; Synonyms: consumes, gulps, ingests, engulfs, swallows; Antonyms: savors, nibbles, grazes, abstains, fasts

4. Profits - (লাভ) - Meaning: Financial gain; Synonyms: earnings, income, revenue, gains, proceeds; Antonyms: losses, debts, deficits, expenses

5. Deliberated - (বিচার করা) - Meaning: Considered carefully and thoughtfully; Synonyms: pondered, contemplated, weighed, reflected, discussed; Antonyms: rushed, hastened, impulsive, hasty

6. Pandered - (সন্তুষ্ট করা) - Meaning: Gratified or indulged someone's desires; Synonyms: appeased, catered, satisfied, indulged, gratified; Antonyms: resisted, opposed, thwarted, disapproved, denied

7. Exquisite - (অত্যন্ত মুদ্রিত) - Meaning: Extremely beautiful and delicate; Synonyms: beautiful, elegant, splendid, superb, fine; Antonyms: crude, rough, plain, ordinary, ugly

8. Sacred - (পবিত্র) - Meaning: Regarded with reverence and respect; Synonyms: holy, divine, blessed, consecrated, revered; Antonyms: profane, secular, mundane, unholy, irreligious

9. Chanted - (গীতিবাচন) - Meaning: Sung or recited with a musical rhythm; Synonyms: intoned, sung, recited, vocalized, hummed; Antonyms: spoke, whispered, muttered, murmured

10. Supervise - (নিরীক্ষণ করা) - Meaning: Oversee and direct a process, activity, or personnel; Synonyms: oversee, manage, monitor, control, direct; Antonyms: neglect, ignore, abandon, overlook, disregard

11. Detractors - (নিন্দাকারী) - Meaning: Critics or those who disparage or belittle someone or something; Synonyms: critics, cynics, naysayers, fault-finders, skeptics; Antonyms: supporters, admirers, advocates, proponents, allies

12. Resort - (ব্যবহার করা) - Meaning: Turn to or make use of something for help or support; Synonyms: utilize, employ, turn to, use, apply; Antonyms: abstain, avoid, eschew, shun, reject

13. Negligible - (অগ্রহণযোগ্য) - Meaning: So small or unimportant as to be not worth considering; Synonyms: insignificant, trivial, minor, minimal, immaterial; Antonyms: significant, important, substantial, considerable, notable

14. Astonishing - (বিস্ময়কর) - Meaning: Extremely surprising or impressive; Synonyms: amazing, astounding, remarkable, stunning, staggering; Antonyms: ordinary, commonplace, expected, predictable, unremarkable

15. Merrily - (আনন্দে) - Meaning: In a cheerful and lively manner; Synonyms: happily, joyfully, gleefully, cheerfully, buoyantly; Antonyms: sadly, gloomily, miserably, somberly, unhappily

16. Predictably - (পূর্বানুমানিত) - Meaning: In a way that can be expected or foreseen; Synonyms: expectedly, anticipatedly, foreseeably, inevitably, reliably; Antonyms: unexpectedly, surprisingly, unpredictably, shockingly, suddenly

17. Innate - (অনুজ্ঞান) - Meaning: Inherent; existing from birth; Synonyms: inherent, intrinsic, natural, inherent, congenital; Antonyms: acquired, learned, acquired, developed, taught

18. Impudence - (ধৈর্যহীনতা) - Meaning: Lack of respect; boldness or rudeness; Synonyms: insolence, impertinence, audacity, temerity, effrontery; Antonyms: respect, politeness, humility, deference, courtesy

19. Thunderous - (গরজায়) - Meaning: Very loud or powerful; Synonyms: deafening, booming, resounding, roaring, tumultuous; Antonyms: quiet, subdued, gentle, soft, faint

20. Flourished - (উন্নত হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Grew or developed in a healthy or vigorous way; Synonyms: prospered, thrived, bloomed, blossomed, expanded; Antonyms: declined, withered, shriveled, weakened, deteriorated

21. Reprehensible - (শাস্ত্রীয়) - Meaning: Deserving criticism or condemnation; Synonyms: blameworthy, culpable, objectionable, objectionable, censurable; Antonyms: commendable, praiseworthy, laudable, admirable, commendable

22. Impudence - (ধৈর্যহীনতা) - Meaning: Lack of respect; boldness or rudeness; Synonyms: insolence, impertinence, audacity, temerity, effrontery; Antonyms: respect, politeness, humility, deference, courtesy

23. Thunderous - (গরজায়) - Meaning: Very loud or powerful; Synonyms: deafening, booming, resounding, roaring, tumultuous; Antonyms: quiet, subdued, gentle, soft, faint

24. Flourished - (উন্নত হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Grew or developed in a healthy or vigorous way; Synonyms: prospered, thrived, bloomed, blossomed, expanded; Antonyms: declined, withered, shriveled, weakened, deteriorated

25. Chanted - (গীতিবাচন) - Meaning: Sung or recited with a musical rhythm; Synonyms: intoned, sung, recited, vocalized, hummed; Antonyms: spoke, whispered, muttered, murmured

26. Melancholy - (মেলাঞ্চলিক) - Meaning: A feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause; Synonyms: sadness, sorrow, gloom, depression, despondency; Antonyms: happiness, joy, cheerfulness, contentment, elation

27. Regarded - (বিবেচনা) - Meaning: Considered or thought of in a specified way; Synonyms: considered, esteemed, viewed, thought of, perceived; Antonyms: disregarded, ignored, neglected, overlooked, dismissed

28. Rustling - (ভরাভরি) - Meaning: A soft, muffled crackling sound like that made by the movement of dry leaves or paper; Synonyms: murmuring, whispering, rustling, swishing, soughing; Antonyms: silence, stillness, quietness, hush, calm

29. Detractors - (নিন্দাকারী) - Meaning: Critics or those who disparage or belittle someone or something; Synonyms: critics, cynics, naysayers, fault-finders, skeptics; Antonyms: supporters, admirers, advocates, proponents, allies

30. Tutors - (শিক্ষক) - Meaning: A private teacher, typically one who teaches a single student or a small group; Synonyms: instructor, educator, mentor, coach, guide; Antonyms: student, learner, disciple, protege, novice

31. Reams - (রেম) - Meaning: A large quantity of something, typically paper; Synonyms: piles, stacks, lots, heaps, abundance; Antonyms: scarcity, shortage, deficiency, dearth, inadequacy

32. Flutter - (বাতাসে তাড়া) - Meaning: Move or fall with a light irregular motion; Synonyms: flit, flap, wave, flicker, quiver; Antonyms: stillness, stability, immobility, calmness, tranquility

33. Innate - (অনুজ্ঞান) - Meaning: Inherent; existing from birth; Synonyms: inherent, intrinsic, natural, inherent, congenital; Antonyms: acquired, learned, acquired, developed, taught

34. Impudence - (ধৈর্যহীনতা) - Meaning: Lack of respect; boldness or rudeness; Synonyms: insolence, impertinence, audacity, temerity, effrontery; Antonyms: respect, politeness, humility, deference, courtesy

35. Thunderous - (গরজায়) - Meaning: Very loud or powerful; Synonyms: deafening, booming, resounding, roaring, tumultuous; Antonyms: quiet, subdued, gentle, soft, faint

36. Flourished - (উন্নত হয়েছিল) - Meaning: Grew or developed in a healthy or vigorous way; Synonyms: prospered, thrived, bloomed, blossomed, expanded; Antonyms: declined, withered, shriveled, weakened, deteriorated

37. Chanted - (গীতিবাচন) - Meaning: Sung or recited with a musical rhythm; Synonyms: intoned, sung, recited, vocalized, hummed; Antonyms: spoke, whispered, muttered, murmured

38. Melancholy - (মেলাঞ্চলিক) - Meaning: A feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause; Synonyms: sadness, sorrow, gloom, depression, despondency; Antonyms: happiness, joy, cheerfulness, contentment, elation

39. Regarded - (বিবেচনা) - Meaning: Considered or thought of in a specified way; Synonyms: considered, esteemed, viewed, thought of, perceived; Antonyms: disregarded, ignored, neglected, overlooked, dismissed

40. Rustling - (ভরাভরি) - Meaning: A soft, muffled crackling sound like that made by the movement of dry leaves or paper; Synonyms: murmuring, whispering, rustling, swishing, soughing; Antonyms: silence, stillness, quietness, hush, calm

Lesson 3

Civic Engagement

1. Civic engagement - (সাভার্থক সংলাপ) - Meaning: Active participation in community affairs; Synonyms: community involvement, civic responsibility, social activism, public participation, citizen engagement; Antonyms: apathy, disengagement, indifference, passivity, noninvolvement

2. Contrasted - (বিপরীত) - Meaning: Compared in such a way as to emphasize differences; Synonyms: compared, juxtaposed, distinguished, opposed, differentiated; Antonyms: likened, assimilated, equated, identified, matched

3. Illuminate - (আলোকিত) - Meaning: To enlighten or provide insight; Synonyms: elucidate, clarify, explain, enlighten, reveal; Antonyms: obscure, confuse, obscure, befuddle, mystify

4. Protest - (প্রতিবাদ) - Meaning: An action expressing disapproval or objection; Synonyms: demonstration, rally, march, strike, dissent; Antonyms: support, approval, endorsement, agreement, compliance

5. Injustices - (অন্যায়) - Meaning: Unfair treatment; violation of rights; Synonyms: unfairness, inequality, oppression, discrimination, wrongdoing; Antonyms: justice, fairness, equity, equality, rectitude

6. Atrocities - (অত্যাচার) - Meaning: Horrible acts; brutal and inhumane deeds; Synonyms: cruelties, barbarities, horrors, atrocities, savageries; Antonyms: kindness, humanity, compassion, benevolence, mercy

7. Solidarity - (ঐকতা) - Meaning: Unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; Synonyms: unity, cohesion, camaraderie, brotherhood, cooperation; Antonyms: division, disunity, discord, conflict, disagreement

8. Humbled - (পিছলা) - Meaning: Made to feel less important or proud; Synonyms: humiliated, abased, degraded, demeaned, subjugated; Antonyms: honored, esteemed, exalted, dignified, respected

9. Commission - (কমিশন) - Meaning: An official group given authority to perform certain tasks; Synonyms: committee, board, council, agency, authority; Antonyms: disband, dissolve, discontinue, abolish, terminate

10. Accommodated - (অবস্থান দেওয়া) - Meaning: Provided with a place to stay or live; Synonyms: housed, lodged, sheltered, harbored, quartered; Antonyms: evicted, expelled, ousted, ejected, displaced

11. Plight - (অশুভ অবস্থা) - Meaning: A difficult or adverse situation; Synonyms: predicament, dilemma, quandary, adversity, hardship; Antonyms: advantage, boon, blessing, fortune, prosperity

12. Distressing - (বিবেচনা) - Meaning: Causing worry or anxiety; upsetting; Synonyms: troubling, alarming, disturbing, upsetting, disquieting; Antonyms: comforting, soothing, reassuring, calming, alleviating

13. Introvert - (অন্তর্মুখী) - Meaning: A person who tends to be inward-turning or focused on their own thoughts and feelings; Synonyms: shy person, solitary, reserved, reticent, withdrawn; Antonyms: extrovert, outgoing, sociable, gregarious, talkative

14. Plea - (অনুরোধ) - Meaning: A request or an appeal; Synonyms: appeal, entreaty, petition, supplication, solicitation; Antonyms: demand, command, requirement, dictate, instruction

15. Monitored - (অনুযায়ী) - Meaning: Kept under systematic observation or surveillance; Synonyms: observed, supervised, watched, tracked, checked; Antonyms: neglected, ignored, overlooked, disregarded, abandoned

16. Contribution - (অবদান) - Meaning: The action of giving or donating something; Synonyms: donation, contribution, offering, gift, benefaction; Antonyms: withdrawal, subtraction, deduction, removal, deprivation

17. Sufficient - (যথেষ্ট) - Meaning: Adequate; enough to meet the needs of a situation; Synonyms: adequate, satisfactory, ample, plentiful, abundant; Antonyms: insufficient, inadequate, lacking, deficient, meager

18. Priority - (অগ্রাধিকার) - Meaning: A thing that is regarded as more important than others; Synonyms: precedence, preference, primacy, importance, superiority; Antonyms: triviality, insignificance, irrelevance, unimportance, inconsequence

19. Municipality - (পৌরসভা) - Meaning: A local governing body, typically a city or town council; Synonyms: local government, city council, town hall, borough, corporation; Antonyms: rural area, countryside, wilderness, suburb, village

20. Project - (প্রকল্প) - Meaning: A planned endeavor; a task or scheme that requires concerted effort; Synonyms: venture, enterprise, initiative, undertaking, assignment; Antonyms: inactivity, idleness, passivity, apathy, disinterest

21. Civic engagement - (সাভার্থক সংলাপ) - Meaning: Active participation in community affairs; Synonyms: community involvement, civic responsibility, social activism, public participation, citizen engagement; Antonyms: apathy, disengagement, indifference, passivity, noninvolvement

22. Solidarity - (ঐকতা) - Meaning: Unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; Synonyms: unity, cohesion, camaraderie, brotherhood, cooperation; Antonyms: division, disunity, discord, conflict, disagreement

23. Refugees - (শরণার্থী) - Meaning: People who have been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster; Synonyms: asylum seekers, displaced persons, exiles, migrants, fugitives; Antonyms: citizens, natives, residents, settlers, inhabitants

24. Atrocities - (অত্যাচার) - Meaning: Horrible acts; brutal and inhumane deeds; Synonyms: cruelties, barbarities, horrors, atrocities, savageries; Antonyms: kindness, humanity, compassion, benevolence, mercy

25. Commission - (কমিশন) - Meaning: An official group given authority to perform certain tasks; Synonyms: committee, board, council, agency, authority; Antonyms: disband, dissolve, discontinue, abolish, terminate

26. Accommodated - (অবস্থান দেওয়া) - Meaning: Provided with a place to stay or live; Synonyms: housed, lodged, sheltered, harbored, quartered; Antonyms: evicted, expelled, ousted, ejected, displaced

27. Volunteerism - (স্বেচ্ছাসেবকতা) - Meaning: The practice of offering one's time or talents for charitable, educational, or other worthwhile activities; Synonyms: altruism, philanthropy, benevolence, charity, humanitarianism; Antonyms: selfishness, self-centeredness, greed, egotism, self-interest

28. Plight - (অশুভ অবস্থা) - Meaning: A difficult or adverse situation; Synonyms: predicament, dilemma, quandary, adversity, hardship; Antonyms: advantage, boon, blessing, fortune, prosperity

29. Contributed - (অবদান) - Meaning: Given or donated something, typically money or effort; Synonyms: donated, gave, contributed, presented, bestowed; Antonyms: withdrew, subtracted, deducted, removed, deprived

30. Substantial - (প্রাচুর্যময়) - Meaning: Large in amount, size, or importance; Synonyms: significant, considerable, ample, substantial, considerable; Antonyms: insignificant, trivial, minor, negligible, inconsequential

31. Priority - (অগ্রাধিকার) - Meaning: A thing that is regarded as more important than others; Synonyms: precedence, preference, primacy, importance, superiority; Antonyms: triviality, insignificance, irrelevance, unimportance, inconsequence

32. Bedecked - (অলঙ্কৃত) - Meaning: Decorated or adorned in a showy or impressive manner; Synonyms: adorned, decorated, embellished, festooned, ornamented; Antonyms: plain, unadorned, unembellished, unornamented, unadorned

33. Distressing - (বিবেচনা) - Meaning: Causing worry or anxiety; upsetting; Synonyms: troubling, alarming, disturbing, upsetting, disquieting; Antonyms: comforting, soothing, reassuring, calming, alleviating

34. Impoverished - (দরিদ্র) - Meaning: Made poor; deprived of strength or richness; Synonyms: destitute, poor, impoverished, needy, indigent; Antonyms: wealthy, affluent, rich, prosperous, privileged

35. Emotional - (ভাবনাময়) - Meaning: Relating to or characterized by intense feeling or deep emotion; Synonyms: heartfelt, passionate, fervent, intense, emotional; Antonyms: unemotional, indifferent, impassive, apathetic, detached

36. Satisfied - (সন্তুষ্ট) - Meaning: Pleased or contented because one's desires or needs have been fulfilled; Synonyms: content, pleased, gratified, fulfilled, satisfied; Antonyms: dissatisfied, discontented, displeased, unhappy, unsatisfied

37. Monitored - (অনুযায়ী) - Meaning: Kept under systematic observation or surveillance; Synonyms: observed, supervised, watched, tracked, checked; Antonyms: neglected, ignored, overlooked, disregarded, abandoned

38. Continually - (অবিরত) - Meaning: Repeatedly; over and over again; without interruption; Synonyms: constantly, repeatedly, persistently, incessantly, perpetually; Antonyms: occasionally, intermittently, sporadically, irregularly, infrequently

39. Carried out - (প্রযুক্ত) - Meaning: Completed or executed; Synonyms: executed, implemented, performed, accomplished, fulfilled; Antonyms: abandoned, canceled, revoked, rescinded, terminated

40. Assessed - (মূল্যায়ন) - Meaning: Evaluated or judged; Synonyms: evaluated, judged, appraised, examined, analyzed; Antonyms: ignored, disregarded, overlooked, neglected, dismissed