A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush - Meaning: It's better to have something tangible now than the possibility of something better in the future. Example: "I'm not going to risk my stable job for a chance at a higher salary. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." A blessing in disguise - Meaning: Something that seems bad at first but turns out to be good. Example: "Failing the exam was a blessing in disguise because it made me work harder." A drop in the ocean - Meaning: Something very small or insignificant compared to the whole. Example: "My donation to the charity was just a drop in the ocean compared to what they need." A friend in need is a friend indeed - Meaning: A true friend is someone who helps you when you are in need. Example: "When I was sick, she brought me soup and stayed with me. A friend in need is a friend indeed." A leopard can't change its spots - Meaning: People can't change their innate nature or behavior. Example: "I've tried to get him to be more organized, but a leopard can't change its spots." A penny saved is a penny earned - Meaning: Saving money is just as valuable as earning it. Example: "I'm putting aside a portion of my salary each month. A penny saved is a penny earned." A picture paints a thousand words - Meaning: Visual images can convey complex ideas more effectively than words alone. Example: "This infographic illustrates the concept better than any verbal explanation. A picture paints a thousand words." A piece of cake - Meaning: Very easy. Example: "The speaking test was a piece of cake for me." A rolling stone gathers no moss - Meaning: Someone who keeps moving or changing jobs avoids becoming stagnant or complacent. Example: "I prefer to keep traveling and exploring new opportunities. A rolling stone gathers no moss." A stitch in time saves nine - Meaning: Dealing with a problem early prevents it from becoming larger and more difficult to solve later. Example: "I fixed the leaky faucet as soon as I noticed it. A stitch in time saves nine." A watched kettle never boils - Meaning: Time seems to move slowly when you're waiting for something to happen. Example: "I keep refreshing the webpage, but the results still aren't out. A watched kettle never boils." Absence makes the heart grow fonder - Meaning: Being apart from someone makes you appreciate them more. Example: "I miss my family back home. They say absence makes the heart grow fonder." Actions speak louder than words - Meaning: What someone does is more important than what they say they will do. Example: "He promised to help, but actions speak louder than words." All bark and no bite - Meaning: Someone who talks tough but doesn't act on their threats. Example: "Don't worry about him, he's all bark and no bite." All ears - Meaning: Fully attentive and ready to listen. Example: "I'm all ears, go ahead and tell me your idea." All is fair in love and war - Meaning: In difficult or intense situations, anything goes. Example: "I know it seems harsh, but all is fair in love and war." Ball is in your court - Meaning: It's your turn to make a decision or take action. Example: "I've given you all the information you need. Now the ball is in your court." Barking up the wrong tree - Meaning: Looking for something in the wrong place or pursuing the wrong course of action. Example: "You're barking up the wrong tree if you think he'll lend you money." Beat around the bush - Meaning: To avoid talking about something directly. Example: "Stop beating around the bush and tell me what you really think." Beauty is in the eye of the beholder - Meaning: Beauty is subjective and can vary from person to person. Example: "Some people find modern art beautiful, but beauty is in the eye of the beholder." Beggars can't be choosers - Meaning: People who are in need shouldn't be picky about what they receive. Example: "I know it's not exactly what you wanted, but beggars can't be choosers." Better late than never - Meaning: It's better to do something late than to not do it at all. Example: "I finally apologized to her for my mistake. Better late than never." Birds of a feather flock together - Meaning: People who are similar in character or interests tend to associate with one another. Example: "It's no surprise they're best friends. Birds of a feather flock together." Bite the bullet - Meaning: To endure a painful or difficult situation. Example: "I had to bite the bullet and apologize, even though I didn't want to." Blood is thicker than water - Meaning: Family relationships are stronger and more important than other relationships. Example: "I may have disagreements with my siblings, but blood is thicker than water." Break a leg - Meaning: Good luck. Example: "You're going to do great in the speaking test. Break a leg!" Break the ice - Meaning: To start a conversation in a social situation. Example: "I tried to break the ice by asking about her weekend plans." Burn the midnight oil - Meaning: To work late into the night. Example: "I had to burn the midnight oil to finish my assignment on time." Bury the hatchet - Meaning: To make peace and reconcile with someone. Example: "After years of feuding, they finally decided to bury the hatchet and move on." Call it a day - Meaning: To stop working on something. Example: "I'm tired, let's call it a day and continue tomorrow." Cost an arm and a leg - Meaning: To be very expensive. Example: "The speaking course cost me an arm and a leg, but it was worth it." Cross that bridge when you come to it - Meaning: Deal with a problem when it arises, not before. Example: "I'll worry about the speaking test tomorrow. Let's cross that bridge when we come to it." Curiosity killed the cat - Meaning: Being too curious can lead to trouble. Example: "I'm curious about what's inside that box, but I know curiosity killed the cat." Cut to the chase - Meaning: To get to the point without wasting time. Example: "Let's cut to the chase and discuss the main issue." Don't bite off more than you can chew - Meaning: Don't take on more responsibility or work than you can handle. Example: "I signed up for too many extracurricular activities and now I'm overwhelmed. I shouldn't have bitten off more than I could chew." Don't cry over spilled milk - Meaning: Don't waste time worrying about things that have already happened and can't be changed. Example: "Yes, we made a mistake, but there's no point in crying over spilled milk. Let's focus on finding a solution." Don't judge a book by its cover - Meaning: Don't judge someone or something based on appearance alone. Example: "She may seem quiet, but don't judge a book by its cover." Don't put all your eggs in one basket - Meaning: Don't risk everything on a single venture or investment. Example: "I'm diversifying my portfolio so I'm not putting all my eggs in one basket." Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today - Meaning: Don't procrastinate or delay tasks. Example: "I know you're tired, but don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today." Don't put the cart before the horse - Meaning: Don't do things in the wrong order. Example: "Let's plan the event first before we start designing invitations. We shouldn't put the cart before the horse." Easy come, easy go - Meaning: Something obtained quickly and easily is also easily lost. Example: "I won the lottery, but I spent it all just as quickly. Easy come, easy go." Every cloud has a silver lining - Meaning: There is something positive to be found in every difficult situation. Example: "Losing my job was tough, but it gave me the opportunity to pursue my passion. Every cloud has a silver lining." Every dog has his day - Meaning: Everyone gets a chance or opportunity at some point. Example: "I may not be successful now, but every dog has his day." Forget cold feet - Meaning: To suddenly become nervous or hesitant about doing something. Example: "I was planning to speak up in the meeting, but I got cold feet at the last minute." Haste makes waste - Meaning: Acting too quickly can result in mistakes that take longer to fix. Example: "I rushed through the project and made so many errors. Haste makes waste." Hit the nail on the head - Meaning: To describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem. Example: "You really hit the nail on the head with that analysis." It takes two to tango - Meaning: Both parties involved are responsible for a situation or argument. Example: "They keep blaming each other for the project's failure, but it takes two to tango." It's a small world - Meaning: The world is interconnected and people often have unexpected connections. Example: "I ran into my childhood friend while traveling abroad. It's a small world." It's not rocket science - Meaning: Something is not overly complex or difficult to understand. Example: "Cooking dinner isn't rocket science. Just follow the recipe." It's raining cats and dogs - Meaning: It's raining heavily. Example: "We can't go out right now, it's raining cats and dogs." It's the tip of the iceberg - Meaning: Only a small, visible part of a much larger problem or issue. Example: "The corruption scandal we uncovered is just the tip of the iceberg." Jump on the bandwagon - Meaning: To join a popular activity or trend. Example: "Everyone's doing yoga these days, so I decided to jump on the bandwagon." Keep an eye on - Meaning: To watch or monitor something closely. Example: "Keep an eye on the time so we don't run out during the speaking test." Kick the bucket - Meaning: To die. Example: "He kicked the bucket last night after a long illness." Kill two birds with one stone - Meaning: To accomplish two things with a single action. Example: "By studying during my commute, I can kill two birds with one stone." Let sleeping dogs lie - Meaning: Avoid bringing up old issues or conflicts. Example: "I know you want to confront her about what she said, but let sleeping dogs lie." Let the cat out of the bag - Meaning: To reveal a secret. Example: "I accidentally let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party." Make a long story short - Meaning: To summarize something briefly. Example: "To make a long story short, I ended up getting the job after all." On the same page - Meaning: In agreement or understanding about something. Example: "It's important that we're all on the same page before we make any decisions." Once bitten, twice shy - Meaning: After an unpleasant experience, you become cautious to avoid a similar situation in the future. Example: "I got scammed once, so now I'm extra careful with online purchases. Once bitten, twice shy." Once in a blue moon - Meaning: Something that happens very rarely. Example: "I only see my old friends from college once in a blue moon." Out of the frying pan into the fire - Meaning: Escaping one difficult situation only to end up in another that is just as bad or worse. Example: "I thought quitting my job would solve my problems, but now I can't find another one. It's like jumping out of the frying pan into the fire." Practice makes perfect - Meaning: You can become skilled at something by repeating it regularly. Example: "I may not be good at speaking English now, but practice makes perfect." Pull someone's leg - Meaning: To tease or joke with someone. Example: "I'm just pulling your leg. Of course, I know you're joking." Rome wasn't built in a day - Meaning: Great achievements take time and effort. Example: "Learning a new language can be frustrating, but remember, Rome wasn't built in a day." Speak of the devil - Meaning: Used when someone you were just talking about appears unexpectedly. Example: "Speak of the devil, there's Sarah now." Take the bull by the horns - Meaning: To confront a problem directly and with confidence. Example: "I decided to take the bull by the horns and address the issue head-on." The ball is in your court - Meaning: It's your turn to make a decision or take action. Example: "I've given you all the information you need. Now the ball is in your court." The devil is in the details - Meaning: Small details are important and can cause problems if overlooked. Example: "We need to review the contract carefully. The devil is in the details." The early bird catches the worm - Meaning: Being proactive and starting early leads to success. Example: "I always arrive at work before anyone else. You know what they say, the early bird catches the worm." The elephant in the room - Meaning: An obvious problem or issue that everyone is aware of but nobody wants to address. Example: "We need to talk about the elephant in the room – our declining sales." The grass is always greener on the other side - Meaning: People often think that others have it better than them, but in reality, they may not. Example: "I envy her job, but the grass is always greener on the other side." The last straw - Meaning: The final, intolerable thing that causes someone to lose patience or give up. Example: "When he forgot my birthday, that was the last straw." The pot calling the kettle black - Meaning: Hypocritically criticizing someone for a fault you also possess. Example: "You accuse me of being lazy when you spend all day watching TV. That's the pot calling the kettle black." Time flies when you're having fun - Meaning: Time seems to pass quickly when you're enjoying yourself. Example: "I can't believe it's already midnight! Time flies when you're having fun." To be in hot water - Meaning: To be in trouble or facing consequences. Example: "He's really in hot water with his boss after missing the deadline." To kill time - Meaning: To pass time doing something unproductive. Example: "I'm just killing time until the bus arrives." To let the cat out of the bag - Meaning: To reveal a secret. Example: "I accidentally let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party." To paint the town red - Meaning: To go out and enjoy oneself flamboyantly. Example: "After the exam, we're going to paint the town red." To pull someone's leg - Meaning: To tease or joke with someone. Example: "I'm just pulling your leg. Of course, I know you're joking." To see eye to eye - Meaning: To agree or have the same opinion as someone else. Example: "We don't always see eye to eye, but we respect each other's opinions." To turn over a new leaf - Meaning: To start fresh or make a positive change in one's life. Example: "After getting sober, he decided to turn over a new leaf and pursue his passion for painting." Two heads are better than one - Meaning: Two people working together can solve a problem more effectively than one person alone. Example: "Let's work on this project together. Two heads are better than one." Two wrongs don't make a right - Meaning: Responding to a wrongdoing with another wrongdoing doesn't solve the problem. Example: "He insulted me, but that doesn't mean I should insult him back. Two wrongs don't make a right." Under the weather - Meaning: Feeling ill or sick. Example: "I'm feeling a bit under the weather today." You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink - Meaning: You can provide someone with an opportunity, but you can't force them to take it. Example: "I gave him all the study materials, but he refuses to study. You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink." You can't have your cake and eat it too - Meaning: You can't have everything you want; you must make choices. Example: "You want to travel the world, but you also want to save money. You can't have your cake and eat it too." You can't judge a book by its cover - Meaning: You shouldn't judge someone or something based solely on appearance. Example: "I know she seems shy, but you can't judge a book by its cover." You can't teach an old dog new tricks - Meaning: It is difficult to teach new skills or habits to someone who is set in their ways. Example: "My grandfather refuses to learn how to use a computer. You know what they say, you can't teach an old dog new tricks." You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours - Meaning: If you do something for me, I'll do something for you in return. Example: "I'll help you move this weekend if you help me paint my room next weekend. You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours." Exercise: Instructions: Choose the correct idiom from the list provided to complete each sentence. She always gets straight to the point and _______________. Despite his tough talk, he's _______________ when it comes to confrontation. I've been feeling a bit _______________ lately, so I might not be very productive. We need to _______________ and discuss the real issue. I've been studying for hours, but I'm afraid I'm just _______________ until the exam starts. The manager _______________ after everyone kept avoiding the main topic. I know it's not what you wanted, but _______________. Despite the setback, there's always _______________. The company's financial troubles were just _______________ of the iceberg. I have a feeling we're just seeing _______________ of the problem. He always arrives early for meetings because _______________. After losing her job, she discovered it was a _______________ because it led her to pursue her passion. I don't want to put all my eggs in one basket, so I'm _______________ my options. My friend promised to help, but _______________ when I needed him the most. Let's _______________ and focus on finding a solution. I envy her success, but _______________. We've been working together for years, so we're _______________. He promised to contribute, but _______________. I may not be successful now, but _______________. Learning a new language is challenging, but _______________. Answer: Hit the nail on the head All bark and no bite Under the weather Cut to the chase Killing time Broke the ice Better late than never The tip of the iceberg Barking up the wrong tree Every cloud has a silver lining The early bird catches the worm Blessing in disguise Keeping an eye on Turn over a new leaf Practice makes perfect Birds of a feather flock together Actions speak louder than words Jump on the bandwagon Beggars can't be choosers It's raining cats and dogs Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate idiom from the list provided. I always arrive early for meetings because ______________. Don't judge a book by its cover; you never know what someone is like until you get to know them ______________. After failing the exam, she realized it was ___________________ because it motivated her to study harder. It's important to _______________ and address the main issue without wasting time. My friend is always _______________, so I never know when he's telling the truth. I'm feeling _______________ today, so I might not perform my best in the test. Let's _______________ and plan our next move carefully. He promised to help, but _______________ when it came time to do the work. I made a mistake, but there's no point in _______________ about it now. They keep blaming each other for the project's failure, but _______________. After years of feuding, they finally decided to _______________ and make peace. I may not be successful now, but _______________. Learning a new language can be challenging, but _______________. Don't worry about him, he's always _______________ and never follows through. We need to _______________ and deal with the problem directly. She's been feeling _______________ lately, so she's taking a few days off work. My grandfather refuses to learn how to use a computer. You know what they say, _______________. He's really _______________ with his boss after missing the deadline. I always wake up early to study. _______________. I accidentally _______________ about the surprise party. After quitting his job, he realized he had jumped _______________. Losing my job led me to discover a new career path. _______________. Being apart from someone makes you appreciate them more. _______________. Some people find modern art beautiful, but _______________. I keep refreshing the webpage, but the results still aren't out. _______________. I envy her job, but _______________. You want to travel the world, but _______________. I made a mistake, but _______________. I finally apologized to her for my mistake. _______________. I'm putting aside a portion of my salary each month. _______________. What someone does is more significant than what they say. _______________. In difficult or intense situations, anything goes. _______________. People who are in need shouldn't be picky about what they receive. _______________. It's better to do something late than to not do it at all. _______________. Being too curious can lead to trouble. _______________. Don't assume success until it's certain. _______________. You can't have everything you want; you must make choices. _______________. Escaping one difficult situation only to end up in another that is just as bad or worse. _______________. Saving money is just as valuable as earning it. _______________. A true friend is someone who helps you when you are in need. _______________. Two people working together can solve a problem more effectively than one person alone. _______________. Beauty is subjective and can vary from person to person. _______________. Time seems to move slower when you're waiting for something to happen. _______________. Family relationships are stronger and more important than other relationships. _______________. If you do something for me, I'll do something for you in return. _______________. I know it seems harsh, but _______________. After an unpleasant experience, you become cautious to avoid a similar situation in the future. _______________. There's something positive to be found in every difficult situation. _______________. I know it's not exactly what you wanted, but _______________. Time seems to move slower when you're waiting for something to happen. _______________. Answer: Hit the nail on the head Break the ice A blessing in disguise Cut to the chase Beat around the bush Under the weather Jump on the bandwagon Pull someone's leg Break a leg Bite the bullet Call it a day Keep an eye on Let the cat out of the bag Cost an arm and a leg Kick the bucket Don't judge a book by its cover Burn the midnight oil Cross that bridge when you come to it Make a long story short On the same page Speak of the devil Take the bull by the horns The ball is in your court The early bird catches the worm The elephant in the room The last straw Time flies when you're having fun To be in hot water To kill time To let the cat out of the bag All bark and no bite Beggars can't be choosers Don't cry over spilled milk Don't put all your eggs in one basket Every cloud has a silver lining Every dog has its day Haste makes waste It's raining cats and dogs It's the tip of the iceberg Jump on the bandwagon Practice makes perfect The devil is in the details Two heads are better than one You can't judge a book by its cover A leopard can't change its spots Don't count your chickens before they hatch Easy come, easy go The early bird catches the worm A watched pot never boils To turn over a new leaf

Verb A verb is a word used to describe an action, state or occurrence. A verb is “any member of a class of words that function as the main element of predicates, that typically express action, state, or a relation between two things, and that may be inflected for tense, aspect, voice, mood, and to show agreement with their subject or object.” Classification of Verb Several other kinds of verb: Dynamic(Action) Verb State Verb Factitive verb Quasi-passive verb Copulative verb Causative verb Cognate verb Impersonal verb Reflexive verb Prepositional verb Perception verb Linking verb Verbs are also primarily divided into Finite and Infinite (Non-Finite): Finite Verb: The verb form that agrees with its subject in person, number and time is called finite verb. It is so called because it is limited to its subject. Therefore, it changed its form according to person, number and tense. For example, in the sentence,           "She is singing loudly", `is singing' is the Present Tense and 'she' is the Pronoun and the statement refers to `she'(the Subject). `Is singing' is determined by the tense and pronoun and is therefore a Finite Verb. Note: Every sentence must have at least one, Finite Verb. You promised me the last ticket. I am excited about going to the amusement park. I went for a walk around the park. She was waiting in the room before he came in. Does your brother know my brother? ·         We want John to act as club secretary. ·         I like taking photographs of insects. ·         Coming home last night, I saw a deer run across the road. Non-Finite Verb: A nonfinite verb is a verb that is not finite. When a verb is not limited by Number and Person, it is known as the Non-Finite Verb. These verbs cannot be the main verb of a clause or sentence and they do not indicate any tense, mood or gender. A non-finite verb is not controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject. ·         I enjoy shopping for clothes and shoes. ·         You enjoy shopping for clothes and shoes. ·         They enjoy shopping for clothes and shoes. It is dangerous to drive on this slippery road. I felt it difficult to comprehend. It is good to know that you can cook as well. We ate a lot of roasted meat. I have completed the given task. Robert is the most wanted player on the team. Shaun gave up smoking a few years ago. Walking is a habit you should develop from the beginning. Sleeping in the afternoon is not healthy at all. A flying bird is more watchful than a sitting bird. The Verb Non-Finite can be of three types - the Infinitive, the Gerund and the Participle. For example, in the sentence, "To forgive your enemy is good", `to forgive' is not limited by either Tense or Number or Person. It is an example of the Verb Infinite‑ Gerunds A gerund is a verbal that ends in '-ing' and functions as a noun. In other words, when a verb becomes a noun, it is called gerund. Since it functions as a noun, it occupies the same position in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would such as subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition. Words like swimming, tying, dreaming, eating, fishing, and drinking can all be used as gerunds. List of sentences with gerunds: Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. Blowing bubbles on a windy day is a fun activity for children. ('Blowing bubbles on a windy day' is the subject of the verb 'is'.) Piling too much laundry into a washing machine will cause it to malfunction. ('Piling too much laundry into a washing machine' is the subject of the verb 'will cause'.) Ethan narrowly avoided driving off the cliff. ('Driving off the cliff' is the direct object of the verb 'avoided'.) Eating ice cream on a hot day can be a good way to cool off. ('Eating ice cream on a hot day' is the subject of the verb 'can be'.) Jessica really enjoys bothering the neighbors with loud music. ('Bothering the neighbors with loud music' is the direct object of the verb 'enjoys'.) Participles A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed. It has some features of verbs and some of adjectives, but it is basically a type of adjective. There are two types of participles: Present participles and Past participles. Present participles can be used to act like an adjective, a verbal noun or accompany an auxiliary verb to make continuous past or present tenses. The past participle is the third principal part of a verb. With regular verbs, we have an easy case of creating these words. We create it by adding '-ed,' '-d,' or '-t' ‘tn, to the base of a regular verb. Present participles usually describe what a thing does and Past Participles usually describe what was done to a thing. Perfect participles are a kind of participle that are used in combination with the verb 'have,' and imply a particular meaning. Perfect participles are used to express actions or states that have just finished. They indicate that one action or event happened before another. Perfect participle is not technically a third type of participle. It is a grammatical phrase constructed by:having + past participle. Examples: She is buying a talking bird for her daughter. [Present Participle] He was trapped inside the burning house. [Present Participle] A broken clock stood on the mantelpiece. [Past Participle] I finally found the hose stolen from my garden. [Past Participle] Having talked to him, she felt awful. [Perfect Participle] Having started to rain, we decided not to leave home. [Perfect Participle] Having been caught, the thief admitted his crime. [Perfect Participle] Infinitives An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word 'to' plus a verb and functioning as a noun, adjective or adverb. Example: To wait seemed foolish when action was required. The children need a garden to play in. I decided not to go to London. Note: Be sure not to confuse an infinitive, a verbal consisting of 'to' +verb with a prepositional phrase beginning with to, which consists of 'to'+ a noun or pronoun and any modifiers. Finite Verbs --Principal and Auxiliary Finite Verbs are divided into two main classes: - Principal Verb: Verbs which have a meaning of their own, agree with the Person and Number of the Subject of a sentence and can be used independently are called principal verb. Main verbs have meanings related to actions, events and states. Most verbs in English are main verbs. Verb : call, go, work, etc. Auxiliary Verb:  When a verb is used only to help some other verb to form voices, moods and tenses, it is called an Auxiliary Verb (auxiliary =helping). §  I am writing a book. §  He has done the work. §  We will be there in a minute. §  Would you help me with this homework? §  Can you open the door? §  Did you visit New York last holiday? §  Do you like chocolate? §  They must get there on time. Auxiliary verbs are of two types: Primary auxiliary verb Modal auxiliary verb Primary auxiliary verb: And those verb words which merely help to express statements of fact are called Primary Auxuliary.  “Be” and its forms; “do” and its forms and “have” and its forms belong to this group. These Primary Auxiliaries can be used as Main Verbs as well as Helping Verbs. The primary auxiliary verbs are to be, to have, and to do. They appear in the following forms: ·         To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be ·         To Have: has, have, had, having, will have ·         To Do: does, do, did, will do Primary Auxiliary Verbs may also be used. as Principal Verbs: Auxiliary                                    Principal I am helped by him.                   I am happy. He has gone.                               He has a dog. We eat that we may live.           You man go. He does not know it.              He did it. I shall do it.                                  You shall do it. lie will do it.                                I will do it. Modal Auxiliary Verb: The modal auxiliary verbs are auxiliary verbs that specifically affect the mood of the verb. Remember that verb mood is about the attitude in which the action or state is expressed-as a statement of fact or opinion, as a wish, as a possibility, or as a command. Modality is about a speaker’s or a writer’s attitude towards the world. A speaker or writer can express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity and ability by using modal words and expressions. The word ‘Modal’ comes from the word “mood” which is related to the mind! Core modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, must Semi-modals: dare, need, ought to, used to Other verbs with modal meanings: have (got) to, be going to and be able to Examples of modal auxiliary verbs in a sentence: §               I can run a mile in 8 minutes. (expresses a fact or possibility) §               You must clean your plate before you have dessert. (expresses a command) §               I might go to the park after school today. (expresses a possibility) §               It would be nice if a rainbow appeared. (expresses a wish) §               Do you think it will rain today? (expresses a possibility or a wish) §               Grandma could arrive any minute! (expresses a possibility) §               You should try some of this spaghetti. (expresses a statement of opinion) §               Will you give me some money? (expresses a wish or possibility) These Modal Auxiliaries have three common characteristics: 1.      They are never used alone – a Main Verb in its ‘bare-infinitive’ form is either present or understood: {except ‘need’, ‘dare’ and ‘used to’} I will to school.  [wrong – no main verb] I will go to school.   [correct – main verb ‘go’ is present] 2.      These Auxiliaries have a ‘single form’ through out the Present Tense, whatever be the Person and Number of the subject of the sentence: e.g. I can swim.  You can swim.   She can swim. 3.      The Modal Auxiliaries do not take the ‘to-infinitive’ or the ‘participle’ – present or past – forms directly: e.g. You shall to go. [wrong] She can gone.  [wrong] He may coming here. [wrong] You shall go.   [correct] She can go.      [correct] He may come here.   [correct] Principal Verbs are divided into two classes: — Transitive verbs are those that require an object to make the sense clear: He did this. I love him. Who made it ? ·         I admire your courage. ·         We need to maintain product quality. ·         I couldn’t face him today. ·         She loves animals. Some transitive verbs (like fell, teach, ask, show, give, send, etc.) take two objects, Direct and Indirect. 2. Intransitive verbs are those that do not require any object to make the sense clear: He sleeps. I run. Birds fly. §  The baby was crying. §  I work for a large firm in Paris. §  They laughed uncontrollably. §  We talked for hours. Object: The object of a sentence is the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. It is the who or what that the subject does something to. It can be a noun, a noun phrase, a pronoun or a longer complex object, which is modified (in a similar way to a complex subject). An object in grammar is a part of a sentence, and often part of the predicate. It refers to someone or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb. It is what the verb is being done to. Direct object You can find the direct object by finding the verb and asking "what?". A direct object answers the question "what?" or "who?" Examples: David repaired his car → his car is the direct object of the verb repaired. ( What did David repair?) He invited Mary to the party → Mary is the direct object of the verb invited. (Who did he invite?) Indirect Object An indirect object names the person for or to whom something is done. An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?" Remember that once you have found the direct object, you have to ask who (or what) is receiving it to find the indirect object An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. In other words an indirect object cannot exist without a direct object. Examples: They sent him a postcard - him is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To whom did they send a postcard?) He bought his son a bike - his son is the indirect object of the verb bought. (For whom did he buy a bike?) Indirect Objects Are Usually People. Indirect objects usually people, but not always. This means that, occasionally, you might have to ask "for or to what?" as opposed to "for or to whom?" to find the indirect object. ·         I have given the room a quick inspection. ·         Metaphors give your writing some spice. ·         Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity. (Educational reformer Horace Mann) A Transitive verb becomes Intransitive, when (a)     The verb is used in such a general sense that the object can be easily understood from the context : Fire burns. We eat to live. (b)     The reflexive pronoun is omitted: Move (yourself) aside. He keeps (himself) aloof. He drew (himself) near me. (c)     An adverb is added to the verb : Cholera has broken out. (d)     The verb is used quasi-passively : Rice sells cheap. An Intransitive verb becomes transitive when it is used (a) Grouped with -preposition: He laughs at me. We act on this rule. (b)      In a causal sense : He flies (causes to I 1\ ) a kite. I grow (cause to grow) corn in my field. (See Art. 160) (c)       With over and with placed before it : We withstood the attack. He overcame the difficulties. (d )With a Reflexive or Personal object: They set them down. (e) With a Cognate object: He ran a race. Both Transitive and Intransitive verbs are divided into following two types depending on formation of its 2nd and 3rd forms. Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Regular Verbs A verb whose past-simple and past-participle are formed simply by adding ‘-ed’ to it, is called a regular verb. Irregular Verbs A verb whose past-simple and past-participle are formed in different ways (not by adding ‘-ed’) is called an irregular verb. A few verb remains the same in all three forms (base, past-simple and past-participle). Other Types of Verb: Action verbs Action verbs (also called dynamic verbs) express activities, processes, momentary actions or physical conditions: Examples of action verbs Ache, arrive, ask, call , change,  cook, dance ,eat, fall, feel, go, grow, help, hit, hurt ,Itch ,kick, knock, leave, melt read, say, shrink, sing, speak, talk, throw, travel, watch They may be used in continuous forms: Who was he dancing with?Someone's knocking at the door.I've been reading this book for weeks. State verbs Stative verbs (or state verbs) describe a status or quality of something… NOT an action. Verbs of perception, opinion, the senses, emotion, possession, and state of being are often stative verbs. Examples of state verbs appear, believe,  belong, consider, consist, contain,cost , doubt, exist ,fit, hate ,hear, have know like love, matter, mean, need ,owe ,own, prefer ,remember, resemble, seem, suppose, suspect, understand, want ,wish COMMON STATE VERBS Senses Feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste Mental and emotional states Doubt, believe , feel (have an opinion),  hate, like/dislike, love ,imagine, know, realise, prefer, recognize, remember, see (understand),suppose, think (have an opinion) ,understand ,want, wish Communication Agree, disagree, deny, appear, look (seem), seem, astonish, impress, surprise , promise, please, mean Other state verbs Belong, consist, deserve, involve, owe In sentence: ·         Susan recognizes the need for a discussion. ·         The wine tastes very fruity, but still has a dry finish. ·         I think that's a good idea. ·         I love this song! ·         That coffee smells good. ·         Do you have a pen? ·         Do these keys belong to you? ·         I see a bird in the bush. ·         Jason believes the news about the company, but I don't. ·         How much does that book cost? ·         I get the situation, but I still don't know the answer. ·         Does Tom impress you with all his knowledge? ·         He is from Dallas, TX in the Southwest. ·         She hates ironing clothes, but doesn't want to wear them wrinkled. ·         I like spending time with my friends. ·         She loves her children just as any mother loves her children. ·         I'm afraid I don't need a new pair of shoes. ·         She knows the answer, but she doesn't want to give it away. ·         Can I reach and take the hamburger? ·         Do you understand the question? State verbs are not normally used in continuous forms: I am needing a new phone. I need a new phone.Who is this bag belonging to? Who does this bag belong to?They are seeming tired. They seem tired. State verbs in the continuous form Some state verbs may be used in the continuous form if they refer to a temporary action or an action in progress at a certain moment, rather than a permanent attitude: ·         I'm having second thoughts about moving abroad. ·         Jones is appearing in Hamlet this evening. ·         You're looking great in those jeans. There are also state verbs which may be used in the continuous form, but with a different, active meaning: Factitive Verb: Factitive Verb is a form of transitive verb that takes both a direct object and an object complement, the two of which are in apposition Factitive verbs have both direct objects and object complements. Direct objects are phrases, clauses, nouns, and pronouns that directly receive the action of the verb. Object complements are adjectives, nouns, or pronouns that follow direct objects in order to indicate what the direct object's new state is. In other words, object complements reveal what the direct object has become. List of  the factitive verb: appoint, call,         choose,           keep, consider,           designate, elect,         label, find, imagine, judge,   make, name, prove, think Subject      Verb        Object Complement I                  found     him        tired. People       elected   him        their chairman. They          called     me         a liar. We              found     him        asleep. My parents   named me         Hassan. He              made      me         nervous. We              nominated  him   our president. They          appointed  me      their manager. We              consider  him       honest. They appointed Sanders, accountant. (noun as complement) He found the bag empty. (adjective as complement) They named their dog, Rex. (noun as complement) She considers him faithful. He named his son, Williams. Copulative verb: Definition : A copulative verb is a verb followed by a complement (adjective or noun phrase) which can be "equated" to the subject of the sentence. Copulative verbs are intransitive verb but they cannot express their meaning completely without the help of a word.For this reason they are called Intransitive verb of incomplete prediction. For example : be, become, get, grow, seem, appear, look, sound, taste, feel, smell, prove, remain, stay, resemble, turn Examples: ·         John is / became an architect  (John = an architect) ·         Paula seemed / appeared / sounded /grew angry (Paula = angry) ·         The roses smell / look  wonderful. ( The roses = wonderful) ·         The hypothesis proved wrong. (the hypothesis = wrong) Subject        Intransitive verb Complement The man         seems                 to be tired. Samira            looks                   - happy. The flower      is                         beautiful. The man         has fallen            asleep. These books  are                       of no use. The woman    bas fallen            sick. The man         became               angry. He       appears          to be The linking verb :A linking verb is a verb that describes the subject. Linking verbs connect the subject to a predicate noun or a predicate adjective. List of linking verb: be, am, is, are, was, were, has been, being, become, and seem, smell, appear, fall, remain, get, become, keep, go, feel, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, run, seem, look, burn, stay, taste, sound There are other verbs that can be both linking verbs and action verbs. All of the sense verbs; look, smell, touch, appear, sound, taste, and feel can be linking verbs. Other examples of verbs that can be linking verbs and action verbs include turn, remain, prove, and grow. ·         Fried fish smells delicious. ·         The moon appears gloomy. ·         The man went mad. ·         Reba seems cheerless. ·         The man grew tired. ·         Seema looks beautiful. ·         The milk turned sour. ·         These mangoes tasted sweet. ·         It appears that you have made many mistakes. ·         There appears to have been a mistake. ·         There seems to be some problems. Quasi-Passive verb The transitive verbs  which expresse the meaning as a passive voice though it is in an active voice are called quasi-passive verb.  Examples Green mango tastes sour. The book reads well. Rice sells cheap. The bed feels soft. Iron feels hard. The red rose seems sweet. Honey tastes sweet. The box feels heavy. The mango tastes sweet. Rice sells cheap. ·         This book reads well. ·         The bed feels soft. ·         The egg smells bad. ·         The house is to let. Reflexive verb A reflexive verb is a transitive verb whose subject and object always refer to the same person or thing, so the object is always a reflexive pronoun. Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves, oneself, thyself, own self. ·         The woman killed herself. ·         One should help oneself. ·         They learn themselves. ·         He hurt himself. ·         We should co-operate our-selves. Causative Verb: The causatives are the verbs that are used to indicate that one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something or be something. The verbs ‘make’, ‘get’, ‘have’, 'help' and ‘let’ are the most common causative verbs in English. Other causative verbs include: allow,  require, allow, motivate,  convince, hire, assist, encourage, permit, employ, force fly, show, remind, feed, raise, teach, set Have (give someone the responsibility to do something) §  I had John fix the car §  I had my hair cut §  Professor Villa had her students read four short novels in one week. Make (force someone to do something) §  The teacher made the students work in groups §  Our boss made us work extra hours. Get (convince or trick someone into doing something) §  He got the mechanic to repair the machine. §  She got him to read more. Let (allow someone do something) §  Jane let her son go out. §  They let the children play in the yard . §  However, she let them skip the final exam. Help (assist someone in doing something) He helped me carry the boxes Reading before bed helps me relax. More Causative Verb He showed me a picture on the wall. Mother remind me the incident of independent war. The boy is flying a kite with great joy. The Passive Causative Get & Have Subject (person) + Have / Get + Object (thing) + Past Participle Can causative sentences be passive? Yes! The passive causative is quite common for services. For more information, see our blog post on the Passive Causative. He had his car fixed (by a mechanic). She got her hair cut yesterday. My sister got her nails done. Cognate Verb The intransitive which verb accepts object similar to that verb, is cognate verb. A verb that is regularly intransitive sometimes takes as object a noun whose meaning closely resembles its own. Subject       Cognate verb Cognate object He                ran                    a race. Rina             sang                 a sweet song. I                   slept                 a sound sleep. He                died                  a pathetic I                   dreamt             a sweet dream. She              cried                 a bitter cry. Rita              laughed           a hearty laugh. He                died                  the death of a hero. He ran a race. The mayor coughed a dubious, insinuating cough. A scornful laugh laughed he. The trumpeter blew a loud blast. She sleeps the sleep of death. I slept a sound sleep last night. They fought a great fight for the country. She dances sweet dance. He ran a race. The girl laughs a sweet laugh. He walks morning walk every morning. The woman cried a touching cry. Didn’t Reba sing a sweet song? Perception Verb a verb of perception is a verb that conveys the experience of one of the physical senses. See, feel, hear, taste, smell, observe, appear, recognize etc. are of this verb. ·         The verb that is only used for feeling with nose, eye, skin, ear and tongue is called perception verb. ·         Examples Animals see with eyes. ·         The mango tastes sweet. ·         The rose smells sweet. ·         I like vegetables. ·         We heard a hue & cry. Prepositional or Group Verb A prepositional verb is a verb that is followed by a preposition. The meaning of these two words together is usually very similar to the original meaning of the verb. Some verbs require specific prepositions to be used after them in a sentence. The combination of such a verb and its required preposition is called a prepositional verb ·          She is waiting for him. He is knocking at the door. She is listening to music. The kids are laughing at a joker. We believe in God. She is suffering from fever. I agree with you. I agree to your proposal.

Paragraph Writing THE LIBERATION WAR The Bangladesh Liberation War, also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence, was a significant revolution and armed conflict that led to the creation of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. It was ignited by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement in East Pakistan in response to severe oppression and atrocities committed by the Pakistani military junta. The conflict began on March 25, 1971, when the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight to suppress the Bengali populace. This operation involved mass killings, deportations, and genocidal acts targeting Bengali civilians, students, intellectuals, and religious minorities. Throughout the war, rural and urban areas of East Pakistan experienced extensive military operations and airstrikes aimed at quelling civil disobedience. The Pakistan Army, supported by Islamist groups and radical militias, perpetrated widespread violence and atrocities against the Bengali population. The capital city, Dhaka, witnessed numerous massacres, including the infamous Operation Searchlight and the Dhaka University massacre. The Bangladesh Liberation War saw the formation of the Mukti Bahini, the national liberation army composed of Bengali military personnel, paramilitaries, and civilians. Led by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders, the Bangladesh Forces waged guerrilla warfare against the Pakistani military. Despite facing initial setbacks, they managed to liberate several towns and cities. The conflict took a significant turn when India intervened on December 3, 1971, after Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on North India. The Indo-Pakistani War that followed resulted in decisive victories for the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India, leading to Pakistan's surrender in Dhaka on December 16, 1971. The aftermath of the war saw the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation, marking a profound change in the geopolitical landscape of South Asia. The majority of United Nations member states recognized Bangladesh as a sovereign nation in 1972. Additionally, the war had implications for Cold War tensions, involving the United States, the Soviet Union, and China. Overall, the Bangladesh Liberation War was a pivotal event in history, leading to the birth of a new nation and reshaping the dynamics of the region. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, known as the Father of the nation, served as the first president of Bangladesh from March 26, 1971, to January 11, 1972. Born on March 17, 1920, in the village of Tungipara, under Gopalganj subdivision in the district of Faridpur, his father, Sheikh Lutfar Rahman, worked as a serestadar in the civil court of Gopalganj. Among six siblings, Mujib was the third child. He attended Gimadanga School for his primary education, although he faced difficulties due to eye problems for about four years. He completed his Matriculation from Gopalganj Missionary School in 1942, Intermediate of Arts from Calcutta Islamia College in 1944, and BA from the same college in 1947. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman led the first government of post-liberation Bangladesh for a brief period of three and a half years. His government faced numerous challenges in rebuilding a country devastated by war. Under his guidance, the process of state-building and nation-building began, addressing various crucial aspects. Tasks such as restoring law and order, recovering illegal arms, rehabilitating freedom fighters, reconstructing communication systems, protecting individuals opposed to the War of Liberation from public anger, and ensuring food for the hungry masses were among the significant challenges his administration tackled. Tragically, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated on August 15, 1975, along with all his family members who were present, by a group of dissident army personnel. This unfortunate event marked a significant loss for the nation. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, born on 17 March 1920 in Tungipara village, is the revered founding figure of independent Bangladesh. From his early years, he displayed leadership qualities and a commitment to the welfare of his people. Despite facing various challenges, including expulsion from university and imprisonment, Bangabandhu continued his political journey with determination and resilience. Throughout his political career, Bangabandhu played key roles in various organizations and movements, advocating for the rights and interests of the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). His famous six-point program, aimed at ensuring self-rule for East Pakistan, garnered widespread support and galvanized the Bengali population. Despite facing imprisonment and persecution under the Ayub regime, Bangabandhu's popularity continued to grow, culminating in the historic mass uprising of 1969, which led to his release from jail and earned him the title "Bangabandhu" (Friend of the Bengalis). Following the landmark general elections of December 1970, where the people overwhelmingly supported his six-point doctrine, Bangabandhu emerged as the undisputed leader of East Pakistan. However, the refusal of the ruling junta to honor the election results and implement the six-point program triggered a non-cooperation movement in East Pakistan, ultimately leading to the declaration of independence on 26 March 1971. Throughout the Liberation War, Bangabandhu's leadership served as a unifying force, inspiring millions to fight for the freedom of Bangladesh. Following the victory of the Liberation War and the establishment of Bangladesh as an independent nation, Bangabandhu assumed the leadership of the new country, facing numerous challenges in rebuilding the war-torn nation. Despite his efforts to steer Bangladesh towards stability and progress, his tenure was cut short tragically by his assassination on 15 August 1975. Bangabandhu's legacy continues to inspire generations of Bangladeshis, symbolizing the struggle for freedom, democracy, and social justice. Bangabandhu's contributions to the birth of Bangladesh and his enduring impact on its history make him a revered figure in the hearts of millions.

Paragraph Writing Courtesy in the Perspective of Bangladesh and the Perspective of the Western World Courtesy, defined as politeness in attitude, behavior, and manner towards others, varies significantly between Bangladesh and the Western World. In Bangladesh, respect for elders is deeply ingrained, and individuals typically address them with titles such as uncle, aunt, brother, sister, sir, or madam, depending on their relationship. Conversely, in the Western World, it is generally acceptable to address elders by their first names, even among students and teachers, which would be considered unusual in Bangladesh. Greetings also differ between the two cultures. In Bangladesh, elders are often greeted with a Salaam or according to religious customs, while in the Western World, the common greetings are Hello or Hi. Moreover, social norms regarding physical contact also contrast. In the Western World, it is customary for men and women to shake hands as a gesture of greeting or farewell, whereas in Bangladesh, such interactions between unrelated men and women are less common and may even be perceived as inappropriate in certain contexts. These variations in courtesy and social norms have evolved due to the distinct cultural backgrounds and traditions of each region. While Bangladesh places a strong emphasis on respect for elders and adherence to traditional customs, the Western World tends to prioritize individualism and informality in social interactions. Understanding and respecting these cultural differences are essential for effective communication and interaction between people from different parts of the world. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Life of Youths Before and After Getting Used to a Social Network Social networks, like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, facilitate virtual social interactions among internet users worldwide. In today's globalized and technologically advanced age, these platforms play a crucial role in connecting people across borders and within countries. However, the increasing addiction of the younger generation to these social networks has notable effects on their lifestyles. Before becoming immersed in social networking, young people typically focused on their studies and career-building endeavors. However, nowadays, many find themselves spending excessive amounts of time chatting and engaging on these platforms, diverting their attention away from academic pursuits and personal development. This shift in focus can hinder their academic progress and overall agility. Youth is often considered the prime time for preparing for life's challenges and opportunities. If the younger generation neglects their educational and career aspirations due to excessive social networking, it could impede the nation's progress in keeping pace with the modern world. It's imperative to raise awareness among young people about the detrimental effects of excessive social networking. If they become overly engrossed and obsessed with these platforms, there's a risk of jeopardizing their future prospects and ability to compete in today's competitive world. In summary, while social networks offer valuable opportunities for connection and communication, it's essential for the younger generation to strike a balance between their online activities and real-life responsibilities. By doing so, they can maximize their potential for personal and professional success while contributing positively to the advancement of society. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing The Times before and after the Introduction of Internet The time before and after the introduction of the internet have marked significant changes in our lives. Before the internet, life was very different. People used to communicate by writing letters, and it took a long time for messages to reach faraway places. Waiting for important news could take days. But now, thanks to the internet, everything has changed. Today, we can connect with anyone around the world instantly. We use email, social media like Facebook and Twitter, messaging apps like WhatsApp and Viber, and platforms like Instagram. Sharing information is incredibly easy now, compared to how it used to be. With the internet, we can learn about the latest discoveries and advancements in science, business, and technology without leaving our homes. We can even read books by authors from other countries, expanding our knowledge in ways that were once impossible. The internet has also opened up new opportunities for earning money. Many people now run businesses online, making e-commerce a profitable venture. This is something that would have been unimaginable in the past. Overall, the internet has transformed our lives. It has given us the power to connect, learn, and grow in ways we never thought possible. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing How to Publish a College Magazine Publishing a college magazine involves several steps to ensure a smooth and successful process. Firstly, a magazine committee comprising nine members, including a chief patron who is typically the principal, is formed during a general meeting. A senior teacher is appointed as the adviser, while students are selected as the editor, two business editors, and assistant proofreaders. Secondly, funding for the magazine is generated through the collection of a magazine fee from the college community. The editor invites submissions in both Bangla and English, which are then reviewed for quality and suitability for publication. The business editors solicit advertisements to generate additional revenue for the magazine. Typically, the magazine is divided into two sections - one in Bangla and the other in English. It includes messages from the principal and college secretary, along with features such as profiles of former outstanding students, HSC results, annual reports, essays, short stories, and plays. Contributions from students, including jokes, quizzes, and puzzles, as well as some contributions from teachers, are also included. Finally, the principal conducts a final edit before the magazine is sent to the press for printing and publication. This collaborative effort ensures the creation of a comprehensive and engaging college magazine. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing How to Arrange a Picnic Arranging a picnic can be a delightful and memorable experience with some simple planning and organization. Firstly, it's important to choose a suitable location for the picnic, considering factors such as accessibility, facilities, and natural surroundings. Popular options include parks, beaches, or scenic spots in the countryside. Once the location is decided, make a list of necessary items to bring along, such as picnic blankets, portable chairs, a cooler with food and drinks, sunscreen, hats, and games or activities for entertainment. Plan the menu in advance, opting for easy-to-pack and transportable foods like sandwiches, salads, fruits, and snacks. Don't forget to bring plenty of water to stay hydrated throughout the day. Consider dietary restrictions and preferences of the participants when planning the menu. On the day of the picnic, pack all the essentials into a sturdy picnic basket or cooler, ensuring everything is securely packed to avoid spills or damage during transportation. Arrive at the chosen location early to secure a good spot and set up the picnic area comfortably. Lay out the picnic blankets or chairs, unpack the food, and arrange everything neatly for easy access. Encourage everyone to participate in setting up and preparing the food, fostering a sense of camaraderie and teamwork. Once everything is set up, relax and enjoy the day, indulging in delicious food, engaging in fun activities, and soaking in the beauty of nature. Remember to clean up after the picnic, disposing of trash properly and leaving the area as pristine as when you arrived. With proper planning and organization, arranging a picnic can be a delightful and stress-free experience for everyone involved. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing HOW TO HAVE A GOOD COMMAND IN ENGLISH English is regarded as the international language because of socio-political reasons. For better worldwide knowledge English should be learnt duly. One needs to follow certain things to have a good command in English fluently. First of all we should try to increase our vocabulary. We should read more and more English stories, novels, features, newspapers etc. Whenever we find an unfamiliar word, we should look up the word in the dictionary. Secondly we need to learn the method of sentence construction. Then we should try to think aloud in English. Besides, we should keep a diary and write a few pages everyday to improve English. We can communicate with out friends and relatives through writing letters in English. We should regularly listen to different English programmes, such as TV news and conversations among people. Again, we can arrange programmes like debate in English. Finally we should always keep in mind that we should not feel shy to speak in English among ourselves. Thus we can have a good command in English. HOW TO IMPROVE THE STANDARD OF ENGLISH English is regarded as the international language because of socio-political reasons. For better worldwide knowledge English should be learnt duly. One needs to follow certain things to enrich one’s capacity in English fluently. First of all we should try to increase our vocabulary. We should read more and more English stories, novels, features, newspapers etc. Whenever we find an unfamiliar word, we should look up the word in the dictionary. Secondly we need to learn the method of sentence construction. Then we should try to think aloud in English. Besides, we should keep a diary and write a few pages everyday to improve English. We can communicate with out friends and relatives through writing letters in English. We should regularly listen to different English programmes, such as TV news and conversations among people. Again, we can arrange programmes like English. Finally we should always keep in mind that we should not fell shy to speak in English among ourselves. Thus we can improve the standard of English. ​ Model Answer-2 How to Learn English Learning and improving English is very essential and important in our life because today English is an international language. Now it dominates over all the languages of the globe. In the world, there is hardly any country where English is not taught, spoken and used. At present English is widely spoken and used almost every corner of the globe. In order to improve and learn English one has to develop four language skills like listening, speaking, reading and writing. Listening and speaking skills are important and useful means of acquiring a language. To develop listening skill one must listen to the radio and TV programs and news in English regularly. One has to listen or enjoy meetings. seminars, debating discussions and programmes in English. Besides, in order to improve listening skill, one should listen or enjoy the conversation of the English speaking people and listen to English news on TV and Radio regularly. In order to develop speaking skill, a student should speak with his teachers and classmates in English, participate in English debating competitions and speak loudly in English while he or she is alone To develop reading skill, a learner should read English news papers and magazines and English story books regularly. In order to develop writing skill, the learner should practise freehand writing on any topics. For this purse, he or she has to learn more new words daily and the rules of grammar. If a learn, practises in this way regularly he or she can learn and improve his knowledge over English. HOW TO LEARN ENGLISH English is regarded as an international language because of socio-political reasons. For better worldwide knowledge English should be learnt duly. One needs to follow certain things to have a good command in English fluently. First of all we should try to increase our vocabulary. We should read more and more English stories, novels, features, newspapers etc. Whenever we find an unfamiliar word, we should look up the word in the dictionary. Secondly we need to learn the method of sentence construction. Then we should try to think aloud in English. Besides, we should keep a diary and write a few pages everyday to improve English. We can communicate with our friends and relatives through writing letters in English. We should regularly listen to different English programmes, such as TV news and conversations among people. Again, we can arrange programmes like debate in English. Finally we should always keep in mind that we should not feel shy to speak in English among ourselves. Thus we can have a good command in English Model Answer-3 How to Learn English Well Learning English well involves improving four key skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking, through specific methods. To begin, reading widely and with interest is crucial for strengthening the reading skill. This includes techniques like skimming and scanning to grasp the main ideas quickly. Understanding words in context and using a dictionary for unfamiliar ones is important. Reading diverse materials such as newspapers, storybooks, magazines, and textbooks helps enhance reading comprehension. Next, focusing on writing correctly and clearly is essential. Learning basic grammar rules and practicing writing on various topics helps improve writing skills. Paying attention to spelling is also important to avoid mistakes. Writing accurately and concisely helps convey ideas effectively. Improving listening skills involves exposure to English through music, radio, online audios, movies, and TV shows. This helps train the ear to understand different accents and styles of speaking. Listening attentively and regularly to English content helps improve comprehension. Finally, practicing speaking English in different situations is crucial for developing fluency. Conversing with friends, family, and teachers in English helps build confidence and fluency. If opportunities for conversation are limited, speaking to oneself in front of a mirror can also be helpful. It's important to remember that the more one listens, the better one speaks. In summary, mastering English requires consistent practice in reading, writing, listening, and speaking. By reading widely, practicing writing, listening to various English sources, and engaging in regular conversation, one can steadily improve their English skills. With dedication and effort, anyone can become proficient in English. Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing How to Open a Bank Account Opening a bank account involves several straightforward steps. Firstly, we must decide on the type of account that suits our needs, such as a savings account, current account, DPS, or FDR. Each bank typically has a dedicated desk to assist with this process. Next, we visit the designated desk to obtain an application form, which we fill out with the assistance of a bank officer. It's important to include the signature and address of an introducer, along with their account number, as required on the form. Additionally, we must select nominees and provide their names and photos as instructed. Once the form is completed, we submit it to the designated officer, who will assign us an account number. Along with the form, we need to provide certain documents like a photocopy of our NID card, a utility bill, and a TIN Certificate if available. Finally, to activate the account, we need to make an initial deposit, typically of at least 500 or 1000 TK. With these steps completed, our bank account will be successfully opened and ready for use. Overall, opening a bank account involves selecting the account type, filling out the application form, submitting required documents, and making an initial deposit after receiving the account number. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Information Technology Information technology, or IT, refers to the use of electronic devices and systems. It encompasses all the advancements made possible by the interconnected progress in technology, learning, and information dissemination. IT includes various modern innovations like computers, the internet, email, online commerce, digital governance, video conferencing, mobile phones, fax machines, smart cards, credit cards, and ATMs. The significance of information technology in our lives cannot be overstated. It facilitates the storage, protection, processing, security, transmission, reception, and retrieval of information. In business, it aids in solving mathematical and logical problems and assists in project management. Students benefit from access to diverse learning resources made available through IT. Furthermore, it enables communication with others, essentially placing the world at our fingertips. Despite its potential, the widespread adoption of IT remains limited in our country. While urban centers like Dhaka and Chattogram have embraced its advantages, rural areas lag behind due to inadequate network infrastructure and insufficient education among the populace to effectively utilize these technologies. Addressing this issue requires urgent attention from the government to ensure equitable access to IT resources across all regions. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Self-employment Self-employment refers to individuals engaging in economic activities independently, without relying on employment from others. In countries like Bangladesh, where poverty and unemployment are prevalent, self-employment can serve as a viable solution to address these challenges and uplift communities. It empowers individuals to take control of their own livelihoods, fostering independence and resilience.Self-employment plays a crucial role in both individual and national contexts. With rising unemployment rates and a growing population, traditional employment opportunities often fall short. In such circumstances, self-employment emerges as a practical option to combat joblessness and poverty. However, the environment for self-employment in Bangladesh faces challenges, particularly for the economically disadvantaged and less educated individuals. While the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have introduced various self-employment initiatives, they alone are insufficient to tackle the unemployment issue comprehensively. Initiatives such as cattle-raising, poultry farming, fishing, carpentry, pottery, rice-husking, weaving, and other handicrafts have been implemented to promote self-employment. Many individuals have successfully become self-reliant by accessing soft loans through micro-credit programs offered by banks and NGOs. To further promote self-employment, it is crucial to enhance support for these initiatives and provide comprehensive vocational training to rural communities. By equipping individuals with the necessary skills and resources, we can foster entrepreneurship and create more opportunities for self-employment, ultimately contributing to poverty reduction and economic development. In summary, self-employment holds significant potential to address unemployment and poverty in Bangladesh. By strengthening support mechanisms and investing in skill development, we can unlock the transformative power of self-employment and pave the way for sustainable prosperity. ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Bangabandhu Satellite Human civilization is advancing rapidly thanks to science and technology, and Bangladesh is striving to keep up with this progress. The launch of Bangabandhu Satellite-1 into space marks a significant milestone for Bangladesh. By launching this satellite, Bangladesh aims to follow the example of scientifically and technologically developed countries, intending to utilize it for various purposes such as information technology, entertainment, and weather forecasting. With the successful placement of Bangabandhu Satellite-1 into orbit, Bangladesh has joined the ranks of the 57 countries that have launched geostationary communication satellites. This satellite, manufactured by Thales Alenia Space and launched on 11 May 2018, is Bangladesh's first geostationary communications and broadcasting satellite. The project is overseen by the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) and marked the maiden payload launched by a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket of SpaceX. It is anticipated that this satellite will play a significant role in enhancing the socio-economic conditions of the country by establishing Bangladesh's presence in space, thereby opening up vast opportunities in information and communication technology (ICT) and broadcasting industries, while also enhancing Bangladesh's global image. The services provided by Bangabandhu Satellite-1 will include video services for Direct to Home (DTH), e-learning, tele-medicine, agriculture, and more, voice services for cellular backhaul and disaster recovery, and data services for Internet, SCADA, SOHO, and business-to-business (VSAT) purposes. The launch of Bangabandhu Satellite-1 represents a remarkable scientific and technological achievement for Bangladesh, serving as a source of inspiration for future endeavors across various fields. Model Answer-2 Bangabandhu Satellite A satellite is a man-made object that orbits around the Earth or another planet, used for communication or collecting information. Bangabandhu Satellite-1 is Bangladesh's first geostationary communications satellite, named after the country's founding father, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. It was created by Thales Alenia Space and launched by SpaceX from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA. Ground control stations are located in Betbunia and Gazipur, Bangladesh. Positioned at 119.1° East longitude, the satellite weighs 3700 kg and is powered by solar arrays and batteries, with an expected lifespan of 15 years. Bangabandhu Satellite-1 provides television broadcast and data relay services using Ku-band and C-band frequencies, covering Bangladesh and neighboring regions. Its launch signifies significant progress in telecommunications for Bangladesh, as it supports the country's television channels and offers potential for economic benefits. By utilizing the satellite's unused bandwidth, Bangladesh may both save money and generate revenue by leasing it to other countries. While the launch of Bangabandhu Satellite-1 presents opportunities for economic growth, there are also challenges in effectively managing the venture. However, it is anticipated that the benefits of improved telecommunications infrastructure will outweigh these challenges, leading to positive outcomes for Bangladesh's development and connectivity. Model Answer-3 Bangla Translation: Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing E-learning E-learning, which stands for electronic learning, utilizes electronic media and communication technologies to deliver educational content. According to Bernard Luskin, a pioneer in this field, the 'e' in e-learning embodies qualities such as excitement, energy, enthusiasm, emotion, extension, excellence, and education, in addition to representing 'electronic'. E-learning encompasses various media formats including text, audio, images, animations, and streaming videos, and can occur both inside and outside traditional classroom settings. E-learning is particularly well-suited for distance learning and flexible learning arrangements. It offers several advantages over traditional face-to-face courses, including the ability for students to schedule classwork around their work and family commitments, thereby reducing travel time and transportation costs. With access to a computer and internet connection, students can study from anywhere, allowing for greater flexibility and convenience. Additionally, learners have the autonomy to choose the pace and depth of their studies, developing valuable internet and computer skills in the process. Successfully completing e-learning courses also fosters self-confidence in students. However, there are some drawbacks to consider. Students with poor study habits may struggle to keep up, and there is a risk of feeling isolated from instructors and classmates. Moreover, instructors may not always be readily available to provide assistance when needed. Despite these challenges, e-learning offers numerous benefits and complements traditional learning methods. By leveraging technology, e-learning can enhance the learning experience and provide learners with valuable skills and knowledge that can benefit them throughout their lives and careers. Model Answer-2 E-learning E-learning is the use of electronic media and communication technologies in education. Bernard Luskin, a pioneer of e-learning, says that the 'e' should be interpreted to mean "exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational" in addition to 'Electronic'. E-learning includes numerous types of media for delivering text, audio, images, animation and streaming video, etc. E-learning can take place in or out of the classroom. It is-suited to distance learning and flexible learning. There are many advantages in online and computer based learning when compared to traditional face-to-face courses and lectures. Class work can be scheduled around work and family. It reduces travel time and transportation costs for students. Students can study anywhere if they have access to a computer and internet connection. Students may select their level of knowledge and interest. They can develop knowledge of the internet and computer skills that will help learners throughout their lives and careers. Successful completion of online or computer-based courses builds self-confidence in students. There are a few disadvantages as well. Learners with bad study habits may fall behind. Students may feel isolated from the instructor and classmates. Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help. However, in addition to traditional learning, e-learning can help learners in many ways. Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing MY HOME There is nothing sweeter than one’s home. The same is with me. My sweet home, my dear home is in the countryside. It is not a big one. It covers only a few bighas of land. It faces the south. The front side of my home is open. A big canal flows by it. There are five houses in my home. All of them are made of tin. Two of them are beggars and have brick-built plinth and floor. My father and mother live in one of these houses. My elder brother, with his wife lives in another one. I also live in a fairly large house. We have a kitchen garden inside our home and a flower garden in front of our house. These gardens add to the beauty of my home. Moreover, my home is surrounded by mango groves and many other fruit trees and flower plants. In spring there is feast of flowers and fragrance in my home. Birds sing in them all day long. From a distance my home then looks like a fine painted picture. To me my home is the sweetest place on earth to live in. It is indeed dearer to me even than paradise. YOUR HOME My sweet home, my dear home is in the countryside. It is not a big one. It covers only a few bighas of land. It faces the south. The front side of my home is open. A big canal flows by it. There are five houses in my home. All of them are made of tin. Two of them are bigger and have pucca plinth and floor. My father and mother live in one of these houses. My elder brother, with his wife lives in another one. I also live in a fairly large house. We have a kitchen garden inside our home and a flower garden in front of our house. These gardens add to the beauty of my home. Moreover, my home is surrounded by mango groves and many other fruit trees and flower plants. In spring there is feast of flowers and fragrance in my home. Birds sing in them all day long. From a distance my home then looks like a fine painted picture. To me my home is the sweetest place on earth to live in. It is indeed dearer to me even than paradise Your Home My charming abode, my beloved residence, is situated in the countryside. It is not particularly large, covering only a few acres of land, facing southward. The front side of my home remains open, adjacent to a sizable canal. Within my dwelling, there are five houses, all constructed from tin. Two of these houses are more substantial, featuring solid foundations and floors. One of these is inhabited by my parents, while my elder brother and his spouse occupy another. I, too, reside in a relatively spacious dwelling. Within the confines of our home, we maintain a kitchen garden and adorn the front with a splendid flower garden, enhancing the overall aesthetics. Furthermore, my residence is enveloped by lush mango groves, numerous fruit-bearing trees, and vibrant flower plants. During the spring season, my home transforms into a captivating spectacle of blossoms and enchanting fragrances. Birds serenade us throughout the day. When viewed from a distance, my home resembles a finely crafted painting. To me, my home is the most delightful place on Earth, even more cherished than paradise itself. ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Waste Management Waste management means maintaining and controlling waste or garbage at the fight place at the right time. Waste or garbage means the things which are of Rio use and are thrown away into the dustbins or here and there. In a word , the useless things are termed as waste or garbage. Our existence will Become impossible or difficult on earth if the environment gets polluted day by day. It is an alarming news for all that our environment is getting pollute'- wonderfully day by day. Sound environment is the pre-condition of a long happy and sound life on earth. So sound and decent life fully depends on Pollution free environment. Waste or rubbish is the root cause of our Environmental contamination. Toxic waste-products are thrown into rivers, canals and lakes which causes serious water pollution. Human waste, food waste and burnt oil are also dumped into rivers and canals which also causes severe water pollution. Industrial poisonous chemicals cause alarming air. pollution and odour pollution. Our environmental pollution can be controlled through proper waste management. It is obvious that proper Waste management plays a vital role in reducing environment a pollution. Waste management is also hampered owing to over-pollution. Violation of social and city laws is another cause of this acute problem. Social awareness be created in order to make waste management successful. Illiteracy must be eradicated from the society with a view to making waste management fruitful and effective. Only our sincere efforts and consciousness can make waste management fruitful and successful. Waste Management Waste management refers to the systematic control and maintenance of waste or garbage at the appropriate location and time. Waste or garbage comprises items that no longer serve a useful purpose and are discarded into bins or scattered indiscriminately. In essence, waste or garbage pertains to items deemed useless. The degradation of our environment due to increasing pollution poses a grave threat to our continued existence on Earth. It is disconcerting news that our environment is steadily deteriorating due to pollution. A healthy environment is a prerequisite for a long, happy, and prosperous life on Earth. Therefore, a clean and pollution-free environment is indispensable for a decent quality of life. Waste or rubbish serves as the primary source of environmental contamination. Toxic waste products find their way into rivers, canals, and lakes, leading to significant water pollution. Human waste, food waste, and discarded oil also contribute to severe water pollution when they are dumped into water bodies. Industrial chemicals, with their harmful properties, exacerbate both air and odor pollution, further endangering our environment. The mitigation of environmental pollution can be achieved through the implementation of effective waste management practices. It is evident that proper waste management plays a pivotal role in reducing environmental pollution. However, the effectiveness of waste management is often hindered by over-pollution. Another contributing factor is the violation of social and urban regulations, exacerbating this pressing issue. To achieve successful waste management, it is imperative to cultivate social awareness. Furthermore, eradicating illiteracy from society is crucial to ensuring the effectiveness of waste management efforts. Only through our genuine commitment and conscientiousness can waste management be rendered fruitful and successful. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing TRUTHFULNESS Truthfulness is a great virtue of mankind. When man speaks just what is right, he speaks the truth. A truthful man wins the love and respect of all. People believe what he says. They can rely upon him. Truth is of great use in our practical life. If we are to determine the offence of a person, we have to depend upon the evidence of some witness. If they are truthful, we can arrive at a right conclusion. If they are not truthful, we arrive at a wrong conclusion. The world moves upon truth. Falsehood is sure to be detected. It will then bring disgrace upon us. To support a lie, we have to tell lies. We are always in fear of detection. Thus we lose peace of mind. Truthfulness is the mother of courage, justice, benevolence and all other moral virtues. If we do not cultivate truthfulness in our boyhood, it is difficult for us to shake off the habit of telling lies when we grow old. Besides, a nation cannot exist without truth. The nations which achieved greatness in this world, always stuck to truth. So our young men should cultivate truthfulness. ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing TRIBALS OF BANGLADESH Bangladesh has been a melting pot of peoples and cultures for a very long time. The tribal population of Bangladesh numbers almost one million. They live generally in the hilly regions, i.e. north of Mymensingh, the Sylhet area and more than half a million are concentrated in the wooded Chittagong Hill Tracts. Others live in urban areas such as Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar. The tribes living in the Hill Tracts of Chittagong include the Chakmas, Moghs, Murungs, Lushais, Kukis, Bams, Tripuras, Saks, Tangchangyas, Shandus, Banjugis and the Pankhars. The tribes in the Sylhet Hills are Khasis, Pangous and the Manipuris. The Garos, Hanjongis, Hadis, Dahuis, Palais and the Bunas live in the hilly regions north of Mymensingh in Haluaghat, Sreebardi, Kalmakanda and the Garo Hills and some live west of Mymensingh around the Madhupur forests. Other tribal groups, such as the Santals, Oraons, Hus, Mundus and Rajbansis are scattered in urban settlements in Rangpur, Dinajpur, Bogra, Rajshahi, Noakhali, Comilla and Bakerganj. The tribal groups have their own distinct cultures, art, religious beliefs, superstitions, farming methods and attire. Many of the tribes are Buddhists, though some still retain their animist religion. Rice and wine are the staple food of these hill people, but included in the tribal men are snakes, beetles, crabs, fish, snails, pigs, dogs, buffaloes, deer, ants and chickens. The dwellings of the hill people are usually bamboo huts, either on stilts or flat on the ground and their farming methods are ancient. Many of the tribes still have very little contact with the outside world, but as modern civilisation begins to encroach on their territories, more and more of the younger villagers are moving to the urban areas for employment. In this way, the tribal people in Bangladesh pass their life with peace and amity. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Bangla Translation: Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing THE WILD ANIMAL I LIKE BEST Our forests are full of wild animals and birds. Among them, the tiger is remarkable. I like it best/most. A kind of tiger, named ‘Royal Bengal Tiger’ is our national animal and it is our pride. The tiger is a nocturnal animal. It is active at night and covers long distances in a short time. It is known as a ferocious animal. The normal life span of a tiger is 20 years. A full grown-up tiger is six to seven feet in length. A tiger has very long sharp and pointed teeth with which he tears his prey to pieces. The tiger’s jaws are so strong that it can crush a human skull like an eggshell. The paws of a tiger are cushioned so that it can creep noiselessly through the woods. As the tiger is carnivorous, it preys on wild pigs, deer and antelopes. It also eats any kind of meat, including reptiles, birds and fish. The tiger is a swift hunter. It usually charges the victim from the side or the rear. Today tigers are in danger. Only about 50,000 tigers are left in the world. So, steps should be taken to preserve this animal. THE WILD ANIMAL I LIKE BEST Our forests are home to a diverse range of wild animals and birds, but among them, the tiger holds a special place in my heart. I have a deep fondness for this magnificent creature. In our country, we have a specific type of tiger known as the 'Royal Bengal Tiger,' which serves as our national animal and a source of pride.Tigers are known to be nocturnal creatures, meaning they are most active during the night and can cover long distances in a short period. They have earned a reputation for their ferocity and strength. The average lifespan of a tiger is around 20 years, and a fully grown tiger can measure between six to seven feet in length. Tigers possess exceptionally long, sharp, and pointed teeth that they use to tear apart their prey. Their powerful jaws are capable of crushing a human skull as easily as an eggshell. Tigers have cushioned paws that enable them to move silently through the woods without making a sound. Being carnivorous, they primarily prey on animals like wild pigs, deer, and antelopes. However, they are not picky eaters and will consume various types of meat, including reptiles, birds, and fish. Tigers are known for their speed and agility as hunters, often charging their prey from the side or rear.Today, tigers are facing a grave threat. Their population has dwindled, and there are only around 50,000 tigers left in the world. It is crucial that we take immediate steps to conserve and protect this magnificent animal to ensure its survival ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Superstition Superstition means irrational belief in unknown agencies and imaginary evils. It exists in various forms. Belief in magic and miracles and blind observance of some social customs and ceremonies may also be regarded as superstitions. These superstitions have grown up through centuries and they are still with us. Even the civilized Greeks and Romans were not free from superstition. Europe was full of superstitions during the middle ages. It was the cruelest act of superstitions which put John of Arc on the pyre. Witch - hunting was a peculiar superstition in England during the reign of Elizabeth. Every age had thus its peculiar superstitions, and so had every country. To be free from such superstition the remedy is education. Education alone can make that possible. We must, therefore, spread education and start a war against superstition. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing STREET CHILDREN Street children are constantly seen by us. They are the abandoned children coming from broken homes. Since they have little scope for schooling, they are seen doing this or that on the street or on the way-side. In search of a handful of rice or anything to eat, they loiter from one place to another. Their parents even if they have, do never care to bother about them. They have no permanent shelter to lay their head. Their long-day occupation ranges from begging to stealing and from collecting different waste materials from wayside to selling betel leaves, cigarette to the passers-by. Their education is left to the street. And the streets teach them to swear, to smoke freely and to keep his fist always ready for fight. They seem to bear a scorn for everyone crossing their path. They are neglected in the society and nobody cares for them. They like to lead a care-free life completely putting of all thoughts of living a meaningful life until they are matured to think for themselves. STREET CHILDREN Street children are a common sight in our society, representing a heartbreaking consequence of broken homes and abandonment. These unfortunate children, deprived of the opportunity for education, are often found engaged in various activities on the streets and roadside. They roam from place to place in search of a meager meal, struggling to make ends meet. Regrettably, their parents, if they even have any, seem indifferent to their well-being.These children lack a stable shelter, spending their days engaged in activities ranging from begging and scavenging waste materials to selling items like betel leaves and cigarettes to passers-by. Their education is largely acquired through their experiences on the streets, where they learn undesirable behaviors such as swearing, smoking, and resorting to violence when necessary. They often harbor a sense of resentment towards everyone they encounter.In our society, these street children are marginalized and neglected, with no one extending a helping hand. They prefer a carefree existence, unconcerned about leading meaningful lives until they mature and can begin making decisions for themselves. This issue is a reflection of the broader challenges faced by vulnerable children in society, emphasizing the need for intervention and support to break this cycle of neglect and hardship. The Street Children in Bangladesh Street children are youngsters who wander aimlessly along city streets and roads, lacking a fixed place to call home. They roam the streets, scavenging for food in discarded bins and finding rest on sidewalks. The street becomes their makeshift dwelling, and they are often referred to as "street children" because they lack a stable residence. Many of these children are orphans, without any guardians or guidance, while some are born into unlawful circumstances.They typically earn their living through various means, such as begging, stealing, selling inexpensive goods, collecting discarded items from roadsides, pulling rickshaws, or working at places like railway stations, bus stops, and riverbanks. Some may find employment in hotels and restaurants. These children often face illiteracy, inadequate nutrition, shabby clothing, and low wages. They are deprived of basic human and social rights and live without social security and dignity.These marginalized children lead challenging lives, lacking joy and happiness, and often meet their end in sorrow and misery. They receive little love or respect from society, even though they are citizens of our nation and deserve the same rights and privileges as others. Providing street children with proper education and essential training can transform their lives and turn them into skilled and productive individuals. It is the responsibility of both the government and the broader community to extend a helping hand and change the fate of these street children for the better. ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Sidr Bangladesh is facing a cyclone named Sidr which is one of the severest cyclones that have ever hit this country. Its, named Sidr, severity can be compared with that of 1991.But it is matter of great fortune that the casualties are less this time because the government took earlier measures. Notwithstanding it has claimed over 1000 lives and inflicted injures to thousands of others. The cyclone has caused a 10 feet high tidal surge devastating human habitation of nearly one million people. Wind speed of 220-240 miles kilometers, huge tidal waves and torrential rains has joined together to cause this unforeseen havoc. Kutcha houses of some 15 worst hit districts have been razed to the ground due to effect of the cyclonic storm while thousands of trees have been uprooted, Standing Rabi and Aman crops over lakhs of acres of land have been destroyed and thousands of livestock have been washed away. Communication system has been completely damaged by the storm. People who have escaped Sidr fortunately have lost all of their belongings. Help from all walks of life is needed to face this natural disaster. In the cyclone affected are there are severe scarcity of food, pure water, shelter, medicine other essential commodities. Not only Government but also NGOs and other social bodies should come forward to meet this immediate needs and they should start rehabilitation with in no time otherwise this will cause a human disaster. ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing THE SHAT GAMBUJ MOSQUE It is well known that the beauty of the imposing multidomed Shat Gambuj Mosque is really wonderful. In mid-15th century, a Muslim colony was founded in the inhospitable mangrove forest of the Sundarbans near the seacoast in Bagerhat district by a saint Ulugh Khan Jahan. He was the earliest torchbearer of Islam in the South who laid the nucleus of an affluent city during the reign of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (1442-59), then known as ‘Khalifatabad’ (present Bagerhat). I, accompanied with some of my friends visited the historical mosque and its adjoining area. It came to our view that the stately fabric of the monument stands on the eastern bank of a vast sweet-water tank, clustered around by the heavy foliage. This gives a real picture of a low- lying countryside characteristic of a seacoast landscape. The mosque is roofed over with 77 squat domes, including 7 Chauchala or four-sided domes in the middle row. The vast prayer hall is provided with 11 arched doorways on east and 7 each on north and south for ventilation and light. It has 7 longitudinal aisles and 11 deep bays by a forest of slender stones columns. From these columns spring rows of endless arches, supporting the domes. The arches are six feet in thickness, have slightly tapering hollow and round walls. The interior and the exterior of the mosque give a view of rather plain architecture but the interior western wall of the mosque was beautifully decorated with terracotta flowers and foliage. It is also known that besides being used as a prayer hall the mosque was also used as the court of Khan Jahan Ali. At present it is one of the greatest tourist attractions and best architectural beauties of Bangladesh. ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing The Sangsad Bhaban The Sangsad Bhaban A Parliament House is where the representatives of a country convene to enact necessary laws, adopt development plans and programs, and discuss various national issues. Our Parliament House is named the "Sangsad Bhaban" and is situated in Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka. It is renowned as one of the most striking Parliament Buildings globally, featuring a unique and unparalleled design. Designed by the world-famous American architect Louis I. Kahn, this remarkable structure is encompassed by a man-made lake called the Crescent Lake. The Sangsad Bhaban is an impressive nine-story modern building towering at 155 feet, equipped with all contemporary facilities, boasting 1,605 doors and 335 windows. Within, it accommodates 354 seats for Members of Parliament (MPs), 56 for guests, 40 for journalists, and 430 for spectators. Additionally, it comprises three party rooms, each with 153 seats. Construction of the Sangsad Bhaban commenced in 1964 and was ultimately completed in 1982, with the first parliamentary session taking place on February 15th of the same year. Despite its grandeur, the annual maintenance cost is approximately 50 million, a remarkable feat for a developing nation. The Sangsad Bhaban takes on an enchanting appearance under the moonlight, captivating visitors and tourists alike. Each year, millions of people from around the world visit this iconic Parliament House. Visiting such a historic and awe-inspiring place holds significant educational value in our lives. It is essential to supplement bookish knowledge with real-world experiences. Therefore, every student should consider visiting renowned landmarks like the Sangsad Bhaban during their holidays. I, too, have been eagerly awaiting an opportunity to visit this world-famous architectural marvel. The Uses and Abuses of Satellite Channels In today's era of science and technology, remarkable innovations have transformed the once-impossible into reality. Among these groundbreaking inventions, television stands as one of the most valuable contributions of modern science. Television serves as a cutting-edge mass media platform in the contemporary world, offering a blend of educational and entertaining programs. Particularly, satellite television has ushered in a revolutionary change on a global scale. Satellite channels, operating through advanced satellite technology, have introduced an entirely new dimension to television. They play a pivotal role in dispelling superstitions, narrow-mindedness, and ignorance from society. By telecasting a diverse array of recreational programs from various corners of the world, these channels bring joy and enlightenment to viewers. We can relish a wide range of captivating, educational, cultural, and vital programs, showcasing the richness of societies worldwide.However, it's crucial to acknowledge that Satellite TV is not without its drawbacks. The widespread popularity of these channels has led to a decline in interest in our native culture and customs among the younger generation. Exposure to explicit content, thrilling programs, and inappropriate films on satellite TV has been linked to increased aggression and rudeness among children. As responsible individuals, we must exercise caution and vigilance when it comes to monitoring our children's viewing habits. Encouraging them to avoid harmful programs on Satellite Channels is imperative, as they represent the future of our society and hold the key to our collective progress. ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Our School A school is an institution for upbringing and guiding the younger generation. I’m a student of ‘Y’ school. It is idealized by all the necessary things of education. It was founded in 1899. It is located in the heart of the city. The school is not very far from my residence. It is a three storied building. There are thirty five rooms. Of them thirty spacious and airy rooms are used as classrooms. Morning shift and day shift divide the school times into two shifts. The school sits at 7:30 am and breaks up at 4:30 pm. There are about 2500 students and 55 teachers in our school. The Headmaster is a very learned person with M.A.M.Ed. He methodically administers the school with efficient teachers. Besides the class rooms, there are the Headmaster’s room, teacher’s room, the office room and the hall room. The library and the prayer room are situated in another building beside the main building. There is a very big ground where we play different games in the break. Our school is one of the leading ideal schools of the country. Many prominent men are trained here. I always take pride of being a student of such a renowned institution. Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing MY OWN PROFILE I am a boy/girl. My name is ------------. I am at present a student of Class------. I am the first/ second/ third/ eldest/ youngest son/ daughter of my parents. We are two brother and sister. My father whose name is ----------, is a businessman/ government employee. My mother is a housewife. My sister/ brother is also a school-goer. At present I am ----------------- years old. In my early age I spent my time in high spirits. As I was the eldest son / daughter of my parents, all the members of our family loved me very dearly. They gave me whatever I asked from the. They always took care to make me happy. A single drop of tears was enough to move them. My grandmother was very fond of me. She told me many amusing stories. I annoyed her in many ways but she was never angry with me. I recollect the day from my memory, when I first, went to A.B.C High School with my father. My teachers spoke kind and affectionate words to me. My classmates welcomed me with love and interest. I am, still, a student of that school. My aim is to be an engineer and I am working hard to reach my goal. My hobby is stamp-collecting, painting. My favourite game is cricket. My favourite fruit is mango and my favourite food is ‘Hilsha” fish and rice. I am at present a happy boy / girl of a happy family. I try to make my life bright and prosperous in future. ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing My Idea About Leisures Leisure refers to free time which is free from routine works of one's life. The works done during one's free time are known as leisure pursuits, or pastimes. A life can not be fruitful and successful without leisure persuits or pastimes. In our country most village men usually spend their free time by gossiping in tea-stalls,by playing village out door games, by fishing in canals, rivers, haors and beels and by joining rural cultural functions. The village women usually pass their leisures by gossiping and by visiting their neighbours and villagers. The village children spend their free time by flying kites, by plucking flowers and by swimming in ponds, canals and rivers. Today village people watch television programmes at evening and at night. But the city people/dwellersusually enjoy their leisures by visiting parks, zoos, various international fairs, historical places and by joining different clubs. They also pass their free time by swimming, boating and fishing in the big lakes. Besides, many city dwellers enjoy their free-time by reading story books. newspapers and magazines and by watching international sports and games on n7 screen. Today the most common pastime is watching various TV programmes. Travelling, gardening, painting, drawing pictures etc are also the popular leisure pursuits Nowa¬days the young society is very fond of listening to band and pop-music. Inwinter football, ha do- do, cricket and various village games are held inour country. The people of Bangladesh are fond of making picnic to the important spots in winter. The value of a leisure pursuit is very great in our life. It helps to wipe out the monotony of routine works and keeps our mind cheerful. I am a college student and have a great interest in travelling and reading magazines and story books during my off time. It is travelling which helps one to broaden one s outlook and knowledge. Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing Your mother My mother, a remarkable woman of extraordinary strength, has had an indelible impact on my life. Her unwavering determination, unselfishness, and compassionate nature have served as a model for my own personal growth and development. Throughout my formative years, she offered unyielding support, guidance, and counsel, always with a keen understanding of the challenges and obstacles that lay ahead. Her vast knowledge and intellectual acumen were further complemented by her inimitable nurturing spirit, a quality that has left a profound imprint on my character.As a mother, she has demonstrated an unwavering commitment to her children, deftly navigating the complexities of parenthood with both grace and authority. Through her teachings, she instilled in me the values of respect, kindness, and empathy, urging me to embrace the differences that define us as human beings. Her boundless love and selflessness remain an enduring source of inspiration, reminding me to approach life's challenges with a spirit of resilience and optimism.Beyond her role as a mother, my mother is a respected scholar and academic, renowned for her erudition and contributions to the field of education. Her tireless efforts to further knowledge and advance the field of learning have earned her a place of great esteem within the academic community. In all aspects of her life, my mother serves as a beacon of excellence, inspiring those around her to reach for their highest potential and to strive for excellence in all that they do.In sum, my mother is a truly extraordinary individual, a paragon of virtue and a source of great pride and inspiration. Her legacy of compassion, intellect, and selflessness will continue to shape my life and the lives of those who have had the privilege of knowing her. Model Answer-2 Your mother My mother is an incredible woman with amazing strength, and she has had a huge impact on my life. Her determination, kindness, and caring nature have been a guiding light for me as I've grown up. She's always been there for me, offering support, advice, and understanding whenever I've faced challenges. Her wisdom and nurturing spirit have shaped who I am today. As a mother, she has shown unwavering dedication to her children, balancing love and discipline with grace. She's taught me important values like respect, kindness, and empathy, encouraging me to embrace our differences. Her love and selflessness continue to inspire me, reminding me to stay strong and positive in tough times. But my mother isn't just a mother – she's also a respected scholar and educator. Her hard work and dedication to learning have earned her admiration in the academic world. She's a shining example of excellence, motivating others to strive for their best in everything they do. In summary, my mother is an extraordinary person who sets a high standard for kindness, intelligence, and generosity. Her influence will always be a part of me, guiding me to be the best person I can be. I'm proud to have her as my mother, and I'm grateful for all she has taught me. Model Answer-3 MY MOTHER The sweet word that is mixed up with our existence and feeling is ‘mother’. Every young child starts its life just uttering this very word. The same thing happens to me. My mother is dearest to me in the world. She loves me dearly. My mother is a woman of thirty/thirty five/ forty. She is gentle, amiable, patient and loving. Her heart always yearns for me. She is always anxious to see me happy. Since my birth I have always been with her. I have grown up under her affection and care. Without her loving care, my existence on earth would be impossible. She loves me more than anybody else on earth. Her joy knows no bounds if she finds me happy. If I fall ill, she becomes very anxious. When I come round, her face beams with smile. Her calm and gentle look is a source of hope and inspiration to me. If I am to write anything about her, I feel inclined to write a big volume and not a paragraph. Thank the Almighty that He has blessed me with such a mother. Composition / Essay Writing

Paragraph Writing MY LAST DAY AT SCHOOL Some memories in our life are so painful that they tend to bring tears to our eyes. The memory of my first day at school is one such example. I always look back and call up in my mind the sweet school days. I had to bid farewell to my school as I was going to sit for my SSC examination. For seven long years I was an inseparable part of the institution. Now it exists only in my memory. All the nooks and corners of the big building were intimately familiar to me. To each of them clings some sweet fond memory of days gone by. As I went to receive my admit card of my S.S.C. Examination, all the memories of the past began to crowd over in my mind. The wavy green grasses on the field were alluring and we had walked, sat or played there almost every day during our time at the school. Before departing, we flocked to the Headmaster’s room. With a heavy heart we took leave of him. Some of us touched his feet. He showered blessings on all of us. We went round to other teachers and paid our respect to them as well. When all the formalities were over, we trooped past the gate. Farid Mia, the college gatekeeper, cast us a mournful glance. My eyes became full of tears as I met his moist eyes. Indeed the day was a memorable one which I can never forget in my life. ​ Model Answer-2 Model Answer-3 Composition / Essay Writing