Write an application for permission to the authority to visit the ADAMJI Jute Mill. The 15th May, 2009 The Manager ADAMJI Jute Mill Narayangong, Dhaka Subject: Prayer for the permission to visit the Jute Mill Sir, I, on behalf of the students of Class X of PROGATI High School would like to state that we cherish a desire of paying a visit to your factory to see everything with our own eyes. As we know that Adamji Jute Mill is the biggest Jute mill in our country, we have been longing for paying for a visit. Such a visit will be of great benefit to us. We have a keen interest to have a practical knowledge of the manufacturing process of Jute. We may also have a look at the machinery to get an idea of what a modern industry is. I, therefore, deem it a great favour if you kindly allow our class students to pay a visit to your factory. You may kindly fix up a date and time that will be convenient to you. For your kind information it is assured here that the students will enjoy the visit in discipline and abide by the rules imposed. I remain Sir, Your most obedient pupil, Abidur Rahman On behalf of the students of PROGATI High School Write an application for permission to the authority to visit the Karnaphully Paper Mill. To The Manager Karnaphully Paper Mill Chandraghona, Chittagong Subject: Prayer for the permission to visit the paper mill. Sir, I, on behalf of the students of Class VIII / IX / X of PROGATI High School would like to state that we cherish a desire of paying a visit to your factory to see everything with our own eyes. As we know that Karnaphully Paper Mill is the biggest paper mill in our country, we have been longing for paying for a visit. Such a visit will be of great benefit to us. We have a keen interest to have a practical knowledge of the manufacturing process of paper. We may also have a look at the machinery to get an idea of what a modern industry is. We, therefore, deem it a great favour if you kindly allow our class students to pay a visit to your factory. You may kindly fix up a date and time that will be convenient to you. For your kind information it is assured here that the students will enjoy the visit in discipline and abide by the rules imposed. I remain Sir, Your most obedient pupil, Abidur Rahman On behalf of the students of PROGATI High School

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to the Headmistress of your school seeking permission to join in an art competition. To The Headmistress, PROGATI High school, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for permission to join in an art competition. Madam, With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention that the National Art Competition is going to be held on the 8th instant. The authority of the competition has invited the students of junior high school. So, I would like to join in the competition. As per instructions, I am required to submit the permission of my school authority in black and white. For your kind information, I would like to mention that meanwhile; I have participated in various art and cultural competitions and brought glorious success for our school. May, I therefore, pray and hope that your honour would be kind and gracious enough to permit me to join in an art competition and oblige thereby. I remain Madam Your most obedient pupil, Abidur Rahman Model -2 [Date] The Headmistress, PROGATI High School, Chittagong. Subject: Request for Permission to Participate in an Art Competition Madam, I am writing to respectfully request your permission to participate in the upcoming National Art Competition scheduled for the 8th instant. I am enthusiastic about the opportunity to showcase my artistic abilities and represent our school at a national level. Having previously participated in various art and cultural competitions, I am confident in my skills and passionate about contributing positively to our school's reputation. I understand that as a student of PROGATI High School, it is essential to seek formal approval from the school authorities to participate in external events such as this competition. Therefore, I am reaching out to you to kindly grant me permission to join the art competition. I assure you that I will uphold the values and standards of our school while participating in the competition, and I am committed to representing PROGATI High School with dignity and excellence. Thank you very much for considering my request. I look forward to your favorable response. Yours sincerely, [Your Name] Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to the Headmistress of your school seeking permission to hold a cultural function in the school auditorium. December 10, 2021 To The Headmistress SUBSTANTIAL High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for permission to hold a cultural function. Madam, With great respect we, the students of Class IX / X, of your school would like to draw your kind attention to the fact that no cultural function was held in the school for last one year. Our ‘Annual Cultural Week’ is drawing near. So, we intend to organise a cultural function on the occasion in the school auditorium. This cultural function will not only provide enjoyment for the students but also inspire them to display their cultural activities. It will include ‘Rabindra Sangeet’, ‘Nazrul Sangeet’, ‘Folk Song’, ‘Caricature, a one-act play, recitation etc. Under these circumstances, we pray and hope that you would be kind enough to give us permission to hold a cultural function and sanction us a good amount of money from the ‘School Fund’ to meet up the relevant expenses. We remain Madam, Your most obedient pupils The students of Class IX / X of SUBSTANTIAL High School. Model -2 Write an application to the Headmistress of your school seeking permission to hold a cultural function in the school auditorium. December 10, 2021 To The Headmistress PROGATI High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for permission to hold a cultural function. Madam, With great respect we, the students of Class VIII / IX / X, of your school would like to draw your kind attention to the fact that no cultural function was held in the school for last one year. Our ‘Annual Cultural Week’ is drawing near. So, we intend to organise a cultural function on the occasion in the school auditorium. This cultural function will not only provide enjoyment for the students but also inspire them to display their cultural activities. It will include ‘Rabindra Sangeet’, ‘Nazrul Sangeet’, ‘Folk Song’, ‘Caricature, a one-act play, recitation etc. Under these circumstances, we pray and hope that you would be kind enough to give us permission to hold a cultural function and sanction us a good amount of money from the ‘School Fund’ to meet up the relevant expenses. We remainMadam,Your most obedient pupils, The students of Class VIII / IX of PROGATI High School. Write an application to the Principal of your college praying for permission to hold a cultural function/ to stage a drama on the occasion of Pahela Baishak. April 20, 2021 December 10, 2021 The Principal, Bhairab Zillur Rahman Women's College, Bhairab, Kishoregonj. Subject : Prayer for permission holding a cultural function. Sir, With due respect. I, on behalf of the students of our college. beg to state that ours is a very old and big college in this Upazila. It has a good reputation both for standard education and cultural functions all over the country. Every year, our college holds/ arranges some cultural functions on the important days of the year on our college campus. This time (ate) we wish/ want to stage a drama named 'Pollee Gram' by our Bangla Teacher on the first day of Bangla year in our college compound. A drama has an educative value. It helps us to know the real situation  of life. It also helps to develop our knowledge and improve& our outlook  gives us and joy and helps to remove the monotony of routine life. So the value of a drama is also an important part of education. Our Bangla and English teachers have already given their kind consent at this. I, therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to permit and sanction us takes 10,000 to stage the valuable cultural function on our college campus so that we can enrich our knowledge to face any challenges in life successfully. I remain, Sir, Yours obediently, Rakibul Islam, Class - XI On behalf of the students of Bhairab Zillur Rahman Women's College, Bhairab, Kishoregonj. Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to the Headmaster of your school for permission to celebrate the Pahela Baishakh at school premises. To The Headmaster, SUBSTANTIAL High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for permission to celebrate the Pahela Baishakh at school premises. Dear Sir, With due respect and humble submission we, the students of Class IX / X, would like to draw your kind attention towards our prayer for your kind consideration. Pahela Baishakh, the first day of Bengali New Year is a public holiday. This day reminds us about our tradition, heritage and culture. On this day the country appears a bright, cheerful and festive look. Different socio-cultural organisations arrange elaborate programmes on this day. We also want to celebrate this day with high enthusiasm and excitement in our school premises. In this regard it may be mentioned that the students of Class IX & X of our school will be enough to arrange a cultural function. Moreover we want to decorate our school with different festoons and placards to uphold our cultural values. May we, therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind and convinced enough to consider our prayer and permit us to celebrate the Pahela Baishakh in the school premises and oblige us thereby. We remain Sir, Your most obedient pupils The students of Class IX Model -2 Write an application to the Principal of your college praying for permission to hold/ arrange a Baishakhi Mela on your college premises on the occasion of Phahela Baishakh. 10 May 2021 The Principal, Nabinagor Mohila College, Nabinagor, Brahmanbaria. Subject : Prayer of permission to arrange a Baishakhi Mela. Sir, With due respect and humble submission, I, on behalf of the students of your college, beg to state that ours is a very old and big college in the district. It is reputed both for good results and cultural activities/ functions. Every year, we hold various cultural functions/ programmes on the different occasions of the year on our college compound. This time too, we wish to arrange (hold) a Baishakhi Mela on the occasion of the Pahela Baishakh in our college compound in order to welcome the happy Bangla New Year. Our honourable Bangla, English, history and cultural teachers have given their kind consent at this. A Baishakhi Mela has a- great significance/ importance  both in our social and national life. It reminds our past glorious tradition, rich arts and old cultures. Its removes the monotony of hard work, enriches our rational attitude   and roots out social superstition. So, a Baishakhi Mela is also an important part of true education. I, therefore, pray and hope that you would kindly allow us to hold a Baishaki Mela on our college premises (campus) so that we may broaden out look to overcome any struggles and competitions in life successfully. I remain, Sir, Yours obediently, Saleh Bin Sad, Class-XI, On behalf of the students of Nabinagor Mohila College. Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to the postmaster general requesting him to established a post office in your locality 10 January 2022 To The Postmaster General, Government of the People’s Republic in Bangladesh, Dhaka. Subject: - prayer for the establishment of a post office. Sir, We, the inhabitants of the village, Monohorpur in the district of Lakshmipur, have the honour to lay before you the following prayer for favour of your kind consideration and immediate action. Ours is a big village with a population of nearly two thousand. Unfortunately, we have no post office as yet in our village. As the nearest post office stands about three miles away from our village, we are to walk a long distance to post the letters, registers, parcels and to buy post cards, envelopes, stamps etc. The situation gets worse in the rains when the village roads become submerged and the postman finds it difficult to perform his normal duties. In the above circumstances we, therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to take necessary step for setting up a branch post office in our village in order to remove the inconveniences to the villagers and for which act of kindness we shall remain ever grateful to you. Yours faithfully, A, B, C…..and M On behalf of the people of Monohor pur. Model -2 10 January 2022 To The Postmaster General, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Subject: Request for the Establishment of a Post Office Sir, We, the residents of Monohorpur village in the district of Lakshmipur, respectfully submit the following prayer for your kind consideration and prompt action. Our village, with a population of nearly two thousand inhabitants, currently lacks a post office facility. The nearest post office is located approximately three miles away, necessitating a considerable journey for the villagers to access essential postal services such as mailing letters, parcels, and purchasing postage materials like postcards, envelopes, and stamps. This inconvenience is exacerbated during the rainy season when village roads become submerged, making it challenging for the postman to fulfill his duties. In light of these circumstances, we earnestly request your intervention in establishing a branch post office in our village. The establishment of such a facility would greatly alleviate the inconveniences faced by the villagers, ensuring easier access to postal services and facilitating smoother communication within the community. We humbly appeal to your kindness and generosity to take the necessary steps to establish a post office branch in our village. Your assistance in this matter would be deeply appreciated by the residents of Monohorpur, and we would remain ever grateful for your support. Yours faithfully, [Signatures of A, B, C…..and M] On behalf of the people of Monohorpur. Model -3 Suppose, you are the inhabitants of a village. But the people of your village suffer for want of a post office. The existing post office is three miles away from your village. Now, write an application to the Postmaster General requesting him to establish a Post Office. 5th January, 2021 The Postmaster General, Chittagong Circle, Chittagong. Sub: Prayer for establishment a Post Office. Sir, We, the inhabitants of the village of Noapara under P.S. Raozan, beg to approach you most humbly and respectfully with the prayer and hope that it will be met with a kind consideration and immediate action. More than five thousand people live in this village. They are farmers, service holders, businessmen, teachers and so on. It is a matter of great sorrow that the existing post office is three miles away from this village. One postman has to deliver letters to three villages. Very often there are irregularities in the delivery of letters. People have to go a long distance to buy envelopes, to post letters and to send money orders. That is to say, we have been suffering greatly for want of a post office in our village. In the above circumstances, we hope and pray that you would be kind enough to take necessary steps to establish a post office in our village and thus oblige thereby. Yours faithfully, Md. Tanvir Ahmed, On behalf of the villagers. Write an application to the Postmaster General requesting him to open a post office at your locality. The 17th May, 2021 The Postmaster General, Chittagong District, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for opening post office at your locality. Sir, We, the people of ‘X’ ward under P.S. Kotowali in the district of Chittagong most respectfully like to draw your kind and sympathetic consideration. The inhabitants of our locality are literate and most of them are service holders. They send letters, parcels and money-orders to their respective kith and kin. As there is no post office in our ward, we have to take the trouble of traversing every now and then a distance of two miles. As a consequence the addressees do not get things in time. In these circumstances, we solicit the favour of your kindly making an enquiry into the resources of our area and then taking steps that are sure to lead to the opening of a post office at our locality. We have the honour to be, Madam Yours most faithfully Abidur Rahman On behalf of the inhabitants of ‘X’ Ward Write an application to the Postmaster General requesting him to open a sub-post office at your locality. To The Postmaster General, Chittagong District, Chittagong. Subject: prayer for opening sub - post office at your locality. Sir, We, the people of ‘X’ ward under P.S. Kotowali in the district of Chittagong most resectfully like to approach your kind and sympathetic consideration. The inhabitants of our locality are literate and most of them are service holders. They send letters, parcels and money-orders to their respective kith and kin. As there is no post office in our ward, we have to take the trouble of traversing every now and then a distance of two miles. As a consequence the addressees do not get things in time. In these circumstances, we solicit the favour of your kindly making an enquiry into the resources of our area and then taking steps that are sure to lead to the opening of a sub - post office at our locality. We have the honour to be, Sir, Abidur Rahman Yours most faithfully Abidur Rahman on behalf of the inhabitants of ‘X’ Ward. Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write a letter asking for further information about a tour. 20 February 2021 The Manager Unique Tour Company Ltd. 20/A Banani, Dhaka. Sub : Asking for further information Dear Sir, Having known from your advertisement published in ‘The Daily Star’ of the 16th February, 2021, I came to know that you are offering a great scope to have a package tour in Cox’s Bazar. For long since I was cherishing the desire to go to Cox’s Bazar but could not manage. If I get any scope, I won’t miss it. So I need further information about the tour. I want to know about the tourist spots, transportation system, number of people in the package, total cost, facilities etc. Is there snack arrangements also? I expect that you would reply my letter as soon as possible to all my queries. I am looking forward to your reply. With thanks. Yours sincerely, Abidur Rahman Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 1.   Write an application to your Headmaster requesting him to form a committee with the teachers and students for collecting relief goods for the flood affected people. To The Headmaster, PROGATI High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for permission to form a committee for collecting relief. Sir, We have the honour to inform you that several villages around our school have been floating over flood water. Many flood victims have taken shelter on different high lands and in various educational institutions. Many men, women and children have been going without food and medicine for a few days. The sufferings of the helpless children for want of food and pure drinking water know no bounds. From the humanitarian point of view, I think that we should try our best to help the people whose lives have been endangered by this sudden natural calamity. In the circumstances, we fervently pray and hope that you would be kind enough to form a committee with the teachers and students for collecting relief goods from different sections of solvent and large hearted persons for distribution among the flood affected people. We remain Sir, Your most obedient Md. Kazi Nazrul Islam, Class X, Sec. A, Roll No. 1 Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to the Headmaster of your school for a computer course this year in your school. The 29th May, 2021 To The Headmaster, SUBSTANTIAL High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for introducing computer course this year in our school. Sir, Most respectfully and humbly, we, the students of class IX / X of your school, would like to draw your kind attention to the following fact for your kind consideration and necessary action. Our school is one of the reputed ones in the district. We have all the modern facilities for learning. But unfortunately in our school we don’t have the scope of learning computer operation which is an indispensable part of modern education. It is an age of science. Computer is the greatest contribution of this age. Every aspect of human life is being influenced by computer. Education without knowledge of computer operation remains incomplete. In these circumstances we urgently feel the need of a computer course included in our projected curriculum. Hopefully it will increase our potentialities and reputation of our school outside. May we, therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to realise the situation and regulate a computer course in school syllabus from this year and oblige thereby. We remain Sir, Your most obedient pupils The students of Class IX / X Model -2 Write an application to the headmaster of your school for more facilities of learning computer in your school. The 29th May, 2021 To The Headmaster, PROGATI High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for more facilities of learning computer in our school. Sir, Most respectfully and humbly, we, the students of class VIII / IX / X of your school, would like to draw your kind attention to the following fact for your kind consideration and necessary action. Our school is one of the reputed ones in the district. We have all the modern facilities for learning including a computer laboratory in our school. But the facilities regarding computer learning we have is not meeting the demand of all the students. The students of different classes cannot avail themselves of learning computer at a time in the class. Scarcity of computer sets are felt. Moreover, more equipments relating to computer learning are also needed. More computer instructors are also needed. All these problems make us feel to think the necessity of more facilities of learning computer in our school. May we, therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to realise the situation and take the necessary steps so that the students of our school can get more facilities of learning computer in our school and oblige thereby. We remain Sir, Your most obedient pupils The students of Class IX / X Email

Letter Application Model-1 Model -2 Write an application the Headmistress of your school for arrangement English Special Coaching at school. The 29th May, 2009 The Headmaster, PROGATI High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for arrangement English Special Coaching at school. Sir, With due respect and humble submission we, the students of Class IX / X would like to let you know that we are badly in need of a supplementary Programme on English Language Special Coaching in our school. As an international language, English is very much important for us. There is none who can deny the importance of this language in our day-today life. But still there are students who can’t use English, especially in speaking. As you know, writing skill in a language is not enough for any student. At the same time, speaking is a must. Though the students of our school are going on with their course of learning English, they do not pay importance to speak the language. As a result, they lack the speaking efficiency. In this context, we feel the necessity of having and undertaking supplementary Programme on English Language Special Coaching to make the students efficient in language skills. We, therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind and convinced enough to realise the situation and take the necessary steps to run a supplementary Programme on English Language Special Coaching for which we shall be ever grateful. We remain Sir, Yours most obediently, Abidur Rahman On behalf of the students of Class IX / X of PROGATI High School. Email

Write an application to the U.N.O. praying for electrification in your locality. 20 June, 2021 The U.N.O. 4shugonj Upazila, B. Baria. Subject : Prayer for electrification in our village/ locality. Sir, I, on behalf of the inhabitants of village Bahadurpur under your Upazila, beg most respectfully to state that ours is an old and big village. About ten thousand people live here. The village is rich in cultural activities and education. There are a good number of educational institutions, apost office, a branch of an Agricultural Bank, a branch of a Grameen Bank and a charitable dispensary in our village. But it Is a great regret that still our village has not been brought tinder Rural Electrification Programme In this modern age electricity is a tithing force. Modern life can not be thought of without electricity which is a great of modern science. So our villagers are deprived of comfortable and easy life. Besides, they can not enjoy various interesting and educative programmes on television screen for want of electricity but today television is a great source of enjoyment and So, the supply of electricity is a must in our village immediately. On behalf of all the residents, I request you to take action to electrify  our village as soon as possible. We would be very grateful to you. Best Regards Mohamad Sharif On behalf of The inhabitants of Bahadurpur

Write an application to the Headmaster/Headmistress of your school praying for dismissal the classes declaring the day a rainy day. 20 April 2022 To The Headmaster, PROGATI High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for Dismissal of Classes Sir, With due respect, we would like to draw your kind attention to our humble prayer for your consideration and necessary action. As you are aware, today is marked by stormy and rainy weather. Despite these unfavorable conditions, the students have managed to reach school. However, it is regrettable to inform you that the majority of our students' clothing is completely soaked with water due to the heavy rain. In such an unhealthy and uncomfortable situation, we find it challenging to focus and participate effectively in our classes. Therefore, we earnestly pray and hope that you would kindly understand our predicament and consider dismissing the classes for the day, declaring it a rainy day. This decision would greatly alleviate the discomfort and inconvenience faced by the students. We remain, The students of PROGATI High School.

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to the Principal of your college asking for permission to set up a cricket club in your college compound. December 10, 2021 The Principal, Isphahani Public School & College, Comilla, Bangladesh. Subject : Prayer for setting up a cricket club Sir, With due honour and humble submission, I. on behalf of the students of your college, beg to state that ours is a very popular and big college in this city. More than 2000 students both male and female are studying here now. It has a good reputation for standard education, good results and co- curricular activities. Most of the students are very fond of sports and games. Our college cricket team became champion in the last Inter College Cricket Tournament. Really it is agreat glory to our college. But it is regret that there is no cricket club for us in our renowned (reputed) college. A cricket club is a also an important - part of a college. It can help our young learners to play well. Today cricket is one of the most popular games all over the world. The game has a great value and utility in our life. It helps to remove the monotony of routine life and gives us joy pleasure. It also helps to promote our outlook and creates brother-hood and good relations among the different societies and nations of the world. Cricket is also a good form of exercise. Our game and physical teachers, have given their kind consent ('tom W9F this. I, therefore, pray and hope that you would kindly permit and sanction us taka 20,000 to set up a cricket club in our college so that we may bring a great glory to our college by playing cricket well. I remain, Sir, Yours obediently, Shafiq On behalf of the students of Isphahani Public School & College Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write a letter to Greenpeace informing them about the present condition of your environment. To The Greenpeace, United Kingdom. Subject: Present environmental condition of Chittagong. Dear Sir, I am an inhabitant of Chittagong of Bangladesh. I would like to inform you about the present condition of my district. It is a port city. Sea, hills, and rivers have beautified this place. But now- a-days, our environment is being polluted in many ways. Trees and hills are cut down indiscriminately. Industries are dumping their waste in the rivers and canals. They are also emitting smoke seriously. People are dumping domestic waste here and there. But the authority is not taking any step to check the environmental pollution. Reports are published in the dailies about the deforestation of our locality. In these circumstances, I earnestly request you to find a way to check the pollution of our locality through discussing with the concerned authority. Thanking you. Sincerely yours, Hasan Mahmmud Halishohor Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH IN BANGLADESH 5 May 2021 The Editor The Daily Star Karwan Bazar, Dhaka Subject : Importance of communicative skills in English. Dear Sir I would like to request you to publish the following article in your esteemed daily and oblige me thereby. Sincerely yours Sazzad Asif IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH IN BANGLADESH Bangladesh is a developing country. To ensure development in all spheres of life, communication plays a vital role. Since English is the international language, we must improve our skills in English to maintain relation with other parts of the world. Now the world is a global village. Students every year intends to take scopes of scholarship in abroad. But having lack of skills in English they face various obstacles. Even in our country, many offices want job seekers to be skilled in English. Communicative English is now a pre-requisite of the modern era. So, the educational institutions and the village teachers should take proper steps to improve the standard of communicative English in Bangladesh. Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 You do not have a children's park, so you want to establish a children's park for the mental refreshment of the children. Now, write an application to the Mayor of the Municipal Corporation drawing his attention to the need of a Children's Park in your area. 5th January, 2021 The Mayor, Chittagong Municipal Corporation, Chittagong. Sub. Prayer for a Children's Park. Sir, We, the inhabitants of Lalkhan Bazar under Khulshi, most respectfully to approach you with the prayer and hope that you would be kind enough to consider our prayer with sympathy. About fifteen thousand people live in our area. Unfortunately, there is no children's park in this area. As children are the Future hope of the nation, we should take care for their mental and physical growth. It is needless to say that they need recreational facilities for their mental refreshment. They do not find any place where they can play freely. A park in this area will surely open a new dimension for our children. We, therefore, pray and hope that you will make necessary arrangements for the establishment of a children's park in a most suitable place of our locality for the interest of the children. We have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obediently, Yasir Arafat On behalf of the inhabitants of Lalkhan Bazar. Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 Suppose you have passed the S.S.C. exam. this year. Your father has died recently and so you are badly in need of a job. Now, write an application to the Headmaster of your school for a Character Certificate. 10th January, 2021 The Headmaster, Saint Placids High School, Patherghata, Chittagong. Sub : Prayer for a Character Certificate. Sir, Most respectfully, I beg to approach you with the following prayer for the favour of your kind consideration. That I had been a student of your school for the last five years and passed the S.S.C. Examination of the B.I.S.E. Chittagong and was placed in the First Division in 2020. Unfortunately, my father having died recently, I am unable to continue my studies. I am compelled to look for some employments. So, I am badly in need of a character certificate from you mentioning my good moral character and excellent conduct. I, therefore, humbly pray to you to be kind enough to issue me a character certificate as early as possible and for which act of your kindness, I shall remain ever grateful to you. I remain, Sir, Your most obedient pupil, Jashim Uddin. Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to your Headmistress of your school praying for changing your section. To The Headmistress, SUBSTANTIAL High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for changing section. Madam, Most respectfully and humbly, I would like to draw your kind attention to the fact that I am a student of Class VIII / IX / X; Section ‘A’ in your school. The number of students of Section ‘A’ in our class is very big and there is always a great noise. As a result, we cannot listen to our teachers and concentrate on our studies. Meanwhile, I have come to know that the number of students of Section ‘B’ is small. So, I want to change my section where I can get a congenial atmosphere to attend my classes minutely. Under these circumstances, I therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to allow me changing my section for which I shall be grateful. I remain Madam, Your most obedient pupil, Abidur Rahman Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to your Headmaster requesting him to celebrate the “Cleanliness Day” in your school. To The Headmaster, SUBSTANTIAL High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for permission to celebrate the “Cleanliness Day” Sir, Most respectfully and humbly we would like to draw your kind attention to the following fact for your kind consideration.. We, the students of your school are very much willing to celebrate the “Celebration Day” in our school. Cleanliness is an essential virtue. It is said that cleanliness is next to godliness. By celebrating this day, we can grow awareness among the students of the necessity of cleanliness. In this regard we can arrange a seminar, an essay competition and a cultural programme in our school. We think this celebration of the day would help the students as well as their guardians to the conscious about cleanliness. We therefore, pay and hope that your honour would be kind and convinced enough to permit us to celebrate the “Cleanliness Day” in our school for the greater benefit of the students and the nation. We remain Sir, Your most obedient pupils, The students of Class IX/ X Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application the Headmistress of your school for arranging a sight seeing tour. To The Headmaster, SUBSTANTIAL High School, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for arranging a sight seeing tour. Sir, Most respectfully and humbly, we, the students of Class VIII / IX / X of your school would like to draw your kind attention to the following facts for favour of your kind consideration. Our final examination is just over. Now we are quite free. So we want to go on a tour for sight seeing and to increase our outlook. We feel that we should know our country and learn a lot about important places and the people living there. Mere bookish knowledge does not satisfy us unless we see things with our own eyes. So, we have decided to go to Maynamati at Comilla and the tea­gardens at Sylhet. Our history and geography teachers have given their kind consent. This tour may cost near about Tk.12000/. We can manage half of the total expenditure by subscription. Yet we require the other half. We, therefore, earnestly request your gracious honour that you would be kind enough to allow us to make the tour and sanction us an amount to Tk. 6000/- from the school fund for the purpose and oblige us thereby. We remainSir, Your most obedient pupils,The students of Class Model -2 Email

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to your headmaster for an English newspaper for your common room. 15 March 2022 The Headmaster Mymensingh Zilla School, Mymensingh Subject : Application for the allotment of an English Newspaper Sir We, the students of your school, would like to state that there is no English newspaper in our school common room. Reading English newspaper helps the learners master four skills of English language. It is, therefore, hoped that you would be kind enough to take necessary steps for sanctioning an English newspaper for our common room. Yours obediently The students of class X Model -2 18 December 2022 The Headmaster, Mymensingh Zilla School, Mymensingh. Subject: Request for Provision of an English Newspaper Restpected Sir, We, the students of class X at Mymensingh Zilla School, wish to bring to your attention a significant gap in the resources available to us within our school premises. We have noticed the absence of an English newspaper in our school's common room. As students striving to improve our proficiency in the English language, we recognize the importance of regular exposure to English language materials. Reading English newspapers not only enhances our vocabulary but also helps us develop all four language skills: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Therefore, we respectfully request your assistance in providing an English newspaper for our common room. Access to this resource would greatly contribute to our language learning efforts and support our academic growth. We are hopeful that you will consider our request and take the necessary steps to ensure the provision of an English newspaper in our school's common room. Thank you for your attention to this matter. We look forward to your favorable response. Yours obediently, The Students of Class X Mymensingh Zilla School Email

Paragraph Writing Our National Flag The flag which denotes the freedom and sovereignty of a nation is known as a national flag. The national flag of Bangladesh is bottle green in color and rectangular in size with the length to width ratio of 10:6. It bears a red circle on the background of green. The color in the background represents the vitality, youthfulness and greenery of Bangladesh while the red circle symbolizes the rising sun and the sacrifice of lives in our freedom fight in the Liberation War of 1971. The national flag was designed by painter Kamrul Hasan. Its size is confined to10:6. It was first hoisted on the March 3, 1971 by ASM Abdur Rab at the historic ‘Bat tala’ in Dhaka University  campus. It is hoisted at govt. offices, semi-government, self-autonomous buildings, educational institutes etc every day. But it is kept at half-mast on any national or international mourning days. Our glorious national flag was purchased at too great a price at the cost of a sea of blood. The national flag of Bangladesh is our pride. Our feeling about the flag is very sensational and respectful. When we see our national flag, our heart is fulfilled with joy and respect. We bow down our heads towards it. Our duty towards it should be responsible and sacrificial. We should take an oath that we must save the honor and dignity of this flag even instead of our lives. The flag is the source of spirit, hope and inspiration. Model Answer-2 Advanced Our National Flag A national flag is a symbol of a country's independence and sovereignty. The national flag of Bangladesh, designed by painter Kamrul Hasan, is a rectangular shape with a length to width ratio of 10:6 and is colored bottle green with a red circle in the center. The green represents the youthful and vibrant nature of Bangladesh, while the red circle represents the rising sun and the sacrifices made during the Liberation War of 1971. The national flag was first raised on March 3, 1971, at the historic 'Bat tala' in the Dhaka University campus by ASM Abdur Rab. It is hoisted every day at government offices, semi-government and autonomous buildings, educational institutes, and other important locations. However, the national flag of Bangladesh is not merely a symbol; it represents the sacrifices of those who fought for the country's independence. As a result, it is not just a source of pride but also of great respect and honor. It is our duty to treat the flag with reverence and to protect its honor at all costs. When we see the national flag, we feel a sense of hope and inspiration. It reminds us of the sacrifices that were made to gain independence and inspires us to work towards a better future for our country. In times of national mourning, the flag is flown at half-mast to honor the memory of those who have passed away.In conclusion, the national flag of Bangladesh represents the pride, honor, and dignity of the country. It serves as a source of inspiration and hope for the people of Bangladesh and reminds us of the sacrifices made for the country's independence. We should treat the national flag with the utmost respect and protect its honor at all costs. Model Answer-3 OUR NATIONAL FLAG A national flag is not merely a piece of cloth but is a symbol of the love we have for our country. When the national flag is hoisted full mast, we feel proud of it. To the outside world, the national flag carries the identity of our nation. Our national flag has a proportion of 5:3; that is the width of the flag must be three fifths of the length. The design of our flag is a two-colour combination ---- red and green. The green colour is the background in the middle of which is pasted a red circle. The red circle indicates a burning sun and the green background suggests the lush green of our nature. The red sun also suggests the blood sacrificed by our people in achieving the independence. The green colour on the other hand shows the energy of our people. A great sense of honour is attached to the national flag. It is never to be desecrated. The more a country prospers, the more a national flag gains in dignity. It is our hope and aspiration that our national flag will earn a global recognition in future. National Flag Every free country has its own National flag. Bangladesh is also a free country. So we have our own national flag. The proportion of the length and breadth is 10 : 6 and the radius of the flag is one fifth of its length. It symbolises our sovereignty, integrity and freedom. It has a grass-green background with a red sun placed at the centre. The green background means the eternal green of Bangladesh. The red sun is the symbol of a new born nation. It depicts the bloody war of independence. The sun also means a rising nation. Everyone pays respect to his national flag. A national flag can be a great inspiration to everyone who loves his country. The national flag is sacred. It represents our country's honour. It is hoisted on solemn occasions. But unfortunately, we are using this flag on trivial occasions. Consequently, most people do not show due respect to It. They disrespect their own country. So, the Government should protect it and we should honour our motherland by showing proper respect to our national flag. National Flag A national flag serves as a powerful emblem of a country's sovereignty and distinctive identity on the global stage. It is a visual representation that introduces a nation to the world, symbolizing its pride and heritage. Bangladesh, like all independent countries, boasts its own national flag, which holds significant historical and cultural significance. The creation of Bangladesh in 1971 marked a momentous milestone in its history, accompanied by the unveiling of its national flag. Our flag features a vibrant green background adorned with a bold red circle at its center. The green color embodies the youthful vitality and serenity of our nation, while the red circle represents the sun of freedom that illuminates our path towards progress and prosperity. Designed by the renowned artist Quamrul Hassan, our national flag adheres to specific proportions, with a length-to-width ratio of 10:6 and a red sun with a radius equal to one-fifth of the flag's length. The flag holds great significance and is proudly displayed on government office buildings, Bangladesh High Commissions abroad, and even at the United Nations. Additionally, our national flag serves as a symbol of honor for our armed forces, proudly borne by our personnel during peacekeeping missions abroad. It adorns the vehicles of our esteemed leaders, including the President, Prime Minister, and Ministers, symbolizing their commitment to upholding our nation's integrity and values. As citizens of Bangladesh, it is our collective responsibility to preserve the honor and dignity of our national flag, ensuring that it remains a source of pride and inspiration for generations to come. Composition / Essay Writing OUR NATIONAL FLAG Every independent country in this world has a national flag of its own. A national flag bears the identity of a nation. Bangladesh is our country and we have our national flag. It is not merely a piece of cloth but is symbol of love we have for our country. When the national flag is hoisted full mast, we feel proud of it. To the outside world, the national flag carries the identity of our nation. The size of our national flag is rectangular. The student ratio of its length and width is 5:3. There is a red circle in the middle of the green flag. The radius of this red circle must be one fifth of the total length of the flag. The late Kamrul Hasan, one of the reputed artists of the country, designed our national flag. The flag bears a significant meaning. The design of our flag is a two-colour combination. It is often made of cloth. Against a broad green background is pasted a red circle in the middle. The red circle indicates a burning sun and the green background suggests the lush green of our nature. There red sun also suggests the blood sacrificed by our people in achieving the independence. The green colour on the other hand shows the energy of our people. Our national flag is not achieved in a day or two. We had to wait for quite a long time to achieve it. After a nine-month long blood shedding war in 1971, we, the Bangalees could own this sacred flag. Our national flag is dearer, holier and more precious to us than any other earthly possessions. It represents our way of living and traits that we adopt. It has established us in the world as a nation of freedom fighting. A great sense of honour is attached to the national flag. It is never to be desecrated. So we ought to preserve its prestige. We should show respect to it. Nay, we should be determined to defend it even at the cost of our lives. When the flag is hoisted, we all stand up and sing our national anthem to pay respect to it. The national flag is hoisted regularly on the working days in schools, colleges, offices and courts of the country. It is brought down before the sundown. The more a country prospers the more a national flag gains in dignity. One only hopes that the Bangladesh national flag will earn a global recognition in future. OUR NATIONAL FLAG Introduction: The national flag is the symbol of independence of a nation. Every independent country of the world has its separate national flag. We are also an independent nation. The name of our country is Bangladesh and we are Bangladeshi by nation. So, we have a national flag of our own. Its size, length and breadth:  Our national flag is very beautiful to look at. It is rectangular in size, the length and the breadth being 5:3 in proportion. There is a rounded red portion in the middle. The remaining portion is deep green in colour. Meaning conveyed by the flag : Our national flag conveys a deep meaning. The green portion denotes freshness and liveliness. Therising sun indicates the bloody sacrifice of the fallen for our motherland and our promising life and prosperity in future. When the flag is hoisted, it looks very nice and inspiring. It appears that a red sun is shining on a land full of green crops. Its use: Our national flag is generally hoisted on top of all the government offices, high courts, secretariat building, Bangabhaban. On the national Independence Day and Victory Day it is hoisted at full mast. But on the mourning day such as Language Movement Day it is hoisted at half mast. Its misuse: The national flag is sometimes seen to be used lightly and indiscriminately as if it were a mere plaything like a toy flag in the hand of a child. It is to be deeply regretted that our people are often found wanting in this respect. We sometimes find torn or soiled national flags on house tops and cars, even in dust-heaps. We also sometimes find these flags in the hands of demonstrators marching along the streets. All these prove that the offenders are not conscious of the sanctity of the National flag. How it should be used : As the National flag is the symbol of the country’s honour, great care is to be taken in using it. It is to be regarded as something holy, and should, therefore, be kept above all internal controversies---------------- political or religious or ideological. Theremay be quarrels in between parties and groups, but there can be no quarrel with the National flag; all should bow down before it and keep its honour bright. It should not be lowered before anything. No other flag or emblem should be placed above the National flag or to its right. When carried in a procession, it is to be borne on the right shoulder of the standard- bearer and carried in front of the procession. Conclusion: To every independent nation, its flag is dearer, holier and more valuable than all other earthly possessions. The national flag is the symbol of the honour and ideal of the nation and as such it is held in the highest esteem by every patriot. So, we should remain ever-ready to die for its defence if necessary.

Paragraph Writing My Favorite Sportsman My favorite sportsman is Lionel Messi. He is a professional soccer player from Argentina who has captured the hearts of millions around the world with his extraordinary talent and humble demeanor. Messi's journey to becoming one of the greatest soccer players of all time is truly inspirational. Despite facing challenges such as being diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency as a child, Messi never gave up on his dream of playing soccer professionally. His perseverance and dedication to the sport are admirable qualities that I deeply respect. What sets Messi apart from other players is his incredible skill on the field. His dribbling ability, precise passing, and knack for scoring goals make him a joy to watch. Messi's vision and creativity on the field are unmatched, and he has the ability to change the course of a game with a single moment of brilliance. Off the field, Messi is known for his humility and generosity. Despite his immense success, he remains grounded and uses his platform to give back to the community through various charitable endeavors. Messi's impact on the world of soccer goes beyond his accomplishments on the field; he is a role model for aspiring athletes everywhere. As a fan, I feel fortunate to witness Messi's greatness and am grateful for the joy and excitement he brings to the beautiful game of soccer. My Favorite Sportsman One of my favorite sportsmen is Roger Federer. He's a Swiss tennis player who has captured the hearts of millions worldwide with his remarkable skills and graceful playing style. Federer's journey to becoming one of the greatest tennis players of all time is truly inspiring. His dedication, hard work, and passion for the game shine through every match he plays. What sets Federer apart is not just his talent on the court but also his sportsmanship and humility off it. He's known for his graciousness in both victory and defeat, earning him respect from fans and fellow players alike. Federer's achievements speak volumes about his extraordinary talent—he's won a record-breaking number of Grand Slam titles and held the world No. 1 ranking for a significant period. Beyond his achievements, Federer's charisma and demeanor have made him a role model for aspiring athletes around the world. He's not just a tennis player; he's a global icon who has transcended the sport. Federer's impact extends far beyond the tennis court—he's involved in numerous charitable endeavors and uses his platform to make a positive difference in the world. For these reasons and many more, Roger Federer will always be remembered as a true legend of the game. Composition / Essay Writing MY FAVOURITE SPORTS PERSON . The sports person who is very favourite to me is no other than Sachin Tendulkar, who is now in the first position as a batsman in the cricket world. He has some extra-ordinary qualities which attract me. He is very polite. He is very friendly and co-operative in the play field. I have not ever seen his misconduct with other players in the field. Whenever any problem arises, he tries to solve it in a peaceful way. He is compared to Bradman, king of batsmen in the world. Success of Indian team largely depends upon him. His batting has an extra-ordinary beauty. The audience get charmed when he bats. Everybody wishes to enjoy a good 4 or 6. The bowlers of opposite team count Tendulkar. Tendulkar is to them a threat. Any match between India and Pakistan is very important to the cricket loving people. Because every player plays with much seriousness to make his team win. The bowlers of Pakistani team always make Tendulkar target. They try their level best to bowl him out. And the game becomes enjoyable to the spectators. Sachin Tendulkar is also an amiable personality. Though he is counted as the greatest cricketer of the present cricket world there is no feeling of vanity in him. He always plays cricket with greatest seriousness and he delights the spectators with his unparallel techniqe of batting. As a bowler, he is also a threat to the opponents. His eversmiling face and boyish voice ravish the hearts of million cricket lovers. So Tendulkar is my favourite sportsman because of his good behaviour, his art of batting and his sportsman-like spirits. Always in my mind, I cherish the desire of his continuous success and good luck.

Paragraph Writing MY FAVOURITE BANGLADESHI FOOD Bangladesh is my native land. I have been nourished up with different types of food produced in this country. In different areas of Bangladesh, different types of food are eaten. They differ in names, not in contents. There are many items relating to rice. They are rice and fish, rice and dal, rice and khichuri. Polao and Biriani are my favourite. They are generally prepared and eaten occasionally. Many seasonal home made cakes are eaten in Bangladesh. They are called ‘pithas’. They are of different names, size and shape. Most mentionable cakes are Chital, Bhapa, Patisapta etc. I like the Patisapta very much. Actually the traditional food is very delicious. I like the cake made from date juice in the month of Paush and Magh. In winter, it is very nice to taste these cakes early in the morning. In Bangladesh many kinds of sweetmeats are found. They are made with milk and sugar. They are Khir, Rasogulla, Chamcham, Sandesh, Rasamalai, Zelapee. In spite of all these delicious food, I am still habituated in having rice and fish which is very common and favourite food in Bangladesh. MY FAVOURITE BANGLADESHI FOOD Bangladesh is my native land. I have been nourished up with different types of food produced in this country. In different areas of Bangladesh, different types of food are eaten. They differ in names, not in contents. There are many items relating to rice. They are rice and fish, rice and dal, rice and khichuri. Polao and Biriani are my favourite. They are generally prepared and eaten occasionally. Many seasonal home made cakes are eaten in Bangladesh. They are called ‘pithas’. They are of different names, size and shape. Most mentionable cakes are Chital, Bhapa, Patisapta etc. I like the Patisapta very much. Actually the traditional food is very delicious. I like the cake made from date juice in the month of Paush and Magh. In winter, it is very nice to taste early in the morning. In Bangladesh many kinds of sweetmeats are found. They are made with milk and sugar. They are Khir, Rasogulla, Chamcham, Sandesh, Rasamalai, Zelapiee. In spite of all these delicious food, I am still habituated in having rice and fish which is very common and favourite food in Bangladesh. Composition / Essay Writing My Favourite Bangladeshi Food The food which is liked most by anyone is said to be favourite food. As I am a Bangladeshi, I have been familiar with various types of Bangladeshi foods. My favourite Bangladeshi foods are rice, dal, fish, pitha, payesh, polao-korma, zarda, khichuri, muri, chira and panthabhath etc. Bangladesh is greatly known for pitha, payesh and phirni in our this subcontinent. These types of foods are prepared specially in the month of Agrahayan and Poush when new rice is obtained. Rice is husked and turned into powder which is needed in making pithas. Payesh, Phirni etc. are prepared from rice and then mixed with sugar and spices. It is really excellent to me. I am fond of polao and korma. These are prepared in a special occasion.Polao is prepared from Chinigura, Banshmoti, Gopalbhog and other nice scented rices. Panthabhat is my favourite food also. It is the cooked rice which is kept under water and eaten in the next morning with pipper, onion, fried fish etc. I like to eat fish everyday. The curry of fish is very dear to me. There are various types of fish like hilsha, rui, katla, brigade, koi, puti etc. These are very tasty fishes. Dal, muri, chira, khai are also my favourite food. Dal is prepared from milk and chira, muri, khai are prepared from rice. Naturally, I take these in the morning. These are also used in some pitha making. Bangladeshi foods are really tasty. Though most of them are not balanced diet, these are favourite to Bangladeshi people. As Bangladeshies are not health conscious, they don't bother for a balanced diet. So, I think logically and should take a balanced meal regularly.

Paragraph Writing Preserving Good Health Preserving good health is important for everyone. It means taking care of our bodies and minds so that we can stay strong and feel good. There are many things we can do to preserve our health. One of the most important things is to eat a balanced diet. This means eating different types of foods like fruits, vegetables, grains, and proteins to give our bodies the nutrients they need to function properly. It's also important to drink plenty of water and limit sugary drinks and snacks. Another important aspect of preserving good health is getting regular exercise. Exercise helps keep our muscles and bones strong, improves our mood, and reduces the risk of many diseases like heart disease and diabetes. We don't have to do intense workouts to stay healthy; even just going for a walk or playing outside can make a big difference. Getting enough sleep is also crucial for good health. Sleep helps our bodies rest and repair themselves, and it's important for our mental well-being too. Most adults need around 7-9 hours of sleep each night, while children and teenagers need even more. Taking care of our mental health is just as important as taking care of our physical health. This means finding ways to manage stress, like practicing relaxation techniques or talking to someone we trust when we're feeling overwhelmed. It also means making time for activities we enjoy and spending time with friends and family. Finally, it's important to see a doctor regularly for check-ups and screenings. This helps catch any potential health problems early so they can be treated before they get worse. It's also important to follow any medical advice or treatments prescribed by our doctors to stay healthy. In conclusion, preserving good health is about taking care of our bodies and minds by eating well, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, managing stress, and seeing a doctor regularly. By making these things a priority in our lives, we can stay healthy and happy for years to come. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing HEALTH IS WEALTH Introduction: There is a Latin saying, “Mens sana incorpore samo,” which means a sound mind in a sound body. A man who enjoys health can work to earn, to support himself and his family decently and independently and face the challenge of life. So health is wealth. Of all things on earth health is the most valuable. It is the source of all happiness. What is health : Health is the sound state of the body as well as of the mind. A healthy man must have soundness of mind as well as soundness of body. A person is not healthy if he has a big and strong body but a small and weak mind. People need to grow up physically, mentally, emotionally, socially and morally. To be healthy one must grow up in a balanced way . How to maintain good health: To keep good health one has to eat a balanced diet, drink clean water, take fresh air, rest properly and take physical exercise regularly. For the blessing of health one has to observe the rules of health and sanitation. For the retention of mental health one has to control one’s emotions and one has to have patience and respect for other people’s feelings. One has to be prepared to face reality dispassionately and behave socially. Mental peace enables one to build a sound health, on the other hand sound health also gives mental ease. So mind and body is interrelated to each other. To build a sound health care should be taken from the very childhood. One has to practise early rising, punctuality and perseverance to build a sound health from childhood to reap a good harvest in future. Benefit of sound health : Sound health enables one to work hard to earn money. A healthy farmer can produce more crops, a healthy worker can boost up production, a healthy teacher can create a healthy atmosphere for the students and a healthy administrator can run the administration smoothly. Loss for ill health: A man of ill health is not only a burden to the society or family but also to the whole nation. He cannot face the challenge of life with vigour and valour but hesitates because of his ill -health. Causes of ill health : Malnutrition is the main cause of ill health. Dirty food, unclean water and polluted air cause most of the diseases. Most people of our country do not get enough nutrition from what they eat. Many children become blind because of malnutrition. They can see neither the light of the sun nor the light of education. They live a life of misery and affliction and depend on the mercy of others. Flies carry germs of diseases like small pox, measles, diphtheria, etc. Mosquitoes transmit germs of malaria and elephantiasis. Diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery and typhoid spread through water. Tuberculosis and influenza spread through air. Prevention of the causes of ill health: It is well -known that prevention is better than cure. If health is once lost, it is extremely difficult to regain it. So we should be careful enough to observe and practise certain rules of health and sanitation for the preservation of health. We should know and follow the rules of health and make other people learn and follow them. We must not work at the cost of our health and must not sacrifice rest for the sake of work. We must be particular in respect of diet, rest and exercise. Smoking and drug addiction which are fatal to health must be given up . What to do in illness: If one is healthy, one enjoys a good and long life. If one is sick, one should consult a good physician and act upon his advice. It is always risky to take any medicine without the advice of a physician. If the disease is a serious one, the patient should be taken to the hospital without delay. Conclusion: Life without good health is boring and unbearable. It is often heard that a diseased person prefers death to life. He prays for early death to get relieved of the sufferings of ill health. So everyone should take care of his health. He should remember that for the preservation of health, balanced diet, fresh air and pure water, good shelter and cleanliness are essential. It is the duty of the state to ensure the basic needs of good health and sanitation.

Paragraph Writing Importance of Education Education serves as the backbone of a nation, playing a crucial role in its growth and development. Without educated individuals, a country cannot prosper. Formal education obtained in schools, colleges, and universities is essential for shaping our minds and preparing us to face life's challenges. The main goal of education is to enlighten individuals and help them reach their full potential. It teaches us how to make wise choices and guides us towards a fulfilling life. Education also enriches our minds, making us more aware of our rights and responsibilities while broadening our perspectives. Access to education is a basic necessity for human development. Countries with high rates of illiteracy often struggle with poor socio-economic conditions. Lack of education leads to ignorance about crucial matters like health, sanitation, and family planning. By providing education, we can empower individuals to lead healthier and more organized lives. Additionally, education teaches financial literacy, enabling individuals to earn and manage resources effectively. It equips us with the skills needed to fulfill our duties and develop a rational mindset. Furthermore, education fosters awareness of social issues, driving progress in society. In summary, education is essential for both personal growth and national advancement. It empowers individuals to overcome obstacles, fosters innovation, and builds a brighter future for all. By prioritizing education, we can pave the way for a more prosperous and equitable society. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing Importance of Education Education is essential for individuals and societies for several important reasons. Firstly, education provides individuals with knowledge and skills that are necessary for personal development and success in life. Through education, people learn how to read, write, and communicate effectively, which are fundamental skills needed to navigate the complexities of modern society. Education also equips individuals with critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, enabling them to analyze situations, make informed decisions, and adapt to changes in their environment. Moreover, education plays a crucial role in promoting social and economic development. Educated individuals are more likely to secure employment and earn higher incomes, leading to improved living standards for themselves and their families. Additionally, educated populations contribute to the growth of economies through increased productivity and innovation. Education also fosters social cohesion by promoting understanding, tolerance, and respect for diversity, which are essential for building inclusive and harmonious communities. Furthermore, education is key to addressing pressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. By providing people with knowledge about sustainable development practices, environmental conservation, and human rights, education empowers individuals to become agents of positive change in their communities and the world at large. Education also helps to reduce disparities in access to opportunities and resources, thereby promoting social justice and equality. EDUCATION IS THE BACKBONE OF A NATION No nation can prosper without the light of education. Any development of a nation cannot be expected without an educated population. The concept of education is much more significant than mere literacy. Education means the enrichment of head, hand and heart of a human being in a harmonious way. Education performs all- over development of a nation. It awakens the latent faculties o ' f people. An educated man knows how to become a good citizen of the country. He knows how to deal with others. Education makes a man perfect and dignified. An educated man has the qualities of kindness, good manners as well as vast knowledge and creativeness. His feelings are aroused at the suffering of a human being. Education can bring spiritual enlightment. It ennobles the soul. Educated people can enormously contribute to raise the standard of living. Thus an educated person is an assert to the nation. Student life is the best time to educate oneself -properly. An educated man cannot resort to corruption. An educated person cannot deceive others. He comes out of the narrowness of mind. He can perform a task in the right manner. So education is a pre­condition of building up a nation. Uneducated people are always liabilities to a nation. Therefore, education is essential for every human being. Each and everyone has to realise the truth. Students should be aware of their responsibilities. Otherwise, there will be no hope for the nation. Importance of Education Education holds immense importance for individuals and societies alike, serving as a cornerstone for personal and societal advancement. It plays a multifaceted role in shaping individuals and communities by imparting essential knowledge, fostering critical skills, and promoting social cohesion and economic development. Primarily, education empowers individuals by equipping them with the knowledge and skills necessary for personal growth and success. Basic literacy and numeracy skills are foundational to navigating the complexities of modern life, enabling individuals to communicate effectively, access information, and engage meaningfully in society. Furthermore, education cultivates critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, empowering individuals to analyze situations, make informed decisions, and adapt to changing circumstances with confidence. Additionally, education is a catalyst for social and economic progress. Educated individuals are better positioned to secure employment opportunities and achieve higher earning potential, leading to improved livelihoods and economic stability. Moreover, educated populations drive economic growth by contributing to productivity gains, technological innovation, and entrepreneurial endeavors. Furthermore, education fosters social cohesion by promoting empathy, understanding, and respect for diversity, thus fostering inclusive and harmonious communities. Moreover, education plays a pivotal role in addressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. By instilling knowledge about sustainable development, environmental conservation, and human rights, education empowers individuals to become agents of positive change in their communities and the world. Additionally, education serves as a tool for reducing disparities in access to opportunities and resources, thereby promoting social justice and equality on a global scale. In conclusion, education is indispensable for personal development, societal progress, and addressing pressing global issues. It equips individuals with the knowledge, skills, and values needed to navigate life's challenges, contribute meaningfully to society, and foster positive change. Therefore, investing in education is not only an investment in the future of individuals but also in the collective well-being and prosperity of societies worldwide.

Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing DISCIPLINE The word ‘discipline’ is derived from the Latin word ‘discere’ and its meaning is to learn. From the same word comes ‘disciple’- one who learns from a teacher. Discipline is therefore, the way one learns to live, grow and mature as a decent human being. It is a moral quality. It implies strict obedience to any system of rules for orderly conduct. Discipline is neither a value nor a goal. It is a working device by which the goal is achieved. The importance of discipline in every walk of life is undeniable. We can’t prosper in life without following it. Discipline is necessary in the first place for one’s moral life in order that it might not be swayed by passions, prejudices, temptations and other vices. The happiness of a family totally depends on the disciplined conduct of its members. A nation cannot flourish if the people don’t understand the value of discipline. We can’t learn our lesson well if there is no discipline in the schools. If the players in the playground don’t obey the rules of the game and the order of the captain, they are sure to lose the game. In fact discipline is the very basis of progress in every sphere, public or private. In the family, peace and happiness reign when the youngers obey their elders and everybody observes the established rules. If the members submit to no authority and do what they like, the family becomes a den of discord and unhappiness. Discipline in schools and colleges requires the regular preparation of lessons and learning correct behaviour in society etc. Without it, academic activities cannot run smoothly. It is also necessary for making promising students. We can develop our character and make progress in studies if we are disciplined. So, students should keep themselves away form creating disturbance in the educational institutions and obey and advice and instructions of their teachers whole-heartedly. In the play-ground too, the pleasure that a game gives to players as well as to spectators depends a great deal upon the observance of discipline by them. By maintaining discipline we can develop the spirit of group-loyalty, fellow-feeling, tolerance and mutual understanding. Even the best player or athlete can let down his team by being indisciplined or suddenly emotional. The importance of discipline among soldiers is known to all. Discipline is strictly followed in army. Every soldier has to carry out the orders of his commander without any argument. Only a disciplined army can bring victory in war. The affairs of a civil government as well cannot go on smoothly without discipline. In any organisation social, political, religious, economic and educational discipline is essential. It is essential for the growth and development of the concern. No industry can work smoothly without discipline among the workers. It must be maintained at home as well as at schools, colleges, factories, offices. Discipline in necessary for a state, for a whole nation for its prosperity and development. It is clear that discipline is the fundamental condition of success. It may be called the backbone of character. It is the key to prosperity of a man or a nation. Life, which is not consistent with discipline, is sure to ruin. As discipline is of the utmost importance for the stability of society we should try our best to practise it throughout our life. Advanced: DISCIPLINE Discipline, an etymological derivation from the Latin word 'discere', connotes the virtue of learning. It is a tool for shaping the conduct of an individual in society, and for instilling moral and ethical values. Discipline implies adherence to certain codes and regulations for maintaining order and stability in personal and communal life. The essence of discipline permeates every facet of human existence, and its indispensability cannot be overstated. An individual's moral and ethical compass is calibrated by the level of discipline they exhibit in their personal lives, as self-restraint and adherence to established rules, ensure that impulses, biases, and temptations are kept in check. A family unit also thrives when all members adhere to established norms of conduct, which fosters a sense of peace, stability, and progress. Similarly, in academic institutions, discipline underpins the quality of education that is imparted, as students' preparedness and adherence to learning protocols is vital to effective academic activities. Discipline in sports is necessary for ensuring that games are played within the rules and regulations governing them, as the success of the team hinges on adherence to the captain's orders, and the players' compliance with the rules of the game. Additionally, discipline helps to promote the values of teamwork, loyalty, tolerance, and mutual understanding, which are indispensable to successful sporting activities. In the military, discipline is a necessary component of the command structure, as every soldier must obey the orders of their superiors without question. An indisciplined army cannot be successful in battle, and it is therefore vital for soldiers to adhere to the established codes and regulations that ensure the success of military operations. The importance of discipline extends to all aspects of society, including politics, religion, economics, and education. It is an essential component of the success of any industry, as worker discipline is critical to the smooth functioning of factories and offices. In summary, discipline is a fundamental requirement for the growth and development of individuals and societies. In conclusion, discipline is not merely a value or goal, but a working tool that is critical to achieving set objectives. It underpins the character, stability, and prosperity of individuals and nations. Therefore, it is imperative that individuals, organizations, and societies practice discipline in all their affairs to ensure a stable and prosperous world for future generations. DISCIPLINE The word ‘discipline’ is derived from the Latin word ‘discere’ and its meaning is to learn. From the same word comes ‘disciple’- one who learns from a teacher. Discipline is therefore, the way one learns to live, grow and mature as a decent human being. It is a moral quality. It implies strict obedience to any system of rules for orderly conduct. Discipline is the law of Nature. Nature shows the glaring example of discipline. All heavenly bodies like the sun, the earth, the moon etc. more in their fixed orbit in a disciplined manner. Even days and nights are caused and the seasons are being changed without any beak for a minute. If these things did not move in a disciplined way, there would have been chaos and collision in Nature. Discipline is neither a value nor a goal. It is a working device by which the goal is achieved. The importance of discipline in every walk of life is undeniable. We can’t prosper in life without following it. Discipline is necessary in the first place for one’s moral life in order that it might not be swayed by passions, prejudices, temptations and other vices. The happiness of a family totally depends on the disciplined conduct of its members. A nation cannot flourish if the people don’t understand the value of discipline. We can’t learn our lesson well if there is no discipline in the schools. If the players in the playground don’t obey the rules of the game and the order of the captain, they are sure to lose the game. In fact discipline is the very basis of progress in every sphere, public or private. In the family, peace and happiness reign when the youngers obey their elders and everybody observes the established rules. If the members submit to no authority and do what they like, the family becomes a den of discord and unhappiness. Discipline in schools and colleges requires the regular preparation of lessons and learning correct behaviour in society etc. Without it, academic activities cannot run smoothly. It is also necessary for making promising students. We can develop our character and make progress in studies if we are disciplined. So, students should keep themselves away form creating disturbance in the educational institutions and obey and advice and instructions of their teachers whole-heartedly. In the play-ground too, the pleasure that a game gives to players as well as to spectators depends a great deal upon the observance of discipline by them. By maintaining discipline we can develop the spirit of group-loyalty, fellow-feeling, tolerance and mutual understanding. Even the best player or athlete can let down his team by being indisciplined or suddenly emotional. The importance of discipline among soldiers is known to all. Discipline is strictly followed in army. Every soldier has to carry out the orders of his commander without any argument. Only a disciplined army can bring victory in war. The affairs of a civil government as well cannot go on smoothly without discipline. Discipline is found in human body. The various organs of the body are co-operative with one another and disciplined for the growth and development of the whole body. Even the lower animals are disciplined. The life of the bees in a hive is much disciplined. All the bees obey the queen bees. The ant is also disciplined. They lead their life in a disciplined way. In any organisation social, political, religious, economic and educational discipline is essential. It is essential for the growth and development of the concern. No industry can work smoothly without discipline among the workers. It must be maintained at home as well as at schools, colleges, factories, offices. Discipline in necessary for a state, for a whole nation for its prosperity and development. Some take license for freedom. But they are quite different. Freedom means the right to do anything socially acceptable without causing any harm or inconvenience to others. Discipline means the decent way of exercising the right. Real freedom cannot be enjoyed in the absence of discipline. For example, a citizen has the right to vote for a deserving candidate in the election but if there is no discipline or law and order in the polling centre, he will fail to exercise his right or freedom to vote. So, we can say that there cannot be freedom or liberty without law or discipline. In fact, the freer a nation is, the greater is it s impact for rules and authority. It is clear that discipline is the fundamental condition of success. It may be called the backbone of character. It is the key to prosperity of a man or a nation. Life, which is not consistent with discipline, is sure to ruin. As discipline is of the utmost importance for the stability of society we should try our best to practise it throughout our life. DISCIPLINE The word ‘discipline’ is derived from the Latin word ‘discere’ and its meaning is to learn. From the same word comes ‘disciple’- one who learns from a teacher. Discipline is therefore, the way one learns to live, grow and mature as a decent human being. It is a moral quality. It implies strict obedience to any system of rules for orderly conduct. Discipline is neither a value nor a goal. It is a working device by which the goal is achieved. The importance of discipline in every walk of life is undeniable. We can’t prosper in life without following it. Discipline is necessary in the first place for one’s moral life in order that it might not be swayed by passions, prejudices, temptations and other vices. The happiness of a family totally depends on the disciplined conduct of its members. A nation cannot flourish if the people don’t understand the value of discipline. We can’t learn our lesson well if there is no discipline in the schools. If the players in the playground don’t obey the rules of the game and the order of the captain, they are sure to lose the game. In fact discipline is the very basis of progress in every sphere, public or private. In the family, peace and happiness reign when the youngers obey their elders and everybody observes the established rules. If the members submit to no authority and do what they like, the family becomes a den of discord and unhappiness. Discipline in schools and colleges requires the regular preparation of lessons and learning correct behaviour in society etc. Without it, academic activities cannot run smoothly. It is also necessary for making promising students. We can develop our character and make progress in studies if we are disciplined. So, students should keep themselves away form creating disturbance in the educational institutions and obey and advice and instructions of their teachers whole-heartedly. In the play-ground too, the pleasure that a game gives to players as well as to spectators depends a great deal upon the observance of discipline by them. By maintaining discipline we can develop the spirit of group-loyalty, fellow-feeling, tolerance and mutual understanding. Even the best player or athlete can let down his team by being indisciplined or suddenly emotional. The importance of discipline among soldiers is known to all. Discipline is strictly followed in army. Every soldier has to carry out the orders of his commander without any argument. Only a disciplined army can bring victory in war. The affairs of a civil government as well cannot go on smoothly without discipline. In any organisation social, political, religious, economic and educational discipline is essential. It is essential for the growth and development of the concern. No industry can work smoothly without discipline among the workers. It must be maintained at home as well as at schools, colleges, factories, offices. Discipline in necessary for a state, for a whole nation for its prosperity and development. It is clear that discipline is the fundamental condition of success. It may be called the backbone of character. It is the key to prosperity of a man or a nation. Life, which is not consistent with discipline, is sure to ruin. As discipline is of the utmost importance for the stability of society we should try our best to practise it throughout our life. Discipline Discipline means going by law and system. In order to do anything successfully, discipline is a must. Discipline is the precondition to success in life. The more a society is disciplined, the more developed they are in different fields of life. So we can easily say that the most disciplined nation is the most developed nation of his world. We should first realise the value of discipline and make our young generation feel its essentiality in life. But discipline should be practiced right from early in life. Habit of discipline cannot be formulated in a day. Discipline should start from early in the morning. We should practice getting up early in the morning. Getting up from bed early we should wash our teeth, say our prayer and take breakfast. We have also to take some physical exercise for keeping fine. Without discipline, we cannot have a good start in the day’s work. If one student doesn’t prepare his lessons well and attend his school in time he will cut a sorry figure in the exam. Again if there is no discipline in the family, the family will not run well. The office will be a scene of chaos. Likewise, a society will not function without the practice of discipline. So each and every, society has got to follow the laws, rules and regulations. Lack of discipline results in the complete chaos and confusion. Even the animals in the forest go by some natural laws for their existence. Lack of discipline reminds us of the situation where he animals fight with each other till death. Without discipline the society will cease to exist. Lack of discipline hinders our onward movement and makes us stagnant. Without discipline, a student cannot complete his education successfully. Discipline will save unnecessary wastage of money, man power and time. Being a poor country, we cannot afford the wastage of time, money and other resources. Discipline is the root of civilization. Every civilization has come through a long way of discipline. Strict adherence to discipline takes one to the summit of success. Again a society falls down into the abyss of darkness by indulging in indiscipline. Indiscipline is, in other word, lawlessness. Society and progress are synonymous and go together. Discipline We act according to certain rules and principles at all educational institutions, at home, in public life and everywhere. Discipline is the habit of action according to some rules an regulations. To abide by these rules and regulations perfectly everywhere may be called discipline. The word 'discipline' is derived from the Latin word 'DISCIPULUS' which means disciple. It has also another Latin origin 'DISCERE'which means to learn. A society without discipline is like a ship without a rudder. The whole universe is governed by strict laws. The sun, the moon, the earth and the planets move according to certain laws. Had there been no discipline in nature, the world would have been destroyed. Discipline is of great importance in every sphere of life. We can not prosper in this world without it. The peace or happiness of a family depends on the disciplined conduct of its members. In childhood, we do not know what is good for us. If we do as we like, there will be disorder and chaos in the society. Consequently, we shall be ruined, A nation can not rise if the people do not understand the value of discipline. If there is no discipline in the schools, colleges, universities, we can not learn our lessons well. Discipline is an essential condition for the progress of national life as well as human civilization. We must first learn the lesson of discipline at home. The younger one should follow the elders. The educational institutions teach dis­cipline. The students must listen to the teachers in the classroom. In the battle field, every soldier must obey the commander. It can also be learnt in the play ground. All the players must obey the captain. Discipline implies freedom but not licence. In the society, one can not do whatever one likes. If he does so, freedom becomes licence. Obedience to rules does not make a person slave, it makes it possible for him to enjoy freedom. Thus, we find that discipline is necessary in every walk of life. Indeed, it is the backbone of character. Those who try to bring us under discipline are our friends. Those who allow us to do what we like are our enemies. So, we should follow (cultivate) the rules of discipline from the very beginning of our life. Discipline or The Value of Discipline Introduction : Man is the best creation (creature) of Allah/God. Only he possesses (has) wisdom and knowledge. He is a social being. So he has to live with others in society and he has to build up relation with different communities, societies or nations, Besides, he has to adjust his activities with the society or different situations for different' purposes. So roan has to abide by different rules or laws in any field of life. The rules which regulate human Conduct and activities are known as discipline. So, discipline means obedience to the rules formed to regulate human conduct/manners. Its necessity-: Discipline is the key to success of life. No success or prosperity in any field is possible without discipline. So the pre-condition of a man's success or development is discipline. A man c.ai-ft do whatever he wishes. He has, to abide by the certain rules of a certain situation. Discipline is a must in all walks of life. If a man does what he wishes, there will be chaos, clashes and disorder in the society.Therefore, the value and the necessity of discipline is very great in every walk of life. - Discipline in the family : There is a good discipline in every family. All the members of the house must obey the head of the family. A disciplined family is a happy and successful one. There is no chaos or clashes or disturbance or any problem in a disciplined family. Again,, a family without discipline is bound to ruin today or tomorrow. Discipline in nature , Discipline is a divine process. We can see or observe discipline in every object of the nature. The earth, the moon and the stars move around the sun according to certain rules. The night appears (comes) after the day. Again, the reason comes one after another according to certain rules. All the objects of the nature maintain (abide by) discipline. So the nature teaches us the value of discipline. Discipline in lower animals : Even the lower animals are disciplined. The ant and the bee are the wonderful example of discipline. The life of the bee is well-disciplined. All the bees obey the queen bee. Therefore, some lower animals also can realise the value of discipline. Discipline in human body : Discipline is also found in human body. All the organs o., the body co-operate with one another for the grown and the development of the -whole body'. Discipline in academy : An educational institution is the best centre for teaching discipline. The student learn discipline there. The student have to carry out :he institution and obey their teachers. They can't do whatever they like r colleges. Discipline in the play-ground : Discipline is strictly maintained in the play-ground. A player has to abide by the rules of Aarnes and sports. He has to obey his captain and abide by the decision of the referee in the playground. Without discipline no team can win the game. Again, a tearn without discipline will sure lose the game. Discipline in the army : Discipline is also strictly maintained in the army. A soldier life is well-disciplined in any country. Discipline is a part and parcel in the army. Any danger or even death can't deter a soldier from carrying out the orders of his commanders in any situations. An army without discipline surely meet a defeat in the battlefield. Conclusion : The pre-condition of a peaceful, decent, happy and prosperous society is discipline. A life without discipline means full of disorder, chaos and anarchy. A disciplined life means a prosperous, peaceful, happy. life. Indiscipline brings disorder, chaos and ruin in life. Therefore, we always maintain discipline anywhere in order to lead a decent and long life. THE IMPORTANCE OF DISCIPLINE IN HUMAN LIFE Discipline may be defined as strict obedience to certain rules and regulations. Discipline in life is something like a capital without which no progress and prosperity can be achieved. Discipline is prevalent in Nature. The heavenly bodies move in order; the night follows day and vice versa. If there was no discipline, there would have been chaos in Nature. Discipline is taught in schools and colleges. The students have to follow certain rules of conduct while reading or playing. Much of a man's success depends on his disciplined activities. A well-disciplined life is a successful life. Discipline should be maintained at all costs in the institutions. The students must be disciplined. Strict discipline is imposed in the Armed Forces. Discipline is the essential condition of army life and without this the whole nation may be in danger. An ill-disciplined regiment may bring defeat while a disciplined group is sure to achieve victory. They are used to obeying the orders of their officers even at the cost of life. Discipline is valued in games and sports and the win or defeat of a team depends on how the players are trained. The orders of the skipper must be obeyed. That is the lesson of true sportsmanship. The importance of discipline cannot be overemphasized. In all organizations—religious, political, economic, social or educational—rules and regulations must be observed. Life without discipline is a ship without a rudder. It is the pre­condition for the growth of society and for the spread of civilization. Thus it is needless to underline how much important discipline is in public life. The people in politics who are at the helm of affairs are the guardians of the nation. The public leaders are the anchor-sheet of hopes and aspirations. If they do not abide by discipline, there will be chaos and confusion in all aspects of life and consequently, the state may come to a total collapse. So the imposition of strict discipline is a must for the uplift either for an individual or for a nation.

Paragraph Writing Composition / Essay Writing The communication system in Bangladesh Introduction: Communication in Bangladesh consists of water-ways, roads, highways and airways. There are also various means of transport if the country. Water transport: Of the various means of transport in Bangladesh water transport is the most important. Steamers, launches, and country boats are the common water transport. These carry people and goods from one place to another. Railways and Highways: Railways and highways connect all the districts of the country. Goods trains and trucks are used for carrying goods from one place to another. There are private and public bus services throughout the country. Besides these, rickshaws, baby-taxis, cycles and carts ply through the streets in the towns and cities. Airways: Bangladesh airways are run by Bangladesh Biman. It offers international as well as domestic service through regular flights. The entire important places o the country is connected with the capital city by air. Biman now travels to many countries of Asia Europe and Africa. Conditions of Our Transport System: Transport system is not fairly developed in our country. In the cities people have to spend a huge amount of money as rickshaw and baby –taxi fare. Town service buses and BRTC buses ply through the streets of the city. But their number is so small that one has to wait for hours to avail them. One cannot depend on a bus to go to one’s place of work in time. A man has to spend a big portion of his salary for rickshaw and other fares . A journey by train or bus is often troublesome. Along waterways the number of launches and steamers is not enough to carry the increasing population tof the country. Country boats take a long time to carry people and goods to long distance. Measures for Improvement: Our government has laid special emphasis on the improvement of communication system on the country. Rail cars have been introduced. A good number of buses have been imported. Some are being manufactured in the Progate Industries in Bangladesh. Cargo launches and passenger launches are being manufactured and assembled in the dock-yard at Narayanganj and Dhaka .We hope that at least the basic problems in the field of transport in Bangladesh will be solved in near future. Conclusion: The development of a country is judged by the standard of its transport. The better is the transport the greater is the standard of living in a country. It plays an important role in economic development. A good communication system can also check the price hike in the country. As our country is backward in transport, we cannot enjoy the fruits of the hard labor of our farmar. In particular place of the country pineapples , guavas, mangoes and other perishable items grow abundantly but lack of good transport does not allow them proper marketing. As a result, the farmers have to sell them below their production cost. The communication system in Bangladesh The communication system in Bangladesh has undergone significant development over the years, contributing to the country's socio-economic progress and connectivity with the global community. From traditional methods to modern technologies, Bangladesh has made strides in enhancing its communication infrastructure to meet the growing needs of its population. Telecommunication serves as the backbone of Bangladesh's communication system, with mobile phones being the most widely used means of communication. The country has experienced a rapid expansion of mobile networks, leading to increased accessibility and affordability of telecommunications services across urban and rural areas. Mobile operators offer a range of services, including voice calls, text messaging, mobile internet, and value-added services, making communication more convenient and efficient for the population. The internet has emerged as a vital component of Bangladesh's communication landscape, facilitating information sharing, online transactions, and digital connectivity. Internet penetration has increased significantly in recent years, driven by the expansion of broadband infrastructure and the availability of affordable internet plans. The government's Digital Bangladesh initiative aims to further accelerate the country's digital transformation by promoting internet access, digital literacy, and e-governance initiatives. In addition to mobile and internet services, Bangladesh has a well-established postal service that plays a crucial role in facilitating mail delivery and parcel services. The Bangladesh Postal Service operates a network of post offices throughout the country, offering a range of postal products and financial services to individuals and businesses. Furthermore, Bangladesh has made significant progress in the field of satellite communication and broadcasting. The country launched its first communications satellite, Bangabandhu-1, in 2018, providing enhanced connectivity and broadcasting services nationwide. The satellite has expanded access to television, radio, and internet services in remote and underserved areas, bridging the digital divide and promoting socio-economic development. The government plays a key role in regulating and overseeing the communication sector in Bangladesh, ensuring fair competition, consumer protection, and compliance with regulatory standards. The Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) serves as the regulatory authority responsible for licensing, spectrum management, and policy formulation in the telecommunications sector. Overall, the communication system in Bangladesh continues to evolve and adapt to emerging technologies and changing consumer preferences. With ongoing investments in infrastructure development, digital innovation, and regulatory reforms, Bangladesh is well-positioned to further enhance its communication capabilities and contribute to the country's growth and development in the years to come.

Rules of Tag Questions Tag Question Worksheet 4.18 Add tag questions to the following sentences: 1. A barking dog seldom bites, .......................? 2. A good student is always attentive to his study, .......................? 3. A lie never lies hidden for long, .......................? 4. Arif read a story book yesterday, .......................? 5. Arif’s performance is praiseworthy, .......................? 6. Bangladesh is a small country .......................? 7. Birds cannot swim, .......................? 8. Birds fly, .......................? 9. Bring me a book, .......................? 10. Call in a doctor, .......................? 11. Do not do it again, .......................? 12. Do your study in time, .......................? 13. Don’t be late, .......................? 14. Don’t boil rice, .......................? 15. Don’t do it again, .......................? 16. Don’t do there alone, .......................? 17. Don’t drop the vase, .......................? 18. Don’t forget me.......................? 19. Don’t waste time, .......................? 20. Each of the boys got a prize, .......................? 21. Education broadens the mind, .......................? 22. Either you or your brother came here, .......................? 23. Every mother loves her child, .......................? 24. Everybody is liable to error, .......................? 25. Everything looked beautiful, .......................? 26. Everything looked nice, .......................? 27. Give me a glass of water, .......................? 28. Give me a hand, .......................? 29. Grammeen bank provides loan to the poor, .......................? 30. He dare not do it, .......................? 31. He hit us, .......................? 32. He need not go there, .......................? 33. He used to like you, .......................? 34. He will play football, .......................? 35. He’d done the work, .......................? 36. Her mother couldn’t walk, .......................? 37. I along with my friends enjoyed a picnic last month, .......................? 38. I am glad to see you, .......................? 39. I am happy, .......................? 40. I am late for home, .......................? 41. I am pleased at his conduct, .......................? 42. I am ten years old, .......................? 43. I had a bad headache yesterday, .......................? 44. I prefer milk to tea, .......................? 45. I shall help you, .......................? 46. I shall never tell a lie, .......................? 47. I’m your friend, .......................? 48. It hardly rained at all this summer, .......................? 49. It hardly rains here, .......................? 50. It’s hardly rained during the rainy season, .......................? 51. Lend me your car please, .......................? 52. Let me come in to the room, .......................? 53. Let us discuss the topic, .......................? 54. Let us go home, .......................? 55. Let’s go out, .......................? 56. Let’s have a party, .......................? 57. Let’s have some fun, .......................? 58. Let’s speak the truth, .......................? 59. Man cannot live alone, .......................? 60. Man cannot live without food, .......................? 61. Man is not immortal, .......................? 62. Neither of them went, .......................? 63. No one would object, .......................? 64. No salt is allowed, .......................? 65. Nobody believed him, .......................? 66. Nobody called me, .......................? 67. Nobody dislikes flower, .......................? 68. Nobody phoned him, .......................? 69. None can do it, .......................? 70. Nothing can happen, .......................? 71. Nothing can revive this worse situation, .......................? 72. Nothing comes or goes, .......................? 73. Nothing is certain, .......................? 74. Nothing remains certain, .......................? 75. Nothing terrible has happened, .......................? 76. Nothing was done, .......................? 77. Open the door, .......................? 78. Open the window, .......................? 79. Please help me, .......................? 80. Reza got a job, .......................? 81. She kept silent, .......................? 82. She told me the matter, .......................? 83. Shut up, .......................? 84. Some one has stolen his pen, .......................? 85. Somebody has called, .......................? 86. Somebody wanted a pen, .......................? 87. Somebody wanted to drink, .......................? 88. Study attentively, .......................? 89. Susmita will sing a song, .......................? 90. Tell me your address, .......................? 91. The brave should be encouraged, .......................? 92. The idle cannot prosper, .......................? 93. The moon shines at night, .......................? 94. The mother rose in her, .......................? 95. The nun leads a simple life, .......................? 96. The sun having set, we reached home, .......................? 97. The sun shines by day, .......................? 98. There are not any cloud in the sky, .......................? 100. There is a mistake, .......................? 101. There is no pond in this village, .......................? 102. There wasn’t enough time, .......................? 103. There’s been an accident, .......................? 104.Time and tide wait for none, .......................? 105.To err is human, .......................? 106.Wait a moment, .......................? 107.We have to study English, .......................? 108.We must eat vegetables, .......................? 109.We need good friends, .......................? 110.We ought to respect our teachers, .......................? 111.We should learn English for our experience, .......................? 112.Write a short composition, .......................? 113.You don’t know who I am, .......................? 114.You need not go there, .......................? 115.You’ve done a lot of mistakes, .......................? 116.Your mother prepared the cup of coffee, .......................? 117.Your niece looks beautiful, .......................? Tag Question 4.18 Answer 1. A barking dog seldom bites, does it? 2. A good student is always attentive to his study, isn’t he? 3. A lie never lies hidden for long, does it? 4. Arif read a story book yesterday, didn’t he? 5. Arif’s performance is praiseworthy, isn’t it? 6. Bangladesh is a small country, isn’t she? 7. Birds cannot swim, can they? 8. Birds fly, don’t they? 9. Bring me a book, can’t you?/will you? 10. Call in a doctor, will you? 11. Do not do it again, can you?/will you? 12. Do your study in time, will you?/could you? 13. Don’t be late, will you? 14. Don’t boil rice, will you? 15. Don’t do it again, will you? 16. Don’t go there alone, will you? 17. Don’t drop the vase, will you? 18. Don’t forget me, will you? 19. Don’t waste time, should you?/will you? 20. Each of the boys got a prize, didn’t they? 21. Education broadens the mind, doesn’t it? 22. Either you or your brother came here, didn’t he? 23. Every mother loves her child, don’t they? 24. Everybody is liable to error, aren’t they? 25. Everything looked beautiful, didn’t it? 26. Everything looked nice, didn’t it? 27. Give me a glass of water, will you?/can you? 28. Give me a hand, will you//won’t you? 29. Grammeen bank provides loan to the poor, doesn’t it? 30. He dare not do it, dare he? 31. He hit us, didn’t he? 32. He need not go there, need he? 33. He used to like you, didn’t he? 34. He will play football, won’t he? 35. He’d done the work, hadn’t he? 36. Her mother couldn’t walk, could she? 37. I along with my friends enjoyed a picnic last month, didn’t I? 38. I am glad to see you, aren’t I ? 39. I am happy, aren’t I? 40. I am late for home, aren’t I ? 41. I am pleased at his conduct, aren’t I? 42. I am ten years old, aren’t I?? 43. I had a bad headache yesterday, hadn’t I ? 44. I prefer milk to tea, don’t I ? 45. I shall help you, shan’t I? 46. I shall never tell a lie, shall I ? 47. I’m your friend, aren’t I ? 48. It hardly rained at all this summer, did it? 49. It hardly rains here, does it? 50. It’s hardly rained during the rainy season, has it? 51. Lend me your car please, will you? 52. Let me come in to the room, will you? 53. Let us discuss the topic, shall we? 54. Let us go home, shall we ? 55. Let’s go out, shall we? 56. Let’s have a party, shall we? 57. Let’s have some fun, shall we? 58. Let’s speak the truth, shall we? 59. Man cannot live alone, can he? 60. Man cannot live without food, can he? 61. Man is not immortal, is he ? 62. Neither of them went, did they? 63. No one would object, would they? 64. No salt is allowed, is any? 65. Nobody believed him, did they? 66. Nobody called me, did they? 67. Nobody dislikes flower, do they? 68. Nobody phoned him, did they? 69. None can do it, can they? 70. Nothing can happen, can it? 71. Nothing can revive this worse situation, can it? 72. Nothing comes or goes, does it? 73. Nothing is certain, is it? 74. Nothing remains certain, does it? 75. Nothing terrible has happened, has it? 76. Nothing was done, was it? 77. Open the door, will you//would you?/Could you? 78. Open the window, will you? 79. Please help me, would you? 80. Reza got a job, didn’t he? 81. She kept silent, didn’t she? 82. She told me the matter, didn’t she? 83. Shut up, will you? 84. Some one has stolen his pen, haven’t they? 85. Somebody has called, haven’t they? 86. Somebody wanted a pen, didn’t they? 87. Somebody wanted to drink, didn’t they? 88. Study attentively, will you? 89. Susmita will sing a song, won’t she? 90. Tell me your address, will you? 91. The brave should be encouraged, shouldn’t they? 92. The idle cannot prosper, can they? 93. The moon shines at night, doesn’t she? 94. The mother rose in her, didn’t it? 95. The nun leads a simple life, doesn’t she? 96. The sun having set, we reached home, didn’t we? 97. The sun shines by day, doesn’t it? 98. There are not any cloud in the sky, is there? 100. There is a mistake, isn’t there? 101. There is no pond in this village, is there? 102. There wasn’t enough time, was there? 103. There’s been an accident, hasn’t there? 104.Time and tide wait for none, don’t they? 105.To err is human, isn’t it? 106.Wait a moment, will you? 107.We have to study English, haven’t we? 108.We must eat vegetables, mustn’t we? 109.We need good friends, don’t we? 110.We ought to respect our teachers, oughtn’t we? 111.We should learn English for our experience, shouldn’t we? 112.Write a short composition, won’t you? 113.You don’t know who I am, do you? 114.You need not go there, need you? 115.You’ve done a lot of mistakes, haven’t you? 116.Your mother prepared the cup of coffee, didn’t she? 117.Your niece looks beautiful, doesn’t she?

How to use synonyms effectively in IELTS reading? First of all, when you read the questions, you should underline “keywords” or “content words.” These are words that give clues to an answer. They might involve names, numbers, or big ideas. Here are some more TRUE/FALSE questions from that passage on sailing: People figured out how to make boats only in specific places. Boats have had little impact on the human world. Humans no longer have an interest in new developments at sea. In these sentences, I have underlined the keywords. As you can see, there are arguably many words. Some are easy, so for example I will only underline the first “people” because most of you know that it means “humans” already. Now we can look to the following paragraph, where the answers to these three questions are found: Around the globe, sailing evolved on the seas and on lakes, on rivers and swamps. Humans from all regions quickly learned how to create objects that were waterproof and could stay afloat, could hold people and even cargo, and then learned to navigate them in extraordinarily clever ways. This astounding series of discoveries has shaped our world immensely, and new innovations continue to emerge as we put our minds to mastering the aquatic world. We can begin to match up the keywords in the questions with phrases from the passage: *Note that some of these are essentially antonyms, which means the opposite of synonym. However, these function in the same way. When you see “little impact” you can find “shaped our world immensely” and know that it is the exact opposite meaning, thereby finding that the answer is FALSE instead of TRUE. Likewise, if someone “no longer” does something, then they do not “continue to” do it. Doing this is useful for scanning and close reading. These are two skills that can help you locate the correct answer within the reading passage, without wasting time studying every single word.

SYNONYMS/A ·   annual = yearly = per year ·   a rise = an increase = a growth. ·   a decrease = a fall = a drop = a decline = a reduction ·   already = not new ·   a pair of = two ·   allow = enable ·   avoid = keep safe from ·   all = every ·   a great deal of = a lot of ·   according to = depending on ·   areas = parts ·   affect = impact ·   anticipate = foreshadow ·   aid = help ·   audience = viewer ·   abnormal = unusual ·   actor = performer ·   attack = assault ·   appearance = physiognomy ·   amusing = funny = humorous ·   aspects of life = existence ·   alone = solely ·   anxiety = fear ·   assist their learning = improve their learning efficiency ·   a considerable amount = a great deal = a lot ·   a strong connection = a very close relationship ·   assistant = apprentice ·   autumn (British English) = fall (American English) ·   abandoned = derelict ·   a prevailing wind = against the wind ·   average = normal ·   animals = livestock ·   accidentally = only by chance ·   agencies = jurisdictions ·   a (wide) variety of = a range of ·   accept = tolerate ·   actively notice = pay attention to ·   a sense of duty = moral obligation ·   ancient creatures = fossils ·   a global team = an international working party ·   at risk = vulnerable ·   auditory problems = hearing loss ·   achievement = success ·   a psychological illness = a mental disorder ·   affect = influence ·   aggressive behavior = frustration and anger ·   average-sized = medium-sized ·   agree on = concur on ·   alter = change ·   a century = 100 years ·   associated with = relationship ·   achievement = attainment ·   admit = acknowledge ·   attempt = effort ·   affect the environment= ruin the environment. ·   a sharp decrease = a crash = a sudden serious fall in the price or value of something ·   allow = grant permission ·   aggressive = assertive = pushy ·   aid = help = assist ·   at the same time = at a time ·   a few = a handful of ·   achievable = realistic ·   associated with = closely related to ·   a similar way to = like ·   ambitious = aspiring ·   antagonize = provoke = embitter ·   after = following = next ·   afraid = frightened = scared ·   always         = forever ·   apparent = obvious = evident ·   accompanied by = together with ·   ability = skill = aptitude ·   accurate = correct = right ·   awful = dreadful ·   awkward = clumsy = uncoordinated ·   approve = accept = ratify = endorse ·   arrive = reach = come ·   above = overhead ·   allow = permit ·   achieve = accomplish = attain ·   artificial = fake = synthetic = false ·   amazing = fantastic = astonishing = extraordinary = incredible = fabulous = wonderful ·   angry = mad = furious ·   active = energetic = animated = lively ·   adequate = sufficient = enough = ample ·   ask = question = inquire ·   adjourn = postpone = recess ·   active = energetic ·   answer = reply = respond ·   ask = question = request = inquire = query = examine. ·   adult = grown-up ·   average = ordinary = fair ·   attraction = spectacular ·   advocate = support = recommend ·   arrogant = haughty ·   after = behind ·   awful = dreadful = terrible = bad = unpleasant SYNONYMS/B ·   businesses = companies ·   beneath = under ·   brief = short = concise ·   broad = wide = expansive ·   beautiful = gorgeous = graceful = elegant = pretty = lovely = attractive ·   begin = start = open = initiate = commence ·   based on = modelled on ·   brave = courageous = fearless ·   by = via ·   busy = occupied ·   build = construct ·   big = enormous = huge = gigantic = vast = large = great. ·   bright = intelligent = knowing = quick-witted = smart = shining = shiny = brilliant ·    buy = purchase ·   best = finest ·   blend = combine = mix ·   be put together = be composed ·   be allowed = be entitled ·   beautiful (view) = breathtaking = wonderful = picturesque ·   beautiful (person) = attractive = gorgeous = good-looking. ·   base = foundation ·   brave = courageous ·   be predicted to = be expected to ·   be impossible = cannot ·   building = construction ·   before = prior ·   because = since ·   be given priority = preferential ·   believe = trust = accept ·   be successful =to prosper = be fortunate ·   barren = unproductive = infertile ·   below = under = lower ·   beneficial = helpful = useful = advantageous ·   become troublesome = interfere with ·   before = prior to ·   brain = mind ·   be able = be capable = be qualified ·   ban = prohibit = forbid ·   before = prior = earlier ·   beginning = start = initiate ·   be raised = be lifted ·   become aware of = realize ·   boundaries = frontiers ·   body language = gestures ·   beautiful = pretty = attractive = lovely ·   bloom = flourish ·   bones = remains ·   beyond the point where land is visible = out of sight of land ·   birds in temperate climates = temperate-zone birds ·   build = construct SYNONYMS/C ·   located = situated ·   consumption = use ·   cut = reduce ·   cities = urban ·   crops = plants which are grown for food ·   components = parts ·   conscientious = careful ·   common = generally ·   create = form ·   change the direction of = re-route ·   cannot be replaced = no substitute for ·   complexity = intricacy ·   currently = in more recent decades ·   categories = types ·   create = build ·   consistent with = fit ·   charging = pricing ·   commitment to = engagement ·   colleague = peer ·   charming = delightful = appealing = enchanting ·   chilly = cool ·   conditions = factors ·   copy = reproduction ·   colours = hues ·   certain = sure = definite ·   capture = seize = arrest ·   consulted = asked advice ·   collect = accumulate ·   contribute to = lead to ·   care = concern = protection ·   careful = cautious = watchful ·   cold = freezing ·   comprehend = understand ·   confuse = misinterpret ·   coincidental = fortuitous ·   civil = municipal ·   close = shut = fasten ·   close = near ·   conclude = draw a conclusion ·   change = shift ·   calm = quiet = tranquil ·   complete = finish ·   complex = complicated ·   cooperation = support and understanding ·   construction = building ·   city life = urban lifestyles ·   complex = complicated = intricate ·   competent = capable = qualified ·   collect information = establish a databank ·   catastrophic = devastating ·   compress = condense = squeeze ·   concrete = solid ·   concur = agree ·   conflict = oppose = differ ·   consecutive = successive = continuous ·   conservative = cautious = restrained ·   conscientious = scrupulous = virtuous ·   careless = reckless ·   conflict = fight = battle = struggle ·   cease = stop = discontinue ·   courageous = brave ·   carefully = meticulously ·   channel their feelings = emotional forces in harness ·   cemetery = burial ground ·   current teaching methods = modern teaching practices ·   characteristics = traits ·   citizens = residents ·   cognitive = perceptual ·   cut down on = reduce ·   categories = types ·   city = metropolitan ·   conserving energy = sparing use of energy reserves ·   comply with = obey ·   cheerful = optimistic ·   cheap = worthless ·   courageous = brave = heroic ·   cowardly = fearful ·   contributed to = made a contribution to ·   charging = pricing ·   contaminate = pollute ·   contented = satisfied = pleased ·   comparatively = relatively ·   come = approach = arrive = reach ·   cool = chilly = cold = frosty = frigid ·   conform = comply ·   conceal = hide ·   cozy = comfortable ·   congested = overcrowded = stuffed ·   continue = persist = persevere ·   clarify = explain = simplify ·   connect = join = link = attach ·   conscious = aware ·   courteous = polite ·   considerate = thoughtful ·   constantly = always = continually ·   convenient = handy ·   conventional = customary = traditional ·   correct = accurate = right ·   cry = shout = yell = scream ·   cut = chop = reduce ·   crazy = insane = mad ·   cruel = heartless ·   careless = negligent ·   chatting on the internet = chatting online ·   criminals = people who commit a crime SYNONYMS/D ·   distance = transportation ·   disadvantage = drawback ·   directly = straight ·   decline = downfall ·   dull = banal ·   dominant = overbearing ·   death rate = mortality rate ·   domestic = home ·   define = distinguish ·   dense = tight ·   direction = regulation ·   difficult situations= challenging activities ·   disobey = resist ·   discovered = explored ·   damage = harm = injure ·   divided = split ·   dissuade = deter ·   disputes = disagreement ·   difficulties = challenges ·   depart = leave ·   disaster = accident ·   do not have = lack ·   domestic = connected with the home or family ·   difficulty in recognizing = hidden or obscured ·   drop = discard ·   different = unrelated ·   discoveries = breakthroughs ·   distinctive = different ·   dreadful = terrible = unpleasant ·   dull = blunt ·   depart = leave = exit ·   deposit = place ·   devised = formulated ·   detecting = locating ·   dumb = stupid ·   documentation = written accounts ·   domestic =in homes ·   dark = black ·   doubt = mistrust ·   dawn = sunrise ·   dense = thick = heavy = compressed ·   due primarily to = mainly because of ·   depend (mainly) on = rely (heavily) on ·   disclose = eliminate the secrecy ·   declined by 50% = halved ·   destroy = ruin ·   dangerous = hazardous = risky = unsafe ·   dark = shadowy = dim = dusky = black ·   different = distinct = unlike ·   documented evidence = data incidence = scale ·   decreasing = decline ·   doubt = distrust ·   doubtful = vague ·   decay = rot = spoil ·   delicate = fragile ·   disagree = differ = dispute ·   dispute = debate = oppose ·   demolish = destroy ·   delightful = charming = lovely ·   dissatisfied = unhappy ·   discontinue = stop ·   dull = boring = tiring = tiresome = uninteresting = tedious = monotonous ·   different = varied ·   damage = hurt = impair = harm ·   dangerous = unsafe = hazardous ·   deduct = subtract ·   defend = protect ·   detest = dislike = hate ·   divide = separate = split ·   docile = tame = gentle ·   difficult = hard = challenging ·   diverse = different = distinct ·   dirty = messy ·   destroy = demolish ·   dishonest = untrustworthy ·   dull = uneducated ·   destroy = ruin = demolish ·   disagreement = contrast = incompatibility ·   different functions = various features. SYNONYMS/E ·   estimate = predict ·   ecozones = areas where there is a natural community of plants and animals ·   encourage = stimulate ·   emotions = feelings ·   experts = biologists ·   enormous = immense ·   eyesight = vision ·   effect = impact ·   economic significance = economic impact ·   evidence = clue ·   experiments = studies ·   evidence = indication ·   environmental = ecological ·   extremely high = impressive ·   each person = each individual ·   external = outer ·   extended = longer ·   efficiently = in the quickest way ·   extend = prolonging ·   encourage = promote = support = urge ·   enemy = opponent = ally ·   effective = works well ·   effects = consequences ·   entirely = wholly ·   evident = apparent = obvious = clear ·   expenditure on = spent on ·   each year = annual ·   established = founded = started or created an organization, a system, etc. ·   express large numbers = deal with large numbers ·   establish targets = setting goals ·   enjoy = like ·   enlarge = expand = magnify ·   earnings = pay = remuneration ·   enormous = vast = immense ·   early part of the process = early phases of development ·   expected = predicted ·   expensive = pricey = costly = dear ·   exaggerate their claims = overstate their arguments ·   examine = analyse ·   excited = turbulent ·   early = soon = premature ·   easy = simple ·   evil = bad = wrong = wicked ·   excite = arouse = provoke = incite ·   exterior = outside = outer ·   effortless = easy ·   energetic = lively ·   end = stop = finish = terminate = conclude = close = halt = cessation ·   explain = clarify = define = interpret = justify SYNONYMS/F ·   fertilisers = artificial chemicals added to the land to make crops grow bigger or more quickly ·   fresh = new ·   fear = be afraid ·   false = incorrect ·   fast = rapid = quick = swift ·   food production = food chain = food supply ·   feel = experience ·   fix = mend = repair ·   fluid = liquid ·   fixed = determined ·   failed to overcome = made it impossible ·   farming = agriculture ·   fertile = productive ·   free = release ·   first = beginning ·   first stage = initial stage ·   faults = flaws ·   features = characteristics ·   feelings = emotional responses ·   format = pattern ·   former = previous = earlier ·   fraction = part = portion = segment ·   fat = chubby ·   fatal = deadly = mortal ·   feedback = comments ·   frivolous = trivial = unimportant ·   full = packed = stuffed ·   forbid = prohibit = ban ·   forgive = pardon = excuse ·   focus on = emphasize ·   finish = end ·   feasible = possible = attainable = practical ·   fabulous = marvelous = amazing ·   ferocious = fierce = savage ·   fertile = fruitful = productive ·   famous = well-known = renowned = famed = eminent. ·   fear = fright = dread = scare = panic. ·   face = confront = meet ·   fair = impartial ·   fresh = unused = new ·   frigid = freezing = frosty ·   furious = angry = enraged = infuriated ·   future = tomorrow ·   fixed = immobile ·   failing = unsuccessful ·   filled = occupied ·   firm = steady ·   false = fake = fraudulent = counterfeit SYNONYMS/G ·   goal = imperative ·   grow = rise ·   goals = the highest levels of expertise ·   grades = results ·   generous = giving = big-hearted ·   genuine = real = authentic = sincere ·   good = nice = fine = well-behaved ·   great = outstanding = remarkable ·   give their opinions = express their views ·   good things = positive things ·   give = donate = present = offer ·   go around = orbit ·   gain = acquire = obtain = receive ·   gather = collect = accumulate = compile ·   glad = happy = pleased = delighted ·   glorious = splendid = magnificent = superb ·   gentle = tender = mild ·   gratitude = thankfulness = appreciation ·   good luck = fortune ·   go = move = travel ·   good = excellent = fine = wonderful = helpful. SYNONYMS/H ·   have a major impact on = transformed ·   halt = call it quits ·   happiness = joy ·   happen = come about ·   have not been diagnosed = undiagnosed ·   hard work = effort ·   how paper is recycled = the process of paper recycling ·   humble = modest ·   harsh = strict ·   how to produce = the process of producing ·   higher corresponds to threefold = three times as much/ triple ·   high noise level = loud noise ·   help = have a positive effect on ·   heat = temperature ·   hide = conceal ·   happy = content ·   humiliate = embarrass ·   handy = useful = convenient ·   hard = firm = solid ·   honest = truthful = sincere = frank ·   hospitable = welcoming = gracious ·   hostile = aggressive ·   huge = vast = immense = great ·   hide = conceal ·   high = tall ·   harsh = rough ·   happy = joyful = cheerful = glad = overjoyed = pleased = contented = satisfied = delighted · LETTER I ·   infectious diseases = diseases that can pass from one plant to another by the wind or by insects ·   in the natural world = throughout nature ·   ignore = resist ·   intuitive thinking = intuition ·   illnesses = ailments ·   information = data ·   instructed = told ·   insufficient = sparse ·   illogical = unreasonable ·   immoral = unethical ·   important = crucial ·   incompetent = inept ·   intense = extreme ·   improve = increase the efficiency of ·   increase in population = population growth ·   industrial revolution = industrialisation ·   immediately = nearly instant ·   information = data ·   imitate (imitation) = mimic ·   impaired = damaged ·   innocent = guiltless ·   insufficient = inadequate = deficient ·   in accordance with = according to ·   inaccurate= incorrect ·   intelligent = smart = bright ·   increasing = soaring ·   interior access = inner staircases ·   initiate = bring about ·   interesting = provocative = engrossing ·   identify the problem = understand the problem ·   isolated = inaccessible ·   internal = inner = inside ·   in excess of = over ·   increase = expand = rise ·   irrelevant = inappropriate = unrelated ·   irritate = annoy ·   introduction = invention ·   identical = alike = duplicate ·   inactive = lazy ·   ignore = disregard ·   important = vital = indispensable ·   interesting = fascinating = engaging = attractive = intriguing = captivating = enchanting ·   impossible = unachievable ·   infants = very young children ·   intriguing = fascinating ·   in essence = essentially ·   independent = self-reliant ·   inappropriate = unsuitable ·   increase = enlarge = amplify ·   ingenious = clever = creative ·   impetuous = impulsive = reckless ·   important = significant = meaningful ·   inappropriate = unsuitable = wrong ·   ignorant = unaware ·   immaculate = spotless = pure ·   imperfect = defective = faulty ·   imperative = compulsory = mandatory ·   involved with = associated with ·   idle = inactive ·   immature = childish = inexperienced ·   impolite = rude ·   indefinite = unclear ·   insignificant = unimportant ·   immune = resistant ·   impartial = neutral = unbiased = fair ·   idea = thought = concept ·   incident = event ·   incompatible characteristics = paradox SYNONYMS/K ·   keep = save = protect =guard ·   kind = considerate = tender = thoughtful ·   kind = wonderful ·   knowledgeable = smart SYNONYMS/L ·   launched = initiated ·   lived apart = be separated at birth ·   large = big = massive = huge ·   last = final = end ·   look like = resemble ·   levels = storeys ·   lethargic = tired ·   lifted = raised ·   leave out = omit ·   life expectancy = lifetime ·   lower secondary schools = middle-years education ·   least = fewest = minimum = smallest ·   lacking = insufficient ·   long-term = sustainable ·   liable to = can happen ·   less time spent on exercises = shorten the practice ·   learn = acquire ·   long = lengthy ·   lure = attract = seduce ·   long-lost traits = ancestral features ·   left = soared out of ·   limit = minimize ·   limited = incomplete ·   local people = communities ·   large city = megalopolis ·   long-term = lasting/extending over a long time ·   little doubt = almost certainly ·   luxurious = extravagant = elegant ·   lack = deficit ·   love = like = fancy = cherish = adore = treasure = appreciate ·   levels of unemployment = unemployment rate SYNONYMS/M ·   motifs = patterns = images ·   material = commodity ·   magnify = expand = enlarge = exaggerate ·   misfortune = hardship ·   mathematical method = statistical concept ·   moved = relocation ·   most people = almost every individual ·   manager = boss ·   mass production = print out huge numbers ·   mainly = most important ·   mishandling = bungling ·   make payment = pay for ·   movement =transport ·   mean = unkind = malicious = nasty ·   mend = repair = fix ·   motorised vehicles = buses and trucks ·   more than = exceed ·   make the noise stop = turn the noise off ·   moulded = reshaped ·   man-made = synthetic ·   mild = moderate ·   moral = ethical = virtuous = righteous ·   mature = adult ·   most = maximum ·   maximum = greatest ·   minimum = least ·   mobile = moveable ·   monotonous = boring = tedious ·   mysterious = secret ·   manufactured = produced ·   move onto = pass onto ·   most of = nearly all of ·   moves = gestures ·   more = increased ·   modified = qualified ·   migrate back = return ·   medical technique = treatment ·   mean = cruel = inconsiderate ·   movable = portable ·   manufacture = produce SYNONYMS/N ·   need = require ·   non-fossil-based fuels = renewable energy ·   needed = required ·   nature = essence ·   not traditional = new ·   natural forests = primary forests ·   not limit = transcend ·   neat = clean, tidy, well-organized. ·   new = fresh = original = current ·   noisy = rowdy ·   noise = disturbance ·   normal = ordinary = typical, usual ·   negligent = careless = inattentive ·   naughty = bad = disobedient ·   neat = clean = orderly = tidy ·   neglectful = careless ·   no limit = never reach maximum ·   not charged = not have to pay ·   new = recent ·   nervous energy = psychic tension ·   new technologies = modern technologies ·   not natural = artificial ·   not appreciated = undervalued ·   now = current ·   need = requirement SYNONYMS/O ·   observe = see ·   omit = strip out = leave out ·   ordinary = conventional ·   over the counter = in the shops ·   officials = authorities ·   overcome = deal with ·   open = begin ·   occur frequently = are common ·   only = solely ·   overdirect = too much guidance ·   overcome shyness = learn to be more outgoing ·   one explanation = another possibility ·   ordinary = commonplace ·   old = antique ·   obsolete = dated = antiquated ·   optimistic = hopeful = confident ·   odours = smell ·   overcome = getting rid of ·   occur more than once = repeated ·   outgoing = assured ·   obey = comply ·   old people = people who are retired ·   offend = displease = disgust ·   outstanding = extraordinary ·   odd = weird = strange ·   obey = comply SYNONYMS/P ·   plant = grow ·   place = locate ·   paintings = works ·   precious metals = gold, silver ·   premature = early ·   pretty = lovely = beautiful = attractive ·   pleasing = appealing ·   perform = carry out ·   pioneered = first suggested ·   persuasive = powerful ·   play it safe = avoid risk ·   personality = character ·   potential = possibilities ·   promptly = immediately ·   profit = gain = earnings = benefit ·   prohibit = forbid = restrict ·   policy initiative = strategy ·   previous events = past experience ·   plants = stations ·   provide a view of = overlook ·   private transport = car ·   principles = laws ·   put together = assembled ·   place = deposit ·   prompt = punctual = timely ·   prosperous = thriving = successful = flourishing ·   prevent = prohibit = hinder ·   permit = allow ·   prior to = beforehand ·   pictures = images ·   problem = difficulty ·   permit = allow ·   promotion = advancement ·   prominent = distinguished = eminent ·   personal values = individual properties ·   pessimistic view = seems to be getting worse ·   prevail upon = have influence in = persuade ·   principles = essential features ·   publicity = press ·   program cost = program fee ·   physical changes = hormonal changes ·   processes = stages ·   perfect = flawless ·   precious = valuable ·   plausible = believable = reasonable = logical ·   polite = gracious = courteous ·   place = area = plot = region = location = situation ·   proportion = percentage = rate ·   poverty rate = level of poverty = poverty level = the percentage of people who live in poverty ·   production = manufacture = be produced = be made = be manufactured ·   per person = per capita ·   people who use cars = car users = car commuters = people who commute by car = people who travel by car ·   people who cycle to work = cycling commuters ·   public = individuals ·   produce accurate work = make fewer errors ·   problems = difficulties ·   present beliefs = contemporary perceptions ·   picked out = chose ·   pesticides = potent chemicals ·   pagoda = temple building ·   prehistoric = ancient ·   patience = perseverance ·   permanent = enduring = lasting ·   prevent misunderstanding = resolve any confusion ·   peace = harmony ·   persuade = convince = influence ·   peace = quiet ·   preceding = previous SYNONYMS/Q ·   quickly = rapidly ·   question = interrogate = inquire = ask ·   quiet = silent = tranquil ·   quick = speedy ·   quit = cease = stop = withdraw SYNONYMS/R ·   rely on = be dependent on ·   rules = laws ·   restrict = curb ·   really successful = achieve at a higher level ·   rainfall = precipitation ·   rotate = turn ·   recording of events = documentation of history ·   replication = reproducing ·   regarded as =considered ·   researchers with differing attitudes = sceptics and advocates ·   remove = extract ·   react = respond ·   reason = caused ·   remedy = repair ·   rude = unfriendly ·   replaced = upgrade ·   rational thinking = judgment ·   reversible = run backwards ·   responsibility = moral obligation ·   reticence = shyness ·   remains = fragments ·   re-emerge = reappear ·   respond = reply ·   resemble = look like ·   regular = continual ·   referring to = talk about ·   response = reply ·   run their own business = open their own business/ company ·   regulations = standards ·   relies on = draw on ·   reliable = predictable ·   relationships with other people = social experience ·   reflection = movements in the mirror ·   reveal = tell ·   recognize = distinguish ·   remember = recall ·   retain = learn ·   raise = lift ·   recognize = certify = admit officially (usually in writing) ·   restricted = limited ·   recognise the difference = distinguish ·   rise = growing = increased ·   release = punctured ·   recommence = continue ·   real = authentic ·   reluctant = unwilling = hesitant ·   remote = secluded = isolated = distant ·   rarely = seldom ·   reduce = shrink ·   remarkable = outstanding ·   rough = harsh ·   release = discharge ·   rude = discourteous ·   rich = wealthy ·   risky = hazardous ·   reputable = honorable ·   resist = oppose = withstand ·   recreation = amusement = pleasure ·   reduce = lessen = decrease = diminish ·   reliable = trustworthy ·   reveal = show = disclose ·   ridiculous = nonsensical = foolish ·   remove = eliminate = get rid of SYNONYMS/S ·   shut out water = seal off from water ·   sea = ocean ·   support = back up ·   satisfying = rewarding ·   suffers = experiences ·   supplementary = extra ·   silence = absence of a sound ·   shade = shelter from the heat ·   steps = measures ·   strengthen = deepen ·   share = interchange ·   socially disadvantaged = deprived ·   self-reliance = independence ·   support = backup ·   significance = importance ·   show statistically = provide precise, valid or reliable data ·   seem to contradict = sound paradoxical ·   significant = important ·   several times = on more than one occasion ·   signals = radio waves ·   site = station ·   seeking = looking for ·   searching for = looking for ·   stop = quit = cease = terminate ·   strenuous = vigorous = laborious ·   suitable = appropriate ·   small = minor ·   stop = halt ·   sea life = fish and other creatures ·   saw the importance = understood the need ·   success rate = hit-rate ·   surprising = unexpectedly ·   similar to = not unusual ·   severe weather conditions = typhoons ·   stop = constrain ·   send = deliver ·   stop = close down = put a halt to = bring a halt to ·   separate from = independent of ·   staff = employees ·   sleep disorders = sleep disturbance ·   shy = timid ·   separate = disconnect ·   sparse = empty ·   stable = steady = unchanging ·   stimulate = motivate ·   same = similar ·   sharp = bright ·   strict = severe ·   strong = powerful = mighty ·   stupid = dense = foolish ·   smart = intelligent = clever ·   sadness = depression ·   scatter = disperse ·   show = present = reveal = demonstrate = display = exhibit ·   slow = gradual = leisurely ·   selfish = stingy ·   sad = unhappy ·   subsequent = following = succeeding ·   small = tiny ·   sensible = rational ·   separate = disconnect = detach ·   small = little ·   swift = fast = speedy = hasty ·   synthetic = man-made = artificial ·   sloppy = disorderly ·   sick = ill ·   slim = slender = thin ·   small = little ·   sociable = friendly ·   successful = thriving = prosperous = triumphant ·   surplus = excess = additional = extra ·   strange = odd = weird, outlandish, curious, unique, exclusive, irregular ·   sales = turnover = how much money is made = income = revenue ·   spending = expenditure ·   sort = classify ·   start a business = own a business/ company ·   shopping on the internet = online shopping = buying/purchasing online ·   sales of fast food = turnover from fast food SYNONYMS/T ·   taken out = removed ·   the folklore = the local belief ·   the most important step = key step ·   time limit = deadline ·   trend of the period = fashion of the time ·   tradesmen = merchants ·   the rapid growth = the spectacular growth ·   transport methods = transport modes ·   technological developments = information technologies ·   take gambles = take chances ·   techniques = methods = practices ·   transport mode = means of transport ·   test = examination ·   test = experiment ·   to investigate = to analyse ·   the most important = major ·   to give up = to abandon ·   2 decades = 20 years ·   the most vividly coloured red = the reddest ·   took = carried ·   tools = facilities ·   the question = the puzzle ·   transmission = pass along communication channels ·   transmitted = sent back ·   transmit = sent out ·   thin = skinny ·   tragic = sorrowful ·   take = receive ·   terrible = awful = bad ·   threat = endangered ·   today = current ·   today = now ·   teaching activities = methods ·   three different types= three separate ways ·   to copy = to replicate = to reproduce ·   the world economy = the global economy ·   to be sure = to ensure ·   to proceed = to continue ·   total = whole = entire = complete ·   tell = inform = notify ·   take = pick = choose = select ·   the level of income = the rate of income = the income rate = the income level = the level of revenue = the revenue rate = the revenue level ·   the elderly = elderly people = senior citizens ·   the amount of time spent = the time spent ·   the majority of people = most of the people = most people ·   transport = deliver = carry ·   to rise = to increase = to grow = to go up ·   to decrease = to fall = to reduce = to go down = to drop = to decline SYNONYMS/U ·   uncover = reveal ·   underestimate = overlook ·   universal = just about everybody ·   unjust = unfair ·   unemployment = out of work ·   unlike = a fundamental difference ·   unpredictably = erratically ·   understand = recognize ·   upset = find painful, distressing ·   unnecessary = superfluous = redundant ·   unpleasant = offensive ·   uncommon = unusual ·   unknown = not renowned ·   unwanted material = waste ·   upgrade = improve ·   unsuccessful = fruitless ·   unfit = unsuited ·   unexpectedly = without warning = unpredictable ·   unusual = exceptional ·   uncertain = unsure ·   unbiased = impartial = unprejudiced = fair ·   unite = join ·   unaware = unconscious ·   unnecessary = optional ·   unimportant = meaningless ·   untruthful = insincere ·   uninteresting = dull ·   usual = ordinary ·   unpleasant = unacceptable SYNONYMS/V ·   view = vision ·   valuable = precious ·   views = convictions ·   views = attitudes ·   vibrate = shake ·   vacant = unoccupied = empty ·   vague = unclear = indistinct = obscure ·   vague = ambiguous SYNONYMS/W ·   world = international ·   working together = coordination ·   worldwide = international ·   wider = greater ·   water consumption = the amount of water consumed ·   ways of learning = techniques for learning = approaches to learning ·   waste = trash = rubbish ·   well known = famous ·   wholehearted = sincere ·   wise = knowing = smart ·   water is pumped = pumped with the water ·   wild = stubborn ·   weak = frail ·   work = labor ·   wasteful = extravagant ·   wealth = prosperity = assets ·   weary = tired = fatigued = lethargic ·   wonderful = incredible = splendid = marvelous ·   waste output = the amounts of waste ·   work for an employer = work for other people ·   wrong = incorrect ·   waste paper = paper that has been thrown away ·   works of art = pieces

Cambridge Academic IELTS-17 Passage -1  The development of the London underground railway 1.       Congested: Very crowded or full of traffic. Example: The city streets were congested with cars during rush hour. 2.       Overground railway network: The railway system above the ground. Example: The overground railway network connected different parts of the city. 3.       Royal Commission: A group of people appointed by the government to investigate and make decisions. Example: The Royal Commission was responsible for deciding whether the railways should enter the City. 4.       Slums: Poorly built and overcrowded areas where people live in poverty. Example: The inner-city slums were in bad condition and needed improvement. 5.       Nightmare: A very bad or unpleasant experience. Example: Crossing the city during peak hours was a nightmare due to heavy traffic. 6.       Schemes: Plans or proposals to solve a problem. Example: Many schemes were suggested, but only a few were successful in resolving the traffic issues. 7.       Advocates: People who support or speak in favor of something. Example: Charles Pearson was one of the advocates for solving London's traffic problems. 8.       Suburbs: Residential areas on the outskirts of a city. Example: The plan aimed to relocate workers from the inner-city slums to newly built suburbs. 9.       Radical: Significant and innovative, bringing big changes. Example: The construction of an underground railway was considered a radical solution at that time. 10.   Demolishing: Destroying or tearing down buildings. Example: The chosen route aimed to minimize the need for demolishing existing buildings. 11.   Trench: A long, narrow hole dug into the ground. Example: They dug a trench to create space for the underground railway. 12.   Arch: A curved structure that forms a shape like a semi-circle. Example: The tunnel's construction included building brick walls and adding a brick arch. 13.   Journeys: Trips or travels from one place to another. Example: On the first day, almost 40,000 passengers made journeys on the Metropolitan line. 14.   Extensions: Additional sections or parts added to something. Example: The underground line's extensions were authorized to reach new areas of the city. 15.   Ventilation shafts: Openings or channels for air to circulate in the tunnels. Example: Ventilation shafts were built to improve air circulation in the underground tunnels. 16.   Congestion: Heavy traffic and overcrowding. Example: Despite the extensions, congestion on London's streets worsened. 17.   Confined space: A limited or small area. Example: Steam locomotives couldn't be used in the confined space of the deep underground tunnels. 18.   Reliable: Dependable and trustworthy. Example: The development of a reliable electric motor was crucial for the new deep-level electric railway. 19.   Technical achievement: A significant accomplishment in terms of technology or engineering. Example: The City & South London Railway was a great technical achievement for its time. 20.   Profit: Money earned after deducting expenses. Example: The City & South London Railway didn't make a profit initially. 22.   Tube network: Refers to the London Underground system. Example: The Central London Railway was the beginning of the tube network in London. 23.   Deep-level: Refers to being far below the surface. Example: The new electric railway required deep-level tunnels to be constructed. 24.   Electric locomotives: Trains powered by electricity instead of steam. Example: The Central London Railway used electric locomotives to operate its trains. 25.   Carriages: Sections of a train where passengers sit. Example: The trains on the underground railway consisted of multiple carriages. 26.   Narrow: Not wide; having a small width. Example: The narrow carriages were designed to fit within the tunnels. 27.   Reliable power supply: Consistent and steady source of electricity. Example: The underground railway faced challenges due to an unreliable power supply. 28.   Extensions: Additional sections or lines added to the existing railway system. Example: The tube network expanded with the construction of new extensions. 29.   Growing: Increasing or expanding in size or number. Example: The underground system continued growing as more lines were added. 30.   Heart: The central or most important part. Example: By 1907, the heart of today's Underground system was in place. 31.   Critical articles: Negative or disapproving writings. Example: The press published critical articles about the underground railway project. 32.   Emissions: Gases or substances released into the air. Example: Some people were concerned about the harmful emissions from the train engines. 33.   Power generator: Device that produces electricity. Example: The power generator supplied electricity to the trains on the underground railway. 34.   Tuppenny Tube: Nickname for the Central London Railway due to its low fare. Example: The Tuppenny Tube was called so because the ticket cost only two pennies. 35.   Technical: Relating to the practical application of knowledge and skills. Example: The construction of the deep-level electric railway required technical expertise. 36.   Confined space: A limited or restricted area. Example: The deep-level tunnels provided a confined space for the trains to operate. 37.   Profitable: Generating a financial gain or making money. Example: The Central London Railway became profitable after it started operations. 38.   Network: A system of interconnected lines or routes. Example: The underground railway network expanded with the addition of new lines. 39.   Challenges: Difficulties or obstacles that need to be overcome. Example: The construction of the underground railway faced many challenges. 40.   Expansion: The act of becoming larger or extending in scope. Example: The expansion of the tube network improved transportation in the city. Passage -2 Stadiums: past, present and future 1.       Urban architecture: The design and construction of buildings in cities. Example: Stadiums are considered a form of urban architecture because they are built in cities for public use. 2.       Vast stadiums: Large sports arenas. Example: Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations had vast stadiums where people could watch sporting events. 3.       Dominating urban skylines: Standing out and being the most prominent structures in the city's skyline. Example: The grand railway stations built in the 19th and 20th centuries dominated urban skylines with their impressive architecture. 4.       Construction costs: The expenses involved in building something. Example: The construction costs of stadiums can be very high, often exceeding £1 billion. 5.       Fallen into disuse and disrepair: No longer being used or maintained properly. Example: Stadiums constructed for events like the Olympic Games or FIFA World Cup have often fallen into disuse and disrepair after the events are over. 6.       Drive urban development: Contribute to the growth and progress of a city. Example: History shows that stadiums can drive urban development by attracting people and investment to the surrounding areas. 7.       Mono-functional sports arenas: Sports stadiums designed for a single purpose or use. Example: Architects and planners are finding new ways to transform mono-functional sports arenas into more versatile spaces. 8.       Versatile stadiums: Stadiums that can be adapted and used for various purposes. Example: The amphitheatre of Arles in France is an excellent example of how versatile stadiums can be, serving as a fortress, village, and arena for bullfights. 9.       Imposing arena: A grand and impressive sports venue. Example: The arena of Verona in Italy, with its capacity for 30,000 spectators, is an imposing arena known for its outstanding acoustics. 10.   Embedded in the fabric of the city: Becoming an integral part of the city's structure and design. Example: The ruins of the amphitheatre in Lucca, Italy, are embedded in the fabric of the city and surrounded by shops and residences. 11.   Modernisation: The process of making something more modern or up-to-date. Example: Mono-functional sports arenas became emblematic of modernisation during the 20th century. 12.   Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural or cultural resources. Example: The growing interest in conservation led to the restoration of historical stadiums like the amphitheatre in Arles. 13.   Compactness: Being closely and efficiently arranged or organized. Example: Creating mixed-use developments in stadiums promotes compactness and makes better use of available land. 14.   Multi-functionality: Having multiple uses or functions. Example: The addition of hotels, retail outlets, and conference centers in stadiums enhances their multi-functionality. 15.   Regenerate urban spaces: Revitalize and renew areas within cities. Example: Mixed-use facilities at stadiums like Wembley and Old Trafford have helped regenerate urban spaces in the UK. 16.   Power plant: A facility that generates electricity. Example: Stadiums equipped with photovoltaic panels and wind turbines can function as power plants to produce electricity. 17.   Smart grid: An advanced electrical network that uses digital technology to manage power efficiently. Example: Stadiums can be connected to a smart grid to optimize energy usage and minimize wastage 18.   Photovoltaic panels: Devices that convert sunlight into electricity. Example: Stadiums can have photovoltaic panels installed on their canopies to generate electricity from sunlight. 19.   Micro wind turbines: Small turbines that convert wind energy into electricity. Example: Stadiums with tall structures can make use of micro wind turbines to generate electricity from the wind. 20.   Output of carbon dioxide: The amount of carbon dioxide produced. Example: By generating renewable energy, stadiums can reduce their output of carbon dioxide, which is harmful to the environment. 21.   Sustainable future: A future that is environmentally friendly and can be maintained in the long term. Example: Stadiums with multiple functions and renewable energy sources contribute to creating a sustainable future for cities. 22.   Field for experimentation: A place where new ideas and innovations can be tested. Example: Modern stadiums provide a field for experimentation in advanced engineering and architectural design. 23.   Multiple functions: Having many different purposes or uses. Example: Today's stadiums bring together multiple functions, serving not only as sports venues but also as entertainment hubs and gathering spaces. 24.   Versatility: The ability to adapt and be used for various purposes. Example: The versatility of stadiums allows them to evolve and meet the changing needs of different eras. 25.   Regarded with growing scepticism: Viewed with increasing doubt or skepticism. Example: In recent times, there has been a growing scepticism surrounding the construction and maintenance costs of stadiums. 26.   Historical stadiums: Stadiums that have significant historical value or importance. Example: The ancient Greek and Roman historical stadiums were central to the cultural life of their cities. 27.   Conservation of heritage: Preserving and protecting historical sites and artifacts. Example: The interest in conservation of heritage has led to the restoration of ancient stadiums and their reuse for cultural events. 28.   Mixed-use developments: Buildings or areas that combine multiple functions or uses. Example: The addition of hotels, restaurants, and retail outlets to stadiums creates mixed-use developments that attract a diverse range of visitors. 29.   Interconnected buildings: Buildings that are connected and work together as a system. Example: Stadiums can be part of interconnected buildings that share resources and energy through a smart grid. 30.   Reduction of CO2 emissions: Decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. Example: Stadiums functioning as power plants contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions, which helps combat climate change. 31.   Urban architecture: The design and construction of buildings and structures in cities. Example: Urban architecture focuses on creating functional and aesthetically pleasing buildings that fit within a city's landscape. 32.   Disuse and disrepair: When something is no longer used and is in a state of neglect or decay. Example: Many stadiums built for major events have fallen into disuse and disrepair after the games ended. 33.   Mono-functional: Designed or used for a single purpose. Example: Traditional sports arenas were often mono-functional, serving only as venues for sporting events. 34.   Compactness: The quality of being small, tightly packed, or condensed. Example: Creating mixed-use developments promotes compactness, making efficient use of space in urban areas. 35.   Regenerate: To renew, revitalize, or bring new life to something. Example: Transforming stadiums into multi-purpose spaces can help regenerate urban areas and attract more people. 36.   Smart grid: An advanced electricity supply network that uses digital technology to monitor and manage energy distribution. Example: Stadiums connected to a smart grid can efficiently distribute and control their energy consumption. 37.   Interdisciplinary: Involving different disciplines or areas of knowledge. Example: Designing modern stadiums often requires an interdisciplinary approach, combining expertise in architecture, engineering, and technology. 38.   Aesthetics: The study of beauty and the principles of artistic design. Example: Architects consider both the functionality and aesthetics of stadiums to create visually appealing structures. 39.   Renewable energy: Energy generated from natural sources that can be replenished, such as solar or wind power. Example: The integration of renewable energy sources in stadiums reduces their environmental impact and reliance on fossil fuels. 40.   Cultural heritage: The legacy of physical artifacts and traditions that are passed down through generations. Example: Ancient stadiums hold significant cultural heritage and reflect the historical importance of sports and public gatherings. Passage -3  To catch a king 1.       Resounding defeat: A very clear and significant loss. Example: King Charles II suffered a resounding defeat at the Battle of Worcester, which means he lost by a large margin. 2.       Presbyterianism: A type of Christian religious belief and practice that is governed by presbyters (elders). Example: Charles II accepted Presbyterianism as the national religion in Scotland, meaning he agreed to follow its teachings. 3.       Invasion: An act of forcefully entering and occupying a place. Example: The English Parliamentary army launched an invasion of Scotland to counter Charles II's arrival in Edinburgh. 4.       Manhunt: An organized search for a person, usually to capture or arrest them. Example: After his defeat, Charles II became the subject of a national manhunt, with a large reward offered for his capture. 5.       Penniless: Having little or no money. Example: Charles II wandered around Europe as a penniless king, meaning he had no wealth or resources. 6.       Restoration: The act of returning something or someone to a previous state or condition. Example: After many years, Charles II experienced a restoration as king, which means he regained his position and power. 7.       Commit: To promise or pledge to do something. Example: Charles II asked Samuel Pepys to commit his story to paper, meaning he requested Pepys to write it down and preserve it. 8.       Retelling: Telling a story or recounting events again. Example: Spencer's book provides a detailed retelling of Charles II's experiences as a fugitive, meaning it recounts the events of his escape. 9.       Delicious details: Enjoyable or interesting specific pieces of information. Example: The book includes delicious details, such as the cutting of the king's hair with agricultural shears, which are intriguing and captivating. 10.   Preposterous refusal: A ridiculous or absurd rejection. Example: Charles's friend's preposterous refusal to adopt disguise seemed foolish and illogical. 11.   Emotional tension: Intense feelings of suspense, anxiety, or excitement. Example: The book captures the emotional tension when Charles's presence was cautiously revealed to his loyal supporters, creating a sense of anticipation. 12.   Bolted their doors: Closed and secured their doors tightly. Example: The people of England bolted their doors, meaning they shut and locked them, to avoid the arrival of Charles II and the Scottish army. 13.   Memorialize: To honor or commemorate something or someone. Example: Charles II initiated initiatives to memorialize his escape, such as creating an order of chivalry and commissioning paintings. 14.   Enormous: Very large in size or scale. Example: The king commissioned enormous oil paintings and a large ceiling mural, indicating that they were of significant size. 15.   Pacey: Having a fast and engaging pace. Example: Spencer's pacey prose makes the book easy and enjoyable to read, as it flows quickly and keeps the reader engaged. 16.   Idioms: Expressions that have a meaning different from the literal interpretation of the words. Example: The book avoids modern idioms, which are commonly used phrases in current language, to maintain a more historical tone. 17.   Hit the mark: To achieve the desired result or objective. Example: While the book is excellent overall, it doesn't quite hit the mark in depicting Charles II in his final years. This means that the book doesn't accurately portray or capture the true essence of Charles II's character during that period. 18.   Tantalising: Creating a sense of excitement or curiosity. Example: The question of how the six weeks of hiding affected Charles II is tantalising, as it arouses curiosity and leaves readers wanting to know more. 19.   Assume disguises: To wear different appearances or costumes to conceal one's identity. Example: During his escape, Charles II had to assume disguises to avoid being recognized, which means he had to change his appearance to stay hidden. 20.   Subterfuge: The use of deceit or trickery to achieve one's goals. Example: Charles II employed subterfuge during his escape, employing cunning and deceptive tactics to outwit his pursuers. 21.   Niggle aside: To put a minor concern or issue aside. Example: Apart from this one minor concern, the book niggle aside, meaning that it should not detract from its overall quality or enjoyment. 22.   Memorable: Worth remembering or leaving a lasting impression. Example: "To Catch a King" is an excellent read that tells a memorable tale, meaning it is a captivating book that tells a story worth remembering. 23.   Treat in store: Something enjoyable or pleasant that awaits. Example: Readers who know little about the famous tale will find that they have a treat in store when they read the book, meaning they will have an enjoyable experience ahead. Test -2 Passage -1 The Dead Sea Scrolls 1.       Ancient settlement: An old or very old community or village. Example: Qumran is an ancient settlement located on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea, where the shepherds discovered the scrolls. 2.       Shattering sound: A loud and sharp noise like something breaking into pieces. Example: When the shepherd tossed a rock into the opening, he heard a shattering sound, which surprised him. 3.       Unearthed: Discovered or found by digging or excavating. Example: Bedouins and archaeologists unearthed tens of thousands of additional scroll fragments from nearby caves, revealing more valuable information. 4.       Manuscripts: Handwritten documents or texts. Example: The Dead Sea Scrolls consist of between 800 and 900 manuscripts, which are ancient texts written by hand on various materials. 5.       Prevailing theory: The most commonly accepted or widely held explanation. Example: The prevailing theory suggests that the scrolls were written by a group called the Essenes, who lived in the area during that time. 6.       Sectarian regulations: Rules or guidelines specific to a particular religious group or sect. Example: Some of the scrolls contain sectarian regulations, which are instructions or rules followed by the Essenes or other religious communities. 7.       Parchment: Animal skin prepared and used as a material for writing or drawing. Example: Most of the scrolls were made of parchment, which is animal skin that was used as a writing surface. 8.       Treasure map: A map or document that guides someone to hidden or valuable treasures. Example: The Copper Scroll is considered a sort of ancient treasure map that lists the locations of buried gold and silver caches. 9.       Coded text: Writing that uses secret or hidden symbols or a specific system to convey its meaning. Example: The researchers deciphered the scroll's coded text, which means they were able to understand the hidden or secret messages written in symbols. 10.   Valuable journeys: The paths or routes taken by the scrolls throughout history. Example: Some of the Dead Sea Scrolls have been on interesting journeys, changing hands from different owners or traveling to different places. 11.   Archbishop: A high-ranking bishop or religious leader in certain Christian denominations. Example: Mar Samuel, an archbishop, acquired four of the original seven scrolls and later offered them for sale. 12.   Unsuccessfully: Without achieving the desired outcome or result. Example: Mar Samuel unsuccessfully tried to sell the scrolls to several universities before they were eventually purchased by Yigael Yadin. 13.   Restored: Repaired or brought back to a good or original condition. Example: Researchers from the University of Haifa restored and deciphered one of the last untranslated scrolls, making it readable and understandable. 14.   Band of text: A strip or narrow section of written or printed words. Example: The scroll contained a band of coded text, which means there was a narrow section of writing with hidden or secret messages. 15.   Valuable information: Important or useful knowledge or details. Example: The deciphered scroll provided valuable information about the people who wrote it and the calendar they used. 16.   Roman troops: Soldiers or military forces from the ancient Roman Empire. Example: The Roman troops destroyed the settlement around 70 CE, which led to the end of the community that produced the scrolls. 1.       Scholarly debate: An ongoing discussion or argument among experts in a particular field. Example: The origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls is still the subject of scholarly debate, as experts continue to discuss and research their origins. 2.       Devout: Deeply religious and committed to one's beliefs or practices. Example: The Essenes, the group believed to have written the scrolls, were known as a devout Jewish sect. 3.       Translations: The act of rendering something from one language into another. Example: Some of the scrolls feature translations of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, providing alternative versions of the biblical texts. 4.       Preserved: Kept intact or protected from damage or decay. Example: The only complete book preserved among the scrolls is Isaiah, which is considered the earliest biblical manuscript still in existence. 5.       Papyrus: An early form of paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant. Example: Most of the scrolls were made of papyrus, a material derived from plants, and were used for writing. 6.       Hoards: Large quantities or collections of valuable items or treasures. Example: The Copper Scroll lists hidden hoards of gold and silver, suggesting there were caches of valuable items hidden in various locations. 7.       Pillaged: Looted or plundered, typically by an invading force. Example: The treasures mentioned in the Copper Scroll were possibly never recovered because the Romans pillaged the region during the first century CE. 8.       Acquired: Obtained or gained possession of something. Example: Mar Samuel acquired four of the original scrolls from a shoemaker and antiquity dealer in Jerusalem. 9.       Deciphered: Successfully translated or interpreted something that was difficult to understand. Example: The researchers deciphered the coded text on the scroll, unraveling its hidden meaning and making it readable. 10.   Insight: A deep understanding or perception of a subject or situation. Example: The deciphered scroll provided insight into the community that wrote it and the calendar they followed. 11.   Antiquities: Objects or artifacts from ancient times that have historical or cultural value. Example: Mar Samuel was a part-time antiquities dealer, involved in buying and selling ancient artifacts. 12.   Manuscript: A handwritten or typed document, often referring to an old or valuable text. Example: The Dead Sea Scrolls are a collection of ancient manuscripts written on various materials. 13.   Denominations: Different branches or groups within a religious faith. Example: Mar Samuel was a member of the Syrian Orthodox denomination within Christianity. 14.   Shifts in seasons: Changes or transitions between different seasons of the year. Example: The scroll names celebrations that indicate shifts in seasons, providing insight into the religious practices of the community. 15.   Theoretical: Based on theory or speculation rather than proven facts. Example: Some hypotheses suggest that the treasures mentioned in the Copper Scroll were theoretical and might not have actually existed. Passage -2 A second attempt at domesticating the tomato 1.       Domesticate: To tame and cultivate something wild. Example: Humans learned to domesticate wild animals like dogs and cats. 2.       Cultivate: To grow and care for plants. Example: Farmers cultivate crops like wheat and corn. 3.       Re-domesticated: To domesticate again. Example: Scientists re-domesticated wild tomatoes to improve their traits. 4.       Nutritious: Healthy and containing important nutrients. Example: Vegetables like spinach and broccoli are nutritious and good for our health. 5.       Revolutionary: Bringing about a big change or innovation. Example: The invention of the internet was a revolutionary development. 6.       Genome editing: Making changes to the DNA of living cells. Example: Scientists used genome editing techniques to modify the genetic material of tomatoes. 7.       Genetic material: The information carried by genes that determines traits. Example: DNA is the genetic material that contains instructions for building and functioning of organisms. 8.       Deliberately: Intentionally or on purpose. Example: The chef deliberately added spices to enhance the flavor of the dish. 9.       Wild plants: Plants that grow naturally in the wild, without human cultivation. Example: Flowers like daisies and dandelions are wild plants found in fields and meadows. 10.   Useful: Having a practical purpose or value. Example: Tools like hammers and screwdrivers are useful for fixing things. 11.   Appealing: Attractive or pleasing to the senses. Example: The colorful packaging of the candy was appealing to children. 12.   Relative: A member of the same family or sharing a common ancestor. Example: Lions and tigers are relatives as they both belong to the cat family. 13.   Native: Belonging to a particular place or region. Example: Koalas are native to Australia and are found only there. 14.   Desirable: Something that is wanted or wished for. Example: A big backyard is a desirable feature for many homebuyers. 15.   Traits: Characteristics or features of something. Example: Blue eyes and curly hair are traits that can be inherited. 16.   Supermarkets: Large stores where people buy food and household items. Example: People go to supermarkets to do their grocery shopping. 17.   Flavour: The taste or quality of something, especially related to food or drink. Example: Vanilla ice cream has a sweet and creamy flavour. 18.   Genomes: The complete set of genes or genetic material in an organism. Example: Scientists study the genomes of different species to understand their genetic makeup. 19.   Editing: Making changes or modifications to something. Example: Writers often go through multiple rounds of editing to improve their manuscripts. 20.   Triple: To make three times bigger or increase something by three times. Example: The recipe calls for tripling the amount of sugar to make it sweeter. 21.   Size: The physical dimensions or extent of something. Example: The size of a basketball is larger than that of a tennis ball. 22.   Tomatoes per truss: The number of tomatoes on a stem or branch. Example: The farmer counted 10 tomatoes per truss on the vine. 23.   Pigment: A substance that gives color to something. Example: Chlorophyll is the pigment that makes plants green. 24.   Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and other fruits. Example: Lycopene is believed to have health benefits and is found in high amounts in tomatoes. 25.   Aromatic: Having a strong, pleasant smell. Example: Freshly baked bread has an aromatic fragrance that fills the kitchen. 26.   Strains: Different variations or types of a plant or microorganism. Example: There are many different strains of influenza virus, each with its own characteristics. 27.   Resistant: Able to withstand or fight against something. Example: Some plants are resistant to drought and can survive in dry conditions. 28.   Bacterial spot race: A common disease caused by bacteria that affects plants. Example: The farmer sprayed fungicides to prevent the bacterial spot race from spreading to the tomato plants. 29.   Yields: The amount of crops or produce harvested from a field or plant. Example: The apple orchard had a bountiful yield this year, producing thousands of apples. 30.   Salt tolerant: Able to tolerate or withstand high salt concentrations. Example: Mangrove trees are salt tolerant and can grow in coastal areas with salty soil. 31.   Vitamin C: A nutrient found in fruits and vegetables that is important for health. Example: Oranges are a good source of vitamin C, which helps boost the immune system. 32.   Decided: Made a choice or reached a conclusion. Example: After careful consideration, they decided to go on vacation to the beach. 33.   Approach: A way of doing something or dealing with a situation. Example: There are different approaches to solving a math problem. 34.   Commercial: Relating to business and buying or selling goods or services. Example: The company launched a commercial advertising campaign to promote its new product. 35.   License: Official permission or legal right to do something. Example: Drivers need to have a valid driver's license to operate a vehicle. 36.   Regulatory approval: The process of obtaining official authorization or clearance from regulatory authorities. Example: Before a new drug can be sold, it must receive regulatory approval from the government. 37.   Obscure: Not well-known or familiar. Example: The poet's work remained obscure during his lifetime but gained recognition after his death. 38.   Drought: A long period of time with little or no rainfall, causing water scarcity. Example: The farmers faced crop failure due to the severe drought that lasted for months. 39.   Heat tolerant: Able to withstand high temperatures or heat stress. Example: Cacti are heat tolerant plants that thrive in hot desert environments. 40.   Thrive: To grow and develop well, flourishing. Example: With proper care, the flowers in the garden will thrive and bloom beautifully. 41.   Skills: Abilities or expertise in doing something. Example: Cooking, painting, and playing the piano are all skills that can be learned and improved. 42.   Lab: Short for laboratory, a place where scientific experiments and research are conducted. Example: The scientists conducted experiments in the lab to study the effects of different chemicals. 43.   Catapulted: To launch or propel something forcefully. Example: The 43.   Catapulted: To launch or propel something forcefully. Example: The new movie catapulted the actor to fame overnight. 44.   Foxtail: A type of grass with a distinctive shape resembling a fox's tail. Example: The field was covered in tall foxtail grass, swaying in the wind. 45.   Oat-grass: A type of grass that belongs to the oat family. Example: Oat-grass is often used as forage for livestock. 46.   Cowpea: A type of legume plant that produces edible beans. Example: Cowpea is a staple food in many African countries. 47.   Drought or heat tolerant: Able to withstand both drought and high temperatures. Example: Some desert plants are drought or heat tolerant, allowing them to survive in harsh environments. 48.   Popular: Liked or enjoyed by many people. Example: Pizza is a popular food that is enjoyed by people all over the world. 49.   Staple crops: Crops that are regularly consumed and form a significant part of people's diets. Example: Rice and wheat are staple crops in many countries, providing the main source of calories. 50.   Skills: Abilities or knowledge acquired through practice or experience. Example: Learning to play a musical instrument requires time and skills. Passage -3 Insight or evolution? 1.       Scientific discovery: The process of finding or uncovering new knowledge or understanding through scientific methods. Example: The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming revolutionized the field of medicine. 2.       Intellectual stars: Highly accomplished and renowned individuals known for their intelligence and contributions in their respective fields. Example: Albert Einstein and Marie Curie are considered intellectual stars for their groundbreaking scientific discoveries. 3.       Prior experience: The knowledge, skills, and understanding gained from previous encounters or activities. Example: Jane's prior experience in marketing helped her excel in her new job. 4.       Lesser-known predecessors: Individuals who came before and made significant contributions but are not as widely recognized or celebrated. Example: The lesser-known predecessors of modern art laid the foundation for the artistic movements that followed. 5.       Insight: A sudden realization or understanding of a problem or situation. Example: The detective had an insight that led him to solve the mysterious crime. 6.       Breakthrough: A significant and innovative discovery or achievement. Example: The invention of the light bulb was a breakthrough in the field of electricity. 7.       Spontaneously: Happening naturally or without external influence. Example: The children started dancing spontaneously when they heard their favorite song. 8.       Cumulative: Building upon or adding to previous progress or achievements. Example: The cumulative efforts of scientists over decades led to the development of the COVID-19 vaccine. 9.       Postulated: Proposed or suggested as a theory or explanation. Example: The scientist postulated a new hypothesis to explain the behavior of a certain species. 10.   Proto-elements: Hypothetical or imaginary elements postulated to exist. Example: The concept of proto-elements helped scientists understand the atomic structure better, even though they were later found to be non-existent. 11.   Periodic table: A tabular arrangement of chemical elements based on their atomic numbers and properties. Example: Mendeleev's periodic table revolutionized the field of chemistry by organizing elements in a systematic manner. 12.   Monumental: Great in importance, size, or significance. Example: The construction of the pyramids in Egypt was a monumental achievement of ancient civilizations. 13.   Fanciful: Imaginary or whimsical, not based on reality. Example: The author's fanciful stories captivated the children's imaginations. 14.   Speculations: Ideas or theories based on conjecture or incomplete information. Example: The detective had several speculations about the possible motives of the suspect. 15.   Novel: New, original, or unique. Example: The artist's novel painting style attracted attention from art enthusiasts. 16.   Conceive: To form or develop an idea or concept in one's mind. Example: The architect conceived a visionary design for the new museum. 17.   Unheralded: Not publicly acknowledged or recognized. Example: The athlete's unheralded performance surprised everyone and earned him a gold medal. 18.   Enterprise: A project, endeavor, or undertaking. Example: The company launched a new enterprise to develop sustainable energy solutions. 19.   Random: Happening by chance or without a specific pattern. Example: The lottery numbers are selected randomly using a computer algorithm. 20.   Accidental: Happening by chance or unintentionally. Example: She made an accidental discovery 21.   Serendipity: The occurrence of valuable or desirable things by chance in a happy or beneficial way. Example: The invention of the microwave oven was a result of serendipity when a scientist noticed a melted chocolate bar in his pocket while working with radar technology. 22.   Banal: Lacking originality or freshness, often dull or ordinary. Example: The speaker's presentation was filled with banal clichés and lacked any new insights. 23.   Mechanical: Relating to or functioning like a machine, automatic or routine. Example: The process of assembling the product was highly mechanical, involving repetitive tasks performed by machines. 24.   Provenance: The origin, source, or history of something. Example: The provenance of the ancient artifact was traced back to a temple in Egypt. 25.   Genetic mutations: Changes or alterations in the genetic material or DNA sequence. Example: Some genetic mutations can lead to genetic disorders or diseases. 26.   Shrewd: Showing sharp powers of judgment or astute observation. Example: The businessman made shrewd investment decisions that earned him significant profits. 27.   Naive: Lacking experience, wisdom, or judgment, often characterized by innocence or simplicity. Example: The young traveler had a naive view of the world, expecting only kindness and honesty from everyone. 28.   Law of Effect: A psychological principle proposed by Edward Thorndike stating that behaviors leading to positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those resulting in negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated. Example: The Law of Effect suggests that rewarding good behavior increases the likelihood of its recurrence. 29.   Mechanical process: A process that operates according to fixed rules or principles without the need for conscious thought or decision-making. Example: The assembly line in the factory follows a mechanical process to efficiently produce automobiles. 30.   Variation: A change or difference in form, condition, or characteristics. Example: The variation in climate across different regions affects the types of plants and animals found in each area. 31.   Selection: The process of choosing or picking out based on certain criteria or preferences. Example: The talent show judges made the selection based on the contestants' performances and stage presence. 32.   Objective: A specific goal or purpose to be achieved. Example: The company's objective is to increase its market share by 20% within the next year. 33.   Raw material: The basic substance or material used in the production or creation of something. Example: Wood is a raw material used in the construction of furniture. 34.   Creative behavior: The manifestation of imaginative, original, or innovative ideas, actions, or expressions. Example: The artist's creative behavior led to the creation of a unique sculpture. 35.   Intelligent design: The belief or concept that certain aspects of the universe or living organisms are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than natural processes. Example: Some proponents of intelligent design argue that complex biological structures could not have arisen through evolution alone. 36.   Provenance: The origin, source, or history of something. Example: The provenance of the ancient artifact was traced back to a temple in Egypt. 37.   Doubtful: Uncertain or questionable, not easily accepted as true or valid. Example: The validity of the study's findings was doubtful due to the small sample size and limited data. 38.   Scientific utility: The practical value or usefulness of scientific knowledge or theories in advancing scientific understanding or solving practical problems. Example: The scientific utility of studying genetics has led to significant advancements in personalized medicine. 39.   Genius: Exceptional intellectual or creative ability, often characterized by extraordinary insight or talent. Example: Mozart's musical compositions showcased his genius as a composer and pianist. 40.   Endeavor: An earnest or purposeful effort to achieve a goal or undertake a task. Example: The team embarked on a collaborative endeavor to develop a sustainable energy solution. 41.   Intelligent design: The belief or concept that certain aspects of the universe or living organisms are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than natural processes. Example: Some proponents of intelligent design argue that the complexity of biological structures suggests the involvement of a higher intelligence. 42.   Promising candidate: A potential solution or approach that shows potential for success or further investigation. Example: The new drug compound is a promising candidate for treating a rare disease, based on preliminary test results. 43.   Evolution: The gradual development or change over time, often in the context of biological organisms or ideas. Example: The theory of evolution explains how species adapt and change in response to their environment. 44.   Creative behavior: The manifestation of imaginative, original, or innovative ideas, actions, or expressions. Example: The writer's creative behavior led to the creation of a best-selling novel. 45.   Abandoning: To give up, discard, or cease support or belief in something. Example: The company decided to abandon the outdated technology and invest in more advanced solutions. 46.   Scientifically exploring: Conducting systematic and rigorous investigations or studies to gain a deeper understanding of a phenomenon or topic. Example: Researchers are scientifically exploring the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems. 47.   Creative behavior: The manifestation of imaginative, original, or innovative ideas, actions, or expressions. Example: The artist's creative behavior led to the creation of a captivating sculpture. 48.   Provenance: The origin, source, or history of something. Example: The provenance of the ancient artifact was traced back to a temple in Egypt. 49.   Behavioral innovation: The development and adoption of new ideas, behaviors, or practices that lead to positive changes or advancements. Example: The company encourages behavioral innovation by fostering a culture of creativity and experimentation. 50.   True origins: The underlying or fundamental causes or sources of something. Example: Understanding the true origins of human language has been a topic of debate among linguists. Test-3 Passage 1 The thylacine 1.       Extinct: No longer existing or living. Example: Dinosaurs are an extinct group of animals that lived millions of years ago. 2.       Marsupial: A type of mammal that carries its young in a pouch. Example: Kangaroos and koalas are well-known marsupials found in Australia. 3.       Superficial: On the surface, not deep or significant. Example: The two friends had a superficial conversation about the weather, but didn't discuss their personal lives. 4.       Resemblance: Similarity or likeness. Example: The actor bears a striking resemblance to his famous grandfather. 5.       Stripes: Long, narrow lines or bands of color. Example: Zebras have black and white stripes on their bodies. 6.       Prime habitat: Ideal or optimal living environment. Example: The dense forest with abundant food and shelter is the prime habitat for many bird species. 7.       Carnivorous: Eating meat as the main diet. Example: Lions are carnivorous animals that hunt and eat other animals. 8.       Stomach: Organ in the body where food is digested. Example: The pain in his stomach indicated that he had eaten something bad. 9.       Distend: To expand or stretch out. Example: The balloon started to distend as more air was blown into it. 10.   Scarce: Insufficient or not readily available. Example: During the drought, water became scarce in the region. 11.   Fast runner: A person or animal that can run quickly. Example: Cheetahs are known for being fast runners and can reach incredible speeds. 12.   Prey: Animals that are hunted and eaten by other animals. Example: Lions hunt and capture wildebeests as their prey. 13.   Scent: A smell or odor. Example: Dogs have a keen sense of scent and can track scents over long distances. 14.   Nocturnal: Active during the night. Example: Owls are nocturnal birds that hunt for prey under the cover of darkness. 15.   Temperament: A person or animal's nature or character. Example: She has a calm and friendly temperament. 16.   Breeding season: The period during which animals reproduce. Example: Birds often have a breeding season during the spring when they build nests and lay eggs. 17.   Marsupials: Animals that carry their young in a pouch. Example: Kangaroos, wallabies, and koalas are all marsupials found in Australia. 18.   Tiny: Very small in size. Example: The baby's hands were tiny and fit easily into his father's palm. 19.   Hairless: Without hair or fur. Example: Some dog breeds, like the Chinese Crested, have hairless bodies. 20.   Pouch: A small, bag-like structure on some animals where the young are carried. Example: Kangaroo joeys stay in their mother's pouch until they are fully developed. 21.   Teats: Nipples or mammary glands where milk is produced. Example: Piglets nurse from their mother's teats to get milk. 22.   Widespread: Existing or found over a large area. Example: The flu virus was widespread in the community, affecting people from different neighborhoods. 23.   Mainland: The main or larger landmass as opposed to islands. Example: Australia is a large country that consists of both the mainland and several surrounding islands. 24.   Predator: An animal that hunts and feeds on other animals. Example: Lions are fierce predators that hunt and kill their prey in coordinated attacks. 25.   Relentless: Persistent and unyielding. Example: The student's relentless efforts paid off when he finally achieved the top score in the class. 26.   Shotguns: Firearms that shoot a spray of small pellets or bullets. Example: Hunters use shotguns for bird hunting because the spread of pellets increases the chances of hitting the target. 27.   Campaign: A series of planned activities or efforts towards a specific goal. Example: The environmental organization launched a campaign to raise awareness about plastic pollution. 28.   Decline: A decrease or reduction in numbers, quality, or importance. Example: The population of endangered species is in decline due to habitat destruction and poaching. 29.   Extermination: Complete destruction or elimination. Example: The use of pesticides led to the extermination of many insect species in the area. 30.   Factors: Elements or circumstances that contribute to a particular result or outcome. Example: There are multiple factors that affect climate change, including greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation. 31.   Introduced: Brought in from another place or introduced to a new environment. Example: The government introduced new laws to regulate the use of plastic bags in order to reduce pollution. 32.   Habitat: Natural environment where an organism or species lives. Example: Coral reefs provide a habitat for a diverse range of marine species. 33.   Disappearance: Act of vanishing or ceasing to exist. Example: The sudden disappearance of the missing hiker puzzled search and rescue teams. 34.   Distemper-like disease: A disease that resembles or has similar symptoms to distemper. Example: The veterinarian suspected that the sick dog had a distemper-like disease due to the exhibited symptoms. 35.   Captivity: The state of being confined or held in captivity. Example: The zookeeper ensured that the animals in captivity received proper care and a suitable environment. 36.   Zoos: Facilities where live animals are kept for public display and conservation. Example: Families enjoy visiting zoos to see various animals from around the world. 37.   Notable: Worthy of attention or remarkable. Example: The scientist made a notable discovery that revolutionized the field of genetics. 38.   Scarcity: Insufficiency or shortage of something. Example: The scarcity of clean water in the region caused hardships for the local population. 39.   Expeditions: Organized journeys or trips, often for exploration or scientific purposes. Example: The team embarked on a research expedition to study marine life in the deep ocean. 40.   Definitive: Conclusive or final, providing a clear answer or solution. Example: The lab results provided definitive evidence of the presence of the virus. 41.   Declared: Officially announced or stated. Example: The government declared a state of emergency in response 41.   Declared: Officially announced or stated. Example: The government declared a state of emergency in response to the natural disaster. 42.   Expeditions: Organized journeys or trips, often for exploration or scientific purposes. Example: The team embarked on a research expedition to study marine life in the deep ocean. 43.   Definitive: Conclusive or final, providing a clear answer or solution. Example: The lab results provided definitive evidence of the presence of the virus. 44.   Scarcity: Insufficiency or shortage of something. Example: The scarcity of clean water in the region caused hardships for the local population. 45.   Concern: Worry, interest, or care about something. Example: There is growing concern about the impact of climate change on the planet. 46.   Edge of extinction: The point where a species is on the brink of dying out completely. Example: The conservation efforts saved the endangered species from the edge of extinction. 47.   Motion: A proposal or suggestion made for consideration. Example: The board members voted on the motion to increase funding for environmental conservation. 48.   Conservation: Protection, preservation, and careful management of natural resources and ecosystems. Example: National parks play a crucial role in the conservation of biodiversity. 49.   Captive specimens: Animals kept in captivity for study or display purposes. Example: The zoo had a collection of captive specimens from various endangered species. 50.   Expeditions: Organized journeys or trips, often for exploration or scientific purposes. Example: The team embarked on a research expedition to study marine life in the deep ocean. 51.   Searches: Efforts made to find or locate something. Example: The searches for the missing hiker continued for days until he was finally found. 52.   Definitive evidence: Clear and conclusive proof. Example: The DNA analysis provided definitive evidence linking the suspect to the crime scene. 53.   Extinct: No longer existing or living. Example: The dodo bird is an extinct species that used to inhabit the island of Mauritius. 54.   Carbon-dated: The process of determining the age of an object or material using the decay of carbon isotopes. Example: The ancient artifact was carbon-dated to be over a thousand years old. 55.   Predator: An animal that hunts and feeds on other animals. Example: Cheetahs are known for their speed and agility as predators. 56.   Basking: Resting or warming oneself in sunlight. Example: The lizard was basking on a rock, absorbing the heat from the sun. 57.   Public pressure: Influence or demands exerted by the public to bring about change or action. Example: The growing concern for the environment led to public pressure on the government to implement stricter environmental policies. 58.   Scientists: Researchers or experts in the field of science. Example: The team of scientists conducted experiments to study the effects of climate change. 59.   Scarcity: Insufficiency or shortage of something. Example: The scarcity of food during the drought led to an increase in prices. 60.   Vanishing: Disappearing or ceasing to exist. Example: The vanishing rainforests are a global concern due to the loss of biodiversity. Passage -2 Palm oil Sterile monocultures: Refers to a single crop grown in a large area without much biodiversity. Example: Oil palm plantations are often described as sterile monocultures due to the lack of diverse plant and animal species. Keystone species: A species that has a disproportionately large impact on its environment. Example: The bird's nest fern is considered a keystone species as it plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. Reintroducing: Bringing back or restoring something that was previously present. Example: Scientists suggest reintroducing the bird's nest fern into oil palm plantations to promote biodiversity. Biodiversity: The variety of plant and animal species in a particular ecosystem. Example: The reintroduction of diverse species can help restore biodiversity in oil palm plantations. Fungi: Microorganisms that play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter. Example: The presence of fungi in oil palm plantations contributes to nutrient recycling. Bacteria: Microscopic organisms that have various roles in ecosystems, including nutrient cycling. Example: The reintroduction of the bird's nest fern may support the growth of beneficial bacteria in oil palm plantations. Invertebrates: Animals without a backbone, such as insects and worms. Example: The presence of the bird's nest fern can provide habitat for various invertebrates within oil palm plantations. Amphibians: Cold-blooded animals that typically live in both water and land, such as frogs and salamanders. Example: The reintroduction of diverse vegetation may benefit amphibian populations in oil palm plantations. Reptiles: Cold-blooded vertebrates, including snakes, lizards, and turtles. Example: The presence of suitable habitats can support the survival of various reptiles in oil palm plantations. Mammals: Warm-blooded animals that give birth to live young, including species like bats and monkeys. Example: The reintroduction of the bird's nest fern could provide shelter for diverse mammal species in oil palm plantations. Certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO): Palm oil that meets the sustainability standards set by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). Example: The RSPO certifies certain palm oil as certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO), indicating that it meets specific environmental and social criteria. Transparency: Openness and clarity in actions and decision-making processes. Example: The RSPO emphasizes the importance of transparency in palm oil production, ensuring that information is readily available to stakeholders. Carbon stocks: The amount of carbon stored in a particular area, such as forests or plantations. Example: Regular assessment of carbon stocks helps monitor the impact of palm oil production on carbon emissions and climate change. Green deserts: Refers to areas dominated by a single plant species, lacking biodiversity and ecological complexity. Example: Oil palm plantations are sometimes referred to as green deserts due to their limited diversity and ecological functions. Low-income people: Individuals or communities with limited financial resources. Example: Many low-income people in developing countries depend on palm oil for their livelihoods, which adds complexity to the palm oil debate. Utilitarian balance: Striking a balance between different factors based on the overall benefit or utility. Example: Finding a utilitarian balance involves considering the environmental, social, and economic impacts of palm oil production. Dependency: Relying on something or someone for support or sustenance. Example: The livelihoods of many farmers in palm oil-producing regions are dependent on the success of their oil palm plantations. Deforestation: The clearing of forests, often resulting in the loss of trees and biodiversity. Example: The expansion of oil palm plantations has been linked to widespread deforestation in countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Habitat destruction: The loss or degradation of natural habitats, threatening the survival of species. Example: The habitat destruction caused by oil palm plantations has negatively impacted endangered species like orangutans and tigers. Environmentalists: Individuals who advocate for the protection and preservation of the environment. Example: Environmentalists raise concerns about the ecological impact of palm oil production and promote sustainable alternatives. Keystone species: A species that plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and functioning of an ecosystem. Example: The bird's nest fern is considered a keystone species as it performs vital ecological functions in tropical regions. Biodiversity: The variety of life forms and species within a particular habitat or ecosystem. Example: Introducing the bird's nest fern into oil palm plantations can help restore biodiversity by providing a habitat for various species. Fungi: A group of organisms that includes mushrooms, molds, and yeasts, which play important roles in nutrient cycling and decomposition. Example: The reintroduction of the bird's nest fern can support the growth of fungi in oil palm plantations, contributing to ecosystem health. Invertebrates: Animals without a backbone, such as insects, spiders, and worms. Example: The presence of the bird's nest fern in oil palm plantations can attract a diverse range of invertebrates, contributing to ecosystem diversity. Amphibians: Cold-blooded vertebrates, including frogs, toads, and salamanders, that typically live both in water and on land. Example: The reintroduction of the bird's nest fern may create suitable habitats for various amphibians within oil palm plantations. Reptiles: Cold-blooded vertebrates, including snakes, lizards, and turtles, that are characterized by their scaly skin. Example: The presence of the bird's nest fern can provide shelter and resources for reptiles within oil palm plantations. Mammals: Warm-blooded vertebrates that give birth to live young and typically have hair or fur. Example: The reintroduction of the bird's nest fern may support the presence of small mammals in oil palm plantations. RSPO: Abbreviation for the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, a group that sets standards for sustainable palm oil production. Example: The RSPO plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable practices and certifying palm oil as environmentally responsible. Sustainability: The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Example: The adoption of sustainable practices in palm oil production aims to ensure the long-term sustainability of the industry. Global supply chain: The network of interconnected processes and activities involved in the production and distribution of goods and services on a global scale. Example: Palm oil is an essential commodity in the global supply chain, being used in various industries and products worldwide. Passage -3 Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan’s Skyscrapers 1.       Geology: The study of the Earth's physical structure and substances it is made of. Example: The book combines geology, history, economics, and data to explain New York City's development. 2.       Urban development: The planning and construction of cities, including buildings, infrastructure, and amenities. Example: The book discusses different aspects of New York's urban development throughout history. 3.       Compilation: A collection of different parts or chapters brought together in one book. Example: The second part of the book is a compilation of chapters on New York's urban development in the 20th century. 4.       Subterranean: Relating to or located below the surface of the Earth. Example: The author takes the reader on a subterranean walking tour of New York City, exploring what lies beneath the ground. 5.       Legends: Traditional stories or myths that explain historical events or phenomena. Example: The author shares several legends about the city's history and landmarks. 6.       Grid system: A network of streets laid out in a pattern of intersecting lines. Example: Chapter two explores the early development of land and the implementation of a grid system in New York in 1811. 7.       Tenements: Apartment buildings, typically in urban areas, that are divided into small, cramped units. Example: Barr discusses the impact of existing tenements on the development of skyscrapers in certain neighborhoods. 8.       Enclaves: Small areas or neighborhoods occupied by a particular group of people. Example: Chapter four focuses on immigrant enclaves in late 19th-century New York City. 9.       Regression analysis: A statistical method used to analyze the relationship between variables. Example: Chapter six uses regression analysis to predict building construction based on historical data. 10.   Viability: The ability to work successfully or be effective. Example: Barr examines the viability of different explanations for the building boom of the 1920s. 11.   Empirical: Based on observation, evidence, or experience rather than theory or speculation. Example: Barr's research papers provide empirical evidence to support his arguments. 12.   Land values: The monetary worth or market price of land. Example: The final chapter estimates Manhattan land values throughout history. 13.   Distraction: Something that diverts attention or causes a loss of focus. Example: The lengthy discussions of urban economic theory may serve as a distraction to readers primarily interested in New York City. 14.   Exuberance: Excitement, enthusiasm, or a feeling of high spirits. Example: One of the primary explanations for the building boom of the 1920s was attributed to exuberance and optimism. 15.   Cheap credit: Access to loans or borrowing money at low interest rates. Example: The availability of cheap credit contributed to the development boom of the 1920s. 16.   Estimations: Calculations or judgments made based on available information or data. Example: The final chapter presents estimations of Manhattan land values over time. 17.   Epilogue: A section at the end of a book that provides concluding remarks or reflections. Example: The book ends with an epilogue discussing the impact of climate change on New York City. 18.   Policy suggestions: Recommendations or proposals for actions to be taken by policymakers. Example: In the epilogue, the author makes policy suggestions for addressing the impact of climate change on the city. 19.   Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Example: The book explores how infrastructure development influenced the growth of New York City. 20.   Amenities: Facilities or features that provide comfort, convenience, or enjoyment. Example: The author analyzes the location of immigrant neighborhoods in terms of the amenities available in the area. 21.   Market price: The current price at which a product or asset can be bought or sold. Example: The author discusses changes in land values as a predictor of future building height. 22.   Dangers: Risks or potential harm associated with a particular situation or activity. Example: The chapter on building foundations explores the dangers involved in constructing deep-level structures. 23.   Regression analysis: A statistical technique used to analyze the relationship between variables and make predictions based on observed data. Example: Chapter six of the book uses regression analysis to predict building construction based on historical data. 24.   Empirical research: Research based on direct observation or experience rather than theory or speculation. Example: The author references empirical research papers to support arguments and findings throughout the book. 25.   Viability: The ability to work or be successful; feasibility. Example: The author assesses the viability of different explanations for the building boom of the 1920s. 26.   Supply and demand: The economic principle that states the availability (supply) and desire (demand) for a product or service determine its price and quantity. Example: The author argues that supply and demand factors played a significant role in the development of the 1920s building boom. 27.   Empirical papers: Research papers based on empirical data and observations. Example: Chapter ten of the book discusses one of the author's empirical papers that estimates Manhattan land values. 28.   Land values: The assessed or perceived worth of land in terms of its potential use or development. Example: The author explores the relationship between land values and the construction of skyscrapers. 29.   Climate change: Long-term shifts in weather patterns and temperatures, often attributed to human activities. Example: In the epilogue, the author discusses the impact of climate change on New York City. 30.   Policy: A course of action or set of principles adopted or proposed by a government, organization, or individual. Example: The author makes policy suggestions for addressing the challenges posed by climate change in New York City. 31.   Compilation: The process of gathering and assembling various materials or information into a single collection. Example: The second part of the book is a compilation of chapters discussing different aspects of New York's urban development. 32.   Helicopter time-machine: A figurative term used to describe a detailed visualization or imaginative journey through time. Example: In the first chapter, the author takes the reader on a helicopter time-machine ride to imagine how New York looked in 1609. 33.   Subterranean: Referring to something underground or beneath the surface. Example: After the aerial perspective, the author takes the reader on a subterranean walk, exploring the rock and water beneath the city. 34.   Grid system: A network of intersecting horizontal and vertical lines that divide an area into square or rectangular sections. Example: Chapter two focuses on the early development of land and the implementation of a grid system in New York in 1811. 35.   Tenements: Overcrowded and often run-down apartment buildings, typically housing lower-income residents. Example: Chapter four discusses immigration and the location of tenements in late 19th-century New York. 36.   Skeletal frames: Structural frameworks made of iron and steel that support the weight of buildings. Example: The introduction of skeletal frames allowed for the construction of taller buildings with increased use of windows and natural light. 37.   Caissons: Watertight structures used in construction to excavate soil or rock below the water table. Example: The chapter on foundations explores the use of caissons to dig deep and reach bedrock during building construction. 38.   Urban economic theory: The study of economic factors and principles that influence urban development and growth. Example: Chapter eight contains discussions of urban economic theory that provide insights into New York's building boom. 39.   Empirical papers: Research papers based on systematic observation or experiment. Example: The author references empirical papers to support arguments and findings throughout the book. 40.   Epilogue: A concluding section that provides final thoughts, reflections, or future implications. Example: The book concludes with an epilogue where the author discusses the impact of climate change on New York City. 41.   Viability: The ability to be successful or effective. Example: In chapter nine, the author assesses the viability of different explanations for the building boom in the 1920s. 42.   Exuberance: Extreme excitement or enthusiasm. Example: One of the explanations considered for the building boom of the 1920s is the factor of exuberance among developers and investors. 43.   Cheap credit: Access to loans or financing at low interest rates or favorable terms. Example: While cheap credit played a role in enabling the building boom, the author argues that it was not the primary cause. 44.   Empirical research: Research based on direct observation or experience rather than theory or speculation. Example: The author references empirical research papers to support his analysis and findings throughout the book. 45.   Estimations: Approximations or calculations of something based on available data or information. Example: In the final chapter, the author presents his estimations of Manhattan land values over time. 46.   Policy suggestions: Recommendations for actions or measures that should be taken to address a particular issue or achieve certain goals. Example: The author offers policy suggestions for dealing with the impact of climate change on New York City. 47.   Figurative term: A word or phrase used in a non-literal sense to create a specific effect or convey a particular meaning. Example: The author uses the term "helicopter time-machine" as a figurative term to describe the imaginative journey through time. 48.   Amenities: Convenient or desirable features or services available in a particular area. Example: In chapter four, the author analyzes the locations of immigrant enclaves based on the amenities present in those areas. 49.   Regression analysis: Statistical method used to examine the relationship between variables and make predictions based on patterns observed in the data. Example: Chapter six utilizes regression analysis to study building height trends and make predictions about future construction. 50.   Dangers: Risks or hazards associated with a particular activity or situation. Example: The chapter discussing foundation construction explores the dangers involved in using caissons and working below the water table. Test-4 Passage -1 Bats To The Rescue 1.       Conversion: Changing something from one form or use to another. Example: The forests in Madagascar are being converted into agricultural land. 2.       Staple crop: A primary or essential crop that is commonly grown and consumed. Example: Rice is the staple crop in Madagascar. 3.       Subsistence farmers: Farmers who grow crops mainly to meet their own needs and support their families. Example: Many local farmers in Madagascar are subsistence farmers who rely on their crops for food and survival. 4.       Deforestation: The clearing or removal of forests. Example: The clearing of forests for agriculture leads to deforestation. 5.       Habitat: The natural environment where an organism or species lives. Example: The destruction of forests in Madagascar has a devastating impact on habitat for various species. 6.       Biodiversity: The variety and abundance of different species in an ecosystem. Example: The loss of forests in Madagascar results in a decline in biodiversity. 7.       Insectivorous: Describing organisms that feed on insects. Example: Bats are insectivorous creatures that primarily eat insects. 8.       Pest control service: The act of managing or reducing populations of harmful pests. Example: Bats provide a valuable pest control service by eating insects that damage crops. 9.       Indigenous: Native to a particular region or country. Example: Several species of indigenous bats in Madagascar contribute to pest control. 10.   Habitat modification: Altering or changing the natural environment. Example: The bats take advantage of habitat modification near rice fields to hunt insects. 11.   Echolocation: A process used by bats to navigate and locate prey by emitting and receiving sound waves. Example: Bats use echolocation to find and target their insect prey. 12.   DNA barcoding: A technique used to identify and analyze DNA samples for species identification. Example: The researchers used DNA barcoding to determine the bat species' feeding habits. 13.   Man-made ecosystems: Environments created or modified by human activity. Example: Rice fields are examples of man-made ecosystems in Madagascar. 14.   Susceptible: Vulnerable or easily affected by something. Example: Rice crops are more susceptible to insect pests in fields with limited water and nutrients. 15.   Infestations: The presence and multiplication of pests or parasites. Example: Insect infestations can cause significant damage to crops. 16.   Effectiveness: The degree to which something is successful in producing the desired result. Example: Bats have proven their effectiveness as pest controllers in other regions. 17.   Malaria: A disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Example: Bats in Madagascar also feed on mosquitoes, which are carriers of malaria. 18.   Promote: Support or encourage the growth or development of something. Example: Farmers can promote the presence of bats by installing bat houses. 19.   Regeneration: The process of renewal or regrowth. Example: By helping bat populations, we can contribute to the regeneration of ecosystems. Passage -2 1.       Ecosystems: A community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting together. Example: The bats play a role in maintaining the balance of the local ecosystems. 2.       Ultrasonic: Sound waves or vibrations that are too high-pitched for humans to hear. Example: The researchers used ultrasonic recorders to capture the bats' feeding sounds. 3.       Biodiversity: The variety of plant and animal species in a particular habitat or ecosystem. Example: Conserving forests is crucial for preserving biodiversity. 4.       Pest suppressors: Organisms that help control or reduce the population of pests. Example: Bats serve as natural pest suppressors by feeding on insects that harm crops. 5.       Contribution: The act of giving or providing something. Example: The study aims to quantify the contribution of bats to crop yield and sustainability. 6.       Roosting: Resting or settling in a sheltered place, typically for birds or bats. Example: Bats often roost in trees or buildings during the day. 7.       Long-term effects: Effects or consequences that occur over an extended period. Example: Deforestation can have long-term effects on the habitats and populations of bats. 8.       Sustainable livelihoods: Ways of living that can be maintained over the long term without depleting resources. Example: Promoting bat populations can contribute to sustainable livelihoods for farmers. 9.       Regeneration: The process of renewal or regrowth. Example: Restoring habitats can support the regeneration of bat populations. 10.   Mutually beneficial relationship: A relationship where both parties benefit from each other. Example: The presence of bats provides a mutually beneficial relationship for farmers and conservationists. 11.   Sacred caves: Caves that are considered holy or spiritually significant. Example: Bats are associated with sacred caves and hold cultural significance. 12.   Stakes: The importance or significance of something. Example: In Madagascar, the stakes are high for both farmers and conservationists. 13.   Maximizing: Making the most of or optimizing something. Example: Maximizing bat populations can help improve crop yields. 14.   Quantify: To measure or determine the quantity or extent of something. Example: Further research is needed to quantify the impact of bats on crop productivity. 15.   Regeneration: The process of renewal or regrowth. Example: With proper support, ecosystems have the potential for regeneration. Passage-3 1.       Deforestation: The process of cutting down or removing trees from a forested area. Example: The rapid deforestation in Madagascar is causing habitat loss for many species. 2.       Echolocation: The ability of certain animals, like bats, to navigate and locate objects by emitting sound waves and listening to their echoes. Example: Bats use echolocation to locate and capture their insect prey. 3.       DNA barcoding: A technique used to identify and classify organisms based on their unique DNA sequences. Example: The scientists used DNA barcoding to analyze the droppings of bats and identify their diet. 4.       Infestations: The presence or invasion of a large number of pests or organisms that cause harm. Example: The rice fields were plagued by infestations of insects that damaged the crops. 5.       Conservationists: People who advocate for the protection and preservation of the environment and its natural resources. Example: The conservationists are working to save the endangered bat species in Madagascar. 6.       Run-off: The flow of water or other liquids over the surface of the land, typically after rainfall. Example: The absence of proper drainage led to excessive run-off in the rice fields. 7.       Protein: A vital nutrient that is necessary for the growth and repair of cells in the body. Example: Bats are a valuable source of protein for local communities during times of scarcity. 8.       Malaria: A serious infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes, causing high fever and often leading to severe illness or death. Example: Bats help control mosquito populations, reducing the risk of malaria transmission. 9.       Roost: A place where birds or bats rest or settle, typically in trees or caves. Example: The bats return to their roost in the cave at sunrise after a night of feeding. 10.   Droppings: Excrement or waste material expelled by animals. Example: The scientists collected bat droppings to study their diet and feeding patterns. 11.   Habitat modification: Changes made to the natural environment, often due to human activities. Example: The bats adapt to habitat modification by foraging in rice fields instead of forests. 12.   Man-made ecosystems: Environments or habitats created by human activities. Example: Rice fields are examples of man-made ecosystems that provide food and shelter for bats. 13.   Stakeholders: Individuals or groups who have an interest or concern in a particular issue or project. Example: The meeting brought together various stakeholders to discuss conservation strategies. 14.   Financial pressure: Stress or burden caused by economic challenges or financial constraints. Example: Bats' pest control services can alleviate the financial pressure on rice farmers. 15.   Promote: To encourage or support the growth, development, or success of something. Example: Farmers can promote bat populations by providing suitable roosting habitats. Passage -4 Timur Gareyev – Blindfold Chess Champion 1.       Prowess: Exceptional skill or ability. Example: Timur Gareyev's chess prowess is admired by many. 2.       Rarefied: Exclusive or elite. Example: Timur Gareyev stands out in the rarefied world of blindfold chess. 3.       Marathon: A long and demanding event or activity. Example: Gareyev played 33 games in his head during a 10-hour chess marathon. 4.       Grandmaster: The highest title awarded in chess. Example: Timur Gareyev became Asia's youngest ever grandmaster at the age of 16. 5.       Uninitiated: People who are not familiar with or knowledgeable about something. Example: To the uninitiated, blindfold chess may seem superhuman. 6.       Simultaneous: Happening or done at the same time. Example: Gareyev played multiple games simultaneously in his mind. 7.       Feats: Impressive achievements or accomplishments. Example: Researchers are interested in understanding how Gareyev and others can perform such mental feats. 8.       Memory lab: A research facility studying memory and cognition. Example: Jesse Rissman runs a memory lab at UCLA. 9.       Obsessed: Having a strong and persistent interest or fascination. Example: Gareyev became obsessed with chess and participated in numerous competitions. 10.   Superhuman: Having abilities or qualities beyond what is considered normal for humans. Example: Blindfold chess may require superhuman skills. 11.   Retrieved: Recalled or brought back. Example: Gareyev must retrieve the positions of chess pieces from his memory during blindfold chess. 12.   Patchy: Incomplete or inconsistent. Example: When tired, Gareyev's recall of chess positions can be patchy. 13.   Supremely gifted: Exceptionally talented or skilled. Example: Gareyev is supremely gifted in playing chess blindfolded. 14.   Scans: Medical images produced by scanning the brain. Example: Brain scans were conducted to study Gareyev's brain activity. 15.   Tentative: Not yet final or conclusive; uncertain. Example: The results of the brain scans are tentative and require further analysis. 16.   Allocate: Distribute or assign. Example: The frontoparietal control network helps to allocate attention during complex tasks. 17.   Obsession: A strong and consuming interest or passion. Example: Blindfold chess has become Gareyev's obsession. 18.   Claim: Assert or demand as one's right. Example: Gareyev hopes to claim the world record title for playing blindfold chess. 19.   Percentage: A proportion or part of a whole expressed in relation to 100. Example: Gareyev aims to win 80% of the blindfold games. 20.   Dedicate: Devote or commit oneself to something. Example: Blindfold chess is the one thing Gareyev can fully dedicate himself to. 1.       Challengers: People who compete against someone else in a contest or competition. Example: Timur Gareyev will take on nearly 50 challengers in blindfold chess. 2.       Memory tests: Assessments or evaluations that measure a person's ability to remember information. Example: Gareyev underwent memory tests to assess his memory abilities. 3.       Communication: The exchange or sharing of information between different parts or areas. Example: The brain scans revealed greater communication between various regions of Gareyev's brain. 4.       Frontoparietal control network: A group of brain regions involved in attention, rule-keeping, and decision-making. Example: The frontoparietal control network helps Gareyev allocate attention and keep rules in mind during chess. 5.       Visual images: Mental representations or pictures of things that can be seen. Example: Gareyev's brain scans suggest that the areas processing visual images may be highly connected to other brain regions. 6.       Powerful: Having a strong or significant impact or influence. Example: Gareyev's visual network may be more powerful than usual, according to the brain scans. 7.       Crowned: Given a title or honor, usually after achieving a notable accomplishment. Example: At 16 years old, Gareyev was crowned Asia's youngest chess grandmaster. 8.       Unpublished: Not yet made available or released to the public. Example: The results of the brain scans are unpublished and still being analyzed. 9.       Exhaustion: Extreme tiredness or fatigue. Example: Towards the end of the blindfold chess games, Gareyev experiences exhaustion. 10.   Analyses: The examination and study of something in detail. Example: The analyses of the brain scans may provide valuable insights into Gareyev's abilities. 1.       Rarefied: Limited to a select group, specialized, or elevated in nature. Example: Timur Gareyev stands out in the rarefied world of blindfold chess due to his exceptional skills. 2.       Feats: Impressive or remarkable achievements or actions. Example: Gareyev's ability to play multiple chess games blindfolded is considered a remarkable feat. 3.       Tutored: Taught or guided by a tutor or mentor. Example: Gareyev was tutored by his grandfather in playing chess when he was six years old. 4.       Obsessed: Having an intense or overwhelming interest in something. Example: Gareyev became obsessed with chess competitions and devoted himself to the game. 5.       Grandmaster: The highest title awarded in chess, indicating exceptional skill and expertise. Example: At the age of 16, Gareyev became Asia's youngest ever chess grandmaster. 6.       Simultaneously: Happening or done at the same time. Example: Gareyev played 33 chess games simultaneously in his head during a 10-hour chess marathon. 7.       Supremely: To an exceptional or highest degree. Example: Apart from playing chess, Gareyev does not show exceptional abilities in other areas, according to the tests. 8.       Allocating: Distributing or assigning resources, attention, or time. Example: The frontoparietal control network helps Gareyev in allocating his attention and keeping rules in mind. 9.       Patchy: Inconsistent or uneven, with gaps or inconsistencies. Example: When Gareyev is tired, his recall of chess moves can become patchy or incomplete. 10.   Obsession: A strong and compulsive interest or preoccupation with something. Example: Gareyev finds his obsession with blindfold chess to be the most important aspect of his life. 1.       Memory lab: A research facility where studies and experiments related to memory are conducted. Example: Jesse Rissman runs a memory lab at UCLA, where they study and analyze memory-related abilities. 2.       Tentative: Not definite or final; subject to change or further confirmation. Example: The results of the brain scans are still tentative and need further analysis before drawing conclusions. 3.       Frontoparietal control network: A network of brain regions involved in allocating attention, maintaining rules, and decision-making. Example: Gareyev's brain scans showed greater connectivity within the frontoparietal control network, which is essential for complex tasks. 4.       Visual network: The interconnected brain regions responsible for processing visual information. Example: The scans suggest that Gareyev's visual network may have stronger connections to other brain regions, potentially enhancing his visual processing abilities. 5.       Finalized: Completed, finished, or brought to a final stage. Example: The analyses of the brain scans are not finalized yet, but they provide initial insights into Gareyev's exceptional ability. 6.       Winning percentage: The ratio of wins to total games played, used to measure success in competitions. Example: Gareyev doesn't worry too much about his winning percentage during blindfold chess; his focus is on enjoying the game and having a dedicated pursuit. 7.       Dedicate: To devote time, effort, or oneself to a particular activity or purpose. Example: Gareyev finds fulfillment in blindfold chess because it is the one thing he can fully dedicate himself to.