Parts of speech refer to the grammatical categories into which words are classified based on their functions and roles in sentences. These categories help organize and understand how words work together to convey meaning in a language. In English, there are eight primary parts of speech: Noun: Names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: dog, city, love, freedom. Pronoun: Replaces a noun to avoid repetition. Examples: he, she, it, they. Verb: Expresses action or state of being. Examples: run, talk, is, become. Adjective: Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Examples: happy, blue, tall, interesting. Adverb: Modifies or describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Examples: quickly, very, often, well. Preposition: Indicates a relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence. Examples: in, on, under, with. Conjunction: Joins words, phrases, or clauses. Examples: and, but, or, because. Interjection: Expresses strong emotions and is often followed by an exclamation point. Examples: oh!, wow!, oops! More About Parts of Speech NOUN Definition: A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Rule: Nouns can be singular or plural, common or proper. They function as subjects, objects, or possessives in a sentence. Example Sentence: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! (In this sentence, "girl," "teacher," and "letter" are nouns.) PRONOUN Definition: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Rule: Pronouns replace specific nouns (antecedents) and come in various types: personal, possessive, reflexive, relative, and demonstrative. Example Sentence: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! (In this sentence, "she" is a pronoun replacing the noun "girl.") VERB Definition: A verb expresses action or being. Rule: Verbs have a main verb and sometimes helping verbs. They must agree with their subjects in number and can change forms for different tenses. Example Sentence: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! (In this sentence, "brought" and "disappeared" are verbs.) ADJECTIVE Definition: An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Rule: Adjectives answer questions like which one, what kind, or how many. Articles (a, an, the) are adjectives. Example Sentence: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! (In this sentence, "young," "very long," and "teacher" are adjectives.) ADVERB Definition: An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Rule: Adverbs answer questions about when, where, how, why, under what conditions, or to what degree. Many adverbs end in -ly. Example Sentence: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! (In this sentence, "quickly" is an adverb.) PREPOSITION Definition: A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence. Rule: Prepositions are part of prepositional phrases, acting as adjectives or adverbs. Example Sentence: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! (In this sentence, "from," "with," "about," and "until" are prepositions.) CONJUNCTION Definition: A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. Rule: Coordinating conjunctions connect equal elements, while subordinating conjunctions link unequal elements. Example Sentence: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! (In this sentence, "and" is a coordinating conjunction.) INTERJECTION Definition: An interjection is a word used to express emotion. Rule: Interjections convey strong emotions and are often followed by an exclamation point. Example Sentence: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! (In this sentence, "Oh my!" is an interjection.) These examples and rules provide a more detailed understanding of how each part of speech operates in sentences.

Eximious and His Eight Sons In the town of Grammarburg, there lived a man named Eximious who had eight sons, each as different as the words in a sentence. These sons represented the different parts of speech, and together, they made Grammarburg a place where sentences thrived and communication flourished. Nounius, the eldest of Eximious' sons, was a sturdy fellow. He represented people, places, and things. Whenever someone needed a name for something, Nounius was there. Whether it was a mountain, a river, or a simple chair, Nounius had it covered. He was the foundation of every sentence, providing a solid base for the other words to build upon. Verbonius, the second son, was an active and dynamic character. He loved to do things and was always in motion. Running, jumping, singing – you name it, Verbonius was doing it. He brought life to Grammarburg, infusing energy into every sentence. Without Verbonius, sentences would be lifeless and dull. Adjectivius, the third son, was a colorful and creative soul. He loved to describe things, adding details and vivid imagery to sentences. If there was a beautiful flower or a mysterious castle, Adjectivius was there to paint a picture with his words. He made Grammarburg a more interesting and vibrant place. Adverbion, the fourth son, was a versatile and flexible fellow. He modified the actions of Verbonius, telling us how, when, where, and why things happened. Whether it was running quickly, singing loudly, or jumping joyfully, Adverbion was the one adding nuance and detail to every movement in Grammarburg. Pronominus, the fifth son, was a chameleon of sorts. He could take on the identity of Nounius, making sentences more concise and avoiding repetition. If Nounius had already been mentioned, Pronominus stepped in to replace him with words like he, she, it, or they. He made sentences smoother and more efficient. Prepositionius, the sixth son, was a connector. He showed relationships between words, indicating where things were in relation to each other. Whether it was under the tree, on the hill, or between the houses, Prepositionius guided us through Grammarburg, giving direction and structure to the town. Conjunctionius, the seventh son, was a unifier. He brought words and phrases together, creating harmony and coherence in sentences. Conjunctionius liked to join similar things with words like and, but, or, so. He made sure that sentences flowed smoothly, connecting thoughts and ideas in Grammarburg. Interjectionius, the youngest of the sons, was a spontaneous and expressive character. He added emotion and surprise to Grammarburg, with words like wow, oh, or ouch. Interjectionius was always ready to inject a burst of energy into sentences, making them more lively and engaging. In Grammarburg, Eximious and his sons worked together to create sentences that were both structured and expressive. One day, the residents of Grammarburg decided to have a celebration to honor the parts of speech and learn more about their functions. The celebration began with Nounius standing tall at the center, representing all the people, places, and things in Grammarburg. Verbonius joined in, showcasing his dynamic movements by running, jumping, and singing. Adjectivius added color and detail to the scene, describing the beautiful decorations and the joyful atmosphere. Adverbion followed, providing more details about the actions of Verbonius. He explained how Verbonius ran quickly, jumped high, and sang loudly, making the celebration even more exciting. Pronominus played his part by replacing repetitive nouns with pronouns, making the sentences smoother and more concise. Prepositionius guided the residents through the town, indicating where the celebration was taking place. He explained that the decorations were on the walls, the food was on the tables, and the music was coming from the stage. Conjunctionius ensured that all the activities were connected, using words like and to link the different events of the celebration. Interjectionius added an element of surprise and emotion to the celebration. When the fireworks lit up the sky, he exclaimed, "Wow!" When the music reached a crescendo, he shouted, "Oh!" And when someone accidentally bumped into him, he cried out, "Ouch!" His spontaneous expressions made the celebration more lively and memorable. As the celebration continued, the residents of Grammarburg gained a deeper understanding of the parts of speech and their functions. They realized that Nounius, Verbonius, Adjectivius, Adverbion, Pronominus, Prepositionius, Conjunctionius, and Interjectionius were like a family, each playing a unique role in making sentences come to life. Eximious and his sons were proud to see the residents of Grammarburg appreciating the beauty and importance of each part of speech. The celebration ended with a grand finale, where all the parts of speech came together to create a final sentence that captured the essence of the day. In the end, Grammarburg remained a place where sentences flourished, thanks to the wisdom and harmony of Eximious and his eight sons. The residents continued to use their newfound knowledge of the parts of speech to communicate effectively and express themselves with clarity and creativity. And so, in the town of Grammarburg, the story of Eximious and his sons became a tale of understanding, celebration, and the power of words.

Interchange of Parts of Speech Noun Verb Adjective Adverb action, act act active actively agriculture ------ agricultural ------ amazement amaze amazing amazingly amusement amuse amusing amusingly engagement engage engaging engagingly anger anger angry angrily appreciation appreciate appreciative appreciatively architecture architecture architectural architecturally art/artist ------ artistic artistically astonishment astonish astonishing astonishingly attraction attract attractive attractively authority authorise authoritative authoritatively awe awe awful awfully base base basic basically base debase baseless baselessly beautician beautify beautiful beautifully beautification beautify beautiful beautifully beautifier beautify beautiful beautifully beauty beautify beautiful beautifully belief believe believable believably believer believe believable believably biology ------ biological biologically blood bleed bloody bond bond bonded, bonding bonding book book bookish bookishly brevity brief brief briefly ------ brutality brutalise brutal brutally care care careful,careless carefully,carelessly centre centralize central centrally ceremony ------ ceremonial ceremonially charity ------ charitable charitably character characterize characteristic characteristically. clarity clear clear clearly class classify classified classifically colony colonize colonized/colonial ------ colour colour colourful colourfully comfort comfort comfortable comfortably commerce commercialize commercial commercially community commune communal communally company accompany companionable ------ comparison compare comparative comparatively completion complete complete completely composer compose composed composedly conclusion conclude conclusive conclusively condition conditional conditionally ------ confusion confuse confusing confusingly construction contruct constructive constructively convenience ------ convenient conveniently courae encourage courageous courageously creation, creator create creative creatively credit credit creditable creditably credulity ------ credulous credulously crime ------ criminal criminally critic criticize critical critically curiosity curious curiously danger endanger dangerous dangerously debate debate debatable debatably. decision decide decisive decisively definition define definite definitely delight ------ delightful delightfully democracy democratize democratic democratically dependence depend dependent dependently devotee, devotion devote devotional devotionally devotion devote devotional devotionally diminution diminish diminishable diminutively direction direct direct directly dirt dirtied dirty dirtily discipline discipline disciplinary drama dramatize dramatic dramatically duty ------ dutiful dutifully ease ------ easy easily economy economies economical economically economy economize economical economically education educate educative effect effect effective effectively energy energies energetic energetically enjoyment enjoy joyous {joyously entertainment entertain entertaining entertainingly envy envy envious enviously event ------ eventful eventfully excellence ------ excellent excellently excess exceed excessive excessively excitement excite excited excitedly expectation expect expectant expectantly expertness, expert expertise expert expertly expression express expressive expressively eye eye ocular ocularly grace ------ graceless gracelessly rest rest restful restfully face faced facial facially facility facilitate facilitating facilitatingly fame fame famous famously fancy fancy fanciful fancifully fascination fascinate fascinating fascinatingly favour favour favourite favourably fear fear fearful fearfully force ------ forcible forcibly figure figure figuartive figuratively focus focus focal focally fool befool foolish foolishly force force forceful forcefully form form formal formally formation form formative formatively friend befriend friendly fright frighten frightful frightfully fruit ------ fruitful fruitfully function function functioning functionally glory glorify glorious gloriously grace grace graceful gracefully grammar ------ grammatical grammatically habit habituate hibitual habitually happiness ----- happy happily harmony harmonise harmonious harmoniously heart ------ hearty heartily history historical historically ------ honour honour honourable honourably horror horrify horrible horribly humour ------ humorous humorously idiot, idiocy ------ idiotic idiotically imposition impose imposing imposingly inclusion include inclusive inclusively industry `------ industrious industrially information inform infromative informatively initiation initiate initiative initiatively integration integrate integral integrally interest ------ interesting interestingly Joy enjoy, joyful,joyous, jously, jouyfuly king ------ kingly, royal royally labour labour laborious laboriously lavishness lavish lavish lavishly law ------ lawful, legal lawfully, legally love love lovable lovingly luck ------ lucky luckily management manage manageable manageably marvel marvell marvellous marvellously matter materialize material materially meaning mean meaningful meaningfully measure measure measurable measurably memory memorize memorable memorably method methodize methodical methodically, mind mind mindful mindfully nature naturalise natural naturally necessity necessitate necessary necessarily need need needless needlessly need, needy needed needful needfully notice notice noticeable noticeably obedience obey obedient obediently observance observe observable observably office officiate official officially organ ------ organic organically origin originate original originally pain pain painful painfully particular particularize particular particularly patron patronize patronizing patronizingly person personify personal personally picture picture pictorial pictorially pity pitied piteous piteously popularity popularize popular popularly possessions possess possessive possessively Run: Noun: I went for a morning run. Verb: I like to run in the park. Adjective: She is in the running club. Fast: Adjective: He is a fast runner. Adverb: She runs fast. Noun: I have a need for speed. Sharp: Adjective: The knife is very sharp. Adverb: He turned the corner sharply. Noun: I need a pencil with a sharp. Bright: Adjective: The sun is bright today. Adverb: She smiled brightly. Noun: The bright of the light hurts my eyes. Play: Noun: The children had a great time at the play. Verb: Let's play soccer. Adjective: He's such a playful child. Adverb: She sang playfully. Tall: Adjective: The tree is very tall. Adverb: She stands tall among her peers. Noun: I like people who are tall. Hard: Adjective: The math problem is hard. Adverb: He worked hard on his homework. Noun: The hard of the rock is impressive. Fair: Adjective: The judge is known for being fair. Adverb: She treats everyone fairly. Noun: Let's go to the fair this weekend. Close: Adjective: The store is close to my house. Verb: Please close the door. Noun: The close of the business is imminent. Clear: Adjective: The water is so clear. Adverb: He explained it clearly. Noun: The clear of the sky is beautiful. Play: Noun: The children enjoyed the play. Verb: Let's play soccer. Adjective: The toy is playful. Adverb: She sings playfully. Fast: Adjective: He is a fast runner. Adverb: She runs fast. Noun: He hit the accelerator for more speed. Verb: He likes to speed on the highway. Bright: Adjective: The sun is so bright. Adverb: She smiled brightly. Noun: She loved the brightness of the room. Verb: You need to brighten the room. Sharp: Adjective: The knife is very sharp. Adverb: He turned the corner sharply. Noun: I need a pencil with a sharp. Verb: She will sharpen the pencil. Fair: Adjective: The judge is known for being fair. Adverb: She treats everyone fairly. Noun: We went to the county fair. Verb: You should fairly distribute the tasks. Tall: Adjective: The tree is very tall. Adverb: She stands tall among her peers. Noun: The tallness of the building is striking. Verb: The tower will tall over the city. Hard: Adjective: The math problem is hard. Adverb: He worked hard on his homework. Noun: The hardness of the ice surprised us. Verb: Please don't harden your heart. Close: Adjective: The store is close to my house. Verb: Please close the door. Noun: The close of the show was emotional. Adverb: She watched closely. Clear: Adjective: The water is so clear. Adverb: He explained it clearly. Noun: The clearness of the instructions is important. Verb: You need to clear your mind. Present: Noun: She gave me a beautiful present. Verb: I will present my findings at the conference. Adjective: The present situation is complicated. Adverb: She spoke presently about her research. Lead: Noun: He is the lead guitarist in the band. Verb: She will lead the team to victory. Adjective: The lead role in the play is demanding. Adverb: He walked leadingly toward the front. Close: Adjective: The store is close to my house. Verb: Please close the door. Noun: The close of the deal was a relief. Adverb: She watched closely for any changes. Object: Noun: The object on the table caught my eye. Verb: She didn't object to the proposal. Adjective: The object pronoun in the sentence is "it." Adverb: He spoke objectively about the matter. Second: Noun: Wait for a second before responding. Verb: She will second his motion in the meeting. Adjective: The second chapter is interesting. Adverb: He arrived secondly at the event. Wind: Noun: The wind is strong today. Verb: I need to wind the clock. Adjective: The wind energy project is promising. Adverb: The path winds through the forest. Live: Verb: I want to live a fulfilling life. Adjective: We watched a live concert. Noun: The live broadcast begins at 9 PM. Adverb: He spoke lively about the topic. Subject: Noun: The subject of the lecture is fascinating. Verb: She will subject the experiment to scrutiny. Adjective: The subject pronoun in the sentence is "they." Adverb: She discussed the matter subjectively. Perfect: Adjective: This is a perfect example. Verb: I need to perfect my skills. Noun: He achieved perfection in his work. Adverb: She sang perfectly in the performance. Separate: Adjective: The rooms have separate entrances. Verb: She will separate the ingredients. Noun: The separation of the two groups is evident. Adverb: They moved separately in the procession. Break: Noun: I need a short break from work. Verb: Please don't break the glass. Adjective: The break room is comfortable. Watch: Noun: I have an elegant wrist watch. Verb: I like to watch movies on weekends. Adjective: The security guard is watchful. Adverb: She waited watchfully. Bear: Noun: The bear is hibernating in the winter. Verb: Can you bear the weight of this box? Adjective: She is a bear-like person. Adverb: He faced the challenge bearably. Light: Noun: The light in the room is too bright. Verb: She will light the candles. Adjective: The light rain is refreshing. Adverb: He stepped lightly on the delicate floor. Sound: Noun: The sound of music filled the air. Verb: Please sound the alarm in case of emergency. Adjective: The advice is sound. Adverb: She sleeps soundly. Breakfast: Noun: I had a healthy breakfast today. Verb: I like to breakfast early in the morning. Adjective: The breakfast options are delicious. Adverb: She ate breakfast brightly. Clean: Adjective: The kitchen is spotlessly clean. Verb: She will clean the room. Noun: The clean of the house took hours. Adverb: He worked cleanly. Close: Adjective: The relationship between them is very close. Verb: Please close the window. Noun: The close of the deal is near. Adverb: She listened closely. Change: Noun: I need some spare change. Verb: Can you change the channel? Adjective: The change process is complex. Adverb: He adjusted changeably. Live: Verb: I want to live life to the fullest. Adjective: The live concert was amazing. Noun: The live of the actor is well-known. Adverb: She acted lively on stage. Mind: Noun: My mind is full of ideas. Verb: Don't mind my comments. Adjective: She has a mindful approach. Adverb: She listened mindfully. Perfect: Adjective: This is the perfect solution. Verb: I want to perfect my cooking skills. Noun: The perfect of the painting amazed everyone. Adverb: She danced perfectly. Exercise: Noun: Regular exercise is important for health. Verb: I need to exercise more. Adjective: The exercise routine is demanding. Adverb: He worked out exercisely. Memory: Noun: His memory of the event is vivid. Verb: I need to memory this information. Adjective: The memory book is touching. Adverb: She recalled memoryly. Dark: Adjective: The room is very dark. Noun: I'm afraid of the dark. Verb: He will darken the room. Adverb: She moved darkly. High: Adjective: The mountain peak is very high. Noun: The high of success is rewarding. Verb: I need to highlight this text. Adverb: He climbed highly. Sweet: Adjective: The dessert is very sweet. Noun: I have a craving for sweets. Verb: She will sweeten the tea. Adverb: She sang sweetly. Right: Adjective: That's the right answer. Noun: He has a right to speak. Verb: She will right the wrong. Adverb: He acted rightly. Clear: Adjective: The instructions are clear. Verb: I need to clear the clutter. Noun: The clear of the throat is important. Adverb: She explained it clearly. Patient: Adjective: He is a patient man. Noun: She is a medical patient. Verb: You need to patiently wait. Adverb: She waited patiently. Place: Noun: This is a beautiful place to visit. Verb: I will place the vase on the table. Adjective: The place settings are elegant. Adverb: He positioned it placely. Black: Adjective: Her dress is black. Noun: I prefer the color black. Verb: The storm clouds will blacken the sky. Adverb: The night was blackly dark. Live: Verb: We live our lives as best we can. Adjective: The live broadcast is in progress. Noun: The live of the artist is fascinating. Adverb: She performed live. Principle: Noun: Honesty is an important principle. Verb: I won't principle this decision. Adjective: The principle idea is valid. Adverb: He acted principally. Brown: Adjective: The dog's fur is brown. Noun: I like the color brown. Verb: The sun will brown your skin. Adverb: The leaves rustled brownly. Reach: Noun: He extended his reach to help others. Verb: She will reach for the top shelf. Adjective: The reach goal is ambitious. Adverb: She stretched her arm reachingly. Perfect: Adjective: This is the perfect solution. Verb: I want to perfect my technique. Noun: The perfect is what we aim for. Adverb: She executed it perfectly. Plant: Noun: The plant in the garden is flourishing. Verb: I will plant flowers in the soil. Adjective: The plant life in the forest is diverse. Sharp: Adjective: The knife is incredibly sharp. Adverb: He turned the corner sharply. Noun: I need a pencil with a sharp. Verb: She will sharpen the blades. Sound: Noun: The sound of the ocean is soothing. Verb: Please sound the alarm if necessary. Adjective: The sound reasoning is essential. Adverb: He slept soundly. Dark: Adjective: The room is too dark. Noun: I'm scared of the dark. Verb: He will darken the room. Adverb: She moved darkly. High: Adjective: The mountain peak is very high. Noun: The high of success is rewarding. Verb: I will highlight the key points. Adverb: She climbed highly. Exact: Adjective: The measurements are exact. Verb: You need to exact revenge. Noun: The exact of the situation is unknown. Adverb: She repeated it exactly. Tight: Adjective: The shirt is too tight. Adverb: He held onto the rope tightly. Noun: The tight of the rope is crucial. Verb: She will tighten the screws. Fast: Adjective: He is a fast learner. Noun: She's on a fast to lose weight. Verb: Can you fast for religious reasons? Adverb: She types fast. Still: Adjective: He is very still. Adverb: She sat still during the lecture. Noun: The still of the night was peaceful. Verb: He will still his mind through meditation. Round: Adjective: The table is round. Verb: I will round the numbers. Noun: We completed another round of discussions. Adverb: She ran roundly. Blue: Adjective: The sky is so blue today. Noun: I love the color blue. Verb: The cold will blue your fingers. Adverb: The room was painted blue. Vivid: Adjective: The painting is very vivid. Adverb: She described the scene vividly. Noun: The vivid of the memory is strong. Verb: She will vividify the details. Broad: Adjective: The view is broad. Adverb: He smiled broadly. Noun: The broad of the river is impressive. Verb: She will broaden her horizons. Grimace: Noun: He made a grimace when he tasted the bitter medicine. Verb: She had to grimace when she saw the unpleasant surprise. Adjective: Her grimace expression conveyed her discomfort. Adverb: She looked at him grimacely. Complex: Adjective: The math problem is quite complex. Noun: The construction project involves many complexes. Verb: We need to complex the issue further. Adverb: She explained it complexly. Deliberate: Adjective: His actions were clearly deliberate. Verb: We should deliberate on the matter before making a decision. Noun: The decision was made after much deliberate. Adverb: She spoke deliberately. Content: Noun: The website's content is informative. Verb: I am content with the outcome. Adjective: The content smile on her face was reassuring. Adverb: He smiled contentedly. Loose: Adjective: The knot is loose. Verb: Can you loose the grip on that rope? Noun: The loose of the dress is comfortable. Adverb: She held it loosely. Shade: Noun: The tree provided some welcome shade. Verb: He will shade the drawing with darker colors. Adjective: The shade of blue used is beautiful. Adverb: She painted shadely. Contract: Noun: I need to sign a new contract. Verb: I will contract the project to a different company. Adjective: The contract terms are negotiable. Adverb: She negotiated contractly. Exhaust: Noun: The car's exhaust emitted fumes. Verb: The long hike will exhaust you. Adjective: The exhaust system is in need of repair. Adverb: He panted exhaustedly. Protest: Noun: The workers organized a peaceful protest. Verb: They will protest against the unfair treatment. Adjective: The protest signs were creative. Adverb: They chanted protestingly. Critical: Adjective: The situation is critical. Noun: His analysis was a critical of the issue. Verb: She will critical the article for errors. Adverb: She examined it critically. Pattern: Noun: The dress has a beautiful floral pattern. Verb: She will pattern her design after the classics. Adjective: The pattern recognition software is advanced. Adverb: She designed it patternly. Reserve: Noun: They made a reserve for dinner. Verb: Please reserve a table for us. Adjective: The reserve seats are comfortable. Adverb: He booked it reservedly. Breakdown: Noun: The car had a sudden breakdown. Verb: The stress can breakdown your health. Adjective: The breakdown services are reliable. Adverb: She handled it breakdownly. External: Adjective: The external view is breathtaking. Noun: The external of the building was impressive. Verb: The company will externalize some functions. Adverb: She examined it externally. Charge: Noun: What's the charge for this service? Verb: He will charge the battery. Adjective: The charge nurse is responsible. Adverb: She tackled it chargely. Weight: Noun: The weight of the package is heavy. Verb: She needs to weight the ingredients. Adjective: The weight limit for the flight is strict. Adverb: She lifted it weightily. Produce: Noun: The farm grows fresh produce. Verb: She will produce a documentary. Adjective: The produce section of the store is well-stocked. Adverb: She spoke producedly. Rebel: Noun: The rebel was a fighter for independence. Verb: They will rebel against the oppressive regime. Adjective: The rebel forces were determined. Adverb: They acted rebelliously. Combine: Noun: The combine harvested the wheat. Verb: She will combine the ingredients to make a salad. Adjective: The combine efforts were successful. Adverb: She mixed it combinedly. Blast: Noun: The blast of the horn startled us. Verb: He will blast a hole in the wall. Adjective: The blast furnace is used for metalwork. Adverb: She shouted blastly. Bitter: Adjective: The coffee is too bitter. Noun: I don't like the taste of bitter. Verb: The experience may bitter her outlook. Adverb: He winced bitterly. Confine: Noun: The confine of the room is small. Verb: You should not confine your thoughts. Adjective: The confine space made her uneasy. Adverb: She observed it confinedly. Demand: Noun: There's a high demand for the product. Verb: She will demand answers. Adjective: The demand curve is steep. Adverb: He spoke demandingly. Earnest: Adjective: His earnest efforts paid off. Noun: His earnest is evident. Verb: She will earnest respect through hard work. Adverb: She worked earnestly. Gentle: Adjective: Her touch is gentle. Noun: The gentle of her voice was calming. Verb: You should gentle your approach. Adverb: He spoke gently. Haste: Noun: He completed the task in great haste. Verb: Do not haste through your work. Adjective: The haste decision was regrettable. Adverb: She acted hastily. Incline: Noun: The incline of the hill was steep. Verb: He will incline his head in agreement. Adjective: The incline road is challenging. Adverb: She walked inclinely. Lose: Verb: I don't want to lose the game. Adjective: The lose attitude is defeatist. Noun: The lose of the match was disappointing. Adverb: He played losely. Neglect: Noun: The neglect of the garden is evident. Verb: You should not neglect your responsibilities. Adjective: The neglect condition of the house is concerning. Adverb: She acted neglectfully. Oppose: Verb: She will oppose the new law. Adjective: The oppose stance is clear. Noun: The oppose of their views is evident. Adverb: He argued opposedly. Penetrate: Verb: The arrow will penetrate the target. Noun: The penetrate of the barrier is impressive. Adjective: The penetrate analysis is comprehensive. Adverb: She observed it penetratingly. Quicken: Verb: The news will quicken his heartbeat. Noun: The quicken of the pace was intense. Adjective: The quicken response is essential. Adverb: He reacted quickeningly. Retreat: Noun: They made a strategic retreat. Verb: She will retreat from the argument. Adjective: The retreat plan is well-prepared. Adverb: They moved retreatingly. Substitute: Noun: She is a good substitute teacher. Verb: You can substitute oil with butter in the recipe. Adjective: The substitute ingredients worked well. Adverb: She baked it substitutively. Trap: Noun: He set a clever trap for the mice. Verb: She will trap the flies in the jar. Adjective: The trap door was well-hidden. Adverb: He watched traply. Utter: Adjective: The silence was utter. Verb: She will utter her thoughts. Noun: The utter of words is essential. Adverb: She spoke utterly. Warn: Verb: He needs to warn them of the danger. Adjective: The warn sign is clear. Noun: The warn of an impending storm was timely. Adverb: He advised warningly. Yield: Noun: The yield of the crop was bountiful. Verb: She will yield to his request. Adjective: The yield potential of the investment is high. Adverb: She invested yieldingly. Doubt: Noun: I have a doubt about the decision. Verb: You should not doubt his intentions. Adjective: The doubt thought crossed her mind. Adverb: She questioned it doubtfully. Reflect: Verb: She will reflect on her actions. Adjective: The reflect response is thoughtful. Noun: The reflect in the mirror was clear. Adverb: He thought about it reflectively.

Parts of Speech Worksheet-01 Identify parts of speech in a sentence 1. The old man walked slowly down the street. 2. She always drinks coffee in the morning. 3. My little sister is learning to read. 4. The cat sat on the windowsill, watching the birds outside. 5. The sun sets in the west. 6. They are planning a surprise party for her birthday. 7. The teacher handed out a worksheet to each student. 8. I love listening to music while I work. 9. The tall trees provided shade on a hot day. 10. He plays basketball every weekend with his friends. 11. The children ran through the park, laughing and shouting. 12. She bought a new dress for the party. 13. My dad is a doctor and my mom is a teacher. 14. The movie was very suspenseful and kept me on the edge of my seat. 15. The little girl picked up the flower and smelled it. 16. He speaks Spanish fluently and has lived in Mexico for several years. 17. The storm caused widespread damage and power outages. 18. The book was written by a famous author and has won several awards. 19. We walked for hours along the beach, enjoying the sound of the waves. 20. The puppy chewed on his toy until it fell apart. Parts of Speech Worksheet-01- Answers: 1. The (article) old (adjective) man (noun) walked (verb) slowly (adverb) down (preposition) the (article) street (noun). 2. She (pronoun) always (adverb) drinks (verb) coffee (noun) in (preposition) the (article) morning (noun). 3. My (adjective) little (adjective) sister (noun) is (verb) learning (verb) to (preposition) read (verb). 4. The (article) cat (noun) sat (verb) on (preposition) the (article) windowsill (noun), watching (verb) the (article) birds (noun) outside (adverb). 5. The (article) sun (noun) sets (verb) in (preposition) the (article) west (noun). 6. They (pronoun) are (verb) planning (verb) a (article) surprise (adjective) party (noun) for (preposition) her (pronoun) birthday (noun). 7. The (article) teacher (noun) handed (verb) out (preposition) a (article) worksheet (noun) to (preposition) each (adjective) student (noun). 8. I (pronoun) love (verb) listening (verb) to (preposition) music (noun) while (conjunction) I (pronoun) work (verb). 9. The (article) tall (adjective) trees (noun) provided (verb) shade (noun) on (preposition) a (article) hot (adjective) day (noun). 10. He (pronoun) plays (verb) basketball (noun) every (adjective) weekend (noun) with (preposition) his (pronoun) friends (noun). 11. The (article) children (noun) ran (verb) through (preposition) the (article) park (noun), laughing (verb) and (conjunction) shouting (verb). 12. She (pronoun) bought (verb) a (article) new (adjective) dress (noun) for (preposition) the (article) party (noun). 13. My (adjective) dad (noun) is (verb) a (article) doctor (noun) and (conjunction) my (adjective) mom (noun) is (verb) a (article) teacher (noun). 14. The (article) movie (noun) was (verb) very (adverb) suspenseful (adjective) and (conjunction) kept (verb) me (pronoun) on (preposition) the (article) edge (noun) of (preposition) my (pronoun) seat (noun). 15. The (article) little (adjective) girl (noun) picked (verb) up (particle) the (article) flower (noun) and (conjunction) smelled (verb) it (pronoun). 16. He (pronoun) speaks (verb) Spanish (adjective) fluently (adverb) and (conjunction) has (verb) lived (verb) in (preposition) Mexico (noun) for (preposition) several (adjective) years (noun). 17. The (article) storm (noun) caused (verb) widespread (adjective) damage (noun) and (conjunction) power (noun) outages (noun). 18. The (article) book (noun) was (verb) written (verb) by (preposition) a (article) famous (adjective) author (noun) and (conjunction) has (verb) won (verb) several (adjective) awards (noun). 19. We (pronoun) walked (verb) for (preposition) hours (noun) along (preposition) the (article) beach (noun), enjoying (verb) the (article) sound (noun) of (preposition) the (article) waves (noun). 20. The (article) puppy (noun) chewed (verb) on (preposition) his (pronoun) toy (noun) until (conjunction) it (pronoun) fell (verb) apart (adverb). ​ ​ ​ ​ Parts of Speech Worksheet-02 Identify parts of speech in the following sentences: 1. The cat slept lazily in the sun. 2. She gave me a thoughtful look before answering my question. 3. The fire crackled and popped as we roasted marshmallows. 4. The restaurant was busy and noisy, but the food was delicious. 5. He fell asleep quickly and didn't wake up until morning. 6. The old man walked slowly down the street, using a cane for support. 7. The sky turned orange and pink as the sun set over the horizon. 8. The teacher handed out the homework assignment at the end of class. 9. The musician played a beautiful melody on his guitar, filling the room with music. 10. The baby giggled and cooed as his mother played with him. 11. The brave knight rode his horse into battle. 12. She danced gracefully across the stage in her tutu. 13. The sun set behind the mountains, painting the sky with hues of orange and pink. 14. The tall trees rustled in the wind, their leaves swaying gently. 15. The wise owl hooted in the darkness, keeping watch over the forest. 16. The little girl giggled as she chased the butterflies in the meadow. 17. The fast train zoomed past the station, leaving a trail of dust behind. 18. He spoke passionately about his dreams and aspirations for the future. 19. The fluffy white clouds floated lazily across the blue sky. 20. The mischievous puppy chewed on the slipper, wagging his tail happily. Parts of Speech Worksheet-02-Answer 1. The (article) cat (noun) slept (verb) lazily (adverb) in (preposition) the (article) sun (noun). 2. She (pronoun) gave (verb) me (pronoun) a (article) thoughtful (adjective) look (noun) before (conjunction) answering (verb) my (adjective) question (noun). 3. The (article) fire (noun) crackled (verb) and (conjunction) popped (verb) as (conjunction) we (pronoun) roasted (verb) marshmallows (noun). 4. The (article) restaurant (noun) was (verb) busy (adjective) and (conjunction) noisy (adjective), but (conjunction) the (article) food (noun) was (verb) delicious (adjective). 5. He (pronoun) fell (verb) asleep (adverb) quickly (adverb) and (conjunction) didn't (verb) wake (verb) up (particle) until (conjunction) morning (noun). 6. The (article) old (adjective) man (noun) walked (verb) slowly (adverb) down (preposition) the (article) street (noun), using (verb) a (article) cane (noun) for (preposition) support (noun). 7. The (article) sky (noun) turned (verb) orange (adjective) and (conjunction) pink (adjective) as (conjunction) the (article) sun (noun) set (verb) over (preposition) the (article) horizon (noun). 8. The (article) teacher (noun) handed (verb) out (particle) the (article) homework (noun) assignment (noun) at (preposition) the (article) end (noun) of (preposition) class (noun). 9. The (article) musician (noun) played (verb) a (article) beautiful (adjective) melody (noun) on (preposition) his (pronoun) guitar (noun), filling (verb) the (article) room (noun) with (preposition) music (noun). 10. The (article) baby (noun) giggled (verb) and (conjunction) cooed (verb) as (conjunction) his (pronoun) mother (noun) played (verb) with (preposition) him (pronoun). 11. The (article) brave (adjective) knight (noun) rode (verb) his (pronoun) horse (noun) into (preposition) battle (noun). 12. She (pronoun) danced (verb) gracefully (adverb) across (preposition) the (article) stage (noun) in (preposition) her (pronoun) tutu (noun). 13. The (article) sun (noun) set (verb) behind (preposition) the (article) mountains (noun), painting (verb) the (article) sky (noun) with (preposition) hues (noun) of (preposition) orange (adjective) and (conjunction) pink (adjective). 14. The (article) tall (adjective) trees (noun) rustled (verb) in (preposition) the (article) wind (noun), their (pronoun) leaves (noun) swaying (verb) gently (adverb). 15. The (article) wise (adjective) owl (noun) hooted (verb) in (preposition) the (article) darkness (noun), keeping (verb) watch (noun) over (preposition) the (article) forest (noun). 16. The (article) little (adjective) girl (noun) giggled (verb) as (conjunction) she (pronoun) chased (verb) the (article) butterflies (noun) in (preposition) the (article) meadow (noun). 17. The (adjective) fast (adjective) train (noun) zoomed (verb) past (preposition) the (article) station (noun), leaving (verb) a (article) trail (noun) of (preposition) dust (noun) behind (adverb). 18. He (pronoun) spoke (verb) passionately (adverb) about (preposition) his (pronoun) dreams (noun) and (conjunction) aspirations (noun) for (preposition) the (article) future (noun). 19. The (adjective) fluffy (adjective) white (adjective) clouds (noun) floated (verb) lazily (adverb) across (preposition) the (adjective) blue (adjective) sky (noun). 20. The (adjective) mischievous (adjective) puppy (noun) chewed (verb) on (preposition) the (article) slipper (noun), wagging (verb) his (pronoun) tail (noun) happily (adverb).

Noun-countable and noun-uncountable refer to the classification of nouns based on whether they can be counted as individual units or not. Here's a brief explanation of each: Countable Nouns: Countable nouns are those nouns that can be counted as separate individual items. They can be used with numbers, such as "one book," "three apples," or "five cars." Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms. Examples of countable nouns: book/books, dog/dogs, pen/pens, child/children, car/cars. Uncountable Nouns (or Mass Nouns): Uncountable nouns, also known as mass nouns, refer to things that cannot be counted as individual units because they are considered as a whole or mass. They are often used to describe substances, concepts, or things that are continuous or uncountable, like "water," "music," or "happiness." Uncountable nouns are typically singular and do not have a plural form in the same way as countable nouns. Examples of uncountable nouns: water, music, happiness, information, furniture. It's important to note that some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, depending on the context. For instance: "Water" can be uncountable when referring to the substance in general ("I need water"), but countable when talking about specific portions or bottles of water ("I drank three bottles of water"). "Fruit" is countable when referring to specific types of fruit ("I bought three apples"), but uncountable when referring to fruit as a general category ("Fruit is good for your health"). 200 uncountable nouns: Advice Air Alcohol Anger Art Beauty Behavior Blood Bravery Chaos Cheese Childhood Clarity Clothing Coal Comfort Confidence Courage Darkness Data Death Dirt Education Electricity Employment Energy Enjoyment Entertainment Enthusiasm Equality Evidence Experience Fame Fear Finance Flour Forgiveness Freedom Friendship Fun Furniture Gold Goodness Grief Happiness Hatred Health Heat Help Honesty Honey Hope Hospitality Humor Ice Information Ink Intelligence Jealousy Jelly Joy Knowledge Laughter Laziness Leather Liberty Life Loneliness Love Luck Luggage Luxury Madness Magic Mankind Marriage Mercy Metal Milk Money Music News Noise Oil Oxygen Paper Patience Peace Perseverance Petroleum Photography Physics Poetry Pollution Power Pride Progress Prosperity Purity Rain Reason Recreation Regret Relaxation Respect Rice Sailing Safety Salt Sand Satisfaction Silence Silver Sincerity Sleep Smoke Software Solitude Space Speed Spelling Steel Strength Success Sugar Sympathy Talent Tea Technology Tenderness Time Tolerance Tourism Traffic Trust Truth Understanding Unity Value Vengeance Violence Virtue Vision Warmth Water Wealth Weather Wisdom Wood Work Writing Youth Zeal Zest Atmosphere Butter Caffeine Chocolate Clothing Comfort Confidence Conversation Creativity Curiosity Damage Danger Darkness Deceit Dedication Delay Dependence Despair Destruction Devotion Direction Diversity Drama Dreams Dust Efficiency Elegance Emotion Energy Entertainment Envy Euphoria Evil Excellence Excitement Expectation Experience Failure Faith Family Fear Fertility Festivity Fire Flexibility Flattery Air: Uncountable: The invisible gaseous substance surrounding the Earth. Example: The mountain breeze had a refreshing quality to the* air**.* Countable: Different varieties or qualities of the atmosphere. Example: The concert hall had a festive and lively air about it. Art: Uncountable: Creative expression, skill, or imagination resulting in beautiful or thought-provoking works. Example: She appreciates the beauty of art in all its forms. Countable: Specific works or pieces of art, such as paintings, sculptures, or drawings. Example: The museum features many famous arts from different periods. Bread: Uncountable: A staple food made from flour, water, and yeast. Example: Freshly baked bread is a delight in the morning. Countable: Different types or instances of bread, like baguettes, loaves, or rolls. Example: They served various breads at the bakery. Cheese: Uncountable: A dairy product made from milk. Example: I love to eat cheese with crackers. Countable: Various types or varieties of cheese, each with its own flavor and texture. Example: The cheese shop offered a selection of imported cheeses. Coffee: Uncountable: A popular beverage made from roasted coffee beans. Example: I need a cup of coffee to start my day. Countable: Different types or servings of coffee, such as espressos, lattes, or cappuccinos. Example: They serve various specialty coffees at the café. Currency: Uncountable: The system of money in general use in a particular country. Example: The exchange rate reflects the value of the local currency. Countable: Different types or units of currency, such as dollars, euros, or yen. Example: The collector had a collection of rare foreign currencies. Fire: Uncountable: The state of combustion, producing heat and light. Example: The warmth of the fire was comforting on a cold night. Countable: Instances of controlled or uncontrolled flames. Example: The campsite had several small fires for cooking. Fruit: Uncountable: The mature ovary of a flowering plant, typically containing seeds. Example: Eating a variety of fresh fruit is good for health. Countable: Different types or pieces of fruit, like apples, oranges, or bananas. Example: They picked various tropical fruits during their vacation. Hair: Uncountable: The fine thread-like strands growing from the skin of humans and some animals. Example: Her long hair flowed down her back. Countable: Individual strands or portions of hair. Example: She found a few gray hairs in her brush. Language: Uncountable: The system of communication using symbols, words, and grammar. Example: Learning a new language can be challenging. Countable: Different systems or instances of languages, such as English, Spanish, or Mandarin. Example: They speak multiple languages fluently. Music: Uncountable: Artistic sound arranged in time, often with melody, rhythm, and harmony. Example: He has a deep love for classical music. Countable: Different compositions, pieces, or genres of music. Example: The concert featured various musics from different cultures. Paper: Uncountable: A material used for writing or printing, typically made from wood pulp. Example: The paper had a smooth texture, perfect for drawing. Countable: Sheets or pieces of paper used for various purposes. Example: She had a stack of colorful papers for crafting. Money: Uncountable: A medium of exchange in the form of coins or banknotes. Example: Money can't buy happiness, but it helps. Countable: Different units or amounts of money, such as dollars, euros, or pounds. Example: They collected various foreign moneys during their travels. Work: Uncountable: Activity involving mental or physical effort done to achieve a purpose. Example: Work is necessary for personal and professional growth. Countable: Different tasks, projects, or pieces of work. Example: They showcased various impressive works of art. Wood: Uncountable: The hard fibrous material forming the main substance of a tree. Example: The table was crafted from sturdy oak wood. Countable: Different types or pieces of wood, like oak, pine, or mahogany. Example: The carpenter had a collection of rare and exotic woods. Honey: Uncountable: A sweet, sticky substance produced by bees from nectar. Example: She added a spoonful of natural honey to her tea. Countable: Different varieties or jars of honey. Example: The farmers market offered various floral honeys. Oil: Uncountable: A viscous liquid derived from petroleum, used as a fuel or lubricant. Example: Olive oil is a healthier option for cooking. Countable: Different types or containers of oil, such as olive oil or motor oil. Example: The mechanic had various essential oils for different engines. Population: Uncountable: The total number of inhabitants in a particular area. Example: The population of the city has been steadily increasing. Countable: Different groups or subsets of populations, such as urban populations or rural populations. Example: The diverse populations bring cultural richness to the region. Traffic: Uncountable: The movement of vehicles on roads or in the air. Example: Traffic during rush hour can be frustrating. Countable: Different instances or jams of traffic. Example: There were several traffics jams on the way to the airport. Knowledge: Uncountable: Facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education. Example: Acquiring knowledge is a lifelong pursuit. Countable: Different branches or areas of knowledge, such as scientific knowledge or historical knowledge. Example: They specialize in various scientific knowledges. Furniture: Uncountable: Moveable objects used to support human activities, like chairs and tables. Example: The living room furniture is modern and comfortable. Countable: Different pieces or items of furniture in a room. Example: They bought various antique furnitures for the house. Equipment: Uncountable: The necessary items or tools for a particular purpose or activity. Example: Proper equipment is essential for safety. Countable: Different types or pieces of equipment, such as camping equipment or kitchen equipment. Example: They had various specialized equipments for the expedition. Advice: Uncountable: Guidance or recommendations given to help someone make a decision. Example: Her advice was insightful and helpful. Countable: Different pieces or instances of advice. Example: They offered various advices on investing in the stock market. Luggage: Uncountable: Suitcases or bags containing personal belongings for traveling. Example: Please collect your luggage from the carousel. Countable: Different pieces or items of luggage. Example: They had several large luggages for the trip. Rain: Uncountable: Precipitation in the form of water droplets falling from the atmosphere. Example: The sound of rain on the roof is soothing. Countable: Different instances or showers of rain. Example: There were several heavy rains last month. Sugar: Uncountable: A sweet crystalline substance obtained from sugar cane or sugar beets. Example: I take my tea without sugar. Countable: Different types or forms of sugar, such as granulated sugar or powdered sugar. Example: They offered various flavored sugars for coffee. Health: Uncountable: The overall condition of the body or mind. Example: Good health is essential for a fulfilling life. Countable: Different aspects or dimensions of health, such as mental health or physical health. Example: They focus on various healths, including nutrition and fitness. Anger: Uncountable: Strong feelings of displeasure or hostility. Example: His anger was evident in his facial expression. Countable: Different instances or outbursts of anger. Example: She had several angers over trivial matters. Evidence: Uncountable: Facts, information, or objects supporting a belief or proposition. Example: The detective gathered evidence to solve the case. Countable: Different pieces or items of evidence. Example: There were various evidences pointing to the suspect. Dirt: Uncountable: Loose soil or earth, often seen as a form of filth. Example: The kids played in the dirt and got messy. Countable: Different specks or particles of dirt. Example: There were several small dirts on the kitchen floor. Laughter: Uncountable: The act of laughing, expressing amusement or joy. Example: Her infectious laughter echoed in the room. Countable: Different bursts or instances of laughter. Example: There were several hearty laughters during the comedy show. Chocolate: Uncountable: A sweet food product made from cocoa beans. Example: I love to indulge in dark chocolate. Countable: Different types or varieties of chocolate, such as dark chocolate or milk chocolate. Example: The bakery offered various gourmet chocolates. News: Uncountable: Information or reports about recent events. Example: The breaking news shocked the community. Countable: Different pieces or items of news. Example: The newspaper had various interesting news articles. Silence: Uncountable: The absence of sound or noise. Example: The silence of the library was calming. Countable: Different moments or instances of silence. Example: There were brief silences during the meditation session. Advice: Uncountable: Guidance or recommendations given to help someone make a decision. Example: Her advice was invaluable in times of confusion. Countable: Different pieces or instances of advice. Example: They provided various helpful advices on career development. Safety: Uncountable: The state of being free from harm or danger. Example: Your safety is our top priority. Countable: Different measures or aspects of safety. Example: They implemented various safeties in the workplace. Food: Uncountable: Any nutritious substance consumed to sustain life. Example: Fresh and wholesome food is essential for well-being. Countable: Different types or dishes of food. Example: The restaurant offered a variety of delicious foods. Traffic: Uncountable: The movement of vehicles on roads or in the air. Example: The traffic during rush hour can be stressful. Countable: Different instances or jams of traffic. Example: There were multiple traffics delays due to road construction. Time: Uncountable: The indefinite continued progress of existence. Example: There never seems to be enough time in a day. Countable: Different instances or periods of time. Example: They shared many happy times together. Water: Uncountable: A transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid essential for life. Example: The crystal-clear water in the lake was inviting. Countable: Different units or bodies of water. Example: The region had various scenic waters. Wine: Uncountable: An alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes. Example: A glass of red wine complements a fine meal. Countable: Different types or bottles of wine. Example: The winery offered various exquisite wines for tasting. Cheese: Uncountable: A dairy product made from milk. Example: I enjoy a good sandwich with melted cheese. Countable: Different types or varieties of cheese. Example: The cheese shop had a selection of artisanal cheeses. Bread: Uncountable: A staple food made from flour, water, and yeast. Example: Freshly baked bread is a simple pleasure. Countable: Different types or loaves of bread. Example: They bought various artisan breads for brunch. Work: Uncountable: Activity involving mental or physical effort done to achieve a purpose. Example: He dedicated a lot of work into the project. Countable: Different tasks, projects, or pieces of work. Example: The artist displayed various impressive works at the exhibition. Music: Uncountable: Artistic sound arranged in time, often with melody, rhythm, and harmony. Example: Music has the power to evoke emotions. Countable: Different compositions, pieces, or genres of music. Example: The concert featured various classical musics. Paper: Uncountable: A material used for writing or printing, typically made from wood pulp. Example: She wrote her thoughts on the blank paper. Countable: Sheets or pieces of paper. Example: The printer ran out of white papers. Coffee: Uncountable: A popular beverage made from roasted coffee beans. Example: I need a cup of strong coffee to wake up. Countable: Different types or servings of coffee. Example: The café offers various specialty coffees. Hair: Uncountable: The fine thread-like strands growing from the skin of humans and some animals. Example: She has beautiful long hair. Countable: Individual strands or portions of hair. Example: She found a few gray hairs on her brush. Money: Uncountable: A medium of exchange in the form of coins or banknotes. Example: Money can't buy happiness, but it helps. Countable: Different units or amounts of money. Example: They collected various foreign moneys during their travels. Furniture: Uncountable: Moveable objects used to support human activities, like chairs and tables. Example: The living room has elegant furniture. Countable: Different pieces or items of furniture. Example: They bought various antique furnitures for their home. Equipment: Uncountable: The necessary items or tools for a particular purpose or activity. Example: Proper equipment is essential for safety. Countable: Different types or pieces of equipment. Example: They had various specialized equipments for the expedition. Advice: Uncountable: Guidance or recommendations given to help someone make a decision. Example: Her advice was invaluable during tough times. Countable: Different pieces or instances of advice. Example: They received various advices on improving their business. Luggage: Uncountable: Suitcases or bags containing personal belongings for traveling. Example: Please collect your luggage from the conveyor belt. Countable: Different pieces or items of luggage. Example: They had various luggages for the trip. Rain: Uncountable: Precipitation in the form of water droplets falling from the atmosphere. Example: The sound of rain on the roof is calming. Countable: Different instances or showers of rain. Example: There were several heavy rains last week. Sugar: Uncountable: A sweet crystalline substance obtained from sugar cane or sugar beets. Example: I prefer my tea without sugar. Countable: Different types or forms of sugar. Example: They offer various flavored sugars for coffee. Health: Uncountable: The overall condition of the body or mind. Example: Good health is a precious gift. Countable: Different aspects or dimensions of health. Example: They focus on various healths, including mental well-being. Anger: Uncountable: Strong feelings of displeasure or hostility. Example: His anger was evident in his facial expression. Countable: Different instances or outbursts of anger. Example: She had several angers over trivial matters. Evidence: Uncountable: Facts, information, or objects supporting a belief or proposition. Example: The detective gathered evidence to solve the case. Countable: Different pieces or items of evidence. Example: There were various evidences pointing to the suspect. Dirt: Uncountable: Loose soil or earth, often seen as a form of filth. Example: The kids played in the dirt and got messy. Countable: Different specks or particles of dirt. Example: There were several small dirts on the kitchen floor. Laughter: Uncountable: The act of laughing, expressing amusement or joy. Example: Her infectious laughter filled the room. Countable: Different bursts or instances of laughter. Example: There were several hearty laughters during the comedy show. Chocolate: Uncountable: A sweet food product made from cocoa beans. Example: I love to indulge in dark chocolate. Countable: Different types or varieties of chocolate. Example: The store offers various gourmet chocolates. News: Uncountable: Information or reports about recent events. Example: The breaking news caught everyone's attention. Countable: Different pieces or items of news. Example: The website features various interesting news articles. Silence: Uncountable: The absence of sound or noise. Example: The silence in the library was peaceful. Countable: Different moments or instances of silence. Example: There were brief silences during the ceremony. Advice: Uncountable: Guidance or recommendations given to help someone make a decision. Example: Her advice was helpful in navigating the situation. Countable: Different pieces or instances of advice. Example: They offered various helpful advices on career development. Safety: Uncountable: The state of being free from harm or danger. Example: Your safety is our top priority. Countable: Different measures or aspects of safety. Example: They implemented various safeties in the workplace. Food: Uncountable: Any nutritious substance consumed to sustain life. Example: Fresh and wholesome food is essential for well-being. Countable: Different types or dishes of food. Example: The menu offers various delicious foods. Traffic: Uncountable: The movement of vehicles on roads or in the air. Example: Traffic during rush hour can be stressful. Countable: Different instances or jams of traffic. Example: There were multiple traffics delays due to road construction. Time: Uncountable: The indefinite continued progress of existence. Example: There never seems to be enough time in a day. Countable: Different instances or periods of time. Example: They shared many happy times together. Water: Uncountable: A transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid essential for life. Example: The crystal-clear water in the lake was inviting. Countable: Different units or bodies of water. Example: The region had various scenic waters. Wine: Uncountable: An alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes. Example: A glass of red wine complements a fine meal. Countable: Different types or bottles of wine. Example: The winery offered various exquisite wines for tasting. Cheese: Uncountable: A dairy product made from milk. Example: I enjoy a good sandwich with melted cheese. Countable: Different types or varieties of cheese. Example: The cheese shop had a selection of artisanal cheeses. Bread: Uncountable: A staple food made from flour, water, and yeast. Example: Freshly baked bread is a simple pleasure. Countable: Different types or loaves of bread. Example: They bought various artisan breads for brunch. Work: Uncountable: Activity involving mental or physical effort done to achieve a purpose. Example: He dedicated a lot of work into the project. Countable: Different tasks, projects, or pieces of work. Example: The artist displayed various impressive works at the exhibition. Music: Uncountable: Artistic sound arranged in time, often with melody, rhythm, and harmony. Example: Music has the power to evoke emotions. Countable: Different compositions, pieces, or genres of music. Example: The concert featured various classical musics. Paper: Uncountable: A material used for writing or printing, typically made from wood pulp. Example: She wrote her thoughts on the blank paper. Countable: Sheets or pieces of paper. Example: The printer ran out of white papers. Coffee: Uncountable: A popular beverage made from roasted coffee beans. Example: I need a cup of strong coffee to wake up. Countable: Different types or servings of coffee. Example: The café offers various specialty coffees. Hair: Uncountable: The fine thread-like strands growing from the skin of humans and some animals. Example: She has beautiful long hair. Countable: Individual strands or portions of hair. Example: She found a few gray hairs on her brush. Money: Uncountable: A medium of exchange in the form of coins or banknotes. Example: Money can't buy happiness, but it helps. Countable: Different units or amounts of money. Example: They collected various foreign moneys during their travels. Furniture: Uncountable: Moveable objects used to support human activities, like chairs and tables. Example: The living room has elegant furniture. Countable: Different pieces or items of furniture. Example: They bought various antique furnitures for their home. Equipment: Uncountable: The necessary items or tools for a particular purpose or activity. Example: Proper equipment is essential for safety. Countable: Different types or pieces of equipment. Example: They had various specialized equipments for the expedition. Advice: Uncountable: Guidance or recommendations given to help someone make a decision. Example: Her advice was invaluable during tough times. Countable: Different pieces or instances of advice. Example: They received various advices on improving their business. Luggage: Uncountable: Suitcases or bags containing personal belongings for traveling. Example: Please collect your luggage from the conveyor belt. Countable: Different pieces or items of luggage. Example: They had various luggages for the trip. Rain: Uncountable: Precipitation in the form of water droplets falling from the atmosphere. Example: The sound of rain on the roof is calming. Countable: Different instances or showers of rain. Example: There were several heavy rains last week. Sugar: Uncountable: A sweet crystalline substance obtained from sugar cane or sugar beets. Example: I prefer my tea without sugar. Countable: Different types or forms of sugar. Example: They offer various flavored sugars for coffee. Health: Uncountable: The overall condition of the body or mind. Example: Good health is a precious gift. Countable: Different aspects or dimensions of health. Example: They focus on various healths, including mental well-being. Anger: Uncountable: Strong feelings of displeasure or hostility. Example: His anger was evident in his facial expression. Countable: Different instances or outbursts of anger. Example: She had several angers over trivial matters. Evidence: Uncountable: Facts, information, or objects supporting a belief or proposition. Example: The detective gathered evidence to solve the case. Countable: Different pieces or items of evidence. Example: There were various evidences pointing to the suspect. Dirt: Uncountable: Loose soil or earth, often seen as a form of filth. Example: The kids played in the dirt and got messy. Countable: Different specks or particles of dirt. Example: There were several small dirts on the kitchen floor. Laughter: Uncountable: The act of laughing, expressing amusement or joy. Example: Her infectious laughter filled the room. Countable: Different bursts or instances of laughter. Example: There were several hearty laughters during the comedy show. Chocolate: Uncountable: A sweet food product made from cocoa beans. Example: I love to indulge in dark chocolate. Countable: Different types or varieties of chocolate. Example: The store offers various gourmet chocolates. News: Uncountable: Information or reports about recent events. Example: The breaking news caught everyone's attention. Countable: Different pieces or items of news. Example: The website features various interesting news articles. Silence: Uncountable: The absence of sound or noise. Example: The silence in the library was peaceful. Countable: Different moments or instances of silence. Example: There were brief silences during the ceremony. Advice: Uncountable: Guidance or recommendations given to help someone make a decision. Example: Her advice was helpful in navigating the situation. Countable: Different pieces or instances of advice. Example: They offered various helpful advices on career development. Safety: Uncountable: The state of being free from harm or danger. Example: Your safety is our top priority. Countable: Different measures or aspects of safety. Example: They implemented various safeties in the workplace. Food: Uncountable: Any nutritious substance consumed to sustain life. Example: Fresh and wholesome food is essential for well-being. Countable: Different types or dishes of food. Example: The menu offers various delicious foods. Traffic: Uncountable: The movement of vehicles on roads or in the air. Example: Traffic during rush hour can be stressful. Countable: Different instances or jams of traffic. Example: There were multiple traffics delays due to road construction. Time: Uncountable: The indefinite continued progress of existence. Example: There never seems to be enough time in a day. Countable: Different instances or periods of time. Example: They shared many happy times together. Water: Uncountable: A transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid essential for life. Example: The crystal-clear water in the lake was inviting. Countable: Different units or bodies of water. Example: The region had various scenic waters. Wine: Uncountable: An alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes. Example: A glass of red wine complements a fine meal. Countable: Different types or bottles of wine. Example: The winery offered various exquisite wines for tasting. Sand: - Uncountable: Fine particles of mineral or rock, often found on beaches. Example: The warm sand beneath my feet was soothing. - Countable: Different grains or piles of sand. Example: There were various shades of sands along the coastline. Smoke: - Uncountable: The visible vapor and particles given off by burning or smoldering substances. Example: The smoke from the bonfire filled the air. - Countable: Different instances or puffs of smoke. Example: There were various smokes rising from the chimney. Fire: - Uncountable: The state of combustion, producing heat and light. Example: Fire is essential for cooking and warmth. - Countable: Different instances or flames of fire. Example: The firefighters extinguished several small fires in the area. Mud: - Uncountable: Soft, wet earth, often found after rain. Example: The path was covered in sticky mud after the storm. - Countable: Different patches or clumps of mud. Example: There were various splashes of muds on their shoes. Thunder: - Uncountable: The loud sound that follows a flash of lightning during a storm. Example: The thunder echoed through the mountains. - Countable: Different instances or peals of thunder. Example: There were various loud thunders during the storm. Sweat: - Uncountable: The salty fluid excreted by sweat glands to regulate body temperature. Example: The intense workout made them break a lot of sweat. - Countable: Different drops or beads of sweat. Example: There were various small sweats on their foreheads. Lightning: - Uncountable: A sudden electrostatic discharge during a thunderstorm. Example: The lightning illuminated the dark sky. - Countable: Different bolts or flashes of lightning. Example: There were various bright lightnings during the storm. Air: - Uncountable: The invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth. Example: Clean air is essential for a healthy environment. - Countable: Different instances or currents of air. Example: There were various refreshing airs in the mountains. Advice: - Uncountable: Guidance or recommendations given to help someone make a decision. Example: His advice was crucial in navigating the complex situation. - Countable: Different pieces or instances of advice. Example: They received various helpful advices from experienced mentors. Safety: - Uncountable: The state of being free from harm or danger. Example: Safety measures are implemented to protect workers. - Countable: Different precautions or features ensuring safety. Example: They discussed various safeties during the construction meeting. Information: - Uncountable: Knowledge or data about a particular subject. Example: The internet provides vast amounts of information. - Countable: Different pieces or items of information. Example: The report included various interesting informations about the project. Heat: - Uncountable: The form of energy associated with the motion of atoms and molecules. Example: The heat from the sun warms the Earth. - Countable: Different instances or sources of heat. Example: There were various intense heats in the kitchen. Steam: - Uncountable: The vapor into which water is converted when heated. Example: The steam from the hot tea fogged up the window. - Countable: Different clouds or wisps of steam. Example: There were various rising steams from the boiling pot. Wool: - Uncountable: The soft, curly hair forming the fleece of sheep. Example: The sweater is made from high-quality wool. - Countable: Different strands or pieces of wool. Example: There were various colored wools in the knitting basket. Sand: - Uncountable: Small, loose grains of worn-down rock, found on beaches and deserts. Example: The hot sand burned the soles of their feet. - Countable: Different grains or patches of sand. Example: There were various shades of sands along the coastline. Grass: - Uncountable: Lush, green vegetation covering the ground. Example: The soft grass provided a comfortable picnic spot. - Countable: Different blades or clumps of grass. Example: There were various types of grasses in the meadow. Sunshine: - Uncountable: The direct sunlight or the quality of being bright and sunny. Example: The warm sunshine lifted everyone's spirits. - Countable: Different beams or rays of sunshine. Example: There were various bright sunshines breaking through the clouds. Fog: - Uncountable: A thick cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. Example: The dense fog obscured visibility on the road. - Countable: Different layers or patches of fog. Example: There were various fogs settling over the valley. Rain: - Uncountable: Water droplets falling from the sky. Example: The gentle rain nourished the plants. - Countable: Different showers or instances of rain. Example: There were various heavy rains during the monsoon. Snow: - Uncountable: Soft, white flakes of frozen water falling from the sky. Example: The snow covered the landscape in a blanket of white. - Countable: Different flurries or layers of snow. Example: There were various snows of different textures on the mountain. Dust: - Uncountable: Fine, dry particles of earth or other matter. Example: The strong wind kicked up a cloud of dust. - Countable: Different specks or clouds of dust. Example: There were various small dusts swirling in the air. Smoke: - Uncountable: The visible vapor and particles given off by burning or smoldering substances. Example: The smoke from the bonfire filled the air. - Countable: Different instances or puffs of smoke. Example: There were various smokes rising from the chimney. Fire: - Uncountable: The state of combustion, producing heat and light. Example: Fire is essential for cooking and warmth. - Countable: Different instances or flames of fire. Example: The firefighters extinguished several small fires in the area. Mud: - Uncountable: Soft, wet earth, often found after rain. Example: The path was covered in sticky mud after the storm. - Countable: Different patches or clumps of mud. Example: There were various splashes of muds on their shoes. Thunder: - Uncountable: The loud sound that follows a flash of lightning during a storm. Example: The thunder echoed through the mountains. - Countable: Different instances or peals of thunder. Example: There were various loud thunders during the storm. Sweat: - Uncountable: The salty fluid excreted by sweat glands to regulate body temperature. Example: The intense workout made them break a lot of sweat. - Countable: Different drops or beads of sweat. Example: There were various small sweats on their foreheads. Lightning: - Uncountable: A sudden electrostatic discharge during a thunderstorm. Example: The lightning illuminated the dark sky. - Countable: Different bolts or flashes of lightning. Example: There were various bright lightnings during the storm. Air: - Uncountable: The invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth. Example: Clean air is essential for a healthy environment. - Countable: Different instances or currents of air. Example: There were various refreshing airs in the mountains. Advice: - Uncountable: Guidance or recommendations given to help someone make a decision. Example: His advice was crucial in navigating the complex situation. - Countable: Different pieces or instances of advice. Example: They received various helpful advices from experienced mentors. Safety: - Uncountable: The state of being free from harm or danger. Example: Safety measures are implemented to protect workers. - Countable: Different precautions or features ensuring safety. Example: They discussed various safeties during the construction meeting. Information: - Uncountable: Knowledge or data about a particular subject. Example: The internet provides vast amounts of information. - Countable: Different pieces or items of information. Example: The report included various interesting informations about the project. Heat: - Uncountable: The form of energy associated with the motion of atoms and molecules. Example: The heat from the sun warms the Earth. - Countable: Different instances or sources of heat. Example: There were various intense heats in the kitchen. Steam: - Uncountable: The vapor into which water is converted when heated. Example: The steam from the hot tea fogged up the window. - Countable: Different clouds or wisps of steam. Example: There were various rising steams from the boiling pot. Wool: - Uncountable: The soft, curly hair forming the fleece of sheep. Example: The sweater is made from high-quality wool. - Countable: Different strands or pieces of wool. Example: There were various colored wools in the knitting basket. Sand: - Uncountable: Small, loose grains of worn-down rock, found on beaches and deserts. Example: The hot sand burned the soles of their feet. - Countable: Different grains or patches of sand. Example: There were various shades of sands along the coastline. Grass: - Uncountable: Lush, green vegetation covering the ground. Example: The soft grass provided a comfortable picnic spot. - Countable: Different blades or clumps of grass. Example: There were various types of grasses in the meadow. Sunshine: - Uncountable: The direct sunlight or the quality of being bright and sunny. Example: The warm sunshine lifted everyone's spirits. - Countable: Different beams or rays of sunshine. Example: There were various bright sunshines breaking through the clouds. Fog: - Uncountable: A thick cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. Example: The dense fog obscured visibility on the road. - Countable: Different layers or patches of fog. Example: There were various fogs settling over the valley. Rain: - Uncountable: Water droplets falling from the sky. Example: The gentle rain nourished the plants. - Countable: Different showers or instances of rain. Example: There were various heavy rains during the monsoon. Snow: - Uncountable: Soft, white flakes of frozen water falling from the sky. Example: The snow covered the landscape in a blanket of white. - Countable: Different flurries or layers of snow. Example: There were various snows of different textures on the mountain. Dust: - Uncountable: Fine, dry particles of earth or other matter. Example: The strong wind kicked up a cloud of dust. - Countable: Different specks or clouds of dust. Example: There were various small dusts swirling in the air.

A run-on sentence, also known as a fused sentence, occurs when two or more independent clauses (complete thoughts) are improperly combined without the necessary punctuation or conjunctions to separate them. Run-on sentences can make your writing unclear and confusing. There are two main types of run-on sentences: the comma splice and the fused sentence. 1.Comma Splice: A comma splice happens when two independent clauses are joined together with just a comma but without a coordinating conjunction (e.g., and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor). This results in a run-on sentence. Here's an example: Incorrect: "I wanted to go to the movies, she preferred to stay home." Corrected: "I wanted to go to the movies, but she preferred to stay home." Corrected: "I wanted to go to the movies. She preferred to stay home." 2.Fused Sentence: A fused sentence occurs when two independent clauses are combined with no punctuation or conjunction, creating a single, lengthy run-on sentence. Here's an example: Incorrect: "She went to the store she bought some groceries." Corrected: "She went to the store, and she bought some groceries." Corrected: "She went to the store. She bought some groceries." Type of run-on sentence with examples and explanations: 1.Comma Splice: Definition: A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses are joined together with only a comma. Example: "I wanted to go to the movies, she preferred to stay home." Correction: "I wanted to go to the movies, but she preferred to stay home." Explanation: The corrected sentence uses a comma and the coordinating conjunction "but" to properly join the two independent clauses, making it grammatically correct. 2.Fused Sentence (Run-On): Definition: A fused sentence happens when two independent clauses are combined without any punctuation or conjunction. Example: "She went to the store she bought some groceries." Correction: "She went to the store. She bought some groceries." Explanation: The corrected sentence separates the two independent clauses with a period, creating two distinct sentences. 3.Lack of Conjunctions: Definition: This type of run-on sentence combines two independent clauses without any punctuation or conjunction. Example: "I enjoy reading books I also like watching movies." Correction: "I enjoy reading books, and I also like watching movies." Explanation: The corrected sentence uses a comma and the coordinating conjunction "and" to join the clauses, ensuring proper punctuation and clarity. 4.Run-on List: Definition: A run-on list occurs when a list of items is connected without appropriate punctuation or conjunctions. Example: "I need to buy eggs milk bread and cheese." Correction: "I need to buy eggs, milk, bread, and cheese." Explanation: The corrected sentence uses commas to separate the items in the list, making it clear and properly punctuated. 5.Non-Parallel Structure Run-On: Definition: In this type of run-on sentence, elements in a list do not follow a parallel structure. Example: "She likes to swim, jogging is fun, and biking in the park." Correction: "She likes to swim, jog, and bike in the park." Explanation: The corrected sentence maintains parallel structure by using the same verb form for each item in the list, ensuring grammatical consistency. 6.Intertwined Independent Clauses: Definition: In this type of run-on sentence, independent clauses are intertwined, making it challenging to discern where one clause ends and another begins. Example: "We were running late he had to catch a train." Correction: "We were running late. He had to catch a train." Explanation: The corrected sentence separates the clauses with a period, clearly defining the boundary between them. 7.Sentence Fragment Run-On: Definition: This type of run-on sentence occurs when one or both of the independent clauses is a sentence fragment. Example: "She went to the store, bought some groceries." Correction: "She went to the store and bought some groceries." Explanation: The corrected sentence combines the two independent clauses into a single sentence by adding the necessary conjunction "and," eliminating the sentence fragment. Methods of correcting run-on sentences Correcting run-on sentences is essential for clear and grammatically sound writing. There are various methods to correct run-ons. Here are 20 methods with 5 examples for each, along with explanations: 1. Use a Period (Full Stop): Run-On Sentence: "She went to the store she bought some groceries." Corrected Sentence: "She went to the store. She bought some groceries." Explanation: Separating the two independent clauses with a period creates two distinct sentences. 2. Use a Semicolon: Run-On Sentence: "I wanted to go to the movies she preferred to stay home." Corrected Sentence: "I wanted to go to the movies; she preferred to stay home." Explanation: A semicolon is used to join two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction. 3. Use a Comma and a Coordinating Conjunction: Run-On Sentence: "We love the beach the mountains are nice too." Corrected Sentence: "We love the beach, and the mountains are nice too." Explanation: The comma and coordinating conjunction "and" join the two independent clauses. 4. Use a Comma and a Subordinating Conjunction: Run-On Sentence: "I'll go to the party he invites me." Corrected Sentence: "I'll go to the party if he invites me." Explanation: The comma and subordinating conjunction "if" turn the second clause into a dependent clause, making the sentence correct. 5. Use a Comma and a Conjunctive Adverb: Run-On Sentence: "She loves reading books she, however, dislikes watching movies." Corrected Sentence: "She loves reading books; she, however, dislikes watching movies." Explanation: A semicolon is used before the conjunctive adverb "however" to join two independent clauses, maintaining clarity. 6.Use a Colon: Run-On Sentence: "The reason is simple I want to learn." Corrected Sentence: "The reason is simple: I want to learn." Explanation: A colon is used to introduce an explanation or a list after an independent clause. 7.Use an Em Dash: Run-On Sentence: "He is very smart he proved it in the test." Corrected Sentence: "He is very smart—he proved it in the test." Explanation: An em dash separates the closely related independent clauses, creating emphasis. 8.Use a Paragraph Break: Run-On Sentence: "The sun is setting; the sky is painted in beautiful colors." Corrected Sentence: "The sun is setting. The sky is painted in beautiful colors." Explanation: Placing each independent clause in a new paragraph is an effective way to correct run-on sentences. 9.Use a Parenthetical Expression: Run-On Sentence: "They are going to the beach they, in fact, love the ocean." Corrected Sentence: "They are going to the beach. They, in fact, love the ocean." Explanation: The independent clauses are separated by a parenthetical expression enclosed in commas. 10.Use a Relative Pronoun: Run-On Sentence: "The movie was amazing I watched it last night." Corrected Sentence: "The movie was amazing, which I watched last night." Explanation: A relative pronoun (in this case, "which") introduces the second clause as a dependent clause. 11.Use an Appositive Phrase: Run-On Sentence: "She is a great musician she, a violinist, performs beautifully." Corrected Sentence: "She is a great musician; she, a violinist, performs beautifully." Explanation: The independent clauses are separated by an appositive phrase, which adds extra information. 12.Use an Infinitive Phrase: Run-On Sentence: "He wants to travel he hopes to visit many countries." Corrected Sentence: "He wants to travel; he hopes to visit many countries." Explanation: The independent clauses are divided by an infinitive phrase that provides additional context. 13. Use an Absolute Phrase: Run-On Sentence: "She is a skilled writer she writes for the newspaper." Corrected Sentence: "She is a skilled writer; she writes for the newspaper." Explanation: An absolute phrase introduces the second independent clause, providing context. 14.Use an Adjective Clause: Run-On Sentence: "The book is fantastic I just finished it." Corrected Sentence: "The book is fantastic, which I just finished." Explanation: The adjective clause "which I just finished" modifies the noun in the first clause. 15.Use an Adverbial Clause: Run-On Sentence: "He was tired he had stayed up all night." Corrected Sentence: "He was tired because he had stayed up all night." Explanation: The adverbial clause "because he had stayed up all night" explains the reason in the second clause. 16.Use an Ellipsis: Run-On Sentence: "She is coming to the party she is bringing a surprise." Corrected Sentence: "She is coming to the party... she is bringing a surprise." Explanation: An ellipsis is used to indicate an intentional pause or omission between the clauses. 17.Use a Quotation: Run-On Sentence: "He told me to be careful I remember his words." Corrected Sentence: "He told me to be careful: 'I remember his words.'" Explanation: The colon introduces a quotation that relates to the first clause. 18.Use a Dash and a Coordinating Conjunction: Run-On Sentence: "She enjoys painting it's her favorite hobby." Corrected Sentence: "She enjoys painting—it's her favorite hobby." Explanation: A dash adds emphasis and the coordinating conjunction "it's" connects the clauses. 19.Use a Parenthesis: Run-On Sentence: "The event was fantastic she was there (I saw her)." Corrected Sentence: "The event was fantastic (she was there—I saw her)." Explanation: Parentheses set off the information, and dashes separate the clauses within the parentheses. 20.Use a Hyphen: Run-On Sentence: "He's an all-rounder he can play any sport." Corrected Sentence: "He's an all-rounder—he can play any sport." Explanation: A hyphen adds emphasis, making it clear that the second clause is related to the first. Exercise identify run-on sentences. After each sentence, indicate whether it is a run-on sentence or not. I'll provide the answers at the end. She went to the store she bought some groceries. The party was fun many friends attended. I'll be there in a minute please wait for me. He wants to study abroad however, he hasn't chosen a country yet. The book was interesting I couldn't put it down. The weather is perfect for a picnic but I have to work. I want to go to the beach the mountains sound appealing too. It's raining heavily we need to postpone the game. She loves playing the piano she practices for hours. I'm not sure what to do maybe I'll ask for advice. He's a great chef he's also a talented musician. The concert was sold out they couldn't get tickets. The cat the dog are playing in the yard. We'll visit the museum we'll also explore the art gallery. She's allergic to seafood she can't eat shrimp. He's neither a painter nor a sculptor he's a skilled musician. She enjoys dancing she's also a talented singer. I don't like mushrooms I'll eat the pasta without them. He's tired he's determined to finish his work. You can either go to the zoo you can go to the botanical garden. It's raining heavily the soccer game is postponed. I'm running late I'll call you when I'm on my way. She's a vegetarian she avoids eating meat. The restaurant was full they had to wait for a table. They both enjoy hiking they also love camping in the mountains. He worked hard he couldn't achieve his goals. She can play the piano she can sing beautifully. She can swim she can't dive. He's neither tall nor short he's of average height. He wanted to buy a new car he ended up getting a used one. Answers: Run-on Run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Run-on Not a run-on Run-on Not a run-on Run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Run-on Not a run-on Run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Not a run-on Answer with corrected run- She went to the store; she bought some groceries. The party was fun; many friends attended. I'll be there in a minute; please wait for me. He wants to study abroad; however, he hasn't chosen a country yet. The book was interesting; I couldn't put it down. The weather is perfect for a picnic, but I have to work. I want to go to the beach; the mountains sound appealing too. It's raining heavily; we need to postpone the game. She loves playing the piano; she practices for hours. I'm not sure what to do; maybe I'll ask for advice. He's a great chef; he's also a talented musician. The concert was sold out; they couldn't get tickets. The cat and the dog are playing in the yard. We'll visit the museum; we'll also explore the art gallery. She's allergic to seafood; she can't eat shrimp. He's neither a painter nor a sculptor; he's a skilled musician. She enjoys dancing; she's also a talented singer. I don't like mushrooms; I'll eat the pasta without them. He's tired; he's determined to finish his work. You can either go to the zoo; you can go to the botanical garden. It's raining heavily; the soccer game is postponed. I'm running late; I'll call you when I'm on my way. She's a vegetarian; she avoids eating meat. The restaurant was full; they had to wait for a table. They both enjoy hiking; they also love camping in the mountains. He worked hard; he couldn't achieve his goals. She can play the piano; she can sing beautifully. She can swim; she can't dive. He's neither tall nor short; he's of average height. He wanted to buy a new car; he ended up getting a used one.

A sentence is a grammatical unit of language that typically consists of a group of words expressing a complete thought. A sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be implied). It is one of the fundamental building blocks of written and spoken communication, and it serves as a way to convey information, express ideas, ask questions, or make statements. A sentence generally contains the following key elements: Subject: The subject is typically a noun or pronoun that performs the action or is the focus of the sentence. It tells you what or who the sentence is about. Verb: The verb is a word that expresses an action or state of being. It tells you what the subject is doing or what is happening in the sentence. Object: An object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. It tells you what or whom the action is directed toward. Additional elements: Sentences can also include various other elements like adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, and conjunctions to provide more information and structure. Kinds of Sentences Sentences come in five different types: Assertive Sentence Interrogative Sentence Imperative Sentence Optative Sentence Exclamatory Sentence 1. Assertive Sentence An Assertive Sentence is one that makes a statement or assertion. Assertive Sentences can be categorized into two types: Affirmative Sentence and Negative Sentence. Affirmative Assertive Sentence: These sentences affirm a proposition. Nasima reads attentively. I know him very well. We have a nice garden. Negative Assertive Sentence: These sentences negate a proposition. Zaman does not read attentively. I do not know him very well. We do not have a nice garden. 2. Interrogative Sentence An Interrogative Sentence is used to ask a question about a person or thing. Interrogative Sentences typically begin with an auxiliary verb or an interrogative word such as "who," "which," "what," "how," "where," etc. Which pen do you like? Are you going to school? What are you doing now? How old are you? Interrogative Sentences are further classified into two types: Affirmative Interrogative: e.g., "Did you go home yesterday? What does he want?" Negative Interrogative: e.g., "Did you not go home yesterday? Is he a brilliant student?" 3. Imperative Sentence An Imperative Sentence conveys orders, requests, advice, commands, or other similar expressions. It can be either affirmative or negative. Imperative Affirmative: Do it at once. Please tell us a story. Let him do the work. Don't go there. Imperative Negative: Don't do it. Don't let him go home alone. Note: In imperative sentences, the subject in the second person 'you' remains implicit, e.g., "Take care of your health," "Do the work at once." In the case of 1st person and 3rd person imperative sentences, they begin with 'let.' For example, "Let me go home," "Let the boy do the sum," "Let them finish the work." For proposals and suggestions, imperative sentences begin with 'let,' e.g., "Let us go out for a walk," "Let us discuss the matter." To indicate a request, imperative sentences begin with "please" or "kindly," e.g., "Please lend me some money," "Kindly tell him to come immediately." Sometimes, the question form of a sentence beginning with "will you," "would you," and "could you" may indicate the imperative mood, e.g., "Would you mind taking a cup of tea?" "Will you please take your seat?" "Could you help me?" 4. Optative Sentence An Optative Sentence expresses a wish, desire, or prayer. These sentences typically begin with "may" or "would that." May Allah bless you. May you be happy in life. Would that I were the president of Bangladesh. Would that I could be a child again. Long live our president. 5. Exclamatory Sentence An Exclamatory Sentence conveys a sudden feeling or emotion and is typically punctuated with an exclamation mark. What a nice bird it is! How beautiful the rose is! Hurrah! We have won the game. Alas! I am undone. Exercise Making Sentence out of jumbled words Jumbled Words: Tomorrow / we / to / are / the / going / movie. Red / the / playing / ball / is / in / the / boy / yard. Listening / her / favorite / to / music / she / is. At / the / beach / building / sandcastles / the / children / enjoy. Homework / he / doing / diligently / is / his. Shopping / for / new / clothes / they / are. Breakfast / morning / enjoys / a / she / big. His / playing / guitar / brother / the / is. The / with / friends / went / they / hiking / last / weekend. Carefully / the / chef / preparing / the / ingredients / is. Answers: We are going to the movie tomorrow. The boy is playing with a red ball in the yard. She is listening to her favorite music. The children enjoy building sandcastles at the beach. He is diligently doing his homework. They are shopping for new clothes. She enjoys a big breakfast every morning. His brother is playing the guitar. They went hiking with friends last weekend. The chef is carefully preparing the ingredients. Jumbled Words: The / playing / children / are / happily / in / park / the. A / on / reading / is / man / a / bench. Rain / movie / the / when / watching / began, / they / were. Pizza / favorite / her / is / Italian / food. Homework / finished / before / play / he / outside / likes / to. Dog / chasing / a / squirrel / the / in / the / yard. Running / are / the / fast / athletes / track / on. School / to / she / walks / every / day. Night / at / beautiful / stars / the / are / shining. Cake / chocolate / favorite / her / is. Lunch / a / he / sandwich / made / himself. Beach / seashells / collecting / is / children / the / at / the. Flowers / in / the / garden / blooming / are / brightly. Playing / with / friends / games / enjoys / he / video. Happy / to / see / is / the / finally / sun. His / painting / a / masterpiece / an / artist / creating / is. Night / a / beautiful / sleep / under / stars / the. They / to / eagerly / go / the / amusement park / want. Time / best / their / the / at / the / beach / had / kids. Morning / a / jog / takes / he / every / in. Answers: The children are playing happily in the park. A man is reading on a bench. They were watching the movie when the rain began. Her favorite food is Italian pizza. He likes to play outside before finishing homework. A dog is chasing a squirrel in the yard. The athletes are running fast on the track. She walks to school every day. The stars are shining beautifully at night. Her favorite is chocolate cake. He made himself a sandwich for lunch. The children are collecting seashells at the beach. Flowers are blooming brightly in the garden. He enjoys playing video games with friends. The sun is finally happy to see. An artist is creating a masterpiece with his painting. A beautiful night to sleep under the stars. They want to go to the amusement park eagerly. The kids had their best time at the beach. He takes a jog every morning. Identify the type of sentence (declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory) for each given sentence: What is your favorite color? She will arrive at 3 o'clock. Please pass me the salt. How beautiful the sunset looks! I enjoy reading books in my free time. Close the door before leaving. It's raining heavily outside. May you have a wonderful day! Tell me a story. Don't forget to call your parents. Answers: Interrogative Declarative Imperative Exclamatory Declarative Imperative Exclamatory Optative Imperative Imperative Identify the type of each sentence (declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory): The sky is clear and the stars are shining brightly. Would you like to join us for dinner? Don't forget to bring your umbrella. How delicious this cake tastes! She plays the piano beautifully. Please be quiet during the exam. Can you pass me the salt, please? The view from the mountain is breathtaking! Let's go for a walk in the park. It's such a beautiful day! He is the captain of the soccer team. Finish your homework before going out to play. Wow, you've done an excellent job! Tell me a joke. The train will depart at 2:30 PM. May you have a safe journey! Turn off the lights before leaving the room. What a wonderful surprise! She will arrive at the airport at 6 AM. Go straight, then take a left at the intersection. Answers: Declarative Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory Declarative Imperative Interrogative Exclamatory Imperative Exclamatory Declarative Imperative Exclamatory Imperative Declarative Optative Imperative Exclamatory Declarative Imperative Sentence types according to their structure There are four main sentence types according to their structure: 1.Simple Sentence: A simple sentence consists of one independent clause, making it the most basic sentence structure. It expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Examples: She plays the piano. The sun is shining. He loves to read books. 2. Complex Sentence: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause. The dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. Examples: When the rain stopped, we went for a walk. (Independent clause: "We went for a walk." Dependent clause: "When the rain stopped.") Although I like pizza, I'm going to have a salad for dinner. (Independent clause: "I'm going to have a salad for dinner." Dependent clause: "Although I like pizza.") 3.Compound Sentence: A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (such as "and," "but," "or," "so") or a semicolon. Examples: She likes pizza, and he prefers pasta. (Two independent clauses: "She likes pizza" and "he prefers pasta.") The sun is shining; the birds are singing. (Two independent clauses: "The sun is shining" and "the birds are singing.") 4.Compound-Complex Sentence: A compound-complex sentence combines elements of both compound and complex sentences. It includes two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Examples: While I was studying, the phone rang, so I answered it. (Independent clauses: "The phone rang," "I answered it." Dependent clause: "While I was studying.") She went to the store because she needed groceries, and he stayed home to cook dinner. (Two independent clauses: "She went to the store" and "he stayed home to cook dinner." Dependent clause: "because she needed groceries.") Exercise Exercise: Identify the Type of Sentence The sun sets in the west. After the show ended, the audience gave a standing ovation. He studied for the exam, yet he didn't perform well. Who won the race? Despite his reluctance, he agreed to participate. She enjoys dancing, and her brother loves playing the guitar. Please pass me the salt. When the teacher entered the room, the students greeted her. We wanted to go to the beach, but it started raining. Why are you so late? She sings beautifully. I have to finish this report, or I'll get in trouble. Since it's his birthday, we should throw a party. After she completed her degree, she got a job in her field. What time is the movie starting? I need to buy groceries, so I'm heading to the store. The cat purrs, and the dog wags its tail. Would you like a cup of tea? While I was at work, she cleaned the house. He forgot to lock the door, and the house got robbed. Answers: Simple Complex Compound Interrogative Complex Compound Imperative Complex Compound Interrogative Simple Compound Complex Complex Interrogative Compound Compound Interrogative Compound-Complex Compound Exercise: Identify the Type of Sentence The sun is shining brightly. When I got home, my dog greeted me enthusiastically. She loves ice cream, but she's lactose intolerant. Did you finish your homework? Despite the traffic jam, we arrived at the concert on time. Take out the trash, please. The book is on the shelf; I can grab it for you. What a beautiful sunset! After the rain stopped, the children went outside to play. He enjoys playing soccer, and his sister prefers basketball. May your dreams come true. She sings beautifully, and her brother plays the piano. We're going to the beach this weekend. Are you coming? Although he's busy with work, he always finds time for his family. Let's go for a walk in the park, shall we? The cat purrs softly, and the dog barks loudly. I can't believe we won the game! While I was cooking dinner, the phone rang, and I dropped the spatula. He forgot his lunch, so his mom brought it to him at school. You should always be polite and respectful. Answers: Simple Complex Compound Interrogative Complex Imperative Compound Exclamatory Complex Compound Optative Compound Compound-Complex Complex Imperative Compound Exclamatory Compound-Complex Compound Compound

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. Prepositions are used to indicate location, direction, time, manner, and many other relationships. They help provide context and clarify the spatial or temporal relationships between objects and actions in a sentence. Here are the main types of prepositions: Prepositions of Place: These prepositions describe the location of objects or people in relation to other objects. Common examples include "in," "on," "under," "beside," "above," "below," "between," and "among." The book is on the table. The cat is under the bed. They sat between John and Mary. Prepositions of Time: These prepositions describe when an action takes place. Common examples include "in," "on," "at," "since," "for," "during," and "before." We'll meet at 3:00 PM. I've known her since 2005. They'll arrive before dinner. Prepositions of Direction: These prepositions indicate the direction or movement of an action. Common examples include "to," "from," "towards," "through," "across," and "along." She walked to the park. The river flows through the valley. I ran across the street. Prepositions of Manner: These prepositions describe how an action is performed. Common examples include "with," "by," "like," and "as." She painted the picture with a brush. The book was written by the author. He sings like a professional. Prepositions of Agent: These prepositions indicate the doer of an action. Common examples include "by" and "from." The letter was written by her. The gift was sent from my aunt. Prepositions of Possession: These prepositions indicate ownership or possession. Common examples include "of" and "for." The key of the car is on the table. This gift is for you. Prepositions of Cause or Reason: These prepositions explain the reason for an action. Common examples include "because of" and "due to." The game was canceled because of the rain. He was late due to traffic. Most Common Preposition common prepositions with example sentences: 1. about - He is talking about his vacation. 2. above - The plane is flying above the clouds. 3. across - She walked across the bridge. 4. after - They went for ice cream after dinner. 5. against - The cat is rubbing against the wall. 6. along - We strolled along the beach. 7. amid - They found peace amid chaos. 8. among - He is popular among his peers. 9. around - The kids played around the tree. 10. as - She works as a nurse. 11. at - They met at the park. 12. before - Dinner is served before 7:00 PM. 13. behind - The car is parked behind the house. 14. below - The treasure is hidden below the surface. 15. beneath - The cat is hiding beneath the bed. 16. beside - He sat beside his friend. 17. between - The book is between the two bookends. 18. beyond - The forest extends beyond the river. 19. but - She likes all fruits but bananas. 20. by - The letter was delivered by mail. 21. concerning - They had a discussion concerning the project. 22. considering - He is studying law, considering his future career. 23. despite - Despite the rain, they had a picnic. 24. down - The cat climbed down the tree. 25. during - He was silent during the meeting. 26. except - Everyone attended the party except John. 27. for - She bought a gift for her friend. 28. from - He is returning from his trip. 29. in - The keys are in the drawer. 30. inside - They went inside the museum. 31. into - The dog jumped into the pool. 32. like - She sings like an angel. 33. near - The park is near their house. 34. of - The book is the story of a detective. 35. off - Please turn the lights off. 36. on - The cat is on the roof. 37. onto - She climbed onto the stage. 38. out - The cat ran out of the house. 39. outside - The kids are playing outside. 40. over - The plane flew over the city. 41. past - The car drove past the school. 42. regarding - They had a meeting regarding the budget. 43. round - They sat round the campfire. 44. since - He has been waiting since morning. 45. through - They walked through the forest. 46. throughout - The music played throughout the night. 47. to - She sent a letter to her friend. 48. toward - They are heading toward the beach. 49. under - The cat is hiding under the table. 50. underneath - The treasure is buried underneath the ground. 51. until - They waited until the movie started. 52. unto - We prayed unto the gods. 53. up - The cat climbed up the tree. 54. upon - The book is upon the shelf. 55. with - She went shopping with her sister. 56. within - The treasure is hidden within the cave. 57. without - She can't go out without a coat. 58. according to - According to the report, it's going to rain. 59. across from - The park is across from the school. 60. along with - She brought her friends along with her. 61. as for - As for the weather, it's unpredictable. 62. because of - We had to cancel the picnic because of the rain. 63. by means of - They communicated by means of email. 64. for the sake of - He made sacrifices for the sake of his family. 65. in addition to - In addition to her job, she volunteers. 66. in front of - The car is parked in front of the house. 67. in place of - He filled in in place of his colleague. 68. in spite of - They continued in spite of the difficulties. 69. on account of - They were delayed on account of traffic. 70. on top of - The book is on top of the table. 71. out of - He ran out of patience. 72. with regard to - They discussed the matter with regard to the contract. 73. by way of - He arrived by way of the back door. 74. in lieu of - She offered her help in lieu of money. 75. on behalf of - She accepted the award on behalf of her team. 76. in case of - Keep a flashlight in case of a power outage. 77. in order to - He studied hard in order to pass the exam. 78. on the part of - The mistake was on the part of the manufacturer. 79. with respect to - He is very polite with respect to his elders. 80. as well as - He plays the guitar as well as the piano. common prepositions in bold face 1. about - He is talking about his vacation. 2. above - The plane is flying above the clouds. 3. across - She walked across the bridge. 4. after - They went for ice cream after dinner. 5. against - The cat is rubbing against the wall. 6. along - We strolled along the beach. 7. amid - They found peace amid chaos. 8. among - He is popular among his peers. 9. around - The kids played around the tree. 10. as - She works as a nurse. 11. at - They met at the park. 12. before - Dinner is served before 7:00 PM. 13. behind - The car is parked behind the house. 14. below - The treasure is hidden below the surface. 15. beneath - The cat is hiding beneath the bed. 16. beside - He sat beside his friend. 17. between - The book is between the two bookends. 18. beyond - The forest extends beyond the river. 19. but - She likes all fruits but bananas. 20. by - The letter was delivered by mail. 21. concerning - They had a discussion concerning the project. 22. considering - He is studying law, considering his future career. 23. despite - Despite the rain, they had a picnic. 24. down - The cat climbed down the tree. 25. during - He was silent during the meeting. 26. except - Everyone attended the party except John. 27. for - She bought a gift for her friend. 28. from - He is returning from his trip. 29. in - The keys are in the drawer. 30. inside - They went inside the museum. 31. into - The dog jumped into the pool. 32. like - She sings like an angel. 33. near - The park is near their house. 34. of - The book is the story of a detective. 35. off - Please turn the lights off. 36. on - The cat is on the roof. 37. onto - She climbed onto the stage. 38. out - The cat ran out of the house. 39. outside - The kids are playing outside. 40. over - The plane flew over the city. 41. past - The car drove past the school. 42. regarding - They had a meeting regarding the budget. 43. round - They sat round the campfire. 44. since - He has been waiting since morning. 45. through - They walked through the forest. 46. throughout - The music played throughout the night. 47. to - She sent a letter to her friend. 48. toward - They are heading toward the beach. 49. under - The cat is hiding under the table. 50. underneath - The treasure is buried underneath the ground. 51. until - They waited until the movie started. 52. unto - We prayed unto the gods. 53. up - The cat climbed up the tree. 54. upon - The book is upon the shelf. 55. with - She went shopping with her sister. 56. within - The treasure is hidden within the cave. 57. without - She can't go out without a coat. 58. according to - According to the report, it's going to rain. 59. across from - The park is across from the school. 60. along with - She brought her friends along with her. 61. as for - As for the weather, it's unpredictable. 62. because of - We had to cancel the picnic because of the rain. 63. by means of - They communicated by means of email. 64. for the sake of - He made sacrifices for the sake of his family. 65. in addition to - In addition to her job, she volunteers. 66. in front of - The car is parked in front of the house. 67. in place of - He filled in in place of his colleague. 68. in spite of - They continued in spite of the difficulties. 69. on account of - They were delayed on account of traffic. 70. on top of - The book is on top of the table. 71. out of - He ran out of patience. 72. with regard to - They discussed the matter with regard to the contract. 73. by way of - He arrived by way of the back door. 74. in lieu of - She offered her help in lieu of money. 75. on behalf of - She accepted the award on behalf of her team. 76. in case of - Keep a flashlight in case of a power outage. 77. in order to - He studied hard in order to pass the exam. 78. on the part of - The mistake was on the part of the manufacturer. 79. with respect to - He is very polite with respect to his elders. 80. as well as - He plays the guitar as well as the piano. Uses of Common Prepositions 1. About: Definition: Concerning or regarding. Around or near a place. Approximately or roughly. Used to express location or position. Used to describe someone's character or attitude. Examples: She told me a story about her trip to Paris. He lives about a mile from here. There were about 50 people at the party. The cat is about the room. He's always cheerful and positive; he's about as friendly as they come. 2. Above: Definition: In or to a higher place or position. Superior to or more important than. Beyond something in a higher position. More than a certain age, level, or standard. On the floor above. Examples: The bird is flying above the trees. Ethics are above profit. The temperature was above freezing. He's above average in intelligence. Their apartment is on the floor above ours. 3. Across: Definition: From one side to the other side. In a crosswise direction. On or to the opposite side. In every part of. So as to intersect or cross. Examples: They walked across the bridge. He drew a line across the paper. The store is across the street. The news spread across the globe. The two roads intersect across the river. 4. After: Definition: Subsequent to in time or order. Behind in place or position. In pursuit of or behind. In the style or manner of. In accordance with. Examples: We'll have dessert after dinner. She ran after the bus. He patterned his work after Picasso. She modeled her behavior after her role model. They followed the rules after the guidelines. 5. Against: Definition: In opposition to; in contact with. In resistance to or protection from. In anticipation of and preparation for. To the disadvantage of. Contrary to or in contrast with. Examples: The cat rubbed itself against the wall. She leaned against the cold wind. They braced themselves against the storm. The decision goes against our interests. His actions were against our values. 6. Along: Definition: In a line or direction of; beside. Moving or extending in a continuous line. In company or association with. In accordance with. During the course of. Examples: They strolled along the beach. The fence runs along the property line. She went along with her friends. He acted along the lines of the plan. He sang along with the music. 7. Amid: Definition: Surrounded by; in the middle of. In the presence of; among. At the same time as. In the middle of a period or activity. In the face of. Examples: They found peace amid the chaos. She stood amid a crowd of fans. Laughter echoed amid the tears. He rested amid the busy workday. They remained calm amid the crisis. 8. Among: Definition: In or through the midst of a group of people or things. In the middle of. By many people; with common features. In the number or class of. In the opinion of. Examples: He is popular among his peers. The lost city lies hidden among the mountains. The book stands among the bestsellers. She was among the top students. Among the group, he's the most experienced. 9. Around: Definition: In a circular direction; on all sides of. Present or nearby. Moving from place to place. In many places. Approximately or nearly. Examples: They played tag around the tree. The neighbors are around today. He travels around the world. The city has parks around every corner. She'll be back around 6:00 PM. 10. As: Definition: In the role or function of; to the same degree or extent. In the capacity or character of. For example; like. While; during the time that. Considering the fact that. Examples: She works as a nurse. He dressed up as a pirate for Halloween. Some pets, as dogs, need daily exercise. He worked as a lifeguard during the summer. As it was raining, they stayed indoors. 11. At: Definition: In or near a particular place or location. Indicating a particular point or time. Indicating a rate or ratio. Indicating a particular state or condition. In the direction of; toward. Examples: They met at the park. The concert starts at 8:00 PM. It's priced at $10 per item. She's at a loss for words. He waved at the passing car. 12. Before: Definition: In advance of in time; earlier than. In front of or ahead of. In the presence or sight of. In preference to. In preparation for. Examples: Dinner is served before 7:00 PM. She lined up before the gate. He proposed before their friends. Safety comes before speed. She studied before the exam. 13. Behind: Definition: In or to the rear of; at the back of. In a place that someone has left. In a situation where someone is less advanced. In a state of owing money or other obligations. In support of or favorable to. Examples: The car is parked behind the house. He left the book behind on the table. He is behind in his studies. She's behind on her bills. They stood behind his decision. 14. Below: Definition: In or to a lower place. Lower in rank or status. Less than a specified amount. Unworthy of. Inferior or subordinate to. Examples: The treasure is hidden below the surface. She was a level below her manager. The temperature dropped below freezing. Such behavior is below our standards. He was below her in the organization. 15. Beneath: Definition: Under or below (something). In a lower place; below. Unworthy of; not fitting. Hidden or covered by. In the physical presence of. Examples: The cat is hiding beneath the bed. The sunken city lies beneath the waves. His behavior is beneath contempt. The treasure is buried beneath the ground. They met beneath the stars. 16. Beside: Definition: Next to; at the side of. In comparison with. In addition to. In a state of (calm, panic, etc.). In the interest or alongside someone or something. Examples: He sat beside his friend. She's tall beside her brother. We ordered coffee beside our meals. She remained calm beside the chaos. He stood beside his family. 17. Between: Definition: In or into the space that separates. In a intermediate or middle position. In the time or interval that separates. In the combined influence of. In connection or relation to. Examples: The book is between the two bookends. She was seated between her two sisters. The meeting is scheduled between 2 and 3 PM. Their friendship lies between trust and respect. There's a deep connection between art and emotions. 18. Beyond: Definition: Further on or greater in degree or extent. Outside the physical limits or control of. In addition to. On the other side of. Surpassing in achievement or quality. Examples: The forest extends beyond the river. The challenge is beyond our abilities. It's beyond my understanding. The mountains lie beyond the horizon. His skills are beyond comparison. 19. But: Definition: Except; apart from. On the contrary; however. Otherwise than; without the concomitant that. Only; merely. Outside the restrictions of; without. Examples: She likes all fruits but bananas. He studied hard, but he didn't pass. He can't help but wonder. It's anything but simple. We can't do anything but wait. 20. By: Definition: Next to or beside. Indicating the means or method. Indicating the agent performing an action. Indicating a time or rate. In accordance with; according to. Examples: The letter was delivered by mail. The painting was done by a famous artist. The problem was caused by the storm. He wakes up by 6:00 AM. We'll go by the rules. 21. Concerning: Definition: Relating to; regarding. About. In connection with. On the subject of. With regard to; pertaining to. Examples: They had a discussion concerning the project. We received a letter concerning your application. Let's talk concerning your future plans. The book is concerning history. They reached an agreement concerning the terms. 22. Considering: Definition: Taking into account; in view of. In consideration of. Taking something into consideration. Reflecting on a situation or circumstance. Given the circumstances. Examples: He is studying law, considering his future career. Considering the cost, it's a great deal. She made the right choice considering her options. Considering the weather, we might need umbrellas. Considering what happened, it's understandable. 23. Despite: Definition: In spite of; without being affected by. Regardless of. Notwithstanding. Although. Examples: Despite the rain, they had a picnic. He's a great athlete despite his injury. She remained calm despite the chaos. Despite the challenges, they succeeded. 24. Down: Definition: Towards or in a lower place or position. Along the course or direction of. In a lower or weaker condition. Reducing in size, intensity, or quantity. Away from a higher to a lower level. Examples: The cat climbed down the tree. He walked down the street. She's feeling down today. The stock market is down. Water flows down a slope. 25. During: Definition: Throughout the course or duration of. In the time of. In the process of. Within a particular period. At a point in time within a longer time frame. Examples: He was silent during the meeting. They traveled to Europe during the summer. She felt tired during the hike. During the pandemic, people stayed at home. The music played during the ceremony. 26. Except: Definition: Not including; other than. Unless. With the exclusion of. If it were not for the fact that. But for the presence or action of. Examples: Everyone attended the party except John. Except for the rain, it was a perfect day. All fruits are delicious, except for durian. He's happy except when he's tired. Except for your help, we would have failed. 27. For: Definition: In support of; intended to belong to. Used to express the purpose or reason. In favor of; on behalf of. Used to indicate duration or time. In exchange or as payment. Examples: She bought a gift for her friend. They are studying for the exam. He speaks for the team. They've been dating for two years. He paid for the meal. 28. From: Definition: Indicating the point in space at which a journey begins. Indicating the point in time at which something starts. Indicating separation or removal. Used to show origin or source. Used to express the cause or reason. Examples: He is returning from his trip. The class runs from 9 AM to 11 AM. He borrowed a book from the library. The coffee beans are imported from Brazil. She resigned from her job. 29. In: Definition: Expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be enclosed or surrounded by something else. Expressing a period of time during which an event takes place. Indicating the means or instrument used. In the state or process of. Indicating inclusion or involvement. Examples: The keys are in the drawer. They arrived in the morning. She painted a picture in oil. He's always busy in the evenings. They have faith in their team. 30. Inside: Definition: Within the limits or interior of. In the inner part of. Within a building or enclosed space. Privy to; having knowledge of. In the inner self or mind. Examples: They went inside the museum. The treasure is hidden inside the cave. It's warm inside the house. She's inside information about the project. He's happy inside his heart. 31. Into: Definition: Expressing motion or direction towards a point. Expressing a change of state or transformation. Expressing entry or inclusion. Indicating a specific period. In the direction of something or someone. Examples: The dog jumped into the pool. She transformed into a successful writer. We were welcomed into their home. They'll be busy into the night. He's walking into the room. 32. Like: Definition: Having the same characteristics or qualities as. In a similar manner to. Such as; for example. Likely to. In the manner of; resembling. Examples: She sings like an angel. He dances like a professional. Some pets, like dogs, need daily exercise. It looks like rain. He behaves like a child. 33. Near: Definition: At or to a short distance away from. Almost at; very close to. With respect to; in relation to. Close to achieving. Having a strong resemblance to. Examples: The park is near their house. The store is near the train station. She's near the top of her class. The project is near completion. She looks near identical to her sister. 34. Of: Definition: Expressing the relationship between a part and a whole. Expressing the relationship between a category and things that fall into it. Expressing possession or association. Expressing the relationship between an author, artist, or composer and their work. Expressing the cause or reason. Examples: The book is the story of a detective. He's a member of the team. The beauty of nature. The paintings of Picasso. The result of their hard work. 35. Off: Definition: Away from the surface or from the top. No longer in operation or effective. Not engaged or participating in. Removed or cleared from a surface. Indicating cessation or completion. Examples: Please turn the lights off. The computer is off. He's off work today. Wipe the dirt off the table. The project is off to a great start. 36. On: Definition: Physically in contact with and supported by. Indicating the location or position of something. About; concerning. In operation or in effect. Expressing the state of being planned or scheduled. Examples: The cat is on the roof. The book is on the table. They had a discussion on politics. The computer is on. The meeting is on Monday. 37. Onto: Definition: Expressing motion to a location on the surface of something. Moving to a higher position. Becoming aware of or perceiving something. In the direction of a particular course or outcome. In contact with or attached to. Examples: She climbed onto the stage. The cat jumped onto the bed. He caught onto the idea. The project is moving onto the next phase. The sticker is stuck onto the suitcase. 38. Out: Definition: Moving or appearing to move away from a particular place. In the open; not enclosed. Indicating the termination of something. No longer in fashion or popular. In the direction of the exterior or beyond. Examples: The cat ran out of the house. They played out in the yard. The concert is sold out. That style is out of date. He's going out for a walk. 39. Outside: Definition: Beyond the limits or confines of. In the external area or surface. In a place away from the center or indoors. Not within the scope or responsibility of. Not relating to; irrelevant to. Examples: The kids are playing outside. She sat outside on the porch. It's cold outside today. That's outside my expertise. The issue is outside the project's scope. 40. Over: Definition: Expressing motion above and across a place or object. Beyond or higher than. Throughout a period. By means of. Indicating division or covering. Examples: The plane flew over the city. The bridge goes over the river. They talked over the weekend. She communicated over the phone. Place a blanket over the table. 41. Through: Definition: Moving in one side and out of the other side of. Continuing in time, space, or extent. As a result of. By means of. In the manner of; as though. Examples: The train goes through the tunnel. The road goes through the forest. They succeeded through hard work. She found the answer through research. He acted through kindness. 42. Throughout: Definition: In every part of; all through. During the whole of a period. Over the whole extent. In every part or aspect. During the course of an event or situation. Examples: The music played throughout the night. The tradition has continued throughout generations. The city is decorated with lights throughout December. She has been a great friend throughout our struggles. The idea resonates throughout the book. 43. To: Definition: Expressing motion or direction in the direction of (a particular location). Expressing a point reached at the end of a range or extent. Indicating the place of attachment. Indicating a limit. In the direction of; towards. Examples: She walked to the park. The book covers chapters 1 to 10. He attached the label to the package. It's hard to swim to the island. She pointed to the horizon. 44. Toward: Definition: In the direction of. Expressing a tendency or direction. With the purpose of achieving. Indicating a favorable attitude or disposition. Near in time or relationship to. Examples: They walked toward the beach. She has a positive attitude toward her goals. He's working hard toward a promotion. He is friendly toward new colleagues. The project is toward completion. 45. Under: Definition: Expressing the location below or beneath something. In a lower position or state. Expressing the state of being controlled or managed by. In the category or class of. With less than. Examples: The cat is hiding under the bed. The company is under new management. He falls under the category of artists. She completed the task under an hour. The team performed under expectations. 46. Up: Definition: Moving or being in a higher position. In an upward direction. Indicating an increase in intensity or quantity. Completing or concluding something. Indicating a higher level of achievement or quality. Examples: He climbed up the ladder. The balloon floated up to the sky. The temperature is going up. She finished tidying up the room. Her performance was a step up from last year. 47. With: Definition: Accompanied by. In the company or presence of. Having or possessing. Using or employing. In relation to; concerning. Examples: She went to the party with her friends. He sat with his family. He is blessed with great talent. She wrote the letter with a pen. I agree with your point of view. 48. Within: Definition: Inside; in the interior of. Not exceeding the limits of. In the scope or authority of. Before the end of a particular period. In a short distance of. Examples: The key is within the drawer. The solution is within our reach. They have the authority within the department. We'll complete the project within a week. The store is within walking distance. 49. Without: Definition: Not having or lacking. In the absence or lack of. Beyond the limits of. Except for; unless. Free from; not influenced by. Examples: He left without saying goodbye. She managed without any help. They ventured without fear. She couldn't survive without water. He made the decision without pressure. 50. Throughout: Definition: In every part or aspect of; all through. During the entire time or extent of. In a continuous manner. Over the whole extent. During the course of. Examples: They spread love and kindness throughout the world. The movie kept us entertained throughout. The artist's work is celebrated throughout the art community. She wore a smile throughout the day. The music played throughout the event. Identify prepositions in the following sentences The cat is on the roof. She went for a walk in the park. The book is under the table. He arrived at the airport. They will meet in front of the restaurant. The keys are inside the drawer. The dog jumped over the fence. She is reading a book by the window. He ran through the forest. The ball rolled across the street. They are heading towards the mountains. The gift is for you. The car is parked beside the house. They walked along the beach. He studied for the exam. The bird is perched on the branch. She sang with passion. He is waiting at the bus stop. They sat between John and Mary. The train departed at noon. Answer: The cat is on the roof. She went for a walk in the park. The book is under the table. He arrived at the airport. They will meet in front of the restaurant. The keys are inside the drawer. The dog jumped over the fence. She is reading a book by the window. He ran through the forest. The ball rolled across the street. They are heading towards the mountains. The gift is for you. The car is parked beside the house. They walked along the beach. He studied for the exam. The bird is perched on the branch. She sang with passion. He is waiting at the bus stop. They sat between John and Mary. The train departed at noon. Identify prepositions in the following sentences The keys are on the table. She walked through the forest. They met at the park. The cat is hiding under the bed. He is studying for the test. The plane flew above the clouds. The gift is for his birthday. They are heading toward the beach. The book is between two bookends. The cat climbed up the tree. She plays the piano as well as the violin. They argued loudly and persistently. He drove past the school. She arrived on time. The children are playing outside. The dog jumped over the fence. They discussed the matter with regard to the contract. The sun sets in the west. The treasure is hidden within the cave. The cat is rubbing against the wall. He is very polite with respect to his elders. They continued in spite of the difficulties. They are meeting inside the building. The ball rolled across the field. The cat is perched on the chair. She sent a letter to her friend. The train departs at 8:00 AM. The cat climbed up the curtain. She sings like a professional. The cat is hiding beneath the sofa. He accepted the award on behalf of the team. They are discussing the budget concerning the project. He is studying law, considering his future career. They will meet in front of the theater. The book is atop the bookshelf. They walked along the riverbank. She went shopping with her sister. He ran out of patience. The dog is digging a hole in the backyard. Answer: The keys are on the table. She walked through the forest. They met at the park. The cat is hiding under the bed. He is studying for the test. The plane flew above the clouds. The gift is for his birthday. They are heading toward the beach. The book is between two bookends. The cat climbed up the tree. She plays the piano as well as the violin. They argued loudly and persistently. He drove past the school. She arrived on time. The children are playing outside. The dog jumped over the fence. They discussed the matter with regard to the contract. The sun sets in the west. The treasure is hidden within the cave. The cat is rubbing against the wall. He is very polite with respect to his elders. They continued in spite of the difficulties. They are meeting inside the building. The ball rolled across the field. The cat is perched on the chair. She sent a letter to her friend. The train departs at 8:00 AM. The cat climbed up the curtain. She sings like a professional. The cat is hiding beneath the sofa. He accepted the award on behalf of the team. They are discussing the budget concerning the project. He is studying law, considering his future career. They will meet in front of the theater. The book is atop the bookshelf. They walked along the riverbank. She went shopping with her sister. He ran out of patience. The dog is digging a hole in the backyard. Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions: She walked ___ the park and sat ___ a bench. The cat is hiding ___ the bed. He climbed ___ the tree to get the ball. The book is ___ the shelf. They arrived ___ the airport at 9 AM. The concert is scheduled ___ 7 PM. She is talented ___ playing the piano. They traveled ___ Europe ___ the summer. The coffee beans are imported ___ Brazil. He's a member ___ the team. The movie kept us entertained ___ the entire time. The keys are ___ the drawer. The cat jumped ___ the bed. They are studying ___ the exam. He proposed ___ their friends. The city is decorated with lights ___ December. She made the right choice ___ her options. They succeeded ___ hard work. The computer is turned ___. She wrote the letter ___ a pen. They spread love and kindness ___ the world. The project is moving ___ the next phase. They had a discussion ___ politics. The store is ___ the train station. The bridge goes ___ the river. They discussed the issue ___ the meeting. The treasure is hidden ___ the cave. She's tall ___ her brother. He acted ___ kindness. She painted a picture ___ oil. Answer She walked to the park and sat on a bench. The cat is hiding under the bed. He climbed up the tree to get the ball. The book is on the shelf. They arrived at the airport at 9 AM. The concert is scheduled for 7 PM. She is talented at playing the piano. They traveled to Europe during the summer. The coffee beans are imported from Brazil. He's a member of the team. The movie kept us entertained throughout the entire time. The keys are in the drawer. The cat jumped onto the bed. They are studying for the exam. He proposed to their friends. The city is decorated with lights in December. She made the right choice considering her options. They succeeded through hard work. The computer is turned off. She wrote the letter with a pen. They spread love and kindness throughout the world. The project is moving into the next phase. They had a discussion about politics. The store is next to the train station. The bridge goes over the river. They discussed the issue during the meeting. The treasure is hidden beneath the cave. She's tall like her brother. He acted with kindness. She painted a picture in oil. Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions: The cat is hiding ___ the table. She walked ___ the street and saw a rainbow. The book is ___ the top shelf. They arrived ___ the airport with excitement. The concert is scheduled ___ Friday night. He's skilled ___ playing the guitar. They traveled ___ Asia during the summer. The coffee beans are imported ___ Colombia. He's a key player ___ the team. The movie kept us entertained ___ the entire film. The keys are ___ the ignition. The cat jumped ___ the couch. They are studying ___ the library. He proposed ___ a beautiful setting. The city is decorated with lights ___ the holiday season. She made the right choice ___ her career path. They succeeded ___ their determination. The computer is turned ___ and ready to use. She wrote the letter ___ a typewriter. They spread love and kindness ___ their community. The project is moving ___ the final stages. They had a discussion ___ art and culture. The store is located ___ the city center. The bridge goes ___ the river. They discussed the issue ___ the board meeting. The treasure is hidden ___ the sand. She's shorter ___ her sister. He acted ___ a true gentleman. She painted a picture ___ watercolors. The flowers are blooming ___ the garden. The bird flew ___ the sky. He found his keys ___ the couch. The music played ___ the entire event. She has a natural talent ___ singing. They traveled ___ the mountains during the summer. The coffee is made ___ freshly ground beans. The cat leaped ___ the fence. He's known ___ his expertise in the field. She arrived ___ the meeting early. The path leads ___ the forest. answer The cat is hiding under the table. She walked across the street and saw a rainbow. The book is on the top shelf. They arrived at the airport with excitement. The concert is scheduled for Friday night. He's skilled at playing the guitar. They traveled to Asia during the summer. The coffee beans are imported from Colombia. He's a key player on the team. The movie kept us entertained throughout the entire film. The keys are in the ignition. The cat jumped onto the couch. They are studying at the library. He proposed in a beautiful setting. The city is decorated with lights during the holiday season. She made the right choice for her career path. They succeeded through their determination. The computer is turned on and ready to use. She wrote the letter on a typewriter. They spread love and kindness within their community. The project is moving into the final stages. They had a discussion about art and culture. The store is located in the city center. The bridge goes over the river. They discussed the issue during the board meeting. The treasure is hidden beneath the sand. She's shorter than her sister. He acted like a true gentleman. She painted a picture with watercolors. The flowers are blooming in the garden. The bird flew across the sky. He found his keys under the couch. The music played throughout the entire event. She has a natural talent for singing. They traveled to the mountains during the summer. The coffee is made from freshly ground beans. The cat leaped over the fence. He's known for his expertise in the field. She arrived at the meeting early. The path leads into the forest.

Adverbs are a part of speech that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or entire sentences. They provide additional information about how, when, where, or to what extent an action is performed. The main types of adverbs include: 1. Adverbs of Manner: These adverbs describe how an action is performed. They often answer the question "how?" Examples: She sings beautifully. He ran quickly to catch the bus. They danced gracefully at the ball. The children played happily in the park. He painted the picture carefully. She spoke softly in the library. 2. Adverbs of Time: These adverbs describe when an action takes place or the frequency of an action. They answer questions like "when?" or "how often?" Examples: I will call you tomorrow. They visit their grandparents regularly. She arrived late for the meeting. We go to the gym twice a week. He wakes up early in the morning. They met yesterday. 3. Adverbs of Place: These adverbs describe the location or direction of an action. They answer the question "where?" Examples: The keys are here. She looked everywhere for her lost ring. The cat jumped up onto the table. The children ran outside to play. We found the treasure buried in the sand. He ran ahead of the others in the race. 4. Adverbs of Frequency: These adverbs describe how often an action occurs. They answer questions like "how often?" Examples: I always brush my teeth before bed. He rarely eats fast food. They often go for long walks. She seldom visits her relatives. We never miss our morning coffee. They usually arrive on time. 5. Adverbs of Degree: These adverbs modify the intensity or degree of an adjective, adverb, or verb. They answer the question "to what extent?" Examples: She is very excited about the trip. It's too hot to go outside. He ran quite fast in the race. The movie was somewhat entertaining. The book is extremely interesting. She worked rather quietly in the office. 6. Adverbs of Certainty: These adverbs express the speaker's degree of certainty or doubt regarding a statement. They include words like definitely, certainly, possibly, probably. Examples: He will definitely attend the meeting. I'll probably arrive a bit late. She is certainly qualified for the job. It will possibly rain later today. He is undoubtedly the best candidate. The answer is clearly incorrect. 7. Adverbs of Interrogation: Adverbs of interrogation are used to form questions. They include words like how, when, where, why, and what. Examples: How did you solve the problem? Why are you late? When will they arrive? Where is your book? What do you want for dinner? Who is coming to the party? 8. Adverbs of Negation: Adverbs of negation express the absence or denial of an action. They include words like not, never, no. Examples: She will not attend the party. I have never been to that place. He does not like spicy food. She had no interest in the topic. He is not interested in sports. They will never forget this moment. 9. Adverbs of Evaluation: Adverbs of evaluation express the speaker's opinion or evaluation of a situation. They include words like wisely, foolishly, honestly. Examples: He acted foolishly in that situation. She answered the question honestly. He solved the problem cleverly. She played the role brilliantly. He spoke wisely during the discussion. They handled the crisis professionally. 10. Adverbs of Order: Adverbs of order describe the sequence or order in which actions occur. They include words like first, second, last. Examples: I'll call you first, and then we can meet. She arrived last at the party. He was the second to finish the race. They will announce the winners last. She is the first to arrive at the office. The competition will take place second. Exercise Identify the adverbs in each sentence She sings beautifully. He ran quickly to catch the bus. They spoke softly during the meeting. The car moved dangerously fast. The baby cried loudly in the middle of the night. The teacher explained the lesson clearly. The cat jumped gracefully onto the table. He arrived unexpectedly at the party. She smiled happily when she heard the news. The dog barked loudly in the park. He wrote his essay carefully. The sun shone brightly in the sky. They are going to the concert tomorrow. The movie ended abruptly. She read the book slowly and carefully. The bird flew high in the sky. The child laughed joyfully at the clown. The chef prepared the dish skillfully. The rain fell heavily during the storm. The old man walks slowly with a cane. Answer She sings beautifully. He ran quickly to catch the bus. They spoke softly during the meeting. The car moved dangerously fast. The baby cried loudly in the middle of the night. The teacher explained the lesson clearly. The cat jumped gracefully onto the table. He arrived unexpectedly at the party. She smiled happily when she heard the news. The dog barked loudly in the park. He wrote his essay carefully. The sun shone brightly in the sky. They are going to the concert tomorrow. The movie ended abruptly. She read the book slowly and carefully. The bird flew high in the sky. The child laughed joyfully at the clown. The chef prepared the dish skillfully. The rain fell heavily during the storm. The old man walks slowly with a cane. Identify the adverbs in the following sentences and classify them as either manner, frequency, time, place, degree, or purpose adverbs. She sang beautifully at the concert. He rarely misses his morning jog. They arrived late for the meeting. He worked so diligently that he finished early. The children played outside. She speaks French fluently. The train left the station on time. They drove quite slowly through the winding road. She always wakes up early. He reads the newspaper there. The storm raged fiercely all night. They danced gracefully at the wedding. She is too tired to continue. He travels to Europe for business frequently. The restaurant is located downtown. The sun sets in the west. They studied hard for the exam. He plays the piano beautifully. She works in the garden daily. They whisper softly in the library. Answer: She sang beautifully (manner) at the concert. He rarely (frequency) misses his morning jog. They arrived late (time) for the meeting. He worked so diligently (degree) that he finished early. The children played outside (place). She speaks French fluently (manner). The train left the station on time (time). They drove quite slowly (degree) through the winding road. She always (frequency) wakes up early. He reads the newspaper there (place). The storm raged fiercely (manner) all night. They danced gracefully (manner) at the wedding. She is too (degree) tired to continue. He travels to Europe for business frequently (frequency). The restaurant is located downtown (place). The sun sets in the west (place). They studied hard (degree) for the exam. He plays the piano beautifully (manner). She works in the garden daily (frequency). They whisper softly (manner) in the library. Identify the adverbs in the following sentences and categorize them into the appropriate types (manner, frequency, time, place, degree, or others): She sings beautifully every Sunday. He ran very quickly to the store yesterday. They arrived late for the party. The children play outside when the weather is nice. He is extremely talented. I have never been to that restaurant before. The dog barks loudly in the backyard. The train departs at 2:00 PM. She smiled rather sadly when she heard the news. They worked too hard last week. The sun sets in the west. He ate too much at the buffet. She dances gracefully at the ballet. He always forgets his keys. The car is parked there. Answer: She sings beautifully (manner), every Sunday (frequency). He ran very quickly (degree), yesterday (time). They arrived late (manner). The children play outside when the weather is nice (place). He is extremely (degree) talented. I have never (frequency) been to that restaurant before (time). The dog barks loudly (manner), in the backyard (place). The train departs at 2:00 PM (time). She smiled rather (degree) sadly (manner), when she heard the news (time). They worked too (degree) hard (manner) last week. The sun sets in the west (place). He ate too much (degree) at the buffet. She dances gracefully (manner) at the ballet. He always (frequency) forgets his keys. The car is parked there (place). Identify the adverbs in the following sentences and categorize them into the appropriate types: She sang beautifully at the concert. He seldom eats fast food. They will arrive shortly. The cat sat there quietly. The sun shines very brightly. He finished the race too quickly. The bus arrived unexpectedly. She dances so gracefully. He often visits his grandparents. The book is quite interesting. They go swimming on Sundays. She spoke softly to the baby. The train departs in the morning. The bird flew high in the sky. The storm came suddenly. He acted very strangely. She smiled when she heard the news. They work extremely hard. The flowers bloom early in spring. He speaks English fluently. Answer: She sang beautifully (manner) at the concert. He seldom (frequency) eats fast food. They will arrive shortly (time). The cat sat there quietly (manner). The sun shines very (degree) brightly (manner). He finished the race too (degree) quickly (manner). The bus arrived unexpectedly (manner). She dances so (degree) gracefully (manner). He often (frequency) visits his grandparents. The book is quite (degree) interesting. They go swimming on Sundays (time). She spoke softly (manner) to the baby. The train departs in the morning (time). The bird flew high (place) in the sky. The storm came suddenly (manner). He acted very (degree) strangely (manner). She smiled when she heard the news (time). They work extremely (degree) hard. The flowers bloom early (time) in spring. He speaks English fluently (manner). Identify the adverbs in the following sentences and categorize them into the appropriate types: She danced gracefully and happily at the party. He speaks English fluently and confidently. They arrived late but enthusiastically. The dog barks loudly and incessantly at night. The car moved dangerously and recklessly through traffic. The children played noisily and joyfully in the park. She sang beautifully and passionately on stage. The wind howled ominously and relentlessly during the storm. He finished the project quickly yet efficiently. The student answered the question correctly and confidently. They explored the forest silently and curiously. The train departed promptly and quietly. The musician played the violin gracefully and skillfully. He swam fast and gracefully in the pool. The chef prepared the meal deliciously and artistically. She sings softly and sweetly to her baby. The crowd cheered enthusiastically and passionately. The sun sets beautifully and peacefully over the horizon. He ran quickly but carefully in the race. They argued loudly and persistently. Answer: She danced gracefully (manner) and happily (manner) at the party. He speaks English fluently (manner) and confidently (manner). They arrived late (time) but enthusiastically (manner). The dog barks loudly (manner) and incessantly (manner) at night. The car moved dangerously (manner) and recklessly (manner) through traffic. The children played noisily (manner) and joyfully (manner) in the park. She sang beautifully (manner) and passionately (manner) on stage. The wind howled ominously (manner) and relentlessly (manner) during the storm. He finished the project quickly (manner) yet efficiently (manner). The student answered the question correctly (manner) and confidently (manner). They explored the forest silently (manner) and curiously (manner). The train departed promptly (manner) and quietly (manner). The musician played the violin gracefully (manner) and skillfully (manner). He swam fast (manner) and gracefully (manner) in the pool. The chef prepared the meal deliciously (manner) and artistically (manner). She sings softly (manner) and sweetly (manner) to her baby. The crowd cheered enthusiastically (manner) and passionately (manner). The sun sets beautifully (manner) and peacefully (manner) over the horizon. He ran quickly (manner) but carefully (manner) in the race. They argued loudly (manner) and persistently (manner).

Comparison of adjectives involves modifying adjectives to express different degrees of a quality when comparing two or more nouns. There are three degrees of comparison in English: positive, comparative, and superlative. Positive Degree: The positive degree of an adjective is the simplest form, and it is used to describe a noun without making a comparison. It is the base form of the adjective, as you find it in the dictionary. For example: Positive: She is a happy person. Comparative Degree: The comparative degree of an adjective is used to compare two nouns or describe one noun as having a greater or lesser degree of a quality than another. It is typically formed by adding "-er" to the adjective or using "more" before the adjective. For example: Comparative (with "-er"): She is happier than her friend. Comparative (with "more"): She is more intelligent than her classmates. Superlative Degree: The superlative degree of an adjective is used to compare one noun to all others in a group and describe it as having the highest or lowest degree of a quality. It is typically formed by adding "-est" to the adjective or using "most" before the adjective. For example: Superlative (with "-est"): She is the happiest person in the room. Superlative (with "most"): She is the most creative artist in the gallery. Here are some additional details and rules for forming the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives: For one-syllable adjectives, you generally add "-er" to form the comparative and "-est" to form the superlative. For example: fast (positive), faster (comparative), fastest (superlative). For one-syllable adjectives ending in "e," you remove the "e" before adding "-er" and "-est." For example: fine (positive), finer (comparative), finest (superlative). For one-syllable adjectives with a single vowel followed by a single consonant, you double the final consonant before adding "-er" and "-est." For example: big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative). For adjectives with two or more syllables, you typically use "more" to form the comparative and "most" to form the superlative. For example: important (positive), more important (comparative), most important (superlative). Some adjectives are irregular and do not follow the typical rules. For example: good (positive), better (comparative), best (superlative). When comparing two things or people, use the comparative degree. When comparing one thing or person to a group, use the superlative degree. Rule 1: One-Syllable Adjectives Positive: The base form of the adjective. Comparative: Add "-er" to the adjective. Superlative: Add "-est" to the adjective. Examples: big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative) fast (positive), faster (comparative), fastest (superlative) small (positive), smaller (comparative), smallest (superlative) tall (positive), taller (comparative), tallest (superlative) long (positive), longer (comparative), longest (superlative) fat (positive), fatter (comparative), fattest (superlative) hot (positive), hotter (comparative), hottest (superlative) old (positive), older (comparative), oldest (superlative) wet (positive), wetter (comparative), wettest (superlative) rich (positive), richer (comparative), richest (superlative) thick (positive), thicker (comparative), thickest (superlative) red (positive), redder (comparative), reddest (superlative) soft (positive), softer (comparative), softest (superlative) thin (positive), thinner (comparative), thinnest (superlative) wide (positive), wider (comparative), widest (superlative) cold (positive), colder (comparative), coldest (superlative) young (positive), younger (comparative), youngest (superlative) hot (positive), hotter (comparative), hottest (superlative) hard (positive), harder (comparative), hardest (superlative) late (positive), later (comparative), latest (superlative) clean (positive), cleaner (comparative), cleanest (superlative) sharp (positive), sharper (comparative), sharpest (superlative) heavy (positive), heavier (comparative), heaviest (superlative) great (positive), greater (comparative), greatest (superlative) short (positive), shorter (comparative), shortest (superlative) full (positive), fuller (comparative), fullest (superlative) sweet (positive), sweeter (comparative), sweetest (superlative) old (positive), older (comparative), oldest (superlative) strong (positive), stronger (comparative), strongest (superlative) quick (positive), quicker (comparative), quickest (superlative) loud (positive), louder (comparative), loudest (superlative) deep (positive), deeper (comparative), deepest (superlative) clean (positive), cleaner (comparative), cleanest (superlative) good (positive), better (comparative), best (superlative) bad (positive), worse (comparative), worst (superlative) near (positive), nearer (comparative), nearest (superlative) low (positive), lower (comparative), lowest (superlative) young (positive), younger (comparative), youngest (superlative) high (positive), higher (comparative), highest (superlative) wide (positive), wider (comparative), widest (superlative) Rule 2: One-Syllable Adjectives Ending in "e" Positive: The base form of the adjective. Comparative: Remove the "e" and add "-er." Superlative: Remove the "e" and add "-est." Examples: fine (positive), finer (comparative), finest (superlative) large (positive), larger (comparative), largest (superlative) safe (positive), safer (comparative), safest (superlative) wise (positive), wiser (comparative), wisest (superlative) late (positive), later (comparative), latest (superlative) bare (positive), barer (comparative), barest (superlative) true (positive), truer (comparative), truest (superlative) lone (positive), loner (comparative), lonest (superlative) wide (positive), wider (comparative), widest (superlative) close (positive), closer (comparative), closest (superlative) brave (positive), braver (comparative), bravest (superlative) true (positive), truer (comparative), truest (superlative) huge (positive), huger (comparative), hugest (superlative) spare (positive), sparer (comparative), sparest (superlative) ripe (positive), riper (comparative), ripest (superlative) safe (positive), safer (comparative), safest (superlative) pale (positive), paler (comparative), palest (superlative) mute (positive), muted (comparative), mutedst (superlative) wide (positive), wider (comparative), widest (superlative) fine (positive), finer (comparative), finest (superlative) dense (positive), denser (comparative), densest (superlative) close (positive), closer (comparative), closest (superlative) late (positive), later (comparative), latest (superlative) vast (positive), vaster (comparative), vastest (superlative) free (positive), freer (comparative), freest (superlative) sure (positive), surer (comparative), surest (superlative) wide (positive), wider (comparative), widest (superlative) lame (positive), lamer (comparative), lamest (superlative) mute (positive), muted (comparative), mutedst (superlative) nice (positive), nicer (comparative), nicest (superlative) Rule 3: One-Syllable Adjectives with a Single Vowel Followed by a Single Consonant Positive: The base form of the adjective. Comparative: Double the final consonant and add "-er." Superlative: Double the final consonant and add "-est." Examples: big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative) hot (positive), hotter (comparative), hottest (superlative) fat (positive), fatter (comparative), fattest (superlative) red (positive), redder (comparative), reddest (superlative) sad (positive), sadder (comparative), saddest (superlative) wet (positive), wetter (comparative), wettest (superlative) thin (positive), thinner (comparative), thinnest (superlative) mad (positive), madder (comparative), maddest (superlative) big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative) hot (positive), hotter (comparative), hottest (superlative) dim (positive), dimmer (comparative), dimmest (superlative) wet (positive), wetter (comparative), wettest (superlative) fat (positive), fatter (comparative), fattest (superlative) big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative) sad (positive), sadder (comparative), saddest (superlative) red (positive), redder (comparative), reddest (superlative) hot (positive), hotter (comparative), hottest (superlative) thin (positive), thinner (comparative), thinnest (superlative) wet (positive), wetter (comparative), wettest (superlative) dim (positive), dimmer (comparative), dimmest (superlative) mad (positive), madder (comparative), maddest (superlative) big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative) hot (positive), hotter (comparative), hottest (superlative) sad (positive), sadder (comparative), saddest (superlative) red (positive), redder (comparative), reddest (superlative) fat (positive), fatter (comparative), fattest (superlative) big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative) hot (positive), hotter (comparative), hottest (superlative) wet (positive), wetter (comparative), wettest (superlative) thin (positive), thinner (comparative), thinnest (superlative) Rule 4: Two or More Syllable Adjectives Positive: The base form of the adjective. Comparative: Use "more" before the adjective. Superlative: Use "most" before the adjective. Examples: beautiful (positive), more beautiful (comparative), most beautiful (superlative) interesting (positive), more interesting (comparative), most interesting (superlative) important (positive), more important (comparative), most important (superlative) delicious (positive), more delicious (comparative), most delicious (superlative) expensive (positive), more expensive (comparative), most expensive (superlative) honest (positive), more honest (comparative), most honest (superlative) creative (positive), more creative (comparative), most creative (superlative) comfortable (positive), more comfortable (comparative), most comfortable (superlative) dangerous (positive), more dangerous (comparative), most dangerous (superlative) intelligent (positive), more intelligent (comparative), most intelligent (superlative) beautiful (positive), more beautiful (comparative), most beautiful (superlative) friendly (positive), friendlier (comparative), friendliest (superlative) exciting (positive), more exciting (comparative), most exciting (superlative) interesting (positive), more interesting (comparative), most interesting (superlative) popular (positive), more popular (comparative), most popular (superlative) wonderful (positive), more wonderful (comparative), most wonderful (superlative) creative (positive), more creative (comparative), most creative (superlative) convenient (positive), more convenient (comparative), most convenient (superlative) peaceful (positive), more peaceful (comparative), most peaceful (superlative) powerful (positive), more powerful (comparative), most powerful (superlative) diligent (positive), more diligent (comparative), most diligent (superlative) graceful (positive), more graceful (comparative), most graceful (superlative) thoughtful (positive), more thoughtful (comparative), most thoughtful (superlative) incredible (positive), more incredible (comparative), most incredible (superlative) responsible (positive), more responsible (comparative), most responsible (superlative) fortunate (positive), more fortunate (comparative), most fortunate (superlative) beautiful (positive), more beautiful (comparative), most beautiful (superlative) generous (positive), more generous (comparative), most generous (superlative) peaceful (positive), more peaceful (comparative), most peaceful (superlative) attractive (positive), more attractive (comparative), most attractive (superlative) efficient (positive), more efficient (comparative), most efficient (superlative) curious (positive), more curious (comparative), most curious (superlative) powerful (positive), more powerful (comparative), most powerful (superlative) impressive (positive), more impressive (comparative), most impressive (superlative) successful (positive), more successful (comparative), most successful (superlative) disgusting (positive), more disgusting (comparative), most disgusting (superlative) impatient (positive), more impatient (comparative), most impatient (superlative) disgusting (positive), more disgusting (comparative), most disgusting (superlative) impatient (positive), more impatient (comparative), most impatient (superlative) joyful (positive), more joyful (comparative), most joyful (superlative) careful (positive), more careful (comparative), most careful (superlative) wonderful (positive), more wonderful (comparative), most wonderful (superlative) peaceful (positive), more peaceful (comparative), most peaceful (superlative) invincible (positive), more invincible (comparative), most invincible (superlative) effortless (positive), more effortless (comparative), most effortless (superlative) mysterious (positive), more mysterious (comparative), most mysterious (superlative) colorful (positive), more colorful (comparative), most colorful (superlative) peaceful (positive), more peaceful (comparative), most peaceful (superlative) thoughtful (positive), more thoughtful (comparative), most thoughtful (superlative) respectful (positive), more respectful (comparative), most respectful (superlative) successful (positive), more successful (comparative), most successful (superlative) Rule 5: Irregular Adjectives Some adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees. Examples: good (positive), better (comparative), best (superlative) bad (positive), worse (comparative), worst (superlative) far (positive), farther/further (comparative), farthest/furthest (superlative) little (positive), less (comparative), least (superlative) many/much (positive), more (comparative), most (superlative) well (positive), better (comparative), best (superlative) late (positive), later (comparative), latest (superlative) old (positive), older (comparative), oldest (superlative) early (positive), earlier (comparative), earliest (superlative) fore (positive), former (comparative), foremost (superlative) near (positive), nearer (comparative), nearest (superlative) big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative) far (positive), farther (comparative), farthest (superlative) late (positive), later (comparative), latest (superlative) bad (positive), worse (comparative), worst (superlative) much (positive), more (comparative), most (superlative) well (positive), better (comparative), best (superlative) little (positive), less (comparative), least (superlative) many (positive), more (comparative), most (superlative) old (positive), older (comparative), oldest (superlative) late (positive), later (comparative), latest (superlative) big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative) far (positive), farther (comparative), farthest (superlative) fore (positive), former (comparative), foremost (superlative) near (positive), nearer (comparative), nearest (superlative) ill (positive), worse (comparative), worst (superlative) late (positive), later (comparative), latest (superlative) bad (positive), worse (comparative), worst (superlative) much (positive), more (comparative), most (superlative) well (positive), better (comparative), best (superlative) late (positive), later (comparative), latest (superlative) old (positive), older (comparative), oldest (superlative) early (positive), earlier (comparative), earliest (superlative) little (positive), less (comparative), least (superlative) many/much (positive), more (comparative), most (superlative) well (positive), better (comparative), best (superlative) good (positive), better (comparative), best (superlative) bad (positive), worse (comparative), worst (superlative) far (positive), farther/further (comparative), farthest/furthest (superlative) old (positive), older (comparative), oldest (superlative) early (positive), earlier (comparative), earliest (superlative) fore (positive), former (comparative), foremost (superlative) near (positive), nearer (comparative), nearest (superlative) big (positive), bigger (comparative), biggest (superlative) far (positive), farther (comparative), farthest (superlative) late (positive), later (comparative), latest (superlative) bad (positive), worse (comparative), worst (superlative) much (positive), more (comparative), most (superlative) well (positive), better (comparative), best (superlative) little (positive), less (comparative), least (superlative) Rule 6: Two-Syllable Adjectives Ending in "y" Positive: The base form of the adjective. Comparative: Change the "y" to "i" and add "-er." Superlative: Change the "y" to "i" and add "-est." Examples: happy (positive), happier (comparative), happiest (superlative) funny (positive), funnier (comparative), funniest (superlative) lucky (positive), luckier (comparative), luckiest (superlative) dirty (positive), dirtier (comparative), dirtiest (superlative) silly (positive), sillier (comparative), silliest (superlative) angry (positive), angrier (comparative), angriest (superlative) heavy (positive), heavier (comparative), heaviest (superlative) cloudy (positive), cloudier (comparative), cloudiest (superlative) greedy (positive), greedier (comparative), greediest (superlative) noisy (positive), noisier (comparative), noisiest (superlative) early (positive), earlier (comparative), earliest (superlative) friendly (positive), friendlier (comparative), friendliest (superlative) happy (positive), happier (comparative), happiest (superlative) ugly (positive), uglier (comparative), ugliest (superlative) sloppy (positive), sloppier (comparative), sloppiest (superlative) fancy (positive), fancier (comparative), fanciest (superlative) tiny (positive), tinier (comparative), tiniest (superlative) hungry (positive), hungrier (comparative), hungriest (superlative) spicy (positive), spicier (comparative), spiciest (superlative) windy (positive), windier (comparative), windiest (superlative) sweaty (positive), sweatier (comparative), sweatiest (superlative) gloomy (positive), gloomier (comparative), gloomiest (superlative) foggy (positive), foggier (comparative), foggiest (superlative) crispy (positive), crispier (comparative), crispiest (superlative) cheery (positive), cheerier (comparative), cheeriest (superlative) messy (positive), messier (comparative), messiest (superlative) roomy (positive), roomier (comparative), roomiest (superlative) cozy (positive), cozier (comparative), coziest (superlative) breezy (positive), breezier (comparative), breeziest (superlative) dizzy (positive), dizzier (comparative), dizziest (superlative) Rule 7: Adjectives with Two or More Syllables That End in "-ful" or "-less" Positive: The base form of the adjective. Comparative: Use "more" before the adjective. Superlative: Use "most" before the adjective. Examples: Adjectives Ending in "-ful": grateful (positive), more grateful (comparative), most grateful (superlative) careful (positive), more careful (comparative), most careful (superlative) hopeful (positive), more hopeful (comparative), most hopeful (superlative) peaceful (positive), more peaceful (comparative), most peaceful (superlative) beautiful (positive), more beautiful (comparative), most beautiful (superlative) joyful (positive), more joyful (comparative), most joyful (superlative) wonderful (positive), more wonderful (comparative), most wonderful (superlative) harmful (positive), more harmful (comparative), most harmful (superlative) playful (positive), more playful (comparative), most playful (superlative) powerful (positive), more powerful (comparative), most powerful (superlative) Adjectives Ending in "-less": careless (positive), more careless (comparative), most careless (superlative) fearless (positive), more fearless (comparative), most fearless (superlative) endless (positive), more endless (comparative), most endless (superlative) priceless (positive), more priceless (comparative), most priceless (superlative) selfless (positive), more selfless (comparative), most selfless (superlative) worthless (positive), more worthless (comparative), most worthless (superlative) limitless (positive), more limitless (comparative), most limitless (superlative) senseless (positive), more senseless (comparative), most senseless (superlative) timeless (positive), more timeless (comparative), most timeless (superlative) effortless (positive), more effortless (comparative), most effortless (superlative) Rule 8: Adjectives Ending in "-ing" or "-ed" Positive: The base form of the adjective. Comparative: Use "more" before the adjective. Superlative: Use "most" before the adjective. Examples: Adjectives Ending in "-ing": amazing (positive), more amazing (comparative), most amazing (superlative) exciting (positive), more exciting (comparative), most exciting (superlative) annoying (positive), more annoying (comparative), most annoying (superlative) boring (positive), more boring (comparative), most boring (superlative) interesting (positive), more interesting (comparative), most interesting (superlative) frightening (positive), more frightening (comparative), most frightening (superlative) amused (positive), more amused (comparative), most amused (superlative) confusing (positive), more confusing (comparative), most confusing (superlative) embarrassing (positive), more embarrassing (comparative), most embarrassing (superlative) disgusting (positive), more disgusting (comparative), most disgusting (superlative) Adjectives Ending in "-ed": bored (positive), more bored (comparative), most bored (superlative) confused (positive), more confused (comparative), most confused (superlative) interested (positive), more interested (comparative), most interested (superlative) surprised (positive), more surprised (comparative), most surprised (superlative) excited (positive), more excited (comparative), most excited (superlative) frightened (positive), more frightened (comparative), most frightened (superlative) amused (positive), more amused (comparative), most amused (superlative) disgusted (positive), more disgusted (comparative), most disgusted (superlative) tired (positive), more tired (comparative), most tired (superlative) annoyed (positive), more annoyed (comparative), most annoyed (superlative) Rule 9: Adjectives of Two or More Syllables That Do Not End in "y," "ful," or "less" Positive: The base form of the adjective. Comparative: Use "more" before the adjective. Superlative: Use "most" before the adjective. Examples: modern (positive), more modern (comparative), most modern (superlative) important (positive), more important (comparative), most important (superlative) difficult (positive), more difficult (comparative), most difficult (superlative) beautiful (positive), more beautiful (comparative), most beautiful (superlative) fortunate (positive), more fortunate (comparative), most fortunate (superlative) creative (positive), more creative (comparative), most creative (superlative) dangerous (positive), more dangerous (comparative), most dangerous (superlative) honest (positive), more honest (comparative), most honest (superlative) colorful (positive), more colorful (comparative), most colorful (superlative) helpful (positive), more helpful (comparative), most helpful (superlative) generous (positive), more generous (comparative), most generous (superlative) exciting (positive), more exciting (comparative), most exciting (superlative) sensitive (positive), more sensitive (comparative), most sensitive (superlative) intelligent (positive), more intelligent (comparative), most intelligent (superlative) pleasant (positive), more pleasant (comparative), most pleasant (superlative) peaceful (positive), more peaceful (comparative), most peaceful (superlative) careful (positive), more careful (comparative), most careful (superlative) exciting (positive), more exciting (comparative), most exciting (superlative) helpless (positive), more helpless (comparative), most helpless (superlative) gentle (positive), more gentle (comparative), most gentle (superlative) sorrowful (positive), more sorrowful (comparative), most sorrowful (superlative) colorless (positive), more colorless (comparative), most colorless (superlative) playful (positive), more playful (comparative), most playful (superlative) helpful (positive), more helpful (comparative), most helpful (superlative) inventive (positive), more inventive (comparative), most inventive (superlative) thoughtful (positive), more thoughtful (comparative), most thoughtful (superlative) fearful (positive), more fearful (comparative), most fearful (superlative) peaceful (positive), more peaceful (comparative), most peaceful (superlative) graceful (positive), more graceful (comparative), most graceful (superlative) flexible (positive), more flexible (comparative), most flexible (superlative) Rule 10: Adjectives of Two or More Syllables Ending in "-er," "-le," or "-ow" Positive: The base form of the adjective. Comparative: Use "more" before the adjective. Superlative: Use "most" before the adjective. Examples: Adjectives Ending in "-er": narrow (positive), more narrow (comparative), most narrow (superlative) gentle (positive), more gentle (comparative), most gentle (superlative) clever (positive), more clever (comparative), most clever (superlative) shallow (positive), more shallow (comparative), most shallow (superlative) simple (positive), more simple (comparative), most simple (superlative) humble (positive), more humble (comparative), most humble (superlative) sincere (positive), more sincere (comparative), most sincere (superlative) tender (positive), more tender (comparative), most tender (superlative) clever (positive), more clever (comparative), most clever (superlative) mature (positive), more mature (comparative), most mature (superlative) Adjectives Ending in "-le": gentle (positive), more gentle (comparative), most gentle (superlative) subtle (positive), more subtle (comparative), most subtle (superlative) simple (positive), more simple (comparative), most simple (superlative) able (positive), more able (comparative), most able (superlative) little (positive), more little (comparative), most little (superlative) gentle (positive), more gentle (comparative), most gentle (superlative) feeble (positive), more feeble (comparative), most feeble (superlative) ample (positive), more ample (comparative), most ample (superlative) humble (positive), more humble (comparative), most humble (superlative) noble (positive), more noble (comparative), most noble (superlative) Adjectives Ending in "-ow": narrow (positive), more narrow (comparative), most narrow (superlative) hollow (positive), more hollow (comparative), most hollow (superlative) shallow (positive), more shallow (comparative), most shallow (superlative) fellow (positive), more fellow (comparative), most fellow (superlative) mellow (positive), more mellow (comparative), most mellow (superlative) narrow (positive), more narrow (comparative), most narrow (superlative) sorrow (positive), more sorrow (comparative), most sorrow (superlative) hollow (positive), more hollow (comparative), most hollow (superlative) noble (positive), more noble (comparative), most noble (superlative) shallow (positive), more shallow (comparative), most shallow (superlative) EXERCISE Fill in the blanks with correct form of the adjective This painting is (beautiful / more beautiful / most beautiful) than the one beside it. Sarah is (tall / taller / tallest) than her younger brother. The weather is (good / better / best) today than it was yesterday. She is the (smart / smarter / smartest) student in her class. The car is (fast / faster / fastest) than the bicycle. The mountain hike was (challenging / more challenging / most challenging) of all. His piano skills are (impressive / more impressive / most impressive) than I expected. This puzzle is (difficult / more difficult / most difficult) than the one we did last week. My dog is (friendly / friendlier / friendliest) with children. The movie was (exciting / more exciting / most exciting) I've seen this year. She speaks French (fluent / more fluent / most fluent) in our class. The marathon was (long / longer / longest) than I thought. Your cat is (playful / more playful / most playful) of all the cats I know. This library is the (quiet / quieter / quietest) place in town. The more you practice, the (skilled / more skilled / most skilled) you become. The concert was (enjoyable / more enjoyable / most enjoyable) because of the great music. My grandmother's cookies are the (delicious / more delicious / most delicious). The view from the mountaintop is (amazing / more amazing / most amazing). He is the (patient / more patient / most patient) person I know. The dessert is (sweet / sweeter / sweetest) than the main course. This house is (large / larger / largest) than the one we used to live in. The (rich / richer / richest) people often donate to charity. Learning a new language can be (interesting / more interesting / most interesting) for some. She is the (kind / kinder / kindest) person in our office. The (hot / hotter / hottest) days of the year are in summer. The (rich / richer / richest) chocolate is usually the most indulgent. The (early / earlier / earliest) you wake up, the more you can accomplish. This journey is (amazing / more amazing / most amazing) than any trip I've been on. The ocean is (deep / deeper / deepest) near the trench. The experiment was (successful / more successful / most successful) than we anticipated. Answers: This painting is more beautiful than the one beside it. Sarah is taller than her younger brother. The weather is better today than it was yesterday. She is the smartest student in her class. The car is faster than the bicycle. The mountain hike was most challenging of all. His piano skills are more impressive than I expected. This puzzle is more difficult than the one we did last week. My dog is friendlier with children. The movie was the most exciting I've seen this year. She speaks French more fluently in our class. The marathon was longer than I thought. Your cat is the most playful of all the cats I know. This library is the quietest place in town. The more you practice, the more skilled you become. The concert was more enjoyable because of the great music. My grandmother's cookies are the most delicious. The view from the mountaintop is the most amazing. He is the most patient person I know. The dessert is sweeter than the main course. This house is larger than the one we used to live in. The richest people often donate to charity. Learning a new language can be most interesting for some. She is the kindest person in our office. The hottest days of the year are in summer. The richest chocolate is usually the most indulgent. The earlier you wake up, the more you can accomplish. This journey is the most amazing than any trip I've been on. The ocean is deepest near the trench. The experiment was more successful than we anticipated. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the adjective She is the __________ (creative) artist in the gallery. The music in the concert hall was __________ (beautiful) than I expected. Climbing Mount Everest is one of the __________ (dangerous) adventures in the world. This book is __________ (interesting) than the one I read last week. He is the __________ (patient) person I know. Today's weather is much __________ (warm) than yesterday's. Her performance in the play was the __________ (impressive). I found the first chapter of the novel __________ (boring) than the rest. This dessert is __________ (delicious) I've ever tasted. The view from the mountaintop was __________ (breathtaking). She is the __________ (friendly) person in our neighborhood. This is the __________ (expensive) restaurant in town. The movie was __________ (scary) than I anticipated. The car you drive is much __________ (fast) than mine. The homework was __________ (easy) for me to complete. My grandmother makes the __________ (tasty) apple pie. This test is __________ (challenging) than the previous one. The new smartphone is __________ (advanced) in terms of technology. I had the __________ (horrible) dream last night. The beach is the __________ (relaxing) place to spend a vacation. Answers: She is the most creative artist in the gallery. The music in the concert hall was more beautiful than I expected. Climbing Mount Everest is one of the most dangerous adventures in the world. This book is more interesting than the one I read last week. He is the most patient person I know. Today's weather is much warmer than yesterday's. Her performance in the play was the most impressive. I found the first chapter of the novel more boring than the rest. This dessert is the most delicious I've ever tasted. The view from the mountaintop was breathtaking. She is the friendliest person in our neighborhood. This is the most expensive restaurant in town. The movie was scarier than I anticipated. The car you drive is much faster than mine. The homework was easier for me to complete. My grandmother makes the tastiest apple pie. This test is more challenging than the previous one. The new smartphone is the most advanced in terms of technology. I had the most horrible dream last night. The beach is the most relaxing place to spend a vacation. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the adjective She is the __________ (intelligent) student in the class. The competition is becoming __________ (fierce) as we approach the finals. This mountain is __________ (high) than the one we climbed last summer. The cake you baked is __________ (delicious) I've ever had. My little brother is the __________ (curious) person I know. His new car is much __________ (luxurious) than his old one. The movie was __________ (entertaining) than I expected. The sunsets at the beach are always __________ (gorgeous). This museum has the __________ (impressive) collection of art. Learning a new language can be __________ (challenging) for beginners. Answers: She is the most intelligent student in the class. The competition is becoming fiercer as we approach the finals. This mountain is higher than the one we climbed last summer. The cake you baked is the most delicious I've ever had. My little brother is the most curious person I know. His new car is much more luxurious than his old one. The movie was more entertaining than I expected. The sunsets at the beach are always gorgeous. This museum has the most impressive collection of art. Learning a new language can be challenging for beginners. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the adjective This is the __________ (easy) question on the test. My car is __________ (fast) than yours, but yours is the __________ (expensive). That was the __________ (annoying) noise I've ever heard. The __________ (good) way to learn is through practice. She is the __________ (kind) person I know. The __________ (far) you travel, the __________ (expensive) it becomes. The __________ (early) bird catches the worm. The __________ (beautiful) flowers in the garden are the roses. This book is __________ (interesting) than the one I read last month. Her painting is the __________ (amazing) in the art exhibition. My coffee is __________ (hot) than yours, but yours is __________ (strong). The __________ (big) elephant at the zoo is named Max. This job is __________ (difficult) than the previous one, but it's also __________ (rewarding). The __________ (young) students always sit in the front row. The __________ (cold) days of the year are in winter. Your cat is __________ (friendly) than mine. The __________ (hot) chili pepper is the habanero. The __________ (tall) person in our family is my uncle. The __________ (popular) sport in our country is soccer. This cake is __________ (sweet) than the one we had last night. The __________ (comfortable) chair in the room is the recliner. He is __________ (patient) with children and the __________ (calm) person I know. The __________ (beautiful) sunset I ever witnessed was in Hawaii. The __________ (loud) music is coming from the neighbor's house. Your suggestion is the __________ (helpful) one so far. She is the __________ (talented) musician in the band. The __________ (loud) the thunder, the __________ (scary) the storm. The __________ (old) building in the city is the historical museum. My grandmother's cookies are the __________ (delicious). The __________ (quiet) place to study is the library. Answers: This is the easiest question on the test. My car is faster than yours, but yours is the most expensive. That was the most annoying noise I've ever heard. The best way to learn is through practice. She is the kindest person I know. The farther you travel, the more expensive it becomes. The earlier bird catches the worm. The most beautiful flowers in the garden are the roses. This book is more interesting than the one I read last month. Her painting is the most amazing in the art exhibition. My coffee is hotter than yours, but yours is stronger. The biggest elephant at the zoo is named Max. This job is more difficult than the previous one, but it's also more rewarding. The youngest students always sit in the front row. The coldest days of the year are in winter. Your cat is friendlier than mine. The hottest chili pepper is the habanero. The tallest person in our family is my uncle. The most popular sport in our country is soccer. This cake is sweeter than the one we had last night. The most comfortable chair in the room is the recliner. He is more patient with children and the calmest person I know. The most beautiful sunset I ever witnessed was in Hawaii. The loudest music is coming from the neighbor's house. Your suggestion is the most helpful one so far. She is the most talented musician in the band. The louder the thunder, the scarier the storm. The oldest building in the city is the historical museum. My grandmother's cookies are the most delicious. The quietest place to study is the library. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the adjective Her smile is the __________ (bright) in the room. The weather in spring is __________ (pleasant) than in winter, but summer is the __________ (hot). My brother's car is __________ (fast) than mine, but mine is __________ (economical). This novel is __________ (interesting) than the one I read last week. The __________ (popular) movie of the year won many awards. This restaurant serves the __________ (delicious) food in town. The view from the mountaintop is __________ (breathtaking). The __________ (creative) artwork in the gallery caught my eye. He is the __________ (intelligent) person I've ever met. The more you practice, the __________ (skilled) you become. I find math __________ (difficult) than history, but history is __________ (boring). She is the __________ (helpful) person in our office. This is the __________ (beautiful) sunset I've ever seen. The __________ (rich) person in the world is a billionaire. The __________ (quiet) place to relax is by the lakeside. My sister's cat is __________ (playful) than mine, but mine is __________ (friendly). Learning a new language can be __________ (challenging) for most people. The __________ (important) thing is to stay true to yourself. The __________ (loud) the music, the __________ (annoying) it becomes. The test was __________ (easy) for some students, but __________ (difficult) for others. The __________ (kind) act is to help those in need. This exercise is __________ (simple) than the previous one. The __________ (famous) landmark in the city is the Eiffel Tower. The __________ (hot) sauce I ever tasted was made in Mexico. The __________ (good) advice is to eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly. He is the __________ (organized) person in our team. The concert was __________ (enjoyable) because of the great music. This cake is __________ (sweet) than the one I baked last week. The road trip was the __________ (exciting) adventure we've ever had. The __________ (generous) donation helped many people in need. Answers: Her smile is the brightest in the room. The weather in spring is more pleasant than in winter, but summer is the hottest. My brother's car is faster than mine, but mine is more economical. This novel is more interesting than the one I read last week. The most popular movie of the year won many awards. This restaurant serves the most delicious food in town. The view from the mountaintop is breathtaking. The most creative artwork in the gallery caught my eye. He is the most intelligent person I've ever met. The more you practice, the more skilled you become. I find math more difficult than history, but history is more boring. She is the most helpful person in our office. This is the most beautiful sunset I've ever seen. The richest person in the world is a billionaire. The quietest place to relax is by the lakeside. My sister's cat is more playful than mine, but mine is more friendly. Learning a new language can be more challenging for most people. The most important thing is to stay true to yourself. The louder the music, the more annoying it becomes. The test was easier for some students, but more difficult for others. The kindest act is to help those in need. This exercise is simpler than the previous one. The most famous landmark in the city is the Eiffel Tower. The hottest sauce I ever tasted was made in Mexico. The best advice is to eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly. He is the most organized person in our team. The concert was more enjoyable because of the great music. This cake is sweeter than the one I baked last week. The road trip was the most exciting adventure we've ever had. The most generous donation helped many people in need. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the adjective This cat is (cute / cuter / cutest) than the other one. The weather today is (nice / nicer / nicest) than yesterday. Her essay is (well / better / best) in the class. The cake is (delicious / more delicious / most delicious) with a scoop of ice cream. The more you practice, the (skilled / more skilled / most skilled) you become. His dog is (friendly / friendlier / friendliest) with children. The sunset was (beautiful / more beautiful / most beautiful) I've ever seen. My car is (fast / faster / fastest) on the highway. The mountain hike was (exciting / more exciting / most exciting) adventure of my life. She is (kind / kinder / kindest) to those in need. The test was (easy / easier / easiest) for some students. The library is (quiet / quieter / quietest) place to study. This tree is (tall / taller / tallest) in the forest. My grandmother's cookies are (sweet / sweeter / sweetest). The more you read, the (knowledgeable / more knowledgeable / most knowledgeable) you become. The restaurant serves (good / better / best) seafood in town. The (early / earlier / earliest) you wake up, the more you can accomplish. The river is (wide / wider / widest) at its mouth. This house is (large / larger / largest) in the neighborhood. Learning a new language can be (difficult / more difficult / most difficult). He is (strong / stronger / strongest) athlete on the team. The higher you go, the (thin / thinner / thinnest) the air gets. Her painting is (amazing / more amazing / most amazing) artwork in the gallery. The (hard / harder / hardest) you work, the better the results. The beach is (hot / hotter / hottest) in July. The ocean is (deep / deeper / deepest) in the abyss. The (rich / richer / richest) people often donate to charity. The view from the mountaintop is (breathtaking / more breathtaking / most breathtaking). This song is (catchy / catchier / catchiest) of all. The more you study, the (knowledgeable / more knowledgeable / most knowledgeable) you become. The roses are (red / redder / reddest) flowers in the garden. The (good / better / best) way to learn is through practice. The new smartphone is (advanced / more advanced / most advanced) in technology. This city has (interesting / more interesting / most interesting) history. The (quick / quicker / quickest) you finish, the more time you'll have. She is (happy / happier / happiest) when she's with her family. The journey was (long / longer / longest) we've ever taken. The coffee is (hot / hotter / hottest) with cream. This task is (easy / easier / easiest) to complete. The (early / earlier / earliest) bird catches the worm. The laptop is (thin / thinner / thinnest) and light for travel. The mountains are (high / higher / highest) in the world. The (good / better / best) time to visit is during the spring. Her dance moves are (graceful / more graceful / most graceful). The storm is (loud / louder / loudest) during the night. The painting is (detailed / more detailed / most detailed) I've ever seen. The (old / older / oldest) building in town is now a museum. The sunset is (gorgeous / more gorgeous / most gorgeous) by the ocean. The river is (wide / wider / widest) at this point. The race was (fast / faster / fastest) than expected. The library is (quiet / quieter / quietest) on Sunday mornings. My mom's cooking is (good / better / best) in the world. The story is (interesting / more interesting / most interesting) I've read. The hotel room is (spacious / more spacious / most spacious). The (big / bigger / biggest) pizza in the menu is a challenge to finish. The roses are (red / redder / reddest) flowers in the garden. Her painting is (amazing / more amazing / most amazing) artwork in the gallery. The restaurant serves (good / better / best) seafood in town. The (quick / quicker / quickest) you finish, the more time you'll have. The sunset is (gorgeous / more gorgeous / most gorgeous) by the ocean. Answers: This cat is cuter than the other one. The weather today is nicer than yesterday. Her essay is the best in the class. The cake is the most delicious with a scoop of ice cream. The more you practice, the more skilled you become. His dog is the friendliest with children. The sunset was the most beautiful I've ever seen. My car is the fastest on the highway. The mountain hike was the most exciting adventure of my life. She is the kindest to those in need. The test was the easiest for some students. The library is the quietest place to study. This tree is the tallest in the forest. My grandmother's cookies are the sweetest. The more you read, the more knowledgeable you become. The restaurant serves the best seafood in town. The earlier you wake up, the more you can accomplish. The river is the widest at its mouth. This house is the largest in the neighborhood. Learning a new language can be the most difficult. He is the strongest athlete on the team. The higher you go, the thinner the air gets. Her painting is the most amazing artwork in the gallery. The harder you work, the better the results. The beach is the hottest in July. The ocean is the deepest in the abyss. The richest people often donate to charity. The view from the mountaintop is the most breathtaking. This song is the catchiest of all. The more you study, the more knowledgeable you become. The roses are the reddest flowers in the garden. The best way to learn is through practice. The new smartphone is the most advanced in technology. This city has the most interesting history. The quicker you finish, the more time you'll have. She is the happiest when she's with her family. The journey was the longest we've ever taken. The coffee is the hottest with cream. This task is the easiest to complete. The earlier bird catches the worm. The laptop is the thinnest and light for travel. The mountains are the highest in the world. The best time to visit is during the spring. Her dance moves are the most graceful. The storm is the loudest during the night. The painting is the most detailed I've ever seen. The oldest building in town is now a museum. The sunset is the most gorgeous by the ocean. The river is the widest at this point. The race was the fastest than expected. The library is the quietest on Sunday mornings. My mom's cooking is the best in the world. The story is the most interesting I've read. The hotel room is the most spacious. The biggest pizza on the menu is a challenge to finish. The roses are the reddest flowers in the garden. Her painting is the most amazing artwork in the gallery. The restaurant serves the best seafood in town. The quicker you finish, the more time you'll have. The sunset is the most gorgeous by the ocean.

PREPOSITION, ARTTICLE, PARTS OF SPEECH-4.0 SSC Examination-2020 all board questions 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Dhaka Board-2020] Modern civilization is the (a)---of science. Science has worked (b)---a magician in the world. We can’t do even a (c)---day without the help of science. Many quick means (d)---communication like telephone, telex, fax, telegram, satellite, etc. are (e) — greatest wonders of science. Nowadays, a message can be sent from one corner of the world to another in the twinkle of (f) — eye. Science has brought a revolutionary (g) — in all fields. In the field of medical science, (h) — has got eyes, lame has got legs, deaf has got hearing power. (i) — diseases which were incurable in the past are now easily (j)---. 2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Rajshahi Board-2020] Diligence means an (a)---to perform a work successfully. God has given us two hands to (b) ---- from the (c)--- of the world, human beings have been (d)---with nature to keep hold of their (e)---. If they did not struggle, they might have (f)--- long ago. Thus we see that diligence is (g)---- in our personal, social and national life. The student who is diligent, makes a better result (i)--- those who are not. So, to be (j)--- everybody should be diligent. 3. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Cumilla Board-2020] Education is one of the basic (a) ---- of a human and is (b) ---- for every kind of development. It (c) — us to make right choices in life. It (d) — our ability to raise crops, (e) — food, protect the environment and (f) — out our social responsibilities. It provides us (g) — an enlightened (h)---- about things. But education has to be (i) —. It is not (j) — adopting degrees from schools, colleges and universities. It is something more lasting, more humane. 4. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Sylhet Board-2020] Adopting unfair means in the examination is (a)--- offence. It degrades (b)--- standard of education. If the students of (c)---country do not acquire (d) — education, there will be no development for (e) — country. (f) — examinee should study seriously so that he can cut (g)--- good figure in the examination. To acquire true education should be (h) — only aim in the lives of all students. (i) — educated man cannot support adopting (j) — unfair means in the examination at all. 5. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Barishal Board-2020] Terrorism is a (a) — threat and major concern (b) — almost all the countries. Terrorists damage (c) — human lives and properties (d) — panic and terror. The cause of terrorism mainly (e) — to the deprivation of genuine rights and also greed and exploitation (f) — groups and nations. To get rid of terrorism is very difficult (g) — not impossible (h) — different intellectuals and peace (i) — nations work (j)---. 6. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Chattogram Board-2020] Patriotism is an (a) — quality of human being. It creates in a man a feeling of love for his motherland. It is older than (b) —. The man who loves his own country, does his first and (c) — duties and works for the (d) — and (e) — of his country, is a patriot. Even the ancient tribes had a great love for the land where they were born and sacrificed their lives to (f) — it. If he does and (g) — his duties honestly and sincerely in his own fields, he can be a patriot. If he does not do so, he will be a (h) —. We must not have bitterness towards anyone. But (i) — patriotism is very bad. All should (j) — off it from their hearts. 7. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Mymensingh Board-2020] Nowadays, a good number of farmers are getting benefits (a) — the organic cultivation of vegetables. Vermicompost, (b) — organic fertilizer made mainly (c) — cowdung and earthworm is used by the farmers. As the farmers did not use (d) — chemical fertilizer or pesticides on their vegetable beds, the (e) — cost has come down. It takes (f) — fifty thousand taka to prepare an acre of (g) — and the harvest starts within forty-five days (h) — planting. Due to good yield of the crop, some temporary warehouses have been made in (i) — area. So, proper (j) — of organic fertilizer can change the scenario of our agricultural sector. SSC Examination-2019 all board questions 8. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Dhaka Board-2019] Once a farmer had a great desire (a) — land. One day (b) — to the landlord, he wanted some land (c) — he might live in comfort. The landlord was very wise. So, he told him to have as much land as he could cover by running (d) — sunset. The farmer became very pleased (e) — that. Next morning he started running as (f) —as he could to cover more area. He ran till evening and the sun was (g) — to set. He ran with his last strength but became very tired and fell (h) — dead. He was (i) — there. Then the wise man remarked a man needs just as much land as will be enough (j) — his grave. 9. 2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Rajshahi Board 2019] Housing is one of the greatest (a) — in our country. Thousands of people in big (b) — like Dhaka and Chattogram (c) — in the footpaths. In rural (d) — there is also an acute (e) — of housing. The cost of construction is (f) — day by day. At present it is very (g) — for the (h) — people to (i) — the cost of construction. So, this problem (j) — to be solved soon. 10. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.[Cumilla Board-2019] Reading textbook is essential (a) — all the students. A student cannot expect (b) — make a good result until he or she reads textbooks. In the textbooks all the topics are designed as per students’ grade that ensures (c) — complete sense. In case (d) — not reading those texts a student will miss (e) — needed for him or her. Moreover, textbooks are (f) — and edited by highly experienced educationists. Some students ignore (g) — read text books rather they prefer guidebooks. But merely (h) — guidebooks keeps the students ignoble of the subject matter as they are written focusing on exam result (i) — a textbook covers all the details for holistic flourish (j) — a student. 11. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.[Jashore Board-2019] Language (a)---a very Important role in the lives of human beings. We use language from the (b) ---we wake up in the morning (c) — we go to bed at night. We use language (d) — different purposes. We use language to (e) — our ideas, thoughts and, feelings, ‘to (f) — our message or to pass (g) — information to others. In short, language is (h) — present in our activities. It is( i) — inseparable part of (j) — we are, what we do and believe. 12. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Barishal Board-2019] Nowadays, the young farmers of our country are showing interest to (a) — foreign vegetables. They with their innovative power, have added new dimensions (b) — the country’s agricultural sector. Karim Ullah is such a (c) —. Five years ago, he started his farm with a (d) — and challenge. Now he owns a (e) — farm where he cultivates curry leaves, lemon grass, broccoli and other (f) — vegetables. The cultivation of foreign crops (g) — our country is very inspiring for both (h) — farmers and the customers as it brings diversity in our regular (i) — and nutrition. It is also possible to (j) — vegetables by ensuring quality production and packaging. 13. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Chattogram Board-2019] Road accident is (a) — regular phenomenon in Bangladesh. Many people die (b) — road accidents every year. So, it is considered as a (c) —. Road accidents occur for (d) — reasons. Many factors are (e) —for road accidents. The most common cause is (f) — driving. Sometimes they drive night coach (g) — on the same day. The drivers do not check the engines (h) — before they start driving. The roads are two-lane roads (i) — any dividers. These are some of the (j) — reasons of road accidents in Bangladesh. 14. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Sylhet Board-2019;Jashore Board-2016] A true friend is (a) — asset. He stands (b) — his friends in time (c) — danger. He is not (d) — greedy person. He (e) — wishes for the welfare of (f) — friend. But it is’ a matter (g) — regret that a true friend is very (h) — today. A selfish man cannot be a (i) — friend. He always thinks of his (j) — interest. SSC Examination-2018 all board questions 15. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [All Board-2018] Truthfulness means the (a)--- of speaking (b) — truth. Truthfulness is (c) of the greatest virtues in manes life. The true (d) — and prosperity of man entirely depends (e) — it. It ennobles ones character (f) — gives one a high position in society. It may not make one rich (g) — brings peace of mind. All religions teach us to be (h) —. By dint (i) — truthfulness all can shine in life. It may lead the (j) — world to peace and prosperity. SSC Examination-2017 all board questions 16. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Dhaka Board-2017] Every student wants to do well (a) — the examination. But it is not (b) — easy task. A student has to work (c) — for this. From the very (d) — of the year, he must be serious. He should read the (e) — books again and again. He must not memorize answers (f) — understanding. He must not make note (g) — a common source. He should have a good command (h) — English. By doing all (i)----- things, a student can hope to make (j) — excellent result. 17. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Rajshahi Board-2017] Man is the (a) — of his own fate. If he makes a proper (b) — of time and does his duties (c) —, he is sure to improve and (d) — in life. But if he does not (e) — it, he is sure to (f)—. Then he will be (g) — to drag a miserable (h) —. To spoil time is (i) — for a person. For, our life is nothing (j)---- the sum total of hours, days and years. 18. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Cumilla Board-2017] The Eiffel Tower was named (a) — Gustave Eiffel, a Frenchman who built (b) — Tower. He graduated from the Central School of Engineering in Paris and went to work for a railway (c) — company. For years Gustave made plan (d) — plan of dams, factories, stations and structures of great size. All (e) — Europe engineers copied them. In the middle of 1880s a group of French industrialists persuaded the government to organise (f) — World’s Fair (g) — Paris. Gustave Eiffel proposed a 989-foot tower of iron as symbol of the (h) —. Forty engineers and designers under Eiffel’s (i) — worked for two years. It was (j) — highest structure yet made by man. 19. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Jashore Board 2017] A great (a) — of people speak English all over (b) — world. Some people use (c) — as a first language and some people take it as (d) — second language. Many international organizations now (e) — on English to communicate with offices in different (f)—. Then advertisements published g) — different newspapers are in English. They also want people who possess a good (h) — of English. People seeking (i) — can’t expect to get a good one (j) — knowing English. 20. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Sylhet Board 2017] Trees bear a great impact (a) — the climate. If we destroy trees (b) — random, one day the country will turn (c) — a great desert. The country will bear the consequences of greenhouse (d) —. Again there will be no rain and as a result, the country will face a great crisis because ours is (e)— agricultural country and our economy is dependent on (f) —. Again our agriculture (g) — on rain. So trees have a (h)— effect on our climate. Trees keep the soil strong. Trees save us (i) — flood and many other natural (j) —. 21. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Barishal Board-2017] Sleep is one of (a) — most important factors (b) — human life. (c) — sound man cannot go (d) — sleeping. Sleep is (e) — healing medicine of the troubled (f) —. It relieves physical and mental pain. Night is the proper time of (g) —. But if (h) — man has to pass a sleepless night, he never feels well. He loses energy and peace of mind. As a result, he becomes indifferent (i) ----his (j) — and responsibilities. 22. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Chattogram Board 2017] A man of (a) — is respected always (b) — after his death for his (c) —. He is an (d)— person who devotes himself with a view to (e) — education in the society. He always (f) — people how to (g)— between right and wrong. (h) — fact, he is the authentic person (i) — world should (j)—. 23. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Dinajpur Board 2017] Trees are (a) — to man in many ways. They provide us (b) — oxygen without which we cannot live more than a few minutes. They supply (c) — with vitamin and food, give us shade and help to (d) — drought and flood. Unfortunately, we cannot realize (e) — importance of trees, We cut them (f) —- in large numbers (g),— it is a suicidal attempt. (h) — we do not stop (i) ---- acts soon our country will, no doubt, turn (j) — a desert. SSC Examination-2016 all board questions 24. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Dhaka Board-2016] Illiteracy ‘is not (a) — boon to us. It is undoubtedly a (b) —. It hinders all kinds (c) — development of a country. Illiteracy causes great (d) — to us. Since we are not (e) — of the gravity of the problem, we cannot take steps to increase our (f) — rate. As a result, we are (g) — behind. We have to depend (h) — the foreign aids. So, all should come forward (i) ----to remove illiteracy. Then, the (j) — of our country will be possible. 25. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Rajshahi Board-2016] Time is very (a) —. Time which is lost once, is lost forever. There is a proverb that time and tide (b) — for none. It is time which does not have any relative feelings. If it is not used (c) — one must suffer (d) — the long run. (e) — the other hand, we can go a long way (f)------ being realized of the value of time. Those who have become great, have made (g) — use of time. They never put (h) — their work (i) — tomorrow. As a result, they have (j) — top position in society. So, it is our duty to follow them. 26. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.[Cumilla Board-2016] Honesty is (a) — to be (b) — best policy. An honest man never (c) — from the path (d) — morality. He is (e) — by (f)--- but hated by (g) —. (h) — enemies believe and respect an (i) — and truthful man. So, it is our duty to remain honest (j) ---our life. 27. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Sylhet Board 2016] Housing is one of the (a) — problems of our (b) —. Thousands of people in big cities (c) ----Dhaka and Chattogram dwell (d) — the footpaths. In rural ,(e) — also there is (I) — acute shortage of houses. The cost of construction is (g) — everyday. At present it is very (h) — for the common people to afford (i) — cost of construction. This problem needs to be addressed (j) —. 28. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Chattogram Board 2016] An early (a)--- can enjoy (b)---fresh air and oxygen (c)--- the morning which refreshes both his body and mind. Moreover, he can finish his work early and as such he finds enough time to (d) ---his work properly. (e)--- the other hand, too much sleep makes (f)--- man dull and lazy. A man who gets up late, wastes a lot of time (g)--- sleep and idleness. He does not utilize time (h)--- doing his work properly. So, everyone should make (i) ---habit of early (j)---. 29. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Dinajpur Board-2016] Robert Bruce was a famous king of Scotland. England was a great (a)---- of his kingdom. So was driven (b) — from his kingdom by the English. For this, he had to fight against (c) - English for the defence of his country and (d) — men. But he was (e)--- unfortunate fellow. He fought (f) — his kingdom several times but every time he was defeated. So, he was (g) —despair. One day while (h) — in a lonely cave, an incident drew his attention. He saw that a spider was trying to reach its target. Six times it tried and every time it failed. But it did not give (i) — its hope and finally at the seventh time, it was successful (j)— its attempt. SSC Examination-2015 all board questions 30. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Dhaka Board-2015;Dinajpur Board-2019] Scientists have (a) — reported that the surface ice caps are (b) —. This is due to a rise (c) — atmospheric temperature known (d) — the greenhouse effect. According to the scientists, carbon dioxide is primarily responsible (e) — temperature rise in (f) —. The carbon dioxide is high (g) — coal and oil (h) — burnt. The gas is accumulating in the atmosphere and (i) — temperature to rise. As a result, the polar ice In the North and South poles ( j) — melting. 31. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Rajshahi Board-2015;Dhaka Board-2020] Modern civilization is the (a) — of science. Science has worked (b) — a magician in the world. We can’t do even a (c) — day without the help of science. Many quick means (d) — communication like telephone, telex, fax, telegram, satellite etc. are (e) — greatest wonders of science. Nowadays, a message can be sent from one corner to another in the twinkle of (f) — eye. Science has brought a revolutionary (g)---- in all fields. In the field of medical science (h) — has got eyes, lame has got legs, deaf has got hearing power. (i) — diseases which were incurable in the past are now easily (j) —. 32. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Barishal Board-2015] We live in an age of (a)---. We can see (b)--- influence of science in all spheres of life. Science is a constant (c)--- of our daily life. We have (d)---the impossible things possible by means (e) — science. The modern civilization is a (f) — of science. At present, we can (g) — travel from one place to another. (h) — ancient time, journey was difficult. (i) — had to spend much (j) — and money for travelling. But we should remember that science has to be exploited for the greater welfare of mankind. 33. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Chittagong Board-2015] Bangladesh is a land of (a) —. It got (b)---in 1971 (c) — a Liberation War. It is located (d) — South Asia. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. Dhaka is also known as the city of mosques. About 14 core people live here. Most of them are poor and (e) —. They earn their livelihood (f) — agriculture. But educated and skilled people work (g) ---offices and factories. Our main food is rice and fish. It is a country of beauty. Its flora and fauna attract everyone’s eyes. It is, in fact, (h)---large village. The people of Bangladesh are very (i) ---. There are many beautiful things here that attract the travellers and the (j)—. 34. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. [Sylhet Board-2015] Once there lived (a) — poor man. He could hardly maintain his family (b)---- he did not have any land (c) — cultivation. One day, he bought (d )---- wonderful goose. The goose laid a (e) — egg every day. In a few months, he became rich. But he was a (f) — greedy man. He thought that there (g) — more eggs in the belly of the goose. He wanted to get all the eggs (h) — a time. So, one day he killed the goose and cut its belly open with (i) — knife. But alas! there was no egg. Thus, the greedy farmer (j) — the useful goose. Without Clues Worksheet-4.0 Answer 1. Answer: (a) blessing/gift (b) like (c) single (d) of (e) the (f) an (g) change (h) blind (i) Some/the (j) curable 2. Answer: (a) endevour/effort (b) work (c) beginning (d) struggling (e) being/existence (f) vanished/lost (g) led/important/necessary (h) more/sufficient/always (i) than (j) successful 3. Answer: (a) needs (b) necessary/important (c) enables/helps (d) increases (e) prepare (f) carries (g) with (h) notion (i) redefined: (j) merely. 4. Answer: (a) an (b) the (c) a (d) ×/the (e) the (f) an (g) a (h) the (i) an (j) ×/the 5. Answer: (a) great (b) for (c) to (d) creating/ through (e) want/due (f) of (g) but (h) if (i) loving (j) together 6. Answer: (a) inherent (b) democracy/civilization (c) foremost (d) progress/improvement (e) development/betterment (f) protect/save/defend (g) performs (h) traitor (i) excessive/blind/narrow (j) cast/drop/stay 7. Answer: a) from; b) an; c) from; d) the; e) production; f) only/about; g) land; h) of; i) farm /the; j) use 8. Answer: (a) for; (b) going; (c) so that/that; (d) until/till; (e) with/hearing; (f) speedily/ quickly /fast; (g) about/going; (h) down; (i) buried; (j) for. 9. Answer: (a) problems (b) cities (c) dwell (d) areas (e) shortage (f) increasing (g) difficult (h) common (i) afford (j) needs 10. Answer: a) For; b) to; c) a; d) of; e) lessons /knowledge; f) written; g) to; h) reading; i) while /whereas; j) of/for 11. Answer: (a) plays (b) moment (c) till (d) for (e) express (f) convey/send (g) necessary (h) ever (i) an (j) what. 12. Answer: (a) produce/grow/cultivate (b) to (c) farmer (d) determination (e) big/vegetable (f) foreign (g) in (h) the (i) diet (j) export 13. Answer: (a) a (b) in (c) problem/hazard (d) many /various/different (e) responsible (f) reckless/continuous /long/ non-stop (g) even (h) properly (i) without (j) major/important/noteworthy 14. Answer: (a) an; (b) by (c) of; (d) a; (e) always (f) his; (g) of: (h) rare; (i) true/real: (j) own/ personal. 15. Answer: (a) habit; (b) the; (c) one: (d) development; (e) on; (f) and; (g) but; (h) truthful; (i) of; (j) whole. 16. Answer: (a) in; (b) an; (c) hard; (d) beginning; (e) text (f) without; (g) from; (h) of/over; (i) these; (j) an. 17. Answer: (a) maker (b) division (c) accordingly (d) prosper (e) do (f) suffer (g) bound (h) life (i) dangerous (j) but 18. Answer: (a) after; (b) this (c) construction (d) after; (e) over(f) a/the; (g) in; (h) fair/exhibition; (i) direction (j) the. 19. Answer: (a) number (b) the; (c) it; (d) a (e) depend; (f) countries (g) in; (h) command (i) job (j) without 20. Answer: (a)on (b) at (c) into (d) effect (c) an (f) agriculture (g) depends; (h) great (i) from; (j) calamities. 21. Answer: (a) the; (b) in/of; (c) A: (d) without; (e) a; (f) mind; (g) sleep; (h) a; (i) to; (j) duties. 22. Answer: (a) letters (b) even (c) works (d) honest (e) spreading (f) teaches (g)distinguish (h)In (i)whom (j) respect. 23. Answer: (a) useful(b) with (c) us (d) prevent(e) the; (f) aimlessly (g) but (h) If; (i) such/these; (j) into. 24. Answer: (a) a (b) curse (c) of (d) problems (e) aware (f) literacy (g) lagging (h) on (I) in order (j) prosperity 25. Answer: (a) valuable (b) wait; (c) properly (d) in; (e) On; (f) by (g) proper/the; (h) off: (i) for; (j) reached. 26. Answer: (a) said (b) the; (c) deviates (d) of (e) respected (f) all (g) nobody; (h) Even(i) honest; (j) in. 27. Answer: (a) greatest (b) country (c) like (d) in (e) areas (f) an (g) increasing (h) impossible (i) the (j) soon 28. Answer: (a) riser; (b) the; (c) in; (d) do/perform; (e) On; (f) a; (g) in; (h) by/for/in: (i) the; (j) rising 29. Answer: (a) enemy (b) away (c) the; (d) country (e) an; (f) for; (g) in; (h) lying (i) up; (j) at/in. 30. Answer: (a) recently: (b) melting; (c) in; (d) as; (e) for; (f) atmosphere; (g) as; (h) are; (i) helping; (j) is. 31. Answer: (a) blessing (b) like (c) single (d)of (e) the (f) an (g) change (h) blind (i) Some (j) curable 32. Answer: (a) science; (b) the; (c) companion (d) made; (e) of; (f) gift (g) easily (h) in; (i) We (j) time 33. Answer: (a) river/villages; (b) independence/ freedom (c) after: (d) in; (e) farmers/ illiterate; (f) on/by/with; (g) in; (h) a; (i) simple/peace loving/ friendly/ hospitable (j) tourists/ foreigners/visitors. 34. Answer: (a) a; (b) because; (c) for/of; (d) a; (e) golden; (f) very; (g) were/would be; (h) at; (i) a; (j) lost Prepositions, Articles, Parts of Speech-4.1 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Books are man’s best companions (a) — life. You may have very good friends (b) — you may not get them (c) — the time of need. They may not behave gently (d) — you. One or two may prove (e) — betrayers and do you much (f) —. But books are always there (g) — you. Some books may (h)— you laugh, some books may give you much pleasure and some again may provide you (i) — new knowledge and new ideas. They remain your friends ( j) — your life. 2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Language (a) — a very Important role in the lives of human beings. We use language from the (b) ---we wake up in the morning (c) — we go to bed at night. We use language (d) — different purposes. We use language to (e) — our ideas, thoughts and, feelings, ‘to (f) — our message or to pass (g) — information to others. In short, language is (h) — present in our activities. It is( i) — inseparable part of (j) — we are, what we do and believe. 3. Fill in the blanks with suitable words We can’t ignore the (a) — of money. To execute (b) — scheme of life, we need money. It (c) — our worldly peace and prosperity. We can enjoy our life well (d) — we have enough money. Without money our life will (e) — deplorable and lamentable. But (f) — money is not easy for all. Ability as well as skill is g) — to earn money. Again our peace and prosperity depend (h) — the proper utilization of money. Spending money (i) — an illegal way can lead us (j)—the path of destruction and downfall. So we should be aware of spending money. 4. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Education is (a) — backbone of a nation. A nation cannot make progress, if (b) — large section of her people (c) — illiterate. Illiteracy is a cut-se. It hinders all the development works of a country. Illiteracy has become a serious problem (d) — our country. Again, primary education is (e) — foundation (f) — basic education. Without giving basic education (g) ---our children we cannot be an enlightened nation. So, everybody should send his children (h). — primary schools. Our government has undertaken some steps to wipe out illiteracy. That is why, the Govt. has (i) — the primary education free and compulsory (j) — all. 5. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Most of our young learners are often indulged (a) — surfing Internet and keep themselves (b) — in facebooking and twittering. In this way, they just (c) — away their time. Though this involvement somehow (d) — to develop their skill of using Internet. it kills their valuable time which is supposed to (e) — spent for their studies, for games and sports, for other activities related — the development of (g) — social skills. So, there should have (h) — limited access (i) — Internet browsing and some sort (j) — prohibition in using internet for the young students. 6. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Education is one of the basic (a) ---- of a human and is (b) ---- for every kind of development. It (c) — us to make right choices in life. It (d) — our ability to raise crops, (e) — food, protect the environment and (f) — out our social responsibilities. It provides us (g) — an enlightened (h)---- about things. But education has to be (i) —. It is not (j) — adopting degrees from schools, colleges and universities. It is something more lasting, more humane. 7. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Good manners form (a) —important part of our education. Our education (b) — incomplete if we don’t learn good manners. In our behaviour (c) — others we must (d) — proper respect for them. We should have (e) — sense of fitness in our (f) — with others. We should show respect to our (g) —. It is necessary for (h) — disciplined society. Good manners cost us (i) —. So, good manners should be a part (j) — our nature. 8. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Tolerance is one of the best (a) — of man. Every conscious man should (b) — this great quality. In human society, one person (c) — not like another person. One may have grudge (d) — the other. (e) — he must show tolerance to live (f) — in the society. A man (g) — of tolerance makes his problems himself. A (h) — man can solve his problems step by step and (i)---- in the long run. So, we should not be (j) — whatever the situation is. 9. Fill in the blanks with suitable words The proper way of study involves (a) — and proper understanding. In order to get (b) — from study, we should read (c) —. We should not study only for the (d) — of passing examination. We should take genuine (e) — of our studies so that we can (f) — what we (g) ---This will give us (h) — and wisdom and (i) — the horizon of our outlook. We should therefore study not only for immediate gains but also for (j) — the wealth of our mind. 10. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Trees are (a) — to man in many ways. They provide us (b) — oxygen without which we cannot live more than a few minutes. They supply us with (c) — and food, give us shade and help to (d) — drought and (e) —. Unfortunately, cannot realize the importance of trees. We cut them (f) — in large numbers. (g) — it is a suicidal (h) —. If we do not (i)---- such acts soon, our country will, no doubt, turn into a (j) —. 11. Fill in the blanks with suitable words A flower is (a) — best creation of nature. It is a symbol of (b) — and beauty. It (c) — us pleasure. There is nobody but (d) — flower. But it is a matter of (e) — that a flower does not last (f) —. It blooms in the morning and (g) — away very soon. Nowadays flowers are (h) — in our country commercially. Many people earn their livelihood by flower (i) —. At present flower cultivation is (j) —. 12. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Education (a) — our ignorance and gives us the (b) — of knowledge. (c)---- respect of (d)-- education, there should be no discrimination (e) — man and woman. Education is one of the (f) — rights. If we deprive women (g) — the right of education, almost half of our population will remain (h) — darkness. No (i) — can be brought about (j) — the participation of women. 13. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Computer was not invented (a) —. It (b) — time and hard labour to invent computer. Many (c) — of science worked hard for years (d) —and finally came out (e) —. In fact, computer cannot work all (f) — itself. It works on the (g) — of the command (h) — by the (i)---- It is used in our daily life for a number of (j) —. 14. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Anger is one of (a) — six passions. It is (b) — to any man’s life. In fact it is (c) — offence. So we should not be angry (d) — anybody (e) — anything. Anger brings (f) — man down (g) — the level of beast. We must stay away (h) — it. We should (i) — let anger to absorb (j) — us. 15. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Afforestation means planting or preserving trees. It is (a) — opposite to deforestation. Trees and plants are part and parcel (b) — the environment. Ecology (c) — depends on them. The country will (d) — into a desert unless there are trees. The trees help to protect the Soil (e) — erosion. Flood cannot affect those areas (f) — with trees. Storm cannot (g) — its force (h) — the places where there are trees. So we should (i) — our fallow land for (j) ---— benefit of our life. 16. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Time and tide wait (a) — none. None can call it back. (b) — man can get back his (c) ----- money and health but cannot get back his lost time. Time (d) — lost is lost forever. So we should make (e) — best use of our time. We must do our work (f) — time. If we put off our work (g) — tomorrow, we may not get time to do it at all. There are some people who pass time (h) — nothing. They cannot prosper (i)— life. They have to depend (j) — others. 17. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Honesty is (a) — great virtue. (b) — man who possesses it is said to be (c) —. He is respected (d) — all and hated by (e) —. Even a dishonest man can’t (f) — respect him Endowed with (g) — clear conscience, he enjoys .peace of mind. Though he suffers (h) — times he succeeds ( i) — the long run and becomes happy. Bangladesh needs honest & hard-working people (j) ---- her overall development. 18. Fill in the blanks with suitable words While eating food, we should bear (a).— mind that we do not eat (b) — to satisfy hunger or to fill (c) —belly. We eat to preserve our (d) —. For good health a man needs (e) —— food. Sometimes it so happens that (f) — who live even in the midst of (g) — do not eat the food (h) — need for good health because they (i) — no knowledge of science of health and nutrition. They do not know how to select a (j) — diet from the many foods that are available to them. 19. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Child labour has been forbidden internationally by (a) — UN. To make a child do the work (b) — is suitable for a man is (c) —. Yet in the third world countries the (d) ----- of child labour is going up day by day. Bangladesh is one of these (e) —. (f) — the government is committed to dissuade rich (g) — to engage children in laborious work, things (h) — not so easy. Poverty is the first (i) — in this field. The poor parents want (j) — get additional earning by employing their children in work. 20. Fill in the blanks with suitable words We live in an age of (a) —. We can see (b) — influence of science in all spheres of life. Science is a constant (c)— of our daily life. We have (d) — the impossible things possible by means (e) — science. The modern civilization is a (f) — of science. At present, we can (g) — travel from one place to another. (h) — ancient time, journey was difficult. (i) — had to spend much (j) — and money for travelling. But we should remember that science has to be exploited for the greater welfare of mankind. 21. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Man is the maker of his own (a) —. If he makes a proper (b) — of time and does his duties (c) —. He is sure to improve and (d) — in life. But it he does (e) —, he is sure to (f) — when it is too late and he will have drag a (g) — life. To spoil time is (h) — shorten one’s life. For our life is nothing but (i) — sum total of hours, days and years. So, all of us should be (j) — in making the proper use of time. 22. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Every student wants to do well (a) — the examination. But it is not (b) — easy task. A student has to work (c) — for this. From the very (d) — of the year, he must be serious. He should read the (e) — books again and again. He must not memorize answers (f) — understanding. He must not make note (g) — a common source. He should have a good command (h) — English. By doing all (i)----- things, a student can hope to make (j) — excellent result. 23. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Trees are (a) — to man in many ways. They provide us (b) — oxygen without which we cannot live more than a few minutes. They supply (c) — with vitamin and food, give us shade and help to (d) — drought and flood. Unfortunately, we cannot realize (e) — importance of trees, We cut them (f) —- in large numbers (g),— it is a suicidal attempt. (h) — we do not stop (i) ---- acts soon our country will, no doubt, turn (j) — a desert. 24. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Time is very (a) —. Time which is lost once, is lost forever. There is a proverb that time and tide (b) — for none. It is time which does not have any relative feelings. If it is not used (c) — one must suffer (d) — the long run. (e) — the other hand, we can go a long way (f)------ being realized of the value of time. Those who have become great, have made (g) — use of time. They never put (h) — their work (i) — tomorrow. As a result, they have (j) — top position in society. So, it is our duty to follow them. 25. Fill in the blanks with suitable words Trees bear a great impact (a) — the climate. If we destroy trees (b) — random, one day the country will turn (c) — a great desert. The country will bear the consequences of greenhouse (d) —. Again there will be no rain and as a result, the country will face a great crisis because ours is (e)— agricultural country and our economy is dependent on (f) —. Again our agriculture (g) — on rain. So trees have a (h)— effect on our climate. Trees keep the soil strong. Trees save us (i) — flood and many other natural (j) —.

General uses of prepositions A preposition typically comes before another word—usually a noun or pronoun. It tells us about the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other parts of the sentence. The name preposition (pre + position) means "place before" For example: The book is on the table. On is used here as preposition which shows the relationship of the table with other parts of the sentence. Following is the graphic description of some prepositions: Illustration of some Prepositions 1. To indicate time we usually use at, by, between, before. after, during, in, on, to, from, for, since, throughout, till, until He came at 7 o'clock. He will start the work after lunch. They came on Monday. Rita will return before dinner. It has been raining for a week. It has been raining since Monday. He will come by 7 o'clock. Masuda will come before 8 o' clock. I will go out during winter. He was here throughout summer. 2. To indicate position or location we usually use at, above, across, against, before, near, behind, in, inside, out, outside, on, over, under Kamrul is at home. I am in my class. He has no roof above his head. There is an umbrella over my head. There is a cap on his head. The man was standing against a wall. The thief stood before the judge. A child is walking behind his mother. He is sitting under a tree. The bank is just across the road. He stood neat the station. A beggar is standing outside the door. 3. To indicate direction we usually use on, into, on, to towards, up, down He is above me in rank. He climbed up a tree. He is going to school. He fired on the enemy. He is kind towards the poor. He walked across the road. 4. To indicate state or condition we use usually use : at, in, on, under He is in good health. That house is under repair. Boys are at play. He is at work. 5. From is used to indicate starting point of place and to is used to indicate destination He is going to market. She was going to hospital for treatment. They are coming from school. I had a phone call from my cousin. 6. To indicate- measurement/standard we use – at, by, for, to, etc. Rice sells at taka 25 a kilo. It is ten by my watch. My Mother is good at cooking. He is clever; at games. 7. To indicate Subject – matter we use - on, about. I told him about my school. I am reading a book on English grammar. He is careless about his health. Write a paragraph about/on your school. 8. To indicate– exception we use - but, except. None but Kamal can do this work. There is no man but feels pity for the poor. Everyone except me got the invitation 9. To indicate media we generally u by, in, with, without He came here by car. He speaks in English. We see with our eyes. We can't see without eyes. 10. In/at is used before a big place or time and at before a small place or time. He lives at Deana in Khulna. He went there at 7 o'clock in the evening. He is in America. They live in Chittagong. He lives at Mohakhali in Dhaka. At is used before nights noon, dusk, dawn etc. and in is used before morning, evening, afternoon etc. Mr. Samad came in the evening. She got up early inthe morning. We sleep at night. 11. In/at, to/into: In/at is used to indicate inside of something and its stability and to/intoto indicate entry or movement or to convert from. The students are in the room. They entered into the room. Water changes into vapour. Mary was in the garden. There is no milk in the pot. The ice melts into water. He ran into the room. He is in good health. The machine is now in good condition. Don't wait out side, come into the house. He is in bed. He is at the top of the class. He ran to school. He jumped into the river Gitanjali was translated into English. His love turned into hatred. Ice melts into water. You should speak clearly into the microphone 12. On, in, at : On is used before day/date, in before month/year and at before a fixed time. I shall meet you at 5 o'clock onSunday in Jaunary. They went there on Monday at 7 pm. I will go there in December. 13.After, in : Usually afteris used to indicate period of time in the past and in used to indicate period of time in the future. I returned to my native village after six months. We shall finish the work in a week. My father will come from the states in a week. My father died after two months. 14. In, within : In is used to indicate the last moment of period of time in the future and within is used to indicate the passing of period of time in the future. To indicate at the end of time we use in, and to indicate before specific time eds we use within. Mr. Ahad will come in a month (before the last moment of a month) We will finish the work within a month. (before the passing of one month) I shall return in an hour. I shall return within an hour. He will come here in an hour. (i.e. at the end of an hour) I shall go to Chittagong in a week. (at the end of a week) Chittagong He will come here within an hour. (before the hour is ended) I shall go to Chittagong within a week.(before the week ended) 15. In, by/before : In is used to indicate period of time in the future, by/before is used before a fixed time in the future. He will come in a month. I shall have finished reading the book by or before 6 pm. 16. In, on, to: In is used to indicate within the boundary andto indicate beyond the boundary and on to indicate on the boundary. The Sunderbans is to the south of the country. Dhaka is on the Buriganga. Dhaka Laboratory School is in the heart of the city. 17. Since, from, for : Since/from is used beforepoint of time and for before period of time. Since only indicates point of time in the past and fromindicate point of time in all tenses. It has been raining since morning. It has been raining for two hours. He has been here since Friday last. (point of time) I haven't seen him for a long time. (period of time) I haven't seen Kamal since September. (point of time) They have been playing in the sun for two hours. He has been ill since Monday last, I have not seen him since last week. He has been here since nine o' clock. I commenced work from Ist January. He will join school from tomorrow. 18.Between, among : Between is used to indicate between two and amongused to indicate more than two. Zimbabwe is situated between Zambia and South Africa. Divide the mangoes among the boys of class X. There is no difference amongst us. There is a village among the hills. The man divided his properties equally between his two children. Switzerland lies between France and Germany. But between is used when we indicate mutual cooperation of many people/objects. Mr Rahman divided his properties between his four sons. 19. Beside, besides: Beside is used to indicate at or by the side of and besides to indicate in addition to. He sat beside me. Besides this pen, I have no other pens. I have none to help me besides you. Besides my son, my cousin also sat beside me. Besides English, she knows many other languages. 20. By, with : By is used to indicate the doer/agent and withto indicate the instrument. The tiger was killed by the hunter witha gun. He killed two birds with one shot. He was stabbed by a lunatic with a dagger. 21.On, over : On is used to indicate the surface of the place and over to indicate above keeping space. Over can also be used to indication motion. The book is on the table. The clock is over the cupboard. The cat jumped over the box. 22.On is often used in speaking of things at rest, and upon of things in motion: He sat on a chair. The cat sprang upon the table. 23.Till/Until is used of time, and to is used of place: I slept till eight o'clock. He walked to the end of the street. . 24. For is use to indicate- aim/goal/purpose and targets He bought a pen for Mohan. He has started for Chittagong. He died for his country. He lives for others. 25. From is used to indicate- origin or source It is a poem of Nazrul. This road runs from Dhaka to Sylthet. He comes of a rich family. I borrowed a book from the library. 26. Of is used to indicate- relation and possession, parts and portion. This is the house of my friend. He is a servant of my uncle. This is the window of this house. This is the horn of my car. 27.Of/from - We use made from when the original materials or substances have been completely changed and cannot be recognized. Steer is made from iron. We make butter from milk. Plastic is made from oil. Wine is made from water and grapes. Bricks are made from clay. Use made of when the original materials or any substances have not been completely changed and we can still see them. This chair is made of wood. Pencil is made of wood. All the furniture was made of wood. 28.To indicate cause we use - from, of, for, with. My uncle died of cholera. He died from loss of blood. He is trembling with fear. He will suffer for his bad habits. . 29. On time/in time: on time means in the right time, in time means within the speculated time. The train left the station in time. Rassel is never at School on time. I want to get home in time. Will you be at home in time for dinner? 30.At the end/In the end: to indicate something has finished we use at the end and to indicate ultimate result of something we use in the end. I am going to Canada at the end of this month. In the end we sold out our old car and bought a new one. 31. For/during: 'For' is used to say how long something continues. During is used to say when something happens. My father was in hospitalduring the summer. My father was in hospital for six weeks. We watched TV for two hours last night. I spent two months in England during/in summer. We'll be on holiday during/in August. It must have rained during the night. 32. Over/above: When one thing is at a higher level than another we use either above or over. Our plane was flying above/over the clouds. They built a new room over/above the garage. There is a bridge over the river. To indicate motion we use over not above On our way to Pakistan our plane flew over India. (not, above the India) He threw the ball over the wall.(not, above the wall) We use 'over' 'not above' when one thing covers or touches another. He put on a coat over his shirt. Throw the water over the flames. The truck was coming across/over the river. 33.Before/by/within To indicate specific time we use before/by and to indicate period of time we use within We have to be at home by /before 5 o'clock. You must come back here by/before 3 - p.m. I posted the letter today, so my father would get in by the day after tomorrow. He will finish the exam within 8 days. . 34. By/with: to indicate person as medium we use by and for any object we use with. The tiger was shot by Karim with a rifle. The Tajmahal was built by Shahjahan. The snake was killed by Mr. Kamal with a stick. 35. To indicate the means of transport we usually use by. But to indicate travelling by foot or by cycle we use on . My father went to Chittagong by train/by bus/by car/by plane. Reba usually goes to School by car. To indicate the way of travelling we use by by road, by rail, by air, by sea My sister went to London by air. I go to school on foot but my brother goes to school on a bicycle. 36. Where a Preposition is not used No preposition is used before 'adverb' or 'adverbial phrase'. The boy left the hostel bag and baggage. (not- with bag and baggage) He tried heart and soul to pass the examination. (not- with heart and soul) No preposition is used before adverb of time or frequency. He goes for a walk every morning. (not- in every morning) I am going to Chittagong this morning. (not- on this morning) No preposition is used before a Noun when it is used as an adverb of place or time. My house faces west. They are going home. Please wait a minute. We ate mangoes yesterday. We don’t use preposition with Transitive verb The poet describes nature. He discussed this problem He investigated the case. Rina resembles her mother. I recommended him. He resigned his post. We reached the station in time.

Common Prepositions for Examinations A preposition is a word which shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence. Prepositions are usually (but not always) placed before the noun or pronoun which they govern. This chapter deals mainly with common prepositions and contains simple instances of their use. The following is a list of all the common prepositions; explanations (where necessary) and examples follow each preposition. The chief meanings of each preposition are given. Some of the explanations (e.g. under = lower than, vertically below, beneath) may at first appear to be interchangeable in one or more of the examples given. Further examination, however, will reveal that they are not interchangeable in every case. about (1) concerning, of. He talked about his old friend. Note that concerning, of, and about are not interchangeable after the verb to be and are rarely interchangeable when about governs a noun or a pronoun following another noun: The lecture was about Charles Darwin. That book about Napoleon is very interesting. (2) near(ly), approximately (a place, a time, a quantity, etc.). It was about two o'clock when he left. The bomb fell about here. (3) here and there, in various parts of, all around. The traveller roamed about the town trying to find a suitable hotel. We wandered about the city on our first evening there. above (1) higher than, on top of (without touch­ing), over. See over (1). The big bird flew above the trees. There is a monkey on the branch above you. (2) more than, over. Above two hundred people attended the meeting. (3) superior to. AH these men are honest and above bribery. across (1) from one side to the other of. The little boy ran across the street. (2) on the other side of. He saw a grocer's shop across the street. after (1) later than (a time). / shall be able to see you after six o'clock. Can you come to see us after the holidays? (3) following, behind. Go after him quickly and give him his umbrella. (4) This painting is after Turner. Note the difference between the following two sentences: He painted it after Turner. (= in the same manner as) He painted after Turner. (= at a later time than) (5) as a consequence of. The headmaster would not grant the class a holiday after their bad behaviour. (6) in spite of. After everything I said, you still had to do it! against (1) Stop knocking the stick against the fence. (2) It is difficult to run against a strong wind. (3) The struggle against poverty and hunger is a hard one. (4) contrary to. Smoking is against the school rules. (5) in contrast with. The beautiful villa stood out against the ugly slums surrounding it. (6) in preparation for. She began to save money against the time when she would no longer be able to work. (7) in exchange for. He bet me his gun against my radio. (8) opposed to, not in favour of. He was against the scheme from the very start. along There are many tall trees along the road to the village. amid(st) She stood in tears amid the alien corn. The great man stood amidst the cheering crowd. Note that there is no difference between amid and amidst. Both are found more in litera­ture than in daily speech. among(st) (1) from person to person. The host moved about among his guests. (2) Divide this cake among all the boys here. See between. (3) one of. / am among the great man's followers. Note that there is no difference between among and amongst, and both prepositions must be followed by a plural noun or pronoun. around Many people stood around the injured man. The news soon travelled around the world. See round. Round and around are usually interchangeable in daily speech. However, in formal English around is used chiefly to mean on every side of or about, and round has the meaning of so as to encircle or enclose. at (1) His father appeared at that moment. We arrived at two o'clock. Used to denote a point of time, usually moments and clock times. (2) They will begin their journey at Easter. Used before the names of festivals, etc. but not before days: They will begin their journey on Easter Sunday. See on (4). (3) He lives at the white cottage. Used before the name of a particular place (usually an address, a building, a village, or a small town). See in (4). (4) to, towards. The goat ran at the passer-by. Note that to cannot be substituted for at in contexts like the following : The soldiers aimed at the target. She threw the book at me. (Cf. She threw the book to me.} (5) for. I bought six pencils at fifty cents each. (6) The examiner soon put the candidate at ease. Used before certain nouns to express states, conditions, emotions, etc. (See Chapter 3) before (1) in front of. The accused man was brought before the magistrate. Antonym = behind. (2) My sister arrived home that night before ten o'clock. Antonym = after. (3) rather than. Death before dishonour. behind (1) at the back of. His wife stood behind him, looking over his shoulder at the man he was facing. (2) on the far side of, beyond. The chemist's shop is a few yards behind the church. (3) supporting. / knew that my friends were behind me in the matter. (4) inferior to, lower than. John is behind the rest of the class in mathematics. (5) hidden by, being concealed by. There is something strange behind this apparently simple occurrence. (6) late (with). I am behind with my work. (7) in the past (and finished). Your hard days in prison are behind you now. below (1) lower than. Just below the top of the wall there was a brick missing. Antonym = above. See under (1). (2) Your composition was below average. John is below the rest of the class in mathe­matics. Below and behind are interchangeable in the second sentence above, but not in such phrases as below average. Beneath can be substituted for below in most contexts. See note on beneath (3). beneath (1) below. The road twisted through the valley beneath us. (3) underneath. Beneath his rough exterior was a heart of gold. (4) It was beneath his dignity to plead with her father. Note that beneath and below are interchange­able except in certain established phrases: beneath notice, beneath contempt, beneath one's dignity, below average, below par, below the belt. beside (1) by the side of, near by, close to. Looking up, I saw a man standing beside me. (2) compared with. He isn't very good at arithmetic, but beside Harry he is a genius at it. (3) not concerning, irrelevant to. The point you have just raised is beside the question. (4) except, apart from. He trusted no one beside a very old and faithful servant. besides in addition to. There were three others present at the meeting besides Mr Day. Besides and beside are easily confused by overseas students. Apart from the difference in meaning, beside is used only as a preposition, whereas besides can also be used as an adverb to mean moreover or furthermore. between Many grammar books used to insist on the use of between in relation to two persons or things and among or amongst in relation to more than two. This distinction is no longer observed. There is nothing wrong with writing: We shall share the bill between the three of us. It is often necessary in geographical contexts to use between for more than two objects: Switzerland lies between Italy, Germany, and France. (1) across (a space). His body was firmly wedged between the two rocks. (2) across (a period of time). What did you do between two o'clock and three o'clock? (3) in the middle of. The journey by air to England takes between ten and twelve hours. The girt was torn between her love for her father and her desire to see justice done. (4) separating. There is a wide river between the two villages. (5) connecting, uniting. There is something between the two men: find out what it is. (6) shared by. He divided the money between John and me. When co-operation is expressed, between is more commonly used than among. The members of the class collected fifty dollars between them. betwixt An archaic preposition used sometimes in poetry to mean between and frequently shortened to 'twixt. As ’twixt two equal Armies. Fate Suspends uncertain victory . . . (From Donne's "The Ecstasy") beyond (1) past, at the farther side of. The wood is beyond the stream. (2) past, out of reach of. The apples on the tree hung beyond the outstretched hands of the small boy. The evil man is not beyond salvation. (3) later than. It was beyond midnight when we left the party. but except. See except. No one but Sherlock Holmes can solve this problem. Is there nothing to drink but water? by (1) Jack was punished by his father. Used after verbs in the passive voice to denote the agent of the action. Cf. with — by means of. By is used to signify the agent by whom (or which) the action is done; with is used to signify the instrument with which the action is done. See with (1). He was murdered by the angry mob. (= The angry mob murdered him) He was murdered with this old knife. (= Someone used this old knife to murder him) (2) at the side of, near. The old woman wished to be buried by her husband. There was a large dog lying by the entrance. (3) via. We travelled to India by South Africa. (4) past. A horse ran by the group of be­wildered visitors. (5) by means of. He passed the examination by sheer hard work. This old engine is driven by steam. You can always contact me by telephone. (6) during. The pilgrims travelled by night and rested by day. Note: by night = during the night. (7) at or before (a time). The ship will arrive in Southampton by ten o’clock. I shall have finished by next Friday. Note that the Simple Future or Future Perfect Tense is often used with this construction. Care should be taken not to confuse until ( = up to the time of) with by ( = at). Consider the following sentences: The ship will not arrive in Southamp­ton by ten o’clock. (= The ship will not arrive at ten o'clock) The ship will not arrive in Southamp­ton until ten o’clock. ( = The ship will arrive at ten o'clock) (8) By Jove, Tom won the race. Used in oaths, despite in spite of. They will come with us despite the bad weather. Not much used in conversation. down (1) from the top to the bottom of. We scrambled down the hill. (2) along. / went down the country lane for a few miles. during (1) throughout. Sentries guarded the camp during the night. (3) at some particular time in. Many people were made homeless during the floods. except AH the pupils attended the meeting except Tony. Many students experience difficulty in deciding when to use except, but, save, and when to use except for, but for, save for. Except = not in­cluding: except for = on condition that you ignore the following (fact). Except should be used if exceptions are made from plural nouns or words with a plural mean­ing : I go to school every day except Sunday. However, if the exception is not from the plural noun and the word modifies another word or group of words in the sentence, except for should be used: The roads are deserted except for a few cars. If the exception is made from a singular noun denoting a complete unit in itself, the word to use is except for. This is a good essay except for the first paragraph. for (1) on behalf of. Mr Smith said that he signed the cheque for his wife. (4) in place of, instead of. He used the ash-tray for a paper-weight. The abbreviation M.A. stands for Master of Arts. (5) in exchange for, for the price of. / will give you £100 for your car. (6) in order to obtain. He plays the piano for pleasure. (7) at the cost of. He could not sing for his life. (8) regarding. As for this class, I do not think their chances of passing the test are very good. Note that as generally precedes for when used in contexts similar to the above. (9) in search of, to obtain. Many people went to Alaska for gold. (10) on account of, because of. He hired a guide for fear of getting tost. (11) towards. The ship sails for the Far East. Used after verbs expressing departure or direction towards a place: e.g. leave for, set off for, make for. (12) used for. This wardrobe is for clothes. (13) She baked a cake for her son (i.e. intended for him to eat). What can I do for you? (i.e. to help you). Used to denote a recipient of some­thing. (14) This pen is no good for you. It was fortu­nate for you that he was there. The room is too big for you. Used after certain adjectives and adverbs when they affect a person or a thing. (15) His hopes for success in the election were soon dashed. The neighbouring country showed its desire for peace by reducing its armed forces. Used after certain nouns and verbs ex­pressing a wish, a hope, or an expectation. (16) making an allowance for, considering the circumstances. He is a big boy for his age. (17) in certain expressions such as go for a walk, go for a holiday, etc. (18) Plenty of fresh air will be good for his health. Smoking is bad for the lungs. (19) in support of, in favour of. How many are for the motion? How many are against it? (20) as. The committee chose Mr Ismail for vice-president. This room is used for a spare bedroom. (21) during. / have lived in Ceylon for two years. He hadn't seen John for five years. Note that for is used to denote a period of time: since is used (as a preposition) to signify the beginning of a period of time. / have lived in Ceylon since 1962. Occasionally, for can be omitted (whereas since can never be omitted). / have lived in Ceylon two years. Consider the difference between the following two sentences: Has she been absent for the last year? Has she been absent since last year? See since. from (1) separated from, distant from. Your house is a long way from the beach. The village is ten miles from the highway. (22)have an origin in. He is from China. Wine is made from grapes. (23)The musicians travelled from London to Singapore. It was a good film from beginning to end. Count from 1 to 20. Used to express the point of departure. (24)have as a reason orcause. The boy screamed from fear as the tiger came towards him. (25) Choose a book from this shelf. I cannot distinguish him from his brother. Used to signify comparison or difference. in (1) during (a period of time). Jim answered all the questions in ten minutes. Generally used with the Past Tense to denote a duration of time. (26)after (a period of time). She will meet us in two hours. Generally used with the Future Tense to denote the period of time within which the action will take place. (27) during, at some time during. She teaches in the morning only. The examination will be in June. They will return home for their holidays in summer. We left Nigeria in 1960. Used before parts of the day, weeks, months, seasons, and years. (See Appendix, page 134) (28)She lives in London. Used before the names of (important) towns, cities, countries, etc., or any large area. See at (3). (29)That book is not in the library. He has a sword in his hand. I saw him in the theatre. Used to denote a state or position in contexts like the above. (30) He is going in the front door of the building. Pour some water in the bottle. Note that in and into are usually interchange­able when movement is denoted (except when in has the meaning of through as in the first example above): into, however, is often used after go. (31)Between the trees I caught sight of the man in the brown suit. Who was the girl in the blue dress? Used often to denote the clothes, etc., in which a person is dressed. Note that with is used to denote physical characteristics and any­thing which is carried. Compare the following two sentences: She went to the party in a new dress (i.e. wearing a new dress). She went to the party with a new dress (i.e. carrying a new dress). This distinction is, however, a fine one, and with is often used colloquially in such contexts instead of in. See with (2). (32) You are wasting your efforts in attempting this impossible feat. Used before a gerund ex­pressing some kind of activity. inside He was waiting inside the cinema. Once inside the door, the thief took off his mask. into (1) He went into the house. The elephants wandered back into the jungle. Used to express a movement inwards: into can never be used to express a state. (33) He put all the money into a big pile. He translated the play into French. Used to express a change of condition. (34) divide so as to form several parts. His mother cut the cake into six pieces. like She saw a strange animal like a dragon. Your shoes are just like mine. I want a pen like John's. He raved like a madman. P number of gram­marians would class like as an adverb of degree in the last sentence above. (He raved like a madman = He raved like a madman raves.) near Mrs Jones sat near the fire. There are many trees near the new school. He insisted on stand­ing near me. of (1) belonging to: part of. She was the daughter of my friend. The leaves of this tree are beginning to fall. The wood of this desk is cracked. (2) from. Tibet is north of India. Note that of can be used with certain words to mean from: die of wounds, expect something of a person, etc. (3) have an origin in, come from. He congratu­lated himself on coming of a good family. (4) selected from, belonging to. / gave him a book of mine. (5) showing the identity or quality of. The chair is (made) of wood. A bridge of steel stretched across the river. (6) The teacher took out a piece of chalk. I have bought a new pair of gloves. We travelled over a mile of rough road. The little boy wanted to buy a pound of biscuits. Used in such phrases to show measurement or amount. (7) among. The murder could have been com­mitted by any of those present at the party. (8) about, concerning. He spoke of the great inventor with much respect. Note that of cannot be used to mean about after the verb to be. See also about (1). (9) It is kind of you to present the prizes. It was wicked of him to plot against the king. It was clever of the king to discover the plot. (1 0) having. He was a man of great determina­tion. Used after a noun or pronoun to form an adjectival phrase. Of is frequently used to show qualities of character and also to show ages. She is a girl of much ability. He was a man of thirty. (11) The island of Hong Kong is a great trading centre. The Isle of Capri is near Naples. You are now in the City of Leeds. off (1) away from. He broke a piece off the cake. She cut a slice off the loaf. He jumped off the wall. Keep off the grass (= Don't walk on the grass). (2) less than. They are selling the radios at twenty per cent off the market price. (3) near (of ships). / saw the ship off the jetty. on (1) on the surface of, on top of. There is a cat on the roof! I like that picture on the wall. (2) covering, in contact with a surface. She was wearing a wedding-ring on her third finger. Although the actor was dressed in a suit, he had sandals on his feet. (3) Is Sam Jones on the ship? His friends live on the other side of the town. Used to denote a general position. (4) I m going to a football match on Saturday. We arranged to meet on June 20th. What are you doing on Christmas Day? (Cf. What are you doing at Christmas?} Used to indicate a position in time, usually a day or a date. See at (2). (5) as soon as, immediately after. On reaching home, I had a bath and changed my clothes. (6) as a result of. On further consideration of your plan, I think it advisable to call for more assistance. (7) about, concerning. / was asked to give a talk on my research. We talked on many subjects. Note that on is usually interchangeable with about and concerning. (8) Who is on the jury? Are you on the com­mittee? (but Are you in the club?) Used chiefly to show membership of small or exclusive associations. (9) near to. / saw a shadow on my left. Used chiefly with right and left. (Note: in front of me, at my side, etc.) (10) The house is on fire. I received the book on loan. He acted on impulse. Used before many nouns. (See Chapter 3) onto See on to on page 8. opposite The shop opposite the school sells radios. The cinema is opposite (to) our house. out Out is never a preposition. When followed by of, the phrase means the opposite of into. See out of on page 8. outside (1) He was waiting outside the cinema. She was standing outside the door. (11)apart from, except for. He is the only person who knows about the plan outside the committee. (12)beyond. If you insist on going outside the law, you must expect legal penalties. over (1) above (without touching). A sign hung over the inn door. Over is often interchangeable with above in such contexts, but over has the meaning of verti­cally above, while above implies only higher than. See above (1). (2) above (touching), on the surface of. Grass is growing over the aerodrome. The burglar put a mask over his face. Note that above can never be substituted for over in these contexts. (3) across. He walked over the road to greet me. (4) from one side to the other of. The boys quickly climbed over the wall into the orchard. (5) superior to. A new manager has been appointed over us. (6) more than, above. Over five hundred people were present at the ceremony. See above (2). (7) about, concerning. He went to see Mr Jones over his son's poor examination results. The quarrel was over a small child. past (1) The soldiers marched past the church. (8) The poor woman is past praying for (= we have given up hope). (9) He is past forty ( = over forty years old). It is now ten past two. round (1) rotating, so as to encircle or enclose. The earth goes round the sun. Around is not substituted for round with this meaning in formal English. See around. (2) surrounding, on every side of. The enemy gathered round the village. Around and round are interchangeable in such contexts as above. (3) throughout, to all parts of. He went round the whole town asking for work. save except. See except. The whole class save Peter arrived on time. Used little in conversation. since (1) I have not seen David since 1950. He has been absent since last week. Used before an expression denoting a definite point in past time to show a continuous period of time extending from the point in the past to the present moment. (2) after. / have visited Ann only once since her accident. The trains run less frequently since the introduction of the new timetable. They have seen the thieves several times since the robbery. Used before an expression denoting past time to show an event or events which happened at particular points during the period of time extending from the past to the present. Note: (i) The Simple Present or the Present Perfect Tense is generally used before phrases beginning with since. (ii) Since is used more frequently as an adverb than as a preposition. (iii) See for (19). through (1) between the parts of, from one end to the other of. He peered through his binoculars. We went through a wood to the cottage. (2) all of. He searched through my belongings. (3) because of. by means of, on account of. / met her through John. He passed the examina­tion through hard work. throughout through the whole of. Throughout his life, the'doctor always tried to help others. till See until. to (1) / travelled by boat to Bombay last year. They returned to their village. The acrobat jumped to the ground. Used to denote a point of arrival or completion. Note that it is often used with this meaning after the verb go in such phrases as: go to bed, go to church, go to prison, go to sea, go to town, go to work, (but go to the office, go to the city, go to the shop, etc.: go home) (2) in the direction of. towards. While on his way to the cinema, he met an old friend. The wood Ues to the north of the road. (3) as far as. / went with the guide to the foot of the mountains. (4) until. He said he would be busy from two o'clock to four o'clock. (5) You will be late: it is already five (minutes) to nine. Used in telling the time to mean before. See past (3). (6) This film is nothing to ( = in comparison with) the one I saw yesterday. The chances of success are a hundred to one. The ratio is four to nine. Used often to show a comparison or ratio, (but: The gradient of this hill is mostly one in five.} (7) Stand shoulder to shoulder. There was much hand-to-hand fighting in the streets. I would like to meet that villain face to face and tell him exactly what I think of him. Used in such expressions to express closeness involving a certain opposition or competition. (8) To my utter astonishment, he laughed when he heard the news. The small boy did not appear frightened, much to the dismay of his kidnappers. Used frequently before nouns express­ing emotion to denote the result or effect of an action on another person. (9) Give it to him. Her father brought the basket to her. Add it to the bill. Used to introduce an indirect object. Note that the sentence pattern consists of: Subj. + Verb + Direct Obj. + Prep. + Ind. Obj. e g. Her father brought the basket to her. Many of these patterns can be changed to: Subj. + Verb + Ind. Obj. + Direct Obj. e.g. Give him it. Her father brought her the basket. However, certain verbs will not permit of such a change: Add it to the bill. Join the end to this piece. (10) To is also used as a particle marking the infinitive (i) after certain verbs, (ii) in infinitive phrases, and (iii) to denote purpose. The stranger suddenly began to sing. "To be or not to be, that is the question." / went home to find my book. Note that to in these cases is not a preposition but a particle. toward(s) (1) in the direction of, to. The wounded man crawled towards the door. Towards is preferable to to, if the idea of moving in the direction of is stressed. (11) in relation to, with regard to. / felt a lot of gratitude towards my host. (12) for the purpose of. You should save as much money as possible towards your coming holiday. (13) near, just before. We are now coming towards the end of the cave. They left the party towards midnight. Note: toward is sometimes used in poetry, and even in conversation, instead of towards. under (1) lower than, vertically below, beneath. There was a black spot under his left eye. We sheltered under the big tree. Under and beneath are often interchangeable; below, however, is not always interchangeable, for it means merely lower than, while under sug­gests vertically below. Compare the following two sentences: He hid under the table (= under­neath the table). He hid below the table (= lower than the top of the table.) Antonym = over. See below (1). Note that under and beneath are often used figuratively, while below cannot be used in this way. He became ill under the heavy burden of work. The staves cried out under the oppression. (2) below (the surface of). The stranger had a gun under his cloak. (3) less than. This car cost under £500. Under a quarter of the members attended the meeting. (4) inferior to. At least ten boys were under John in the results of the test. (5) subject to. His father could not agree to Bill working under such conditions. This road is under repair. (6) -sheltered by. / was no longer frightened because I was under the protection of my big brother. We stood under the wall white the stones flew overhead. (7) in the reign of. Sir Francis Drake lived under Queen Elizabeth I. underneath (1) There is a blot underneath the first Une on that page. We were standing underneath an old arch. (8) He was wearing a thick vest underneath his shirt. Underneath is frequently interchangeable with under, beneath, and below. until (till) (1) up to the time of. The children stayed awake till midnight. I shall be absent till January. (9) before. Until his accident, he had always been strong and healthy. Till is generally used before a single word or a phrase; until is more common at the beginning of a sentence. unto Archaic and literary. (No longer used in modern English.) Unto has the same meanings as to except as a particle marking the infinitive. See to. up The brave fireman quickly climbed up the ladder and rescued the old woman. Once up the moun­tain. the climbers found the air cool and fresh. upon Upon/On our arrival, the natives began to sing and dance. The lecture will be upon/on the effects of the radio satellite. But: / hope to see him on (not upon) Saturday. This preposition is a compound of up and on, and may be used instead of on in all cases, ex­cept when on denotes a position in time. How­ever, on is much more commonly used, especially in colloquial English. See on. with (1) by means of. He sharpened his pencil with a small knife. I cannot write with this pen. He was struck with a blunt instrument. With denotes the instrument with which the action is done; by can sometimes be substituted for with in contexts containing the Passive Voice. By, however, cannot be interchanged with with in other contexts (as in the first two examples above). See by (1). (10) having. / bought the chair with the broken leg. He felt unhappy until he met a man with no money at all. I saw the man with the scar on his face. He spoke with a foreign accent. She was talking to the lady with the large basket. With is used to form phrases showing posses­sion or certain characteristics. It is used in rela­tion to people to show physical features and to denote anything which is carried (e.g. a basket). See in (7). (11) in the possession of. You may leave your case with the porter. (12) on the side of. The Americans fought with the English against the Germans. Are you with me or against me? (13) against. Why do you wish to quarrel with me? It's no good trying to compete with those who have so much more experience than you. (14) in the company of, among. / am going to England with my sister. She is playing on the lawn with her friends. (15) regarding, concerning. Some teachers are very good with young children. What does he want with you? (16) because of. She laughed with joy. (17) in spite of. With all your faults, I still like you. (18) With certain people, truth appears to be no longer important. (19) at the same time as. The old man gets up every morning with the sun. (20) in proportion to. The petrol consumption usually increases with the age of a car. (21) The sick man climbed the steps with great difficulty. He witnessed the ceremony with considerable pride. With a grinding of brakes the train came to a halt. Used in many similar adverbial phrases showing manner. (22) Off with his head! ( = Cut off his head) Away with you! (= Go away) Down with all traitors! (=Let all traitors be punished) Used immediately after adverbial particles in impera­tives like the above. See Appendix VIL within (1) inside or in (a place). No sound came from within the big house. Within is not often used now with this mean­ing; in or inside can be substituted for within. (2) inside (a period of time). You must pay me back within one month. (3) not beyond. A man should always try to live within his means. We are now within sight of the airport. without (1) not having, lacking in, free from. The poor man went without food and shelter for several days. I can't pay my bill, as I am without money. He came without delay. The boy climbed the diff without any fear. (2) alone, not in company with. Mr Joyboy is going on holiday without his wife. (3) so as not to. Can you dose the door with­out waking the baby? Used before other gerunds in similar contexts. (4) outside, beyond. There is a green hill far away Without a city wall (C. F. Alexander) Rarely used now, and never in speech. There are also a number of compound prepositions which are common in English and which have the force of a single preposition. along with together with, in company with. He went on the dangerous journey along with his two friends. but for But for the doctor's skill, he would have died. To decide when to use but and when to use but for. see except on page 3. down to The water is now down to the level of the bridge. except for The road was deserted except for a few cars. To decide when to use except and when to use except for, see except on page 3. from above, etc. A voice was heard from above the house. A man emerged from beneath the lorry. Most of the children came from near the school. From may precede many other prepositions. into See into on page 4. near by/near to The wood is near by/near to the school. on to The thief climbed on to the roof. The thief climbed onto the roof. Both the above sentences are correct for this compound preposition may be written either as two separate words or as one word in many cases, though onto is becoming rare. However, on to must be written as two words when on is part of a phrasal verb (i.e. an adverbial particle). The travellers agreed to carry on to Australia. opposite to Do you see the man standing opposite to the teacher? (Opposite, however, is more usual.) out of (1) expresses a movement outwards. The man came out of the hotel. (Antonym = into) (2) outside, beyond. London Airport is a few miles out of London. (3) on account of, because of. He fell in love with her out of pity. (4) a part of. The juggler caught the balls nine times out of ten. (5) not in. The car is out of action. My radio set is out of order. over against near by, adjacent to. The cupboard is over against the window. over and above besides. The employer promised his men an increase in wages over and above the granting of shorter hours. round about approximately (reinforcing the idea of about). He earns round about €20 a week. save for It is a good book save for the last chapter. To decide when to use save and when to use save for. see except on page 3. upon See upon on page 7. up to as far as. During the floods the water came up to the bottom of the window. (2) on the authority of. According to the doctor, Mr Smith has been ill for a long time. apart from besides. What do you study apart from English? as for so far as it concerns, regarding. As for the thief, I am sure that he will soon be caught. See for (6). as from The guarantee will cease to be operative as from 24th April 1962. Used mainly in formal letters. Certain other words combine with a preposition to form a phrase which is equivalent to a single preposition. Here are some common ones according to (1) in a similar manner to, in agreement with. Do this problem according to the way you have been shown. He acted according to my instructions. as to regarding. / have no doubts as to your son's ability. because of owing to, on account of. Because of his poor health, he could not work in a tropical country. due to Due to is not a prepositional phrase because due is an adjective and must be linked to the noun or pronoun it qualifies. Due to should not be used to introduce an adverbial phrase of reason: "Due to the fog, the train was late." (The train was not "due to the fog '.) Use due to: (a) after a noun or pronoun to introduce an adjectival construction: Heavy rain, due to the south-west monsoon, is on the way. (b) as a complement of a verb, usually the verb to be: His absence was due to his illness. Other constructions to express the same mean­ing require owing to: Owing to his illness, he was absent. Owing to the south-west monsoon, it will soon start raining heavily. See owing to. It is often possible to substitute because of or on account of when in doubt about whether to use due to or owing to. The misuse of due to may have serious con­sequences when it causes ambiguity: "I could not attend the meeting, due to preparations to go abroad." (Was the meeting held as a result of my preparations to go abroad or could I not attend on account of my preparations to go abroad?) instead of in place of. He went to the meeting instead of his employer. next to The hotel is next to the church. owing to because of. This is an ordinary pre­positional phrase in its usage. Unlike due to. it requires no noun or pronoun to precede it and it is often used at the beginning of a sentence. See due to. Owing to the floods, several train services have been suspended. previous to before. What was your job previous to your accident? prior to before. Prior to his return, he wrote to everyone about his recent marriage. together with (1) in the company of. I went to Rome together with my students. (2) as well as. He gave me some paints together with an easel. A small number of present participles can be used also as prepositions, but they are not preceded by a noun, pronoun, or auxiliary verb. They are called participial prepositions. barring He should return at five o'clock, barring an accident. concerning Concerning the lectures, few students think it is advisable to attend. Not used in speech. considering / think you were treated unfairly, considering everything you did. excepting Everyone, not excepting the pilot, survived the crash. notwithstanding Notwithstanding his unpopu­larity, the brave man faced the violent crowd. More characteristic of written than spoken style, pending The case has been adjourned pending further inquiries. In formal letters and reports. regarding Regarding your application. I am pleased to inform you that you have been successful. Very formal written style. Business jargon. respecting Respecting the accident, the police wish to contact a ten-year-old boy who was passing by on a bicycle. Very formal written style. Business jargon.

Preposition Workshhet-1.0 Fill in the following gaps with prepositions: The passengers are ready to go __________ the ship. There's always a lot of fuss __________ that issue. He reached a level far __________ the others. You can't afford to be __________ work today. According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow. We walked __________ the park and enjoyed the scenery. Let's meet up __________ the party. You don't have to agree __________ everything I say. She was always __________ her time in the fashion world. We'll go hiking __________ the beautiful mountains. She sat __________ her best friend at the picnic. __________ all the noise, I heard your voice. __________ the chaos, there was a sense of calm. The treasure was hidden __________ the rocks. There are no secrets __________ us. He's always whining __________ something. The cat is hiding __________ the table. They lived happily __________ their means. Let's exclude John __________ our plans. Following the recipe, add sugar __________ the mix. We can't continue __________ you. The view __________ the mountain was breathtaking. We must be there __________ noon. Don't leave your backpack __________ the chair. They're having a discussion __________ politics. I can't believe you're still stuck __________ the past. Let's go __________ the woods and explore. I need your help __________ this matter. We are all dependent __________ each other. This book is dedicated __________ my parents. She's afraid __________ snakes. They argued loudly __________ the decision. His success is attributed __________ hard work. You need to apologize __________ your behavior. She's addicted __________ social media. I'm not interested __________ politics. The children are playing __________ the yard. We need to comply __________ the rules. She's confident __________ her abilities. I'm impressed __________ your progress. They live __________ the city center. He was charged __________ stealing. This is a great solution __________ the problem. I'm tired __________ waiting. Don't be blind __________ the truth. He often boasts __________ his achievements. We're counting __________ your support. They always care __________ their customers. She's capable __________ solving complex problems. I can't believe you're guilty __________ such a crime. I hanker __________ adventure. He's ignorant __________ the subject. The company is indebted __________ its employees. They are independent __________ external influences. I indulge __________ occasional treats. He's innocent __________ any wrongdoing. The police conducted an inquiry __________ the matter. She insisted __________ coming with us. __________ spite __________ the rain, we went hiking. I have a strong interest __________ art. Don't interfere __________ their business. He often laughs __________ my jokes. We need to lead __________ a new era. The monument is dedicated __________ soldiers. We mourn __________ the loss of a great artist. Good nutrition is essential __________ health. We made an exception __________ the rule. She excludes him __________ her plans. They have experience __________ marketing. He was faced __________ a difficult decision. Let's pray __________ world peace. I prefer coffee __________ tea. Show some respect __________ your elders. He always responds __________ emails promptly. He retired __________ his job at age 65. We'll return __________ the topic later. The workers revolted __________ the unfair treatment. Don't shout __________ your sister. She smiled __________ the compliment. This is a potential solution __________ the problem. I'm sorry __________ your loss. She suffers __________ migraines. This dress is suited __________ formal occasions. She's superior __________ her peers. We offer our sympathy __________ your loss. I have a strong taste __________ spicy food. He's true __________ his word. This coupon is valid __________ one year. We're going __________ a walk-up apartment. I can't believe you climbed __________ that tree! Don't make a fuss __________ minor issues. We should aim __________ success. They're alarmed __________ the sudden noise. Let's allot time __________ each task. He has an alternative __________ this plan. She has a deep affection __________ animals. I admire his dedication __________ his work. The teacher is strict __________ her students. She's always been biased __________ her son. Don't boast __________ your achievements. Preposition Workshhet-1.0 Answer The passengers are ready to go aboard the ship. There's always a lot of fuss about that issue. He reached a level far above the others. You can't afford to be absent from work today. According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow. We walked across the park and enjoyed the scenery. Let's meet up after the party. You don't have to agree against everything I say. She was always ahead of her time in the fashion world. We'll go hiking along the beautiful mountains. She sat alongside her best friend at the picnic. Amid all the chaos, the preposition amid stands out. Amidst the rubble, you have the word amidst. The treasure was hidden among the rocks. There are no secrets between us. He's always whining about something. The cat is hiding behind the table. They lived happily above their means. Let's exclude John from our plans. Following the recipe, add sugar to the mix. We can't continue without you. The view atop the mountain was breathtaking. We must be there before noon. Don't look past the preposition past. Below the surface of the water, you can find hidden treasures. I can't believe you're still stuck in the past. Let's go around the woods and explore. I need your help with this matter. We are all dependent on each other. This book is dedicated to my parents. She's afraid of snakes. They argued loudly about the decision. His success is attributed to hard work. You need to apologize for your behavior. She's addicted to social media. I'm not interested in politics. The children are playing in the yard. We need to comply with the rules. She's confident in her abilities. I'm impressed by your progress. They live in the city center. He was charged with stealing. This is a great solution to the problem. I'm tired of waiting. Don't be blind to the truth. He often boasts of his achievements. We're counting on your support. They always care for their customers. She's capable of solving complex problems. I can't believe you're guilty of such a crime. I hanker after adventure. He's ignorant of the subject. The company is indebted to its employees. They are independent of external influences. I indulge in occasional treats. He's innocent of any wrongdoing. The police conducted an inquiry into the matter. She insisted on coming with us. In spite of the rain, we went hiking. I have a strong interest in art. Don't interfere in their business. He often laughs at my jokes. We need to lead to a new era. The monument is dedicated to soldiers. We mourn for the loss of a great artist. Good nutrition is essential for health. We made an exception to the rule. She excludes him from her plans. They have experience in marketing. He was faced with a difficult decision. Let's pray for world peace. I prefer coffee to tea. Show some respect to your elders. He always responds to emails promptly. He retired from his job at age 65. We'll return to the topic later. The workers revolted against unfair treatment. Don't shout at your sister. She smiled at the compliment. This is a potential solution to the problem. I'm sorry for your loss. She suffers from migraines. This dress is suited for formal occasions. She's superior to her peers. We offer our sympathy for your loss. I have a strong taste for spicy food. He's true to his word. This coupon is valid for one year. We're going to a walk-up apartment. I can't believe you climbed up that tree! Don't make a fuss about minor issues. We should aim for success. They're alarmed at the sudden noise. Let's allot time for each task. He has an alternative to this plan. She has a deep affection for animals. I admire his dedication to his work. The teacher is strict with her students. She's always been biased towards her son. Don't boast about your achievements. Preposition Worksheet 1.1 1. Industrial production has expanded __ the last three decades. 2. Someone came to meet you __ you were out. 3. We watched TV __ two hours. 4. __ his visit, the Pope will also bless the new hospital. 5. I lived in London __ two years. 6. I went to Scotland twice __ my stay in London. 7. I’ll be at home __ the weekend. We can meet then. 8. I visited my home town after many years. __ those years, a lot had changed. 9. I watched five movies __ I was ill. 10. The castle was built __ tenth century. 11. There were many interruptions __ the chief guest’s speech. 12. Can you prepare the dishes __ I fetch milk from the nearby store? 13. I was ill __ few days last week. 14. I hurt my leg __ climbing stairs. 15. I didn’t miss a single class __ my first year. 16. Most students looked bored __ the lecture. 17. Because I had to reach home before dinner, I could stay with my friends __ just two hours. 18. I visited most places of touristic interest __ my stay in Paris. 19. You shouldn’t look directly at the Sun __ an eclipse. 20. __ a pause in the conversation, I excused myself and left for home. 21. There were fifty rooms __ the hotel. 22. I play cricket __ the Lion’s Cricket Club every weekend. 23. The flight was fine, but the food __ the plane wasn’t good. 24. I first saw the newly-launched phone in the shop __ MG Road. 25. The meeting between the two head of the states will take place __ Race Course Road. 26. Hurry up, we’ve to leave __ five minutes. 27. I don’t like traveling __ night. 28. I liked the book so much that I finished it __ a day. 29. I’m going for lunch and will be back __ 30 minutes. 30. Smith is busy __ the moment. 31. Michael Phelps won eight gold medals __ Beijing in 2008. 32. I went to see him off __ the station. 33. After the train left, it started to rain. So I took shelter __ the station. 34. I’ve got __ to the train and will reach Bangalore by 6 PM. 35. There was a security alert __ the airport. 36. Take a left turn __ the roundabout. 37. I see a spider __ the door. 38. Show me what’s there __ your bag. 39. There are plenty of fish __ this pond. 40. What time do you usually arrive __ work? 41. Let’s meet ___ the morning tomorrow. 42. Let’s meet ___ Friday morning. 43. I’m flying out to Madrid ___ Tuesday. 44. The train left ___ 9 AM. 45. I’m shifting to a new locality ___ summer. 46. Someone is there ___ the window. 47. Munich lies ___ the South of Germany. 48. A fly is sitting ___ his shoulder. 49. Which is the most populous city ___ the world? 50. The shelf is cluttered with too many books ___ it. 51. They’ve been married ___ six years. 52. X: How long did you stay at the party yesterday night? Y: ___ 1 AM. 53. The temperature is five degrees ___ zero. (Over, above, beneath, from) 54. I’m used to working ___ nine ___ nine. (Since, from, for, at) 55. How often do you go ___ the gym? 56. I went ___ my friend’s house, but she wasn’t ___ home. 57. X: What course did you take ___ university? Y: I didn’t go ___ university. 58. He won’t come to the office for another four days, as he is ___ holiday. 59. I attended the conference on digital marketing yesterday. There I met Jennifer ___ the lunch break. 60. Output at the plant went down by almost 40 percent ___ the strike. 61. The phone bill has to be paid __ Friday. 62. Don’t pay the bill today. Wait __ tomorrow. 63. The book fare is open __ 05 April. 64. If you want to get books at a discount, get them __ 05 April, the last date of the book fare. 65. You have to bring my car back __ the end of the month. 66. You can borrow my car __ the end of the month. 67. I waited for him __ 8:30 AM, and then I left for the office alone. 68. I’ve to leave for office __ 8:30 AM. 69. I’ve given myself __ June to find a job. 70. I’ve to find a job __ June. 71. I waited for my friend __ 5 PM, but he didn’t turn up. 72. My friend didn’t turn up even __ 5 PM. 73. You’ve to submit your assignment __ Thursday noon. 74. You’ve __ Thursday noon to submit your assignment. 75. Please return my book __ Sunday evening. 76. You’ve __ Sunday evening to return my book. 77. Most people left the party __ 2 AM. 78. The party went on __ 4 AM. 79. I’ve taken a resolution to not drink __ the end of year. 80. I’ll return your money __ the end of the year. 81. He was shot __ a pistol. 82. He wiped his face __ a tissue. 83. I prefer watching sporting events __ television than see them live in the stadium. 84. Japanese trains are almost always __ time. 85. My immunity to common cold is low, especially __ winter. 86. Would you like anything to drink __ your meal? 87. There is someone __ the door. Go and check who he is. 88. The fog was so thick that it was like walking __ the clouds. 89. The kid was so short that he couldn’t see __ the steering wheel. 90. The thieves climbed up the drain pipe and entered the house __ the window. 91. I somehow made it __ the road unscathed despite so much traffic. 92. We made our way to the first camp of our trek __ a narrow trail. 93. She drew a line __ the map. 94. I saw the dog scrambling __ the road. 95. There were hardly any American brands __ the cars in the parking. 96. The presenter drew a line __ the whiteboard to separate the two sets of data. 97. We had lunch at a restaurant on our way __ the airport. 98. The meeting was supposed to start at 9 AM, but it didn’t start __. 99. I got home just __ to escape the heavy rain. 100. Mr. Smith is busy __ present. 101. X: When are you coming back? Y: ___ Friday. 102. He’s ___ a vacation. He’ll be back ___ a week. 103. X: When did you come? Y: I’ve been here ___ 6 PM. 104. He came to see you ___ you had gone to college. 105. I bought the pen ___ one dollar. 106. I want to hand ___ the assignment? (About, around, in, of) 107. Many English words come ___ Latin. 108. Kindly take your feet ___ the table. 109. Can you put this picture ___ the wall? 110. Jane is going ___ UK next week. 111. In tennis, you have to hit the ball ___ the net. 112. How far is it ___ here ___ the airport? 113. Can you put this film ___ my camera? 114. The antelope swam ___ the river to escape the predators. 115. We’re going ___ the cinema tomorrow. 116. When did you arrive ___ London? 117. What time does the train get ___ London? 118. What time does the train reach ___ London? 119. I watched the news ___ television. 120. X: The shop is ___ fire. Call fire services. Preposition Worksheet 1.1 Answer 1. during 2. while 3. for 4. during 5. for 6. during 7. during/ over 8. during 9. while 10. during/ in 11. during 12. while 13. for 14. while 15. during/ in 16. during 17. for 18. during 19. during 20. During 21. in 22. at 23. on 24. in/ on 25. at 26. in 27. at 28. in 29. in 30. at 31. at/ in 32. at 33. in 34. on 35. at 36. at 37. on 38. in 39. in 40. At 41. in 42. on 43. on 44. at 45. in 46. at 47. in 48. on 49. in 50. on 51. for 52. until 53. above 54. from…to 55. to 56. to, at 57. at, to 58. on 59. during 60. During 61. by 62. until 63. until 64. by 65. by 66. until 67. until 68. by 69. until 70. by 71. until 72. by 73. by 74. until 75. by 76. until 77. by 78. until 79. until 80. By 81. with 82. with 83. on 84. on 85. in/ during 86. with 87. at 88. through 89. over 90. through 91. across 92. along 93. on/ across 94. across 95. among 96. across 97. to 98. on time 99. in time 100. At 101. on 102. on, in 103. since 104. while 105. for 106. in 107. from 108. off 109. on 110. to 111. over 112. from…to 113. in 114. across 115. to 116. in 117. to 118. no preposition required 119. on 120. On

Above and beyond: To exceed expectations or go the extra mile.She went above and beyond to help her coworkers. Across the board: Including everyone or everything; applying universally.The pay raise was given across the board to all employees. Across the Ocean: On the other side of the ocean.They live across the ocean in Europe. Across the Street: On the opposite side of the road or street.The park is across the street from my house. After all: Considering everything; in spite of doubts or reservations.I decided to go to the party, after all. After the Movie: Following the conclusion of the film.Let's grab dinner after the movie. Against the Wall: In contact with the wall; often used metaphorically.She stood with her back against the wall. Ahead of time: In advance; before a scheduled event or deadline.Please submit your report ahead of time. All of a sudden: Suddenly; without warning.He left all of a sudden without saying goodbye. Along the Road: Parallel to the road; next to the road.There are beautiful trees along the road. Along with: Together with; in addition to.I'll have the salad along with the steak. Apart from the rain, it was a beautiful day. Apart from: Besides; in addition to; except for. Around the Corner: In the nearby area; close by.The grocery store is around the corner. As for: Regarding; with regard to; concerning.I have no plans, as for tonight. As if: As though; in a way that suggests something is true, even if it's not.She acted as if she didn't care, but I knew she was upset. As of: Starting from a specified time or date.The new rules will be effective as of next month. Aside from: Apart from; excluding; other than.Aside from her, no one else knew the secret. At a Discount: For a reduced price.I bought the shirt at a discount. At a Distance: Far away; not nearby.The mountain range was at a distance. At a Fraction of: A small portion or percentage of.I got it at a fraction of the cost. At a Glance: With a quick look; briefly.I understood the concept at a glance. At a Guess: Estimating without precise information.I would say it's 30 years old, at a guess. At a Loose End: Having free time; not busy.I found myself at a loose end on the weekend. At a Loss: Confused or uncertain about something.I'm at a loss to explain the situation. At a Low Ebb: At a point of weakness or decline.His confidence was at a low ebb. At a Price: For a cost; with a negative consequence.She achieved success, but at a price. At a Rate of: At the speed or frequency of.The car was traveling at a rate of 100 miles per hour. At a Speed of: Moving with a certain velocity.The rocket reached a maximum speed at a speed of 25,000 miles per hour. At a Standstill: Completely stopped; not moving.Due to the traffic jam, we were at a standstill for hours. At All Costs: Regardless of the expense or effort required.They were determined to win at all costs. At All Events: In any case; regardless of what happens.I will attend the meeting at all events. At High Speed: Moving rapidly.The car raced at high speed down the highway. At Issue: In question; being discussed or debated.The topic at issue is of great importance. At Large: Free; not captured or confined.The fugitive is still at large. At Least: A minimum or lowest amount.You should get at least eight hours of sleep. At Length: In detail; thoroughly.He explained the process at length. At Liberty: Free to do as one pleases; not restricted.She's at liberty to choose her own path. At Most: A maximum or highest amount.The journey will take at most two hours. At Night: During the nighttime hours.The city comes alive at night. At Noon: At midday; 12 o'clock in the daytime.The meeting is scheduled for at noon. At odds with: In conflict or disagreement with; not in harmony with. At One Time: In the past; during a particular period.This building was a hospital at one time. At One’s Leisure: In one's free time; when convenient.Read the book at your leisure. At One’s Request: Because someone asked for it.I'm here at your request. At One’s Side: Beside someone; next to someone.He was always at her side. At Peace: In a state of calmness or tranquility.She found at peace in the countryside. At Risk: In danger; exposed to potential harm.Your health is at risk if you don't exercise. At Sight: Upon seeing; immediately upon view.He recognized her at sight. At the Double: With great speed; quickly.We need to get there at the double. At the End: When something is finished or concluded.They lived happily ever at the end of the story. At the expense of: To the detriment of; causing harm or disadvantage to.His success came at the expense of his personal life. At the hands of: By the actions or treatment of; often in a negative context.The painting was damaged at the hands of vandals. At the Office: In the workplace or office.I'll meet you at the office tomorrow. At the Outset: At the beginning or start.I mentioned it at the outset of our discussion. At the Store: Inside or within the store.I left my wallet at the store. At War: Engaged in armed conflict or warfare.The two countries were at war for years. Back and forth: In a to-and-fro motion; repeatedly between two points.They argued back and forth for hours. Because of the Rain: As a result of the rain.The game was canceled because of the rain. Because of: Due to; as a result of.The game was canceled because of the bad weather. Before the Concert: Prior to the musical performance.Let's meet before the concert begins. Behind the Curtains: Hidden from view; not visible to the audience.The actors are preparing behind the curtains. Behind the Scenes: In private; not visible to the public.She works behind the scenes to make things happen. Below the Surface: Beneath the top layer; not easily seen.There's a lot happening below the surface. Beneath the Surface: Below the exterior; not obvious.His true feelings were hidden beneath the surface. Beside the River: Next to the body of water.They set up their picnic beside the river. Between the Houses: In the space separating the buildings.There's a small garden between the houses. Beyond the Horizon: Further than the visible horizon.The ship sailed beyond the horizon. By Accident: Without intention; unintentionally.I stumbled by accident and dropped the glass. By Air: Using aircraft as a mode of transport.They traveled to Europe by air. By All Accounts: According to what is generally said or believed.By all accounts, the restaurant is excellent. By All Means: Certainly; definitely; without hesitation.You can borrow the book by all means. By and large: Generally; mostly; on the whole.The project was successful, by and large. By Any Standard: According to any measure or criterion.He is a successful musician by any standard. By Appointment: Arranged or scheduled in advance.You can visit the doctor by appointment only. By Birth: Because of one's birth; due to one's family or heritage.She is a princess by birth. By Chance: Happening unexpectedly or accidentally.I met her by chance at the coffee shop. By Check: Using a written financial instrument.You can pay by check or credit card. By Coincidence: Happening simultaneously without planning.It was by coincidence that they both arrived early. By Courtesy Of: As a gesture of politeness from someone.This event is sponsored by courtesy of the mayor. By Definition: According to the meaning or nature of something.Freedom is, by definition, the absence of oppression. By Degrees: Gradually; step by step.He improved his skills by degrees. By Design: Intentionally; with a purpose or plan.The changes were made by design. By Dint Of: By means of; through the force of.He succeeded by dint of hard work. By Far: By a great margin; significantly.She is by far the best player on the team. By Force: Through physical coercion or pressure.The door was opened by force. By Hand: Done manually or without the use of machines.She crafted the gift by hand. By Heart: From memory; without reading.He knows the poem by heart. By Land: Over land; not by sea or air.They traveled by land to reach their destination. By Law: According to the law or legal regulations.Smoking is prohibited by law in public buildings. By Luck: Through chance or fortunate circumstances.I found the rare coin by luck. By Marriage: Through marriage; as a result of marriage.She's my cousin by marriage. By means of: Through the use of; with the help of.He communicated with them by means of email. By Means Of: Using; with the help of.They communicated by means of a translator. By Mistake: Accidentally; in error.I took your bag by mistake. By My Watch: According to my timekeeping device.It's 3:30 by my watch. By Nature: Inherent; as a natural characteristic.He is by nature a kind and caring person. By No Means: Absolutely not; in no way.She is by no means an expert on the topic. By Request: Upon someone's request or demand.They played the song by request. By Rights: According to what is morally or legally expected.By rights, she should be the leader. By Sea: Using a sea route or method of transportation.They traveled by sea to reach the island. By Sight: Based on appearance or visual identification.I recognized him by sight. By the Name Of: Known as; identified by a particular name.The author by the name of Mark Twain wrote many famous books. By the Ocean: Next to the sea or ocean.Their house is by the ocean. By the Window: Next to the window.She sat by the window to enjoy the view. By virtue of: Because of; by reason of; due to a specific quality or situation.She gained her position by virtue of her experience. Down the Hill: Descending a slope or incline.We'll go down the hill to the park. During the Day: Throughout the daytime hours.I work during the day and rest at night. For a Change: As a variation or deviation from the usual.Let's have pizza for a change instead of burgers. For a Good Cause: In support of a charitable or worthwhile purpose.They organized the fundraiser for a good cause. For a Reason: With a specific purpose or justification.There must be a for a reason for this decision. For Certain: Definitely; without a doubt.I know for certain that he will be there. For Fear Of: Because of the fear of; to avoid something unpleasant.She didn't speak up for fear of being criticized. For Good: Permanently; without the possibility of return.He left the city for good. For Granted: Assuming something is true without questioning it.Don't take your health for granted. For Hire: Available to be hired or rented.The hall is for hire for events. For Lack Of: Because of the absence or shortage of something.He failed for lack of proper preparation. For Life: For the rest of one's life; permanently.They are committed to each other for life. For Love: Out of affection or deep caring.He did it for love of his family. For My: As a personal choice or preference.I bought this gift for my wife. For Real: Genuine; not fake or pretend.Is this offer for real? For the Benefit (of): In a way that helps or advantages someone or something.The fundraiser is for the benefit of the local school. For the Good Of: In the interest of; for the welfare or advantage of.He made sacrifices for the good of the company. For the Party: In preparation or celebration of a party.She bought balloons for the party. For the Sake Of: For the purpose or benefit of; for the reason of.They made compromises for the sake of peace. For Want Of: Due to a lack or absence of something.The project failed for want of proper funding. From the Airport: Originating or starting at the airport.Our journey begins from the airport. In accordance with: In agreement with; following a particular rule or guideline.We must act in accordance with company policy. In addition to: Besides; also; furthermore.He can play the guitar in addition to the piano. In an Uproar: In a state of chaos or confusion.The news caused the town to be in an uproar. In Answer To: As a response to a question or statement.He spoke in answer to her inquiry. In Anticipation Of: Expecting or preparing for something.They arrived early in anticipation of the event. In Arrears: Behind in payment; overdue.He was in arrears with his rent. In charge of: Responsible for; having authority over.She is in charge of the marketing department. In common with: Shared by; having something in common with.They both have a love in common with art. In comparison to/with: When comparing two things or ideas.This city is small in comparison to/with New York. In contrast to/with: To show differences between two things or ideas.Her calm demeanor was in contrast to/with his anger. In danger of: At risk of; likely to experience something negative.The village is in danger of flooding. In Danger: At risk of harm or danger. - They are in danger if they stay there. In Debt: Owing money; in a state of financial obligation. - He's been in debt for years. In Decline: Experiencing a decrease or reduction in quality or quantity. - The company is in decline. In Defense Of: To protect or support something. - He spoke in defense of his friend. In Demand: Wanted or requested by many people. - Her skills are in demand. In Detail: With comprehensive information or explanation. - She explained the process in detail. In Disgrace: In a state of shame or disgrace. - He left the party in disgrace. In Disguise: Concealed or hidden under a false appearance. - She traveled in disguise to avoid attention. In exchange for: In return for; as a trade or compensation.He gave his bicycle in exchange for her skateboard. In Fact: In reality; actually. - I'm not joking, in fact, I'm serious. In Fairness To: To be fair or just to someone. - In fairness to her, she did her best. In Favor Of: In support or approval of. - He voted in favor of the proposal. In favor of: Supporting; in agreement with; in a positive manner.Most people are in favor of the new policy. In Fear Of: Because of fear; out of anxiety. - He acted in fear of his safety. In Flames: On fire; engulfed in flames. - The building was in flames. In Flower: In bloom; covered in flowers. - The garden is in flower during spring. In Front of the Mirror: Positioned facing a reflective surface.She practiced her speech in front of the mirror. In front of: Located before or ahead of something.The car is parked in front of the house. In Full: Completely; to the maximum extent. - He apologized in full for his mistake. In Future: In the time to come; from now on. - Please be more careful in future. In Gear: Functioning or operating correctly. - The machine is now in gear. In General: Usually; as a rule; typically. - In general, I prefer tea over coffee. In Good Condition: In a state of good repair or health. - The car is in good condition. In Good Faith: Sincerely; with honest intentions. - They negotiated the deal in good faith. In Hand: In one's possession or control. - I have the documents in hand. In Harmony (With): In agreement or accordance with something. - Their actions are in harmony with their beliefs. In Haste: Quickly; without careful consideration. - He made the decision in haste. In Hiding: Concealed; not visible to others. - He is in hiding from the authorities. In High Spirits: Feeling happy and enthusiastic. - They were in high spirits after the victory. In Honor Of: As a tribute or recognition of someone or something. - The statue was erected in honor of a great leader. In Horror: In a state of shock or extreme fear. - She watched in horror as the accident happened. In Ink: Written or printed with ink. - The document was signed in ink. In lieu of: Instead of; in place of; as a substitute for.She received a bonus in lieu of a salary increase. In light of: Considering; taking into account; because of.We canceled the event in light of recent developments. In line with: Consistent with; following a similar path or direction.His actions were in line with our expectations. In of Focus: Not in focus; blurry or unclear. - The photograph is in of focus. In order to: For the purpose of; with the intention of.I studied hard in order to pass the exam. In place of: As a replacement for; instead of.He took her seat in place of her. In relation to: Concerning; regarding; in connection with.Let's discuss your question in relation to the project. In search of: Looking for; seeking; trying to find.He traveled the world in search of adventure. In spite of: Despite; without being affected by.She continued her work in spite of the obstacles. In terms of: With regard to; concerning; in relation to.In terms of sales, we're doing well. In the Car: Inside the vehicle.We'll eat our lunch in the car on the way. In the event of: If something happens; in case of.Call me in the event of an emergency. In the face of: When confronted by; despite opposition or difficulties.She remained calm in the face of criticism. In the form of: With the shape or appearance of; as a specific type.He received a gift in the form of a book. In the middle of: During; at a point during a period of time.They met in the middle of the night. In the Middle: Positioned between two or more things.He sat in the middle of the room. In the midst of: In the middle of; while something is happening.He spoke in the midst of the chaos. In the Morning: During the early part of the day.I like to have coffee in the morning. In the name of: Using the authority or identity of; as a representative of.He acted in the name of the president. In the presence of: While being watched or observed by someone.He proposed in the presence of their friends. In the process of: While something is happening or being done.We are in the process of renovating our house. In the shape of: Having the form or appearance of; resembling.The clouds were in the shape of animals. In the wake of: As a result of; following closely behind.The cleanup began in the wake of the storm. In Time: Eventually; at some point in the future. - You will understand in time. In view of: Considering; taking into account; because of.They made changes in view of the feedback. Instead of: In place of; as an alternative to.I'll have tea instead of coffee. Near the Park: Close to the park's location. - Our house is near the park. Next to: Beside; immediately following or adjacent to.Her office is next to mine. Off the Grid: Not connected to public utilities or services. - They live off the grid in a remote area. On a Diet: Following a specific eating plan to control weight. - I'm on a diet to lose a few pounds. On a Journey: Traveling from one place to another. - They are on a journey to explore new destinations. On a Large Scale: Involving a significant magnitude or scope. - The project is being executed on a large scale. On a Pension: Receiving regular payments after retirement. - He lives comfortably on a pension. On a Regular Basis: Consistently and at fixed intervals. - She exercises on a regular basis. On a Small Scale: Involving a limited magnitude or scope. - The experiment was conducted on a small scale. On a Spree: Engaging in a wild or excessive activity. - They went shopping on a spree. On a Trip: Currently traveling or away from home. - They are on a trip to Europe. On Account Of: Because of; as a result of. - The event was canceled on account of bad weather. On account of: Because of; due to.The event was canceled on account of bad weather. On An Expedition: Engaged in a journey or adventure. - They are on an expedition to study wildlife. On An Island: Located on an island. - Their cottage is on an island in the Caribbean. On Approval: Subject to being accepted or approved. - You can take it home on approval. On Average: Typically; as an average or typical result. - On average, it takes about an hour to commute. On Bail: Released from custody while awaiting trial. - He was let out on bail. On Balance: Considering all factors; taking everything into account. - On balance, it's a good decision. On behalf of: As a representative of; in support of.I'd like to thank you on behalf of the team. On Behalf Of: Representing someone or something. - I'm speaking on behalf of the committee. On Board: Aboard a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. - All passengers are on board the plane. On Business: For work or official purposes. - He's traveling on business. On Oath: Swearing to tell the truth; under oath. - He testified on oath in court. On Order: Requested or purchased for delivery. - The supplies are on order and will arrive soon. On Pain Of: With the risk of suffering a penalty or punishment. - He was told to stay away on pain of arrest. On Remand: Detained in custody while awaiting further legal proceedings. - He was held on remand until the trial. On Schedule: According to a planned timetable. - The project is proceeding on schedule. On Show: Displayed or exhibited for public viewing. - The artwork is on show at the gallery. On Strike: Engaged in a work stoppage as a form of protest. - The workers went on strike for better wages. On Suspicion Of: Under suspicion of; accused of a crime. - He was arrested on suspicion of theft. On the Agenda: Included as a topic for discussion or consideration. - The budget is on the agenda for today's meeting. On the Air: Currently broadcasting on radio or television. - The show is on the air right now. On the Brink Of: On the verge of; very close to. - They were on the brink of success. On the Dot: Exactly at the specified time; punctually. - The train departs on the dot at 9 AM. On the Edge Of: Positioned at the outer or extreme part of something. - Their house is on the edge of the forest. On the Floor: Positioned on the ground or floor. - The toy was lying on the floor. On the Phone: Engaged in a telephone conversation. - She's on the phone with her friend. On the Record: Officially stated; publicly acknowledged. - She made the statement on the record. On the Road: Traveling or touring from place to place. - The band is on the road for their concert tour. On the Table: Placed on a table; available for discussion. - The proposal is on the table for review. On the Way: In the process of coming or arriving. - They're on the way to the party. On Top of the World: Extremely happy or successful. - Winning the championship made him feel on top of the world. On top of: In addition to; over and above.She has a lot of work on top of her regular duties. On Watch: Responsible for monitoring or guarding something. - He's on watch for any suspicious activity. Out of Breath: Having difficulty breathing due to exertion. - He was out of breath after running a mile. Out of Context: Without the surrounding information; not in the right setting. - The quote is meaningless out of context. Out of Control: Not manageable; in a state of chaos. - The situation is out of control. Out of Curiosity: Out of a desire to know or understand. - She asked out of curiosity. Out of Date: No longer current or relevant. - That information is out of date. Out of Doors: Outside; in the open air. - They prefer to eat out of doors. Out of Duty: Acting based on one's sense of responsibility. - He did it out of duty as a parent. Out of Fashion: Not in style or not currently trendy. - Those clothes are out of fashion. Out of Hand: Beyond control; uncontrollable. - The party got out of hand. Out of Ideas: Having no more creative or innovative thoughts. - I'm out of ideas for the project. Out of Jealousy: Motivated by envy or resentment. - She acted out of jealousy. Out of One’s Mind: Insane or mentally unstable. - He was out of his mind with worry. Out of Order: Not functioning correctly or according to the rules. - The elevator is out of order. Out of Pity: Because of sympathy or compassion. - She helped him out of pity. Out of Place: Inappropriate for the situation or location. - His comment was out of place. Out of Practice: Not having practiced or used a skill recently. - She's out of practice on the piano. Out of Print: No longer available for sale as a book. - That book is out of print. Out of Reach: Beyond one's physical or metaphorical grasp. - The goal seemed out of reach. Out of Respect For: As a sign of respect or consideration. - We remained silent out of respect for the deceased. Out of Sight: Not visible; hidden from view. - The treasure is out of sight. Out of Spite: With the intention of causing harm or annoyance. - She did it out of spite. Out of Step: Not in harmony or agreement with something. - His actions are out of step with our values. Out of Stock: Not available for purchase; sold out. - The item is out of stock. Out of the Box: Unconventional; not following traditional rules or norms. - Their innovative approach is out of the box. Out of the Ordinary: Unusual or not typical. - The meal was out of the ordinary. Out of the Question: Not possible or acceptable. - Hiking in this weather is out of the question. Out of Work: Currently unemployed; without a job. - He's been out of work for months. Out of: Away from; not in possession or inside something.He took the cat out of the box. Outside of: Excluding; beyond the boundaries of; not inside or part of.Outside of work, she enjoys painting. Outside the Country: In a foreign nation; abroad. - They are traveling outside the country. Over the Moon: Extremely happy or delighted. - She was over the moon when she got the job. Over the Rainbow: Beyond one's wildest dreams or expectations. - Her success was over the rainbow. Owing to: Because of; as a result of.The delay was owing to technical issues. Past the Bridge: On the other side of the bridge. - The town is past the bridge. Prior to: Before; preceding in time or order.Please submit your application prior to the deadline. Regardless of: Without being affected by; in spite of.She continued her work regardless of the challenges. Their opinions were at odds with each other. Through the Woods: Moving within a forest or wooded area. - They took a hike through the woods. Throughout the Night: Continuously during the nighttime hours. - The party lasted throughout the night. To an Extent: To some degree; partially. - His theory is true to an extent. To Date: Up to the present time; until now. - I've received no complaints to date. To Excess: To an extreme degree; excessively. - He ate to excess at the buffet. To One’s Astonishment: To someone's great surprise. - To her astonishment, she won the award. To One’s Credit: Deserving praise or recognition. - He finished the project to his credit. To One’s Dismay: To someone's great disappointment or sadness. - To her dismay, the party was canceled. To Someone’s Face: Directly confronting or speaking to someone. - He criticized her to her face. To the Accompaniment Of: With music or sounds accompanying. - They danced to the accompaniment of the orchestra. To the Beach: Heading in the direction of the beach. - Let's go to the beach for some sun. To the Best Of: To the greatest degree or extent possible. - She did the job to the best of her ability. To the Contrary: In opposition to what has been stated or expected. - His actions are to the contrary of his words. To the Detriment Of: Harming or causing a disadvantage to something. - The new policy is to the detriment of small businesses. To the Exclusion Of: Excluding all others; without including. - He invited her to the exclusion of everyone else. To the Full: Completely; to the maximum extent. - He enjoyed the meal to the full. To the Satisfaction Of: Meeting someone's expectations or requirements. - The work was completed to the satisfaction of the client. To This Day: Even now; up to the present time. - People still talk about that incident to this day. Towards the Future: In the direction of the future; with a focus on the future. - We should plan our investments towards the future. Under Age: Below the legal age limit; not old enough. - He is under age and cannot vote yet. Under Arrest: In custody; detained by the police. - He was taken under arrest for shoplifting. Under Consideration: Being thought about or reviewed. - Your proposal is under consideration. Under Construction: In the process of being built or developed. - The new building is under construction. Under Cover Of: Using the protection or guise of something. - He made the escape under cover of darkness. Under Discussion: Being discussed or debated. - The topic is currently under discussion. Under Lock and Key: Securely locked and protected. - The valuable documents are kept under lock and key. Under One’s Protection: Being cared for or guarded by someone. - The orphaned children are under his protection. Under Orders: Acting in accordance with someone's instructions. - They carried out the mission under orders. Under Pressure: Experiencing stress or urgency due to external factors. - She performed well under pressure. Under Regulations: In compliance with established rules or guidelines. - The company operates under regulations. Under Repair: In the process of being fixed or restored. - The bridge is closed under repair. Under Strain: Experiencing stress or tension. - The relationship is under strain. Under Stress: Subjected to intense pressure or stress. - He's been under stress at work. Under Suspicion: Being regarded with distrust or as a possible culprit. - He's under suspicion for the theft. Under the Bed: Positioned beneath a bed. - She found her missing book under the bed. Under the Circumstances: Considering the present situation. - She did the best she could under the circumstances. Under the Command Of: Being led or controlled by someone. - The soldiers were under the command of the general. Under the Impression That: Believing or thinking something based on information received. - I was under the impression that the event was canceled. Under the Influence (Of): Affected by alcohol, drugs, or another substance. - He was arrested for driving under the influence. Under the Misapprehension: Holding a mistaken or incorrect belief. - He was under the misapprehension that it was a holiday. Under the Radar: Without being noticed or detected. - They operated under the radar to avoid attention. Under Treatment: Receiving medical or therapeutic care. - She's currently under treatment for her illness. Up the Stairs: Moving in an upward direction on a staircase. - Let's go up the stairs to the second floor. With My Friends: In the company of my friends. - I like to spend time with my friends. With regard to: Concerning; in relation to; with respect to.Let's discuss your question with regard to the project. With the exception of: Except for; not including; apart from.Everyone passed the test, with the exception of John. Within the City: Inside or located within the city limits. - Their new office is within the city. Without a Break: Continuously; without interruption. - She worked without a break for hours. Without a doubt: Certainly; unquestionably; definitely.He is without a doubt the best candidate. Without a Hitch: Without any problems or difficulties. - The event went off without a hitch. Without Delay: Immediately; without waiting. - Please respond without delay. Without Doubt: Definitely; unquestionably. - He is, without doubt, the best in his field. Without Exception: In every case; without any exclusions. - Everyone, without exception, attended the meeting. Without Fail: Always; consistently. - He visits his parents every Sunday, without fail. Without fail: Always; consistently; with certainty.He arrives at work at 8:00 AM without fail. Without Foundation: Lacking a basis in fact or evidence. - His accusations are without foundation. Without My Phone: In the absence of my phone. - I feel lost without my phone. Without Precedent: Unprecedented; never seen or done before. - The level of success achieved is without precedent. Without Question: Undoubtedly; beyond doubt. - Her dedication is without question. Without Respite: Without a break or relief; continuously. - The storm raged without respite for hours. Without Warning: Happening suddenly and unexpectedly. - The earthquake struck without warning.

Introduction: Parts of speech are the building blocks of language that categorize words based on their grammatical and syntactical functions. Understanding the roles and functions of different parts of speech is crucial for constructing complex and meaningful sentences. 1. Nouns: Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas. They can function as subjects, objects, or complements in sentences. Common, proper, concrete, abstract, collective, and compound nouns. 2. Pronouns: Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition. They include personal, demonstrative, indefinite, relative, and reflexive pronouns. Pronouns can function as subjects, objects, possessives, and more. 3. Verbs: Verbs express actions, states, or occurrences. They can be transitive or intransitive, regular or irregular. Verbs are central to forming predicates in sentences. 4. Adjectives: Adjectives modify or describe nouns. They provide information about qualities, sizes, colors, etc. Adjectives can be attributive or predicative. 5. Adverbs: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They provide information about how, when, where, or to what degree. Adverbs can enhance the meaning of a sentence. 6. Prepositions: Prepositions indicate relationships between nouns and other words in a sentence. They express location, time, direction, and more. Prepositional phrases provide additional details. 7. Conjunctions: Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses. Coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions. Conjunctions contribute to sentence structure and coherence. 8. Interjections: Interjections express strong emotions or exclamations. They are often standalone words or phrases. Interjections add emotional depth to language. 9. Articles: Articles (definite, indefinite, zero) determine the specificity of nouns. They help identify whether a noun is general or specific. 10. Determiners: Determiners introduce nouns and provide context. They include articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, and possessives. Functions of Parts of Speech: 1. Subject and Predicate: · Nouns and pronouns typically function as subjects. · Verbs and their complements form predicates. 2. Modifiers and Qualifiers: · Adjectives and adverbs modify nouns and verbs respectively. · They provide additional information and enhance description. 3. Connectors and Linkers: · Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses together. · They establish relationships between different parts of a sentence. 4. Completeness and Specificity: · Determiners, articles, and pronouns contribute to the completeness and specificity of sentences. Advanced Concepts: 1. Participles and Gerunds: · Participles (past or present) function as adjectives. · Gerunds (verbs ending in -ing) function as nouns. 2. Infinitives: · Infinitives are base form verbs (to + verb) that can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. 3. Appositives: · Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that provide additional information about another noun. Conclusion: Parts of speech are essential for understanding sentence structure, syntax, and semantics. Proficiency in recognizing and using different parts of speech leads to effective and sophisticated communication. Continued practice and exposure to various sentence constructions will enhance mastery of parts of speech in complex contexts.

Introduction: Articles are important grammatical elements in English that help specify the nouns they precede. They provide information about the definiteness or indefiniteness of a noun. Understanding the use of articles is crucial for forming accurate and meaningful sentences. Types of Articles: 1. Definite Article (The): · Used to refer to a specific, particular noun. · Used when the speaker and listener both know which noun is being referred to. · Example: The cat is on the roof. 2. Indefinite Article (A/An): · Used to refer to a non-specific or general noun. · Used when the speaker is introducing a noun for the first time. · "A" is used before words that start with consonant sounds, while "An" is used before words that start with vowel sounds. · Example: I saw a bird in the tree. 3. Zero Article: · Used when there is no article before a noun. · Used for general concepts, non-count nouns, and plural nouns when referring to things in general. · Example: Cats are mammals. Definite Article "The": 1. Specific Nouns: · Referring to a particular noun that is already known to both the speaker and the listener. · Example: The book you lent me was excellent. 2. Superlatives and Ordinals: · Used with superlative adjectives and ordinal numbers to refer to a specific noun in a group. · Example: He's the tallest person in the room. 3. Unique Nouns: · Used with nouns that are considered unique or one-of-a-kind. · Example: The sun rises in the east. 4. Adjectives Used as Nouns: · When an adjective is used as a noun, "the" is used to indicate a specific group of people. · Example: The poor need our support. Indefinite Article "A/An": 1. Singular Countable Nouns: · Used before singular countable nouns when introducing a noun for the first time. · Example: She adopted a dog from the shelter. 2. Professions and Nationalities: · Used to describe someone's profession or nationality. · Example: He's an architect. She's an American. 3. General Statements: · Used to make general, non-specific statements. · Example: A cat is a curious animal. Zero Article: 1. General Concepts: · Used for non-specific, abstract, or general ideas. · Example: Love is a beautiful emotion. 2. Non-Count Nouns: · Used with non-count nouns that are inherently singular and cannot be counted. · Example: She has a lot of experience. 3. Plural Nouns for General Reference: · Used when referring to plural nouns in a general sense. · Example: Dogs are loyal animals. Common Article Mistakes: Using "a" or "an" with non-count nouns. Omitting the article when it's necessary. Using "the" before general concepts. Conclusion: Articles are essential components of English grammar that convey the specificity of nouns. A clear understanding of definite, indefinite, and zero articles enhances the clarity and accuracy of communication.

Definition of Prepositions: Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They often indicate location, direction, time, manner, possession, or the connection between ideas. Common Examples of Prepositions: in, on, at, under, above, beside, between, among, with, without, to, from, by, about, for, during, of, etc. Types of Prepositions: Simple Prepositions: These are single-word prepositions that show basic relationships. Example: in, on, at, under, over, beside, between, etc. Compound Prepositions: These prepositions are formed by combining two or more words. Example: in front of, in spite of, because of, on top of, by means of, etc. Double Prepositions: These are a special type of compound preposition in which two prepositions are used together. Example: into, onto, within, upon, etc. Prepositional Phrases: These are groups of words that include a preposition and its object. Example: in the park, on the table, under the bridge, etc. Participle Prepositions: These are present participles (-ing) or past participles (-ed) that function as prepositions. Example: considering, concerning, during, pending, regarding, etc. Phrasal Prepositions: These are prepositional phrases that act as single prepositions. Example: in spite of, by means of, due to, as of, etc. Usage of Prepositions: Spatial Relationship: Expressing location, direction, or position. Example: The book is on the table. Temporal Relationship: Indicating time, duration, or frequency. Example: We'll meet at 3 PM. Logical Relationship: Connecting ideas, cause and effect, purpose, etc. Example: She studied for the exam. Agent and Instrument: Identifying the doer of an action or the tool used. Example: The book was written by the author. Common Preposition Mistakes: Confusing 'in' and 'on' for location Misusing 'of' and 'for' Incorrect use of 'between' and 'among' Using 'at' instead of 'to' in certain contexts Misplacing prepositional phrases in sentences Conclusion: Prepositions are vital linguistic tools that provide context and meaning to sentences. Understanding the different types of prepositions and their correct usage enhances communication skills. Practice and exposure to various sentence structures will lead to proficiency in using prepositions effectively.

SSC English 2nd Paper CV with Cover Letter Most important CV with Cover Letters for SSC Examination 1. Lecturer in English Suppose, Dhaka Metropolitan College, a reputed. educational institution in the country will recruit a lecturer in English. You are interested to apply for the post. Now, write a CV with a cover letter for the post. 2. English Teacher Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of an assistant teacher. Your CV shouldn't exceed one page. [CB-2017; DjB-2015; RB-2015; CtgB-2015; SB-2015] 3. Medical Representative Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of Medical Representative. Your CV should not exceed on page. [BB-2017; CtgB-2016] 4. Receptionist Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of recetptionist. Your CV should not exceed one page. (Dhaka Board-2017) 5. Senior Officer in a Bank Write a CV with a cover letter to the HR Manager for the post of a senior officer. Your CV should not exceed one page. [RB-2017; SB-2016] 6. News Reporter Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of a news reporter. Your CV should not exceed one page. 7. Computer Operator Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of a computer operator. Your CV should not exceed one page. 8.Computer Programmer Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of a Computer Programmer. Your CV shouldn't exceed on page. (SB-2017) 9. Librarian Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of a librarian. Your CV should not exceed one page. [DjB-2017, 2016] 10. Salesman/Marketing Manager/Sales Executive Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of a salesman. Your CV should not exceed one page. (RB-2016) 11. Public Relation Officer Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of a public relation officer. Your CV should not exceed one page. (RB-2020) 12. Office Assistant Write a CV with a cover letter for the post of office Assistant. Your CV should not exceed one page. (Rajshahi Board-2020) Click on the following link to get Sample CV with Cover Letters https://www.babarenglish.com/cvwithcoverletter Important Suggestion-1 Board Questions Analysis 1. Applying for the post of a Computer Operator. (DB '15; BB 16] 2. Applying for the post of an Assistant Teacher in English. RB '15; CB'07: CtgB '15: SB '15; DjB '15 3. Applying for the post of an Accounts Officer JB '15; CB '15 4. Applying for the position of Assistant Marketing Manager 5. Applying for the post of an Executive (Sales). 6. Applying for the post of a Manager. 7. Applying for the position of English news caster 8. Applying for the position of Medical Representative 9. Request for the post of a Project Engineer. 10. Request for the post of a Nursing Supervisor 11. Request for the post of a Personal Secretary to Managing Director 12. Request for the post of a Marketing Officer 13. Prayer for the post of a Cabin Crew 14. Prayer for the post of a Boutique Assistant 15. Prayer for the post of a driver 16. Prayer for the post of a Librarian 17. Prayer for the post of a Physical Instructor 18. Prayer for the post of an Assistant IT Officer 19. Prayer for the post of a Computer Programmer 20. Prayer for the post of a Clerk 21. Prayer for the post of a Field Officer Important Suggestion-2 CV with Cover Letter for Examination SSC Examination - 2024 Writing CV with a Cover Letter 1. A CV with cover letter for the post of a computer programmer. 2. A CV with cover letter for the post of a computer operator. 3. A CV with cover letter for the post of a Medical Representatives. 4. A CV with cover letter for the post of an English Teacher in a famous school. 5. A CV with cover letter for the post of a salesman. 6. A CV with cover letter for the position of an account officer in Meghna Bank. 7. A CV with cover letter for the post of Public Relation Officer in an insurance company. 8. A CV with cover letter for the position of a Receptionist. 9. 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For the post of a cashier 15. 15, For the post of a senior officer 16. For the post of a public relation officer 17. For the post of a computer operator 18. For the post of a legal advisor 19. For the post of a technical assistant.. 20. For the post of a probationary officer 21. For the post of a general manager 22. For the post of a marketing manager 23. For the post of a library assistant 24. For the post of a teacher 25. For the post of a journalist 26. For the post of a student counselor 27. For the post of an electrical engineer 28. For the post of a lecturer in ICT 29. For the post of a project engineer 30. For the post of a merchandise officer 31. For the post of a translator 32. For the post of an administrative officer 33. For the post of a marketing executive 34. For the post of a medical officer 35. For the post of a marketing officer. 36. For the post of a field officer 37. For the post of an accounts officer 38. 2. For the post of a nurse 39. 3. For the post of a software engineer 40. 4. For the post of a regional manager Important Suggestion-4 Extensive list of CV with Cover Letters WRITING CV WITH COVER LETTER 1. For the post of an Office Supervisor 2. For the post of a Human Resource Manager 3. For the post of a Management Trainee Officer 4. For the post of a Lecturer in English in a university 5. For the post of an Assistant Education Officer 6. For the post of an Office Executive 7. For the post of a Customer Care Manager 8. For the post of a Field Executive in an NGO 9. For the post of a Probationary Officer in a Bank 10. For the post of a Mobile Operator 11. For the post of a Computer Expert 12. For the post of a Management Trainee in a Multinational company 13. For the post of a Lecturer in English in a college 14. For the post of an Accounts Officer 15. For the post of a Marketing Executive 16. For the post of a Computer Officer 17. For the post of a Marketing Officer 18. For the post of a Senior Executive 19. For the post of an Assistant Accounts Officer 20. For the post of an IT Officer 21. For the post of an Human Resource Officer 22. For the post of a Tourist Guide 23. For the post of an Executive Officer 24. For the post of an Assistant Manager 25. For the post of a Computer Programmer 26. For tithe post of a Clerk 27. For the post of a Cashier 28. For the post of a Teacher / English Teacher 29. For the post of a Marketing Manager 30. For the post of an Officer 31. For the post of a Computer Operator 32. For the post of a Senior Officer 33. For the post of a Medical Representative 34. For the post of a Public Relation Officer 35. For the post of a Junior Officer 36. For the post of a General Manager 37. For the post of a Salesman For the post of a Librarian 38. For the post of an Office Assistant 39. For the post of a Lab Assistant 40. Applying for the post of an English Teacher. 41. Applying for the position of an Assistant Accountant. 42. Applying for the position of Assistant Marketing Manager. 43. Applying for the post of an Executive (Sales). 44. Applying for the post of a Manager. 45. Applying for the position of English news caster. 46. Applying for the position of Medical Representative. 47. Request for the post of a project engineer. 48. Request for the post of a Nursing Supervisor. 49. Request for the post of a Personal Secretary to Managing Director. 50. Request for the post of a Marketing Officer. 51. Prayer for the post of a Cabin Crew 52. Prayer for the post of a Boutique Assistant 53. Prayer for the post of a driver 54. Prayer for the post of a Librarian 55. Prayer for the post of an Assistant 'IT Officer' 56. A CV with a cover letter for the post of an office assistant. 57. A CV with a cover letter for the post of cashier. 58. A CV with a cover letter for the position of salesman. 59. A CV with a cover letter for the post of librarian in a reputed college. 60. ACV with a cover letter for the post of senior officer in a private IE I bank 61. A CV with a cover letter for the post of Medical Representative. 62. A CV with a cover letter for the post of junior officer at Pacific Bank limited. 63. ACV with a cover letter for the post of public relation officer in an( insurance company. 64. A CV with a cover letter for the post of a Computer Operator in a i company. 65. ACV with a cover letter for the post of Prime Bank Account Officer. 66. A CV with a cover letter for a job. 67. A CV with a cover letter for the post of English Teacher. 68. A CV with a cover letter for the post of Accounts Officer. 69. A CV with a cover letter for the post of English Teacher. 70. A CV with a cover letter for the post of English Teacher. 71. A CV with a cover letter for the post of Computer Operator.

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HSC Examination-2023 English 2nd Paper Question-1 Preposition- Gap Filling Activities Strategies: 1. Read the passage very carefully ( 2 times). 2. After writing the answers , examine whether the preposition sounds correct in the given gap . 3. Remember that most of them might be appropriate preposition. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-1” 2. Always write the answers downward. 3. You can write like- (a)on (b) to (c) at …… Question -2 Gap Filling Activities ( Special of some phrases) Strategies: 1. At first read the options very carefully. 2. Try to determine which option will fit in the specific gaps 3. One word/phrase is used once only 4. After writing the answers , examine whether the preposition sounds correct in the given gap 5. .Write only the answers How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-2” 2. Write only the answers. 3. Always write the answers downward. 4. You can write like- (a)have to (b) what’s it like (c) let alone …… Question-3 Completing Sentences Strategies: 1. Read all sentences from the beginning to the last. 2. Determine the topic or subject matter of the exercise. 3. Complete the sentences using preferably a clause or phrase according to the context. 4. Read the completed sentences again to see whether they make sense or not. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-3” 2. Write the sentence which you are to complete. 3. Underline the portion that you have written. 4. You can write like- (a) If we drink arsenic polluted water, we are sure to fall sick. (b) Surface water is safe when it is boiled. (c) Pond water is not safe as different types of filthy things are mixed with it. …………. Question 4 Use of Verbs Strategies: 1. Read the given text very carefully. (at least 2 times). 2. Determine the tense of the passage and write the appropriate form of the verbs. 3. Write the answers 4. Re-read the passage using the form of the verbs to see whether your words sound reasonable in the context How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-4” 2. Write only the answers. 3. Always write the answers downward. 4. You can write like- (a) happened (b) has been being done (c) will be doing … Question- 5 Narrative Style Strategies: 1. Read the passage very carefully (2 times). 2. Determine the speaker, the person spoken to and tense and person of the given text. 3. Write the answer accordingly. 4. Put the inverted comma according to rule if you are to convert indirect to direct. 5. Read your full answer . How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-5” 2. You can write your answer like this: Answer: The ticket seller asked the stranger respectfully where he (S) liked to go. The stranger replied that he (S) liked to go to Cox's Bazar. The ticket seller asked the stranger how many tickets he (S) needed. He (S) replied that he (S) would buy five tickets. The ticket seller told him (S) to take those tickets. He (T) added that they would cost three thousand taka. Question 6 Modifiers Strategies: 1. At first read the passage with gaps very carefully. 2. Starting from the beginning read the hints given in the brackets. 3. After writing the answers, read the sentences back to examine whether sentences make sense. 4. Write only the answers. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-6” 2. Write only the answers. 3. You can write like- (a) begging (b) to earn (c) landless … Question 7 Sentence Connectors Strategies: 1. At first read the passage with gaps very carefully. 2. Try to determine the topic and sequence of the actions. 3. You may use one connector twice. 4. After writing the answers, examine whether the connector sounds correct in the given gap 5. Write only the answers. 6. Remember, connectors are easy but confusing. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-7” 2. Write only the answers. 3. You can write like- (a) In fact (b) But (c) Rather … Question-8 Synonyms and Antonyms Strategies: 1. Read the given text very carefully. 2. Observe how the words are used in the text. 3. According to the text try to write the synonyms/antonyms. 4. When synonyms are written the meaning should remain similar. In case of antonyms the meaning might become opposite. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-8” 2. You can write like- (a)great (b) easy (c) necessity … Question 9 Punctuation Strategies: 1. At first read the passage carefully (2 times) 2. Determine whether the given passage is written in direct or indirect speech. 3. If the passage is in direct speech, use the quotation mark accordingly. 4. Rewrite the passage using punctuation marks. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-9” 2. Rewrite only the answers. You can write like- “Do not worry about a few mistakes,” said the teacher. “You can learn a lot through your mistakes.” “Do we learn from our mistakes?” asked the boy. Question 10 Formal Letter/Email (Application) Strategies: 1. Read the given text very carefully. ( at least 2 times) 2. Underline the key words of the application. 3. Start writing from the beginning of the page. 4. Don’t write overleaf. 5. Always use formal language in application. 6. Use formal tone and academic vocabulary. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-10” 2. Write the application starting from the beginning of the page. 3. You can use small hand writing to accommodate more words. Question 11 Writing Paragraph Strategies: 1. Start writing the paragraph from the beginning of the page. 2. Keep reasonable margin in all sides 3. Must write the Name of the paragraph (heading/title) 4. Never write more than one paragraph. 5. Write as many words as mentioned in the question( usually 200 words) if number of words is not mentioned write according to your allotment of time. 6. Students usually write paragraph 1-3 pages. 7. Maintain the key writing techniques for paragraph- starter, developer and concluding remark. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-11” 2. Write the name of the paragraph keeping equal space on both sides. 3. Write the paragraph Question 12 Writing Paragraph Strategies: 8. Start writing the paragraph from the beginning of the page. 9. Keep reasonable margin in all sides 10. Must write the Name of the paragraph (heading/title) 11. Never write more than one paragraph. 12. Write as many words as mentioned in the question( usually 200 words) if number of words is not mentioned write according to your allotment of time. 13. Students usually write paragraph 1-3 pages. 14. Maintain the key writing techniques for paragraph- starter, developer and concluding remark. How to write answer: 4. Write “Answer to the Question No-12” 5. Write the name of the paragraph keeping equal space on both sides. 6. Write the paragraph

HSC Examination-2023 English 1st Paper How to approach questions in HSC English 1st paper and get good score Marks Distribution for HSC English 1st paper (Only for the year 2023) Total- 100 Subject Code-107 Test item Marks Part 1: Reading (60 Marks) Multiple choice questions .5×10 = 05 Short answer questions 3×´5 = 15 Information transfer/flow chart 1×´5 = 05 Summary writing 1´ ×10 = 10 Cloze test with clues (unseen) .5´ ×10 = 05 Cloze test without clues (unseen) 1×´ 10 = 10 Rearranging (unseen) 10 ​ Part 2: Guided Writing (40 Marks) 8.Interpreting graph/chart 15 9.Story Writing 15 10.Informal letter 10 Question-1 A -Multiple Choice Question Strategies: 1. Read the passage very carefully ( 2 times). 2. Locate the answer of the questions in the given passage and underline the key words. 3. Choose the answers in the light of the given text. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-1” 2. Then Write letter, number of the option then the word or phrase of the chosen option Example: (a)(iv) people to go abroad Question -1-B Short Answer Question Strategies: 1. At first locate the answers in the text. 2. Then write the answer according to the text. 3. Try to paraphrase ( re-write in your own words) the information given in the text. 4. You should not add any piece of information from outside of the given passage. 5. Try to write at least two sentences for each answer. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-1-B (a)……………………………………….. after finishing the first answer then write “ (b)……………………………………….. Etc Question 2 Information Transfer/Flow Chart Strategies: 1. Read the given passage very carefully (2 times) 2. Read the table with gaps carefully 3. Locate the answer in the passage 4. Take the words from the passage to fill in the blanks and see whether the completed sentence make sense or not. 5. See whether the sentences make sense and grammatically correct. 6. Give special attention to first row of the table 7. If you are sure, write the final answer. How to write answer: Write “Answer to the Question No-2” You can write like- (i) ….. (ii) ….. (iii) …… … Flow Chart A flowchart is essentially a visual representation of data, presented in the form of a picture with various information elements. Flowcharts can come in different types, such as a graph chart or a pie chart. Regardless of the type, each information element is represented in the form of shapes in the chart. Since flowcharts are data-rich, it is important to pay attention to the information presented in the flowchart. Flowcharts contain various indicators on the left, right, or bottom side. These indicators are highlighted with different colors or shades in the flowchart to indicate specific meanings. Similarly, the same colors or shades are incorporated into the flowchart to convey the intended message. To describe or explain a flowchart, all the scales need to be considered in terms of quantity or measurement. Even without a scale, an approximate number can be assumed based on visual estimation. For Flow Chart, first of all, the students should choose the objectives of a flow chart. The next thing to do is to decide on the start and end points. Once that is decided the students should break it down into multiple flows. While drawing, the students should keep it in their mind that a flow chart should be as simple as possible so that the readers make sense of the complex patterns and forces. For the sake of simplicity, detailed information is kept to a minimum leaving a framework upon which readers can later attach details as the patterns of events become clear. However, each flowchart's design is also determined by the nature of the text. Now, let's move on to describing a flowchart. To start, it is essential to understand what is being asked or what needs to be described. Only the information specifically mentioned in the flowchart should be written. In the description of the flowchart, begin by stating: "This description or information is presenting exactly what is mentioned in the question," or by merging the question's sentence into the first sentence. This way, we can clearly present the information and help visualize the data in the flowchart. Rules of Flow Chart 1. At first give a title. 2. Use 6 (six) rectangular/square boxes including the given box. 3. Boxes can be horizontal or vertical. 4. Use arrow sign between two boxes. 5. Use numeric letters serially in each box. 6. Start points with capital letters. 7. Start points according to the given box in the question. Question 3 Summary Writing Strategies: 1. Read the given text very carefully. ( at least 2 times) 2. Write only the key points in your own words. 3. Don’t add any information from outside. 4. Usually, examples and explanation are not written in summary. 5. Summary must be written in one paragraph. 6. Use impersonal tone in summary (don’t use I , we, you….) 7. Write as many words as mentioned in the question; if number of words is not mentioned write one third of the given passage. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-3” 2. Write the summary Question 4 Coze Test With Clues Strategies: 1. Read the give clues very carefully 2. Read the given text at least 2 times 3. Write the answers 4. Re-read the sentences to see whether your words sound reasonable in the contxt How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-4” 2. You can write like- (a) happen (b) see (c) amazing … Question 5 Coze Test Without Clues Strategies: 5. Read the given text very carefully. (at least 2 times) 6. Write the answers 7. Re-read the sentences to see whether your words sound reasonable in the contxt How to write answer: 3. Write “Answer to the Question No-5” 4. You can write like- (a) happen (b) see (c) amazing … Question 6 Rearranging Strategies: 1. Read the story/text very carefully (2 times) 2. Arrange the sentences roughly ( you can use pencil) 3. See whether the arrangement seems a coherent one or not. 4. If you are sure, write the final answer. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-6” Answer: (iii)→(ix)→(i)→(vi)→(vii)→(iv)→(ii)→(x)→ (v)→(viii) Then write the whole story like this: Khan Jahan Ali was a philanthropic man. He came to Bagerhat to preach Islam and to promote the plight of common people. He found Bagerhat beset with many problems. The scarcity of drinking water is one of them. As Bagerhat is near the Bay of Bengal, the water is usually saline. He, therefore, excavated many tanks to provide fresh water to the people. Gora Dighi is one of them. Thus he redressed the problem of drinking water. His memory will never be sunk into oblivion. The people of Bagerhat remember him with respect. Question 7 Describing Graph Strategies: 1. Start writing the paragraph from the beginning of the page. 2. Keep reasonable margin at all sides 3. Don’t need to write heading /title 4. Study the graph meticulously 5. Write the answer in three to four paragraphs 6. Never add extra information what is not mentioned in the graph. 7. Write as many words as mentioned in the question if number of words is not mentioned write according to your allotment of time. 8. Maintain the key writing techniques for describing graph- Introduction, Overview, Detail trend, Conclusion. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-7” 2. Write answer keeping equal space on both sides. Question 8 Story Writing Strategies: 1. Read the given prompt very carefully. 2. Make a plan for your writing. 3. Classic/Traditional story should be completed in a traditional way. ( e.g. The hare and the tortoise) 4. Creative story can be completed in your own way. 5. Write as many words as mentioned in the question; if number of words is not mentioned write according to your allotment of time. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-8” 2. Must write Title/ heading 3. Write the given prompt and complete the story 4. Write the moral of the story in one sentence in separate paragraph. Question 9 Informal Letters/Email Writing Strategies: 1. Read the given prompt very carefully. 2. Make a plan for your writing. 3. Write as many words as mentioned in the question; if number of words is not mentioned write according to your allotment of time. How to write answer: 1. Write “Answer to the Question No-9” 2. For Email You can write like this: To: mim@yahoo.com Subject: describing the importance of physical exercise. Dear….,

List of Linking / Connecting Words Linking words, also known as transition words or connectors, are words or phrases that are used to create coherence and logical connections between different parts of a text, such as sentences or paragraphs. They serve as bridges, guiding the reader from one idea to another, and help in organizing and structuring the content of a piece of writing. Linking words are essential in writing for several reasons: 1. Coherence: Linking words ensure that the text flows smoothly and coherently, making it easier for the reader to follow the train of thought and understand the relationships between different ideas. 2. Logical Structure: They help in presenting information in a logical order, indicating cause-and-effect relationships, comparisons, contrasts, and sequences, among others. 3. Transitions: Linking words act as transitions between different parts of the text, signaling shifts in topics, time, place, or viewpoints. 4. Emphasis: They can be used to emphasize certain points or ideas, making them stand out and creating a stronger impact on the reader. 5. Clarity: Linking words add clarity to the writing by making connections explicit and reducing ambiguity. 6. Reader Engagement: Well-chosen linking words keep the reader engaged and interested in the text, as they help to maintain a smooth flow of ideas. 7. Cohesion: They contribute to the overall cohesion of the text, creating a sense of unity and connectedness among the various parts. 8. Structural Organization: Linking words assist in structuring the overall organization of an essay or other types of writing, making it more coherent and well-organized. 9. Argumentative Writing: In argumentative writing, linking words are used to support, contrast, or provide evidence for the main arguments, making the essay more persuasive and convincing. Overall, linking words play a crucial role in improving the readability and comprehension of a text, ensuring that the writing is well-structured, coherent, and effectively communicates the intended message to the reader. To show reason: • Because of • For the purpose of • Given that • Granted that • In fact • In order to • In view of • Owing to • Provided that • Seeing that • So that • With this in mind • With this intention • With this purpose To show result: • Accordingly • As a consequence (of) • As a result • Consequently • Due to • For this reason • Forthwith • Hence • Then • Therefore • Thereupon • Thus To provide examples: As an example of • For example/ For instance • For one thing • Illustrated by • In another case • In the case of • In this case • In this situation • Including • Like • Namely • On this occasion • Proof of this • Specifically • Such as • To clarify • To demonstrate • To demonstrate/ To clarify • To simplify To add more information: • Additionally/an additional • Along with • Also • And • Apart from this • As well as • As well as that • Besides • Coupled with • Finally • First • Further • Furthermore • In addition • In addition to this • In the same fashion • Last • Moreover • Not only…but also • Not to mention • Second • Similarily • Third • Together with • Too To give emphasis: • Above all • Absolutely • Chiefly • Clearly • Definitely • Especially • Even • Importantly • In detail • In truth • Indeed • It should be noted • Naturally • Never • Obviously • Of course • Particularly / in particular • Positively • Surprisingly • To clarify • To emphasize • To repeat • Truly • Undoubtedly • Unquestionably • With attention • Without a doubt To Show Comparison: ​ Alike • As with • Both • By the same token • Compare / compare(d) to (with) • Correspondingly • Either • Equal • Equally • In a similar manner • In common • In like manner • In the same way • In the spitting image of • Just as • Just as…so too • Just like • Likewise • Most important • Resembles • Same as • Similar to • Similarly • Still another To show contrast: • Alternatively • As opposed to • Contrarily • Contrary to • Conversely • Despite/in spite of • Differing from • Even so • However • In contrast (to) • In opposition • Instead • Nevertheless • Nonetheless • Nor • Notwithstanding • On the other hand • Rather • Though • Unlike • Up against • Whereas • While • Yet To Show Order • First/ firstly • Second/ secondly • Third/ thirdly • Finally • At this time • Following • Previously • Before • Subsequently • Above all • Lastly and most importantly • Last but not least • First and foremost… To Show Condition • Although this may be true • As • Because of • Even if • Given that • Granted that • If • In that case • In the event that • Lest • On the condition that • Only if • Since • Then • Unless • When • Whenever • While To show Concession • Admittedly • Albeit • All the same • Although • Although/Even though • And still • And yet • Be that as it may • Even if • Even so • Even though • However • In spite of • Nevertheless • Nonetheless • Regardless of this • Up to a point To Show Generalisation • As a rule • Broadly speaking • Commonly • For the most part • Generally speaking • In general/ Generally • In most cases • Mainly • More often than not • Mostly • Normally • Often • On the whole • On the whole • Overall • Predominately • Regularly • Typically To show Restatement • Alternatively • Alternatively stated • Expressed simply • In a nutshell • In other words • In short • In simple language • In simple terms • In summation • Namely • Otherwise stated • Put differently • Put in another way • Reiterated • Said differently • Simplified • Simply put • That is to say • To put it differently To show Reference • As applied to • As far as • Concerning • Considering • In connection to • In terms • Pertaining to • Regarding • Some examples of these might be: • Speaking about/of • The fact that • With regards to • With respect to To show Clarification • I mean • In explanation • In lay terms • In other words • In simple terms • Simply put • Simply stated • That is to say • To break it down • To clearly define • To explain • To make plain • To put it clearly • To put it in another way • To simplify To Show Summary • All things considered • Altogether • As demonstrated above • As noted • As shown above • As you can see • Briefly • By and large • Generally speaking • Given these points • In a word • In any event • In brief • In conclusion • In essence • In short • In summary • In the end • In the final analysis • On the whole • Overall • Therefore • To conclude • To end • To sum up • To summarise • Ultimately To show Space/ Location • Across • Adjacent • Adjacent • Around • At the rear • Below • Beneath • Near • Nearby • Next to • On bottom • On top • Opposite • Over • Surrounding • To the left • Underneath List of Linking / Connecting Words To show reason: Because of the increasing demand for renewable energy sources, governments worldwide are investing heavily in solar and wind energy projects. Many people volunteer their time and resources for the purpose of helping the less fortunate and making a positive impact on their communities. Given that the population is aging rapidly, healthcare systems must be adapted to meet the specific needs of elderly patients. Granted that technology has revolutionized communication, it is essential to maintain face-to-face interactions for fostering meaningful relationships. Global warming is a pressing issue, and in fact, it poses a significant threat to the planet's ecosystems and biodiversity. Companies are incorporating sustainable practices in order to reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to environmental preservation. In view of the recent economic downturn, policymakers must implement measures to stimulate job growth and stabilize the economy. The project was delayed owing to unforeseen weather conditions that hindered construction progress. Students can participate in extracurricular activities provided that their academic performance meets the required standards. Seeing that social media has become a powerful tool for influencing public opinion, it is crucial to verify the accuracy of information before sharing it. The new software update includes enhanced security features, so that users can protect their personal data from potential cyber threats. With this in mind, parents should actively engage in their children's education to support their academic development and overall well-being. The charity event was organized with this intention of raising funds for a local orphanage and providing support to underprivileged children. The research project aims to explore innovative solutions for sustainable agriculture, with this purpose of ensuring food security for future generations. To show result: Accordingly, the government implemented new policies to curb inflation and stabilize the economy. The rise in global temperatures has led to the melting of polar ice caps, as a consequence of human-induced climate change. The company faced severe losses in the last quarter, as a result, it had to lay off several employees to cut costs. The internet revolution has transformed the way we communicate and access information; consequently, it has reshaped societies and economies worldwide. Due to the heavy rainfall, the streets were flooded, causing disruption in transportation and daily life. The research findings supported the hypothesis, and for this reason, the scientists were eager to conduct further investigations. The general ordered his troops to attack the enemy forthwith, without any delay. The air pollution levels have reached alarming levels in the city, hence, urgent measures need to be taken to improve air quality. The first step is to gather all the necessary materials; then, we can proceed with the construction process. The project proposal was well-received, therefore, it received funding for implementation. The ceasefire was agreed upon by both parties, thereupon, the peace negotiations began. The government invested heavily in renewable energy sources; thus, reducing the country's reliance on fossil fuels. To provide examples: As an example of environmental degradation, the deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has resulted in the loss of countless species. For example, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For one thing, regular exercise not only improves physical health but also boosts mental well-being. The importance of financial literacy is illustrated by the fact that many people struggle with managing their personal finances. In another case, the study found that early childhood education can have a significant impact on a child's cognitive development. In the case of climate change, urgent action is required to mitigate its adverse effects on the planet. The new government policies have led to an increase in job opportunities; in this case, unemployment rates have declined significantly. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a challenging situation; in this situation, healthcare systems worldwide have faced unprecedented pressures. Many different fruits are rich in essential vitamins, including apples, oranges, and bananas. Healthy lifestyle choices, like maintaining a balanced diet and exercising regularly, can help prevent chronic illnesses. The reasons for the company's decline in profits were multi-fold, namely poor management and increased competition. The graduation ceremony was a momentous occasion; on this occasion, graduates celebrated their hard-earned achievements. The rise in global temperatures is proof of this alarming climate change phenomenon. Specifically, the study focused on the impact of social media on teenagers' mental health. A well-balanced diet should consist of a variety of nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins. To clarify the point further, let me provide an example that illustrates the concept. The experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new drug in treating the disease. The graph is used to demonstrate/ to clarify the correlation between income levels and education attainment. The teacher used visual aids to simplify complex concepts and make them more understandable for students. To add more information: Additionally, the government should invest more in renewable energy research to combat climate change effectively. The new smartphone comes with exciting features, along with an improved camera and longer battery life. She is a talented musician, also skilled in painting and dancing. The project requires teamwork, dedication, and attention to detail. The company's marketing strategy is impressive; apart from this, their exceptional customer service sets them apart from competitors. As well as focusing on academic performance, the school encourages students to participate in extracurricular activities. The new software offers advanced security features, as well as that, it enhances user experience with a user-friendly interface. The conference will discuss various topics related to technology, besides addressing the challenges of the digital era. Coupled with a strong work ethic, her leadership skills make her a valuable asset to the team. After months of hard work, the team finally completed the project. Finally, they could take a well-deserved break. First, let's examine the historical background of the conflict before discussing its implications. The study provides valuable insights into the subject. Further, it offers recommendations for future research. The company is expanding its market presence. Furthermore, it plans to diversify its product range. The team excels in customer service. In addition, their product quality is exceptional. In addition to this, the company plans to launch a marketing campaign to reach a wider audience. The fashion show featured extravagant outfits, and in the same fashion, it showcased unique accessories. Last, but not least, the project team needs to ensure timely completion of the tasks. The new policy will increase efficiency; moreover, it will lead to cost savings in the long run. The conference will focus on various issues, not only environmental concerns but also economic sustainability. The software has many useful features, not to mention its user-friendly interface. Second, let's analyze the economic impact of the proposed measures. Similarly, the research findings align with previous studies on the subject. Third, we need to address the social implications of the proposed changes. The team's success is attributed to strong leadership, together with effective communication among team members. The workshop attracted students, professors, and industry experts too. To give emphasis: Above all, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is essential for overall well-being. The scientific evidence supports the theory of evolution absolutely. Chiefly, the government's primary responsibility is to ensure the welfare of its citizens. The data presented in the research paper clearly indicates a positive correlation between exercise and mental health. Definitely, renewable energy is the way forward to combat climate change. Especially in developing countries, access to quality education remains a significant challenge. The project's success was even more impressive considering the limited resources available. Importantly, education plays a crucial role in shaping individuals and societies. The report analyzed the problem in detail, leaving no aspect unexamined. The truth is, in truth, the issue has been overlooked for far too long. The impact of climate change on vulnerable communities is indeed a pressing concern. It should be noted that technology has revolutionized communication in the modern era. Naturally, young children are curious learners, eager to explore the world around them. The consequences of such actions can never be underestimated. Obviously, the results of the experiment indicate a clear trend. Of course, there are various factors contributing to economic growth. Particularly, the study focused on the effects of social media on teenagers' mental health. The new policies have had a positive impact on the local economy. The discovery of a new species in a heavily urbanized area was surprisingly significant for biodiversity conservation. To clarify, the author's main argument revolves around environmental sustainability. The importance of renewable energy must be emphasized to combat the ongoing climate crisis. The main points can be repeated for better understanding. The team's dedication to their mission was truly commendable. The evidence supporting the theory is undoubtedly robust. Unquestionably, the project's success was a team effort. The intricate details of the artwork can be appreciated with attention to its craftsmanship. The effectiveness of the treatment is proven without a doubt through rigorous clinical trials. To Show Comparison: Siblings often have similar personality traits; alike, they share a deep bond. As with any complex issue, finding a solution to poverty requires a multifaceted approach. Both renewable energy and energy efficiency measures are crucial for reducing carbon emissions. The need for sustainable practices is paramount, and by the same token, environmental conservation is of utmost importance. Compare the advantages of public transportation to those of private vehicles. The demand for eco-friendly products is increasing, and correspondingly, more companies are adopting green practices. The study showed that people can choose either to recycle or to dispose of waste in landfills. The rights of all citizens should be equal, regardless of their race, gender, or socioeconomic status. The importance of sustainable development is equally recognized across the globe. The teacher explained the concept thoroughly, and in a similar manner, the students grasped the topic easily. Many cultures have a tradition of storytelling, which is a shared element in common among them. In like manner, both countries face economic challenges due to the ongoing pandemic. The process of photosynthesis in plants is similar, in the same way, to how solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. The young girl was in the spitting image of her grandmother, sharing the same facial features and smile. Just as a healthy diet is essential for physical well-being, mental well-being is crucial for overall health. Just as the internet has revolutionized communication, it has so too transformed the way we access information. The new software functions just like the old version but with added features for improved performance. The new environmental policy aims to reduce plastic usage, likewise, it encourages recycling initiatives. Most important of all, education empowers individuals and fosters societal progress. The ancient artifact resembles the ones found in neighboring regions, suggesting cultural connections. The candidate's views on healthcare are same as those of the party's leadership. The latest smartphone boasts advanced features similar to those of its competitors. The government aims to invest in renewable energy sources, similarly, private companies are also shifting towards sustainable practices. The study highlighted various factors contributing to deforestation, and still another aspect was identified as population growth. To show contrast: ​ Students can choose to take a gap year alternatively, they can enter university directly after high school. Some people prefer to work from home as opposed to commuting to the office every day. The experiment yielded unexpected results; contrarily, the initial hypothesis was disproven. Contrary to popular belief, introverts can excel in leadership roles. The new policy encourages energy conservation; conversely, it penalizes excessive energy consumption. Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, businesses have adapted and thrived. The marketing strategies of the two companies are different, differing from each other in their approaches. The weather was unfavorable; even so, the team managed to complete the outdoor event successfully. The government has implemented strict measures; however, the problem persists. Some prefer coffee in contrast to others who opt for tea. The proposed law faces strong opposition from environmental activists. The original plan was canceled, instead, a new approach was adopted. The road to success is filled with obstacles; nevertheless, determination and hard work can overcome them. The company experienced financial setbacks; nonetheless, it remains optimistic about its future prospects. The weather forecast predicted heavy rain; nor did it deter the enthusiastic crowd from attending the outdoor concert. Notwithstanding the challenges, the team emerged victorious in the championship. Some people enjoy spicy food; on the other hand, others prefer milder flavors. The movie was not action-packed; rather, it was a thought-provoking drama. Though the participants were nervous, they performed exceptionally well. Dogs are loyal and affectionate, unlike cats, which are more independent. The athlete faced tough competition, but she fought up against adversity and won a gold medal. Some individuals prefer working alone, whereas others thrive in a team environment. The company achieved significant milestones while operating in a highly competitive market. The weather was gloomy, yet the event attracted a large crowd. To Show Order First, let's analyze the historical context of the event. Secondly, we need to consider the economic implications of the proposed policy. Thirdly, the social impact of this issue cannot be overlooked. The project underwent several stages of development; finally, it was completed on time. The Renaissance period was a time of great cultural flourishing; at this time, art, science, and literature thrived. The company implemented new safety measures; following that decision, workplace accidents decreased significantly. The research built upon the findings of previous studies; previously, the groundwork had been laid for this investigation. The team had a thorough discussion before making a strategic decision. The software underwent testing, and subsequently, it was released to the public. Above all, the health and safety of employees must be prioritized in any workplace. The company focused on expanding its market presence; lastly and most importantly, it aimed to improve customer satisfaction. The conference covered a range of topics, from technology to environmental sustainability; last but not least, it addressed the importance of innovation in today's world. First and foremost, education lays the foundation for personal growth and societal progress. To Show Condition Although this may be true, the study's limitations must be acknowledged. The factory had to shut down production as it faced a shortage of raw materials. The project was delayed because of unforeseen weather conditions. The team continued to work diligently even if the odds were against them. The project will proceed given that all stakeholders agree on the proposed changes. Granted that the initial results are promising, further research is needed to draw conclusive findings. The team will proceed with the plan if it receives approval from the board. The product will be launched in international markets, in that case, additional language support will be necessary. The event will be held outdoors, in the event that the weather permits. The team was cautious lest they make any errors in their calculations. The contract will be signed on the condition that all terms are agreed upon. The discount will be applicable only if customers make purchases above a certain amount. The company expanded its operations to a new region since it identified growth opportunities there. The initial phase of the project was completed successfully, then the team moved on to the next stage. The company will not proceed with the merger unless the regulatory authorities approve the deal. The conference will take place in the main hall when all the attendees arrive. The security system is set up to notify authorities whenever a breach is detected. The team continued to work on the project while keeping an eye on the market trends. To show Concession: The results of the experiment were not as expected; admittedly, there were some flaws in the methodology. The team managed to complete the project on time, albeit they faced resource constraints. The weather conditions were unfavorable, but the event was successful all the same. The new policy aims to promote sustainable practices, although its implementation may face some challenges. Although/Even though the economy faced a downturn, some industries managed to thrive. The company encountered financial difficulties, and still, it continued to innovate and grow. The proposal was ambitious, and yet it garnered support from various stakeholders. The decision might not be popular, be that as it may, it is in the best interest of the organization. Even if the project faces delays, the team is committed to completing it. The situation was challenging, even so, the team persevered and achieved success. The company faced tough competition, even though it managed to secure a significant market share. The idea seemed risky, however, it turned out to be a game-changer. In spite of the financial crisis, the company managed to stay afloat. The budget cuts impacted operations, nevertheless, the team found innovative ways to improve efficiency. The project encountered unexpected hurdles, nonetheless, it was completed within the given timeframe. Regardless of this, the team continued to work diligently. The new policy has been successful up to a point, but further improvements are needed. To Show Generalisation: As a rule, students are expected to complete their assignments on time. Broadly speaking, renewable energy sources are considered more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels. The use of smartphones is commonly observed among people of all age groups. For the most part, the new policy has been well-received by the public. Generally speaking, a balanced diet and regular exercise are essential for maintaining good health. In general/ Generally, people tend to prefer products that offer convenience and quality. In most cases, proper planning can lead to better outcomes in various situations. The company's success is mainly attributed to its innovative approach and dedicated team. More often than not, procrastination can lead to unnecessary stress and missed opportunities. The survey results indicated that the participants were mostly satisfied with the services provided. Normally, the peak travel season is during the summer months. Social media platforms are often used for networking and communication. On the whole, the conference was a great success, attracting experts from various fields. On the whole, the team's efforts contributed significantly to the project's completion. Overall, the company's financial performance has improved over the past year. The study found that the disease is predominately prevalent in older adults. The company sends out newsletters regularly to keep its customers informed. Typically, a college education opens up various career opportunities for graduates. To show Restatement: The team can choose to pursue the original plan; alternatively, they can explore a different approach. The concept is complex; alternatively stated, it involves the interaction of various factors. The main idea can be expressed simply as the need for environmental conservation. The proposed solution, in a nutshell, involves reducing plastic usage and promoting recycling. The study focuses on renewable energy sources; in other words, it investigates sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. The new policy aims to promote energy efficiency; in short, it encourages the responsible use of resources. The instructions can be explained in simple language for better understanding. The scientific concept can be challenging to grasp; in simple terms, it relates to the transfer of energy. In summation, the research highlights the importance of early childhood education in cognitive development. The project requires collaboration among different departments, namely, marketing, finance, and research. The hypothesis can be supported, otherwise stated, by statistical analysis. The idea can be put differently to emphasize its significance in the context of the study. The results are consistent with previous findings; put in another way, they align with existing research. The team reiterated the importance of adhering to the project timeline. The concept can be said differently to cater to diverse audiences. The complex process can be simplified for better comprehension. The solution can be simply put as the integration of technology and education. The study highlights the benefits of regular exercise; that is to say, physical activity contributes to overall well-being. To put it differently, the company's strategy aims to diversify revenue streams. To show Reference ​ The ethical principles, as applied to medical research, must prioritize patient welfare. As far as climate change is concerned, urgent action is required to mitigate its impact. The new policy addresses concerns concerning environmental sustainability and resource management. The proposal is ambitious, considering the limited resources available. The study explores the relationship between technology and society, in connection to its impact on communication patterns. The concept can be challenging in terms of its complexity and technicality. The article discusses the latest advancements pertaining to renewable energy technologies. The research explores various factors influencing consumer behavior, regarding purchasing decisions. The essay provides some examples of these by citing case studies from different industries. Speaking about/of the economic impact, the recession has affected businesses worldwide. The report highlights the fact that education plays a crucial role in reducing poverty. The company aims to address customer feedback, with regards to product quality and customer service. The conference will focus on the latest trends with respect to artificial intelligence in healthcare. To show Clarification The results of the experiment were inconclusive, I mean, we need further data to draw a definite conclusion. The scientific concept can be challenging to understand; in explanation, it involves complex chemical reactions. The doctor explained the diagnosis in lay terms, so the patient could easily comprehend it. The research findings were inconclusive; in other words, there was no significant difference between the control and experimental groups. The economic concept can be difficult to grasp; in simple terms, it relates to the supply and demand of goods. The solution to the problem is straightforward; simply put, we need to increase efficiency. The principle can be simply stated as the law of gravity. The essay emphasizes the importance of early childhood education; that is to say, it lays the foundation for future learning. To break it down, the process involves three main steps. The scientific terms used in the article can be confusing; to clearly define them, a glossary is provided. The professor took the time to explain the complex theory to the students. The instructions were unclear; the teacher took the initiative to make plain what was expected. The concept can be challenging for beginners; to put it clearly, it involves intricate calculations. The idea might be unfamiliar; to put it in another way, it is similar to the concept of "survival of the fittest." The team used diagrams and visual aids to simplify the complex process. To Show Summary ​ All things considered, the benefits of renewable energy outweigh the initial costs. The research findings indicate a positive correlation; altogether, the data supports the hypothesis. The experiment yielded consistent results; as demonstrated above, the new drug is effective in treating the disease. The study highlights the importance of early intervention; as noted earlier, it significantly impacts cognitive development. The graph depicts a clear trend; as shown above, there is a positive relationship between variables. The data supports the argument; as you can see, there is a strong link between education and socioeconomic status. The key findings are summarized briefly in the conclusion section. The company has implemented various strategies; by and large, it has improved its market position. Generally speaking, the trend indicates a shift towards sustainable practices. The essay presents various points; given these points, we can draw certain conclusions. The situation is complex; in a word, it requires careful consideration. The conference will proceed as planned; in any event, the organizers are prepared for any contingencies. The report presents key statistics; in brief, the numbers indicate a positive outlook. In conclusion, the evidence supports the hypothesis. The essence of the argument is that technology can enhance communication; in essence, it promotes connectivity. The findings are summarized in short to provide a concise overview. In summary, the research emphasizes the significance of early childhood education. The project faced several challenges, but in the end, it was completed successfully. In the final analysis, the study confirms the benefits of regular exercise. The project had its successes and challenges, but on the whole, it contributed positively to the company's growth. Overall, the team's efforts have resulted in a significant impact on the community. The evidence is compelling; therefore, we can draw meaningful conclusions. To conclude, the research highlights the need for further investigation into the topic. The presentation will end with a summary of the key takeaways. To sum up, the study provides valuable insights into consumer behavior. The team faced hurdles along the way, but ultimately, they achieved their objectives. To show Space/ Location ​ The park is located across the street from the shopping center. The coffee shop is adjacent to the bookstore, making it a convenient spot for book lovers. The playground is adjacent to the school, providing a fun space for children to play during recess. The market is bustling with vendors selling fresh produce, and there are food stalls around every corner. The playground equipment is situated at the rear of the park, away from the main entrance. The study area is located below the library, providing a quiet space for students to concentrate. The hidden treasure is buried beneath the large oak tree. The library is near the city center, making it easily accessible for residents. The hotel is nearby the beach, offering guests beautiful views of the ocean. The café is located next to the art gallery, attracting both art enthusiasts and coffee lovers. The storage room is filled with old books and documents, with newer ones placed on top. The bus stop is situated on bottom of the hill, making it a convenient spot for commuters. The new office building stands opposite the park, providing a green view for its occupants. The bridge arches over the river, connecting two sides of the city. The scenic resort is surrounded by picturesque mountains and a serene lake. The city's main square is adorned with statues and fountains, with the town hall situated to the left. The secret compartment is hidden underneath the floorboards, keeping the valuable items safe. `

2. ARTS, CULTURE, HISTORY, TRADITION, MUSEUM 1. Some people argue that museums should return cultural artifacts to their countries of origin. Do you agree or disagree with this idea? The question of whether museums should return cultural artifacts to their countries of origin is a contentious issue that raises important questions about cultural heritage, ownership, and historical responsibility. While some people argue that museums should return cultural artifacts to their countries of origin, I believe that the issue is more complex than it may seem and that each case should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. On one hand, there is no doubt that many cultural artifacts were taken from their countries of origin through violent or coercive means, or as part of colonial or imperialist projects. In these cases, it may be appropriate for museums to return these artifacts to their countries of origin as a form of restitution and acknowledgement of past injustices. Moreover, returning cultural artifacts can help to promote cultural exchange and dialogue between countries, and can contribute to a greater understanding and appreciation of diverse cultural traditions. On the other hand, the question of ownership and cultural heritage is complex and cannot be reduced to a simple binary of "return" or "keep." Cultural artifacts often have complex histories and multiple layers of meaning and significance that may not be fully understood or appreciated by their countries of origin. Moreover, many museums have spent years or even decades caring for and preserving these artifacts, and may have legal or ethical obligations to protect and preserve them for future generations. In some cases, museums may also have a role to play in promoting access and sharing of cultural heritage. For example, museums can work with communities and cultural organizations to develop exhibitions and educational programs that showcase cultural artifacts and promote dialogue and exchange. Museums can also work with countries of origin to develop collaborative partnerships and sharing agreements that promote cultural exchange and dialogue while respecting the rights and interests of all parties involved. In conclusion, while the question of returning cultural artifacts to their countries of origin is complex and multi-faceted, I believe that each case should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. While the return of cultural artifacts can be an important form of restitution and acknowledgement of past injustices, it is also important to recognize the complexities of ownership and cultural heritage, and to promote access and sharing of cultural heritage in ways that are respectful and equitable for all parties involved. 2. Some people believe that traditional forms of art, such as painting and sculpture, are losing their relevance in today's digital age. Do you agree or disagree with this idea? The idea that traditional forms of art, such as painting and sculpture, are losing their relevance in today's digital age is a common one, but I believe that it is a misguided view. While it is true that digital media has transformed the art world in many ways, traditional forms of art remain vital and relevant today. One of the reasons why traditional forms of art continue to be relevant is that they provide a unique and tangible experience that cannot be replicated in digital media. For example, standing in front of a painting or sculpture allows us to experience its texture, color, and physical presence in a way that is simply not possible in a digital reproduction. Moreover, traditional forms of art can provide a powerful emotional and intellectual experience that can be difficult to replicate in digital media. Another reason why traditional forms of art continue to be relevant is that they provide a window into history and cultural traditions. Traditional art forms have been shaped by cultural, historical, and social contexts, and can provide a rich and nuanced understanding of these contexts. By studying traditional forms of art, we can gain a deeper appreciation of the cultural traditions and historical movements that have shaped our world. Moreover, traditional forms of art can also provide a sense of continuity and connection across generations. By preserving and continuing traditional forms of art, we can ensure that future generations have a connection to their cultural heritage and history. In conclusion, while digital media has transformed the art world in many ways, traditional forms of art remain relevant and vital today. Traditional forms of art provide a unique and tangible experience that cannot be replicated in digital media, and can provide a powerful window into history and cultural traditions. It is important that we continue to value and support traditional forms of art, and to recognize their ongoing relevance and importance in our digital age. 3. Some people argue that cultural traditions should be preserved at all costs, while others believe that traditions should evolve and adapt to changing social and cultural contexts. What is your opinion? The question of whether cultural traditions should be preserved at all costs or allowed to evolve and adapt is a complex and multifaceted issue that raises important questions about cultural identity, social change, and the role of tradition in contemporary society. While I believe that cultural traditions can and should evolve and adapt to changing social and cultural contexts, I also believe that it is important to preserve the core values and practices that give these traditions their meaning and significance. On one hand, it is clear that social and cultural contexts are constantly evolving, and that cultural traditions must adapt in order to remain relevant and meaningful. For example, traditional gender roles, which may have been appropriate in a different historical context, may no longer be relevant or appropriate in contemporary society. Similarly, traditional practices that are harmful or discriminatory, such as female genital mutilation or caste-based discrimination, must be challenged and changed in order to promote greater social justice and equality. On the other hand, it is important to recognize that cultural traditions provide a sense of continuity and connection across generations, and that they can help to reinforce cultural identity and values. Moreover, traditions can provide a sense of stability and meaning in a rapidly changing world, and can help to promote social cohesion and a sense of community. It is important to preserve the core values and practices that give these traditions their meaning and significance, while also allowing them to evolve and adapt to changing social and cultural contexts. In conclusion, I believe that cultural traditions can and should evolve and adapt to changing social and cultural contexts, but that it is important to preserve the core values and practices that give these traditions their meaning and significance. By balancing the need for continuity and stability with the need for adaptation and change, we can ensure that cultural traditions remain relevant and meaningful in contemporary society, while also promoting social justice, equality, and community. 4. Museums are often seen as institutions that preserve the past, but do you believe that they also have a role to play in shaping the future? Museums have traditionally been seen as institutions that are primarily concerned with preserving the past and showcasing historical artifacts and works of art. However, I believe that museums also have an important role to play in shaping the future, particularly in terms of promoting social change, inspiring creativity and innovation, and fostering a sense of community and civic engagement. One of the ways in which museums can shape the future is by promoting social change and awareness of social issues. For example, museums can host exhibitions and programs that focus on important social issues such as environmental sustainability, social justice, and human rights. By raising awareness of these issues and promoting dialogue and discussion, museums can inspire visitors to become more engaged and active in addressing these challenges. Another way in which museums can shape the future is by inspiring creativity and innovation. Museums can showcase new and innovative works of art and design, as well as historical artifacts that can provide inspiration and context for new creative endeavors. By promoting creativity and innovation, museums can help to drive economic growth and development, as well as enhance the quality of life for individuals and communities. Finally, museums can also play an important role in fostering a sense of community and civic engagement. By hosting public programs and events, museums can bring people together from different backgrounds and encourage them to engage in dialogue and collaboration. Museums can also provide opportunities for individuals to volunteer and participate in community activities, fostering a sense of civic responsibility and engagement. In conclusion, while museums are often seen as institutions that preserve the past, they also have an important role to play in shaping the future. By promoting social change, inspiring creativity and innovation, and fostering a sense of community and civic engagement, museums can help to create a better and more vibrant future for all. 5. Some people believe that traditional forms of art, such as painting and sculpture, are becoming obsolete in the age of digital media. Do you agree or disagree? The rise of digital media has undoubtedly had a significant impact on the world of art, and has led some people to question the relevance and value of traditional forms of art such as painting and sculpture. While it is true that digital media has opened up new possibilities for artistic expression, I believe that traditional forms of art remain as important and relevant as ever. One of the key reasons why traditional forms of art remain important is that they offer a unique and irreplaceable experience. While digital media can certainly enhance and augment traditional forms of art, it cannot fully replicate the tangible, physical experience of viewing a painting or sculpture in person. The textures, colors, and details of a painting or sculpture can only be fully appreciated through direct observation, and the experience of being in the presence of a work of art can be a deeply moving and transformative experience. Furthermore, traditional forms of art have a rich history and cultural significance that cannot be replicated by digital media. Paintings and sculptures have played an important role in the history of art and culture, and have helped to shape our understanding of ourselves and the world around us. By studying and appreciating traditional forms of art, we can gain a deeper understanding of our own cultural heritage and the historical and social context in which we live. Finally, it is important to recognize that digital media and traditional forms of art are not mutually exclusive. Many contemporary artists are blending traditional and digital media in innovative ways, creating works that combine the tactile and material qualities of traditional forms with the interactivity and versatility of digital media. By embracing both traditional and digital forms of art, we can expand the possibilities for artistic expression and creativity. In conclusion, while digital media has certainly had an impact on the world of art, traditional forms such as painting and sculpture remain important and relevant. These forms of art offer a unique and irreplaceable experience, have a rich cultural and historical significance, and can be blended with digital media in innovative ways. By valuing and appreciating traditional forms of art, we can enrich our lives and enhance our understanding of ourselves and the world around us. 6. In some cultures, it is common for families to pass down traditions and cultural practices from generation to generation. Do you think it is important to preserve these traditions, or should they be allowed to fade away over time? In my opinion, it is important to preserve traditions and cultural practices that have been passed down from generation to generation. These traditions and practices are an important part of our cultural heritage and can provide a sense of continuity and connection to our past. One of the key reasons why it is important to preserve cultural traditions is that they help to create a sense of identity and belonging. When we participate in cultural practices and traditions that have been passed down from our ancestors, we are connecting with our history and our cultural roots. This can be particularly important for people who have migrated to new countries or who have experienced displacement or dislocation, as it can provide a sense of continuity and connection to their cultural heritage. Furthermore, cultural traditions often contain important knowledge and wisdom that has been accumulated over generations. For example, traditional healing practices, farming techniques, or food preparation methods can offer valuable insights into how to live sustainably and harmoniously with the environment. By preserving these practices, we can learn from the wisdom of our ancestors and apply it to contemporary challenges. However, it is also important to recognize that cultural traditions can evolve and change over time. As societies change and evolve, our cultural practices and traditions must adapt in order to remain relevant and meaningful. This can involve incorporating new technologies, ideas, and cultural influences, while still preserving the core values and principles that underlie our traditions. In conclusion, I believe that it is important to preserve cultural traditions and practices that have been passed down from generation to generation. These traditions offer a sense of identity, belonging, and continuity, and contain valuable knowledge and wisdom that can be applied to contemporary challenges. However, it is also important to recognize that traditions can evolve and change over time, and that we must be open to incorporating new ideas and cultural influences while still preserving the core values and principles that underlie our traditions. 7. Some people argue that museums and galleries should focus more on contemporary art, rather than traditional or historical art. Do you agree or disagree? While contemporary art certainly has its place in museums and galleries, I believe that it is important to maintain a balance between contemporary art and traditional or historical art. All forms of art have value, and museums and galleries should strive to represent a broad range of artistic styles and movements. One of the key reasons why traditional and historical art should not be neglected is that it has played a significant role in the development of contemporary art. Many contemporary artists draw inspiration from the art of the past, and by studying traditional and historical art, we can gain a deeper understanding of the artistic traditions and movements that have shaped our world. Furthermore, traditional and historical art often reflects the cultural and social context in which it was created, providing valuable insights into the history and culture of different societies and time periods. Additionally, traditional and historical art often has a timeless quality that can speak to people across generations and cultural boundaries. While contemporary art can be exciting and innovative, it can also be transient and tied to the particular moment in which it was created. By contrast, traditional and historical art can offer a sense of permanence and timelessness, and can provide a grounding and sense of continuity in a rapidly changing world. However, this is not to say that contemporary art should be neglected. Contemporary art has the potential to challenge and disrupt our assumptions and ways of thinking, and can offer fresh perspectives and insights into contemporary society and culture. By showcasing contemporary art, museums and galleries can create a space for dialogue and exchange, and can encourage new ways of seeing and understanding the world around us. In conclusion, I believe that museums and galleries should strive to maintain a balance between contemporary art and traditional or historical art. Both forms of art have value and can provide important insights into our cultural heritage and contemporary society. By embracing both contemporary and traditional forms of art, we can create a more diverse, dynamic, and meaningful artistic landscape. 8. In some countries, traditional customs and practices are being lost as young people adopt more modern ways of life. Do you think this is a positive or negative development? The loss of traditional customs and practices is a complex issue that raises questions about cultural heritage, identity, and social change. While some people may see the adoption of modern ways of life as a positive development, I believe that the loss of traditional customs and practices is a negative development that can have significant cultural and social consequences. One of the primary functions of traditional customs and practices is to provide a sense of cultural identity and continuity across generations. By preserving and passing down traditional practices, we can ensure that future generations have a connection to their cultural heritage and history. Moreover, traditional practices can provide a sense of community and social cohesion, bringing people together around shared values and beliefs. The loss of traditional practices can also have negative consequences for social and environmental sustainability. Traditional practices often involve a deep understanding and respect for the natural world, and can provide sustainable solutions to environmental problems. For example, traditional farming practices can promote soil health and biodiversity, while traditional fishing practices can promote sustainable fish stocks. Furthermore, the loss of traditional practices can also lead to the loss of important skills and knowledge. Traditional practices often involve a high degree of specialized knowledge and skills, such as weaving, pottery, or traditional medicine. By losing these practices, we risk losing important knowledge and skills that have been passed down through generations. In conclusion, while the adoption of modern ways of life may seem like a positive development, the loss of traditional customs and practices is a negative development that can have significant cultural, social, and environmental consequences. It is important that we recognize the value and importance of traditional practices and work to preserve and pass them down to future generations. 9. In some countries, traditional arts and crafts are losing popularity because of modernization. What measures can be taken to preserve them? In many countries, traditional arts and crafts are losing their popularity due to modernization. However, these cultural practices are a valuable part of our history and should be preserved for future generations. To achieve this, several measures can be taken. Firstly, governments should promote traditional arts and crafts by organizing events, exhibitions, and cultural festivals. This will not only increase awareness about these practices but also provide a platform for traditional artists to showcase their skills. Additionally, the government can offer financial support to artists and craftsmen to encourage them to continue practicing their traditional skills. Secondly, educational institutions can play a significant role in preserving traditional arts and crafts by including them in their curriculum. This will help in raising awareness and generating interest among younger generations. Schools and colleges can also organize field trips to museums and cultural centers to expose students to traditional art and crafts. Thirdly, museums and cultural centers should be established to showcase and preserve traditional arts and crafts. These institutions should be properly funded and equipped with modern technology to ensure that traditional art and crafts are preserved in their authentic form. In conclusion, traditional arts and crafts are an essential part of our cultural heritage and should be preserved for future generations. Governments, educational institutions, and museums should work together to promote and preserve these cultural practices. Word Count: 292 10. Some people believe that museums and art galleries should be free of charge, while others think that visitors should pay for admission. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Museums and art galleries are important cultural institutions that offer visitors an opportunity to learn about history, culture, and art. While some people believe that they should be free of charge, others argue that visitors should pay for admission. In this essay, I will discuss both views and give my opinion. On the one hand, those who support free entry to museums and art galleries argue that culture and history are the birthright of all citizens and should be accessible to everyone. Additionally, making museums and art galleries free of charge will attract a larger number of visitors, which will increase their popularity and revenue. This, in turn, can help in preserving and promoting cultural heritage. On the other hand, those who support charging visitors for admission argue that museums and art galleries need funds to maintain and preserve their collections. These institutions require a significant amount of money for upkeep, research, and expansion, which cannot be solely covered by government grants. Additionally, charging admission fees can help in controlling the crowd and ensuring that only those who are genuinely interested in visiting these institutions will do so. In my opinion, while free admission to museums and art galleries may sound ideal, it is not practical. These institutions require funds for their maintenance and development, and charging admission fees is a reasonable way to generate revenue. However, I believe that admission fees should be reasonable and affordable, especially for students and senior citizens. Word Count: 274 11. Some people argue that traditional music and dance are not important in today's society. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Traditional music and dance have been an integral part of many cultures for centuries. However, some people argue that they are no longer relevant in today's society. In this essay, I will discuss both views and give my opinion. On the one hand, those who argue that traditional music and dance are not important in today's society argue that they are outdated and irrelevant. They claim that modern forms of entertainment, such as pop music and hip hop, are more popular and appealing to the younger generation. Additionally, traditional music and dance are often associated with conservative values and may not be inclusive of all members of society. On the other hand, those who argue that traditional music and dance are still important in today's society believe that they are an essential part of cultural heritage and identity. These practices have been passed down through generations and provide a link to the past. Additionally, traditional music and dance can help in promoting cultural diversity and understanding. In my opinion, traditional music and dance are still relevant in today's society. While it is true that modern forms of entertainment are popular, traditional practices should not be dismissed or forgotten. These practices provide a connection to our history and can help in promoting cultural diversity and understanding. Furthermore, traditional music and dance can offer a unique experience for tourists and visitors, which can boost the tourism industry. Therefore, efforts should be made to preserve and promote traditional music and dance, such as organizing cultural festivals, offering financial support to artists and musicians, and including traditional practices in school curriculums. In conclusion, while some argue that traditional music and dance are not important in today's society, I believe that they are an essential part of our cultural heritage and identity. These practices should be preserved and promoted to future generations to ensure that our history and traditions are not lost. Additionally, traditional music and dance can offer a unique experience for tourists and visitors, which can boost the tourism industry. Efforts should be made to strike a balance between preserving traditional practices and embracing modern forms of entertainment. Both can coexist and complement each other in a society that values cultural diversity and inclusivity. Overall, traditional music and dance play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and identity. They are not just a form of entertainment but a way of life that has been passed down through generations. It is our responsibility to ensure that they are not lost or forgotten and that they continue to thrive in today's society. 12. Some people believe that traditional art forms are being replaced by digital art. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Traditional art forms, such as painting and sculpture, have been practiced for centuries. However, in recent years, digital art has gained popularity, and some believe that it is replacing traditional art forms. In this essay, I will discuss both views and give my opinion. On the one hand, those who believe that traditional art forms are being replaced by digital art argue that digital art is more accessible and versatile. They argue that digital art can be easily created and shared using modern technology, and it allows for greater experimentation and creativity. Additionally, digital art can be easily edited and modified, making it a more practical and cost-effective alternative to traditional art forms. On the other hand, those who believe that traditional art forms are still relevant argue that digital art cannot replace the unique tactile and sensory experience of traditional art forms. They argue that traditional art forms require a high level of skill and craftsmanship, and they offer a deeper connection to our cultural heritage and history. Additionally, traditional art forms offer a unique and irreplaceable aesthetic experience that cannot be replicated in the digital realm. In my opinion, while digital art has its merits, traditional art forms are still relevant and irreplaceable. Digital art may offer greater accessibility and versatility, but it cannot replace the unique sensory experience and connection to cultural heritage that traditional art forms offer. In conclusion, while some believe that traditional art forms are being replaced by digital art, I believe that traditional art forms will continue to thrive and remain relevant. Digital art may offer new possibilities and opportunities, but it cannot replace the unique aesthetic and cultural value of traditional art forms. Word Count: 277 13. Some people think that it is important to preserve historic buildings, while others believe that they should be demolished and replaced with modern buildings. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Historic buildings are an important part of our cultural heritage and identity. However, there is a debate about whether they should be preserved or demolished and replaced with modern buildings. In this essay, I will discuss both views and give my opinion. On the one hand, those who argue that historic buildings should be preserved believe that they are an important link to our past and cultural heritage. They argue that historic buildings have unique architectural and historical value, and they should be preserved for future generations to appreciate and learn from. Additionally, historic buildings can attract tourists and generate revenue for local economies. On the other hand, those who argue that historic buildings should be demolished and replaced with modern buildings believe that they are often impractical and costly to maintain. They argue that modern buildings are more energy-efficient and sustainable, and they can better meet the needs of modern society. Additionally, modern buildings can help in promoting economic growth and development. In my opinion, while it is important to embrace modern building techniques and sustainability, historic buildings should be preserved as an essential part of our cultural heritage and identity. These buildings offer a unique and irreplaceable aesthetic and cultural experience that cannot be replicated in modern buildings. Additionally, preserving historic buildings can help in promoting cultural diversity and understanding. In conclusion, historic buildings are an important part of our cultural heritage and identity, and they should be preserved for future generations to appreciate and learn from. While modern buildings have their merits, they cannot replace the unique aesthetic and cultural value of historic buildings. Word Count: 268 14. Some people believe that the government should fund the arts, while others think that this is not a priority. Discuss both views and give your opinion. The arts, including music, theatre, dance, and visual arts, play an important role in our society. However, there is a debate about whether the government should fund the arts or not. In this essay, I will discuss both views and give my opinion. On the one hand, those who believe that the government should fund the arts argue that the arts are an important part of our cultural heritage and identity. They argue that the arts can promote cultural diversity and understanding, as well as provide a source of entertainment and inspiration for individuals. Additionally, funding the arts can provide economic benefits by creating jobs and attracting tourists. On the other hand, those who believe that the government should not fund the arts argue that there are other more pressing issues that require government funding, such as healthcare and education. They argue that the arts should be funded by private donors and philanthropists, rather than taxpayer money. In my opinion, while the government should prioritize funding essential services like healthcare and education, funding the arts should also be a priority. The arts play an important role in promoting cultural diversity and understanding, and they offer a source of entertainment and inspiration for individuals. Additionally, funding the arts can provide economic benefits by creating jobs and attracting tourists. In conclusion, while some argue that the government should not fund the arts, I believe that funding the arts should be a priority. The arts play an important role in promoting cultural diversity and understanding, and they offer a source of entertainment and inspiration for individuals. Additionally, funding the arts can provide economic benefits by creating jobs and attracting tourists. Word Count: 272 15. Some people think that museums should be free of charge, while others believe that visitors should pay for admission. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Museums are important institutions that play a vital role in preserving and promoting our cultural heritage and history. However, there is a debate about whether museums should be free of charge or visitors should pay for admission. In this essay, I will discuss both views and give my opinion. On the one hand, those who believe that museums should be free of charge argue that they are an important public resource and should be accessible to everyone. They argue that museums offer a unique and educational experience, and everyone should have the opportunity to access them regardless of their financial situation. Additionally, free admission can attract more visitors and help in promoting cultural diversity and understanding. On the other hand, those who believe that visitors should pay for admission argue that museums require funding to maintain and operate their facilities and exhibitions. They argue that charging admission fees can help museums to generate revenue and improve the quality of their exhibitions and services. Additionally, charging admission fees can help to discourage overcrowding and maintain the quality of the visitor experience. In my opinion, while museums should remain accessible to everyone, visitors should pay for admission. Museums require funding to maintain and operate their facilities and exhibitions, and charging admission fees can help them to generate revenue and improve the quality of their exhibitions and services. However, there should be provisions for individuals who are unable to pay, such as reduced or free admission for low-income families, students, and seniors. In conclusion, while some argue that museums should be free of charge, I believe that visitors should pay for admission to support the funding and operations of these important institutions. However, provisions should be made to ensure that everyone has access to museums regardless of their financial situation. Word Count: 266 16. Some people believe that museums should be entertaining rather than educational. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Museums are institutions that play a vital role in preserving and presenting the cultural heritage of a society. They are also important sources of education and information for people of all ages. However, there is a debate about whether museums should prioritize entertainment or education. While some argue that museums should be more entertaining, I believe that museums should primarily focus on education. On the one hand, those who argue that museums should be more entertaining believe that this approach can attract more visitors and increase revenue. They point to the success of popular interactive exhibits that use technology to engage visitors and provide a more immersive experience. Moreover, they argue that people are more likely to learn and remember information if they are entertained. On the other hand, I believe that museums should prioritize education over entertainment. Museums are essential repositories of cultural heritage and knowledge, and their primary goal should be to provide accurate and insightful information about the exhibits. Museums play an essential role in educating visitors about history, art, science, and other fields of knowledge. Moreover, museums can help people to understand and appreciate different cultures and promote tolerance and respect for diversity. In conclusion, while it is important for museums to be engaging and interesting, their primary role should be educational. Museums should focus on providing accurate and insightful information about the exhibits and helping visitors to learn and understand more about the world around them. 17. Some people argue that museums are no longer relevant in the age of the internet and digital media. Do you agree or disagree? While it is true that the internet and digital media have transformed the way that people access and consume information, I strongly believe that museums remain relevant and important institutions in the 21st century. One of the primary functions of museums is to preserve and display physical objects that are of cultural, historical, or scientific significance. While digital media can provide access to information and images about these objects, nothing can replace the experience of seeing them in person. Museums also provide opportunities for visitors to engage with these objects in meaningful ways, such as through interactive exhibits, guided tours, and workshops. Moreover, museums play an important role in education and public outreach. Museums provide resources and information to help people better understand the world around them, whether that be the natural world, human history, or contemporary society. They also provide opportunities for learning and enrichment, such as through lectures, workshops, and educational programs for children and adults. Finally, museums can also provide important social and cultural functions. They can bring people together to appreciate and engage with art and culture, and can also serve as sites of community engagement and activism. Museums can play a role in promoting social justice and advocating for important issues, such as human rights, environmentalism, and equality. In conclusion, while digital media has transformed the way that people access and consume information, museums remain relevant and important institutions in the 21st century. Museums provide opportunities for engagement, education, and community outreach, and play an important role in preserving our cultural and historical heritage.

22. OTHERS/ABSTRACT IDEAS SUCCESS 1.Question: What is your definition of success? Do you think people's definitions of success have changed over time? Answer: Success is a very subjective term, and can mean different things to different people. To me, success is the ability to achieve one's goals and aspirations, and to find fulfillment and happiness in doing so. This could mean anything from having a successful career, to being a good parent or partner, to pursuing hobbies or passions. I believe that people's definitions of success have indeed changed over time, and continue to evolve. In the past, success may have been more closely associated with traditional markers such as wealth, power, and status. However, in recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on work-life balance, personal growth, and making a positive impact on society. Many people now prioritize meaningful relationships, experiences, and personal development over purely material goals. Moreover, I think that success can also be a relative term, depending on the individual's circumstances and context. What may be considered successful for one person may not be the same for another. For example, a person living in a developing country may have different priorities and measures of success than someone living in a developed country. Overall, success is a complex and multi-faceted concept, and its definition and importance can vary greatly depending on the individual and their cultural, social, and economic context. 2. Question: Some people believe that the pursuit of happiness is a basic human right. Others argue that happiness is elusive and cannot be attained. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Essay: The concept of happiness has been a topic of debate among philosophers and researchers for centuries. While some believe that everyone has the right to pursue happiness, others argue that happiness is an elusive concept that cannot be fully attained. In this essay, I will discuss both views and present my own perspective. On the one hand, many people view happiness as a fundamental right that all individuals should have the opportunity to pursue. This is reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence, which states that "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" are unalienable rights. The idea behind this is that individuals have the right to do what makes them happy as long as it does not harm others. Moreover, studies have shown that happiness is associated with a wide range of positive outcomes, such as better health, stronger relationships, and higher productivity. Therefore, the pursuit of happiness can be seen as a worthy and desirable goal. On the other hand, some argue that happiness is an elusive concept that cannot be fully attained. This is because happiness is subjective and can vary from person to person. What makes one person happy may not necessarily make another person happy. Additionally, happiness is often fleeting and can be affected by external circumstances, such as events or life changes. For example, someone may feel happy when they receive a promotion at work, but this happiness may be short-lived if they experience stress or burnout in their new role. Therefore, the pursuit of happiness may not always lead to long-term fulfillment and may even be a source of disappointment or frustration. In my opinion, both views have their merits, but I believe that happiness is a valuable pursuit that can bring meaning and purpose to one's life. While it may not be possible to attain a constant state of happiness, striving to increase one's overall level of happiness can have positive effects on one's well-being and quality of life. It is important, however, to recognize that happiness is a complex and multifaceted concept that cannot be achieved through material possessions or external accomplishments alone. Instead, individuals should focus on cultivating positive relationships, engaging in activities that bring them joy and fulfillment, and practicing gratitude and mindfulness. In conclusion, the pursuit of happiness is a subject of much debate, with some viewing it as a basic human right and others as an elusive concept. While happiness may be subjective and difficult to attain, I believe that it is a valuable pursuit that can bring meaning and purpose to one's life. Ultimately, individuals should focus on cultivating happiness through positive relationships, meaningful activities, and gratitude. 3. Question: Some people believe that happiness is the most important thing in life, while others think it is more important to achieve other goals, such as being successful or helping others. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Answer: Happiness is a subjective concept and means different things to different people. While some believe that happiness is the ultimate goal in life, others contend that there are other important goals, such as achieving success or helping others. This essay will discuss both views and provide my opinion on the issue. On one hand, happiness is indeed a vital aspect of life that everyone strives for. People who prioritize happiness consider it as the most important goal in life. They argue that happiness is a fundamental human need and that everything we do is aimed at attaining it. They believe that money, power, and success are secondary to happiness because these things do not necessarily bring joy and fulfillment. For them, being happy is the ultimate measure of success. On the other hand, some people believe that happiness is not the only goal in life. They argue that there are other objectives that are equally or more important than happiness. For instance, success is a goal that many people prioritize over happiness. Success can provide individuals with a sense of achievement and purpose that they may not experience through happiness alone. Similarly, some people find greater fulfillment in helping others rather than focusing solely on their own happiness. In my opinion, both happiness and other goals are essential for leading a fulfilling life. While happiness can provide individuals with joy and a sense of contentment, achieving other goals such as success and helping others can give people a greater sense of purpose and fulfillment. In other words, happiness is not the only aspect that contributes to a fulfilling life, but rather one of many factors. In conclusion, happiness is undoubtedly an important goal in life, but it is not the only one. Success, helping others, and other objectives can also contribute to a fulfilling life. It is important for individuals to strive for a balance between happiness and other goals to lead a contented and satisfying life. 4. Question: What is your definition of success? Do you think people's definitions of success have changed over time? Answer: Success is a very subjective term, and can mean different things to different people. To me, success is the ability to achieve one's goals and aspirations, and to find fulfillment and happiness in doing so. This could mean anything from having a successful career, to being a good parent or partner, to pursuing hobbies or passions. I believe that people's definitions of success have indeed changed over time, and continue to evolve. In the past, success may have been more closely associated with traditional markers such as wealth, power, and status. However, in recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on work-life balance, personal growth, and making a positive impact on society. Many people now prioritize meaningful relationships, experiences, and personal development over purely material goals. Moreover, I think that success can also be a relative term, depending on the individual's circumstances and context. What may be considered successful for one person may not be the same for another. For example, a person living in a developing country may have different priorities and measures of success than someone living in a developed country. Overall, success is a complex and multi-faceted concept, and its definition and importance can vary greatly depending on the individual and their cultural, social, and economic context. HAPPINESS 5. Question: Some people believe that the pursuit of happiness is a basic human right. Others argue that happiness is elusive and cannot be attained. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Essay: The concept of happiness has been a topic of debate among philosophers and researchers for centuries. While some believe that everyone has the right to pursue happiness, others argue that happiness is an elusive concept that cannot be fully attained. In this essay, I will discuss both views and present my own perspective. On the one hand, many people view happiness as a fundamental right that all individuals should have the opportunity to pursue. This is reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence, which states that "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" are unalienable rights. The idea behind this is that individuals have the right to do what makes them happy as long as it does not harm others. Moreover, studies have shown that happiness is associated with a wide range of positive outcomes, such as better health, stronger relationships, and higher productivity. Therefore, the pursuit of happiness can be seen as a worthy and desirable goal. On the other hand, some argue that happiness is an elusive concept that cannot be fully attained. This is because happiness is subjective and can vary from person to person. What makes one person happy may not necessarily make another person happy. Additionally, happiness is often fleeting and can be affected by external circumstances, such as events or life changes. For example, someone may feel happy when they receive a promotion at work, but this happiness may be short-lived if they experience stress or burnout in their new role. Therefore, the pursuit of happiness may not always lead to long-term fulfillment and may even be a source of disappointment or frustration. In my opinion, both views have their merits, but I believe that happiness is a valuable pursuit that can bring meaning and purpose to one's life. While it may not be possible to attain a constant state of happiness, striving to increase one's overall level of happiness can have positive effects on one's well-being and quality of life. It is important, however, to recognize that happiness is a complex and multifaceted concept that cannot be achieved through material possessions or external accomplishments alone. Instead, individuals should focus on cultivating positive relationships, engaging in activities that bring them joy and fulfillment, and practicing gratitude and mindfulness. In conclusion, the pursuit of happiness is a subject of much debate, with some viewing it as a basic human right and others as an elusive concept. While happiness may be subjective and difficult to attain, I believe that it is a valuable pursuit that can bring meaning and purpose to one's life. Ultimately, individuals should focus on cultivating happiness through positive relationships, meaningful activities, and gratitude. HAPPINESS 6. Question: Some people believe that happiness is the most important thing in life, while others think it is more important to achieve other goals, such as being successful or helping others. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Answer: Happiness is a subjective concept and means different things to different people. While some believe that happiness is the ultimate goal in life, others contend that there are other important goals, such as achieving success or helping others. This essay will discuss both views and provide my opinion on the issue. On one hand, happiness is indeed a vital aspect of life that everyone strives for. People who prioritize happiness consider it as the most important goal in life. They argue that happiness is a fundamental human need and that everything we do is aimed at attaining it. They believe that money, power, and success are secondary to happiness because these things do not necessarily bring joy and fulfillment. For them, being happy is the ultimate measure of success. On the other hand, some people believe that happiness is not the only goal in life. They argue that there are other objectives that are equally or more important than happiness. For instance, success is a goal that many people prioritize over happiness. Success can provide individuals with a sense of achievement and purpose that they may not experience through happiness alone. Similarly, some people find greater fulfillment in helping others rather than focusing solely on their own happiness. In my opinion, both happiness and other goals are essential for leading a fulfilling life. While happiness can provide individuals with joy and a sense of contentment, achieving other goals such as success and helping others can give people a greater sense of purpose and fulfillment. In other words, happiness is not the only aspect that contributes to a fulfilling life, but rather one of many factors. In conclusion, happiness is undoubtedly an important goal in life, but it is not the only one. Success, helping others, and other objectives can also contribute to a fulfilling life. It is important for individuals to strive for a balance between happiness and other goals to lead a contented and satisfying life.

21. WORK 1. Question: Some people believe that employees should stay with their employer for their entire working life. Others believe that it is better for employees to change jobs every few years. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Band 9 Answer: It is true that people have different opinions about whether employees should remain loyal to one employer or change jobs frequently. In my opinion, neither option is inherently better than the other, and the best course of action depends on individual circumstances. On the one hand, those who argue that employees should stick with one employer for their entire working life often point to the benefits of job security and loyalty. When workers are employed at the same company for many years, they can build up a wealth of experience and knowledge that is difficult to replicate elsewhere. Furthermore, long-serving employees are often more committed and dedicated to their employer, and may be more willing to work hard and invest in their own professional development. On the other hand, supporters of job-hopping argue that changing jobs frequently can lead to greater career advancement and more varied experience. When employees move to new roles, they are often able to learn new skills, build new networks, and experience different company cultures. Furthermore, switching jobs can be a way to negotiate higher pay and better benefits, as employers are often willing to offer more attractive packages to lure top talent. In my view, the best approach is to consider the individual circumstances of each person and each job. For some people, the security and stability of staying with one employer may be more appealing, particularly if they have personal commitments or a strong attachment to their current company. However, for others, the opportunity to try new things and explore different career paths may be more important. Ultimately, the decision to stay with one employer or change jobs frequently should be based on careful consideration of personal and professional goals, as well as the realities of the job market and industry trends. In conclusion, while there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate about job loyalty, I believe that the most important factor is for employees to make choices that align with their own goals and priorities. Whether that means staying with one employer for a lifetime or changing jobs frequently, the key is to make thoughtful and informed decisions based on personal circumstances and objectives. 2. Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of working from home? Answer: In recent years, more and more companies are offering their employees the option to work from home. While this provides a great deal of convenience, there are both advantages and disadvantages to this arrangement. On the one hand, working from home can be a great way to save time and money. Employees who work from home no longer have to spend time and money commuting to the office, which can be a major source of stress and frustration. Additionally, they are able to work in an environment that is comfortable and familiar, which can lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction. In some cases, employees who work from home are also able to set their own schedules, which allows them to achieve a better work-life balance. On the other hand, there are also several disadvantages to working from home. One major issue is that employees may find it difficult to separate their work life from their home life. This can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness, and it can also make it difficult to focus on work tasks when there are distractions at home. Additionally, some employees may find it challenging to stay motivated when they are working alone, without the support and camaraderie of a traditional office environment. In conclusion, while working from home has its advantages, it is not necessarily the best fit for every employee or every job. Companies and employees should carefully consider the pros and cons of this arrangement before deciding if it is right for them. 3. Question: Some people believe that it is important to have a high-paying job, while others think that job satisfaction is more important, even if it means a lower salary. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Band 9 answer: In today's society, the value of work and its impact on individual well-being and happiness are often debated. While some argue that a high salary is the key factor in job satisfaction, others contend that enjoying one's work is more important, even if it means earning less money. In this essay, I will discuss both viewpoints and argue that a balance between the two is ideal. On the one hand, there are several advantages to having a high-paying job. Firstly, a good salary can provide financial security, allowing individuals to live a comfortable life and provide for their families. Additionally, high-paying jobs often come with more benefits, such as health insurance, retirement plans, and bonuses, which can further improve an individual's quality of life. Finally, some argue that a high salary is an indicator of one's value in society, and can lead to increased social status and respect. On the other hand, job satisfaction is also a crucial factor in one's overall happiness and well-being. Enjoying one's work can lead to a sense of purpose and fulfillment, which can greatly improve one's mental health and overall life satisfaction. Furthermore, studies have shown that individuals who are satisfied with their jobs are often more productive and engaged, leading to better outcomes for themselves and their organizations. In my opinion, a balance between a good salary and job satisfaction is ideal. While it is important to have financial security and stability, it is also important to enjoy one's work and feel a sense of purpose and fulfillment. However, this balance may look different for different individuals, and it is ultimately up to each person to determine what is most important to them in a job. In conclusion, the debate over whether a high-paying job or job satisfaction is more important is a complex one, with valid arguments on both sides. Ultimately, the best approach is to strive for a balance between the two, taking into account one's personal values and priorities. 4. Question: Some people think that employees should be allowed to choose their working hours, while others believe that companies should decide the hours of work. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Answer: Work-life balance has become an increasingly important issue in modern society, and one aspect of this is the question of who should have control over an employee's working hours. While some believe that workers should be able to choose their own hours, others argue that companies should retain the right to dictate working hours. In this essay, I will examine both sides of this debate and explain why I believe that employees should be given more autonomy over their working hours. On the one hand, there are good reasons why companies might want to set the working hours for their employees. Firstly, having a set schedule can help employers to ensure that they have enough staff to cover their business needs during peak hours. This can be especially important in certain industries, such as healthcare, where there are strict staffing requirements that need to be met. Secondly, having a fixed schedule can also help to maintain consistency and structure within the workplace, making it easier for employees to plan their work and personal lives around their schedule. On the other hand, there are also compelling reasons why employees should be allowed to choose their own working hours. Firstly, individuals have different work patterns and productivity levels, and may be better suited to working at certain times of the day. Allowing employees to choose their own hours can help to maximize their productivity and job satisfaction, leading to better outcomes for both the employee and the company. Additionally, giving workers more control over their working hours can help to improve work-life balance, which has been shown to have positive effects on mental health and overall job performance. In my opinion, while there are some valid reasons why companies might want to set working hours for their employees, the benefits of allowing employees to choose their own hours outweigh these concerns. Allowing workers to tailor their schedule to their own needs and preferences can lead to a more motivated and productive workforce, as well as improved mental health outcomes. As such, I believe that companies should consider giving employees more autonomy over their working hours, while also ensuring that business needs are still being met. In conclusion, the question of who should decide an employee's working hours is a complex one, with valid arguments on both sides. However, I believe that giving employees more control over their schedule is the best approach, as it can lead to improved productivity, job satisfaction, and overall well-being. 5. Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of working from home? Answer: Working from home has become increasingly popular in recent years, and it comes with both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, working from home allows for greater flexibility in terms of work schedule, as employees can often choose their own hours and don't have to worry about commuting to an office. This can lead to increased productivity, as workers can tailor their work hours to their individual preferences and needs. Additionally, working from home can lead to cost savings for both employers and employees, as there is no need to maintain an office space or spend money on transportation. For employees, this can translate into savings on commuting costs and potentially even on work attire. On the other hand, working from home can be isolating and can make it difficult for employees to separate their work and personal lives. Without the separation of a physical office, it can be challenging to disconnect from work and maintain a healthy work-life balance. Additionally, some employees may struggle with self-discipline and motivation without the structure and social interactions of an office environment. In conclusion, while working from home has many potential benefits, it is important to carefully consider both the advantages and disadvantages before making the switch. Employers and employees alike must find a balance between flexibility and structure in order to achieve the greatest success in a remote work setting. 6. Question: Some people believe that job satisfaction is more important than job security, while others think that having a secure job is more important than job satisfaction. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Sample answer: In today's fast-paced and ever-changing job market, there is a debate about what is more important: job satisfaction or job security. Some people argue that job satisfaction is more important than job security because it helps workers feel more fulfilled and happy in their daily lives. Others believe that job security is more important than job satisfaction because it provides a sense of stability and financial security for individuals and their families. In this essay, I will examine both points of view and provide my own opinion on this issue. On the one hand, there are many benefits to having job satisfaction. When people are happy with their jobs, they are more productive, motivated, and likely to stay in their positions for longer periods of time. Furthermore, job satisfaction often leads to better mental and physical health, as people who enjoy their work are less likely to experience stress, anxiety, or burnout. For example, a recent study showed that employees who are satisfied with their jobs are 12% more productive than those who are not satisfied, which can translate into increased profits and success for companies. On the other hand, having a secure job is also important, especially in today's uncertain economic climate. A secure job provides individuals with a regular income and benefits, such as health insurance, retirement plans, and paid time off. This can help workers feel more financially stable and secure, which can reduce stress and anxiety. Additionally, a secure job can provide a sense of belonging and purpose, as people who have been in the same position for a long time often feel a strong connection to their colleagues and company. In my opinion, both job satisfaction and job security are important, but job satisfaction should be given slightly more weight. While it is certainly important to have a stable job with benefits, having a sense of purpose and enjoyment in one's work can lead to greater personal satisfaction and success in the long run. As such, I believe that employers should strive to create work environments that promote job satisfaction, while also providing employees with the stability and security they need to thrive. In conclusion, the debate between job satisfaction and job security is an important one, with valid arguments on both sides. However, it is clear that having a fulfilling and enjoyable job can have significant benefits for individuals and organizations alike, and should be prioritized whenever possible. 7. Question: To what extent has technology impacted the job market, and what steps can be taken to mitigate negative impacts? Essay: The impact of technology on the job market has been significant, with many traditional jobs being replaced by machines and automation. While technology has brought many benefits, such as increased productivity and efficiency, it has also led to job displacement and unemployment in some sectors. One of the primary ways that technology has impacted the job market is through automation. Machines and artificial intelligence have become increasingly sophisticated, and many tasks that were once performed by humans can now be done more efficiently and accurately by machines. This has led to job displacement in sectors such as manufacturing, where robots can now perform tasks that were previously done by human workers. Another way that technology has impacted the job market is through the rise of the gig economy. Platforms such as Uber and Airbnb have created new opportunities for people to work independently, but they have also created a more precarious and unstable job market, with fewer benefits and job security. To mitigate the negative impacts of technology on jobs, it is important to invest in education and training programs to help workers develop the skills they need to adapt to the changing job market. This can include programs that teach digital literacy and coding skills, as well as programs that help workers transition to new industries and sectors. Governments can also play a role in mitigating the negative impacts of technology on jobs. They can invest in infrastructure and industries that create new job opportunities, such as renewable energy and healthcare. They can also implement policies such as minimum wage laws and social safety nets to provide support for workers who have been displaced by technology. In addition, companies have a responsibility to ensure that they are not contributing to job displacement and to invest in the training and development of their employees. This can include programs that help workers develop new skills and transition to new roles within the company. In conclusion, technology has had a significant impact on the job market, with many traditional jobs being replaced by machines and automation. To mitigate the negative impacts of technology on jobs, it is important to invest in education and training programs, as well as infrastructure and industries that create new job opportunities. Governments and companies also have a responsibility to provide support for workers who have been displaced by technology and to invest in the training and development of their employees. By taking these steps, we can ensure that technology is used to create a more equitable and sustainable job market for all. 8. Question: What are the potential effects of automation on the labor market, and how can society adapt to these changes? Essay: Automation, the use of machines and technology to replace human labor, has been a growing trend in many industries in recent years. While automation can increase efficiency and productivity, it also has the potential to significantly impact the labor market. In this essay, we will discuss the potential effects of automation on the labor market, as well as some strategies that can be used to adapt to these changes. One potential effect of automation is that it can lead to job displacement. As machines become more sophisticated and able to perform tasks that were previously done by humans, there is a risk that many jobs will become obsolete. This could lead to widespread unemployment and economic insecurity, particularly for workers in industries that are most affected by automation. Another potential effect of automation is that it can lead to a shift in the types of jobs that are available. As machines become more prevalent, there may be a greater demand for workers who are able to design, operate, and maintain them. This could lead to the creation of new industries and new job opportunities, but it could also require workers to learn new skills and adapt to a changing labor market. One potential strategy for adapting to the impact of automation on the labor market is to invest in education and training programs. By providing workers with the skills they need to succeed in a changing labor market, we can help to ensure that they are able to find new job opportunities and maintain economic stability. Another strategy is to invest in research and development to create new industries and new job opportunities. This could involve supporting the development of new technologies, such as renewable energy or advanced manufacturing, that could create new jobs and reduce our reliance on industries that are most vulnerable to automation. Finally, it is important to consider policies that can help to mitigate the negative effects of automation on the labor market. This could involve measures such as expanding access to social safety nets, providing retraining programs for displaced workers, or implementing policies that encourage the use of automation in a way that is socially responsible and sustainable. In conclusion, automation has the potential to significantly impact the labor market, and it is important that we take steps to adapt to these changes. By investing in education and training, supporting the development of new industries, and implementing policies that mitigate the negative effects of automation, we can help to ensure that workers are able to thrive in a changing labor market. By doing so, we can build a more resilient and sustainable economy that benefits all members of society. 11. Question: To what extent has technology impacted the job market, and what steps can be taken to mitigate negative impacts? Essay: The impact of technology on the job market has been significant, with many traditional jobs being replaced by machines and automation. While technology has brought many benefits, such as increased productivity and efficiency, it has also led to job displacement and unemployment in some sectors. One of the primary ways that technology has impacted the job market is through automation. Machines and artificial intelligence have become increasingly sophisticated, and many tasks that were once performed by humans can now be done more efficiently and accurately by machines. This has led to job displacement in sectors such as manufacturing, where robots can now perform tasks that were previously done by human workers. Another way that technology has impacted the job market is through the rise of the gig economy. Platforms such as Uber and Airbnb have created new opportunities for people to work independently, but they have also created a more precarious and unstable job market, with fewer benefits and job security. To mitigate the negative impacts of technology on jobs, it is important to invest in education and training programs to help workers develop the skills they need to adapt to the changing job market. This can include programs that teach digital literacy and coding skills, as well as programs that help workers transition to new industries and sectors. Governments can also play a role in mitigating the negative impacts of technology on jobs. They can invest in infrastructure and industries that create new job opportunities, such as renewable energy and healthcare. They can also implement policies such as minimum wage laws and social safety nets to provide support for workers who have been displaced by technology. In addition, companies have a responsibility to ensure that they are not contributing to job displacement and to invest in the training and development of their employees. This can include programs that help workers develop new skills and transition to new roles within the company. In conclusion, technology has had a significant impact on the job market, with many traditional jobs being replaced by machines and automation. To mitigate the negative impacts of technology on jobs, it is important to invest in education and training programs, as well as infrastructure and industries that create new job opportunities. Governments and companies also have a responsibility to provide support for workers who have been displaced by technology and to invest in the training and development of their employees. By taking these steps, we can ensure that technology is used to create a more equitable and sustainable job market for all.

20. TRAVEL/TOURISM 1. Question: Some people believe that tourism is a negative phenomenon, while others believe that it has positive effects on society. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Answer: Tourism is a double-edged sword, and it has both positive and negative effects on society. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide my own perspective on the matter. On one hand, tourism can have negative impacts on society. Firstly, it can lead to overcrowding and degradation of natural and cultural resources. Tourists flock to popular destinations, which puts pressure on local infrastructure and causes pollution. Moreover, tourism can create a vicious cycle of unsustainable development, as more hotels and attractions are built to accommodate more visitors, leading to even more environmental damage. Secondly, tourism can exacerbate economic inequality by creating a divide between the rich and poor. In some cases, locals may be priced out of their own communities as real estate values rise due to the influx of tourists. Finally, tourism can have negative cultural effects by promoting homogenization and commodification of local customs and traditions. On the other hand, tourism can also have positive effects on society. Firstly, it can provide jobs and stimulate economic growth in areas where there are few employment opportunities. Tourism can also contribute to the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage sites and natural environments, as communities may rely on these resources for their livelihoods. Secondly, tourism can promote cross-cultural understanding and facilitate the exchange of ideas and knowledge. By experiencing new cultures and traditions, tourists can develop a broader perspective and greater empathy for people from different backgrounds. In my opinion, the benefits of tourism outweigh the negative effects if it is managed in a sustainable and responsible way. Governments and businesses should prioritize environmental and social considerations when developing tourism infrastructure and policies. Moreover, tourists themselves can make a positive impact by being mindful of their behavior and respecting local customs and traditions. If done correctly, tourism can be a force for good that promotes economic development, cultural exchange, and environmental conservation. 2.Question: Some people believe that tourism is harmful to the environment and should be limited, while others believe that tourism is beneficial and should be encouraged. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Essay: Tourism is a major industry that generates a significant amount of revenue for many countries. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether tourism is good or bad for the environment. Some people argue that tourism has a negative impact on the environment and should be limited, while others believe that tourism can be beneficial and should be encouraged. In this essay, I will discuss both views and give my opinion. On the one hand, those who argue against tourism suggest that it has a significant negative impact on the environment. Tourists often leave behind litter and waste, leading to pollution and degradation of natural habitats. The construction of hotels and resorts can destroy natural habitats and lead to soil erosion and other environmental problems. Furthermore, the influx of tourists can put pressure on local resources and contribute to overconsumption of water and other resources. On the other hand, there are those who argue that tourism can bring benefits to the environment. By creating jobs and stimulating economic growth, tourism can provide funds for conservation efforts and support sustainable development. For example, eco-tourism is a growing sector that promotes conservation and sustainable tourism practices. Additionally, responsible tourism practices, such as reducing waste and conserving water, can help to minimize the negative impact of tourism on the environment. In my opinion, while tourism can have a negative impact on the environment, it can also bring benefits. However, it is essential to promote responsible tourism practices and sustainable development. This includes reducing waste and conserving resources, supporting local businesses and communities, and promoting conservation efforts. Governments should implement policies that support responsible tourism practices and regulate the tourism industry to minimize the negative impact on the environment. In conclusion, tourism can bring both benefits and drawbacks to the environment. While there are valid concerns about the negative impact of tourism, responsible tourism practices and sustainable development can help to minimize these effects. It is important for governments, tourists, and the tourism industry to work together to promote responsible tourism practices and protect the environment for future generations. 3.Question: International travel is becoming increasingly common, and tourism is playing an increasingly important role in many economies. However, some people believe that this trend has negative effects on both the environment and local cultures. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view? Answer: In recent years, international travel has been on the rise, and tourism is becoming an increasingly important source of income for many countries. However, some people argue that this trend has negative consequences on the environment and local cultures. In my opinion, while tourism can indeed have negative effects, it also has the potential to benefit both the environment and local communities. On the one hand, it is true that tourism can have a negative impact on the environment. For example, the increasing numbers of tourists can lead to higher levels of pollution, damage to natural habitats, and increased waste production. Additionally, many popular tourist activities such as scuba diving, hiking, or skiing can cause damage to the environment if they are not managed sustainably. Furthermore, the construction of hotels and other tourism infrastructure can also have negative impacts on the local environment, such as deforestation or increased water consumption. On the other hand, tourism can also have a positive impact on the environment and local cultures. For instance, many eco-tourism initiatives aim to promote sustainable practices and conservation efforts. Tourism can also provide a source of income for local communities, which can help to preserve traditional cultures and ways of life. Furthermore, the presence of tourists can sometimes help to raise awareness about environmental and cultural issues and inspire action to protect them. In conclusion, while it is true that tourism can have negative consequences, it also has the potential to benefit both the environment and local communities. Therefore, it is important for governments and tourism stakeholders to manage tourism in a sustainable way to minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits. 4.Question: Some people believe that tourism has a negative impact on local cultures and traditions. Others believe that tourism can bring many benefits to a country. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Sample answer: Tourism has become an important source of revenue for many countries around the world, and it is no surprise that it is a topic of much debate. While some people argue that tourism has negative impacts on local cultures and traditions, others believe that it can bring many benefits to a country. In my opinion, both views have some merit. On the one hand, there is no denying that tourism can have negative impacts on local cultures and traditions. For example, tourists may be attracted to a country's culture and traditions, but they may also end up contributing to their erosion. This is because tourism can promote mass-produced and commercialized versions of traditional arts and crafts, and can encourage the commercialization of local cultural practices. Additionally, tourism can lead to the exploitation of traditional customs and beliefs for commercial purposes, which can lead to the dilution and even loss of traditional practices over time. On the other hand, it is also true that tourism can bring many benefits to a country. For instance, it can create jobs and provide income for many people, particularly those who live in rural areas or who work in the tourism industry. Moreover, tourism can encourage the preservation of cultural practices and traditions, as well as the conservation of natural resources, which are often important attractions for tourists. Finally, tourism can help to promote understanding and appreciation between different cultures, which can lead to greater cross-cultural understanding and tolerance. In conclusion, while tourism can have negative impacts on local cultures and traditions, it can also bring many benefits to a country. Ultimately, it is up to each country to strike a balance between the positive and negative impacts of tourism, and to ensure that the benefits of tourism are maximized while its negative impacts are minimized. 5.Question: Some people think that it is necessary to travel to other countries to learn about other cultures. Others argue that it is not necessary because we can learn about other cultures through books and the internet. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Answer: Traveling to other countries is undoubtedly one of the most effective ways to learn about different cultures, as it provides a first-hand experience of the way of life, traditions, and customs of people from different parts of the world. However, some argue that it is not necessary to travel to other countries to learn about other cultures, as we can learn about them through books and the internet. On the one hand, traveling to other countries can offer a unique opportunity to experience different cultures in a way that is impossible to replicate through reading or viewing content online. This is because travel allows people to immerse themselves in the culture and interact with locals, which can help to deepen their understanding of the culture and its people. Moreover, travel provides the chance to try new foods, see new landscapes, and learn new skills, which can broaden one's horizons and expand their perspective on the world. On the other hand, it is possible to learn about other cultures through books and the internet. There are countless resources available that offer detailed information about different cultures, from books and documentaries to online forums and social media platforms. For example, reading books or watching documentaries about a particular culture can provide a wealth of information about the traditions, beliefs, and customs of that culture, while interacting with people online who are from that culture can help to develop a deeper appreciation and understanding of their way of life. In my opinion, both traveling to other countries and learning about other cultures through books and the internet are valuable ways to expand one's knowledge and understanding of the world. However, while books and the internet can provide a wealth of information, they cannot replicate the experience of actually being in a foreign country and immersing oneself in its culture. Therefore, I believe that traveling to other countries should be encouraged as a valuable means of broadening one's horizons and gaining a deeper appreciation for different cultures. 6.Question: Some people believe that tourism does more harm than good to a country's culture and environment. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Answer: Tourism is one of the most significant industries in the world, generating employment and income in many countries. While there are some drawbacks to tourism, I believe that the benefits of this industry outweigh the potential harm to a country's culture and environment. On the one hand, tourism can have negative impacts on a country's culture. Tourists may bring their own customs and values to a country, leading to cultural erosion and homogenization. In addition, tourism can lead to the exploitation of cultural sites and practices, as these may be turned into commercial ventures to attract visitors. Finally, tourism can cause overcrowding and strain on local resources, leading to a decline in the quality of life for locals. On the other hand, tourism has many positive impacts that cannot be ignored. Firstly, it generates employment opportunities in the hospitality, transportation, and retail industries, which helps to stimulate economic growth in the country. Secondly, tourism can help to preserve a country's cultural heritage by providing a source of income for the conservation and restoration of historical sites and artifacts. Finally, tourism can create awareness about the need to protect the environment, as visitors are more likely to appreciate and value the natural beauty of a place. In conclusion, while tourism may have some negative effects on a country's culture and environment, I believe that the benefits of this industry far outweigh the costs. By taking steps to minimize the negative impacts of tourism, such as implementing responsible tourism practices, we can ensure that this industry continues to contribute to the economic and social development of countries around the world. 7.Question: Some people believe that tourism is a negative phenomenon, while others believe that it has positive effects on society. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Answer: Tourism is a double-edged sword, and it has both positive and negative effects on society. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide my own perspective on the matter. On one hand, tourism can have negative impacts on society. Firstly, it can lead to overcrowding and degradation of natural and cultural resources. Tourists flock to popular destinations, which puts pressure on local infrastructure and causes pollution. Moreover, tourism can create a vicious cycle of unsustainable development, as more hotels and attractions are built to accommodate more visitors, leading to even more environmental damage. Secondly, tourism can exacerbate economic inequality by creating a divide between the rich and poor. In some cases, locals may be priced out of their own communities as real estate values rise due to the influx of tourists. Finally, tourism can have negative cultural effects by promoting homogenization and commodification of local customs and traditions. On the other hand, tourism can also have positive effects on society. Firstly, it can provide jobs and stimulate economic growth in areas where there are few employment opportunities. Tourism can also contribute to the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage sites and natural environments, as communities may rely on these resources for their livelihoods. Secondly, tourism can promote cross-cultural understanding and facilitate the exchange of ideas and knowledge. By experiencing new cultures and traditions, tourists can develop a broader perspective and greater empathy for people from different backgrounds. In my opinion, the benefits of tourism outweigh the negative effects if it is managed in a sustainable and responsible way. Governments and businesses should prioritize environmental and social considerations when developing tourism infrastructure and policies. Moreover, tourists themselves can make a positive impact by being mindful of their behavior and respecting local customs and traditions. If done correctly, tourism can be a force for good that promotes economic development, cultural exchange, and environmental conservation. 8.Question: Some people believe that tourism is harmful to the environment and should be limited, while others believe that tourism is beneficial and should be encouraged. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Essay: Tourism is a major industry that generates a significant amount of revenue for many countries. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether tourism is good or bad for the environment. Some people argue that tourism has a negative impact on the environment and should be limited, while others believe that tourism can be beneficial and should be encouraged. In this essay, I will discuss both views and give my opinion. On the one hand, those who argue against tourism suggest that it has a significant negative impact on the environment. Tourists often leave behind litter and waste, leading to pollution and degradation of natural habitats. The construction of hotels and resorts can destroy natural habitats and lead to soil erosion and other environmental problems. Furthermore, the influx of tourists can put pressure on local resources and contribute to overconsumption of water and other resources. On the other hand, there are those who argue that tourism can bring benefits to the environment. By creating jobs and stimulating economic growth, tourism can provide funds for conservation efforts and support sustainable development. For example, eco-tourism is a growing sector that promotes conservation and sustainable tourism practices. Additionally, responsible tourism practices, such as reducing waste and conserving water, can help to minimize the negative impact of tourism on the environment. In my opinion, while tourism can have a negative impact on the environment, it can also bring benefits. However, it is essential to promote responsible tourism practices and sustainable development. This includes reducing waste and conserving resources, supporting local businesses and communities, and promoting conservation efforts. Governments should implement policies that support responsible tourism practices and regulate the tourism industry to minimize the negative impact on the environment. In conclusion, tourism can bring both benefits and drawbacks to the environment. While there are valid concerns about the negative impact of tourism, responsible tourism practices and sustainable development can help to minimize these effects. It is important for governments, tourists, and the tourism industry to work together to promote responsible tourism practices and protect the environment for future generations. 9.Question: International travel is becoming increasingly common, and tourism is playing an increasingly important role in many economies. However, some people believe that this trend has negative effects on both the environment and local cultures. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view? Answer: In recent years, international travel has been on the rise, and tourism is becoming an increasingly important source of income for many countries. However, some people argue that this trend has negative consequences on the environment and local cultures. In my opinion, while tourism can indeed have negative effects, it also has the potential to benefit both the environment and local communities. On the one hand, it is true that tourism can have a negative impact on the environment. For example, the increasing numbers of tourists can lead to higher levels of pollution, damage to natural habitats, and increased waste production. Additionally, many popular tourist activities such as scuba diving, hiking, or skiing can cause damage to the environment if they are not managed sustainably. Furthermore, the construction of hotels and other tourism infrastructure can also have negative impacts on the local environment, such as deforestation or increased water consumption. On the other hand, tourism can also have a positive impact on the environment and local cultures. For instance, many eco-tourism initiatives aim to promote sustainable practices and conservation efforts. Tourism can also provide a source of income for local communities, which can help to preserve traditional cultures and ways of life. Furthermore, the presence of tourists can sometimes help to raise awareness about environmental and cultural issues and inspire action to protect them. In conclusion, while it is true that tourism can have negative consequences, it also has the potential to benefit both the environment and local communities. Therefore, it is important for governments and tourism stakeholders to manage tourism in a sustainable way to minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits. 2. Question: Some people believe that tourism has a negative impact on local cultures and traditions. Others believe that tourism can bring many benefits to a country. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Sample answer: Tourism has become an important source of revenue for many countries around the world, and it is no surprise that it is a topic of much debate. While some people argue that tourism has negative impacts on local cultures and traditions, others believe that it can bring many benefits to a country. In my opinion, both views have some merit. On the one hand, there is no denying that tourism can have negative impacts on local cultures and traditions. For example, tourists may be attracted to a country's culture and traditions, but they may also end up contributing to their erosion. This is because tourism can promote mass-produced and commercialized versions of traditional arts and crafts, and can encourage the commercialization of local cultural practices. Additionally, tourism can lead to the exploitation of traditional customs and beliefs for commercial purposes, which can lead to the dilution and even loss of traditional practices over time. On the other hand, it is also true that tourism can bring many benefits to a country. For instance, it can create jobs and provide income for many people, particularly those who live in rural areas or who work in the tourism industry. Moreover, tourism can encourage the preservation of cultural practices and traditions, as well as the conservation of natural resources, which are often important attractions for tourists. Finally, tourism can help to promote understanding and appreciation between different cultures, which can lead to greater cross-cultural understanding and tolerance. In conclusion, while tourism can have negative impacts on local cultures and traditions, it can also bring many benefits to a country. Ultimately, it is up to each country to strike a balance between the positive and negative impacts of tourism, and to ensure that the benefits of tourism are maximized while its negative impacts are minimized. 10. Question: Some people think that it is necessary to travel to other countries to learn about other cultures. Others argue that it is not necessary because we can learn about other cultures through books and the internet. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Answer: Traveling to other countries is undoubtedly one of the most effective ways to learn about different cultures, as it provides a first-hand experience of the way of life, traditions, and customs of people from different parts of the world. However, some argue that it is not necessary to travel to other countries to learn about other cultures, as we can learn about them through books and the internet. On the one hand, traveling to other countries can offer a unique opportunity to experience different cultures in a way that is impossible to replicate through reading or viewing content online. This is because travel allows people to immerse themselves in the culture and interact with locals, which can help to deepen their understanding of the culture and its people. Moreover, travel provides the chance to try new foods, see new landscapes, and learn new skills, which can broaden one's horizons and expand their perspective on the world. On the other hand, it is possible to learn about other cultures through books and the internet. There are countless resources available that offer detailed information about different cultures, from books and documentaries to online forums and social media platforms. For example, reading books or watching documentaries about a particular culture can provide a wealth of information about the traditions, beliefs, and customs of that culture, while interacting with people online who are from that culture can help to develop a deeper appreciation and understanding of their way of life. In my opinion, both traveling to other countries and learning about other cultures through books and the internet are valuable ways to expand one's knowledge and understanding of the world. However, while books and the internet can provide a wealth of information, they cannot replicate the experience of actually being in a foreign country and immersing oneself in its culture. Therefore, I believe that traveling to other countries should be encouraged as a valuable means of broadening one's horizons and gaining a deeper appreciation for different cultures. 11. Question: Some people believe that tourism does more harm than good to a country's culture and environment. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Answer: Tourism is one of the most significant industries in the world, generating employment and income in many countries. While there are some drawbacks to tourism, I believe that the benefits of this industry outweigh the potential harm to a country's culture and environment. On the one hand, tourism can have negative impacts on a country's culture. Tourists may bring their own customs and values to a country, leading to cultural erosion and homogenization. In addition, tourism can lead to the exploitation of cultural sites and practices, as these may be turned into commercial ventures to attract visitors. Finally, tourism can cause overcrowding and strain on local resources, leading to a decline in the quality of life for locals. On the other hand, tourism has many positive impacts that cannot be ignored. Firstly, it generates employment opportunities in the hospitality, transportation, and retail industries, which helps to stimulate economic growth in the country. Secondly, tourism can help to preserve a country's cultural heritage by providing a source of income for the conservation and restoration of historical sites and artifacts. Finally, tourism can create awareness about the need to protect the environment, as visitors are more likely to appreciate and value the natural beauty of a place. In conclusion, while tourism may have some negative effects on a country's culture and environment, I believe that the benefits of this industry far outweigh the costs. By taking steps to minimize the negative impacts of tourism, such as implementing responsible tourism practices, we can ensure that this industry continues to contribute to the economic and social development of countries around the world.

19.TRANSPORT/Traffic 1. Question: Some people believe that the most effective way to reduce traffic congestion in cities is to provide free public transport. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Answer: Traffic congestion in cities is a significant problem for urban dwellers, causing frustration, delays, and negative impacts on health and the environment. While there are various approaches to reducing traffic congestion, some argue that providing free public transport is the most effective solution. In my opinion, I agree with this statement to a great extent. Firstly, providing free public transport can encourage people to use it instead of private cars. This can significantly reduce traffic congestion as it can persuade car owners to leave their cars at home and take public transport instead. Free public transport will make it more accessible and attractive to commuters, especially those who do not have their vehicles, and encourage them to choose the environmentally friendly option. Secondly, free public transport can help reduce the financial burden of traveling for low-income families. Public transport is often an expensive option for many individuals, and making it free would remove the cost barrier for those who cannot afford it. This will enable them to move around more easily and affordably, resulting in improved mobility and access to employment and education opportunities. However, providing free public transport may not solve all traffic problems in cities. For instance, in some cases, there may not be enough public transport options, or the transport system may be unreliable, leading people to opt for private cars. Additionally, providing free public transport would require substantial funding from the government, which may be challenging to sustain in the long term. In conclusion, I believe that free public transport is an effective way of reducing traffic congestion in cities. Although it may not be a perfect solution, it can significantly reduce the number of private cars on the road and make travel more affordable for low-income families. Therefore, I support the idea of providing free public transport and believe it should be a priority for governments in urban areas. 2. Question: In many cities, people are choosing bikes instead of cars as their primary mode of transportation. Why is this trend happening? Is it a positive or negative development? Band 9 Answer: In recent years, there has been a noticeable shift in many urban areas towards the use of bicycles as a primary mode of transportation. While there are a number of factors contributing to this trend, it is primarily driven by a desire to address environmental concerns and improve public health. In my opinion, this development is overwhelmingly positive. One of the most significant reasons why people are choosing bikes over cars is the environmental impact of driving. Cars are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions and contribute significantly to air pollution in cities. By contrast, bicycles produce no emissions and require far fewer resources to manufacture and maintain. This makes them a much more sustainable mode of transportation. Another key driver of the trend towards cycling is a growing awareness of the importance of physical activity for maintaining good health. Many people are looking for ways to incorporate exercise into their daily routines, and cycling provides an excellent opportunity to do so. Compared to driving, cycling is a much more active and engaging form of transportation, and can help people stay fit and healthy. There are, of course, some challenges associated with the shift towards cycling. For example, many cities lack the infrastructure necessary to support large numbers of cyclists, which can make cycling feel unsafe and intimidating for some people. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for accidents and injuries when sharing the road with cars and other vehicles. However, I believe that these challenges can be addressed with the right investment in infrastructure and education. In conclusion, I believe that the trend towards cycling as a primary mode of transportation is a positive development for urban areas. By reducing emissions and promoting public health, cycling can help create more sustainable, livable cities. However, it will be important to address the challenges associated with cycling and invest in infrastructure that supports safe and accessible cycling for all. 3. Question: Some people think that governments should invest more in public transport, such as buses and trains, while others believe that improvements to roads and highways are more important. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Sample answer: The question of whether governments should prioritize investment in public transport or improvements to roads and highways is a contentious one. While some argue that the former is more important, others believe that the latter should be given greater attention. In my opinion, however, investing in public transport is the best way to address the challenges facing transportation in many parts of the world. On the one hand, it can be argued that improvements to roads and highways are essential for ensuring that people and goods can be transported efficiently and safely. Building wider highways, for example, can help reduce congestion and shorten travel times. Additionally, improved road surfaces and markings can reduce the risk of accidents, improving overall road safety. This is particularly relevant in countries where the public transportation infrastructure is not well developed. On the other hand, investing in public transport has several advantages. First, it can help reduce congestion on roads, leading to shorter travel times for everyone. Additionally, public transport is more environmentally friendly than cars and other private vehicles, since it allows more people to travel together in a single vehicle. Furthermore, investment in public transport can lead to improved economic opportunities, since it can make it easier for people to travel to work, school, or other important destinations. In conclusion, while improvements to roads and highways are important, investing in public transport is the best way to address the challenges facing transportation in many parts of the world. Governments should focus their efforts on developing and expanding public transport infrastructure in order to provide a more efficient, safe, and sustainable transportation system for their citizens. 4. Question: Some people argue that governments should invest more in public transportation systems, while others believe that individuals should be responsible for their own transportation. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Sample answer: In modern societies, transportation is an essential aspect of daily life. While some people believe that governments should be responsible for providing public transportation, others argue that individuals should take responsibility for their own transportation needs. In this essay, I will discuss both views and offer my own opinion on this matter. On one hand, proponents of public transportation argue that it is the responsibility of governments to provide affordable, efficient transportation options to citizens. They argue that public transportation systems, such as buses and trains, are crucial for reducing traffic congestion and improving air quality in urban areas. Furthermore, public transportation is often the only viable option for low-income individuals who cannot afford to own a car. Therefore, governments have a responsibility to invest in public transportation systems to ensure that everyone has access to affordable transportation options. On the other hand, opponents of government-funded transportation argue that individuals should be responsible for their own transportation needs. They argue that public transportation systems are often inefficient and costly, and that people should be free to choose their own mode of transportation based on their individual needs and preferences. For example, some people may prefer to drive a car, while others may prefer to ride a bicycle or walk. Therefore, individuals should be responsible for their own transportation needs, rather than relying on the government to provide public transportation options. In my opinion, while individuals should be free to choose their own mode of transportation, governments have a responsibility to invest in public transportation systems. Public transportation is an essential component of modern societies, and it is the responsibility of governments to ensure that everyone has access to affordable transportation options. Additionally, public transportation is crucial for reducing traffic congestion and improving air quality in urban areas, which benefits everyone, not just those who use public transportation. Therefore, governments should invest in public transportation systems to ensure that everyone has access to affordable, efficient transportation options. In conclusion, the question of whether governments should invest in public transportation systems or whether individuals should be responsible for their own transportation needs is a contentious one. While some people argue that individuals should be responsible for their own transportation needs, I believe that governments have a responsibility to invest in public transportation systems to ensure that everyone has access to affordable, efficient transportation options. 5.Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of using public transportation? Answer: Public transportation has become an essential part of modern life, and it has both advantages and disadvantages. One of the main advantages is that it helps to reduce traffic congestion in cities. When more people use public transportation, fewer cars are on the roads, which can help to reduce traffic jams, air pollution and travel time. Additionally, public transportation is often more affordable than owning and maintaining a personal vehicle. This makes it an attractive option for individuals who cannot afford to own a car, or who want to save money on transportation costs. On the other hand, there are also some disadvantages to using public transportation. For example, it can be less convenient than driving a personal vehicle, as it requires adherence to schedules and may not be as flexible for travel to certain destinations. Additionally, public transportation can sometimes be overcrowded and uncomfortable, especially during rush hour or peak travel times. Finally, there may also be safety concerns for passengers who use public transportation, particularly at night or in areas with high crime rates. Overall, public transportation is an important part of modern society, but it has both advantages and disadvantages. While it can help to reduce traffic congestion and save money, it can also be less convenient and pose safety risks to passengers. 6. Question: In some countries, young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year before starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. Sample answer: In recent years, it has become increasingly common for young people to take a gap year after finishing high school, either to work or travel, before beginning their university studies. While there are both benefits and drawbacks to this approach, I believe that it can be a valuable experience for many students. One advantage of taking a gap year is that it allows young people to gain real-world experience and develop important life skills before entering university. For example, if a student chooses to work during their gap year, they may learn about responsibility, time management, and teamwork in a professional setting. Alternatively, if a student travels, they may learn about different cultures, languages, and ways of life, which can broaden their perspective and help them become more adaptable and open-minded. On the other hand, one potential disadvantage of taking a gap year is that it can delay a student's progress towards their degree and make it more difficult to transition back into academic life. If a student spends a year working, for instance, they may become accustomed to earning money and find it challenging to adjust to a student budget. Similarly, if a student spends a year traveling, they may become disconnected from academic routines and struggle to regain their focus when they return to university. In conclusion, while there are both advantages and disadvantages to taking a gap year before starting university, I believe that the benefits can outweigh the drawbacks for many young people. By gaining practical experience or exploring new cultures, students can develop valuable skills and perspectives that will benefit them throughout their academic and professional lives. However, it is important for students to consider their own goals and priorities before making a decision about whether to take a gap year.

18. SPORTS 1. Topic: Some people believe that professional sportsmen and women are paid too much money. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons and relevant examples to support your opinion. Essay: There has been a lot of debate about the amount of money that professional sportsmen and women are paid. Some people believe that they earn far too much money, while others argue that their high salaries are justified. In my opinion, I believe that professional athletes are paid too much money and there are several reasons for this. Firstly, the amount of money that professional athletes earn is disproportionate to the value they bring to society. Although sports provide entertainment and bring people together, they do not contribute to the betterment of society in the same way that doctors, teachers, or engineers do. These professionals are often paid far less than athletes, despite the fact that their work is essential to the functioning of society. Therefore, it is unfair that athletes receive such high salaries for doing something that is not as necessary as other professions. Secondly, the vast sums of money paid to professional athletes are often at the expense of smaller sports programs and amateur athletes. Many sports programs in schools and universities struggle to find funding and resources, despite the fact that they contribute to the development of young people and the wider community. This is because the majority of sports funding is directed towards professional leagues and athletes. As a result, many talented athletes do not have the opportunity to develop their skills and achieve their full potential. Finally, the excessive salaries of professional athletes can have a negative impact on society by promoting materialism and consumerism. When young people see their sporting heroes earning millions of dollars, they may begin to believe that success and happiness are only attainable through wealth and fame. This can lead to a culture of greed and selfishness, rather than one of community and cooperation. In conclusion, I strongly believe that professional sportsmen and women are paid too much money. Their high salaries are disproportionate to the value they bring to society, and the money they receive often comes at the expense of smaller sports programs and amateur athletes. Furthermore, the excessive salaries of professional athletes can have a negative impact on society by promoting materialism and consumerism. It is time to reevaluate our priorities and ensure that we are supporting the people and programs that truly matter. 2. Essay Question: Some people think that sports should be a compulsory part of the school curriculum, while others believe that it should be optional. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Sample Answer: Sports have been an integral part of human civilization for centuries, and many people believe that they should be an essential part of the school curriculum. While some people argue that sports should be compulsory for all students, others believe that it should be an optional activity. In this essay, we will discuss both sides of the argument and present our own opinion on the matter. On the one hand, advocates of compulsory sports argue that physical education is just as important as academic education, and should be a mandatory part of the curriculum. They argue that playing sports helps develop a range of skills such as teamwork, discipline, leadership, and time management, all of which are important for success in life. In addition, sports can promote a healthy lifestyle and help combat obesity, which is becoming a major public health issue in many countries. On the other hand, opponents of compulsory sports argue that not all students are interested in sports, and that it is unfair to force them to participate in something they don't enjoy. They believe that students should have the freedom to choose their own extracurricular activities based on their interests and talents, and that compulsory sports could be detrimental to the physical and mental well-being of some students. In our opinion, while it is important to encourage physical activity among students, sports should not be compulsory. Instead, schools should provide a variety of extracurricular activities that cater to a range of interests and abilities. This could include activities such as music, art, drama, and community service, in addition to sports. Students should be encouraged to participate in activities that they enjoy and are passionate about, as this can help foster a sense of purpose and belonging, and promote overall well-being. In conclusion, while there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate, we believe that sports should not be a compulsory part of the school curriculum. Instead, schools should provide a range of extracurricular activities that cater to a range of interests and abilities, and encourage students to pursue activities that they enjoy and are passionate about. 3. Question: Some people argue that sports have become too commercialized. Do you agree or disagree? Answer: There is no denying that sports have become increasingly commercialized over the years, with the rise of big money sponsorships, lucrative television deals, and the ever-growing influence of sports brands. While some argue that this trend is inevitable and ultimately beneficial to athletes and the industry as a whole, others worry that it has gone too far and that the pursuit of profit has overshadowed the true spirit of sports. Personally, I tend to agree with the latter view. While I understand that money is an important part of the sports business, I believe that the excessive focus on commercialization has had several negative consequences. For one thing, it has led to a widening gap between the elite, professional athletes who reap the rewards of sponsorship deals and those who play purely for the love of the game. This has also led to a homogenization of sports, where teams and players are increasingly indistinguishable due to the branding that they carry. Furthermore, the commercialization of sports has led to the prioritization of certain events over others, with only the most high-profile games and tournaments receiving significant coverage and attention. This has diminished the value of smaller, grassroots events and has also contributed to the erosion of local and regional identities in sports. In conclusion, while I understand the commercial realities of the sports industry, I believe that there needs to be a better balance between profit and the true spirit of sports. This will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including athletes, sponsors, and fans, to ensure that the values and traditions of sports are not lost in the pursuit of profit. 4. Question: Some people think that sports stars earn too much money. What is your opinion? Answer: In my view, it is true that some sports stars earn exorbitant amounts of money. While I understand that their fame and skills are in high demand, it seems unfair that they should receive such astronomical salaries when there are many other professionals who work just as hard but do not receive nearly as much compensation. Moreover, there are countless individuals who face extreme poverty and hardship, and it is difficult to justify why sports stars should earn millions of dollars for their work while so many others struggle to make ends meet. It also creates a disparity between athletes and fans, as many people cannot afford to attend sporting events or purchase branded merchandise due to the high prices associated with them. However, it is important to acknowledge that sports stars often have a limited amount of time to earn money due to the physical demands of their careers. Additionally, they are often subjected to high levels of pressure and scrutiny, which can take a significant toll on their mental health and well-being. Therefore, it is reasonable for them to expect to earn a comfortable living during their limited time in the spotlight. In conclusion, while I believe that it is unfair for sports stars to earn such exorbitant amounts of money, I also acknowledge that there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate. Ultimately, it is up to individuals and society as a whole to determine the appropriate level of compensation for sports stars, while also working to address the broader social and economic issues that contribute to inequality and poverty. 1. Question: Some people believe that sports stars earn too much money, while others think that they deserve the amount they are paid. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Answer: In recent years, the salaries of professional athletes have skyrocketed, leading to much debate about whether they are overpaid or deserve the high salaries they earn. This essay will examine both sides of the argument before offering an opinion. On the one hand, it can be argued that sports stars earn too much money. Many people believe that athletes are given unjustifiably high salaries for simply playing a game. They argue that this money could be better spent on more important causes, such as healthcare and education. Additionally, the vast sums of money paid to professional athletes can create a culture of greed and entitlement, which is not beneficial for society as a whole. On the other hand, others believe that sports stars deserve the amount they are paid. Professional athletes work incredibly hard to reach the highest level of their sport and often have a limited earning window due to the physical demands of their profession. The fame and fortune that comes with being a professional athlete is often the result of years of hard work and dedication to their sport, and they should be rewarded accordingly. Furthermore, professional athletes are often also required to engage in public relations work and sponsorships, meaning that they bring significant value to their teams and the wider community. In my opinion, while it is true that some athletes may be overpaid, most professional athletes work hard and deserve the salaries they receive. In addition to their physical abilities, athletes often have to navigate a highly competitive industry and must be able to perform under pressure. The value that they bring to their teams and to society as a whole cannot be understated. In conclusion, while there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate, I believe that professional athletes deserve the high salaries they earn. The work and dedication that goes into being a professional athlete cannot be underestimated, and their contributions to society and the sports industry cannot be denied. 2. Question: Some people think that governments should invest in sports facilities in order to improve public health. Others think that there are better ways to improve public health. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Sample answer: It is true that public health is a major concern for governments around the world. While some people believe that investing in sports facilities is the best way to improve public health, others argue that there are more effective ways to achieve this goal. In this essay, I will discuss both views and provide my own opinion. On the one hand, those who advocate for investing in sports facilities argue that physical activity is essential to maintaining good health. They believe that by building more sports facilities, such as gyms, swimming pools, and soccer fields, governments can encourage people to exercise more often. In addition, these facilities can also provide people with a social environment where they can meet and interact with others who share similar interests. This can help to promote a sense of community and belonging, which can have positive effects on mental health. On the other hand, some people argue that there are better ways to improve public health than building sports facilities. For example, they suggest that governments could invest in public transportation systems or build more sidewalks and bike lanes to encourage people to walk or bike to work. In addition, they argue that providing people with access to healthy food options and education on nutrition can be just as effective at improving public health as building sports facilities. In my opinion, both approaches have their merits, and a combination of both strategies may be the most effective way to improve public health. While sports facilities can provide people with an opportunity to exercise and socialize, they may not be accessible or appealing to everyone. Therefore, it is important to also invest in other initiatives that can make it easier for people to be physically active, such as building more bike lanes or providing education on nutrition. In conclusion, while there are different approaches to improving public health, investing in sports facilities can be an effective way to encourage physical activity and promote social interaction. However, governments should also consider investing in other initiatives that can make it easier for people to adopt healthy behaviors, such as active transportation and healthy food options. 3. Topic: Some people believe that professional sportsmen and women are paid too much money. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons and relevant examples to support your opinion. Essay: There has been a lot of debate about the amount of money that professional sportsmen and women are paid. Some people believe that they earn far too much money, while others argue that their high salaries are justified. In my opinion, I believe that professional athletes are paid too much money and there are several reasons for this. Firstly, the amount of money that professional athletes earn is disproportionate to the value they bring to society. Although sports provide entertainment and bring people together, they do not contribute to the betterment of society in the same way that doctors, teachers, or engineers do. These professionals are often paid far less than athletes, despite the fact that their work is essential to the functioning of society. Therefore, it is unfair that athletes receive such high salaries for doing something that is not as necessary as other professions. Secondly, the vast sums of money paid to professional athletes are often at the expense of smaller sports programs and amateur athletes. Many sports programs in schools and universities struggle to find funding and resources, despite the fact that they contribute to the development of young people and the wider community. This is because the majority of sports funding is directed towards professional leagues and athletes. As a result, many talented athletes do not have the opportunity to develop their skills and achieve their full potential. Finally, the excessive salaries of professional athletes can have a negative impact on society by promoting materialism and consumerism. When young people see their sporting heroes earning millions of dollars, they may begin to believe that success and happiness are only attainable through wealth and fame. This can lead to a culture of greed and selfishness, rather than one of community and cooperation. In conclusion, I strongly believe that professional sportsmen and women are paid too much money. Their high salaries are disproportionate to the value they bring to society, and the money they receive often comes at the expense of smaller sports programs and amateur athletes. Furthermore, the excessive salaries of professional athletes can have a negative impact on society by promoting materialism and consumerism. It is time to reevaluate our priorities and ensure that we are supporting the people and programs that truly matter. SPORTS 4. Essay Question: Some people think that sports should be a compulsory part of the school curriculum, while others believe that it should be optional. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Sample Answer: Sports have been an integral part of human civilization for centuries, and many people believe that they should be an essential part of the school curriculum. While some people argue that sports should be compulsory for all students, others believe that it should be an optional activity. In this essay, we will discuss both sides of the argument and present our own opinion on the matter. On the one hand, advocates of compulsory sports argue that physical education is just as important as academic education, and should be a mandatory part of the curriculum. They argue that playing sports helps develop a range of skills such as teamwork, discipline, leadership, and time management, all of which are important for success in life. In addition, sports can promote a healthy lifestyle and help combat obesity, which is becoming a major public health issue in many countries. On the other hand, opponents of compulsory sports argue that not all students are interested in sports, and that it is unfair to force them to participate in something they don't enjoy. They believe that students should have the freedom to choose their own extracurricular activities based on their interests and talents, and that compulsory sports could be detrimental to the physical and mental well-being of some students. In our opinion, while it is important to encourage physical activity among students, sports should not be compulsory. Instead, schools should provide a variety of extracurricular activities that cater to a range of interests and abilities. This could include activities such as music, art, drama, and community service, in addition to sports. Students should be encouraged to participate in activities that they enjoy and are passionate about, as this can help foster a sense of purpose and belonging, and promote overall well-being. In conclusion, while there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate, we believe that sports should not be a compulsory part of the school curriculum. Instead, schools should provide a range of extracurricular activities that cater to a range of interests and abilities, and encourage students to pursue activities that they enjoy and are passionate about. 5. Question: Some people argue that sports have become too commercialized. Do you agree or disagree? Answer: There is no denying that sports have become increasingly commercialized over the years, with the rise of big money sponsorships, lucrative television deals, and the ever-growing influence of sports brands. While some argue that this trend is inevitable and ultimately beneficial to athletes and the industry as a whole, others worry that it has gone too far and that the pursuit of profit has overshadowed the true spirit of sports. Personally, I tend to agree with the latter view. While I understand that money is an important part of the sports business, I believe that the excessive focus on commercialization has had several negative consequences. For one thing, it has led to a widening gap between the elite, professional athletes who reap the rewards of sponsorship deals and those who play purely for the love of the game. This has also led to a homogenization of sports, where teams and players are increasingly indistinguishable due to the branding that they carry. Furthermore, the commercialization of sports has led to the prioritization of certain events over others, with only the most high-profile games and tournaments receiving significant coverage and attention. This has diminished the value of smaller, grassroots events and has also contributed to the erosion of local and regional identities in sports. In conclusion, while I understand the commercial realities of the sports industry, I believe that there needs to be a better balance between profit and the true spirit of sports. This will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including athletes, sponsors, and fans, to ensure that the values and traditions of sports are not lost in the pursuit of profit. 6. Question: Some people think that sports stars earn too much money. What is your opinion? Answer: In my view, it is true that some sports stars earn exorbitant amounts of money. While I understand that their fame and skills are in high demand, it seems unfair that they should receive such astronomical salaries when there are many other professionals who work just as hard but do not receive nearly as much compensation. Moreover, there are countless individuals who face extreme poverty and hardship, and it is difficult to justify why sports stars should earn millions of dollars for their work while so many others struggle to make ends meet. It also creates a disparity between athletes and fans, as many people cannot afford to attend sporting events or purchase branded merchandise due to the high prices associated with them. However, it is important to acknowledge that sports stars often have a limited amount of time to earn money due to the physical demands of their careers. Additionally, they are often subjected to high levels of pressure and scrutiny, which can take a significant toll on their mental health and well-being. Therefore, it is reasonable for them to expect to earn a comfortable living during their limited time in the spotlight. In conclusion, while I believe that it is unfair for sports stars to earn such exorbitant amounts of money, I also acknowledge that there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate. Ultimately, it is up to individuals and society as a whole to determine the appropriate level of compensation for sports stars, while also working to address the broader social and economic issues that contribute to inequality and poverty. 7. Question: Some people believe that sports stars earn too much money, while others think that they deserve the amount they are paid. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Answer: In recent years, the salaries of professional athletes have skyrocketed, leading to much debate about whether they are overpaid or deserve the high salaries they earn. This essay will examine both sides of the argument before offering an opinion. On the one hand, it can be argued that sports stars earn too much money. Many people believe that athletes are given unjustifiably high salaries for simply playing a game. They argue that this money could be better spent on more important causes, such as healthcare and education. Additionally, the vast sums of money paid to professional athletes can create a culture of greed and entitlement, which is not beneficial for society as a whole. On the other hand, others believe that sports stars deserve the amount they are paid. Professional athletes work incredibly hard to reach the highest level of their sport and often have a limited earning window due to the physical demands of their profession. The fame and fortune that comes with being a professional athlete is often the result of years of hard work and dedication to their sport, and they should be rewarded accordingly. Furthermore, professional athletes are often also required to engage in public relations work and sponsorships, meaning that they bring significant value to their teams and the wider community. In my opinion, while it is true that some athletes may be overpaid, most professional athletes work hard and deserve the salaries they receive. In addition to their physical abilities, athletes often have to navigate a highly competitive industry and must be able to perform under pressure. The value that they bring to their teams and to society as a whole cannot be understated. In conclusion, while there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate, I believe that professional athletes deserve the high salaries they earn. The work and dedication that goes into being a professional athlete cannot be underestimated, and their contributions to society and the sports industry cannot be denied. 8. Question: Some people think that governments should invest in sports facilities in order to improve public health. Others think that there are better ways to improve public health. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Sample answer: It is true that public health is a major concern for governments around the world. While some people believe that investing in sports facilities is the best way to improve public health, others argue that there are more effective ways to achieve this goal. In this essay, I will discuss both views and provide my own opinion. On the one hand, those who advocate for investing in sports facilities argue that physical activity is essential to maintaining good health. They believe that by building more sports facilities, such as gyms, swimming pools, and soccer fields, governments can encourage people to exercise more often. In addition, these facilities can also provide people with a social environment where they can meet and interact with others who share similar interests. This can help to promote a sense of community and belonging, which can have positive effects on mental health. On the other hand, some people argue that there are better ways to improve public health than building sports facilities. For example, they suggest that governments could invest in public transportation systems or build more sidewalks and bike lanes to encourage people to walk or bike to work. In addition, they argue that providing people with access to healthy food options and education on nutrition can be just as effective at improving public health as building sports facilities. In my opinion, both approaches have their merits, and a combination of both strategies may be the most effective way to improve public health. While sports facilities can provide people with an opportunity to exercise and socialize, they may not be accessible or appealing to everyone. Therefore, it is important to also invest in other initiatives that can make it easier for people to be physically active, such as building more bike lanes or providing education on nutrition. In conclusion, while there are different approaches to improving public health, investing in sports facilities can be an effective way to encourage physical activity and promote social interaction. However, governments should also consider investing in other initiatives that can make it easier for people to adopt healthy behaviors, such as active transportation and healthy food options.

17. SOCIETY/SOCIAL PROLEMS/SOCIAL TRENDS 1. Essay question: Technology has had a profound impact on society in recent years, with both positive and negative effects. Discuss the impact of technology on society and give your opinion on whether the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Essay: Technology has had a profound impact on society in recent years, transforming the way we live, work, and communicate. While there are many positive effects of technology, such as increased efficiency and convenience, there are also some negative effects, such as social isolation and loss of privacy. In my opinion, the benefits of technology outweigh the drawbacks, but it is important to be aware of the potential negative impacts and work to mitigate them. One of the major positive effects of technology is increased efficiency and productivity. Advances in automation, artificial intelligence, and other technologies have made it possible for us to accomplish tasks more quickly and easily than ever before. This has led to increased productivity and economic growth, as well as greater convenience and comfort in our daily lives. Technology has also had a major impact on communication and social interaction. Social media and other online platforms have made it easier for us to connect with friends and family, as well as to meet new people and explore new ideas. However, there are also some negative effects of technology on communication, such as the spread of misinformation and the potential for cyberbullying and harassment. In my opinion, the benefits of technology outweigh the drawbacks. Technology has the potential to improve our lives in countless ways, from healthcare and education to transportation and entertainment. However, it is important to be aware of the potential negative impacts of technology and work to mitigate them. This may include measures such as regulation of social media platforms, education about online safety and privacy, and investment in research to better understand the impacts of technology on society. In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on society in recent years, with both positive and negative effects. While the benefits of technology outweigh the drawbacks, it is important to be aware of the potential negative impacts and work to mitigate them. By taking a balanced and thoughtful approach to the role of technology in our lives, we can harness its potential to improve our world and create a brighter future for all. 2. Question: Some people believe that the best way to reduce crime is to give longer prison sentences. Others, however, think there are better alternative ways to reduce crime. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Essay: The issue of crime reduction has been a hotly debated topic for many years, with some people arguing that longer prison sentences are the best way to reduce crime, while others advocate for alternative approaches. In this essay, we will examine both sides of this debate and argue that while longer prison sentences may deter some individuals from committing crimes, there are alternative approaches that are more effective in reducing crime in the long term. On the one hand, proponents of longer prison sentences argue that they act as a deterrent for individuals who are considering committing a crime. By increasing the length of time that individuals must spend in prison, they argue that potential criminals will be dissuaded from breaking the law out of fear of the consequences. Additionally, longer prison sentences can provide society with a sense of justice, as those who commit serious crimes are removed from society for longer periods of time. On the other hand, those who advocate for alternative approaches argue that longer prison sentences do not address the underlying causes of crime. They point out that many individuals who commit crimes do so as a result of poverty, lack of education, and other socio-economic factors. Instead of simply punishing individuals for their actions, they argue that it is more effective to address the root causes of crime by providing access to education, healthcare, and other social services. In my opinion, while longer prison sentences may provide a short-term solution to reducing crime, they are not effective in the long term. We need to address the underlying causes of crime if we want to reduce the overall crime rate. This can be achieved by investing in social services and education, as well as providing support for those who are at risk of committing crimes. By taking a holistic approach to crime reduction, we can create a society that is safer, more just, and more equitable for everyone. In conclusion, the issue of crime reduction is complex, and there are valid arguments on both sides of this debate. While longer prison sentences may be effective in deterring some individuals from committing crimes, they do not address the underlying causes of crime. Instead, we need to invest in social services and education to address the root causes of crime and create a safer and more equitable society for everyone. 3. Topic: Some people believe that social media has had a negative impact on society. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Essay: Social media has undoubtedly changed the way we communicate and interact with one another. While some argue that it has had a negative impact on society, I strongly believe that the benefits of social media far outweigh the drawbacks. Firstly, social media has revolutionized the way we connect with people, no matter where they are in the world. We can now easily keep in touch with friends and family members who live far away, as well as make new connections with people who share our interests and passions. Social media has also allowed for increased collaboration and networking, leading to the creation of new businesses and career opportunities. Secondly, social media has had a significant impact on raising awareness about important social and political issues. For example, the #MeToo movement gained momentum through social media platforms, leading to greater awareness and advocacy for gender equality and the prevention of sexual harassment and assault. Additionally, social media has allowed for greater civic engagement and political participation, as individuals can easily share their views and opinions on current events, and mobilize for political causes. However, some argue that social media has had a negative impact on society, particularly in regards to mental health and the spread of misinformation. The constant stream of information and notifications can lead to feelings of anxiety and overwhelm, and the spread of fake news and conspiracy theories on social media can be detrimental to public discourse and understanding. Despite these concerns, I believe that the benefits of social media far outweigh the drawbacks. It is important for individuals to practice mindfulness and moderation in their use of social media, and for social media platforms to continue implementing measures to combat the spread of misinformation and promote responsible use. In conclusion, while some argue that social media has had a negative impact on society, I strongly believe that the benefits of social media outweigh the drawbacks. Social media has revolutionized the way we connect and communicate with others, as well as played a significant role in raising awareness about important social and political issues. 4. Topic: Some people believe that social media has a negative impact on society. Do you agree or disagree? In today's digital age, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. While some argue that social media has a detrimental effect on society, I strongly believe that social media has had a positive impact on society as a whole. To begin with, social media has revolutionized the way we connect with each other. It has broken down geographical barriers and has made it easier for people to stay in touch with their loved ones, regardless of where they are in the world. This has had a profound impact on families and friends who are separated by long distances, as they can now share their lives with each other and stay connected in ways that were not possible before. Moreover, social media has empowered individuals and communities to voice their opinions and raise awareness about social issues. With the rise of social media, people now have a platform to speak up and bring attention to important issues that might have otherwise gone unnoticed. This has led to the emergence of social movements that have brought about positive changes in society, such as the #MeToo movement and Black Lives Matter. Finally, social media has also opened up new opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs. Social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram have made it easier for small businesses to reach a wider audience and grow their customer base. This has led to the creation of new jobs and has helped boost the economy. In conclusion, while it is true that social media has its downsides, such as cyberbullying and misinformation, the benefits of social media far outweigh the negatives. Social media has brought people closer together, given a voice to marginalized communities, and has created new opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs. Therefore, I strongly disagree with the statement that social media has a negative impact on society. Word count: 278 5. Topic: The issue of homelessness in urban areas. Homelessness is a pressing social issue that affects many individuals and communities, particularly in urban areas. Despite the efforts of various organizations and governments to address the problem, it remains a significant challenge that requires further attention and solutions. The reasons for homelessness are multifaceted and complex. Economic factors, such as poverty and unemployment, can contribute to the issue, as can social issues, such as domestic violence and family breakdown. Mental health problems and addiction issues can also be contributing factors. Regardless of the reasons, homelessness can have significant negative impacts on individuals and communities, including poor health outcomes, increased crime, and social exclusion. Governments and organizations have implemented various strategies to address the problem of homelessness. These include providing emergency shelters, transitional housing, and supportive housing, as well as providing employment and education opportunities. However, these strategies have not been enough to fully address the issue. One potential solution to homelessness is to adopt a Housing First approach. This approach involves providing individuals with stable and permanent housing as a first priority, rather than requiring them to demonstrate readiness for housing. Once individuals have housing, they can then be supported in addressing other issues, such as mental health and addiction problems. This approach has been successful in reducing homelessness in several cities in Canada and the United States. Another potential solution is to increase funding for affordable housing and rental subsidies. Many individuals who experience homelessness are unable to access affordable housing due to rising rents and lack of available options. By increasing funding for affordable housing, individuals would have access to safe and stable housing, reducing their risk of homelessness. In conclusion, homelessness is a complex issue that requires comprehensive and coordinated solutions. While efforts have been made to address the problem, further action is necessary. By implementing strategies such as the Housing First approach and increasing funding for affordable housing, we can make progress in reducing homelessness and improving the lives of individuals and communities affected by this issue. 6. Question: Some people believe that the growing number of elderly people is a social problem. Others argue that it is a natural part of the aging process and should not be viewed negatively. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Essay: The world is experiencing a demographic shift with a rapidly growing elderly population. While some view this as a social problem, others argue that it is a natural part of the aging process. In this essay, I will explore both views and provide my own opinion on this topic. On the one hand, those who view the growing elderly population as a social problem argue that it places a significant strain on social welfare systems and the economy as a whole. As more people retire and require financial support and healthcare, the cost burden on younger working individuals and the government increases. Additionally, the elderly are often vulnerable to social isolation and neglect, which can lead to mental health issues and further strain on the healthcare system. On the other hand, some argue that the growing number of elderly people is simply a natural part of the aging process and should not be viewed negatively. People are living longer due to advancements in healthcare and technology, and this should be celebrated. Moreover, older people can contribute to society in many ways, such as through volunteering, mentoring younger individuals, and providing invaluable life experiences and knowledge. In my opinion, while the growing elderly population does present challenges, it is ultimately a positive trend that should be embraced. It is a testament to advancements in healthcare and technology, and older people have much to offer society. However, it is important that society and governments invest in social welfare systems to support the elderly and ensure they have a good quality of life. In conclusion, the growing elderly population is a complex issue that can be viewed as both a social problem and a natural part of the aging process. While it does present challenges, I believe that it should be viewed positively and embraced as an opportunity for society to benefit from the wisdom and experience of older individuals. 7. Question: Some people believe that the best way to reduce crime is to give longer prison sentences. Others, however, think there are better alternative ways to reduce crime. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Essay: The issue of crime reduction has been a hotly debated topic for many years, with some people arguing that longer prison sentences are the best way to reduce crime, while others advocate for alternative approaches. In this essay, we will examine both sides of this debate and argue that while longer prison sentences may deter some individuals from committing crimes, there are alternative approaches that are more effective in reducing crime in the long term. On the one hand, proponents of longer prison sentences argue that they act as a deterrent for individuals who are considering committing a crime. By increasing the length of time that individuals must spend in prison, they argue that potential criminals will be dissuaded from breaking the law out of fear of the consequences. Additionally, longer prison sentences can provide society with a sense of justice, as those who commit serious crimes are removed from society for longer periods of time. On the other hand, those who advocate for alternative approaches argue that longer prison sentences do not address the underlying causes of crime. They point out that many individuals who commit crimes do so as a result of poverty, lack of education, and other socio-economic factors. Instead of simply punishing individuals for their actions, they argue that it is more effective to address the root causes of crime by providing access to education, healthcare, and other social services. In my opinion, while longer prison sentences may provide a short-term solution to reducing crime, they are not effective in the long term. We need to address the underlying causes of crime if we want to reduce the overall crime rate. This can be achieved by investing in social services and education, as well as providing support for those who are at risk of committing crimes. By taking a holistic approach to crime reduction, we can create a society that is safer, more just, and more equitable for everyone. In conclusion, the issue of crime reduction is complex, and there are valid arguments on both sides of this debate. While longer prison sentences may be effective in deterring some individuals from committing crimes, they do not address the underlying causes of crime. Instead, we need to invest in social services and education to address the root causes of crime and create a safer and more equitable society for everyone. 8. Topic: Some people believe that social media has had a negative impact on society. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Essay: Social media has undoubtedly changed the way we communicate and interact with one another. While some argue that it has had a negative impact on society, I strongly believe that the benefits of social media far outweigh the drawbacks. Firstly, social media has revolutionized the way we connect with people, no matter where they are in the world. We can now easily keep in touch with friends and family members who live far away, as well as make new connections with people who share our interests and passions. Social media has also allowed for increased collaboration and networking, leading to the creation of new businesses and career opportunities. Secondly, social media has had a significant impact on raising awareness about important social and political issues. For example, the #MeToo movement gained momentum through social media platforms, leading to greater awareness and advocacy for gender equality and the prevention of sexual harassment and assault. Additionally, social media has allowed for greater civic engagement and political participation, as individuals can easily share their views and opinions on current events, and mobilize for political causes. However, some argue that social media has had a negative impact on society, particularly in regards to mental health and the spread of misinformation. The constant stream of information and notifications can lead to feelings of anxiety and overwhelm, and the spread of fake news and conspiracy theories on social media can be detrimental to public discourse and understanding. Despite these concerns, I believe that the benefits of social media far outweigh the drawbacks. It is important for individuals to practice mindfulness and moderation in their use of social media, and for social media platforms to continue implementing measures to combat the spread of misinformation and promote responsible use. In conclusion, while some argue that social media has had a negative impact on society, I strongly believe that the benefits of social media outweigh the drawbacks. Social media has revolutionized the way we connect and communicate with others, as well as played a significant role in raising awareness about important social and political issues. 9. Topic: Some people believe that social media has a negative impact on society. Do you agree or disagree? In today's digital age, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. While some argue that social media has a detrimental effect on society, I strongly believe that social media has had a positive impact on society as a whole. To begin with, social media has revolutionized the way we connect with each other. It has broken down geographical barriers and has made it easier for people to stay in touch with their loved ones, regardless of where they are in the world. This has had a profound impact on families and friends who are separated by long distances, as they can now share their lives with each other and stay connected in ways that were not possible before. Moreover, social media has empowered individuals and communities to voice their opinions and raise awareness about social issues. With the rise of social media, people now have a platform to speak up and bring attention to important issues that might have otherwise gone unnoticed. This has led to the emergence of social movements that have brought about positive changes in society, such as the #MeToo movement and Black Lives Matter. Finally, social media has also opened up new opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs. Social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram have made it easier for small businesses to reach a wider audience and grow their customer base. This has led to the creation of new jobs and has helped boost the economy. In conclusion, while it is true that social media has its downsides, such as cyberbullying and misinformation, the benefits of social media far outweigh the negatives. Social media has brought people closer together, given a voice to marginalized communities, and has created new opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs. Therefore, I strongly disagree with the statement that social media has a negative impact on society. Word count: 278 10. Question: Some people believe that the growing number of elderly people is a social problem. Others argue that it is a natural part of the aging process and should not be viewed negatively. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Essay: The world is experiencing a demographic shift with a rapidly growing elderly population. While some view this as a social problem, others argue that it is a natural part of the aging process. In this essay, I will explore both views and provide my own opinion on this topic. On the one hand, those who view the growing elderly population as a social problem argue that it places a significant strain on social welfare systems and the economy as a whole. As more people retire and require financial support and healthcare, the cost burden on younger working individuals and the government increases. Additionally, the elderly are often vulnerable to social isolation and neglect, which can lead to mental health issues and further strain on the healthcare system. On the other hand, some argue that the growing number of elderly people is simply a natural part of the aging process and should not be viewed negatively. People are living longer due to advancements in healthcare and technology, and this should be celebrated. Moreover, older people can contribute to society in many ways, such as through volunteering, mentoring younger individuals, and providing invaluable life experiences and knowledge. In my opinion, while the growing elderly population does present challenges, it is ultimately a positive trend that should be embraced. It is a testament to advancements in healthcare and technology, and older people have much to offer society. However, it is important that society and governments invest in social welfare systems to support the elderly and ensure they have a good quality of life. In conclusion, the growing elderly population is a complex issue that can be viewed as both a social problem and a natural part of the aging process. While it does present challenges, I believe that it should be viewed positively and embraced as an opportunity for society to benefit from the wisdom and experience of older individuals.