The following is the beginning of a story and complete it in your own words. Once a golden necklace was lost from a rich man’s house. A few servants worked in that house. Naturally; it was suspected that any one of the servants had stolen the necklace .CtgB 22 Ans.     Wisdom of a Qazi Once a golden necklace was lost from a rich man’s house. A few servants worked in that house. Naturally, it was suspected. that .any one of the servants had stolen the necklace. The man complained to the Qazi about the stealing. The Qazi called upon all the servants, and they promptly presented themselves before him. Inquiring about the missing necklace, he questioned each servant individually, but all vehemently denied any involvement in the theft. Undeterred, the Qazi devised a clever plan: he distributed a stick to each servant, instructing them to return the following day with their sticks, with the added caveat that the stick of the thief would be longer by an inch. As the servants dispersed, all except the true culprit drifted off to sleep after a long day's work. However, the guilt-ridden thief found himself unable to rest. Fearful of being caught should his stick indeed grow longer, he resolved to take action. Under the cover of darkness, he meticulously shortened his stick by precisely one inch, hoping to evade detection. The following morning, all the servants assembled before the Qazi, sticks in hand. With a keen eye, the Qazi scrutinized each stick, searching for any discrepancies. His observation was rewarded when he identified a stick an inch shorter than the rest. Thus, the thief's deceit was exposed, and he was swiftly apprehended and sent to jail, serving as a cautionary tale for all who would dare to deceive.

The following is the beginning of a story and complete it in your own words. Bithi is a shelter less, helpless street orphan of ten years who sells flowers on the intersection of Dhaka street . She lives on the income of what she gets from selling flowers. One day, while selling flowers in the traffic jam .   CB22 Ans.     Waiting for a Favourite Person Bithi is a shelter less, helpless street orphan of ten years who sells flowers on the intersection of Dhaka street. She lives on the income of what she gets from selling flowers. One day, amidst the chaos of a traffic jam, Bithi spotted a white car passing by. Inside sat a foreign lady. Seizing the opportunity, Bithi offered her flowers for sale. To her surprise, the foreigner purchased the flowers and handed her 100 taka. On another occasion, Bithi encountered the same foreign lady again. This time, the lady invited her to a luxurious restaurant, where she indulged Bithi with exquisite and delectable food. Overwhelmed by the unexpected gesture, Bithi began to believe that this foreigner cared for her more than her own parents. The foreigner, Dr. Kathryn B. Ward, turned out to be an American. Bithi also got acquainted with her driver, Ripon. Days passed, and Bithi eagerly awaited the arrival of the lady, hoping to see her again. However, she was disappointed as the lady didn't show up. In her longing, Bithi occasionally reached out to the lady's driver, fondly referred to as "Ripon mama," to inquire about the next visit of her beloved foreigner. Despite the fleeting encounters, Bithi's heart was filled with gratitude and affection for the foreigner who had shown her unexpected kindness and generosity. The memory of those brief moments lingered in her mind, leaving an indelible mark of warmth and compassion.

The following is the beginning of a story and complete it in your own words. It was 20 March of 2020. Sarah was very happy because her family was going to have a tom to Saint Martin Island the next week. She was watching TV with a jolly mood. Suddenly, a news popped up—"Government has declared lockdown for a period of 15 days all over the country with a view to controlling the spread of Coved-19 and protecting people from being infected with it.            JB '22 Ans.     Several days of restlessness in lockdown It was 20 March of 2020. Sarah was very happy because her family was going to have a tour to Saint Martin Island the next week. She was watching TV with a jolly mood. Suddenly- a news popped up--"Government has declared lockdown for a period of 15 days all over the country with a view to controlling the spread of Coved-19 and protecting people from being infected with it. Sarah's heart sank with disappointment. She had longed to visit Saint Martin for ages, and all the arrangements had been made, only for everything to fall through. Despite the passing of several days, movement was severely restricted, with people hesitant to venture out even for urgent needs. During this trying time, Sarah's mother fell ill. She exhibited symptoms such as a high fever, coughing, and a sore throat, indicating a possible COVID-19 infection. The family was gripped with fear, knowing that hospitals were refusing to admit patients. Despite numerous calls for ambulances, none arrived, leaving them in tears. Finally, after persistent efforts, they managed to secure an ambulance by dialing 999. Swiftly, it arrived at their doorstep and transported Sarah's mother to a government hospital, where they were greeted warmly. She was admitted to the intensive care unit while they anxiously waited in the lounge. A doctor reassured them, noting that her breathing was normal. Subsequently, she was tested for COVID-19, but since the results would take two days, they had to leave the hospital. Returning home fraught with worry, they awaited the verdict. Two agonizing days later, they returned to the hospital. By the grace of Allah, the test came back negative, bringing immense relief. The doctor attributed her illness to a common cold, alleviating their concerns. Prescribed medication in hand, they brought her back home, expressing gratitude to Allah. Sarah's mother rejoiced at reuniting with her family, her spirits lifted by their presence. In the face of uncertainty and fear, their faith and resilience had seen them through, reaffirming their belief in the power of hope and gratitude.

Information Transfer for HSC Examination- 5.0 Question No-2 : Information Transfer (HSC) 1. Read the text and complete the table below with the given information:— [B. B. 2017]                      1x10=10 I declared that the Assembly would continue to meet. But suddenly on the 1st of March the Assembly was shut down. Mr. Yahya Khan called the session of the Assembly in his capacity as the President and I declared I would be attending it. Mr. Bhutto said he wouldn't be part of it. Thirty-five members of the Assembly came from West Pakistan to take part in its proceedings. But it was dissolved all of a sudden. The blame was put on the people of Bengal, the finger was pointed at me! After the Assembly's session was prorogued, the people of this country protested. I told them, "Observe the General Strike we have called peacefully." I told them" Shut down all mills and factories." Our people responded to my call. They came to the streets spontaneously. They expressed their firm determination to carry out the struggle peacefully. What have we got in return? Those who brought arms with our money to defend us from external enemies are now using those arms on the poor, -the wretched, -the downtrodden people of the land. Bullets are being aimed at their hearts. We constitute the majority in Pakistan; but whenever we Bengalis have tried to assume power they have used force on us. Ans: (i) 1st of March (ii) called the session of the Assembly (iii) declared that the Assembly would continue (iv) Mr. Bhutto (v) from West Pakistan (vi) of the Assembly (vii) all of a sudden (viii) to carry out the struggle (ix) responded to Bangabandhu’s call (x) spontaneously 2. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.            1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 1) Imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight against white minority rule, Mandela never lost his resolve to fight for his people’s emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid while avoiding a civil war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world. “I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I will fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days,” Mandela said in his acceptance speech on becoming South Africa’s first black president in 1994, ... “The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come.” “We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation.’’ Ans: (i) was imprisoned (ii) his fight against white minority rule (iii) His prestige and charisma (iv) of the world (v) Nelson Mandela (vi) during his life (vii) the first black president (viii) in South Africa (ix) have achieved (x) their political emancipation. 3. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 1) Mandela went on to play a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate of human dignity in the face of challenges ranging from political repression to AIDS. He formally left public life in June 2004 before his 86th birthday, telling his adoring countrymen: “Don't call me. I’ll call you.” But he remained one of the world’s most revered public figures, combining celebrity sparkle with an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights. “He is at the epicenter of our time, ours in South Africa, and yours, wherever you are,” Nadine Gordimer, the South African writer and Nobel Laureate for Literature, once remarked. The years Mandela spent behind bars made him the world’s most celebrated political prisoner and a leader of mythic stature for millions of black South Africans and other oppressed people far beyond his country’s borders. Ans: (i) a prominent role (ii) on the world stage (iii) Nelson Mandela (iv) in June 2004 (v) before his 86th birthday (vi) one of the world’s most revered public figures (vii) an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights (viii) Nadine Gordimer (ix) “He is at the epicenter of our time, ours in South Africa, and yours, wherever you are” (x) far beyond his country’s borders. 4. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 1) Charged with capital offences in the 1963 Rivonia Trial, his statement from the dock was his political testimony. “During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. “I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities,” he told the court. “It is an ideal I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” Friends adored Mandela and fondly called him “Madiba,” the clan name by which he was known. People lauded his humanity, kindness and dignity. Ans: (i) capital offences (ii) from the dock (iii) white domination and black domination (iv) in Africa (v) told the court (vi) had dedicated himself (vii) the struggle (viii) Friends (ix) Madiba (x) in South Africa 5. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 2) What have we done that was wrong? After the elections, the people of Bangladesh voted as one for me, for the Awami League. We were to sit in the National Assembly, draft a constitution for ourselves there, and build our country; the people of this land would thereby get economic, political, and cultural freedom. But it is with regret that I have to report to you today that we have passed through twenty-three tragic years; Bengal’s history of those years is full of stories of torture inflicted on our people, of blood shed by them repeatedly. Twenty- three years of a history of men and women in agony! The history of Bengal is the history of a people who have repeatedly made their highways crimson with their blood. We shed blood in 1952; even though we were the victors in the elections of 1954 we could not form a government then. In 1958 Ayub Khan declared Martial Law to enslave us for the next ten years. In 1966 when we launched the six point movement our boys were shot dead on 7 June. When after the movement of 1969 Ayub Khan fell from power and Yahya Khan assumed the reins of the government he declared that he would give us a constitution and restore democracy; we listened to him then. A lot has happened since and elections have taken place. Ans: (i) The people of Bangladesh (ii) in the National Assembly (iii) a constitution (iv) voted (v) economic, political, and cultural freedom (vi) shed blood (vii) the struggle (viii) Ayub Khan (ix) in 1958 (x) The six point movement 6. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 2) I’ve met President Yahya Khan. I’ve made a request to him not only on behalf of Bengal but also as the leader of the party which has the majority in Pakistan; I said to him: “You must hold the session of the National Assembly on 15 January.” But he did not listen to me. He listened to Mr. Bhutto instead. At first he said that the meeting would take place in the first week of March. We said, “Fine, we will be taking our seats in the Assembly then.” I said we will carry out our discussions in the Assembly. I went so far as to say that if anyone came up with an offer that was just, even though we were in the majority we would agree to that offer. Mr. Bhutto came here; he carried out discussions with us; he had said that the doors of negotiations had not been shut and that there would be further negotiations. I then had talks with other leaders; I said to them, “Come and sit down with us; let’s create a constitution for ourselves through discussions.” But Mr. Bhutto declared that if West Pakistani members came here the Assembly would end up as a slaughterhouse. He claimed that whoever came here would be slaughtered. He said that if anyone showed up here all shops from Peshawar to Karachi would be shut down. Ans: (i) President Yahya Khan (ii) on 15 January (iii) The meeting (iv) would take place (v) Mr. Bhutto (vi) discussion (vii) West Pakistani members (viii) as a slaughterhouse (ix) all shops (x) from Peshawar to Karachi 7. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 2) My brothers, The Assembly has been called into session on the 25th of March. But the blood spilled on our streets has not yet dried. About the 10th of this month, I have told them: Mujibur Rahman won’t join the Round Table Conference because that would mean wading over the blood that has been shed. Although you have called the Assembly into session, you’ll have to listen to my demands first. You’ll have to withdraw Martial Law. You’ll have to return all army personnel to their barracks. You’ll have to investigate the way our people have been murdered. And you’ll have to transfer power to the representatives of the people. It is only then that I’ll decide whether we will take our seats in the Assembly or not. I don’t want the Prime Minister’s office. We want the people of this country to have their rights. I want to state clearly that from this day Bangladesh’s courts, magistracies, government offices and educational institutions will be shut down indefinitely. So that the poor don’t have to suffer, so that my people don’t have to go through hardships, all other things will be exempted from the General Strike from tomorrow. Rickshaws, horse carriages, trains, and launches will be allowed to move. Only the Secretariat, the Supreme Court, the High Court, Judges’ Court, and semi-government organizations such as WAPDA will not be allowed to work. On the 28th employees will go and collect their salaries. If their salaries are not paid, if another bullet is fired, if my people are shot dead again, I request all of you: convert every house into a fort: confront the enemy with whatever you have. And even at the risk of your life, and even if I am not around to direct you, shut down all shops and make sure that traffic on all roads and ports are brought to a standstill. If need be, we will starve to death, but we’ll go down striving for our rights.. Ans: (i) The Assembly (ii) has been called into session (iii) Mujibur Rahman (iv) the Round Table Conference (v) listen to (vi) his demands (vii) the Prime Minister’s office (viii) from this day (ix) employees (x) their salaries. 8. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 2) To those in the armed forces I have this to say: you are my brothers; stay in your barracks and no one will bother you. But don’t try again to aim your bullets at our chests. You can’t suppress seventy million people forever. Since we have learned to sacrifice ourselves no one can suppress us any more. And as for our martyrs and those who have been wounded, we in the Awami League will do everything we can to assist them and their loved ones. If you have the means, please give what little you can to our Relief Committee. To owners of factories whose workers had participated in the General Strike the last seven days I have this to say: make sure that they are paid wages for those days. To government employees I have this to tell: you’ll have to listen to my directives. Till our country is liberated, taxes and custom duties won’t be collected. No one will pay them either. Ans: (i) The armed forces (ii) in their barracks (iii) their bullets (iv) at our chests (v) the Awami League (vi) everything (vii) Owners of factories (viii) wages for those days (ix) Government employees (x) taxes and custom dudes 9. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 3) Valentina Tereshkova was born in the village Maslennikovo, Tutayevsky District, in Central Russia. Tereshkova's father was a tractor driver and her mother worked in a textile plant. Tereshkova began school in 1945 at the age of eight, but left school in 1953 and continued her education through distance learning. She became interested in parachuting from a young age, and trained in skydiving at the local Aeroclub, making her first jump at age 22 on 21 May 1959. At that time she was employed as a textile worker in a local factory. It was her expertise in skydiving that led to her selection as a cosmonaut. After the flight of Yuri Gagarin (the first human being to travel to outer space in 1961), the Soviet Union decided to send a woman in space. On 16 February 1962, "proletaria" Valentina Tereshkova was selected for this project from among more than four hundred applicants. Tereshkova had to undergo a series of training that included weightless flights, isolation tests, centrifuge tests, rocket theory, spacecraft engineering, 120 parachute jumps and pilot training in MiG-15UTI jet fighters. Ans: (i) Valentina Tereshkova/Tereshkova (ii) began school (iii) in 1945 (iv) in 1953 (v) through distance learning (vi) trained (vii) at the local Aeroclub (viii) was employed (ix) in a local factory (x) the Soviet Union 10. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 3) Although Tereshkova experienced nausea and physical discomfort for much of the flight, she orbited the earth 48 times and spent almost three days in space. With a single flight, she logged more flight time than the combined times of all American astronauts who had flown before that date. Tereshkova also maintained a flight log and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to identify aerosol layers within the atmosphere. Vostok-6 was the final Vostok flight and was launched two days after Vostok-5, which carried Valary Bykovsy into a similar orbit for five days, landing three hours after Tereshkova. The two vessels approached each other within 5 kilometers at one point, and from space Tereshkova communicated with Bykovsky and the Soviet leader Khrushchev by radio. Ans: (i) orbited the earth 48 times (ii) in space (iii) aerosol layers (iv) within the atmosphere (v) Vostok-5 (vi) into an orbit (vii) Vostok-5 and Vostok-6 (viii) approached each other (ix) Tereshkova (x) from space 11. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 3) Chawla was bom in Kamal, India. She completed her earlier schooling at Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School, Kamal. She is the first Indian-born woman and the second person in space from this sub-continent. After graduating in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College, India, in 1982, Chawla moved to the United States the same year. She obtained her Master's degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas in 1984. Later she did her Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado. Determined to become an astronaut even in the face of the Challenger disaster 1986 that broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members, Chawla joined NASA in 1988. She began working as a Vice President where she did Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) research on vertical take-off and landing. In 1991 she got U.S. citizenship and started her career as a NASA astronaut in 1995. She was selected for her first flight in 1996. She spoke the following words while travelling in the weightlessness of space, "You are just your intelligence." She had travelled 10.67 million miles, as many as 252 times around the Earth. Ans: (i) the first Indian-born woman and the second person in space (ii) at Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School, Kamal (iii) moved to the United States (iv) did her Ph.D (v) masters (vi) from the University of Colorado (vii) was determined (viii) an astronaut (ix) joined NASA (x) in 1995 12. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 1, Lesson - 3) Her first space mission (Mission STS 87) began on 19 November 1997 with six other astronauts on the Space Shuttle Columbia. On her first mission that lasted for 15 days, 16 hours, 34 minutes and 4 seconds, she travelled 6.5 million miles. She was responsible for deploying the Spartan Satellite which however malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Tako Doi, two of her fellow astronauts, to retrieve the satellite. In 2000 she was selected for her second space mission STS 107. This mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems. On 16 January 2003, Kanpana Chawla finally started her new mission with six other space crews on the ill-fated space shuttle Columbia. She was one of the mission specialists. Chawla's responsibilities included the microgravity experiments, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety. After a 16 day scientific mission in space, on 1 February 2003, Columbia disintegrated over Texas during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. All the crew in Columbia including Chawla died only 16 minutes prior to their scheduled landing. Investigation shows that this fatal accident happened due to a damage in one of Columbia's wings caused by a piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeling off during the launch. During the intense heat of re-entry, hot gases penetrated the interior of the wing, destroying the support structure and causing the rest of the shuttle to break down. Ans: (i) Kalpana Chawla (ii) began her first space mission (iii) on 19 November 1997 (iv) Winston Scott arid Tako Doi (v) the Spartan satellite (vi) in 2000 (vii) started her new mission (viii) on 16 January 2003 (ix) Columbia (x) into the Earth's atmosphere 13. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 2, Lesson - 1) When you are in the driving seat of a car, you have the steering and the horn in your hands, the brake and accelerator under your feet, eyes open looking ahead, left and right. The same can be said about a motorcycle rider, with some modifications. These are all very visible. But, behind all, there is something that keeps working unseen. And that is the Central Processing Unit (CPU), your brain. CPUs are artificially intelligent machines that are programmed to do specific jobs under fixed conditions and judgments. But the human brain is intelligent by nature. It is the most sophisticated machine that is able to operate on ever-changing conditions and standards of judgment. As conditions in the traffic keep invariably changing, this virtue of sophistication of your brain must be at work when you are driving. The difference between traffic in the roads and highways and racing circuit must not be blurring inside you. Never imagine yourself to be a Michael Schumacher driving an F-l at 300 mph. Leave no room for fantasy. You must always be ready to encounter unexpected behavior from any vehicle or pedestrian. 'Keep your cool' is easy to advice but difficult to maintain. Still you must always restrain yourself because, at the end of the day, you don't want to be regarded as a killer. Now you see, the last thing that differentiates you from a computer is your conscience. Ans: (i) A driver (ii) for driving a car (iii) on the roads (iv) CPUs (v) to do specific jobs (vi) under fixed conditions and judgements (vii) The human brain (viii) to operate on ever- changing conditions and standards of judgement (ix) Michael Schumacher (x) at 300 mph 14. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10    (Unit - 2, Lesson - 2) I am in a tiny steel cage attached to a motorcycle, stuttering through traffic in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In the last ten minutes, we have moved forward maybe three feet, inch by inch, the driver wrenching the wheel left and right, wriggling deeper into the wedge between a delivery truck and a rickshaw in front of us. Up ahead, the traffic is jammed so close together that pedestrians are climbing over pickup trucks and through empty rickshaws to cross the street. Two rows to my left is an ambulance, blue light spinning uselessly. This is what the streets here look like from seven o’clock in the morning until ten o’clock at night. If you’re rich, you experience it from the back seat of a car. If you're poor, you’re in a rickshaw, breathing in the exhaust. I’m sitting in the back of a CNG, a three-wheeled motorcycle shaped like a slice of pie and covered with scrap metal. I'm here working on a human rights project, but whenever I ask people in Dhaka what they think international organizations should really be working on, they tell me about the traffic. Ans: (i) The writer/The Narrator (ii) attached to a motorcycle (iii) Pedestrians (iv) to cross the street (v) in Dhaka, Bangladesh (vi) the streets (vii) the same (viii) a three-wheeled motorcycle (ix) a slice of pie (x) with scrap metal 15. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 2, Lesson - 2) Then there are the users of the roads. Besides pedestrians, the narrow lanes are shared by bicycles, rickshaws, scooters, motorcycles, CNGs, buses, and cars. All these modes take up a different amount of space and have different top speeds. Most people you talk to in Bangladesh blame the traffic jams on the rickshaws. There are too many of them, they say, and they drive so slowly that they trap the cars, buses, and CNGs behind them. The government is under pressure to designate some lanes as car-only, to build wider roads and overpasses, to take the slow traffic out from in front of the fast. And this brings us to the third reason why the traffic problem is so difficult to solve. All of these fixes sound easy and obvious, but they come at a cost. One and a half million people drive rickshaws for a living, plus another few hundred thousand own and repair them. Government efforts to get people out of rickshaws and into buses and trains are going to attract huge opposition. Ans: (i) the narrow lanes (ii) are shared (iii Most people in Bangladesh (iv) the rickshaws (v) The government (vi) is under pressure (vii) One and a half million people (viii) for a living (ix) in Dhaka city (x) Government efforts 16. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10=10 (Unit - 2, Lesson - 2) The obvious solution is to separate the rickshaws from the cars, from the CNGs, give each of them lanes and lights according to their top speed, and, crucially, make car drivers pay the cost of taking up more space on the roads. But that, politically speaking, is unrealistic. Car owners are a small part of the population, but they are the most influential. Every year, Dhaka adds an extra 37,000 cars to its already overcrowded roads. Think about all this from a Bangladeshi politician’s point of view. Any attempt to solve the traffic mess means annoying the poor, the middle class, and the rich all at once. Thanks to the donors, In 2012, the government announced a $2.75 billion plan to build a metro rail system and a $45 million bus rapid-transit line from the airport. For residents of Dhaka, it will come as a relief. Ans: (i) The obvious solution, (ii) the rickshaws from the cars, from the CNGs, (iii) Car drivers, (iv) more space, (v) on the roads, (vi) Dhaka, (vii) each year, (viii) to its already overcrowded roads, (ix) The government, (x) in 2012. 17. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information. 1x10 = 10 (Unit - 2, Lesson - 4) The persona of a traffic policeman has always been a curious one. It has often found important space and close treatment in literature and other arts. Besides the many poems about this fascinating character, there is at least one movie where the central character is a traffic policeman. In 1963, Greek film maker Filippos Fylaktos made this film named My Brother, the Traffic Policeman. It featured a slightly manic traffic policeman, Antonis Pikrocholos, who is utterly devoted to service and duty, and applies the traffic code with unyielding severity. Tickets rain down upon law-breakers in particular taxi-drivers and especially Lampros, who happens to be in love with Pikrocholos' sister, Fofo. In his turn, the traffic policeman is in love with a businessman's daughter, Kiki, who is afraid to reveal her feelings to her father. Besides, Antonis has given lots of traffic tickets to a bus belonging to her father’s company. For all these reasons, the road to marriage for both couples is long and strewn with obstacles, but the outcome is a happy one for everyone involved. Ans: (i) The persona of a traffic policeman (ii) in literature and other arts (iii) Many poems (iv) the character of a traffic policeman (v) Filippos Fylaktos (vi) made a film (vii) in 1963- (viii) Antonis Pikrocholos (ix) with unyielding severity (x) her feelings 18.Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10= 10 (Unit - 3, Lesson - 1) Unsafe levels of pesticides are present in around half of the vegetables and more than a quarter of fruits sold in the capital's markets, a recent survey has found. A 15-member team of the National Food Safety Laboratory, with support from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), came up with the findings after collecting and testing food samples from the capital's Gulshan, Karwanbazar and Mohakhali markets. The survey report, a copy of which was acquired by the Dhaka Tribune, read that nearly 40% of 82 samples of milk, milk products, fish, fruits and vegetables contained banned pesticides such as DDT, Aldrin, Chlordane and Heptachlor. The amounts of pesticide in these samples were found to be 3 to 20 times greater than the limits set by the European Union. Around 50% vegetables and 35% fruits were found to be contaminated with unsafe level of pesticides. Analysing more than 30 samples of turmeric powder (branded, packaged and open), the team also found that nearly 30% of the samples contained traces of lead chromate, which can be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. These samples also contained lead at 20 to 50 times above the safety limit of 2.5 parts per million set by the Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute (BSTI). Arsenic and chromium above safety limits were detected in a total of 5 out of 13 rice samples. Using a sensitive High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method developed by the Food Safety Lab, 66 samples were analysed for the presence of formaldehyde. Adulteration was thereby detected in samples of coriander, mango and fresh shrimps. Ans: (i) A 15-member team of the National Food Safety Laboratory (ii) from the capital's Gulshan, Karwanbazar and Mohakhali markets (iii) The Dhaka Tribune (iv) by acquiring its copy (v) The survey report (vi) banned pesticides (vii) Around 50% Vegetables and 35% fruits (viii) with unsafe level of pesticides (ix) Arsenic and chromium (x) were detected 19. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10 = 10 (Unit - 3, Lesson - 1) The tests indicated that poultry feed in the country had also been contaminated, as samples of chicken and fish contained traces of antibiotics. High microbial populations were found in several samples of pasteurized milk, indicating poor processing procedures by the manufacturers. Samples of cucumber and street foods also showed high microbial populations, suggesting widespread contamination in the water supply. The Director of Institute of Public Health (IPH), told the Dhaka Tribune that the survey report has been submitted to the Health Ministry. Further tests of different products were being carried out at the Food Safety Lab. A former Director General of the Health Services and senior national adviser of the FAO, said the findings were shocking for the whole nation. He added that instead of focusing only on the end products, the issue should be addressed at the root level. Pointing out that there were four steps in the production process-farmer, transport, wholesale, and retail trader, - he said better monitoring and supervision were mandatory for stopping food adulteration. Adulterated food products are reportedly the cause behind thousands of people suffering from fatal diseases like cancer, kidney failure and heart problems. Health specialists told the Dhaka Tribune that the Ministry of Food had enacted a Food Safety Act, but was yet to prepare the necessary rules. As the issue of food safety was also linked to 14 other ministries, a coordinated agency should take responsibility of ensuring safety in food products, they added. Ans: (i) Poultry feed (ii) in the country (iii) were found (iv) in several samples of pasteurised milk (v) Further tests of different products (vi) at the Food Safety Lab (vii) Around A former Director General of the Health Services and senior national adviser of the FAO (viii) the whole nation (ix) Better monitoring and supervision (x) were mandatory for stopping 20. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10 = 10 (Unit - 3, Lesson - 2) I caught sight of her at the play, and in answer to her beckoning, I went over during the interval and sat down beside her. It was long since I had last seen her, and if someone had not mentioned her name I hardly think I would have recognized her. She addressed me brightly. "Well, it's many years since we first met. How time does fly! We're none of us getting any younger. Do you remember the first time I saw you? You asked me to luncheon." Did I remember? It was twenty years ago and I was living in Paris. I had a tiny apartment in the Latin quarter overlooking a cemetery, and I was earning barely enough money to keep body and soul together. She had read a book of mine and had written to me about it. I answered, thanking her, and presently I received from her another letter saying that she was passing through Paris and would like to have a chat with me; but her time was limited, and the only free moment she had was on the following Thursday; she was spending the morning at the Luxembourg and would I give her a little luncheon at Foyot's afterwards? Foyot's is a restaurant at which the French senators eat, and it was so far beyond my means that I had never even thought of going there. But I was flattered, and I was too young to have learned to say no to a woman. ... I had eighty francs (gold francs) to last me the rest of the month, and a modest luncheon should not cost more than fifteen. If I cut out coffee for the next two weeks I could manage well enough. Ans: (i) caught sight of her (ii) at the play (iii) was living (iv) in  Paris (v) had read (vi) a book (vii) was spending (viii) at the Luxembourg (ix) The French senators (x) at Foyot’s 21. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10 = 10 (Unit - 3, Lesson - 2) I answered that I would meet my friend-by correspondence-at Foyot's on Thursday at half ­past twelve. She was not as young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive. She was, in fact, a woman of forty ... and she gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose. She was talkative, but since she seemed inclined to talk about me I was prepared to be an attentive listener. I was startled when the bill of fare was brought, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated. But she reassured me. "I never eat anything for luncheon,' she said. "Oh, don't say that!' I answered generously. "I never eat more than one thing. I think people eat far too much nowadays. A little fish, perhaps. I wonder if they have any salmon.' Well, it was early in the year for salmon and it was not on the bill of fare, but I asked the waiter if there was any. Yes, a beautiful salmon had just come in, it was the first they had had. I ordered it for my guest. The waiter asked her if she would have something while it was being cooked. Ans: (i) would meet his friend (ii) at Foyot's (iii) The lady (iv) in  age (v) gave the writer an impression (vi) white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose (vii) was startled (viii) the .bill of fare (ix) The writer (x) a beautiful salmon 22.Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10=10 (Unit - 3, Lesson - 2) She ate the caviare and she ate the salmon. She talked gaily of art and literature and music. But I wondered what the bill would come to. When my mutton chop arrived she took me quite seriously to task. "I see that you're in the habit of eating a heavy luncheon. I'm sure it’s a mistake. Why don't you follow my example and just eat one thing? I'm sure you'd feel ever so much better for it.' "I am only going to eat one thing.” I said, as the waiter came again with the bill of fare. She waved him aside with an airy gesture. "No, no. I never eat anything for luncheon. Just a bite, I never want more than that, and I eat that more as an excuse for conversation than anything else. I couldn't possibly eat anything more unless they had some of those giant asparagus. I should be sorry to leave Paris without having some of them.' My heart sank. I had seen them in the shops, and I knew that they were horribly expensive. My mouth had often watered at the sight of them. "Madame wants to know if you have any of those giant asparagus." I asked the waiter. I tried with all my might to will him to say no. A happy smile spread over his broad, pries tike face, and he assured me that they had some so large, so splendid, so tender, that it was a marvel. Ans: (i) the caviare and salmon (ii) gaily of art and literature and music (iii) The writer/ The author (iv) a mutton chop (v) quite seriously (vi) The lady (vii) with an airy gesture (viii) giant asparagus (ix) would be sorry (x) Paris 23. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10=10 (Unit - 3, Lesson - 2) "Oh, no, I'm not hungry; you see, I don't eat luncheon. I have a cup of coffee in the morning and then dinner, but I never eat more than one thing for luncheon. I was speaking for you.’ "Oh, I see!’ Then a terrible thing happened. While we were waiting for the coffee, the head waiter, with an ingratiating smile on his false face, came up to us bearing a large basket full of huge peaches. They had the blush of an innocent girl; they had the rich tone of an Italian landscape. But surely peaches were not in season then? Lord knew what they cost. "You see, you've filled your stomach with a lot of meat'-my one miserable little chop-"and you can't eat any more. But I've just had a snack and I shall enjoy a peach'. The bill came and when I paid it I found that I had only enough for a quite inadequate tip. Her eyes rested for an instant on the three francs I left for the waiter, and I knew that she thought me mean. But when I walked out of the restaurant I had the whole month before me and not a penny in my pocket. "Follow my example,' she said as we shook hand, and never eat more than one thing for luncheon." "I'll do better than that', I retorted. "I'll eat nothing for dinner to-night.' "Humorist!1 she cried gaily, jumping into a cab, "you're quite a humorist!' But I have had my revenge at last. I do not believe that I am a vindictive man, but when the immortal gods take a hand in the matter it is pardonable to observe the result with complacency. Today she weighs twenty-one stone. Ans: (i) The head waiter (ii) while they were waiting for the coffee (iii) with an ingratiating smile on his false face (iv) bore a large basket (v) Peaches (vi) had (vii) Lord (viii) their cost (ix) The writer/ The author (x) at last 24. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10 = 10 (Unit - 4, Lesson - 1) There are rules of behavior you have to follow in a company. We are social beings and have to consider the effect of our behaviour on others, even if we are at home and dealing with our family members. We have two terms to describe our social behaviour- 'etiquette' and 'manners'. 'Etiquette' is a French word and it means the rules of correct behaviour in society. The word 'manners' means the behaviour that is considered to be polite in a particular society or culture. Manners can be good or bad. For example, it is a bad manner to speak with food in one's mouth. No one likes a bad-mannered person. Remember that etiquette and manners vary from culture to culture and from society to society. Ans: (i) We, (ii) rules of behavior (iii) in a company (iv) have to consider (v) the effect of our behaviour on others (vi) at home (vii) Two terms, (viii) our social behaviour (ix) Etiquette and manners (x) from culture to culture and from society to society. 25. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10 = 10 (Unit - 4, Lesson - 1) We learn etiquette and manners from our parents, families and various institutions, such as schools, colleges or professional bodies. There are rules of behaviour for all kinds of social occasions and it is important to learn them and practice them in everyday life. The manners that are correct in a wedding reception will not do in a debating club. Therefore, we have to be careful about etiquette and manners. We know how important it is to say 'please' and 'thank you’ in everyday life. A few more polite expressions such as 'pardon me’, 'excuse me', may I, are bound to make your day smooth and pleasant. Ans: (i) We (ii) etiquette and manners (iii) from our parents, families and various institutions (iv) Rules of behaviour (v) in everyday life (vi) The manners (vii) in a debating club (viii) etiquette and manners (ix) Etiquette and manners (x) to make our day smooth and pleasant 26. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1 x10=10 (Unit - 4, Lesson - 3) I was ten years old. My grandmother sat on the string bed, under the mango tree. It was late summer and there were sunflowers in the garden and a warm wind in the trees. My grandmother was knitting a woolen scarf for the winter months. She was very old, dressed in a plain white sari; her eyes were not very strong now, but her fingers moved quickly with the needles, and the needles kept clicking all afternoon. Grandmother had white hair, but there were very few wrinkles on her skin. I had come home after playing cricket on the maiden. I had taken my meal, and now I was rummaging in a box of old books and family heirlooms that had just that day been brought out of the attic by my mother. Nothing in the box interested me very much, except for a book with colourful pictures of birds and butterflies. I was going through the book, looking at the pictures, when I found a small photograph between the pages. It was a faded picture, a little yellow and foggy; it was a picture of a girl standing against a wall and behind the wall there was nothing but sky; but from the other side a pair of hands reached up, as though someone was going to climb the wall. There were flowers growing near the girl, but couldn’t tell what they were; there was a creeper too, but it was just a creeper. Ans: (i) grandmother (ii) was knitting a woollen scarf (iii) under the mango tree (iv) her fingers (v) the needles (vi) all afternoon (vii) was rummaging (viii) of old books and family heirlooms (ix) a small photograph (x) between the pages 27. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10 = 10 (Unit - 4, Lesson - 3) I jumped on the bed beside my grandmother and she walloped me on the bottom and said, ‘Now I’ve lost count of my stitches, and the next time you do that I’ll make you finish the scarf yourself.’ She took the photograph from my hand, and we both stared at it for quite a long time. The girl had long, loose hair, and she wore a long dress that nearly covered her ankles, and sleeves that reached her wrists, and there were a lot of bangles on her hands; but, despite all this drapery, the girl appeared to be full of freedom and movement; she stood with her legs apart and her hands on her hips, and she had a wide, almost devilish smile on her face. ‘Whose picture is it?’ I asked. ‘A little girl’s of course’, said Grandmother. 'Can't you tell’? ‘Yes, but did you know the girl?' ‘Yes, I knew her’, said Granny, ‘but she was a very wicked girl and I shouldn’t tell you about her. But I’ll tell you about the photograph. It was taken in your grandfather’s house, about sixty years ago and that's the garden wall, and over the wall there was a road going to town'. Ans: (i) jumped (ii) beside his grandmother (iii) She (iv) the photograph (v) from his hand (vi) The girl (vii) nearly covered her ankles (viii) on her face (ix) The photograph (x) about sixty years ago 28. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10=10 (Unit - 4, Lesson - 3) ‘And what about the girl?’ I said. ‘Tell me about the girl.’ ‘Well, she was a wicked girl,’ said Granny. ‘You don’t know the trouble they had getting her into those fine clothes she’s wearing.’ ‘Who was the girl?’ I said. ‘You must tell me who she was.’ ‘No, that wouldn’t do,’ said Grandmother, but I pretended I didn’t know. I knew, because Grandmother still smiled in the same way, even though she didn’t have as many teeth. Come on, Granny,’ I said, ‘tell me, tell me.’ But Grandmother shook her head and carried on with the knitting; and I held the photograph in my hand looking from it to my grandmother and back again, trying to find points in common between the old lady and the little pig-tailed girl. A lemon-coloured butterfly settled on the end of Grandmother’s knitting needle, and stayed there while the needles clicked away. I made a grab at the butterfly, and it flew off in a dipping flight and settled on a sunflower. ‘I wonder whose hands they were,’ whispered Grandmother to herself, with her head bowed, and her needles clicking away in the software silence of that summer afternoon. Ans: (i) Granny to know about (ii) The trouble (iii) she’s wearing (iv) Grandmother (v) the same way (vi) shaking her head and carrying on (vii) the knitting (viii) his hand (ix) Her needles (x) that summer afternoon 29. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10 = 10 (Unit - 5, Lesson - 1) Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become adults. For most people, there are four or five such stages of growth where they learn certain things: infancy (birth to age 2), early childhood (3 to 8 years), later childhood (9 to 12 years) and adolescence (13 to 18 years). Persons 18 and over are considered adults in our society. Of course, there are some who will try to act older than their years. But, for the most part, most individuals have to go through these stages irrespective of their economic or social status. World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood. This phase represents one of the critical transitions in one's life span and is characterised by fast paced growth and change which are second only to those at infancy. Biological processes drive many aspects of this growth and development with the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence. The biological determinants of adolescence are fairly universal: however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio­economic situations. This period has seen many changes over the past century-puberty for example, comes earlier than before, people marry late, and their sexual attitudes and behaviours are different from their grandparents, or even parents. Among the factors responsible for the change are education, urbanization and spread of global communication. Ans: (i) Children (ii) their lives (iii) four or five stages (iv) they learn certain things (v) adolescence (vi) after childhood and before adulthood (vii) life (viii) Biological processes (ix) the onset of puberty marking the passage (x) the past century 30. Read the passage and complete the table with the given information.1x10=10 (Unit - 5, Lesson - 1) The time of adolescence is a period of preparation for adulthood during which one experiences several key developments. Besides physical and sexual maturation, these experiences include movement toward social and economic independence, development of identity, the acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles and the capacity for abstract reasoning. While adolescence is a time of tremendous growth and potential, it is also a time of considerable risks during which social contexts exert powerful influences. Many adolescents face pressure to use alcohol, cigarettes, or other drugs and to initiate sexual relationships putting themselves at high risk for intentional and unintentional injuries, unintended pregnancies, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many also experience a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems. Behaviour patterns that are established during this period such as the use or avoidance of drugs and taking or abstaining from sexual risk can have long-lasting negative and positive effects on future health and well-being. As a result, adults have unique opportunities to influence adolescents. Ans: (i) experiences (ii) during the time of adolescence (iii) these experiences (iv) movement toward social and economic independence, development of identity the acquisition of skills (vi) Many adolescents (vii) alcohol, cigarettes, or other drugs (viii) Many (ix) a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems (x) Behaviour patterns.

Information Transfer for SSC Examination Worskheet-4.0 Dhaka Board 2020 1.    Read the passage on Neil A. Armstrong. Complete the table below with information from the passage. Neil A. Armstrong commanded the Gemini-8 Mission and became the first human to walk on the moon as commander of Apollo 11. He was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, on August 5, 1930. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Purdue University and a Master of Science degree from the University of Southern California. Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong. Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins launched the mission to the moon with Apollo 11. on July 16 and landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. Neil A. Armstrong first stepped on to the surface and then Aldrin. They explored the surface and gathered moon rocks for over two hours. After exploring the surface they rejoined Collins in the orbiting mothership. Neil A. Armstrong died on August 25, 2012. (Neil Armstrong) Mymensingh Board 2020 2.    Read the passage on Subhas Chandra Bose and answer questions no. 4 Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) aged 48 was an Indian nationalist whose attempt during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Germany and Japan left a troubled legacy. The honourific Netaji (Hindustani language: Respected leader), first applied to Bose in Germany, by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by the German and Indian omnicials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin, in nearly 1942, was by 1990 used widely throughout India. Earlier, Bose had been a leader of the younger, radical wing of the Indian National Congress in the late 1920s and 1930s, rising to become Congress President in 1958 and 1939. However, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences with Mohandas K. Gandhi and the Congress high command. He was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940. Complete the table below with information from the following passage. Rajshahi Board 2020 3.    Read the passage and answer the questions no. 4 Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon. He was an American astronaut. He was also an aerospace engineer. Armstrong was born on 05 August 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio, the USA. He earned his flight certificate in 1945 at the age of 15 only. In 1947, at the age of 17, he began to study Aeronautical Engineering in Purdue University, the USA. He received BSc degree in Aeronautical Engineering in 1955 and he did MSc in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Southern California in 1970. In 1958, he was selected for the US Airforce’s Man in Space Programme. Neil Armstrong, along with his group, launched the mission to the moon with Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969. He was the commander of Apollo 11 and four days later they landed on the moon. They explored the surface and gathered moon rocks for over two hours. The next day, they fired off the surface of the moon. Complete the table below with information from the above passage. Dinajpur Board-2020 4.    Read the passage on Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq and answer questions no. 4 Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq was born in 1873 at Saturia in Barishal. He received his primary education in a village Maktab. Then he entered Barishal Zilla School. He passed the Entrance Examination standing first in the Dhaka Division. After that, he went to Kolkata for higher education. At the age of twenty-one, he passed the BSc. Exam obtaining Honours in Chemistry, Physics and Math from the Presidency College, Kolkata. He took his MSc degree in Math in 1895. The next year, he was appointed as an examiner of MA in Math in Kolkata University. Then he passed BL Examination. Then he enrolled himself in the Kolkata High Court. He worked with Nawab Sir Salimullah. He played an important role in founding the All Indian Muslim League in 1906. Then he became Deputy Magistrate. But he resigned and again joined Kolkata High Court. In 1913, he became an elected member of BLC. Three years after, he attend the special joint| session of the Congress and the Muslim League in Lucknow. In 1918, he became the General Secretary of the Indian National Congress and the President of the All Indian Muslim League. Complete the table below with information from the above passage. Jashore Board-2020 5.    Read the passage on Alessandro Volta and complete the following table with the information given in the passage. Alessandro Volta was a famous Italian physicist. He is well-known for the invention of the first battery in 1800. He was born in Como, Italy on February 18, 1745. In 1774, he became a professor of Physics at the Royal School in Como. Volta studied the Chemistry of gases from 1776-1778. In November 1777, he discovered methane in a lake. In 1779, he became a professor of experimental Physics at the University of Pavia. In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady. In honour of his work, he was made a count by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801. In 1782, he travelled to France and Germany. In 1815, the Emperor of Austria made him the director of Philosophical Faculty of Padua. In 1819, he retired and settled in his native town where he died in March 1827. 5. Cumilla Board-2020 6.    Read the following text carefully and answer questions 4 Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the USA He is famous for his Gettysburg Address. It was delivered by him during the American Civil War on November 19. 1803. Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky, the USA His parents were from Virginia. In 1819, his mother died. Then his father moved to Indiana State. He grew up there. He was a captain in the Black Hawk War He got the nomination for president in 1600. Then he became the President of the USA in 1861. Lincoln declared a ban on slavery in America on January 1. 1803. He was reelected President in 1804. On Good Friday, April 16. 1665. he was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre in Washington Complete the table below with information from the passage. Chattagram Board 2020 7.    Read the passage on Humayun Ahmed and answer the questions no. 4 and 5 Humayun Ahmed was a teacher author dramatist, playwright and filmmaker. He was born in Mohonan. Netrokona, Mymensingh on 13 November 08. His father. Finur Rahman Ahmed, a police officer was killed by Pakistani military during the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971 He passed SSC Examination from Bocura la School in 1965 and stood second in the merit list in Rajshahi Education Board He passed his ISC Earn from Dhaka College in 1967. He took his Honors and Masters in Chemistry from the University of Dhaka with first class. He did his PhD from North Dakota State University. He worked as a Professor of Chemistry in Dhaka University Humayun Ahmed reached his peak of fame with the publication of his novel Nondito Noroke in 1972. He wrote over 200 fiction and non-fiction books all of which were best sellers in Bangladesh. His first television drama was Prothom Prohor It was followed by many dramas and drama serials. He also directed many films based on his own stories. For his outstanding achievements he was honoured with many awards including Bangla Academy Award (1991) and Ekushey Padak (1994). He died on 2012 Bellevue Hospital in New York. He was buried in Nuhash Palli. Complete the table below with the information from the above passage Barishal Board 2020 8.    Read the following text carefully and answer the questions no. 4 Abul Fazal, educationist and writer, was born on 1 July 1903 in the village of Keochia in Satkania Chattogram district. His father, Moulavi Fazlur Rahman, was an Imam of Chattogram Jame Masjid. He completed his BA from Dhaka University in 1928. In 1930, he did his BT from training College, Dhaka. He completed his Master’s degree in Bangla Language and literature from Kolkata University in 1940. He worked as a teacher of Bangla in Krishnanagar and Chattogram College. In 1973, he was made Vice Chancellor of Chattogram University. In 1975 he joined the Advisory Council of the Government of Bangladesh, but resigned on 23 June 1977. He wrote novels, short stories, plays, memories of travels, etc. His contribution to Bangla literature earned him the Bangla Academy Award (1962), the President’s Award (1963) the Adamjee Literary Award (1966), etc. He died on 4 May 1983 in Chattogram. Complete the following table with the information from the passage. Sylhet Board 2020 9.    Read the following passage and answer the questions no. 4 and 5. Munshi Abdur Rouf was a Lance Nayek in East Pakistan Rifles during the Bangladesh Liberation War. He was born on 1 May. 1943 at Salamatpur village under Boalmari thana in Faridpur district. Rouf had to stop his education at his eighth grade. He joined the East Pakistan Rifles on 8 May, 1963. He had to increase at the EPR camp at Chuadanga. Rouf went to enlisted in the East Bengal Regiment on 8 May, 1963 and was attached to a regular infinity unit during the War of Liberation. Munshi Abdur Rouf embraced martyrdom on 18 April 1911 Burigat in Chattogram Hill Tracts after causing extensive damage to Pakistan army with his MG and forcing them to retreat. He was buried at Naniarchar upazila in Rangamati district. He was awarded Birshreshtha, which is the highest recognition of bravery in Bangladesh 4. Complete the table below with information from the above passage. Dhaka Board 2019 10. Read the passage on rescue of Thai footballer and answer the questions no. 4 On 23 June 2018, twelve Thai young footballers along with their coach missed in a cave network in Chiang Rai province in Thailand. From the next day national and international community became worried for them. Their age was between 11 to 16 and their coach was 20. The football team had been on an exploration to the cave network following a game. The group beach) stranded after monsoon rain caused the cave system to food. The cave system named Them Lang 10 kilometers long. It is a snaking route which has a number of chambers already submerged in water, It took 6 hours to get where footballers were and live hours to come back to cave entrance. Thai rescuers began their expedition to find out after the missing. International rescue team also joined them. On July 3 the footballers were discovered alive by a British diver. Spending nine days in darkness they were suffering from hunger. A Thai, rescuer died while he was supplying them food and other necessities, Getting weather forecast the rescue team planned to rescue them immediately. Navy divers had to lead the boys along the underway path from the cave. On July 8, four boys, were rescued. Finally all 13 were rescued in next three days. Complete the table below with information from the above passage: Rajshahi Board 2019 11. Read the passage on Yuri Gagarin and answer the questions no. 4 Yuri Gagarin was a Russian pilot and astronaut. He was the first human to joumicy into outer space. He on his spacecraft Vostok completed on orbit of the carth on 12 April 1961. Yun Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino, Russia on March 9. 1934. His parents worked on a farm. He was the third of four children. In 1946. Gagarin completed his secondary cducation at Klushino. At the age of 16, in 1950he entered a foundry-steel factory near Moscow. He did his graduation from a vocational school in 1951. Then he took a training as a Soviet Air Cadet at a local club where he learned to fly at first. He again graduated from a technical school in 1955 and he was recruited in the Soviet Army. He became a lieutenant in the Soviet Air Force in 1951. In 1960, Yuri was selected for the Soviet Space Program. On 12 April 1961, he became the first human to travel into space and move round the earth. He died in 1968 in a plane crash. Complete the table below with information from the above passage: Dinajpur Board 2019 12. Read the passage and answer the questions no. 4 Rabindranath Tagore was one of the most leading poets in the history of world literature. He was at the same time a poet, a novelist a dramatist, a philosopher and a musician. He was born in the renowned Tagore family in March, 1861. After the completion of his house education, he was sent to school. But he did not like institutional education. So arrangements were made at house for proper education. In his thirteen year; Rahindranath along with his father went to visit Himalayas. At the age of seventeen he was sent to London to study law. But he studied literature with Professor Henry Morley only for a few months and then returned home. Only at the age of eight he started composing poems. He wrote his poetic novel Banaphul at the age of fifteen. When he was sixteen, his poems and essays were being published in journals. After returning from England, he began to write tirelessly in all branches of literature. In 1911 he translated his poems of “The Gitanjali” into English which brought him the highest honour in the form of the Nobel Prize in 1913. One year after his awarding of the Nobel Prize, he was made a Knight by the British Government which he rejected as a protest against the atrocities of British Government at Jalianwalabagh. The University of Oxford honoured him with D. Lit in 1940. Earlier in 1921, he laid the foundation of Viswa Bharati. At the age of eighty. Rabindranth Tagore breathed his last. Complete the table below with information from the above passage :  Biography of Rahindranath Tagore 13. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions no. 4 The great men were born in different places of this world but their activities make them familiar and closer to us. Dr. Muhammad Shahiduallh was one of those who contributed a lot towards Bangla language and literature. He was the greatest scholar of Bengal. This great scholar was born on July, 1885 at 24 Pargonas in West Bengal, India. He passed his entrance examination in 1904 and obtained his B.A. degree six years later. It took him two years to complete his M.A. and another two years for his Bachelor of Law Degree. He later joined the University of Dhaka in 1921 as a professor of Sanskrit and Bengali. He was awarded the Doctorate Degree from Sorbone University, Paris in 1928.. | "Bangla Shahitter Katha", the first well-arranged  history of Bengali literature was composed by him that was published in 1953. This great scholar remained busy with his work. till he became seriously ill in 1967 and was confined to bed for about two and a half years. Dr. Shaiduallan breathed his last on 13th July, 1969 in Dhaka. We remember him with great respect and gratitude. Complete the table below with information from the above passage :___ Cumilla Board 2019 14. Read the passage on Gustave Eiffel and his Tower and answer the questions no. 4 Altaf Mahmud was a musician, cultural activist and martyred freedom fighter of Liberation War of Bangladesh. He was born on 23 December 1933. He was also a language activist of Language Movement and composer of 'Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano' – the famous song written by Abdul Gaffar Chowdhury, a famous journalist. In 1950 he sang gonoshongit in many places to inspire the activists of the Language Movement. Along with his singing, Mahmud continued to support the movement. He tuned the  song 'Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano' in 1969, in Zahir Raihan's film 'Jibon Theke Neya'. Altaf Mahmud took part in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. He created a secret camp inside his house for the freedom fighters. But as the secret revealed, Pakistan Army caught him on August 30, 1971. He was tortured by them. A lot of other guerrilla war fighters like Shafi Imam Rumi were also captured by the Pak army on that day. Along with most of them, he was lost ever since. His patriotic songs which were then broadcast at the "Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra" also inspired the war fighters at that time. In 1977, Altaf Mahmud was awarded the Ekushey Padak for his valuable contribution to Bengali culture and the War of Liberation. Complete the table below with information from the above passage : Chattogram Board 2019 15. Read the passage and answer the questions no, 4 Milton was a great poet after Shakespeare. His father early decided that Milton was to have a literary career. At the age of 7, in 1615 he got himself admitted in Star Palace School. But Milton could not pay attention to his studies in this school. After a couple of years, he left the school and studied at St. Paul's School till 1624. In the succeeding year, Milton entered Christ College in Cambridge. He took his M.A degree at the age of 24 and went to his father's house in the village of Horton. Milton's father, however, had faith in his son and allowed him to continue his studies at Horton from 1632 to 1638. During this time he made himself Master of everything worth knowing in the literature of Rørne, Greece, Italy, France, Spain and the Bible. In 1643, Milton met Mary Powel in an occasion and married her. But this great poet became blind in 1652. The idea behind his famous. Work "Paradise Lost" developed after his blindness. 'Paradise Lost' saw the light of the day in the year 1665. Nine years after its publications, this great artist in Literature died. Complete the table below with information from the above passage: Sylhet Board 2019 16. Read the passage on SAARC and answer the questions no. 4 SAARC is a regional organization for mutual cooperation, friendship and development. The full form of SAARC is "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation". At the initial stage, there were only seven developing nations to form the organization. Later, Afghanistan was included as one of its member countries. SAARC started its journey through holding its first conference in Dhaka on 8 December 1985. At present, the member countries of this organization are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. The secretariat of this organization is situated in the capital of Nepal. Its head is called Secretary General. There is a deep relationship between Bangladesh and SAARC. It was Bangladesh that took the first  initiative to form SAARC. As the initiator of SAARCH Bangladesh has been playing a significant and strong role in its different activities. As one of the member countries it has also beon making every effort to expand the trade between the member countries and to solve the regional conflicts and existing crisis between the neighbouring countries. Complete the table below with information from the above passage : Borisal bord-2019 17. Read the passage on Gustave Eiffel and his soul and answer the questions no. 4 Charles Babbage, was an English Mathematician. He was also a mechanical engincer who is well kno for originating the concept of computer. He was bom on 26 December 1791 in London. He entered Trinity College in October, 1810. He was transferred to Peterhouse. Cambridge. He was the top Mathematician there. He received an honours degree without examination in 1814.' He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1816. Babbage is famous for inventing the first mechanical computer in 1822 that eventually led to today's computer. He died at his home in London on 18 October, 1871. Complete the table below with information from the above passage : SSC Examination 2018 18. Read the passage on Gustave Eiffel and his Tower and answer the questions no. 4 and 5: The Eiffel Tower was named after Gustave Eiffel, a Frenchman who designed the tower. He was born in a prosperous family in 1832. He took his graduation from the Central School of Engineering in Paris went to work for a railway construction comp His mother thought that he would not go far. patient, mum. I've got some ideas. You Gustave assured his mother. For years Gustave made plan alter plan for factories, stations and structures of great SK buildings. All over Europe engineers copied the middle of 1880's. a group of Frenca industrialists persuaded the government to organizes a World Fair in Paris, Gustave proposed a 98 tower of iron as a symbol of the fair. construction of the tower began in January 180 Forty engineers and designers worked under Gustave's direction for two years. The tower was. finally completed in March 1889. It is the highest structure of iron made by man.' No such structure had ever been constructed before. It is regarded as one of the wonders of the world. 4. Complete the table below with information from the above passage : 1 x 5=5

SAT Model Test-1 Reading  & Writing Module 1: 32 Minutes, 27 Questions 1.   According to the United States Department of Labor, the 2021 median pay for veterinarians was approximately $100,000 annually, with the top 10 percent       more than $165,000. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A)   using B)   discovering C)   earning D)   writing 2.   Employing slightly subtler brushstrokes than most of his counterparts, the artist focused his labors on capturing the tranquil, shore-side recreations of bourgeois vacationers. Around this time, it was becoming fashionable among the middle class to possess commemorative depictions of the places one had traveled, and he managed to fill this niche masterfully. As used in the text, what does the word “fashionable” most nearly mean? A)   Tailored B)   Popular C)   Leisurely D)   Economical 3.   Although some invasive species do cause tremendous and irreparable damage to their ecosystems, environments are not static; they change, develop, and adapt to transitions, whether these be natural or manmade. We must learn to be more discriminating in our eradication of invasive plants from those areas where they have become an integral part of the greater ecosystem. As used in the text, what does the word “discriminating” most nearly mean? A)   Biased B)   Intolerant C)   Tasteful D)   Selective 4.   Parthenogenesis is not limited to lizards and sharks but is common in insects, crayfish, flatworms, snails, snakes, and even some birds. The exception is mammals. Although parthenogenesis can be artificially induced in a science laboratory, it has never been known to have occurred in mammals naturally. Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A)   To transition to a clarification B)   To define an unfamiliar term C)   To give ethical reasoning D)   To analyze an economic impact 5.   The text is from Booker T. Washington’s 1901 autobiography. I was born a slave on a plantation in Franklin County, Virginia. I am not quite sure of the exact place or exact date of my birth, but at any rate I suspect I must have been born somewhere and at some time. As nearly as I have been able to learn, I was born near a cross-roads post-office called Hale’s Ford, and the year was 1858 or 1859. I do not know the month or the day. The earliest impressions I can now recall are of the plantation and the slave quarters—the latter being the part of the plantation where the slaves had their cabins. Washington’s primary purpose in the text above is most likely A)   to lament his increased senility. B)   to express his identity. C)   to critique his familial relations. D)   to underscore his rootlessness. 6.   Though not the first to utilize encryption, Roman emperor Julius Caesar is perhaps the most notable early adopter. A man of many secrets, Caesar would send messages to his generals in which the letters of the alphabet had been shifted a set number of places (A became D, B became E, and so forth). The recipient of the message would be alerted to the cipher in advance and would thus decode the message upon delivery. The Caesar Shift was simplistic by today’s standards, but in an era in which very few could read in the first place, the encryption was effective. The text most strongly suggests that the encryption used by Julius Caesar was successful in large part due to A)   its mathematical complexity. B)   a lack of widespread literacy at the time. C)   its ancient historical roots. D)   its incapacity to be physically intercepted. 7.   Text 1 Many historians find that general trends tend to repeat themselves if you look far enough back through the records of humanity. It truly can be said that there is nothing new under the sun. Perhaps this is simply a function of how long humans have been around, but perhaps it also says something about just how similar all humans are, even across thousands of years. Text 2 Studying fashion history is a lot like listening to remixes of your favorite songs. As you examine textiles from around the world and through time, you’ll constantly see that most “new”fashions are just old ideas remade. And so, women’s high-waisted shirts from the early 2000s weren’t anything new or different: they were simply 18th-century empire-style gowns remixed for a new generation. What best describes the relationship between the two texts? A)   Text 2 provides a specific example to illustrate the broad claim made in Text 1. B)   Text 2 presents arguments that are generally opposed to the primary position made in Text 1. C)   Text 1 emphasizes a modern approach to the study of history, whereas Text 2 is more antiquated. D)   Text 1 addresses the major objection to the study of history that is raised by Text 2. 8.   FedEx and UPS now provide online tracking of packages for the consumer. It is interesting to log on and see the journey that a purchase has traveled to go from source to destination. Each time an arrival and a departure are scanned, that item must be picked up by an employee, placed on a moving belt to take to a sortation system, and then placed on another vehicle for its next leg in the sojourn. Holiday seasons put these logistics systems to a severe test each year, and companies in the business of logistics are constantly investing in new ways to handle the information and the items as they flow through the pipelines. Billions of dollars have been invested in these types of service industries, and the activity behind the scenes is something to behold. The author’s attitude toward the process of logistical distribution can best be described as A)   skeptical. B)   positive. C)   neutral. D)   bellicose. 9.   The text is from Anatole France’s 1912 novel The Gods Will Have Blood. Those who make a trade out of foretelling the future rarely grow rich. Their attempts to deceive are too easily found out and arouse detestation. And yet it would be necessary to detest them much, much more if they foretold the future correctly. For a man’s life would become intolerable, if he knew what was going to happen to him. He would be made aware of future evils, and would suffer their agonies in advance, while he would get no joy of present blessings since he would know how they would end. Ignorance is the necessary condition of human happiness, and it must be admitted that on the whole mankind observes that condition well. We are almost entirely ignorant of ourselves, absolutely of others. In ignorance, we find our bliss, in illusions, our happiness. The main idea conveyed in the above monologue can best be summarized as A)   let bygones be bygones. B)   the truth will set you free. C)   focus on the moment. D)   do unto others as you would have them do unto you. 10. Note: Writing scores range from 0 to 300, and students were surveyed nationwide. Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics Those who read for fun more often have higher writing scores—in fact, those who read daily for fun outperform those who never or hardly ever read by approximately   points on national writing tests. Which choice most effectively uses data from the chart to complete the example? A)   10 B)   30 C)   60 D)   120 11.  “Mabel Osborne” is a 1915 poem by Edgar Lee Masters in which the narrator expresses her sorrow at being ignored by other people. Which quotation from “Mabel Osborne” most effectively illustrates that claim? A)    “But you do not ask for water. / You cannot speak!” B)   “Everyone knows that you are dying of thirst, / Yet they do not bring water!” C)   “And I, who had happiness to share, / And longed to share your happiness;” D)   “I who loved you, Spoon River, / And craved your love,” 12.   Bacteriostatic antibiotics are often prescribed to patients who have an intact immune system that can assist in killing the microorganism causing the infection. Allowing the innate immune system to do some of the work decreases the length of time the patient needs to be on the antibiotic, which can help eliminate some of the unwanted side effects. In contrast, bactericidal drugs are prescribed when the patient may be immunocompromised (i.e., the natural immune system is not functioning properly) and cannot fight off the infection. Depending on the severity and type of infection, a doctor may select a narrow- or broad-spectrum bactericidal drug. It is reasonable to conclude from the text that a bacteriostatic medicine and a bactericidal medicine would be optimally used on patients in which of the following respective situations? A)   Relatively healthy, relatively ill B)   Generally unhealthy, generally healthy C)   Internally sick, externally sick D)   Physically ill, mentally ill 13.   A new approach was required before color photography could emerge as a truly viable artistic and documentary medium. Such an approach was theorized just ten years later. While Hill’s and Becquerel’s labors had emphasized the search for a novel, chameleonic compound to assume any spectral wavelength shown upon it, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell used as his model the color sensitivity of the human eye. The text suggests that Maxwell was able to make a scientific breakthrough in photographic technology by shifting his focus from A)   chemistry to biology. B)   anthropology to astronomy. C)   physics to mathematics. D)   artistry to geometry. 14.   Halley’s Comet falls into a category called Great Comets, which are those that become bright enough during their passage near Earth to be observed by the naked eye. Predicting whether a comet will be “Great” has proven a challenging task even for the most talented astronomers and astrophysicists. The comet must pass through a relatively small expanse of space near enough to the sun to reflect a large amount of light but remain close enough to Earth for the light to reach and penetrate our atmosphere. Moreover, it is thought that a Great Comet must possess a large and active nucleus, though the exact physics of comet nuclei— which consist of dust, ice, and perhaps particulate minerals—are still poorly understood. Even so, comets meeting these criteria have on occasion failed to achieve “greatness.” According to the text, which characteristic of a comet is most essential to its being categorized as a “Great Comet”? A)   Whether it has a significant proportion of dust and ice in its core B)   Whether it has an orbital eccentricity greater than zero C)   Whether humans can observe it without a telescope D)   Whether it contributes to meteor activity visible by astronomers 15.   Occupational therapists work with many clients on any given day. If routine daily activities occupy         schedules, occupational therapists can provide treatments. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   their clients’ B)   they’re clients C)   there client’s D)   their clients 16.   Among many discoveries, the Voyager 2 spacecraft volcanic activity— the first time another astronomical body was found to have this Earth-like characteristic. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   found that Io a moon of Jupiter has B)   found that Io, a moon of Jupiter has C)   found that Io, a moon of Jupiter, has D)   found that Io a moon, of Jupiter has 17.   A few years ago, a research team at Fermi Lab known as the DZero Collaboration announced observations of matter-antimatter asymmetries on a scale never seen before. Prior to the DZero study, baryon asymmetry and similar CP violations                                                             in laboratory settings only in much smaller—and thus, less helpful—orders of magnitude. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   has been observed B)   have been observed C)   had been observed D)   is being observed 18.   Tim, while appropriately interested in diagnosing and treating problems with their teeth and gums, demonstrated real passion for repairing teeth and aiding in cosmetic dental concerns. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   patients B)   patient’s C)   patients’ D)   those of patients 19.   Allergens, pollution, bacteria, and sunlight—these are just some of the foreign objects that Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   on a basis that is daily are attacking the human body. B)   attacking the bodies of humans on a daily basis. C)   attack the human body on a daily basis. D)   attacks humans each and every day. 20.   Additionally, there is a boat passing                                 a calm sea, which is an ancient depiction symbolizing the passage of life to death. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   to B)   over C)   and journeying throughout D)   sequencing 21.   Not long after the Pinkertons surrendered, Pennsylvania governor Robert Pattison authorized the militia to advance and placed the town of Homestead under martial law. In the days that followed, steel production at the plant resumed, with strikebreakers living on the                                                                            too dangerous for them to cross the picket. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   mills grounds: it was still B)   mills’ grounds—it was still C)   mill’s grounds, it was still D)   mill’s grounds; it was still 22.   Sociologically, sports unite us far more than they divide us. Take, Americans and football. Regardless of where you’re from, what you believe, or what team you like, when it’s football season you can connect with other people, even strangers, through this unifying agent. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A)   though, B)   on the other hand, C)   still, D)   for example, 23.   In addition to improving one’s intellectual abilities, the habit of reading has an occupational and financial payoff. Sixty-three percent of employers rate reading comprehension as being very important. There is a strong correlation between poor reading skills and unemployment, lower wages, and fewer opportunities for advancement. The author is considering removing the underlined sentence from the text. Should it be kept or removed? A)   Kept, because it provides specific details in support of the previous sentence. B)   Kept, because it elaborates on salary details that result from avid reading. C)   Removed, because it repeats information already expressed in the passage. D)   Removed, because it provides far more detail than necessary to make the argument. 24.   While researching a topic, a student has made the following notes: •          The Heliocentric Model has the Earth and other planets revolving around the sun. •          Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was a proponent of the Heliocentric Model. •          The Geocentric Model has the sun and other planetary bodies revolving around the Earth. •          Ancient Greek philosopher Ptolemy was a proponent of the Geocentric Model. •          The Heliocentric Model eventually became dominant after Copernicus demonstrated that it better utilized mathematics to explain astronomical observations. The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Heliocentric and Geocentric theories. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information to accomplish this goal? A)   The Heliocentric and Geocentric models are both widely accepted by scientists today. B)   Both the Heliocentric and Geocentric models incorporate rotational movement. C)   The Geocentric and Heliocentric models were both widely known by the citizens of ancient Greece. D)   Aristotle and Copernicus were both eminent scientists who lived in ancient Greece. 25.   Birth order isn’t a one-size-fits-all theory; there are many loopholes and exceptions. People can change, if they want to, through hard work. it can be helpful to understand the factors that influence personalities, and birth order helps a little. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A)   Nevertheless, B)   As a result, C)   Due to this, D)   Continuing, 26.   That entire summer, I pounded baseballs. Swing and ping, swing and ping, swing, and ping—         the interminable blunt- force trauma of tens of thousands of baseballs had misshapen my Louisville Slugger into something resembling more of a deformed soda can. Which of the following completes the text with the most specific expression of the great extent to which the narrator played and practiced baseball that summer? A)   sixty games and ninety batting practice sessions later, B)   after quite a few games and extensive time working in the practice area, C)   spending nearly ten times as much time playing and practicing as would be expected, D)   trying my hardest to bat a .325 average, 27.   If the United States were to shift to a majority vote system, the way presidential candidates campaign for office would fundamentally change. Right now, candidates have little reason to bother campaigning in states that typically go strongly for one political party. There is little logic in a Republican trying to win New York, or a Democrat trying to win Texas. Instead, candidates focus their energies on “swing states,” like Florida and Ohio, that are relatively balanced along party lines. Floridians and Ohioans currently receive far more candidate visits and attention than New Yorkers or Texans.    This would ensure that all U.S. citizens have an equal voice not just in theory but in reality. Which sentence, if inserted in the underlined portion, would best strengthen the argument of the paragraph by transitioning between the previous and the following sentences? A)   Ohio has a smaller population relative to Texas, although Ohio does have a greater population density than Texas. B)   If the Electoral College were abolished in favor of a majority vote system, candidates would have a much stronger incentive to campaign nationwide. C)   It is inherently unjust that candidates want to spend their time campaigning in places where they will inevitably emerge victorious while ignoring states with undecided voters. D)   Nationwide polls indicate that the average voters in states from high to low electoral college representation uniformly agree that the time has come for a seismic shift in the political landscape. Reading  & Writing Module 2: 32 Minutes, 27 Questions 1.   The Citizeness Gamelin put the soup on the table, said the Benedicite, seated her son and her guest, and began to eat standing up, declining the chair which Brotteaux offered her next to him, since, she said, she knew what courtesy required of her. As used in the text, what does the word “declining” most nearly mean? A)   Repulsing B)   Decreasing C)   Turning down D)   Plummeting 2.   The stove and the oven remain to this day our most-used cooking technologies, and innovations in the field of heating elements have frequently ameliorated the mechanism without much change to the principal design. The commercialization of natural gas in late 19thcentury England eventually gave cooks the ability to precisely         their cooking flame, as well as the convenience of instantaneous ignition. To this day, gas ranges are preferred by many professional chefs. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A)   Annihilate B)   Satisfy C)   Craft D)   Manipulate 3.   The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1852 novel The Blithedale Romance. “Nothing,” answered I; “nothing, that I know of, unless to make pretty verses, and play a part, with Zenobia and the rest of the amateurs, in our pastoral. It seems but an unsubstantial sort of business, as viewed through a mist of fever. But, dear Hollingsworth, your own vocation is evidently to be a priest, and to spend your days and nights in helping your fellow-creatures to draw peaceful dying breaths.” As used in the text, what does the word “draw” most nearly mean? A)   Inhale B)   Provoke C)   Infer D)   Sketch 4.   The following text is from Upton Sinclair’s 1906 novel The Jungle. The work which Jurgis was to do here was very simple, and it took him but a few minutes to learn it. He was provided with a stiff besom, such as is used by street sweepers, and it was his place to follow down the line the man who drew out the smoking entrails from the carcass of the steer; this mass was to be swept into a trap, which was then closed, so that no one might slip into it. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A)   To analyze a character’s motivations B)   To evaluate social conditions in the present-day United States C)   To describe a character’s professional tasks D)   To consider a likely objection by the reader 5.   Spanning more than 1,500 miles, the border between Canada and the United States has been called the longest undefended international boundary in the world. This is true to some extent, in that neither the United States nor Canada maintains a military presence at the border. But as anyone who has crossed from one side of Niagara Falls to the other knows, civilian law enforcement is present and accounted for at checkpoints on both sides of the boundary, where entrants are monitored and customs laws administered. Partly because of our cultural similarities and partly because of the remarkable amiability of our diplomatic relations over the past 150 years, it can sometimes seem almost as though the distinction between Canada and the United States is more of policy than of practice. Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A)   To analyze the economic consequences of international borders on global commerce B)   To explain the details of the security screenings that people who cross the U.S.-Canadian border must undergo C)   To give evidence of the continual border hostility that the United States and Canada have had since the war of 1812 D)   To clarify that although the United States and Canada have friendly relations, they are still clearly two different countries 6.   Ernest Hemingway speaks of the artistry of another culture’s profanity with admiration in his celebrated novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, wherein the narrator bears witness as obscenities and insults build to a high formalism and eventually collapse upon themselves, leaving the profanities implied rather than stated. The phenomenon described in the text is most like A)   an aqueduct that is constructed in ancient times only to crumble as the centuries pass. B)   the development of architectural technology enabling ever higher construction. C)   the prohibition of subversive political meetings by an authoritarian dictator. D)   the evolution of painting from realistic portraiture to abstract expressionism. 7.   Text 1 and Text 2 are adapted from different sections of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Text 1 In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them. Text 2 Prisoners of war are in the hands of the enemy Power, but not of the individuals or military units who have captured them. Irrespective of the individual responsibilities that may exist, the Detaining Power is responsible for the treatment given them. The tones of both Text 1 and Text 2 can best be described as A)   casual and relaxed. B)   analytical and indecisive. C)   formal and authoritative. D)   melancholy and spontaneous. 8.   Text 1 Melaleuca trees were brought to the Florida Everglades from Australia; developers thought these trees would help dry up vast swampy areas, enabling residential and commercial construction. Unfortunately, the trees spread widely and covered up large swaths of the Everglades, displacing native plants. Florida has had to spend a great deal of money to remove these invasive trees. Text 2 Though common protocol would dictate that an invasive species like honeysuckle be removed from areas where it becomes dominant, these new findings demonstrate that such action would likely strike a significant blow to native bird populations. What’s more, areas that today are abundant in honeysuckle typically host 30 to 40 percent more birds than these same regions did thirty years ago, indicating a long-term change for the better. The author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement about Text 1? A)   While invasive species may cause damage, not all invasive species should be considered harmful. B)   Melaleuca trees demonstrate the importance of uniformly removing invasive species from the environment. C)   Honeysuckle plants and melaleuca plants show the need for a consistent approach to invasive species management. D)   So long as invasive plants are not transported across oceans, they are unlikely to be harmful. 9.   The text is from Benjamin Franklin’s 1771 autobiography. Having emerged from the poverty and obscurity in which I was born and bred, to a state of affluence and some degree of reputation in the world, and having gone so far through life with a considerable share of felicity, the conducing means I made use of, which with the blessing of God so well succeeded, my posterity may like to know, as they may find some of them suitable to their own situations, and therefore fit to be imitated. That felicity, when I reflected on it, has induced me sometimes to say, that were it offered to my choice, I should have no objection to a repetition of the same life from its beginning, only asking the advantages authors have in a second edition to correct some faults of the first. It is reasonable to conclude from the text that Franklin’s personal financial situation A)   was as strong later in his life as it was when he was young. B)   worsened as he advanced in years. C)   had a random pattern of booms and busts over his life. D)   improved greatly over his lifetime. 10.   In the sense of Ferdinand Saussure’s theory of semiotics, one might suggest that the use of literal profanity—as opposed to figurative, which only possesses social sway based on its proximity to the literal—garners part of its power by being the closest available union of signifier and signified in subjects that, as a culture, we tend to avoid in polite and formal conversations. That is, the word is rude, because the thing itself—in a general context—is also considered rude. One can reasonably conclude that Ferdinand Saussure believes that a major factor that gives profanity its power is A)   the real-life things it represents. B)   its representation of conflict between symbolism and clarity. C)   the rarity with which its ideas are encountered. D)   its use by the socially dominant classes. 11. The Galapagos Islands have been isolated from human habitation until relatively recently. *http://www.galapagos.org/conservation/tourism-growth/ A scientist makes this statement: “Take a walk through the woods almost anywhere in the temperate U.S. and you’ll probably come across clusters of honeysuckle, dandelions, bobbing water lilies and dense patches of ivy. Despite their pervasiveness, none of these plants developed here naturally, but were introduced by human activity.” Based on the quotation and the statement, what would the scientist say would be the most likely consequence of tourism with respect to invasive plants in the Galapagos between 1980 and 2010? A)   Due to an increase in humanity’s awareness of the Galapagos, it is more likely that a desire for environmental stewardship of the islands will grow. B)   Due to an increase in economic activity as a result of tourism, the inhabitants of the Galapagos will have more money with which to combat unwanted plant species. C)   Due to an increase in human contact, it is more likely that nonnative organisms will be introduced by accident. D)   Due to an increase in hotel construction as a consequence of tourism, intentional cultivation of invasive species will grow. 12.   A historian argues that the primary advantage of the Fraktur variety of blackletter font was that it balanced elegance with functionalism. Which quotation from the historian’s essay most effectively illustrates this claim? A)   Though far less calligraphic than textualis, Fraktur is nonetheless more intricate than Schwabacher, and combines the soft readability of the latter with the bold regality of the former. B)   Antiqua’s subversion of blackletter began gradually, appearing primarily in scientific texts (which valued readability over appearance). C)   By far the most familiar blackletter style, Fraktur originated at the end of the 15th century through a commission of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. D)   The revolutionary scale of his innovation firmly established blackletter —particularly the Schwabacher and Fraktur varieties—as the preferred script for printed texts throughout Europe. 13.   They are a common fixture in household kitchens across the United States, but remarkably few of us who use them have any real idea of how our microwave ovens work. Contrary to most other food-heating appliances —the toaster, the convection oven, and the stove, for instance— the microwave itself has no internal heating element: flame, coil, or otherwise. Instead, the microwave oven uses the principle of dipole rotation to . Which choice most logically completes the text? A)   create a healthy alternative to highly processed foods B)   give consumers an affordable alternative to restaurant meals C)   generate heat from the molecules within the food itself D)   provide structural support to the walls of the appliance 14.   Asymmetric encryption relies on multiple advanced mathematical computations like discrete logarithms or the multiplication of 100-digit prime numbers. The specific mathematical details are far too complex for our purposes here, but the important concept is that asymmetric encryption functions by both a public key (shared to the world) and a private key (known only to the owner). It can be reasonably concluded that the intended audience for the text is A)   historical scholars. B)   mathematicians. C)   a general audience. D)   code-breakers. 15.   The following text is from Kate Chopin’s 1899 novel The Awakening. After Mrs. Pontellier had danced twice with her husband, once with Robert, and once with Monsieur Ratignolle, who was thin and tall and swayed like a reed in the wind when he danced, she went out on the gallery and seated herself on the low windowsill, where she commanded a view of all that went on in the hall and could look out toward the Gulf. There was a soft effulgence in the east. The moon was coming up, and its mystic shimmer was casting a million lights across the distant, restless water. “Would you like to hear Mademoiselle Reisz play?” asked Robert, coming out on the porch where she was. Of course Edna would like to hear Mademoiselle Reisz play; but she feared it would be useless to entreat her. Edna’s initial response to the possibility of hearing Mademoiselle Reisz play indicates that Edna is A)   wholly apathetic. B)   eager, but doubtful that Reisz would oblige. C)   repulsed by the suggestion. D)   disinterested, as she is currently occupied by something else. 16.   My German host mom spoke English                                          for eight months before I convinced her to switch to German. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   to me B)   at me C)   to I D)   at I 17.   The innate immune system                                            of two major barriers: the skin and the natural flora (i.e., naturally occurring bacteria). Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   consist B)   consists C)   consisting D)   to consist 18.   He understood firsthand how being ashamed of your dental health can your whole demeanor. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   effect B)   effects C)   affects D)   affect 19.   Reading also stimulates the                                                                   consider what it would have been like to be at some historical event, or to form a picture of what one could accomplish in life. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   imagination to identify with a hero in a story, to B)   imagination: to identify with a hero in a story, to C)   imagination; to identify with a hero in a story, to D)   imagination, to identify with a hero in a story to 20.   I don’t think anyone would call me a world traveler. I have only been overseas twice. Everywhere I have traveled there                                                                                                       a trend—the ever-present difficulty of learning the new language. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   has been B)   have been C)   will have been D)   be 21.   From the parental conflicts on a little-league team                                         international exchanges from a World Cup, sports and sociology go hand in hand. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   to B)   when C)   from D)   in 22.   Now, more than ever, science is beginning to understand the deleterious effects of prolonged stress,  . Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)   including—but far from limited to, hypertension, obesity, and heart disease B)   including—but far from limited to hypertension, obesity, and heart disease C)   including—but far from limited to; hypertension, obesity, and heart disease D)   including—but far from limited to—hypertension, obesity, and heart disease 23.   Firstborn children are leaders. They spend their early years getting lots of attention from their parents, and then they grow up being responsible for their younger siblings. These are the people who are perfectionists. The author is considering removing the underlined portion of the sentence. Should it be kept or removed? A)   Kept, because it gives statistical evidence. B)   Kept, because it provides a helpful elaboration. C)   Removed, because it is irrelevant to the topic of the sentence. D)   Removed, because it interrupts the author’s line of reasoning. 24.   Reading is an enriching activity well worth making part of one’s regular habits. Starting from an early age, children who read for pleasure encounter many new words and concepts that expand their minds.           images are frequently used in society today, words, unlike images, require using one’s mind to understand them, ponder their meaning, and consider whether they are communicating something true or false. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A)   Although B)   Since C)   Because D)   In addition, 25.   While researching a topic, a student has made the following notes: •          Miles Davis was a famous jazz musician who was born in 1926 in Illinois and died in 1991 in California. •          Davis       studied       for     a     time      at     the     Julliard        School,       a     music conservatory in New York City. •          Davis is best known for his trumpet playing. •          Louis Armstrong was also a famous jazz musician, who was born in 1901 in Louisiana and died in 1971 in New York. •          Armstrong learned much of his musical skill, including reading music, by playing on riverboats. •          Armstrong is well known for both trumpet playing and vocal skill. The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two musicians. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information to accomplish this goal? A)   Davis and Armstrong both were excellent trumpet players. B)   Davis and Armstrong were both born in the United States. C)   Armstrong’s education was less formal than Davis’s. D)   Davis was born several years earlier than Armstrong. 26.   We must ask ourselves as a society, what is it that we most value? If the former, we should shift away from an obsession with manned space flight and invest resources in robotic exploration. Which choice, inserted in the underlined portion, would best connect the preceding and following sentences? A)   Do we seek out knowledge and wisdom, or are we only concerned with chest-thumping and braggadocio? B)   Are we interested in exploring the moon, nearby planets, and even faraway star systems? C)   Do we only want to save money so that we can use it for domestic research programs to fight disease here on earth? D)   Are we focused on making the world a better place for our children, or do we want to leave them a legacy of environmental devastation? 27.   At odds with the Standard Model of physics, collision and radiation studies of antimatter have consistently confounded scientists’ efforts to reconcile the baryon asymmetry, and the known universe appears to be dominated by up to 0.01 times more matter than antimatter. such a discrepancy could soon prove to be a silver bullet for both the Standard Model and General Relativity, whose tenets are entrenched in our understanding of everything from the interaction of subatomic particles to the Big Bang Theory of cosmology. Which insertion for the underlined portion provides the most logical connection between the previous sentence and the current sentence? A)   Since this is such an influential quantity, B)   Though it may initially seem insignificant, C)   Given the paucity of scientific consensus, D)   Assuming that scientists are willing to disregard their instrumentation, Reading and Writing Answer Practice Test Solutions Reading  Module 1 Solutions 1.   C. The sentence is providing statistics on how much money veterinarians can make, so earning is the most appropriate word. The other options do not describe how much someone’s salary would be. 2.   B. “Fashionable” refers to the popularity of travelers placing paintings of their travel destinations in their homes. “Tailored” implies a level of customization that is not present in these works, “leisurely” refers more to the scenes of the paintings, and “economical” could apply to the practice of saving money by using more general scenes than customized ones; but the focus in these lines is on the increased interest in this practice. 3.   D. Although “discriminating” typically has a negative connotation that people associate with prejudice, in this context, the author is asserting that we need to be more careful and “selective” in deciding which invasive plants we keep and which ones we exterminate. Choices A and B can apply to discriminating in other contexts, and Choice C would only apply to being “discriminating” when it comes to the quality of art, food, music, etc. 4.   A. The first part of the text makes a broad statement of parthenogenesis. The underlined sentence outlines an important exception to this, mammals, and transitions into a clarification about how parthenogenesis does not occur naturally in mammals. It is not B, because this short sentence does not give a definition. It is not C or D, because the focus is on science, not ethics and economics. 5.   D. The vocabulary of the choices is perhaps the most difficult part of this question. “To underscore his rootlessness” is another way of saying to emphasize the uncertainty of his background. Choice D is the correct answer, as Washington is emphasizing that he really has very little idea about how he came into this world. Washington is not complaining about his dementia, as in Choice A, and Choice B is flawed in that he is uncertain of his “identity.” Choice C is flawed in that Washington is not critical of his family; rather, he is critical of the system of slavery that led to the instability/absence of his familial relations. 6.   B. The text states that “The Caesar Shift was simplistic by today’s standards, but in an era in which very few could read in the first place, the encryption was effective.” So, because the ability to read (i.e., literacy) was not widespread, this encryption method was effective. There is no indication that the cipher was mathematically complex, making Choice A incorrect. While it had ancient historical roots from centuries before the present day, the author does not indicate that this had a direct influence on its effectiveness, making Choice C incorrect. Finally, Choice D is incorrect because the text implies that even with physical interception, the messages would still be safe because of the lack of literacy. 7.   A. Text 1 makes a broad claim about history tending to repeat itself, and text 2 uses the specific example of fashion history to make this point. It is not B, because the arguments are not opposed to one another. It is not C, because while Text 2 refers to older events, its approach is not necessarily antiquated. It is not D, because Text 2 does not raise an objection. 8.   B. The author mentions that logistics are “interesting” and that the process is “something to behold.” Overall, the author’s tone is therefore warm. She is appreciative and has a “positive” opinion of the concept, as seen in Choice B. The author is not “skeptical:” she does not have doubts about logistics. It is not Choice C, as the author does take an opinion on the matter. “Bellicose” means warlike. Choice D, then, is not a viable option. 9.   C. The narrator discusses the futility of spending time trying to predict the future. Additionally, he discusses how knowing the future would take away one’s enjoyment in the present. Hence, he would advise people to “focus on the moment.” Choice A means to be forgiving, Choice B advocates seeking knowledge, and choice D advocates reciprocal kindness. 10.   B. Analyze the chart for this question. We are comparing the writing scores of those who read for fun “almost daily” with the scores of those who read “never or hardly ever.” The difference in points between these two groups is approximately 30. 11.  B. This quotation most directly illustrates the sorrow at being ignored by other people, since even though the narrator is dying of thirst, no one brings her water. The other options do not effectively show the sorrow at being ignored by other people. 12.   A. The text states that “bacteriostatic antibiotics are often prescribed to patients who have an intact immune system.” If a person’s immune system is intact, it is fair to assume that that person is “relatively healthy,” as described in Choice A. Choices B, C, and D all state that bacteriostatic antibiotics are used on people in various states of poor health, which is not the case. 13.   A. The text reports how Hill’s and Becquerel’s chemistry-based approach toward color photography was not as promising, while reporting that Maxwell was able to make progress by focusing biologically on how the human eye perceives colors. The other options do not accurately describe this transition. 14.   C. The text defines a Great Comet as one that is bright enough to be observed by people on Earth with the naked eye. While the other options may be attributes of a Great Comet, they are not necessary ones. 15.   A. Their shows possession by the occupational therapists, and clients’ shows that the time belongs to the plural “clients”. They’re is the same as “they are,” and there refers to a place. 16.   C. The commas correctly surround the clarification of what Io is. This is known as an “appositive,” which is when an interchangeable name for what comes before is surrounded with commas. For example: “My oldest daughter, the Prime Minster, is well respected.” The other options do not provide sufficient pauses. 17.   C. This is an event that takes place prior to another event in the past, so “had” is needed. Choices A and B are in the past perfect tense, and choice D is in the present tense. 18.   C. A possessive is required that will express the idea of the problems of patients, where patients is plural. Choice A isn’t possessive. Choice D incorrectly uses both “those of” and “problems,” which are illogical when combined. Choice B incorrectly expresses the problems of one patient. Choice C is the best answer. 19.   C. The subject is “foreign objects” which is a plural noun that requires a plural verb. Eliminate Choice A, as “basis that is daily” is an awkward way of saying daily basis. Eliminate Choice D for having a singular verb, “attacks.” Eliminate Choice B, as “that attacking” is inappropriate; “that attack,” as seen in Choice C, is preferable. 20.   B. A boat would be best described as passing “over” the sea, since it would travel along the sea’s surface. One would not pass “to” or “sequence” the sea, making A and D incorrect. And C is too wordy. 21.   D. The mill is singular, and it possesses the grounds. Also, we need to have a clear separation between the two complete sentences, which the semicolon, but not a comma, can provide. Choice A provides no possession, Choice B would be for plural mills, and choice C would cause a comma splice. 22.   D. “Take, for example, . . .” or “take, for instance, . . .” are common English phrases. Moreover, Americans and football function as an example of how sports can “unite us far more than they divide us.” Either of these two thought processes would have led you to the correct answer, Choice D. 23.   A. The underlined sentence directly builds on the claim in the previous sentence by using specific numerical evidence. Thus, it must be “kept, because it provides specific details in support of the previous sentence.” Deleting it sacrifices helpful information. It has nothing to do with “salary details.” 24.   B. Both the Geocentric and Heliocentric models involve “revolving” of astronomical bodies, meaning they both incorporate rotational movement. It is not A, because the notes indicate that the Heliocentric theory became dominant. It is not C, because there is no evidence in the notes to suggest that citizens in ancient Greece widely knew these theories. It is not D, because the nationality of Copernicus is not mentioned in the notes. 25.   A. It really is best to read this sentence along with the previous two sentences. This sentence contrasts with the previous idea of the paragraph that “birth order isn’t a one-size-fits-all theory.” Essentially, this sentence says, That may be true, but it is still useful. The best substitute for but is “nevertheless.” The other three choices fail to provide the contrasting relationship that the sentence requires. 26.   A. The important part of the question stem regards specificity about how much baseball the narrator played. Choice A quantifies the amount of baseball played, which makes it the most specific option. Neither Choice B nor Choice C tells exactly how much baseball the narrator played, which contrasts with the requirement for specificity. Choice D is irrelevant to the question’s requirements. 27.   B. The previous sentence explains that voters in swing states receive far more attention than voters in states that are more uniformly one party. Choice B would therefore connect to the concluding sentence that points out that a majority-vote system would ensure that voters everywhere would have an equal say. Choice A focuses on irrelevant population density, choice C describes the opposite of what is done, and choice D does not provide a logical transition from the previous. Reading  Module 2 Solutions 1.   C. Gamelin politely refuses to sit in the chair that is offered to her, so she is best described as “turning down” the chair. “Repulsing” is too negative, and “decreasing” and “plummeting” generally relate to amounts of things. 2.   D. The idea expressed here is that natural gas gave cooks the ability to “control” or “manipulate” their cooking flames. It is not A, because to “annihilate” is to “destroy” something. It is not B or C, because “satisfy” and “craft” do not mean “control.” 3.   A. The sentence refers to drawing breaths, so “inhale” is the best choice. Breathing is not directly associated with provoking, inferring, or sketching. 4.   C. The text describes Jurgis’s job description. These lines “describe a character’s professional tasks.” We see nothing of personal motivation, as in Choice A. The selection is from over a century ago, making Choice B incorrect. These lines have nothing to do with the objection of the reader, as seen in Choice D. 5.   D. The sentences prior to this indicate that there is not much of a border between the United States and Canada, given how undefended it is. These lines clarify that the two countries are, in fact, very much independent of one another. Choice A would require more information about other countries’ borders to provide such an analysis. Choice B is incorrect because there is no detail provided about the security screening process. And choice C is incorrect because the essay does not support the idea that there has been continued border hostility between the two countries since the War of 1812. 6.   D. The text refers to a process in which words become less and less literal. The evolution of painting from realism to abstraction would be a similar shift away from literal or obvious meaning to a meaning that is implied. Choice A is about gradual decay of human constructions due to time, choice B is about the development of technology, and choice C is about stopping free expression. 7.   C. The text is an excerpt from an official legal document. Its tone is “formal” and business-like, as the matter at hand is of such gravity. It is also “authoritative”: the text is mandating that the international community must follow these new guidelines. Choice A is the opposite of the actual tone, which is formal instead of relaxed. Choice B is flawed in that there is nothing indecisive about the document; it is saying this is how it will be going forward, and that’s the end of the discussion. “Melancholy” implies a sadness that the document lacks, and “spontaneous” makes it sound as if these decisions were made hastily and on the spur of the moment, whereas the reality was probably that these statutes were formulated over intense and lengthy deliberation. Eliminate Choice D accordingly. 8.   A. Text 2 presents evidence showing that an invasive plant, honeysuckle, can have a positive impact on the environment; this goes against the general suggestion about the negative impact of invasive plants from Text 1. It is not Choice B or C, because Text 2 does not suggest a consistent approach to the treatment of invasive plants. It is not Choice D, because the texts do not detail transportation recommendations about invasive plants. 9.   D. In the beginning of the text, Franklin describes being born into poverty and then achieving affluence. He entered the world poor but obtained wealth through his endeavors. This is most consistent with Choice D. Choices B and C imply at least some sort of financial hardship in adulthood, which was not the case. Choice A is flawed in that Franklin was not born wealthy. 10.   A. This is best seen when the author clarifies that “the word is rude, because the thing itself. . . is also considered rude.” In other words, profane words derive much of their power by standing for profane things. It is not B, because there is not conflict between these ideas discussed. And it is not C or D, because profane ideas are encountered frequently by a variety of social classes. 11.  C. The text indicates that some nonnative plants are introduced to new environments through human contact. With an increase in human visitation, the Galapagos Islands will likely experience more accidental introduction of plants. It is not A, because the text does not suggest that an increase in human interaction leads to an overall improvement in conservation efforts. It is not B, because there is no information to support the notion that an increase in tourism will result in enough money to outweigh the negative consequences of increased human activity. And it is not D, because the text does not support the notion that humans will consistently seek to purposefully introduce invasive species to new environments. 12.   A. This option shows “elegance” by stating that Fraktur is “intricate” and has “regality;” it also shows functionalism by mentioning “readability.” It is not B, C, or D, because these choices focus on the timeline of the font’s development. 13.   C. The text indicates that microwaves are different from other food- heating appliances because they do not have an internal heating element. Stating that the microwave generates heat from the molecules in the food would logically complete this text, showing how microwaves can successfully heat food without having an internal heating element. The other options do not focus on the heating of food. 14.   C. The excerpt states that “the specific mathematical details are far too complex for our purposes here,” which most strongly suggests that this text is intended for a general audience, since specific background knowledge is not required. Choices A, B, and D all would necessitate a much more sophisticated explanation to satisfy the intellectual needs of these groups. 15.   B. In the second paragraph, the following interaction occurs: “‘Would you like to hear Mademoiselle Reisz play?’ asked Robert, coming out on the porch where she was. Of course Edna would like to hear Mademoiselle Reisz play; but she feared it would be useless to entreat her.” Edna, then, is “eager, but doubtful that Reisz would oblige” by playing for her, as Choice B indicates. Choices A and C are too extreme, and Choice D conveys emotional neutrality, which is not supported by the text. 16.   A. The first decision is whether it is more appropriate to “speak to” someone or to “speak at” someone. As the first option is more effectively used, eliminate Choices B and D. Evaluate Choices A and C; it is more appropriate to “speak to me” (as the one spoken to is an indirect object) than it is to “speak to I.” Choice A is the correct answer. 17.   B. The subject is “system,” a singular subject requiring a singular verb of “consists.” Eliminate Choice A for using a plural verb. Eliminate Choice C, which uses a gerund, ultimately leading to a sentence fragment. Choice D uses an infinitive verb, and conjugation is required for a full sentence. 18.   D. After the verb “can,” an infinitive verb is required. Eliminate Choices B and C because they are conjugated verbs. “Effect” is rarely used as a verb, but when it is, it means to bring about. “Affect” means to influence. The sentence is much more logical with influence, so “affect” is the correct answer. 19.   B. The independent clause is “Reading also stimulates the imagination.” The sentence best functions by using a colon and then listing the various ways it stimulates the imagination. Choice B does this perfectly. Choice A is a run-on sentence. Choice C incorrectly uses a semicolon; there must be a full sentence on both sides of the semicolon, but there isn’t a full sentence after the semicolon here. Choice D incorrectly attaches a list to the independent clause. 20.   A. The subject and verb must agree. In this case, the subject is “trend,” which is a singular noun that will require a corresponding verb. Eliminate Choices B and D for being plural verbs. Choice C incorrectly uses future perfect tense, whereas present is the desired tense. “There has been a trend” is the best answer. 21.   A. A common linguistic pattern in English is “from (something or somewhere) . . . to (something else or somewhere else).” Unfortunately, there is no rule behind this per se. It is simply one of the many instances where familiarity with the pattern from common practice is a prerequisite. Choice A is the correct answer. 22.   D. “But far from limited to” is a parenthetical phrase; remove it and the sentence still functions effectively. Parenthetical phrases can be surrounded with two commas or two dashes. Choice A is close, but it breaks parallelism by using a dash and then a comma instead of the same punctuation mark twice, as required. 23.   B. Ultimately, if we were to delete the underlined portion, we would be removing information that was both relevant and productive. It provides a “helpful elaboration” in this sentence, and it contributes informative value to the text. Choice B is the correct answer. 24.   A. A contrasting transition is required here. Essentially, the sentence is images are used often in society, but words require more cognitive processing. “Although” is the only option to achieve that contrast. Choices B and C express cause and effect, while Choice D is acceptable when the text is listing multiple things along the same thought process. 25.   C. Armstrong learned on riverboats, while Davis attended Julliard, a music conservatory. Therefore, Davis had a more formal education than did Armstrong. It is not A or B, because these are both similarities. It is not D. because Davis was born later than Armstrong. 26.   A. The following sentence particularly clarifies which choice makes the most sense, since the “former” would be referring to “knowledge and wisdom”—a sensible rationale for changing to robotic exploration, since such exploration would increase our knowledge but wouldn’t give humans bragging rights as the first to land on another planet. Choices B and C only present one option instead of two, and choice D does not give an option that is the focus of the context that follows. 27.   B. The numerical amount of 0.01 times does not initially seem like a very large number, so choice B gives a helpful introductory connection in the current sentence. Choice A would state that this is a larger quantity than it is; Choice C is incorrect because “paucity” means “a lack of,” which would contradict the well-founded scientific observations mentioned; and Choice D would involve scientists ignoring their observations.

About the SAT The SAT is an entrance exam used by most colleges and universities to make admissions decisions. The SAT is a multiple-choice, pencil-and-paper test created and administered by the College Board. The purpose of the SAT is to measure a high school student's readiness for college, and provide colleges with one common data point that can be used to compare all applicants. College admissions officers will review standardized test scores alongside your high school GPA, the classes you took in high school, letters of recommendation from teachers or mentors, extracurricular activities, admissions interviews, and personal essays. How important SAT scores are in the college application process varies from school to school. Overall, the higher you score on the SAT and/or ACT, the more options for attending and paying for college will be available to you. ​ When should I take the SAT? Most high school students take the SAT, the ACT, or both during the spring of their junior year or fall of their senior year. It's important to leave time to re-take the test if you need to raise your score before you apply to college. The SAT exam is offered nationally every year in August, October, November, December, March, May, and June. View all upcoming SAT test dates. ​ What is on the SAT? There are two  SAT sections: Math Evidence-Based Reading and Writing The SAT also includes an optional Essay section. SAT Essay scores are reported separately from overall test scores. Some colleges may require that you complete the SAT Essay. You can confirm each college's admissions policies on the school website or on our  school profiles. ​ How long is the SAT? The SAT is 3 hours long. If you choose to take the SAT with Essay, the test will be 3 hours and 50 minutes. ​ How is the SAT scored? Each section of the SAT is scored on a 200 to 800 point scale. Your total SAT score is the sum of your section scores. The highest possible SAT score is 1600. If you take the Essay, you will receive a separate score. ​ How do I register for the SAT? SAT registration deadlines fall approximately five weeks before each test date. Register online on the College Board website. The  College Board may require SAT registration by mail under special circumstances. What is digital SAT The Digital SAT is an online version of the SAT, a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States. The College Board, the organization that administers the SAT, introduced the digital format to modernize the test-taking process and improve the overall experience for students. Here are some key features and aspects of the Digital SAT: Format and Structure: The Digital SAT is taken on a computer, either at a test center or, in some cases, at home. The test still includes sections on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) and Math. The content and question types remain similar to the paper-based SAT, but with some adjustments to suit the digital format. Test Interface: Students use a digital platform to answer questions, with tools like a built-in calculator for the Math section, annotation features, and a timer. The interface is designed to be user-friendly, with easy navigation between questions and sections. Adaptive Testing: The digital version may use a form of adaptive testing, where the difficulty of questions adjusts based on the test-taker's performance. This aims to provide a more precise measurement of a student's abilities. Security and Fairness: The digital format incorporates measures to ensure test security and integrity, including randomizing question order and using remote proctoring for at-home tests. The College Board has implemented protocols to maintain fairness and accessibility for all students. Preparation: Students can prepare for the Digital SAT using online resources provided by the College Board, including practice tests and tutorials on how to navigate the digital platform. Many traditional SAT prep materials remain relevant, although students might also focus on familiarizing themselves with the digital interface. Advantages: Faster score reporting: The digital format allows for quicker processing and reporting of scores. Flexible scheduling: Some testing windows offer more flexibility in scheduling the test. Enhanced test experience: The digital tools and features aim to create a smoother and more efficient test-taking experience. Digital SAT Suite Test Specifications at a Glance Table 1: Format and delivery details for the digital SAT Suite Content Specifications Reading and Writing The Reading and Writing section of the digital SAT Suite assessments is designed to measure students’ attainment of critical college and career readiness in literacy. The section focuses on key elements of comprehension, rhetoric, and language use that the best available evidence identifies as necessary for college readiness and success. In this section, students answer multiple-choice questions requiring them to read, comprehend, and use information and ideas in texts; analyze the craft and structure of texts; revise texts to improve the rhetorical expression of ideas; and edit texts to conform to core conventions of Standard English. Reading and Writing content domains Questions on the Reading and Writing Section represent one of four content domains: § Craft and Structure: Measures the comprehension, vocabulary, analysis, synthesis, and reasoning skills and knowledge needed to understand and use high-utility words and phrases in context, evaluate texts rhetorically, and make connections between topically related texts § Information and Ideas: Measures comprehension, analysis, and reasoning skills and knowledge and the ability to locate, interpret, evaluate, and integrate information and ideas from texts and informational graphics (tables, bar graphs, and line graphs) § Standard English Conventions: Measures the ability to edit texts to conform to core conventions of Standard English sentence structure, usage, and punctuation § Expression of Ideas: Measures the ability to revise texts to improve the effectiveness of written expression and to meet specific rhetorical goals Questions from all four domains appear in each Reading and Writing test module, beginning with Craft and Structure questions and then continuing through Information and Ideas, Standard English Conventions, and Expression of Ideas questions. Questions within the Craft and Structure, Information and Ideas, and Expression of Ideas content domains that test similar skills and knowledge are grouped together to reduce the need for context switching and arranged from easiest to hardest. This makes it easier for students to budget their time and allows each test taker the best opportunity to show what they know and can do. Questions in the Standard English Conventions content domain are arranged from easiest to hardest regardless of which specific convention is being tested. Table 2 provides a breakdown of question distribution by content domain. Digital SAT Suite of Assessments Reading and Writing Section Content Domains and Question Distribution Math The Math section of the digital SAT Suite assessments is designed to measure students’ attainment of critical college and career readiness knowledge and skills in math. The digital SAT Suite Math section focuses on key elements of algebra, advanced math, problem­solving and data analysis, and geometry and trigonometry (except for the PSAT 8/9 which does not test trigonometry) that evidence identifies as necessary for college and career readiness and success. Over the course of the Math section, students answer multiple­choice and student-produced response (SPR) questions that measure their fluency with, understanding of, and ability to apply the math concepts, skills, and practices that are most essential for readiness for entry-level postsecondary work. Math content domains Questions on the Math section represent one of four content domains: § Algebra: Measures the ability to analyze, fluently solve, and create linear equations and inequalities as well as analyze and fluently solve equations and systems of equations using multiple techniques § Advanced Math: Measures skills and knowledge central for progression to more advanced math courses, including demonstrating an understanding of absolute value, quadratic, exponential, polynomial, rational, radical, and other nonlinear equations § Problem-Solving and Data Analysis: Measures the ability to apply quantitative reasoning about ratios, rates, and proportional relationships; understand and apply unit rate; and analyze and interpret one- and two-variable data § Geometry and Trigonometry (SAT, PSAT/NMSQT, PSAT 10)/Geometry (PSAT 8/9): Measures the ability to solve problems that focus on area and volume; angles, triangles, and trigonometry; and circles (NOTE: PSAT 8/9 doesn’t include trigonometry questions.) Questions from all four content domains appear in each test module. Across each module, questions are arranged from easiest to hardest, allowing each test taker the best opportunity to demonstrate what they know and can do. Table 3 provides an overview of the question distribution by content domain. This table below shows information for the SAT. Tables for the PSAT-related assessments are broadly similar and can be found in the full Assessment Framework document. Scoring Each of the digital SAT Suite assessments yields three scores: a total score and two section scores. The total score is based on students’ performance on the entire assessment and is the arithmetic sum of the two section scores. Two section scores, one for Reading and Writing and the other for Math, are based on students’ performance on each section. NOTE: Subscores and cross-test scores will no longer be reported for the digital SAT Suite. Digital SAT Suite Total Score and Section Score Scales

Tips from-https://satsuite.collegeboard.org What to Expect on Test Day Before test day, make sure you're familiar with these procedures and rules. Check for Test Center Closings Monitor test center closings in the days leading up to your test and the day of your test to make sure your test center hasn't changed or closed. We also recommend you check the test center's website on the morning of the test. Doors Open at 7:45 a.m. Arrive on time on test day. Be sure to check your admission ticket for your arrival time and the address of your test center. Test centers open at 7:45 a.m. and doors close at 8 a.m. unless otherwise noted on your admission ticket. You can't be admitted once testing has started. If you're late or absent on test day, you'll need to register again and the standard testing fees will apply. Make sure you show up with everything you need. Testing Starts Between 8:15 and 8:45 a.m. Your proctor will begin check-in. Your seat is assigned, not chosen by you. Wait to be seated. Here's what will happen next: You'll log into the center's Wi-Fi and open the Bluebook™ application, which will guide you through instructions. The proctor can answer questions only about procedure, not about test questions or content. The proctor will give you a start code. Once you enter the start code, testing will begin, and Bluebook will keep track of the time you have remaining in each test section. Each student is timed individually so you'll take breaks and complete testing at slightly different times. Each section of the test (Reading and Writing, and Math) has 2 parts called modules, and each module is timed separately. You can move back and forth between questions in a module and review your answers until time expires. Once you've moved on from a module, you cannot go back to it. When the test is over, your answers are submitted automatically. If your submission fails for any reason, don't worry! Your answers will be saved to your device, and you'll have time to resubmit. The Digital Testing Application The digital testing application, Bluebook™, is a custom-built app for the digital SAT that students use to take the digital SAT. Using a custom app makes it easier for us to adapt to changes and respond quickly to user feedback. This app has many features that you'll find useful, including a test preview to help familiarize yourself with key aspects of the app before the test. Visit the Bluebook website to download the app and for installation instructions. During the test, you'll have access to a set of tools: On math questions, you’ll find a reference sheet and a calculator. You can also bring your own calculator. On reading and writing questions, use the annotation tool to highlight text or leave yourself a note. On multiple-choice questions, if you think an answer option is wrong, you can cross it out. You can mark for review any questions you want to come back to later. Zoom in and out using keyboard shortcuts on laptops or by pinching on tablets. If you have a problem during the test, raise your hand to ask the proctor for help or click the Help icon for troubleshooting tips. Breaks Students will have one 10-minute break during the test between test sections. You can take an unscheduled break if you need to, but you'll lose testing time. Leave your device open; don't close your device. Keep your ID with you at all times. It will be checked every time you enter the testing room. If you brought a calculator, it must remain on your desk during breaks. Dismissal You'll likely be done before noon. When the test is over, your answers will be submitted automatically. If your submission fails for any reason, you'll have time after the test to complete your submission—all your work will be saved to your device. After the test, your proctor will collect your scratch paper, return any items of yours, and dismiss you silently because other students in your room may still be testing. Testing Devices You can take the digital SAT on a wide range of devices, including your own laptop (Windows or MacOS), iPad, Windows tablet, or school-managed Chromebook. Bluebook must be downloaded onto your device before test day. Then, 1–5 days before your test, you'll complete a quick exam setup. The application will confirm that your device meets all requirements, then it will download your test and generate your admission ticket. Your device must also be able to connect to Wi-Fi and be fully charged—it will need to stay on for roughly 3 hours. We recommend you bring a power cord or portable charger, but we can't guarantee you’ll have access to an outlet. You can bring an external mouse for your device and an external keyboard if your device is a tablet. All other applications and programs must be closed during test day. You can only test on one device, but if your device fails during testing and you can't continue, you can switch to a second device. Your proctor or tech coordinator will help if you need to switch devices. Prohibited Devices We mention mobile phones and electronics often, and for good reason. Your scores will be canceled if you don't follow the rules around devices. Keep in mind: Test administration staff will collect and hold mobile phones and other prohibited electronic devices or require you to place them in a backpack away from your desk during the test administration, including during break periods. If your prohibited device makes noise, if you’re seen using it, or if you attempt to access it at any time, including breaks, you’ll be dismissed immediately, your scores can be canceled, and the device may be confiscated. College Board isn’t responsible for loss of or damage to personal items, including electronic devices, while you’re in the test center. What to Bring on Digital SAT Test Day There are only a few things you really need to bring on test day and a lot of things you'll be better off leaving at home. Be sure to bring: Your fully charged testing device with the Bluebook™ application installed (see detailed device requirements). Face covering (if required at your test center). Your up-to-date admission ticket. Acceptable photo ID. Pencils or pens for scratch work. An acceptable calculator for use on the Math section of the test (there will be an embedded graphing calculator available to use within Bluebook). Epinephrine auto-injectors (like EpiPens) are permitted without an approved accommodations. They must be placed in a clear bag and stored under the student's desk during testing. For policies on other medications and medical devices, contact Services for Students with Disabilities. Nice to Have A watch without an audible alarm. (The Bluebook application has a built-in timer that tells you exactly how much time you have left, but you might still want to time your break.) A charging cable if your testing device can’t hold a charge for 3 hours. A bag or backpack. A drink or snacks (for your break). A backup testing device. Digital SAT Calculator Policy Students may use their own approved calculator on test day or take advantage of the graphing calculator built directly into the testing application. If you choose to bring your own calculator to use throughout the Math section, there's more to it than making sure you’ve got a fresh set of batteries. Calculator Rules Bring your own calculator. You can’t share with someone else. You may not use a calculator while working on the Reading and Writing section. You must put the calculator away during this section of the test. You'll be dismissed and your scores canceled if you use your calculator to share information during the test, or to remove test questions or answers from the test room. Calculator Tips Don’t bring a brand-new calculator; bring one you know. Practice for the test using the same calculator you’ll use on test day. The Math section includes some questions it's better not to use a calculator for, even though you're allowed to. It may help to do scratch work on the paper that will be provided. Get your thoughts down before using your calculator. Make sure your calculator is in good working order and that batteries are fresh. The test center won't have batteries or extra calculators. If your calculator fails during testing and you have no backup, you’ll have access to the embedded calculator in Bluebook™. Accepted Calculators If you have a calculator with characters that are one inch or higher, or if your calculator has a raised display that might be visible to other test takers, you will be seated at the discretion of the test coordinator. Only battery-operated, handheld equipment can be used for testing. No power cords are allowed for calculators. Calculators permitted during testing include: Most graphing calculators (see chart) All scientific calculators All 4-function calculators (not recommended) Casio FX-6000 seriesFX-6200 seriesFX-6300 seriesFX-6500 seriesFX-7000 seriesFX-7300 seriesFX-7400 seriesFX-7500 seriesFX-7700 seriesFX-7800 seriesFX-8000 seriesFX-8500 seriesFX-8700 seriesFX-8800 seriesGraph25 seriesFX-9700 seriesFX-9750 seriesFX-9860 seriesCFX-9800 seriesCFX-9850 seriesCFX-9950 seriesCFX-9970 seriesFX 1.0 seriesAlgebra FX 2.0 seriesFX-CG-10FX-CG-20 seriesFX-CG-50Graph35 seriesGraph75 seriesGraph95 seriesGraph100 seriesFX-CG-500**** Using the stylus is not permitted. Hewlett-Packard HP-9GHP-28 seriesHP-38GHP-39 seriesHP-40 seriesHP-48 seriesHP-49 seriesHP-50 seriesHP Prime Radio Shack EC-4033EC-4034EC-4037 Sharp EL-5200EL-9200 seriesEL-9300 seriesEL-9600 series**EL-9900 series** Using the stylus is not permitted. Texas Instruments TI-73TI-80TI-81TI-82TI-83TI-83 PlusTI-83 Plus SilverTI-84 PlusTI-84 Plus CETI-84 Plus CE PythonTI-84 Plus SilverTI-84 Plus C SilverTI-84 Plus TTI-84 Plus CE-TTI-84 Plus CE-T Python EditionTI-85TI-86TI-89TI-89 TitaniumTI-NspireTI-Nspire CXTI-Nspire CX IITI-Nspire CX II-TTI-Nspire CM-CTI-Nspire CASTI-Nspire CX CASTI-Nspire CX II CASTI-Nspire CX II-T CASTI-Nspire CM-C CASTI-Nspire CX-C CASTI-Nspire CX II-C CAS Other Datexx DS-883MicrontaNumWorksSmart2 Prohibited Calculators A second laptop, other computer or tablet, applications outside of Bluebook, mobile phones, smartwatches, or wearable technology Models that can access the internet, have wireless, Bluetooth, cellular, audio/video recording and playing, camera, or any other smartphone-type features Models that have a computer-style (QWERTY) keypad, pen input, or stylus Models that use electrical outlets, make noise, or have a paper tape In addition, using hardware peripherals such as a stylus with an approved calculator is not permitted. Some models with touchscreen capability are not permitted (e.g., Casio ClassPad). Digital SAT ID Requirements Your admission ticket isn't enough to get you into the test center. Follow these guidelines so you don't get turned away. You’re responsible for understanding and following these requirements as they appear here. What to Expect Test center staff will compare the information on your admission ticket and your photo ID with the test center roster to confirm your registration and identity. You can’t be admitted to the test center if any of the information doesn’t match. For example, you can’t use a nickname on one item but your full name on another. The staff isn't required to hold your seat or wait to begin testing if you didn’t bring acceptable identification and need to go home and return with ID. ID Checklist ID documents must meet all these requirements: Be a valid (unexpired) photo ID that is government issued or issued by the school you currently attend. School IDs from the prior school year are valid through the end of December of the current calendar year. (For example, school IDs from 2022-23 can be used through December 31, 2023.) Be an original, physical document (not photocopied or electronic). Bear your full, legal name exactly as it appears on your admission ticket, including the order of the names. Bear a recent recognizable photograph that clearly matches both your appearance on test day and the photo you provided when you registered. Be in good condition, with clearly legible English language text and a clearly visible photograph. Acceptable ID Examples Government issued driver's license or non-driver ID card Official school-produced student ID card from the school you currently attend Government issued passport or U.S. Global Entry identification card Government issued military or national identification card SAT Student ID Form: must be prepared by the school you currently attend or a notary, if homeschooled (only accepted in U.S. centers for students under 21 years of age) Unacceptable ID Examples Any document that doesn’t meet the requirements Any document that’s worn, torn, scuffed, scarred, or otherwise damaged Electronic document presented on a device Any document that appears tampered with or digitally altered Any document that bears a statement such as "not valid as identification" Credit or debit card of any kind, even one with a photograph Birth certificate Social Security card Employee ID card Missing Child (ChildFind) ID card Any temporary ID card More About Names If you need to make a change to your name after you register, please contact Customer Service at least 30 days prior to your intended test date by 6 p.m. ET on the Monday before your test date. Middle names and initials are optional on your documents. However, if provided, the middle initial must exactly match the first letter of your middle name on your ID. More About Photos You may not be allowed to enter the test center, let alone take the test, if test center staff can’t sufficiently authenticate your identity from the ID you present. Your score may even be withheld or canceled. Admission to the test center is no guarantee that the ID you provided is valid or that your scores will be reported. All reported or suspected cases of questionable ID or test taker identity are subject to our review and approval before, during, and after the test administration. ID Requirements Apply All Day You should always keep your ID with you while at the test center, including during breaks. You might be required to show your ID multiple times and at various points throughout the test administration. If it's discovered after your test administration that you used a false or invalid identification, your test scores will be canceled and you will forfeit your registration and test fees. Your parents or legal guardians (if you're under 18), your high school, and the colleges and programs you have designated to receive your score reports will be notified and may be told why your scores were canceled. Law enforcement authorities may also be notified when fraud is suspected, and you may be banned from future tests. If you fail to comply with these identification requirements and policies, you may be dismissed from the test center. Your scores may be withheld or canceled. If you're dismissed from the test center prior to completing the test because of invalid or unacceptable ID, or failure to comply with these ID requirements and policies, your test fees won't be refunded. If You're 21 or Older If you’ll be 21 or older on test day, the only acceptable form of identification is an official government issued photo ID, such as a driver’s license or passport, that meets all the previous requirements on this page. Student ID cards aren’t valid forms of identification for test takers who are 21 or older. Testing Outside Your Home Country If you travel to another country to test, you must use a valid passport as your ID. The only exception to this policy is a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), which may be used instead of a passport. Testing in Ghana The only acceptable forms of identification are a valid passport with your name, photograph, and signature, or a valid Ghana Card. The only exception to this policy is a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), which may be used instead of a passport or Ghana Card. Testing in Nepal and Pakistan The only acceptable form of identification is a valid passport with your name, photograph, and signature. The only exception to this policy is a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), which may be used instead of a passport. Testing in Nigeria The only acceptable form of identification is a valid passport with the student’s name, photograph, and signature; or a National e-ID card (acceptable through December 2023). The only exception to this policy is a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), which may be used instead of a passport or National e-ID card. Testing in India Acceptable forms of identification are either a valid passport with your name, photograph, and signature, or a valid Aadhaar PVC Card with your name and photograph. Only the letter and PVC Card forms of Aadhaar ID are valid. The letter must be hard copy format as issued by the government of India in its original form (printouts, copies, screen shots, or e-cards are not acceptable). The only exception to this policy is a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), which may be used instead of a passport. Testing in Jordan, Korea, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam A valid national ID card from the country where you're testing or a valid passport from any country are the only acceptable forms of ID. The only exception to this policy is a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), which may be used instead of a passport.

What Is an Appositive? An appositive is like a word buddy that hangs out next to another word, usually a noun. It helps by giving more information about that noun or renaming it. For example: "The cat, a fluffy ball of fur, loves to nap." Here, "a fluffy ball of fur" is an appositive. It sits next to "the cat" to tell us more about it. What Does "Appositive" Mean? The word "appositive" means putting a word close to another to describe or rename it. When we use appositives, we often put them between commas, parentheses (round brackets), or dashes. Easy Examples of Appositives Let's look at some simple examples where the appositive is shaded, and the noun it describes is in bold. My friend, a talented artist, painted a beautiful mural. The city, a bustling metropolis, never sleeps. Appositives can also be set off with parentheses or dashes: Tom (my neighbor) has a garden full of flowers. For a decade, prices in the town — a quiet place near the mountains — have been rising. Restrictive and Non-restrictive Appositives Sometimes, an appositive is just extra info, like a bonus. But if removing it leaves you with a question, it's important. The important ones are called restrictive, and the others are non-restrictive. My dog Dexter will chew your shoes if you leave them there. (Important) Dexter, my playful pup, is always happy. (Bonus info) Real-Life Examples of Appositives In real life, writers use appositives to add details or explain things. Here are some examples: "It is the perpetual dread of fear, the fear of fear, that shapes the face of a brave man." - Georges Bernanos "Lou Epstein, the oldest, shortest, and baldest of the three Epstein brothers, barely looked up from the cash register." - Robert Lipsyte Details: types of appositives with explanations and examples: 1. Restrictive Appositives: Explanation: Restrictive appositives are essential to the meaning of the sentence. If you remove them, the sentence becomes unclear. Examples: My friend the doctor will be joining us for dinner. Here, "the doctor" is a restrictive appositive because it specifies which friend is joining. The author John Green is known for his young adult novels. "John Green" is restrictive because it identifies the specific author being discussed. 2. Non-Restrictive Appositives: Explanation: Non-restrictive appositives provide additional information but are not crucial to understanding the main idea of the sentence. Examples: My neighbor, a talented musician, is giving a concert tonight. "A talented musician" is non-restrictive because it adds extra information about the neighbor. The capital of France, Paris, is famous for its art and culture. Here, "Paris" is non-restrictive as it adds more information about the capital without changing the main idea. 3. Appositives with Parenthetical Elements: Explanation: Appositives can be set off with parentheses to provide additional information in a more casual or explanatory tone. Examples: The famous scientist ( Dr. Smith ) discovered a new species. The appositive "Dr. Smith" is enclosed in parentheses, offering additional information about the scientist. We visited the historic castle ( built in the 15th century ) during our vacation. The phrase in parentheses serves as a parenthetical appositive, giving more context about the castle. 4. Appositives with Dashes: Explanation: Dashes can be used to set off appositives, creating a more abrupt or emphatic effect. Examples: My best friend — Samantha — is coming over for dinner. The dashes emphasize the appositive "Samantha," providing a quick interruption to highlight the friend's name. The mountain range — the Himalayas — is home to many endangered species. Here, the dashes enclose the appositive "the Himalayas," adding emphasis to the name of the mountain range. 5. Appositives in Lists: Explanation: Appositives can be used in lists to provide additional details about each item. Examples: I bought fruits like apples, bananas, and oranges — my favorite snacks. "My favorite snacks" serves as an appositive in the list, describing the fruits. The team includes players such as James, Emma, and Daniel — all-star athletes. "All-star athletes" is an appositive that gives more information about the team members. 6. Appositives in Formal Settings: Explanation: In formal writing, appositives may be introduced with a colon for emphasis. Examples: The requirement is simple: a valid identification card. The appositive "a valid identification card" is introduced with a colon to emphasize the requirement. The goal is clear: success and prosperity. Here, the appositive "success and prosperity" is highlighted by the colon. 7. Appositives with Introductory Words: Explanation: Appositives can be introduced by words like "namely," "that is," or "i.e." to provide clarification. Examples: There is one thing on my mind, namely a vacation. The introductory word "namely" signals the appositive "a vacation." We encountered a problem, that is, a technical glitch. "That is" introduces the appositive "a technical glitch." 8. Multiple Appositives in a Sentence: Explanation: A sentence can have multiple appositives, each providing additional information. Examples: The artist Picasso, known for his abstract style, and Van Gogh, famous for his vibrant colors, are featured in the exhibition. This sentence contains two appositives, each giving more information about the respective artists. The team, consisting of Tom, the strategist, and Anna, the analyst, won the competition. Two appositives, "the strategist" and "the analyst," add details about team members. Exercise: The teacher, a passionate educator, always encourages her students to explore new ideas. My friend Susan, a talented artist, created a beautiful mural on the classroom wall. The city of Berlin, known for its rich history, attracts millions of tourists each year. Our neighbor, the one with the friendly dog, is hosting a barbecue this weekend. The novel "To Kill a Mockingbird," a classic in American literature, explores themes of justice and morality. Professor Turner, the author of several academic papers, will be presenting at the conference. We visited the museum — a treasure trove of ancient artifacts — during our school field trip. The director, Ms. Rodriguez, will be overseeing the rehearsals for the school play. Answers: The teacher, a passionate educator, always encourages her students to explore new ideas. (Non-restrictive) My friend Susan, a talented artist, created a beautiful mural on the classroom wall. (Non-restrictive) The city of Berlin, known for its rich history, attracts millions of tourists each year. (Non-restrictive) Our neighbor, the one with the friendly dog, is hosting a barbecue this weekend. (Restrictive) The novel "To Kill a Mockingbird," a classic in American literature, explores themes of justice and morality. (Non-restrictive) Professor Turner, the author of several academic papers, will be presenting at the conference. (Restrictive) We visited the museum — a treasure trove of ancient artifacts — during our school field trip. (Non-restrictive) The director, Ms. Rodriguez, will be overseeing the rehearsals for the school play. (Non-restrictive) Exercise: Identifying and Punctuating Appositives My teacher Mrs. Johnson gave us a challenging assignment. The car a red convertible zoomed past us. My uncle a chef at a famous restaurant will cook dinner for us tonight. The scientist Dr. Marie Curie made groundbreaking discoveries in radioactivity. The insect a large cockroach with hairy legs scared everyone in the room. Our dog Max loves to chase squirrels. My favorite book a thrilling mystery by Agatha Christie is on the shelf. The winner she received a trophy. My friend John a talented musician plays the piano beautifully. The artist Pablo Picasso created many famous works. Answers My teacher, Mrs. Johnson, gave us a challenging assignment. (Non-restrictive Appositive) The car, a red convertible, zoomed past us. (Non-restrictive Appositive) My uncle, a chef at a famous restaurant, will cook dinner for us tonight. (Non-restrictive Appositive) The scientist Dr. Marie Curie made groundbreaking discoveries in radioactivity. (Restrictive Appositive) The insect, a large cockroach with hairy legs, scared everyone in the room. (Long Appositive) Our dog, Max, loves to chase squirrels. (Single-word Appositive) My favorite book, a thrilling mystery by Agatha Christie, is on the shelf. (Appositive Phrase) The winner, she, received a trophy. (Appositive with Pronoun) My friend John, a talented musician, plays the piano beautifully. (Non-restrictive Appositive) The artist Pablo Picasso created many famous works. (Restrictive Appositive)

Poem's summary writing Practice for HSC Examination 1. Write a summary of the following poem. Dreams D.H. Lawren All people dream, but not equally. Those who dream by night in the dusty recesses of their mind, Wake in the morning to find that it was vanity. But the dreamers of the day are dangerous people, For they dream their dreams with open eyes, And make them come true. [JB 22; Bhola Govt. College,2018) 2. Write a summary of the following poem. I have seen Bengal's Face —Jibananda Das Because I have seen Bengal's face I will seek no more; The world has not anything more beautiful to show me. Waking up in darkness, gazing at the fig-tree, I behold Dawn's swallows roosting under huge umbrella-like leaves. I look around me And discover a leafy dome-Jam, Kanthal, Bat, Hijol and Aswatha trees — All in a hush, shadowing clumps of cactus and zedoary bushes. When long, long ago, Chand came in his honeycombed boat To a blue Hijal, Bat and Tarnal shade near the Chainpa, he too sighted Bengal's incomparable beauty. One day, alas. In the Ganguri, On a raft, as the waning moon sank on the river's sandbanks, Behula too saw countless aswaths bats besides golden rice fields And heard the thrush's soft song. One day, arriving in Amara, Where gods held court, when she danced like a desolate wagtail, Bengal's rivers, fields, flowers, wailed like strings of bells on her feet. [(CtgB'l7; Ishwardi Mohila Degree College, Ishwardi, Pabna-2019] 3. Write a summary of the following poem. Dreams —Langston Huges Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. [Mirpur Cantt. Public School & College,2018] 4. Write a summary of the following poem. Those Winter Sundays Robert Hayden Sundays too my father got up early and put his clothes on in the blueblack cold, then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather made banked fires blaze. No one ever thanked him. I'd wake arid hear the cold splintering, breaking. When the rooms were warm, he'd. call, arid slowly I would rise and dress, fearing the chronic angers of that house, Speaking indifferently to him, who had driven out the cold and polished my good shoes as well. What did I know, what did I know of love's austere and lonely offices? 5. Write a summary of the following poem. The Schoolboy William Blake I love to rise in a summer morn, When the birds sing on every tree; The distant huntsman winds his horn, And the skylark sings with me 0 what sweet company! But to go to school in a summer morn,_ 0 it drives all joy away! Under a cruel eye outworn, The little ones spend the day In sighing and dismay. Ali then at times I drooping sit, Arid spend many an anxious hour-, Nor in my book can I take delight, Nor sit in learning's bower, Worn through with the dreary shower. 6. Write a summary of the following poem. The Schoolboy William Blake How can the bird that is born for joy Sit in a cage and sing? How can a child, when fears annoy, But droop his tender wing, Arid forget his youthful spring! 0 father arid mother if buds are nipped, Arid blossoms blown away; And if the tender plants are stripped -Of their joy in the springing day, By sorrow and care's dismay, How shall the summer arise in joy. Or the summer fruits appear? Or how shall we gather what griefs destroy, Or bless the mellowing year, When the blasts of winter appear? 7. Write a summary of the following poem. Alone Maya Angelou Lying, thinking Last. night How to find my soul a home Where water is not thirsty And bread loaf is not stone I came up with one thing And I don't believe I'm wrong That nobody. But nobody Can make it out here alone. Alone, all alone Nobody, but nobody Can make it out here alone. There are some millionaires With money they can't use Their -wives run round like banshees Their children sing the blues They've got expensive doctors To cure their hearts of stone. But nobody No, nobody Can make it out here alone. Alone, all alone Nobody, but nobody Can make it out here alone. Now if you listen. closely I'll tell you what I know Storm clouds are gathering The wind is gonna blow The race of man is suffering And I can hear the moan, 'Cause nobody, But nobody Can make it out here alone. Alone, all alone Nobody, but nobody Can make it out here alone. 8. Write a summary of the following poem. September 1,1939 W.H. Auden I sit on one of the dives On Fifty-second Street Uncertain and afraid As the clever hopes expire. Of a low dishonest decade: Waves of anger'and fear Circulate over the bright And darkened lands of the earth, Obsessing our private lives-, The unmentionable odour of death Offends the September night. 9. Write a summary of the following poem. The Lake Isle of Innisfree W.B. Yeats I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree, And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made; Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee And live alone in the bee loud glade. And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings-, There midnight's all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet's wings I will arise and go now, for always night and day I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey, I hear it in the deep heart's core. 10. Write a summary of the following poem. A Minor Bird Robert Frost I have wished a bird would fly away, And not sing by my house all day; Have clapped my hands at him from the door When it seemed as if I could bear no more. The fault must partly have been in me. The bird was not to blame for his key. And of course there must be something wrong In wanting to silence any song. 11. Write a summary of the following poem. Because I could not stop for Death Because I could not stop for Death He kindly stopped for me The Carriage held but just Ourselves And Immortality.... We passed the School, where Children strove At Recess - in the Ring We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain - We passed the Setting Sun – 12. Write a summary of the following poem. My Heart Leaps Up When Behold My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began: So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The. Child is father of the Man; .And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety. 13. Write a summary of the following poem. To the Moon Art thou pale for weariness Of climbing heaven and Razing on the earth, Qrr¬Wandering companionless Among the stars that have a different birth 14. Write a summary of the following poem. Ah Sun-ftc Ah Sun-flower! weary of time, Who countest the steps of the ' Sun: Seeking after that sweet golden clime Where the traveller's journey is done: 14. Write a summary of the following poem. The Tyger William Blake Tyger, Tyger, burning bright, In the forests of the night: What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand, dare sieze the fire? And what shoulder what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? and what. dread feet? What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy braini, What the anvil? what dread grasp, Dare its deadly terrors clasp! When the stars threw down their spears And water'd heaven with their tears he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tyger, Tyger, burning bright, In the forests of the night: What immortal hand or eye, Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? 15. Write a summary of the following poem. She Walks in Beauty Lord Byron She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that's best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes : Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. 16. Write a summary of the following poem. She Walks in Beauty Lord Byron One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tree, Or softly lightens o'er her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express, How pure, how dear their dwelling-place. 17. Write a summary of the following poem. She Walks in Beauty Lord Byron And on that cheek, and o'er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent 19. Write a summary of the. following poem. I Died for Beauty I died for beauty, but was scarce Adjusted in the tomb, When one who died for truth was lain In an adjoining room. He questioned softly why I failed? 'For beauty,' I replied. 'And I for truth— the two are one; We brethren are,' he said. And so, as kinsmen met a-night, We talked between the rooms, Until the moss had reached our lips, And covered up our names. Answers: Lower intermediate In this poem, the poet reflects on the nature of dreams. He notes that everyone dreams, but not in the same way. He distinguishes between two types of dreams: those that occur subconsciously at night, which he considers vain and meaningless, and those that occur consciously during the day, which are serious and pursued by determined people who strive to make them come true at any cost. The poet, who deeply loves nature, does not feel the need to see the rest of the world because he finds everything he desires in his beloved Bengal. In Bengal, he has experienced the heart of nature and encountered mythological characters like Champa, Behula, and Chand Saudagor, as well as legendary places like Ganguri and Amara. Bengal is rich in natural beauty and wildlife, which he views as heavenly gifts. This poem emphasizes the importance of holding onto dreams. The poet advises that if dreams are lost, life becomes inactive and meaningless. He compares a life without dreams to a barren field covered in snow, where nothing can grow or be gained. Thus, dreams are essential for a fulfilling life. The poem illustrates a father’s love for his child during difficult times. Despite his own hardships, the father wakes up early, warms the room, and tends to his son. The son, however, often responds with ungrateful indifference, failing to recognize that true love is often expressed through actions rather than words. Childhood is a time for innocent mischief and joy. Children do not want to leave the delights of nature, such as birds' songs and the huntsman's horn, for the dreary schoolroom during summer mornings. They find school joyless and oppressive and would rather learn from nature, which is full of life and excitement. A child is like a joyful bird that resists being caged. He wants to be free like wildlife on a spring morning. The child seeks to escape the dullness of school and experience nature, gaining strength and courage for the future. He pleads with his parents not to crush his dreams during this vibrant season of his life. The poem stresses the importance of human connection. The speaker, feeling isolated, believes that people need community to live meaningful lives. She argues that money cannot buy happiness, and even the wealthy can feel lonely. Therefore, she urges people to prioritize making friends and working together to solve problems, warning that isolation will lead to more suffering. The poet, who cherishes peace and despises war, is tormented by the news of impending conflict. He dreams of a world gripped by fear, anger, and uncertainty as war approaches, reflecting his deep distress over the outbreak of war in September 1939. The poet yearns for love and peace and seeks to escape societal conflict. He dreams of living on a serene island where he can enjoy a peaceful, carefree life. He criticizes city life for its selfishness and conflict and praises the tranquility and beauty of a solitary, natural setting. The poem explores the difficulty modern urban people have in appreciating nature. The speaker is annoyed by a bird’s song and drives it away. Later, he realizes that his inability to enjoy nature reflects a deeper problem within himself, highlighting his disconnection from the natural world. The poem describes a journey to the afterlife. The poet narrates how she was taken on a ride by Death in his carriage, accompanied by Immortality. They pass a school, fields, and the setting sun, symbolizing the stages of life. This journey leads her to the eternal afterlife. The poem expresses the poet’s deep love for nature. He delights in seeing rainbows and wishes to continue enjoying them in the future, just as he did in his childhood. He believes that the future naturally follows from the present and hopes to spend his life in love and worship of nature. The poem depicts the eternal loneliness of the moon. Its endless journey makes it pale and weary. Despite being surrounded by stars, which are different from it, the moon remains alone, emphasizing its isolation. The poem symbolizes human existence and the longing for a better life. The sunflower follows the sun, seeking a place where travelers find peace after their journey, tired of its stagnant existence. The poet marvels at God’s creation, questioning whether the same creator made both the fierce tiger and the gentle lamb. He ponders the diversity of species and the qualities that distinguish them, reflecting on the wonders of creation. Women’s beauty is likened to a cloudless night with starry skies. This beauty, both inner and outer, is unparalleled and surpasses that of any day, as it is seen as a divine gift. The poem describes the perfect and delicate balance of beauty in women and nature. Even a slight change can disrupt this harmony. Women’s beautiful thoughts are portrayed as a gift of nature, contributing to their overall beauty. Women possess various forms of beauty, both inner and outer. With calm cheeks and brows, sweet smiles, glowing complexions, peaceful minds, and innocent hearts, they are the epitome of beauty. Beauty and truth are presented as eternal companions. One died for beauty, and the other for truth, and they were buried side by side. This symbolizes that beauty and truth are everlasting and interconnected, and their glorification will never end. Answers: Upper intermediate In this poem, the poet delves into the nature and significance of dreams. He observes that while everyone dreams, not all dreams are the same. He distinguishes between two types of dreams: those experienced subconsciously at night and those envisioned consciously during the day. Nighttime dreams, which arise from the depths of the subconscious mind, are often filled with vanity and hold little real significance. In contrast, daytime dreams, born from conscious thought, are serious and pursued passionately by individuals who are determined to achieve them, often at great personal cost. The poet, a devoted lover of nature, feels no need to explore the world beyond his beloved Bengal, as he finds everything he desires within it. In Bengal, he has experienced the essence of nature and encountered mythological figures such as Champa, Behula, and Chand Saudagor, along with legendary places like Ganguri and Amara. Bengal is a treasure trove of natural beauty and diverse wildlife, which he views as heavenly gifts. The poet's deep connection to Bengal's landscapes and stories fulfills his longing for natural and cultural richness. This poem emphasizes the vital importance of holding onto one's dreams. The poet advises that losing dreams renders life inactive and meaningless. He uses vivid imagery to convey this message, comparing a life without dreams to a barren field covered in snow, where nothing can grow or be harvested. Dreams, according to the poet, are essential for vitality and purpose, and without them, life becomes desolate and unproductive, like a fruitless tree or an infertile field. The poem illustrates the profound love and dedication of a father for his child, even during the most challenging times. Despite his own physical pain and exhaustion from overwork, the father rises early, warms the room, and ensures his child's comfort. The child's response, however, is marked by ungrateful indifference, as he fails to recognize that true love often manifests through actions rather than words. The poem highlights the father's silent sacrifices and the child's lack of awareness and appreciation. Childhood is depicted as a time of innocent joy and playful mischief. Children, during this period, do not want to leave the enchanting sounds of birds' songs, the huntsman's horn, and the companionship of skylarks for the dreary confines of a schoolroom on summer mornings. To them, school is a place of sighs, drooping spirits, dismay, and anxiety. They prefer the vibrant, life-affirming lessons of nature to the joyless and rigid teachings of the classroom, especially during the liberating summer season. A child is likened to a joyful bird that resists being caged and drooping like fragile objects of nature. He longs to be wild and free, like wildlife on a spring morning. Released from the drudgery of school, the child wishes to immerse himself in nature, gathering strength and courage to face future challenges. He pleads with his parents not to crush his dreams in their budding stage, during the vibrant springtime of his life. The child’s desire is to experience the fullness of nature's beauty and learn from it. The poem underscores the necessity of human connection and community. The speaker, feeling isolated, asserts that people need each other to lead meaningful lives. She emphasizes that money cannot buy happiness, and even the wealthy can suffer from loneliness. The speaker urges people to prioritize friendships and communal bonds over material wealth. She warns that if people do not come together to address their collective problems, they will continue to face isolation and suffering. The poem calls for unity and mutual support as the foundation for a fulfilling life. The poet, a fervent advocate for peace, is deeply troubled by the prospect of war. The news of imminent conflict fills his soul with torment, fear, and anger. He dreams of a world overwhelmed by these emotions before the outbreak of war on September 1, 1939. The poem captures his anguish and despair at the thought of a world consumed by violence and the impact it has on the human spirit. The poet longs for love and peace, seeking to escape the conflicts and tensions of society. He dreams of retreating to a tranquil island where he can enjoy a serene and carefree life, free from the strife and selfishness of city life. He glorifies the peacefulness and natural beauty of a solitary place while condemning the conflicts and disadvantages of urban living. The poet's vision is of a life in harmony with nature, where he can find solace and contentment away from societal discord. The poem explores the disconnect modern urban people feel from nature. The speaker is initially annoyed by the song of a minor bird and drives it away, only to later reflect on his inability to appreciate the beauty of nature. He recognizes that this annoyance reveals a deeper incompetency within himself—a failure to value the natural world. The poem highlights the modern struggle to connect with and enjoy nature amidst the distractions and pressures of urban life. The poem describes a journey to the afterlife, where the poet recounts being taken on a ride by Death in his carriage, accompanied by Immortality. As they travel, they pass by a school, fields, and the setting sun, symbolizing the different stages of life. This journey culminates in the afterlife, which is portrayed as eternal and unending. The poem uses this metaphorical journey to reflect on the nature of life and the transition to immortality. The poem expresses the poet’s deep and enduring love for nature. He delights in the sight of rainbows and wishes to continue enjoying them in the future, just as he did in his childhood. He feels that if he cannot experience this joy, life would lose its meaning. The poet believes that the future is a natural continuation of the past and present, and he hopes to spend his life in love and worship of nature, finding fulfillment in its beauty. The poem depicts the eternal loneliness of the moon. Despite its journey through the night sky, the moon becomes pale and weary from its endless travel. Even in the company of stars, which are different in nature and origin, the moon remains solitary. This loneliness highlights the moon's unique existence and its perpetual state of isolation, despite being surrounded by celestial bodies. The poem symbolizes the human condition and the longing for a better existence. The sunflower, following the sun across the sky, represents a desire for a place where travelers find peace after their journey. It is weary of its stagnant existence and seeks a goal where it can rest and find fulfillment. The sunflower's journey reflects the human quest for meaning and a better life. The poet marvels at the diversity of God's creations, wondering at the sight of a tiger at night. He questions whether the same creator could have made both the fierce tiger and the gentle lamb. This contemplation leads him to ponder the source of such contrasting qualities and the complexity of creation. The poem reflects on the wonder and mystery of how different species are made by the same creator. Women’s beauty is compared to a cloudless night with starry skies. This beauty, both inner and outer, is seen as unparalleled and surpasses that of any day. The poet believes that God has endowed women with a unique and divine beauty that is both striking and serene, combining the tranquility of the night with the brilliance of the stars. The poem describes the perfect and delicate balance of beauty found in women and nature. Even a slight adjustment can disrupt this harmony, underscoring the fragility of such beauty. The poet views women’s beautiful thoughts as a natural gift, contributing to their overall grace and charm. This balance between inner and outer beauty creates an ideal form of aesthetic perfection. Women possess a range of beauties, both inner and outer. The poet highlights their calm cheeks and brows, sweet smiles, glowing complexions, peaceful minds, and innocent hearts. These qualities make women the epitome of beauty, embodying both physical and spiritual grace. The poem celebrates the multifaceted nature of women’s beauty, recognizing it as a harmonious blend of inner and outer attributes. Beauty and truth are portrayed as eternal companions in the poem. One character dies for beauty, while the other dies for truth, and they are buried side by side. This symbolizes the inseparable nature of beauty and truth, suggesting that they are united in life and death. The poem conveys the idea that the glorification of beauty and truth will never end, as these elements are enduring and timeless.

Summary Worksheet- 5.0 ( Board Questions) 1.   Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single University established in the modem time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India's alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers.  Unit-6, Lesson-1 [CB, J.B-2019;S.B-2018; Dj.B-2017] 2.   According to some myths and legends, Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who is said to have spread Islam in the parts of Bengal close to the Sunderbans. He was credited with many miracles. For example, he could supposedly calm dangerous animals and make them docile. He is usually depicted in paats or scroll paintings riding a fierce-looking Bengal tiger, a snake in his hand, but in no apparent danger. According to some stories, he also fought crocodiles who threatened the people of a region full of canals and creeks, indeed, a kind of watery jungle bordering the Bay of Bengal. Because of his alert and vigilant presence, all predatory animals were said to have been kept within, bounds. It was also believed that he enabled villagers to live close to forests and jungles and cultivate their lands. Consequently, people of these regions would pray to him for protection. The story of Gazi Pir has been preserved in folk literature as well as art and has been performed in indigenous theatre. hi fact, some Gazir past scrolls are part of the collection of the British Museum. I Unit-9, Lesson-3   [R.B-2019] 3.   Conflict can be defined in many ways but one of the simplest is that it pertains to the opposing ideas and actions of different entities, resulting in an antagonistic state. Conflict is an inevitable part of life. All of us possess our own_ opinions, ideas and sets of beliefs. We have our own ways of looking at things and we act according to what we think is proper. Hence, we often find ourselves in conflict in different scenarios; it may involve other individuals, groups of people or a struggle within our own selves. Consequently, conflict influences our actions and decisions in one way or another. Conflict comes naturally;,the clashing of thoughts and ideas is a part of the human experience. It is true that it can be destructive if left uncontrolled. However, it shouldn't be seen as something that can only cause negative things to transpire. It is a way to come up with more meaningful realizations that can certainly be helpful to the individuals involved. I Unit-I2; Lesson-2     Dj.B-2019 4.   In Bangladesh folk music has great variety, with songs being composed on the culture, festivals, views of life, natural beauty, rivers and rural and riverine life. These songs are also about social inequality and poverty, about the material world and the supernatural. Mystical songs have been composed using the metaphors of rivers and boats. Since the country is basically riverine, the Bhatiyali forms an important genre of folk music. Folk music is formed and develops according to the environment. Differences in the natural environment are reflected in the people of the different regions. The dialects too vary across the different regions. Bangladeshi folk music therefore varies from region to region. Thus there are the northern Bhawaiya, the eastern Bhatiyali and the southwestern Baul songs.  Unit-14, Lesson-2         Ctg.B-2019 5.   Accessibility to higher education implies that students get the opportunity to get university education and sufficient support from educational institutions. Increasing enrolment at the secondary and higher secondary level puts pressure on higher educational institutions. But due to limited capacity, only a small number of students may be enrolled in universities. Thus, each year a large number of students are denied access to higher education. Also, due to poverty and increase in educational expenses, students of the lower middle class do not get easy access to higher education. Moreover, those who get places in the universities have limited access to avail all kinds of diversified educational facilities relating to their study fields. Drily about 12 percent of graduates enter higher educational institutions. More than 80 percent of these students are admitted to NU affiliated colleges. Others are absorbed by the public and private universities. In the last two decades, there has been a substantial rise in the number of students in private universities. According to the UGC Annual Report 2010, the number rose from 88,669 in 2005 to 2,00,752 in 2010.   Unit-6, Lesson-2 CTGB-2019; B.B-2017] 6.   As a child you must have been told to greet your elders and visitors to your home according to your culture and tradition. You must also have been taught to be polite in company and keep quiet while others, especially your elders, spoke. Possibly, you at times grudged such schooling. Possible, at times you even protested such disciplining. Now, certainly you know that you cal* always behave the way you want specially in the presence of others. There are rules of behavior you have to follow in a company. We are social beings and have to consider the effect of our behavior on others, even if we are at home and dealing with our family members. We have two terms to describe our social behavior— 'etiquette' and 'manners'. 'Etiquette' is a French word and it means the rules of correct behavior in society. The word 'manners' means the behavior that is considered to be polite in a particular society or culture. Manners can be good or bad. For example, it is a bad manner to speak with food in one's mouth. No one likes a bad mannered person. Remember that etiquette and manners vary from culture to culture and from society to society. We learn etiquette and manners from our parents, families and various institutions, such as schools, colleges or professional bodies. There are rules of behavior for all kinds of social occasions and it is important to learn them and practice them in everyday life. 1 Unit-4; Lesson-     B.B-2019 7.   Bangladesh is blessed with huge inland open water resources. It has numerous rivers, canals, beets, lakes, and vast areas of tloodplains. Hakaluki haor is one of the major wetlands of Bangladesh. With a land area of 18,386 hectares, it supports a rich biodiversity and provides direct and indirect livelihood benefits to nearly 1,90,000 people. This haor was declared an Ecologically Critical Area in April 1999 by the government of Bangladesh. Hakaluki is a complex ecosystem, containing more than 238 interconnecting beets and jalmahals. The haor falls under two administrative districts, Maulviba7ar and Sylhet. Some 1,90,000 people live in the area surrounding the haor. Hakaluki haor is an important source of fisheries resources for Bangladesh. Kalibaus, Boa!, Rui, Ghagot, Pabda, and Chapila are the main fish species found here. From the Kushiara there are frequent upstream movements of fish towards the beels and tributaries of Hakaluki. The beels in Hakaluki haor provide winter shelter for the mother fisheries. In early monsoon these mother fisheries produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities. Floodplains are also an important source of fisheries resources within the area. However, many of the beels have lost their capacity to provide shelter for mother fisheries because of sand deposits from upstream rivers and canals, use of complete dewatering technique for fishing and lack of aquatic plants to provide feed and shelter for parents fish. 1 Unit-8; Lesson-2        1RB, C.B,Ctg.B, B.B-2018] 8.   Anne Frank is perhaps the most well-known victim of the Nazi Holocaust of World War II. Anne, born on June 12, 1929, was given a diary at the age of 13, in which she chronicled her life from 1942 to 1944. During this time, Anne spent two years in hiding with her family in Nazi-occupied Amsterdam in a secret annex with four other Jews. Betrayed and discovered in 1944, Anne was sent to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where she died of typhus in 1945. Anne's father, Otto Frank, was the only occupant of the secret annex to survive the war. In 1947, he published Anne's diary as The Diary of a Young Girl. Anne's account of her internment, as well as her deep belief in humanity has become one of the world's most widely read books.  Unit-5, Lesson-5     M.B-2017] 9.   My name is Amerigo. I am 13 years old and I live on the street, alone. My mother, who is separated from my father, doesn't want me. She told me to go away. Now she is married to another man. My father lives very far away. 1 want to go to him, but he won't take me either. The streets are now my home. Sometimes I find work. I used to collect trash and sell it to a vendor. I stopped doing that after I had a serious infection and a doctor told me to stay away from the trash dump. Once I worked for an ice-cream shop owner and sold ice-cream on the beach. But I got no money in return. The owner of the shop gave me something to eat, and let me sleep in his hut at night. The work was difficult and painful. The ice-cream box was quite heavy when it was full. I had to walk for hours, offering my ice-cream to whoever wanted to buy. There were days when I could not even sell one ice-cream. In a way, I am lucky because I am alive. One of my friends was recently killed after he fell into a hole that opened up in the pile of trash. A boy I know lost one of his eyes after a piece of hot glass flew into his eye at the glass factory where he worked. The owner refused to pay for medical treatment. For me, like all other street children, life is very hard. I am looking for work. I am always hungry, and I don't know where I will sleep at night.   Unit-7, Lesson-4    [R.B-2017] 10.      "I’m not in the least hungry," my guest sighed, "but if you insist If don't mind having some asparagus." I ordered them. "Aren't you going to have any?" "No, I never eat asparagus." "I know there are people who don't like them. The fact is, you ruin your palate by all the meat you eat." We waited for the asparagus to be cooked. Panic seized me. It was not a question now of how much money I should have left over for the rest of the month, but whether I had enough to pay the bill. The asparagus appeared. They were enormous, succulent and appetizi.n. The smell of the melted butter tickled my nostrils "Yes, just an ice-cream and coffee," she answered. I was past caring now. So, I ordered coffee for myself and an ice-cream and coffee for her. "You know, there's one thing I believe in," she said, as she ate the ice-cream. "One should always get up from a meal feeling one could eat a little more."  Unit-3; Lesson-2            [J.B-2017 11.      Kuakata, locally known as Sagar Kannya (Daughter of the Sea) is a rare scenic spot located on the southernmost tip of Bangladesh. Kuakata in Latachapli union under Kalapara- Police Station of Patuakhali district is about 30 km in length and 6 km in breadth. It is 70 km from Patuakhali district headquarters and 320 km from Dhaka. An excellent combination of the picturesque natural beauty, sandy beaches, blue sky and the shimmering expanse of water of the Bay of Bengal and .the evergreen forest makes Kuakata a much sought after tourist destination. The name Kuakata takes its origin from the story of a 'Kua'-or well -dug on the sea shore by the early Rakhaine settlers for collecting drinking water. The Rakhaines had landed on Kuakata coast after being expelled from Arakan by the Mughals. Following the first well, it became a tradition to dig wells in the neighbourhood of Rakhaine homesteads for fresh water supply. Kuakata is one of the unique spots which allow a visitor to watch both the sunrise and the sunset from the beach. That perhaps makes Kuakata one of the world's most attractive beaches. The long and wide beach at Kuakata has a typical natural setting. This sandy beach slopes gently into the Bay and bathing there is as pleasant as is swimming or diving. I Unit-8, Lesson-5   [S.B-2017] 12.      A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, including ban of guns, and is often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. Means to achieve these ends include advocacy of pacifism, non-violent resistance, diplomacy, boycotts, demonstrations, peace camps, supporting anti-war political candidates, and banning guns. creating open government, direct democracy, supporting people who expose war-crimes or conspiracies to create wars, and making laws. Different organizations involved in peace movements may have some diverse goals, but one common goal is sustainability of peace. Peace movement is basically an all-encompassing "anti-war movement". It is primarily characterized by a belief that human beings should not wage war on each other or engage in violent conflicts over language, race, natural resources, religion or ideology. It is believed that military power is not the equivalent of justice. The peace movement tends to oppose the proliferation-of dangeroui technologies and weapons of mass destruction, in particular, nuclear weapons and biological warfare. Moreover, many object to the export of weapons including hand-held machine guns and grenades by leading economic nations to lesser developed nations.  Unit-I2, Lesson-5 13.      We human beings tend to forget how far we have come as a species in a relatively short period of time. It was only in the 1870s, when we had the first house that was lighted with electricity. Cars just started to become available 100 years ago. Charles Lindbergh made the first trans-Atlantic flight in 1927. Televisions didn't become widely available until after World War H. kr other words, the advances humankind has made in a relatively short period of time have been nothing short of extraordinary. Perhaps just as extraordinary is how we tend to simply adapt to these incredible changes, not realizing how completely our world has been altered in a short span of time. With that in mind, it is worth looking back at some of the amazing scientific advances we have made in the last few decades.   Unit-13, Lesson-I 14.      While many alternatives to fossil fuels have been investigated, there is still quite a way to go before mankind's energy, supply is completely renewable. As of today, about 85% of all energy comes from fossil fuels. The reason clean energy is considered to be important is because fossil fuels are not expected to last much longer, they pollute the environment, and they have led to tensions between nations. The reason clean energy is hard to come by is that we've the past 150 years dependent on oil, and it's quite difficult to make the switch. Some have even suggested that the technology for producing vast amount of clean energy already exists but is suppressed by big oil companies. However, several European countries have produced considerable amounts of clean energy, Current methods of clean energy include wind, geothermal, tidal, hydropower, nuclear and bio-fuel.         Unit-13, Lesson-3 15.       A craftwork is a dynamic object—always evolving, and always abreast of changing tastes and preferences. It also represents a way of life and a cultural flavour. Therefore changes in lifestyle and material conditions are expected to have their impact on craftworks and their production. But certain forms, shapes, styles and aesthetic preferences change little over time, suggesting that a craftwork can function as a stable signifier of community values and desires over time. Mechanical and mass production take away this feeling of assurance and stability and the sense of continuity that the handmade craftwork evokes. In the clash between expectations of pure, handmade craftworks and the market need of mechanically produced craftworks, two contesting views emerge: on the one hand; traditionalists contend that the society needs to preserve the authenticity and naturalness of craftworks and their association with domesticity and environment arid, on the other, promoters of machine produCtion argue that the machine has helped restore the appeal of the crafts due to their cheaper ptoducticin costs.       Unit-14, Lesson-3 16.      We set out on the evening of July 21st . Food. was scarce in the village so Abdul packed a suitcase with two loaves and some tea and tins of milk, cheese and jam. We travelled Intermediate class in a cross- country train not uncomfortably crowded, through a country of shadowy loveliness. It was a moonlit night of broken soft clouds: the land was mostly under water, with paddy and coco-palms growing from it, and a few raised cart-tracks and groups of cottages islanded among clumps of bushes, all reflected among shadows. Here and there was the red glow of a cooking-fire or the lantern of a fisherman's boat in open water. At dawn we reached Sonaimuri, a small canal-side station-among wide fields; from there we had eight more miles by country boat, some of it along the canal, some of it across the flooded paddy fields. I was looking forward to that tranquil water journey in the early morning, and tranquil it must have been, for I fell instantly asleep and knew no more till we reached the landing-ghat at Khorshed's house, in a blaze of sunlight. It turned out that his letter saying that he was bringing me was still on its way, but they rallied to the crisis and gathered round to make me welcome, though as none of them spoke any English they could only stare and laugh and offer me cocci-nut juice. Unit-15, Lesson-1 17.      Unsafe levels of pesticides are present in around half of the vegetables and more than a quarter of fruits sold in the capital's markets, a recent survey has found. A 15-member team of the National Food Safety Laboratory, with support from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), came up with the findings after collecting and testing food samples from the capital's Gulshan, Karwanbazar and Mohakhali markets. The survey report, a copy of which was acquired by the Dhaka Tribune, read that nearly 40% of 82 samples of milk, milk products, fish, fruits and vegetables contained banned pesticides such as DDT, Aldrin, Chlordane and Heptachlor. The amounts of pesticide in these samples were found to be 3 to 20 times greater than the limits set by the European Union. Around 50% vegetables and 35% fruits were found to be contaminated with unsafe level of pesticides.     Unit-3, Lesson-1 18.      It was twenty years ago and I was living in Paris. I had a tiny apartment in the Latin quarter overlooking a cemetery, and I was earning barely enough money to keep body and soul together. She had read a book of mine and had written to me about it. I answered, thanking her, and presently I received from her another letter saying that she was passing through Paris and would like to have a chat with me; but her time was limited, and the only free moment she had was on the following Thursday; she was spending the morning at the Luxembourg and would I give her a little luncheon at Foyot's afterwards? Foyot's is a restaurant at which the French senators eat, and it was so far beyond my means that I had never even thought of going there. But I was flattered and I was too young to have learned to say no to a woman ... I had eighty francs (gold francs) to last me the rest of the month, and a modest luncheon should not cost more than fifteen. If I cut out coffee for the next two weeks I could manage well enough. I answered that I would meet my friend by correspondence at Foyot's on Thursday at half-past twelve. She was not so young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive. She was, in fact, a woman of forty... and she gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose. She Vas talkative, but since she seemed inclined to talk about me I was prepared to be an attentive listener.          Unit-3, Lesson-2 19.      We have two terms to describe our social behaviour- 'etiquette' and `manners."Etiquette' is a French word and it means the rules of correct behaviour in society. The word 'manners' means the behaviour that is considered to be polite in a particular society or culture. Manners can be good or bad. For example, it is a bad manner to speak with food. in one's mouth. No one likes a bad-mannered person. Remember that etiquette and manners vary from culture to culture and from society to society. We learn etiquette and manners from our parents, families and various institutions, such as schools, colleges or professional bodies. There are rules of behaviour for all kinds of social occasions and it is important to learn them and practise them in everyday life. The manners that are correct in a wedding reception will not do in a debating club. Therefore, we have to be careful about etiquette and manners. We know how important it is to say 'please' and 'thank you' in everyday life. A few more polite expressions such as 'pardon me', 'excuse me', 'may I', are bound to make your day smooth and pleasant. Unit-4, Lesson-1 20.      World Health Organization (WHO) identifies adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood. This phase represents one of the critical transitions in one's life span and is characterized by fast paced growth and change which are second only to those at infancy. Biological processes drive many aspects of this growth and development with the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence. The biological determinants of adolescence are fairly universal; however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations. This period has seen many changes over the past century-puberty for example, comes earlier than before, people marry late, and their sexual attitudes and behaviours are different from their grandparents or even parents. Among the factors responsible for the change are education, urbanization and spread of global communication.      Unit-5, Lesson-I 21.      The persona of a traffic policeman has always been a curious one. It has often found important space and close treatment in literature and other arts. Besides the many poems about this fascinating character, there is at least one movie where the central character is a traffic policeman. In 1963, Greek film maker [Hippos Fylaktos made this film named My Brother, the Traffic Policeman. It featured a slightly manic traffic policeman, Antonis Pikrocholos, who is utterly devoted to service and duty, and applies the traffic code with unyielding severity. Tickets rain down upon law­breakers-in particular taxi-drivers and especially Lampros, who happens to be in love with Pikrocholos' sister Fofo. In his turn, the traffic policeman is in love with a businessman's daughter, Kiki, who is afraid to reveal her feelings to her father. Besides, Antonis has given lots of traffic tickets to a bus belonging to her father's company. For all these reasons, the road to marriage for both couples is long and strewn with obstacles, but the outcome is a happy one for everyone involved.          Unit-2, Lesson-4 22.      Shilpi was only 15 years old when she married Rashid in 2008. Marrying off daughters at an early age is a standard practice for many families living in rural Bangladesh. After her wedding, Shilpi joined a local empowerment group that provides adolescent girls with the tools needed to gradually change cultural practices, particularly those pertaining to early marriage and pregnancy. The group's activities include discussions on how to most effectively change behaviour related to reproductive health as well as one-on-one counselling. It also offers peer-to-peer support and life skills training that help adolescents say no to early marriage. The empowerment group is one of more than 10,000 groups supported by some local Non Government Organizations (NGOs) working all over Bangladesh. These NGOs work through Canada's Adolescent Reproductive Health Project which also aims to increase access to quality health services for adolescents. During one of the group sessions, Shilpi came to understand the potentially harmful effects of early marriage and pregnancy.    Unit-5, Lesson-4 23.      In the Bengali language there is a modem maxim which can be translated, 'He who learns to read and write rides in a carriage and pair.' In English there is a similar proverb, 'Knowledge is power.' It is an offer of a prospective bribe to the student, a promise of an ulterior reward which is more important than knowledge itself. Unfortunately, our very education has been successful in depriving us of our real initiative and our courage of thought. The training we get in our schools has the constant implication in it that it is not for us to produce but to borrow. And we are casting about to borrow our educational plans from European institutions. The trampled plants of Indian corn are dreaming of recouping their harvest from the neighbouring wheat fields. To change the figure, we forget that, for proficiency in walking, it is better to train the muscles of our own legs than to strut upon wooden ones of foreign make, although they clatter and cause more surprise at our skill in using them than ifthey were living and real. I Unit-6, Lesson-1 24.      Man's intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism• is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured.   Unit-6, Lesson-1 25.      Public Universities are the first choices of most students. The public universities offer a wide range of subjects in Science, Commerce, Liberal Arts, Humanities, Engineering and Technology, Law, Education and Medicine. Public universities attract the best minds to teaching although monetary compensation for teachers is anything but attractive. Library, laboratory, Internet and research facilities are much better there than anywhere else in the country. Seminars, symposiums, lectures, workshops, debates and exhibitions are often held in these institutions and there is ample scope for national and international exposures for promising young knowledge seekers. Moreover, public universities offer residential and boarding facilities at low cost/subsidized rates.  Unit-6, Lesson-2 26.      Cursed or not, we know how drinking water is in our life. We know we cannot; survive without it In fact two-thirds of our body is made up of water. Not for nothing is it said that the other name of water is life. Is there a crisis in our time with regard to access to clean drinking water? The United Nations in a meeting on the eve of the new millennium identified the drinking water problem as one of the challenges for the future. But do we need to worry about the problem as ours is a land of rivers and we have plenty of rainfall? Besides, we have a sea in our backyard too. One of the sources of water in our country are the rivers. Rivers are everywhere in our life, literature, economy and culture. But are the rivers in good shape? Unfortunately, they are not. A few are already dead and several are going throng,h the pangs of death. The river Buriganga is an example of a dying river. A report published in the Daily Sun describes what has happened to the river Buriganga and why. Its water is polluted and a perpetual stench fills the air around it. But that is not what it was like before.                                                                       Unit-8, Lesson-1 27.      Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself pli7zling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all. First, lees start by answering a basic question: What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening imagery; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unravelling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.     Unit-10, Lesson-1 28.      British-Bangladesh, also known as British-Bengalis, are an important part of the Bangladeshi diaspora or those of Bangladeshi origin who are living abroad. Almost half of all British-Bangladeshis live in London, especially in the East London boroughs, of which Tower Hamlets has the highest concentration. Today a tourist who is new to London may well decide to malce her way over to the East End of the city, to visit 'Banglatown'. After exiting the Tube Station there she might follow the signs that point to Brick Lane, a street that has gained certain notoriety from Monica Ali's best-selling novel of the same name, which was also made into a movie. She may decide to try out one of the many Bangladeshi restaurants she sees there for lunch. Sitting at one of the tables with a window onto the street, she might notice that the street signs are not just in English but also in Bengali. And the lamp-posts are in green and red- the colors of the Bangladeshi flag. In fact everywhere she looks she finds visual cues of the Bangladeshi, and even more specifically, the Sylheti presence in the area. Storefronts advertise flights from London to Sylhet, some on Bangladesh Biman (the national airline of Bangladesh) and others on Air Sylhet, a private airline company formed by British Bangladeshis. There is a sign for Sonali Bank- the major state-owned commercial bank of Bangladesh. There is a food store advertising frozen fish from Sylhet's Surma River. Unit-11, Lesson-2 29.      Migration from Bangladesh to Britain started in 1930s and was predominantly a Sylheti phenomenon. Men of this particular geographical area employed by the British ship companies first started the process of migration. These men were largely illiterate and belonged to the landless peasantry. After the World War II, due.to labour shortages, British government encouraged labour migration from its former colonies. The post-war British economy demanded cheapand plentiful labour, much of which was recruited from South Asia. Since Sylhet had already forged a strong link with the UK, most new labour was drawn from there. Sylhetis, based in the UK, helped each other to integrate into the new society by providing credit, arranging documents, and gradually spreading the network. During the 1950s, the numbers increased dramatically. However, along with people from poorer backgrounds, a small number of urban upper and middle class Bangladeshis also migrated even before the World War II for higher education and settled in the UK.           Unit-11, Lesson-4 30.      The cost of Dhaka's traffic congestion is estimated at $3.8 billion a year, and that's just the delays and air pollution, not the less-tangible losses in quality of life. Paradoxically, the poor infrastructure is one of the reasons why the city is growing so fast. Without roads or trains to whisk them to the suburbs, Dhaka residents have no choice but to crowd into the middle, set up slums between high-rises, and walk to work. Then there are the users of the roads. Besides pedestrians, the narrow lanes are shared by bicycles, rickshaws, scooters, motorcycles, CNGs, buses, and cars. All these modes take up a different amount of space and have different top speeds. Most people you talk to in Bangladesh blame the traffic jams on the rickshaws. There are too many of them, they say, and they drive so slowly that they trap the cars, buses, and CNGs behind them. The government is under pressure to designate some lanes as car-only, to build wider roads and overpasses, to take the slow traffic out from in front of the fast. And this brings us to the third reason why the traffic problem is so difficult to solve. All of these fixes sound easy and obvious, but they come at a cost. One and a half million people drive rickshaws for a living, plus another few hundred thousand own and repair them. Unit-2, Lesson-2 31.       Putting men on Mars has been an idea in science fiction for quite a while. However, when man first walked on the Moon, walking on Mars suddenly seemed feasible. A manned mission to Mars would be a huge milestone in space exploration. It would allow a more in-depth study of the Red Planet, and many have argued that building a permanentbase on Mars is much more practical than building one on the Moon. A mission to Mars would be similar to the Moon landings, but much more difficult. The trip is about a hundred times longer, and there are new problems such as the Martian weather which must be considered.. NASA currently has plans to have a man on Mars sometime in the 2030s, while the ESA plans to do so also around the same time. Russia has plans to launch a manned Mars mission by 2020. In the 19th century, it was generally thought that man would reach the centre of the Earth long before he reached the Moon. This shows just how unpredictable technology can be. A journey to the centre of the Earth is actually much more difficult than it sounds. The pressure at the centre of the Earth is enormous because, quite literally, the entire weight of the world is on top of you. There is no known substance, not even carbon nanotubes, that can maintain its shape at such a great pressure. While the Earth's deep interior may offer vast amounts of energy, it may be quite a while before we can tap into it directly.       Unit-13, Lesson-4 Summary Worksheet-5.0 Answer 1.               The text is about how a university should be. Universities should be established to cultivate potentiality. But the educational institutions in India are joyless and mechanical, and so, the students look forward to the European universities. The author further says that educational institutions in India lower the intellectual self-respect of the students. It also makes them to be furnished wrongly. Model-2 The author argues that universities should not simply collect and distribute knowledge but should also offer intellectual hospitality and exchange gifts with the rest of the world. However, in India, there is no modern university that adequately presents the best of Indian thought, forcing students to seek education in other countries. Indian educational institutions are seen as a charity bowl of knowledge, lowering the country's intellectual self-respect and promoting a foolish display of borrowed knowledge. 2.               Gazi Pir, a legendary Muslim preacher, was famous for his miraculous activities in the areas close to the Sundarbans. His legend is preserved in paat scroll paintings where be is depicted riding a ferocious tiger and with a snake in his hand. He is said to have the power of taming ferocious animals. He helped locals to live and cultivate lands closer to the forest. Some of his paat scrolls are preserved in the British Museum. Model-2   Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who spread Islam in parts of Bengal near the Sundarbans. He was known for performing miracles such as calming dangerous animals and fighting crocodiles. His vigilant presence kept predatory animals within bounds and enabled villagers to live close to forests and cultivate their lands. Gazi Pir's story has been preserved in folk literature, art, and indigenous theatre, including in Gazir past scrolls found in the collection of the British Museum. 3.               Conflict can have many definitions but all are related to a synthesis of antagonism. In fact, conflict is an inseparable part of human Iife. When we all try to establish our own thoughts, ideas and opinions, we find ourselves in conflict with our own selves, with other individuals or groups of people. Thus, conflict controls our decisions and actions. Again, conflict is a natural aspect of human life. However, though uncontrolled conflict is destructive, responsibly managed conflict may suggest meaningful understanding to people. Model 2- Conflict is an inevitable aspect of life resulting from opposing ideas and actions of different entities, leading to an antagonistic state. It may occur between individuals, groups, or within ourselves. Although it can be destructive if uncontrolled, it is a natural occurrence that can lead to meaningful realizations and positive outcomes. Conflict influences our actions and decisions in various scenarios, and it shouldn't be viewed solely as a source of negative outcomes. 4.               Various folk songs focus on social inequality, poverty, nature and riverine life of our country and also talk about the material and the metaphysical worlds. Rivers and boats are concurrently used metaphors in folk music. Since natural environment and dialects determine the nature of folk music, Bangladesh has various forms of folk music like the northern Bhawaiya, the eastern Bhatiyali, the southwestern Baul songs, etc. Model 2- Bangladesh's rich and diverse folk music reflects the culture, festivals, natural beauty, and daily life of the rural and riverine regions. Social inequality, poverty, and supernatural themes are also common. Rivers and boats are frequently used as metaphors in mystical songs due to the country's riverine nature. Folk music varies according to the environment and dialects, resulting in different regional genres, such as northern Bhawaiya, eastern Bhatiyali, and southwestern Baul songs. 5.        The passage is about the accessibility to higher education in Bangladesh. As more students are enrolled in secondary and higher secondary level, the pressure on the universities is increasing greatly. Due to shortage of capacity, a small number of students get the chance to study in the public universities. Among others, a good number of students take admission into NU affiliated colleges while the remaining students get admitted into private universities. S. This passage is about etiquette and manners. 'Etiquette' means the rules of correct behaviour in a society while 'manners' are the behaviours of a particular society or culture. Children are taught mariners and etiquette according to their culture and tradition. We learn etiquette and manners from our parents, family, neighbours, environment and various institutions. Etiquette and manners vary from society to society. Therefore, we have to be careful about learning and practicing etiquette and manners in our everyday life. 9.     The passage is about Hakaluki haor — one of the major wetlands of Bangladesh. It is a complex ecosystem, and an Ecologically Critical Area, declared by the Bangladesh government in 1999. Its rich biodiversity provides people with various benefits. It is a vital source of fisheries resources and helps to produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities during the early monsoon. However, the heels are losing their capacity due to sand deposits, dewatering technique, lack of aquatic plants, etc. 10.  Anne Frank was a young German girl who went into hiding during World War II to escape from the Nazi. After more than two years in hiding, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Anne's father, Otto Frank, is the only one to survive. After death, Arnie became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding. 11.  The passage describes the miserable condition of a street child named Amerigo. He had been abandoned by his parents. He makes his shelter in streets. He used to collect and sell trash, but due to the bad impacts of such work on health he left that job. Then he began to work under an ice-cream shop owner. That job was also too difficult for him. Like many other street children, he is deprived of basic human rights. His life is very hard as he has no food or shelter. 12.  The text is about a conversation between a guest and a host who are having lunch in a grand restaurant. The guest wanted to have asparagus and so, the host ordered the dish for her. The host, however, is anxious because the bill of the lunch is getting heavier each time the guest likes to eat a new dish. The host, therefore, panicked to realize that he may not be able to pay the bill. After the asparagus, the guest again ordered coffee and an ice cream. At the end, the guest tells the host that she thinks one should always get up from a meal feeling one could eat a little more. 13.  Kuakata, locally known as the Sagar Kannya, is a unique tourist spot as this place is full of natural beauty, sandy beaches,' blue sky and shimmering expanse of water of the Bay of Bengal. From this unique place, one can enjoy both the sunset and sunrise. Kuakata gets the name from the history of digging wells by the indigenous Rakhaine community. With a typical natural setting and natural beauty; Kuakata is one of the most attractive sea beaches. 14.  Peace movement is basically a social movement that tries to achieve ideals like ending of any kind of war, minimising violence, banning of guns and suStainability of peace. This movement is carried out through advocacy of pacifism, diplomacy, boycotts, peace camps, supporting anti-war political candidates, etc. Il believes that humans should not engage in wars over language, race, natural resources, religion or ideology. It also believes that military power cannot be the equivalent to justice, and. it opposes proliferation of deadly weapons. 25. Humans have achieved extraordinary development in science and technology within a very short period of time. The first house was lighted with electricity in 1870s, cars became available and first trans-Atlantic flight was made just nearly a century ago, and television became widespread just 50 years ago. And it is surprising that people have so easily adapted to the present condition. 16.  This passage is about energy sources. Clean energy is important because fossil fuels are not expected to last much more and they pollute the environment. Nevertheless, switching away from fossil fuels is difficult. Again, the technology for producing clean energy is being suppressed by big oil companies. However,, some European countries have produced clean energy from different sources. 17.  A craftwork signifies the coramunity,values and desires of a certain community. Though changes in lifestyle and material conditions have an impact on the craftworks, the certain forms, shapes and aesthetic preferences change little over time. A mechanically produced craftwork lacks the feeling of assurance and stability and the sense of continuity. According to the traditionalist, the authenticity and naturalness of craft-work should be preserved as they are related to domesticity and environment. But the promotors of machine production consider that the machines could restore craft's appeal at a cheaper cost. 18.  The story is about an English professor's visit to a remote village. The lady professor set out for the trip on 21' July at night. The journey was pleasant-for her. She reached her destination at dawn. Then she made an-eight-mile journey by country boat to reach Khorshed's house. She described the natural beauty of village, rivers, paddy fields, coco-palms, etc. She was charmed at the natural enchantment and the way she was received there. 19.  A survey of the National Food Safety Laboratory -found that around half of the vegetables and more than a quarter of the fruits sold in the capital's markets were contaminated with unsafe level of pesticides. Besides, 40 percent samples of milk, milk products and fishes were adulterated with banned pesticides including DDT, Aldrin, etc. The survey reported that level of pesticides in the samples were three to twenty times higher than the limits set by European Union. 20.  The story is about a lady admirer of the writer. She managed to get a luncheon invitation from the writer at Foyof s. He was then young and new as a writer. He expected the lady to be young and beautiful as well. Being flattered, though the writer was not well off, he could not refuse, and agreed to entertain her. But the lady was forty, talkative, imposing and unattractive. 21.  The terms 'etiquette' and 'manners' have different meanings. 'Etiquette' means the formal rules of correct behaviour in a society or context while 'manners' means the behaviour considered to be polite in a particular society or culture. People learn etiquette and manners, which vary from society to society and culture to culture, from their families, societies, and various institutions. Polite expressions are very important in everyday life as they make life smooth and pleasant. 22.  Adolescence is a very important and critical transition period of human life span. At this stage, humans transform into adults from infancy through different biological processes. Though biological determinants of adolescence are universal, its defining characteristics may vary from time to time, culture to cultuie and generation to generation. Education, urbanisation and spread of global communication shape the definition of adolescence at a particular context. 23.  The persona of traffic police is often given close treatment in literature; a film was also made in 1963. The protagonist, a traffic police, of the film is devoted to his service and performs his duties with unyielding severity. In terms of duty, he does not spare even his sister's lover, and not even his lover's father. Though they were successful to marry their lovers, they had to struggle a lot due to his strictness in maintaining traffic rules. 24.  Like many other adolescent girls of Bangladesh, Shilpi was married off early. After marriage, she joined an empowerment group that works to prevent early marriage and pregnancy, and to change behaviours regarding reproductive health. It provides peer-to-peer support and life skills training to adolescents. There are over 10,000 such groups working all over Bangladesh through Canada's Adolescent Reproductive Health Project. In one of the group sessions, Shilpi learned about the potential harmful effects of child marriage. 25.  Our universities are not able to provide us with true education. They deprive us of our real initiative and our courage of thought. The education we get only teaches us that we have no ability to prOduce something. We must borrow from others to survive. However, we should include the spirit of our living culture, tradition and noble thought into our education. We should not simply follow and borrow from the European countries. 26.  Culture does not recognise any external success as excellence. It is a humiliation to the intellect of man when he succumbs to material advantages. India is subjected to humiliation through her very education system. Once, her culture was the product of her own intellects. But now, students only run after marks and grades, not excellence. Such education is producing qualified candidates, not cultured people. Unfortunately, the authorities concerned are now blaming the victims for the present situation. 27.  Most students prefer public -universities as in a public university a student can enjoy many privileges like a great variety of subjects, qualified faculties, rich library and internet connection, scopes for debates, workshops and exhibitions, residential and boarding facilities, etc. Thus, a student can avail of cheap education cost at a public university. 28.  Two-thirds of human body is made up of water. We cannot survive without water and so water is called 'life'. The United Nations identified the drinking water problem as one of the challenges for the future. Though ours is a country of rivers and we have plenty of rainfall and sea in our backyard, we will also have to face the problem of scarcity of drinking water, too. Due to pollution, a few rivers are already dead and some are going to die. 29.  Dreams have been a fascinating subject to philosophers for thousands of years. Now it has become a topic for empirical research and scientific study. Dreams form images of experienced emotions that may be joyful or frightening, confusing or unclear or understandable. But researchers are yet to be certain about the purpose of dream, and science is trying to explain it. Some of the scholars suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, but others believe it is essential to mental or physical well-being.              .           ... 30.  The passage is about British-Bangladeshis. Almost half of all British-Bangladeshis live in London. The famous place Banglatown is situated in London. In each and every part of Banglatown, we can see Bangladeshi people. Here we can see Bangladeshi restaurants also. Street lamp-posts, which are in green and red, symbolize the colours of the Bangladeshi flag. There one can also find visual cues of the Bangladeshi and ever more specifically, the Sylheti presence. Storefronts advertise flights from London to Sylhet, some on Bangladesh Biman and others on Air Sylhet. These marks are the matters of considerable pride for the British-Bangladeshis. 31.  Illiterate and landless farmers of Sylhet region first started to migrate to UK in 1930s. They were hired by British ship companies. Due to post Second World War labour crisis, the first group helped many others to migrate to UK. The Sylhetis in UK helped each other for their survival. Their number increased dramatically in 1950s. Besides, there are small group of Bangladeshis who migrated to UK for higher education and settled there even before the Second World War. 32.  Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is incurring huge financial loss due to traffic jam, a result of poor infrastructure. All vehicles of different speed limits ply on the same narrow roads of Dhaka, creating traffic congestion. Most people blame rickshaws for the acute problem because they trap speedy vehicles behind. However, the authorities cannot just ban rickshaws, which is the earning source of nearly two million people. Under the circumstances, it is very difficult to solve Dhaka's traffic problem. 33.  When men first landed on the Moon, it was thought that the mission to Mars would not be difficult then. But the mission to Mars would be more difficult as it would take much longer- time. NASA, ESA and Russia have plans to launch a manned mission to Mars. Another scientific breakthrough will be journey to the centre of the Earth. In fact, it was believed that the core of the Earth would be easier to reach than the moon. But journey to the centre of the Earth would be more difficult because the pressure at the centre of the Earth is enormous.

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An email to the manager for booking an air ticket To          : seraton@gmail.com Subject : Air Ticket Booking Date      : 14/10/19 Dear Booking Officer, I am expressing my interest in travelling from Dhaka to Chittagram on June 10, 2019, and humbly request a return ticket for myself. As your online system appears to be currently inoperable, I am taking the liberty of contacting you via email in the hope that you can assist me in making the necessary booking arrangements. Ideally, my preferred schedule entails embarking on the plane that departs from Dhaka to Chittagram at precisely 11:15 am daily. After perusing ticket availability, I have discovered that there are still 50 open seats on the precise date of my intended travel. It would be an immense honor if you would reserve one ticket in my name, Nabil Mahadi, and notify me posthaste so that I may complete payment procedures online. Should you require additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me at +8801712123456, or alternatively, via email response. I extend my gratitude for your kind attention. Respectfully, Nabil Mahadi +8801712123456 An email to the manager of the travel agency to cancel the ticket booked for you. To : < office@haniftravelagency.com> Subject: Regarding cancellation of a booked ticket. Respected Sir, It is with deep regret that I inform you of my inability to undertake a scheduled journey on a chair coach bound for Jhenaidah, for which I have previously procured a ticket. Owing to unforeseeable circumstances, it has become untenable for me to embark on the aforementioned expedition. In light of this, I would be greatly obliged if you could process the cancellation of the ticket in question. The ticket in question pertains to coach number 42, with the journey scheduled for the 25th of October, 2013, with seat B1 reserved for me. As the communication of this information to you occurs three days in advance of the said journey, I trust that no inconvenience shall be incurred in effecting the cancellation. I earnestly appeal to your benevolent disposition to consider my entreaty and honor my request to cancel the ticket booked on my behalf. I await your response with earnest anticipation and humbly request that you inform me of the confirmation of the cancellation. With due respect and gratitude, Md. Jamal Uddin, 5/3, Tajmahal Road, Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207.

An e-mail to the Railway Booking Clerk asking him to reserve a seat for you. To            :nazrulislam@yahoo.com Subject   :For reservation of a seat. Dear Sir, Please accept my cordial greetings. I am writing to request your kind assistance in booking a seat on the Satkhira Express for me on July 21, 2017, as I have to attend a bridal party in Satkhira on that day. As I am preoccupied with prior engagements, I humbly request you to kindly book a seat on any suitable schedule of the mentioned train. I would be most grateful if you could confirm my reservation by responding to this email. Additionally, please let me know the payment details so that I may transfer the necessary funds via Bkash. Thank you for your kind cooperation and I look forward to hearing back from you soon. Sincerely, Siddique Rahman

Letter Application Model-1 Write an application to the Controller of examination for providing certificate in English version. 9 August 2021 To The Controller of Examination, Board of Education, Chittagong Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for providing certificate / transcript in English version. Sir, With due respect and humble submission I would like to draw your kind attention to the fact that I am in need of the original certificate of my S. S. C. Examination. It is to be mentioned that I have passed the S. S. C. Examination in 2021 from Substantial High School as conducted by the Board of Education, Chittagong. Meanwhile my parents have tried for a scholarship for me in a foreign college. In that college I need to submit the certificate / transcript in English version. May I, therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to issue me a certificate / transcript in English version, which would be helpful from now onward. For your kind information I have already paid the due charges. Yours obediently, Abidur Rahman Session:      2003-04; Roll:456738 Model -2 Write an application to the Controller of examination for providing certificate in English version. To The Controller of Examination, Board of Education, Chittagong Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for providing certificate / transcript in English version. Sir, With due respect and humble submission I would like to draw your kind attention to the fact that I am in need of the original certificate of my S. S. C. Examination. It is to be mentioned that I have passed the S. S. C. Examination in 2021 from Substantial High School as conducted by the Board of Education, Chittagong. Meanwhile my parents have tried for a scholarship for me in a foreign college. In that college I need to submit the certificate / transcript in English version. May I, therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to issue me a certificate / transcript in English version, which would be helpful from now onward. For your kind information I have already paid the due charges. Yours obediently, Abidur Rahman Session: 2003-04; Roll: 624587 Email An email to controller to issue an English version of HSC certificate To            : controllerdhakaboard@yahoo.com Subject: Request for English version of HSC certificate Dear Sir, I humbly bring to your attention that I am a former student of Dhaka City College and had appeared in the HSC examination held in the year 2010. I was fortunate enough to secure a GPA-5 in the examination and received my Bangla version certificate from the college as per the usual practice. However, I am currently in urgent need of an English version of the certificate for submission with my visa application to the Embassy of Canada. I would be extremely grateful if you could take the necessary measures to provide me with the certificate in English and assist me in fulfilling my requirement. I hope for your kind consideration in this matter and look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely, Rana Sarker Roll No. 181257 Registration No. 457433 Session: 2017-2018

An email to sales manager of a firm for ordering some sports goods To            :siddiqurrahman@gmail.com Subject:     Order for supply of sports goods Dear Sir, It is with great pleasure that we inform you that our school's sports committee has endorsed a number of items of sports equipment enumerated in the attached inventory, which have been manufactured by your esteemed company. We hereby request that you dispatch the aforementioned articles without delay, ensuring that they are appropriately packed to prevent any damage that may occur during transit. Kindly submit an invoice for the balance, which we will settle in the customary manner by issuing a cheque within 30 days of the goods' delivery. We would appreciate if the invoice could be sent to us via registered post to expedite the delivery process. Name of Items                                                         Quantity Cricket Bats                                                             32 Pieces Volleyballs                                                               32 Pieces Badminton Rackets                                                 32 Pieces Hockey Sticks Olympic item No. VI                         32 Pieces Hockey Balls Shining item no. VIII                          32 Pieces Cricket Bats Major item no. I                                  Ten Dozen Leg Guards Superior item No. X                            Five Pairs In this connection, I should, therefore, request the favour of your allowing us the highest discount possible for the goods. For this we shall remain ever thankful to you. Thanking you, Rana Secretary, Sports Committee

Email to the editor for sending you the guidelines and other information of the competition. To : < office@prothom-alo.info> Subject: A request to inform details about the Inter School Debate Competition-2013. Esteemed Sir, It is my valued privilege to convey my earnest interest in participating in the Inter-School Debate Competition-2013, an esteemed and lauded event organized by The Daily Prothom Alo, your esteemed and distinguished national daily. However, upon perusal of the advertisement, I regret to state that pertinent details have been omitted, most notably the requisite educational qualifications for participation, an indispensable component of the competition's prerequisites. Furthermore, I have found no mention of the entry fee for the competition, and regrettably, the proposed topic for debate remains nebulous. Thus, it would be a tremendous source of satisfaction were you to oblige my request and provide explicit information through the medium of email, thereby enabling me to participate in this auspicious event. Anticipating a prompt and affirmative reply, I remain, Respectfully yours, Shahriar Mahmud Class: Ten, College No: 11032 Dhaka Green Residential Model School, Dhaka-1207.

Application: Write an application to the UNO of your Upazila asking for sending vaccination and saline to the flood/ cyclone/ Sidr affected areas. August 20, 2021 The UNO, Sarah Upazila. Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh. Subject : Prayer for sending vaccination and saline. Sir, I, on behalf of the inhabitants (people) of Bertala Union Perished under your Upazila, beg to inform you that ours is a very low-lying area (fw mot) in the Upazilla. Almost every year floods visit here and damage our crops, animals, roads, houses and other properties. The recent devastating flood has caused untold losses and sufferings to men, animals, trees, properties, roads, bridges and educational institutions. For want of pure drinking water and the balanced diet various water borne diseases  such as cholera, diarrhoea, malaria, dysentery and small fox have been broken out in an epidemic form in the flood effected areas. The fatal diseases have already taken away  many invaluable lives  . Many people have been suffering from them and many are being attacked with the fatal diseases. It is very regret that no vaccination work has yet been started and no medical team has been visited in our flood affected areas. I, therefore, pray and hope that you would kindly send necessary vaccination workers and medical teams with necessary saline to the affected area and save the Invaluable lives. Yours faithfully, Mutor Hossein, On behalf of the inhabitants of Bertala Union Perished. Write an application to the Mayor of Chittagong Municipality for vaccination. August 20, 2021 To The Mayor, ‘X’ Union Parishad, Chittagong. Subject: Prayer for vaccination. Sir, Most respectfully and humbly we would like to draw your kind attention to a serious problem faced by the people of our locality. Every year the people of our area including minor children suffer from various epidemics, especially in the season of summer. The people of this locality being poor cannot afford to take two square meals a day, let alone antidote or proper treatment timely. So they have to undergo serious sufferings. Sometimes these diseases even cost many lives. Now the summer is about to set in. At this time if the vaccination programmes can be taken timely many people will be relieved from the sufferings. We, therefore earnestly request that your honour would be kind enough to take the steps for implementing the vaccination programme as early as possible. Yours faithfully, Mutor Hossein, On behalf of the inhabitants of Bertala Union Perished Email An e-mail to the UNO seeking immediate arrangement for vaccination in your locality To : < office@upazilanibahiofficer.com> Subject: Immediate arrangement for vaccination. Respected Sir, With the utmost esteem, I implore your attention towards the dire situation prevailing in the Narayanpur area, where cholera has arisen in an epidemic form and has already claimed several lives, with many others on the brink of death. It is indeed a tragic state of affairs that vaccination efforts have not yet been initiated in the affected regions. In light of this alarming crisis, I beseech you to take immediate measures to arrange for the requisite vaccinations to mitigate the spread of this deadly disease. The urgency of the situation necessitates prompt action, and it is my fervent hope that you will give due consideration to this urgent appeal. With deepest regards and profound gratitude, Anil Kumar, House No. 21, Narayanpur, Jhenaidah.

REPORT WTITING Report is a types of composition. Usually a report is written for newspaper or television. There are several types of report 1.     Voluntary report- a person writes this kind of report by taking initiative by himself/herself. 2.       Authorized report- this type of reports is written by being told or authorized by someone else. 3.     Routine report-this type of report is written for newspaper or other media regularly on a specific topic. 4.     Special report- on any special situation this type of report is written. 5.     Internal report-   this type of report is written for any internal use by an organization 6.     External report- this type of report is written to let other people know what is going on in an organization. It is more formal than an internal report. 7.     Informational report- this report only concentrates on a specific information. 8.     Analytical report- in this type of report there might be analysis, explanation and conclusion on a topic. How to write a good report A report might be on incidents, events, occasions, ceremonies or festivals. Format of writing a report Heading Name, Place, Date: Introductory paragraph/Lead ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Main Body ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Criteria for writing report 1. A report might be written in several paragraphs 2. It should be written in easy and lucid language 3. A writer will describe what really has happened 4. You can include what you have heard, seen or done 5. It should be written in  formal impersonal style. 6. The heading of the report should be attractive and catchy. 7. In introduction or lead you should write about time, place and necessary information about the event/incident. Basically introduction gives the answers of Who, where, when, what, and why. 8. In the main body you should give the detail description of the event/incident in one or more paragraphs. 9. In the ending or concluding portion the views of the people or taken initiatives might be included. What you should do 1. Give sufficient information 2. You should not give your own opinion in the report 3. To include the opinions of the people you can use passive voice, direct/indirect speech. 4. Don’t use a word or phrase repeatedly . An example A Devastating Fire at Patharghata Staff Correspondent, Chittagong, 12April 2015: A devastating fire broke out at midnight at Patharghata completely gutting the house of a local businessman. It is learnt from the locals that the fire originating from the kitchen, engulfed the adjoining rooms including the dwelling room. Hearing the hue and cry of the domestic help, the inmates of house woke up and somehow managed to save their lives leaving all the belongings that were burnt to ashes. Three persons sustained serious burn injures and properties worth Tk 5 lakh were damaged when a fire broke out at a house. Sources said the fire originated in the kitchen from a gas burner at about 11.30 pm and soon engulfed the house injuring three members of the house. All the inmates of the house were sleeping when the fire broke out. On information, fire brigade came to the spot and extinguished the fire within two hours. The injured were identified as Solaiman Ali, 55, his son Sohel, 17 and seven-year old nephew Raju. Neighbours took them to Chiitagong Medical College Hospital. As the condition of Raju was deteriorating, he was immediately shifted to Combined Military Hospital (CMH) for better treatment. However, the local people rushed to the spot but failed to bring the fire under control. On information, the fire fighters came to the spot and succeeded in extinguishing the blaze with the help of the people after two hours of frantic efforts. Some people sustained injuries while trying to douse the fire. The extent of loss caused by the fire was estimated at taka ten lakh.

One Word Having Different Meanings Based on Preposition used after it Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition: Act 1.      The attorney acts ___ his client in legal matters. 2.      I wisely acted ___ my brother's insightful advice. 3.      He consistently acts ___ my strategic suggestions. 4.      Unfortunately, the new software does not act ___ our expectations. 5.      It is essential to act ___ a sense of duty rather than personal gain. 6.      The team acted ___ the explicit orders of their leader. 7.      The officer's decision to reveal sensitive information was seen as acting ___ the company's interests. Bear 1.      He skillfully bore ___ the prize. 2.      The government decisively bore ___ the sedition. 3.      With great skill, he bore ___ the prize. 4.      His evidence does not bear ___ the charge against you. 5.      I cannot bear ___ under such insult. 6.      The poor have to bear ___ all miseries. 7.      The point has no bearing ___ on the matter under discussion. 8.      I cannot bear ___ such conduct. 9.      Honesty bore him ___ during rainy days. 10.  The character and behavior of parents bear ___ their children. Blow 1.      Wind blows ___ dry leaves. 2.      The storm blew ___ many trees. 3.      The child blew ___ the candle. 4.      A storm blew ___ the city. 5.      An engine blows ___ steam. 6.      The students casually blew ___ the classroom. Break 1.      The thief broke ___ from the jail. 2.      He broke ___ in the middle of the story. 3.      Cholera has broken ___ in the village. 4.      Our school breaks ___ at 7 pm. 5.      Last night, a thief broke ___ my room. 6.      His health has broken ___. 7.      I broke ___ him for his misconduct. 8.      The angry mob broke ___ upon the meeting. 9.      The army broke ___ the main gate. 10.  The tiger broke ___ from the bush. 11.  The farmer broke ___ the bull. Bring 1.      His laziness has brought ___ his own ruin. 2.      His defeat has brought ___ his pride. 3.      The woman brought ___ a child. 4.      He was brought ___ by his uncle. 5.      Smoking brings ___ various diseases. 6.      His business brings ___ a large income. 7.      A lifeboat brings ___ the crew of a lost ship. 8.      He has brought ___ a new edition of his book. 9.      The patient was brought ___ through proper treatment. 10.  Hearing the result, the boy fainted but was brought ___. 11.  The wild horse was brought ___ control. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition: Call Yesterday, he called ___ my office. They called ___ a doctor. He called ___ me. The teacher called ___ the rolls. I cannot call ___ his name. The girl called ___ at the top of her voice. The workers called ___ their strike. The leader called ___ his supporters to work together. The officer called ___ an explanation from me. The poor boy called ___ me for help. I shall call ___ you tomorrow. The noise calls ___ my attention. Carry The boat was carried ___ by a strong current. He failed to carry ___ his studies due to poverty. Students should carry ___ their teachers' advice. The audience was carried ___ by her sweet songs. He will carry ___ the prize. His honesty will carry ___ him adversities. One should not carry ___ a lot of money. Cast I have been casting ___ a suitable job for my brother. He cast ___ the pen. He cast ___ their proposal. He was cast ___ by his failure. I have cast ___ my old shoes. If he comes to me for help, I will not cast ___ him out. Iron is cast ___ different things. They cast ___ him out from the party for his misconduct. Come The quarrel came ___ over a piece of land. I came ___ him in the college. The beggar came ___ a purse of gold on the way. The marriage ceremony of my sister comes ___ today. The patient will come ___ soon. The enemies came ___ him from behind. I came ___ him in the college. The results of the S. S. C. Examination will come ___ very soon. A change came ___ him after his father's death. Our opponent party has come ___ to our side. The fees realized today came ___ 20,000 taka. The fainted boy came ___ his senses. They could not come ___ a conclusion over the problem. The roof came ___ suddenly. The price of rice has come ___. Cut Jerry cut ___ the tree with an axe. I shall cut ___ my expenses. He is cut ___ from his family. He was cut ___ by cholera. Della cut ___ her hair. Sometimes villages are cut ___ from the cities during natural calamities. I shall cut ___ coffee for the next two weeks. I shall cut ___ him ___ in the competition. Cut ___ the mango ___ pieces. He cut ___ in the middle of our talk. I was cut ___ by his remark. The maid cut ___ the meat. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition: Do The dowry system should be done ___ with. I am done ___ due to my wrong decision. This pen will do ___ a pencil. Do the English passage ___ Bengali. Do ___ your shirt. Do ___ your shirt. We cannot do ___ paper for a single day. I am done ___ with the journey. A politician has to do ___ all sorts of people. Draw The noise has drawn ___ his attention from reading. The lady drew the waiter ___ for secret news. He drew ___ a petition. The forces were drawn ___. The teacher drew ___ the boy because of his merit. Our examination is drawing ___. A man of word cannot draw ___ from his word. The enemy drew ___. The leader drew ___ his speech. The dentist drew ___ my aching teeth. His miseries drew ___ others' attention. Fall My friends fell ___ in my danger. The number of students has fallen ___. At last, the enemy fell ___. The poor man has none to fall ___ in his old days. The tiger fell ___ the lamb. They fell ___ over a trivial matter. The project fell ___ for lack of proper care. He fell ___ eating. I cannot fall ___ your proposal. I fell ___ one of my school friends in the coach. He fell ___ me without any reason. The roof of the house fell ___. Get He could not get ___ his goal. We got ___ a second-class compartment. He got ___ trouble. We got ___ the meeting in time. We all got ___ from the bus. The thief got ___ with the goods. The news of his failure got ___. I have got ___ my danger. He got ___ in his business. He tried to get ___ his initial difficulties. I got ___ the book. Get ___ the work in a week. I get ___ early in the morning. The get ___ of the book is fine. The boy got ___ the depth and was drowned. The diver got ___ before our eyes. Don't get ___ in the rain. The secret will get ___ one day. I cannot get ___ with such a small salary. Get ___ what I say. Let us get ___ our job. When does the train get ___? The rain can get ___ the room through the window. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate preposition: Go He is too weak to go ___. Go ___ your business. A rumor goes ___ that he will resign. He will go ___. The tiger went ___ the deer. So I cannot go ___ my boss. I cannot go ___ with my studies due to poverty. We should not go ___ from the right path. The mob went ___ the barricade and removed it. They go ___ one another at the slightest fury. He has gone ___ from the country forever. A true Muslim cannot go back ___ his word. The teacher went ___ his discussion, and the students failed to understand him. The little girl went ___ her depth and was drowned. He goes ___ a nickname here. Grow The boy will be a great leader when he grows ___. A well-educated man grows ___ name and fame. Hand The student hung ___ his head with shame. The supporters hung ___ their leader's speech. He hung ___ the picture in his reading room. The decision was hung ___. A suspicious mind always hangs ___. I cannot hang ___ from my decision. Please, hang ___ for some minutes. He hangs ___ the rope. Hold He tried to hold ___ the secret from me. None held ___ me in my danger. He failed to hold ___ his temper. A good boy holds ___ from bad boys. An honest man holds ___ to his principles. He did not hold ___ his hands to me. The enemy held ___ for many days. This tank does not hold ___ much water. The meeting was held ___. I shall hold ___ my plan. The two friends held ___ for many days. Keep A good boy keeps himself ___ from evil company. He could not keep ___ his principle. Do not keep ___ anything from me. He kept ___ his anger. He keeps ___ evil company. One should keep ___ at the time of biting cold. I am keeping ___ well with my studies. The boy kept ___ the honor of his family. I cannot keep ___ with my friends. Knock The truck knocked ___ the passer-by. We should not knock ___ anything. He knocked ___ his opponent in one round. My mother knocked me ___ at six a.m. Lay The wrestler began to lay ___ his rival. We should lay ___ something for rainy days. We should lay ___ something for rainy days. Many soldiers laid ___ their lives in the Independence War. The minister laid ___ the foundation of the school. He is laid ___ with dysentery. Look I am looking ___ a good job. I look ___ my parents. The poor are generally looked ___. I look ___ to receiving your answer. The chairman looked ___ the matter. I shall look ___ when I pass by your house. I look ___ him as my brother. Della looked ___ of the window. I am looking ___ a good job. The examiner looked ___ the scripts. Make The dog made ___ the thief. He made ___ his life by gambling. The ship is made ___ Jeddah. The ring is made ___ pure gold. The pickpocket made ___ my money bag. He made ___ the charge of Headmaster to me. I made ___ my mind to go abroad. Pass The patient passed ___ at night. The judge passed ___ his fault. He is passed ___ an honest man in the office. The density of fog passed ___ with the sun rising. Let us pass ___ to another subject. My claim was passed ___. Pick Don't pick ___ others. The police picked ___ the thief. The man failed to pick ___ his son from the mammoth gathering. Where does he pick ___ French? He picked ___ a ticket. Share prices have picked ___. The train picked ___ speed and began to run fast. Where did you pick ___ with the mad man? The police picked ___ the gang of robbers. Pull The workers are pulling ___ the heavy engine. They pulled ___ the old complex. He appears to be much pulled ___. They think that he pulls ___ a lot of money. The police pulled ___ the boy for interrogation. The train pulled ___ on time. The friendly match pulled ___ many spectators. Answer Act The attorney acts for his client in legal matters. (represent or work on behalf of someone) I wisely acted on my brother's insightful advice. (implement or follow through based on advice or information) He consistently acts upon my strategic suggestions. (take action based on a suggestion or information) Unfortunately, the new software does not act up to our expectations. (meet or fulfill expectations) It is essential to act from a sense of duty rather than personal gain. (behave or make decisions based on a particular principle or motive) The team acted under the explicit orders of their leader. (follow orders or directives from a higher authority) The officer's decision to reveal sensitive information was seen as acting against the company's interests. (take actions opposing or contrary to someone's interests) Bear He skillfully bore away the prize. (win or achieve victory) The government decisively bore down on the sedition. (suppress or crush forcefully) With great skill, he bore off the prize. (carry off or win) His evidence does not bear out the charge against you. (confirm or support) I cannot bear up under such insult. (endure or withstand) The poor have to bear up against all miseries. (endure or withstand difficulties) The point has no bearing up on the matter under discussion. (have relevance or influence) I cannot bear with such conduct. (tolerate or endure) Honesty bore him up during rainy days. (be supported or sustained, especially in challenging times) The character and behavior of parents bear on their children. (have an impact or influence) Blow Wind blows away dry leaves. (remove forcefully by the wind) The storm blew down many trees. (cause to fall by the force of the wind) The child blew out the candle. (extinguish by blowing) A storm blew over the city. (pass by or cease, especially in the context of a storm) An engine blows off steam. (emit forcefully) The students casually blew in the classroom. (enter casually and informally) Break The thief broke away from the jail. (escape or forcefully leave) He broke off in the middle of the story. (interrupt or stop suddenly) Cholera has broken out in the village. (begin suddenly or erupt) Our school breaks up at 7 pm. (disperse or end) Last night, a thief broke into my room. (enter forcibly or illegally) His health has broken down. (collapse or fail, especially in health) I broke with him for his misconduct. (sever ties or relations with someone) The angry mob broke in upon the meeting. (interrupt suddenly) The army broke through the main gate. (penetrate or overcome a barrier) The tiger broke forth from the bush. (emerge suddenly and forcefully) The farmer broke in the bull. (train or accustom, especially in the case of an animal) Bring His laziness has brought about his own ruin. (cause or lead to) His defeat has brought down his pride. (cause to fall or lower) The woman brought forth a child. (give birth to or produce) He was brought up by his uncle. (raise or nurture) Smoking brings on various diseases. (cause to happen or induce) His business brings in a large income. (generate or earn) A lifeboat brings off the crew of a lost ship. (accomplish successfully) He has brought out a new edition of his book. (publish or release) The patient was brought round through proper treatment. (revive or recover) Hearing the result, the boy fainted but was brought to. (revive from unconsciousness) The wild horse was brought under control. (gain control or subdue) Call Yesterday, he called at my office. (visit) They called in a doctor. (summon) He called on me. (visit) The teacher called out the rolls. (announce) I cannot call to mind his name. (remember) The girl called out at the top of her voice. (shout) The workers called off their strike. (cancel) The leader called upon his supporters to work together. (appeal to) The officer called for an explanation from me. (demand) The poor boy called upon me for help. (appeal to) I shall call on you tomorrow. (visit) The noise calls for my attention. (demand) Carry The boat was carried away by a strong current. (move forcibly) He failed to carry on his studies due to poverty. (continue) Students should carry out their teachers' advice. (implement) The audience was carried away by her sweet songs. (overwhelm) He will carry off the prize. (win) His honesty will carry him through adversities. (help to endure) One should not carry about a lot of money. (keep with oneself) Cast I have been casting about for a suitable job for my brother. (search for) He cast aside the pen. (discard) He cast down their proposal. (reject) He was cast down by his failure. (depress) I have cast off my old shoes. (discard) If he comes to me for help, I will not cast him out. (reject) Iron is cast into different things. (mold) They cast him out from the party for his misconduct. (expel) Come The quarrel came about over a piece of land. (happen) I came across him in the college. (meet by chance) The beggar came upon a purse of gold on the way. (find by chance) The marriage ceremony of my sister comes off today. (take place) The patient will come to soon. (regain consciousness) The enemies came at him from behind. (attack) I came across him in the college. (meet by chance) The results of the S. S. C. Examination will come out very soon. (be announced) A change came over him after his father's death. (affect) Our opponent party has come over to our side. (switch allegiance) The fees realized today came to 20,000 taka. (amount to) The fainted boy came to his senses. (regain consciousness) They could not come to a conclusion over the problem. (reach) The roof came down suddenly. (collapse) The price of rice has come down. (decrease) Cut Jerry cut down the tree with an axe. (fell) I shall cut down my expenses. (reduce) He is cut off from his family. (isolated) He was cut off by cholera. (killed) Della cut off her hair. (remove) Sometimes villages are cut off from the cities during natural calamities. (isolated) I shall cut out coffee for the next two weeks. (stop consuming) I shall cut him out in the competition. (surpass) Cut up the mango into pieces. (divide) He cut in in the middle of our talk. (interrupt) I was cut up by his remark. (hurt emotionally) The maid cut up the meat. (divide) Do The dowry system should be done away with. (abolish) I am done in due to my wrong decision. (exhausted) This pen will do for a pencil. (serve as) Do the English passage into Bengali. (translate) Do up your shirt. (fasten) Do up your shirt. (repair or decorate) We cannot do without paper for a single day. (manage without) I am done with the journey. (finished) A politician has to do with all sorts of people. (deal with) Draw The noise has drawn away his attention from reading. (distract) The lady drew the waiter aside for secret news. (move to one side for privacy) He drew up a petition. (prepare) The forces were drawn back. (retreat) The teacher drew in the boy because of his merit. (attract) Our examination is drawing near. (approaching) A man of word cannot draw back from his word. (retract) The enemy drew back. (retreat) The leader drew out his speech. (prolong) The dentist drew out my aching teeth. (extract) His miseries drew out others' attention. (attract) Fall My friends fell back in my danger. (retreat) The number of students has fallen off. (decrease) At last, the enemy fell down. (collapse) The poor man has none to fall back on in his old days. (rely on) The tiger fell upon the lamb. (attack) They fell out over a trivial matter. (quarrel) The project fell through for lack of proper care. (fail) He fell to eating. (begin eagerly) I cannot fall in with your proposal. (agree) I fell in with one of my school friends in the coach. (meet by chance) He fell upon me without any reason. (attack) The roof of the house fell in. (collapse) Get He could not get at his goal. (reach) We got into a second-class compartment. (enter) He got into trouble. (become involved in) We got to the meeting in time. (arrive at) We all got off from the bus. (alight) The thief got away with the goods. (escape with) The news of his failure got around. (spread) I have got through my danger. (survive) He got on in his business. (succeed) He tried to get over his initial difficulties. (overcome) I got through the book. (finish reading) Get through the work in a week. (complete) I get up early in the morning. (rise) The get-up of the book is fine. (appearance) The boy got into the depth and was drowned. (enter) The diver got down before our eyes. (descend) Don't get caught in the rain. (become trapped) The secret will get out one day. (be revealed) I cannot get by with such a small salary. (manage) Get at what I say. (understand) Let us get on with our job. (continue) When does the train get in? (arrive) The rain can get into the room through the window. (enter) Go He is too weak to go on. (continue) Go about your business. (proceed with) A rumor goes around that he will resign. (circulates) He will go away. (leave) The tiger went after the deer. (chased) So I cannot go against my boss. (oppose) I cannot go on with my studies due to poverty. (continue) We should not go astray from the right path. (deviate) The mob went through the barricade and removed it. (forced their way through) They go at one another at the slightest fury. (attack) He has gone away from the country forever. (left permanently) A true Muslim cannot go back on his word. (break a promise) The teacher went off his discussion, and the students failed to understand him. (deviated) The little girl went beyond her depth and was drowned. (exceeded) He goes by a nickname here. (is known by) Grow The boy will be a great leader when he grows up. (matures) A well-educated man grows in name and fame. (increases in) Hand The student hung down his head with shame. (lowered) The supporters hung on their leader's speech. (paid close attention to) He hung up the picture in his reading room. (suspended) The decision was hung up. (postponed) A suspicious mind always hangs back. (hesitates) I cannot hang on from my decision. (maintain) Please, hang on for some minutes. (wait) He hangs by the rope. (depends on) Hold He tried to hold back the secret from me. (keep) None held with me in my danger. (supported) He failed to hold in his temper. (control) A good boy holds off from bad boys. (avoids) An honest man holds to his principles. (adheres to) He did not hold out his hands to me. (offer) The enemy held out for many days. (resisted) This tank does not hold up much water. (contain) The meeting was held over. (postponed) I shall hold to my plan. (stick to) The two friends held out for many days. (endured) Keep A good boy keeps himself away from evil company. (avoids) He could not keep to his principle. (adhere to) Do not keep back anything from me. (withhold) He kept in his anger. (restrained) He keeps in evil company. (associates with) One should keep in at the time of biting cold. (stay indoors) I am keeping up well with my studies. (maintaining) The boy kept up the honor of his family. (maintained) I cannot keep up with my friends. (stay in touch) Knock The truck knocked down the passer-by. (hit and caused to fall) We should not knock down anything. (destroy) He knocked out his opponent in one round. (defeated) My mother knocked me up at six a.m. (awakened) Lay The wrestler began to lay into his rival. (attack) We should lay by something for rainy days. (save) We should lay up something for rainy days. (store) Many soldiers laid down their lives in the Independence War. (sacrificed) The minister laid down the foundation of the school. (established) He is laid up with dysentery. (confined) Look I am looking for a good job. (searching for) I look after my parents. (care for) The poor are generally looked down upon. (disdained) I look forward to receiving your answer. (anticipate) The chairman looked into the matter. (investigated) I shall look in when I pass by your house. (visit briefly) I look upon him as my brother. (consider) Della looked out of the window. (gazed) I am looking for a good job. (searching for) The examiner looked over the scripts. (reviewed) Make The dog made after the thief. (chased) He made away with his life by gambling. (lost) The ship is made for Jeddah. (destined for) The ring is made of pure gold. (composed of) The pickpocket made off with my money bag. (stole) He made over the charge of Headmaster to me. (transferred) I made up my mind to go abroad. (decided) Pass The patient passed away at night. (died) The judge passed by his fault. (ignored) He is passed for an honest man in the office. (considered as) The density of fog passed off with the sun rising. (disappeared) Let us pass on to another subject. (move) My claim was passed over. (overlooked) Pick Don't pick at others. (criticize) The police picked off the thief. (apprehended) The man failed to pick out his son from the mammoth gathering. (identify) Where does he pick up French? (learn) He picked up a ticket. (obtained) Share prices have picked up. (improved) The train picked up speed and began to run fast. (increased) Where did you pick up with the mad man? (befriend) The police picked up the gang of robbers. (arrested) Pull The workers are pulling at the heavy engine. (exerting force on) They pulled down the old complex. (demolished) He appears to be much pulled down. (worn out) They think that he pulls in a lot of money. (earns) The police pulled in the boy for interrogation. (arrested) The train pulled in on time. (arrived) The friendly match pulled in many spectators. (attracted)

Group Verbs are very interesting to learn. You can express several thoughts using same word with different prepositions. They are important to learn appropriate prepositions as well. Group Verbs Act Act for - Meaning: Represent or work on behalf of someone.   Example: The attorney acts for his client in legal matters. Act on - Meaning: Implement or follow through based on advice or information.   Example: I wisely acted on my brother's insightful advice. Act upon - Meaning: Take action based on a suggestion or information.   Example: He consistently acts upon my strategic suggestions. Act upto - Meaning: Meet or fulfill expectations.   Example: Unfortunately, the new software does not act up to our expectations. Act from - Meaning: Behave or make decisions based on a particular principle or motive.   Example: It is essential to act from a sense of duty rather than personal gain. Act under - Meaning: Follow orders or directives from a higher authority.   Example: The team acted under the explicit orders of their leader. Act Against - Meaning: Take actions opposing or contrary to someone's interests.   Example: The officer's decision to reveal sensitive information was seen as acting against the company's interests. Bear Bear away - Meaning: Win or achieve victory.  Example: He skillfully bore away the prize. Bear down - Meaning: Suppress or crush forcefully.  Example: The government decisively bore down on the sedition. Bear off - Meaning: Carry off or win (a prize).  Example: With great skill, he bore off the prize. Bear out - Meaning: Confirm or support.  Example: His evidence does not bear out the charge against you. Bear up - Meaning: Endure or withstand.  Example: I cannot bear up under such insult. Bear up against - Meaning: Endure or withstand difficulties.  Example: The poor have to bear up against all miseries. Bear up on - Meaning: Have relevance or influence.  Example: The point has no bearing up on the matter under discussion. Bear with - Meaning: Tolerate or endure.  Example: I cannot bear with such conduct. Bear up - Meaning: Be supported or sustained, especially in challenging times.  Example: Honesty bore him up during rainy days. Bear on - Meaning: Have an impact or influence.  Example: The character and behavior of parents bear on their children. Blow Blow away - Meaning: Remove forcefully by the wind.  Example: Wind blows away dry leaves. Blow down - Meaning: Cause to fall by the force of the wind.  Example: The storm blew down many trees. Blow out - Meaning: Extinguish by blowing.  Example: The child blew out the candle. Blow over - Meaning: Pass by or cease, especially in the context of a storm.  Example: A storm blew over the city. Blow off - Meaning: Emit forcefully.  Example: An engine blows off steam. Blow up - Meaning: Explode or destroy by an explosion.  Example: Several bombs were blown up. Blow in - Meaning: Enter casually and informally.  Example: The students casually blew in the classroom. Break Break away - Meaning: Escape or forcefully leave.  Example: The thief broke away from the jail. Break off - Meaning: Interrupt or stop suddenly.  Example: He broke off in the middle of the story. Break out - Meaning: Begin suddenly or erupt.  Example: Cholera has broken out in the village. Break up - Meaning: Disperse or end.  Example: Our school breaks up at 7 pm. Break into - Meaning: Enter forcibly or illegally.  Example: Last night, a thief broke into my room. Break down - Meaning: Collapse or fail, especially in health.  Example: His health has broken down. Break with - Meaning: Sever ties or relations with someone.  Example: I broke with him for his misconduct. Break in upon - Meaning: Interrupt suddenly.  Example: The angry mob broke in upon the meeting. Break through - Meaning: Penetrate or overcome a barrier.  Example: The army broke through the main gate. Break forth - Meaning: Emerge suddenly and forcefully.  Example: The tiger broke forth from the bush. Break in - Meaning: Train or accustom, especially in the case of an animal.  Example: The farmer broke the bull in. Bring Bring about - Meaning: Cause or lead to.  Example: His laziness has brought about his own ruin. Bring down - Meaning: Cause to fall or lower.  Example: His defeat has brought down his pride. Bring forth - Meaning: Give birth to or produce.  Example: The woman brought forth a child. Bring up - Meaning: Raise or nurture.  Example: He was brought up by his uncle. Bring on - Meaning: Cause to happen or induce.  Example: Smoking brings on various diseases. Bring in - Meaning: Generate or earn.  Example: His business brings in a large income. Bring off - Meaning: Accomplish successfully.  Example: A lifeboat brings off the crew of a lost ship. Bring out - Meaning: Publish or release.  Example: He has brought out a new edition of his book. Bring round - Meaning: Revive or recover.  Example: The patient was brought round through proper treatment. Bring to - Meaning: Revive from unconsciousness.  Example: Hearing the result, the boy fainted but was brought to. Bring under - Meaning: Gain control or subdue.  Example: The wild horse was brought under. Call Call at - Meaning: Visit a place briefly.  Example: Yesterday, he called at my office. Call in - Meaning: Request the services of someone, especially a professional.  Example: They called in a doctor. Call on - Meaning: Visit someone, usually for a specific purpose.  Example: He called on me. Call over - Meaning: Read out a list of names.  Example: The teacher called over the rolls. Call up - Meaning: Recall or remember.  Example: I cannot call up his name. Call out - Meaning: Shout loudly.  Example: The girl called out at the top of her voice. Call off - Meaning: Cancel or terminate.  Example: The workers called off their strike. Call forth - Meaning: Summon or evoke.  Example: The leader called forth his supporters to work together. Call for - Meaning: Demand or request.  Example: The officer called for an explanation from me. Call upon - Meaning: Request or demand, often for assistance.  Example: The poor boy called upon me for help. Call upon - Meaning: Visit or ask to come.  Example: I shall call upon you tomorrow. Call off - Meaning: Distract or divert attention.  Example: The noise calls off my attention. Carry Carry away - Meaning: Be swept away or captivated, especially by emotion.  Example: The boat was carried away by a strong current. Carry on - Meaning: Continue or pursue.  Example: He failed to carry on his studies due to poverty. Carry out - Meaning: Execute or fulfill.  Example: Students should carry out their teachers' advice. Carry away - Meaning: Enthuse or captivate.  Example: The audience was carried away by her sweet songs. Carry off - Meaning: Win or achieve, often a prize.  Example: He will carry off the prize. Carry through - Meaning: Successfully complete or navigate through difficulties.  Example: His honesty will carry him through adversities. Carry about - Meaning: Have or possess on one's person.  Example: One should not carry about a lot of money. Cast Cast about for - Meaning: Search or look for, especially with uncertainty.  Example: I have been casting about for a suitable job for my brother. Cast away - Meaning: Discard or throw away.  Example: He cast away the pen. Cast away - Meaning: Reject or dismiss.  Example: He cast away their proposal. Cast down - Meaning: Depress or demoralize.  Example: He was cast down by his failure. Cast off - Meaning: Get rid of or discard.  Example: I have cast off my old shoes. Cast out - Meaning: Expel or reject.  Example: If he comes to me for help, I will not cast him out. Cast into - Meaning: Form or shape by casting.  Example: Iron is cast into different things. Cast out - Meaning: Expel or banish, often due to misconduct.  Example: They cast him out from the party for his misconduct. Come Come about - Meaning: Occur or happen.  Example: The quarrel came about over a piece of land. Come across - Meaning: Encounter or meet unexpectedly.  Example: I came across him in the college. Come by - Meaning: Obtain or acquire.  Example: The beggar came by a purse of gold on the way. Come off - Meaning: Take place or happen.  Example: The marriage ceremony of my sister comes off today. Come round - Meaning: Recover consciousness or health.  Example: The patient will come round soon. Come upon - Meaning: Encounter unexpectedly, often from behind.  Example: The enemies came upon him from behind. Come upon - Meaning: Encounter or meet unexpectedly.  Example: I came upon him in the college. Come out - Meaning: Be revealed or published.  Example: The results of the S. S. C. Examination will come out very soon. Come over - Meaning: Change or transform.  Example: A change came over him after his father's death. Come over - Meaning: Switch allegiance or join.  Example: Our opponent party has come over to our side. Come to - Meaning: Add up to or reach a total of.  Example: The fees realized today came to 20,000 taka. Come to - Meaning: Regain consciousness or awareness.  Example: The fainted boy came to his senses. Come to - Meaning: Reach a conclusion or decision.  Example: They could not come to a conclusion over the problem. Come down - Meaning: Collapse or fall suddenly.  Example: The roof came down suddenly. Come down - Meaning: Decrease or reduce.  Example: The price of rice has come down. Cut Cut down - Meaning: Fell or chop down, especially a tree.  Example: Jerry cut down the tree with an axe. Cut down - Meaning: Reduce or decrease.  Example: I shall cut down my expenses. Cut off - Meaning: Disconnect or isolate.  Example: He is cut off from his family. Cut off - Meaning: Isolate or separate, often due to disease.  Example: He was cut off by cholera. Cut off - Meaning: Remove by cutting.  Example: Della cut off her hair. Cut off - Meaning: Isolate or separate, especially due to natural calamities.  Example: Sometimes villages are cut off from the cities during natural calamities. Cut out - Meaning: Eliminate or exclude.  Example: I shall cut out coffee for the next two weeks. Cut out - Meaning: Surpass or outperform.  Example: I shall cut him out in the competition. Cut into - Meaning: Divide or slice.  Example: Cut the mango into pieces. Cut in - Meaning: Interrupt or join suddenly.  Example: He cut in in the middle of our talk. Cut up - Meaning: Distressed or upset.  Example: I was cut up by his remark. Cut up - Meaning: Slice or chop into pieces.  Example: The maid cut up the meat. Do Do away with - Meaning: Eliminate or abolish.  Example: The dowry system should be done away with. Do for - Meaning: Face ruin or be defeated.  Example: I am done for due to my wrong decision. Do for - Meaning: Serve a purpose or be suitable.  Example: This pen will do for a pencil. Do into - Meaning: Translate.  Example: Do the English passage into Bengali. Do off - Meaning: Remove or take off.  Example: Do off your shirt. Do on - Meaning: Put on or wear.  Example: Do on your shirt. Do without - Meaning: Manage or survive without.  Example: We cannot do without paper for a single day. Do up with - Meaning: Exhausted or worn out.  Example: I am done up with the journey. Do with - Meaning: Associate or deal with.  Example: A politician has to do with all sorts of people. Top of Form Draw Draw away - Meaning: Divert attention or cause distraction.  Example: The noise has drawn away his attention from reading. Draw aside - Meaning: Move to the side or aside.  Example: The lady drew the waiter aside for secret news. Draw up - Meaning: Prepare or compose, as in a document.  Example: He drew up a petition. Draw up - Meaning: Arrange or organize in a formation.  Example: The forces were drawn up. Draw to - Meaning: Attract or approach.  Example: The teacher drew to the boy because of his merit. Draw on - Meaning: Approach or come nearer.  Example: Our examination is drawing on. Draw back - Meaning: Retreat or recoil, especially from a commitment.  Example: A man of word cannot draw back from his word. Draw off - Meaning: Withdraw or move away.  Example: The enemy drew off. Draw out - Meaning: Extend or prolong.  Example: The leader drew out his speech. Draw out - Meaning: Extract or remove.  Example: The dentist drew out my aching teeth. Draw out - Meaning: Elicit or cause to be revealed.  Example: His miseries drew out others' attention. Fall Fall away - Meaning: Desert or abandon, especially in a time of need.  Example: My friends fell away in my danger. Fall off - Meaning: Decrease in quantity or quality.  Example: The number of students has fallen off. Fall back - Meaning: Retreat or withdraw.  Example: At last, the enemy fell back. Fall back upon - Meaning: Rely on or turn to for support.  Example: The poor man has none to fall back upon in his old days. Fall upon - Meaning: Attack suddenly or violently.  Example: The tiger fell upon the lamb. Fall out - Meaning: Quarrel or have a disagreement.  Example: They fell out over a trivial matter. Fall through - Meaning: Fail to happen or be completed.  Example: The project fell through for lack of proper care. Fall to - Meaning: Begin or start.  Example: He fell to eating. Fall in with - Meaning: Agree or comply with.  Example: I cannot fall in with your proposal. Fall in with - Meaning: Meet or encounter unexpectedly.  Example: I fell in with one of my school friends in the coach. Fall on - Meaning: Attack suddenly or unexpectedly.  Example: He fell on me without any reason. Fall in - Meaning: Collapse or cave in.  Example: The roof of the house fell in. Get Get at - Meaning: Reach or achieve.  Example: He could not get at his goal. Get into - Meaning: Enter or board.  Example: We got into a second-class compartment. Get into - Meaning: Become involved in or face.  Example: He got into trouble. Get to - Meaning: Arrive at or reach.  Example: We got to the meeting in time. Get off - Meaning: Alight or disembark.  Example: We all got off from the bus. Get off with - Meaning: Escape punishment or consequences with.  Example: The thief got off with the goods. Get about - Meaning: Spread or circulate.  Example: The news of his failure got about. Get above - Meaning: Surpass or overcome.  Example: I have got above my danger. Get ahead - Meaning: Progress or succeed.  Example: He got ahead in his business. Get over - Meaning: Overcome or recover from.  Example: He tried to get over his initial difficulties. Get through - Meaning: Complete or finish successfully.  Example: I got through the book. Get through - Meaning: Complete a task or work.  Example: Get through the work in a week. Get on - Meaning: Progress or advance.  Example: I get on early in the morning. Get up - Meaning: Rise or awaken.  Example: The get up of the book is fine. Get beyond - Meaning: Exceed or surpass.  Example: The boy got beyond the depth and was drowned. Get away - Meaning: Escape or depart.  Example: The diver got away before our eyes. Get out - Meaning: Leave or exit.  Example: Don't get out in the rain. Get out - Meaning: Be revealed or disclosed.  Example: The secret will get out one day. Get by - Meaning: Manage or survive.  Example: I cannot get by with such a small salary. Get down - Meaning: Write down or record.  Example: Get down what I say. Get down to - Meaning: Start or begin to focus on.  Example: Let us get down to our job. Get in - Meaning: Arrive or reach a destination.  Example: When does the train get in? Get in - Meaning: Enter or infiltrate.  Example: The rain can get in the room through the window. Go Go about - Meaning: Move around or engage in activities.  Example: He is too weak to go about. Go about - Meaning: Continue or proceed with.  Example: Go about your business. Go about - Meaning: Circulate or spread.  Example: A rumor goes about that he will resign. Go abroad - Meaning: Travel to another country.  Example: He will go abroad. Go after - Meaning: Pursue or chase.  Example: The tiger went after the deer. Go against - Meaning: Oppose or act contrary to.  Example: So I cannot go against my boss. Go ahead - Meaning: Proceed or move forward.  Example: I cannot go ahead with my studies due to poverty. Go aside - Meaning: Move to the side or away from the main path.  Example: We should not go aside from the right path. Go at - Meaning: Attack or approach with force.  Example: The mob went at the barricade and removed it. Go at - Meaning: Attack verbally or physically.  Example: They go at one another at the slightest fury. Go away - Meaning: Leave or depart.  Example: He has gone away from the country forever. Go back upon/from - Meaning: Break a promise or go against one's word.  Example: A true Muslim cannot go back upon his word. Go beyond - Meaning: Exceed or surpass.  Example: The teacher went beyond his discussion, and the students failed to understand him. The little girl went beyond her depth and was drowned. Go by - Meaning: Be known or identified as.  Example: He goes by a nickname here. Top of Form Grow Grow up - Meaning: Mature or reach adulthood.  Example: The boy will be a great leader when he grows up. Grow to - Meaning: Develop into or attain.  Example: A well-educated man grows to name and fame. Hand Grow up - Meaning: Mature or reach adulthood.  Example: The boy will be a great leader when he grows up. Grow to - Meaning: Develop into or attain.  Example: A well-educated man grows to name and fame. Hang Hang down - Meaning: Lower or drop downward.  Example: The student hung down his head with shame. Hang upon - Meaning: Depend on or be contingent upon.  Example: The supporters hung upon their leader's speech. Hang up - Meaning: Suspend or attach to a higher place.  Example: He hung up the picture in his reading room. Hang over - Meaning: Be undecided or pending.  Example: The decision was hung over. Hang about - Meaning: Linger or stay around without a clear purpose.  Example: A suspicious mind always hangs about. Hang back - Meaning: Hesitate or be reluctant to move forward.  Example: I cannot hang back from my decision. Hang on - Meaning: Depend on or cling to.  Example: An active man does not like to hang on others for his livelihood. Hang on - Meaning: Wait or hold on.  Example: Please, hang on for some minutes. Hang on - Meaning: Cling or grasp tightly.  Example: He hangs on the rope. Hold Hold back - Meaning: Conceal or keep secret.  Example: He tried to hold back the secret from me. Hold by - Meaning: Adhere to or support.  Example: None held by me in my danger. Hold in - Meaning: Restrain or control.  Example: He failed to hold in his temper. Hold off - Meaning: Keep aloof or stay away.  Example: A good boy holds off from bad boys. Hold on - Meaning: Stick to or remain committed.  Example: An honest man holds on to his principles. Hold out - Meaning: Extend or offer.  Example: He did not hold out his hands to me. Hold out - Meaning: Resist or endure.  Example: The enemy held out for many days. Hold out - Meaning: Have a capacity for.  Example: This tank does not hold out much water. Hold over - Meaning: Postpone or defer.  Example: The meeting was held over. Hold to - Meaning: Stick to or maintain.  Example: I shall hold to my plan. Hold together - Meaning: Remain united or cohesive.  Example: The two friends held together for many days. Keep Keep away/off - Meaning: Avoid or stay clear of.  Example: A good boy keeps himself away from evil company. Keep at/to - Meaning: Maintain or adhere to.  Example: He could not keep at his principle. Keep back - Meaning: Withhold or conceal.  Example: Do not keep back anything from me. Keep down - Meaning: Suppress or control.  Example: He kept down his anger. Keep from - Meaning: Avoid or refrain from.  Example: He keeps from evil company. Keep in - Meaning: Stay indoors or restrain oneself.  Example: One should keep in at the time of biting cold. Keep on - Meaning: Continue or persist.  Example: I am keeping on well with my studies. Keep up - Meaning: Sustain or maintain.  Example: The boy kept up the honor of his family. Keep up with - Meaning: Stay on par with or match the pace of.  Example: I cannot keep up with my friends. Knock Knock down - Meaning: Hit and cause to fall.  Example: The truck knocked down the passer-by. Knock off - Meaning: Remove or detach.  Example: We should not knock off anything. Knock out - Meaning: Defeat or render unconscious.  Example: He knocked out his opponent in one round. Knock up - Meaning: Wake up or make someone pregnant.  Example: My mother knocked me up at six a.m. (Note: In some regions, "knocked up" can have a different colloquial meaning, so the context matters.) Top of Form Lay Lay about - Meaning: Strike or hit violently.  Example: The wrestler began to lay about his rival. Lay aside - Meaning: Save or reserve for future use.  Example: We should lay aside something for rainy days. Lay by - Meaning: Save or set aside for future use.  Example: We should lay by something for rainy days. Lay down - Meaning: Surrender or relinquish.  Example: Many soldiers laid down their lives in the Independence War. Lay out - Meaning: Plan or arrange.  Example: The minister laid out the foundation of the school. Lay up - Meaning: Incapacitate or confine to bed due to illness.  Example: He is laid up with dysentery. Look Look about for/Look for - Meaning: Search or seek.  Example: I am looking for a good job. Look after - Meaning: Take care of or attend to.  Example: I look after my parents. Look down upon - Meaning: Disapprove or regard with disdain.  Example: The poor are generally looked down upon. Look forward - Meaning: Anticipate or await eagerly.  Example: I look forward to receiving your answer. Look into - Meaning: Investigate or examine.  Example: The chairman looked into the matter. Look in - Meaning: Visit briefly.  Example: I shall look in when I pass by your house. Look on/upon - Meaning: Regard or consider.  Example: I look upon him as my brother. Look out - Meaning: Be cautious or watchful.  Example: Della looked out of the window. Look out for - Meaning: Be on the lookout for or search for.  Example: I am looking out for a good job. Look over/through - Meaning: Examine or review.  Example: The examiner looked over the scripts. Make Make after - Meaning: Pursue or chase.  Example: The dog made after the thief. Make away with - Meaning: Kill oneself or steal.  Example: He made away with his life by gambling. Make for - Meaning: Head toward or be intended for.  Example: The ship is made for Jeddah. Make of - Meaning: Understand or interpret.  Example: The ring is made of pure gold. Make off with - Meaning: Steal and escape with.  Example: The pickpocket made off with my money bag. Make over - Meaning: Transfer or assign.  Example: He made over the charge of Headmaster to me. Make up - Meaning: Decide or resolve.  Example: I made up my mind to go abroad. Top of Form Pass Pass away - Meaning: Die or expire.  Example: The patient passed away at night. Pass by - Meaning: Ignore or overlook.  Example: The judge passed by his fault. Pass for - Meaning: Be accepted or considered as.  Example: He is passed for an honest man in the office. Pass off - Meaning: Happen or come to an end.  Example: The density of fog passed off with the sun rising. Pass on - Meaning: Move forward or transfer.  Example: Let us pass on to another subject. Pass over - Meaning: Disregard or ignore.  Example: My claim was passed over. Pass through - Meaning: Experience or endure.  Example: I passed through much bitter experience in my life. Pick Pick at - Meaning: Criticize or find fault with.  Example: Don't pick at others. Pick off - Meaning: Shoot or remove one by one.  Example: The police picked off the thief. Pick out - Meaning: Identify or choose.  Example: The man failed to pick out his son from the mammoth gathering. Pick up - Meaning: Learn or acquire.  Example: Where does he pick up French? Pick up - Meaning: Obtain or collect.  Example: He picked up a ticket. Pick up - Meaning: Improve or recover.  Example: Share prices have picked up. Pick up - Meaning: Accelerate or increase speed.  Example: The train picked up speed and began to run fast. Pick up with - Meaning: Associate with or befriend.  Example: Where did you pick up with the mad man? Pick up - Meaning: Arrest or apprehend.  Example: The police picked up the gang of robbers. Pull Pull at - Meaning: Exert force or effort on.  Example: The workers are pulling at the heavy engine. Pull down - Meaning: Demolish or destroy.  Example: They pulled down the old complex. Pull down - Meaning: Cause to look worn or tired.  Example: He appears to be much pulled down. Pull in - Meaning: Earn or attract.  Example: They think that he pulls in a lot of money. Pull in - Meaning: Apprehend or arrest.  Example: The police pulled in the boy for interrogation. Pull in - Meaning: Arrive or stop.  Example: The train pulled in on time. Pull in - Meaning: Attract or draw.  Example: The friendly match pulled in many spectators.ators

Most common conjunctions along with their usage and examples: 1. And - Connects words or phrases of the same type. - "She bought apples and oranges." 2. Or - Indicates an alternative. - "Would you like tea or coffee?" 3. But - Shows contrast. - "I wanted to go, but I was too tired." 4. Nor - Used to present an additional negative idea. - "He doesn't like broccoli, nor does he like spinach." 5. For - Indicates reason or purpose. - "She stayed home, for she was feeling sick." 6. Yet - Shows contrast or an unexpected outcome. - "He's rich, yet he lives simply." 7. So - Indicates result or consequence. - "It was raining, so we stayed inside." 8. Because - Gives reason. - "She left early because she was tired." 9. Although - Shows contrast. - "Although it was raining, we went out." 10. Though - Similar to although. - "Though he was late, he managed to catch the train." 11. Even though - Emphasizes contrast. - "Even though it was cold, he went swimming." 12. Since - Indicates time or reason. - "Since you’re here, you can help me." 13. If - Indicates condition. - "If it rains, we’ll stay home." 14. Unless - Indicates an exception. - "You can’t go unless you finish your homework." 15. Until - Indicates time up to a point. - "We waited until the rain stopped." 16. Before - Indicates earlier time. - "Finish your work before you play." 17. After - Indicates later time. - "We’ll leave after the meeting." 18. When - Indicates time. - "Call me when you arrive." 19. While - Indicates simultaneous actions. - "She read a book while waiting." 20. As - Indicates reason or simultaneous actions. - "As it was late, we went home." 21. Whether - Indicates alternatives. - "I’m not sure whether to go or stay." 22. Because of - Indicates reason. - "We canceled the trip because of the storm." 23. Due to - Similar to because of. - "The flight was delayed due to fog." 24. Since - Indicates time or reason. - "We’ve been friends since childhood." 25. In case - Indicates condition. - "Take an umbrella in case it rains." 26. In order that - Indicates purpose. - "He saved money in order that he could travel." 27. As if - Indicates manner or condition. - "She looks as if she has seen a ghost." 28. As long as - Indicates condition. - "You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully." 29. As soon as - Indicates immediate action after another. - "Call me as soon as you arrive." 30. Whenever - Indicates any time. - "Come whenever you like." 31. Wherever - Indicates any place. - "Sit wherever you want." 32. Because - Indicates reason. - "I’m going home because I’m tired." 33. So that - Indicates purpose. - "Speak clearly so that everyone can understand you." 34. Even if - Indicates condition. - "I’ll go even if it rains." 35. Provided that - Indicates condition. - "You can come provided that you bring a gift." 36. Assuming that - Indicates condition. - "Assuming that the weather is good, we’ll go hiking." 37. Lest - Indicates prevention. - "He studied hard lest he fail the exam." 38. Given that - Indicates condition or reason. - "Given that it’s raining, the match is canceled." 39. On condition that - Indicates condition. - "You can stay out late on condition that you call me." 40. So long as - Indicates condition. - "I’ll help you so long as you help me." 41. In case - Indicates condition. - "Take a map in case you get lost." 42. While - Indicates time or contrast. - "He listened while she spoke." 43. Once - Indicates time. - "Once you finish, you can leave." 44. Although - Indicates contrast. - "Although it was hard, she didn’t give up." 45. Though - Similar to although. - "Though it was raining, we went out." 46. Whereas - Indicates contrast. - "She is short, whereas her brother is tall." 47. Rather than - Indicates preference. - "I’d walk rather than take a bus." 48. Whether or not - Indicates condition. - "We’ll go whether or not it rains." 49. Since - Indicates time or reason. - "It’s been quiet since you left." 50. Now that - Indicates reason. - "Now that you’re here, we can start." 51. As though - Indicates manner. - "He acts as though he knows everything." 52. Supposing that - Indicates condition. - "Supposing that he agrees, we can proceed." 53. As soon as - Indicates time. - "We’ll leave as soon as you’re ready." 54. Unless - Indicates condition. - "You won’t pass unless you study." 55. Even though - Indicates contrast. - "She smiled even though she was sad." 56. Although - Indicates contrast. - "Although it was expensive, she bought it." 57. If only - Indicates wish. - "If only I had more time." 58. So that - Indicates purpose. - "He whispered so that no one could hear." 59. Whenever - Indicates time. - "Come whenever you want." 60. Until - Indicates time. - "Wait until I come back." 61. Whether - Indicates alternatives. - "I don’t know whether to laugh or cry." 62. Provided that - Indicates condition. - "You can go out provided that you finish your homework." 63. As - Indicates manner or time. - "Do as I do." 64. So long as - Indicates condition. - "You can stay so long as you’re quiet." 65. Unless - Indicates condition. - "Don’t call me unless it’s urgent." 66. Even if - Indicates condition. - "I’ll go even if it rains." 67. Once - Indicates time. - "Once we arrive, we’ll call you." 68. Though - Indicates contrast. - "He’s poor, though he seems happy." 69. Whether or not - Indicates condition. - "We’ll go whether or not it’s raining." 70. In order that - Indicates purpose. - "Study hard in order that you may succeed." 71. Assuming that - Indicates condition. - "Assuming that you’re right, we need a new plan." 72. Provided - Indicates condition. - "You can use the car provided you fill the tank." 73. Supposing - Indicates condition. - "Supposing it rains, what will we do?" 74. Because - Indicates reason. - "He left because he was tired." 75. So that - Indicates purpose. - "Turn the volume down so that she can sleep." 76. If only - Indicates wish. - "If only I knew the answer." 77. In case - Indicates condition. - "Bring an umbrella in case it rains." 78. Whenever - Indicates time. - "Visit us whenever you want." 79. Before - Indicates time. - "Finish it before you leave." 80. After - Indicates time. - "Call me after you arrive." 81. Since - Indicates time or reason. - "Since you’re here, let’s start." 82. Until - Indicates time. - "Wait until I return." 83. While - Indicates time or contrast. - "Study while you can." 84. Now that - Indicates reason. - "Now that it’s raining, we’ll stay inside." 85. As soon as - Indicates time. - "We’ll eat as soon as he arrives." 86. Lest - Indicates prevention. - "He spoke softly lest he wake the baby." 87. Because of - Indicates reason. - "We were late because of traffic." 88. Due to - Indicates reason. - "The event was canceled due to rain." 89. Owing to - Indicates reason. - "The delay was owing to technical issues." 90. Thanks to - Indicates reason. - "Thanks to your help, we finished early." 91. Even if - Indicates condition. - "I’ll go even if I’m tired." 92. So long as - Indicates condition. - "Stay so long as you like." Sure, I'll continue: 93. On condition that - Indicates condition. - "You can borrow the book on condition that you return it." 94. Inasmuch as - Indicates extent or reason. - "He is guilty inasmuch as he knew about the crime." 95. In case that - Indicates condition. - "Take your phone in case that you get lost." 96. Supposing that - Indicates condition. - "Supposing that it rains, we’ll need an umbrella." 97. So - Indicates result. - "He was tired, so he went to bed early." 98. Than - Indicates comparison. - "She is taller than her brother." 99. Rather than - Indicates preference. - "I would walk rather than take a bus." 100. In order to - Indicates purpose. - "He studies hard in order to get good grades." 101. In the event that - Indicates condition. - "In the event that it rains, the picnic will be canceled." 102. Only if - Indicates condition. - "You can go only if you finish your homework." 103. Once - Indicates time. - "Once you’ve finished, we can leave." 104. Because - Indicates reason. - "I left early because I was tired." 105. Though - Indicates contrast. - "She kept working though she was tired." 106. Even though - Emphasizes contrast. - "He went to work even though he was sick." 107. Unless - Indicates condition. - "You won’t pass unless you study." 108. Whether - Indicates alternatives. - "I don’t know whether to stay or leave." 109. While - Indicates time or contrast. - "We talked while we walked." 110. Since - Indicates time or reason. - "We’ve been friends since we were kids." 111. Until - Indicates time. - "Stay here until I return." 112. As long as - Indicates condition. - "You can stay as long as you need." 113. In case - Indicates condition. - "Bring a flashlight in case the power goes out." 114. If - Indicates condition. - "If you study, you will pass the exam." 115. Though - Indicates contrast. - "Though it was late, they kept working." 116. Even if - Indicates condition. - "I’ll go even if it rains." 117. While - Indicates time or contrast. - "He read a book while waiting." 118. In order that - Indicates purpose. - "He spoke loudly in order that everyone could hear him." 119. Provided - Indicates condition. - "You can borrow my car provided you return it by Sunday." 120. Assuming that - Indicates condition. - "Assuming that the weather is good, we’ll go to the beach." 121. Now that - Indicates reason. - "Now that it’s summer, we can go swimming." 122. Whenever - Indicates time. - "Come visit us whenever you like." 123. Wherever - Indicates place. - "Sit wherever you want." 124. Because of - Indicates reason. - "We stayed home because of the storm." 125. Due to - Indicates reason. - "The flight was canceled due to fog." 126. Owing to - Indicates reason. - "Owing to his hard work, he was promoted." 127. Thanks to - Indicates reason. - "Thanks to her help, we finished early." 128. In case that - Indicates condition. - "Take your phone in case that you get lost." 129. In order to - Indicates purpose. - "She saved money in order to buy a car." 130. So that - Indicates purpose. - "He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear." 131. Lest - Indicates prevention. - "She wore a coat lest she catch a cold." 132. Unless - Indicates condition. - "We can’t start unless everyone is here." 133. Only if - Indicates condition. - "I’ll go only if you come with me." 134. Supposing - Indicates condition. - "Supposing it rains, what will we do?" 135. In the event that - Indicates condition. - "In the event that it rains, the match will be postponed." 136. Even though - Indicates contrast. - "He kept working even though he was tired." 137. Whether or not - Indicates alternatives. - "I’ll go whether or not it’s raining." 138. Because - Indicates reason. - "She left because she was upset." 139. Since - Indicates time or reason. - "We’ve been friends since high school." 140. Though - Indicates contrast. - "Though it was hard, she succeeded." 141. If - Indicates condition. - "If you hurry, you’ll catch the bus." 142. While - Indicates time or contrast. - "He studied while she watched TV." 143. Until - Indicates time. - "Wait until I return." 144. As soon as - Indicates time. - "Call me as soon as you get home." 145. Now that - Indicates reason. - "Now that we’re finished, we can relax." 146. In case - Indicates condition. - "Bring a coat in case it gets cold." 147. As long as - Indicates condition. - "You can stay as long as you want." 148. Unless - Indicates condition. - "Don’t call me unless it’s urgent." 149. Even if - Indicates condition. - "I’ll come even if it’s late." 150. Though - Indicates contrast. - "He kept running though he was tired." 151. Because of - Indicates reason. - "We were late because of traffic." 152. Due to - Indicates reason. - "The delay was due to a technical issue." 153. Owing to - Indicates reason. - "The cancellation was owing to bad weather." 154. Thanks to - Indicates reason. - "We succeeded thanks to your help." 155. In order that - Indicates purpose. - "He left early in order that he could catch the train." 156. On condition that - Indicates condition. - "You can go out on condition that you finish your homework." 157. Provided that - Indicates condition. - "I’ll lend you the book provided that you return it." 158. Assuming that - Indicates condition. - "Assuming that we get the funding, we can start the project." 159. As though - Indicates manner. - "He acted as though he didn’t hear me." 160. Rather than - Indicates preference. - "I prefer to walk rather than drive." 161. In order to - Indicates purpose. - "She studied hard in order to pass the exam." 162. So that - Indicates purpose. - "He worked hard so that he could afford a new car." 163. Once - Indicates time. - "Once you’ve finished, we can leave." 164. If only - Indicates wish. - "If only I had more time." 165. In case that - Indicates condition. - "Take an umbrella in case that it rains." 166. Even if - Indicates condition. - "I’ll go even if it’s raining." 167. Whether or not - Indicates alternatives. - "I’ll go whether or not you come with me." 168. Since - Indicates time or reason. - "Since you’re here, let’s start." 169. Though - Indicates contrast. - "She kept working though it was late." 170. Unless - Indicates condition. - "You can’t go unless you finish your homework." 171. While - Indicates time or contrast. - "He listened while she spoke." 172. Until - Indicates time. - "Stay here until I return." 173. As long as - Indicates condition. - "You can stay as long as you’re quiet." 174. In case - Indicates condition. - "Bring an umbrella in case it rains." 175. Now that - Indicates reason. - "Now that you’re here, we can start." 176. Even though - Indicates contrast. - "She smiled even though she was sad." 177. So that - Indicates purpose. - "Speak clearly so that everyone can understand you." 178. Once - Indicates time. - "Once we arrive, we’ll call you." 179. Although - Indicates contrast. - "Although it was expensive, she bought it." 180. Though - Indicates contrast. - "Though it was hard, she didn’t give up." 181. Because - Indicates reason. - "He left because he was tired." 182. In case - Indicates condition. - "Take a map in case you get lost." 183. In order to - Indicates purpose. - "He saved money in order to travel."

Trade fair Ends Staff Reporter, Dhaka, July 5, 2018: The month-long 19th Dhaka International Trade Fair (DITF)-2018 ended on Monday with a declining spot order despite all-out efforts to make it a business Bonanza (a sudden opportunity to make money). Traders from India, China, Pakistan, Malaysia, the UAE, Singapore, Thailand, the US and Turkey took part in the fair, according to Export Promotion Bureau. A total of 480 stalls, pavilions and mini pavilions have been allotted to local and foreign companies. The fair was co-organized by Export Promotion Bureau in association with the commerce ministry. The fair earned almost 50 percent less than the amount earned in previous year. Last year, the DITF fetched Tk 157 crore spot order. “We have completed this year’s fair successfully,” said Shuvashish Bose, vice chairman of Export Promotion Bureau, saying that the fair received a total of Tk 80.44 crore spot order. Commerce minister Tofael Ahmed announced closing of the DITF- 2018 on Monday. The Honourable Minister expected that the country’s export earnings will reach US$ 50 billion by next five year. Thanking all for completion of the DITF 2018 in a successful manner, he urged to the local participants of the fair to move ahead the country’s export business through utilizing the experience of this fair. Usually, the fair starts at the very first day of the year. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina inaugurated the fair at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar in the city, on January 11, 10 days after the schedule mainly for political turmoil. Initially the organizers were apprehending low sales and fewer visitors due to political unrest between the rulling party and the opposition. However, the scenario had started reversing few days after commencing the fair with improved political situation.

Informal writing is characterized by a relaxed, conversational style, often used in personal communication and casual contexts. Here are 20 features of informal writing with examples: 1. Contractions: Using shortened forms of words. - Example: "I can't believe it's already Friday." 2. Colloquial language: Using everyday spoken language. - Example: "I'm gonna head out now." 3. Slang: Using informal, often trendy words. - Example: "That party was lit!" 4. Acronyms and abbreviations: Shortened forms of words or phrases. - Example: "LOL, that was hilarious!" 5. First-person perspective: Writing from the writer's point of view. - Example: "I think it's a great idea." 6. Second-person perspective: Directly addressing the reader. - Example: "You should totally check it out." 7. Short sentences and fragments: Using incomplete sentences for effect. - Example: "No way! That's awesome." 8. Simple vocabulary: Using basic, everyday words. - Example: "The weather is nice today." 9. Informal punctuation: Casual use of punctuation marks. - Example: "Well... I guess we'll see." 10. Exclamations: Using exclamation points for emphasis. - Example: "Watch out!" 11. Questions: Rhetorical or direct questions to engage the reader. - Example: "Can you believe it?" 12. Ellipses: Indicating a pause or unfinished thought. - Example: "I'm not sure... maybe we should wait." 13. Emojis and emoticons: Using symbols to convey emotions. - Example: "See you soon 😊" 14. Interjections: Using words to express emotion. - Example: "Wow! That was fast." 15. Casual tone: Maintaining a friendly and relaxed style. - Example: "Hey, what’s up?" 16. Informal spelling and grammar: Relaxed rules for spelling and grammar. - Example: "C u l8r." 17. Personal anecdotes: Sharing personal stories or experiences. - Example: "So, the other day I went to the store..." 18. Hyperbole: Exaggerated statements for effect. - Example: "I've told you a million times." 19. Repetition for emphasis: Repeating words or phrases for impact. - Example: "It was so, so good!" 20. Parataxis: Placing clauses or phrases one after another without conjunctions. - Example: "I came, I saw, I conquered." Here are six examples for each feature of informal writing, paired with their formal equivalents: 1. Contractions - Informal: I can't wait. - Formal: I cannot wait. - Informal: It's time to go. - Formal: It is time to go. - Informal: They're coming over. - Formal: They are coming over. - Informal: We're on our way. - Formal: We are on our way. - Informal: She won't agree. - Formal: She will not agree. - Informal: I'd like some help. - Formal: I would like some help. 2. Colloquial language - Informal: I'm gonna do it. - Formal: I am going to do it. - Informal: Wanna join us? - Formal: Would you like to join us? - Informal: Gotta go now. - Formal: I have to go now. - Informal: Kids these days... - Formal: Young people these days... - Informal: Y'all come back now. - Formal: You all come back now. - Informal: How's it going? - Formal: How are you doing? 3. Slang - Informal: That was dope. - Formal: That was excellent. - Informal: She is really cool. - Formal: She is very pleasant. - Informal: I'm totally bummed. - Formal: I am very disappointed. - Informal: This party is sick! - Formal: This party is amazing. - Informal: That movie was a flop. - Formal: That movie was unsuccessful. - Informal: He's such a bro. - Formal: He is very friendly. 4. Acronyms and abbreviations - Informal: LOL, that's funny. - Formal: That is very funny. - Informal: FYI, the meeting is at 10. - Formal: For your information, the meeting is at 10. - Informal: ASAP, please. - Formal: As soon as possible, please. - Informal: BRB, gotta run. - Formal: I will be right back; I have to go. - Informal: RSVP by Friday. - Formal: Please respond by Friday. - Informal: TBD on the details. - Formal: The details are to be determined. 5. First-person perspective - Informal: I think it's great. - Formal: It is considered great. - Informal: I believe we should go. - Formal: It is believed that we should go. - Informal: I noticed the issue. - Formal: The issue was noticed. - Informal: I feel it's important. - Formal: It is felt that it is important. - Informal: I suggest a break. - Formal: A break is suggested. - Informal: I recommend this book. - Formal: This book is recommended. 6. Second-person perspective - Informal: You need to check this out. - Formal: This should be checked out. - Informal: You will love it. - Formal: It will be loved. - Informal: Can you believe that? - Formal: Can it be believed? - Informal: You should try it. - Formal: It should be tried. - Informal: Are you ready? - Formal: Is one ready? - Informal: Did you see that? - Formal: Was that seen? 7. Short sentences and fragments - Informal: No way! - Formal: That is not possible. - Informal: Too late. - Formal: It is too late. - Informal: Really amazing. - Formal: It is truly amazing. - Informal: Right now. - Formal: At this moment. - Informal: Very cool. - Formal: It is very impressive. - Informal: Not a chance. - Formal: There is no chance. 8. Simple vocabulary - Informal: The test was hard. - Formal: The examination was difficult. - Informal: He is a nice guy. - Formal: He is a pleasant person. - Informal: The weather is good. - Formal: The weather is favorable. - Informal: I feel bad. - Formal: I feel unwell. - Informal: She's happy. - Formal: She is content. - Informal: This is fun. - Formal: This is enjoyable. 9. Informal punctuation - Informal: Well... let's see. - Formal: Well, let us see. - Informal: Hmm, I don't know. - Formal: I am uncertain. - Informal: So... what now? - Formal: So, what now? - Informal: Um, maybe. - Formal: Perhaps. - Informal: Wow, really? - Formal: That is surprising. - Informal: Oops! Sorry. - Formal: I apologize for the mistake. 10. Exclamations - Informal: Watch out! - Formal: Please be careful. - Informal: Awesome! - Formal: That is excellent. - Informal: Unbelievable! - Formal: That is incredible. - Informal: Amazing! - Formal: That is remarkable. - Informal: Great job! - Formal: Well done. - Informal: Oh no! - Formal: That is unfortunate. 11. Questions - Informal: Can you believe it? - Formal: Is it believable? - Informal: What’s up? - Formal: How are you? - Informal: Who would’ve thought? - Formal: Who would have thought? - Informal: Why not? - Formal: Why should it not be considered? - Informal: How come? - Formal: Why is that? - Informal: What’s new? - Formal: What is new? 12. Ellipses - Informal: Maybe... I don't know. - Formal: Perhaps, I do not know. - Informal: I guess... we'll see. - Formal: I suppose we will see. - Informal: It's possible... but not certain. - Formal: It is possible but not certain. - Informal: Well... alright then. - Formal: Well, alright then. - Informal: I thought... never mind. - Formal: I thought, but never mind. - Informal: So... what next? - Formal: So, what is next? 13. Emojis and emoticons - Informal: Great job! 😊 - Formal: Excellent work. - Informal: I'm confused. 🤔 - Formal: I am confused. - Informal: Thank you! 🙏 - Formal: Thank you. - Informal: Let's meet at 6 pm. 🕕 - Formal: Let us meet at 6 pm. - Informal: That's so funny! 😂 - Formal: That is very funny. - Informal: I'm tired. 😴 - Formal: I am tired. 14. Interjections - Informal: Wow, that's cool! - Formal: That is impressive. - Informal: Oops, my bad. - Formal: I apologize for my mistake. - Informal: Hey, what’s up? - Formal: Hello, how are you? - Informal: Ugh, this is annoying. - Formal: This is frustrating. - Informal: Yay, we did it! - Formal: We have achieved it. - Informal: Ouch, that hurt. - Formal: That was painful. 15. Casual tone - Informal: Hey, how’s it going? - Formal: Hello, how are you? - Informal: That sounds good. - Formal: That sounds acceptable. - Informal: I’m kinda tired. - Formal: I am somewhat tired. - Informal: Thanks for your help. - Formal: Thank you for your assistance. - Informal: See you later. - Formal: I will see you later. - Informal: Let’s get started. - Formal: Let us begin. 16. Informal spelling and grammar - Informal: Gotta go now. - Formal: I have to go now. - Informal: Lemme know. - Formal: Let me know. - Informal: Dunno what to do. - Formal: I do not know what to do. - Informal: Gonna be late. - Formal: I am going to be late. - Informal: Wanna hang out? - Formal: Would you like to spend time together? - Informal: K, see you. - Formal: Okay, I will see you. 17. Personal anecdotes - Informal: So, the other day I went to the store... - Formal: Recently, I visited the store. - Informal: I remember when I was a kid... - Formal: I recall my childhood. - Informal: Last weekend, we had a blast. Sure, continuing with the rest: 17. Personal anecdotes (continued) - Informal: Last weekend, we had a blast. - Formal: Last weekend, we enjoyed ourselves greatly. - Informal: I once tried to fix it myself. - Formal: On one occasion, I attempted to repair it independently. - Informal: Back in college, we used to have fun all the time. - Formal: During my college years, we frequently engaged in enjoyable activities. - Informal: One time, I got lost in the city. - Formal: On one occasion, I became disoriented in the city. - Informal: When I was a teenager, I loved skateboarding. - Formal: During my teenage years, I greatly enjoyed skateboarding. 18. Hyperbole - Informal: I’ve told you a million times. - Formal: I have told you several times. - Informal: This is the best day ever! - Formal: This is an exceptionally good day. - Informal: I’m so hungry I could eat a horse. - Formal: I am extremely hungry. - Informal: She’s always late. - Formal: She is frequently late. - Informal: This weighs a ton. - Formal: This is very heavy. - Informal: I’ve been waiting forever. - Formal: I have been waiting for a very long time. 19. Repetition for emphasis - Informal: It was so, so good! - Formal: It was exceptionally good. - Informal: This is very, very important. - Formal: This is extremely important. - Informal: I’m really, really tired. - Formal: I am extremely tired. - Informal: The food was super, super delicious. - Formal: The food was exceptionally delicious. - Informal: I miss you so, so much. - Formal: I miss you greatly. - Informal: He’s really, really nice. - Formal: He is very nice. 20. Parataxis - Informal: I came, I saw, I conquered. - Formal: I came, observed, and succeeded. - Informal: She laughed, she cried, she left. - Formal: She laughed, cried, and then left. - Informal: We met, we talked, we left. - Formal: We met, conversed, and departed. - Informal: He ran, he jumped, he cheered. - Formal: He ran, jumped, and cheered. - Informal: I cooked, I cleaned, I relaxed. - Formal: I cooked, cleaned, and then relaxed. - Informal: She studied, she passed, she graduated. - Formal: She studied, passed, and graduated.

Formal writing is characterized by a set of features that distinguish it from informal writing. Here are 20 features with examples: 1. Complex Sentences: Use of compound and complex sentence structures. - Example: "The committee, which was formed in 2020, has since undertaken several initiatives to improve the local community." 2. Impersonal Tone: Avoidance of personal pronouns like "I" and "you". - Example: "The report will be submitted by the end of the week." 3. Precise Vocabulary: Use of specific and technical terms. - Example: "The study utilized a mixed-methods approach to gather quantitative and qualitative data." 4. Passive Voice: Often used to emphasize the action rather than the subject. - Example: "The experiment was conducted over a period of six months." 5. Formal Vocabulary: Use of more sophisticated and formal words. - Example: "The results were unequivocally positive." 6. Nominalization: Turning verbs into nouns. - Example: "The implementation of the new policy resulted in increased efficiency." 7. No Contractions: Avoiding contractions like "don't" or "isn't". - Example: "Do not hesitate to contact us for further information." 8. Third-person Perspective: Writing from an objective point of view. - Example: "One might argue that the benefits outweigh the costs." 9. Objective Tone: Maintaining a neutral and unbiased tone. - Example: "The data suggests a significant improvement in outcomes." 10. Technical Jargon: Use of terminology specific to a field. - Example: "The algorithm's efficiency was tested using a series of benchmark datasets." 11. Citations and References: Providing sources for statements. - Example: "As noted by Smith (2020), the correlation between variables is significant." 12. Formality in Address: Use of titles and surnames. - Example: "Dear Dr. Johnson," 13. Hedging: Using cautious language to avoid overstatements. - Example: "It appears that the results may indicate a trend towards improvement." 14. Structured Organization: Clear and logical structure with headings and subheadings. - Example: "Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion." 15. Politeness and Formality in Requests: Polite and formal language for requests or invitations. - Example: "We would be honored if you could attend the conference." 16. No Slang or Colloquialisms: Avoiding casual language and idioms. - Example: "The findings are robust and conclusive." 17. Clear and Concise Language: Being clear and precise without unnecessary words. - Example: "The analysis reveals significant trends." 18. Formal Salutations and Closings: Using formal greetings and sign-offs in correspondence. - Example: "Yours sincerely, John Doe." 19. Quantitative Evidence: Including numerical data to support arguments. - Example: "The study showed a 15% increase in productivity." 20. Abstract Nouns: Use of abstract concepts and ideas. - Example: "The policy is designed to promote equality and fairness." Each of these features contributes to the overall tone and style of formal writing, ensuring it is clear, professional, and appropriate for its intended audience. Examples for each feature, showing the formal equivalents: ### 1. Complex Sentences 1. Informal: "I read the book and liked it." - Formal: "Having read the book, I found it quite enjoyable." 2. Informal: "She finished her work and went home." - Formal: "After completing her work, she returned home." 3. Informal: "We are ready, let's start the meeting." - Formal: "Once we are prepared, the meeting may commence." 4. Informal: "The weather was bad, so we canceled the picnic." - Formal: "Due to inclement weather, the picnic was canceled." 5. Informal: "He studied hard, and he passed the exam." - Formal: "As a result of his diligent study, he successfully passed the examination." 6. Informal: "The software is updated, it works better now." - Formal: "Following the software update, its performance has significantly improved." ### 2. Impersonal Tone 1. Informal: "I think the project will succeed." - Formal: "It is anticipated that the project will succeed." 2. Informal: "You can see the results in the appendix." - Formal: "The results can be found in the appendix." 3. Informal: "We believe the policy is effective." - Formal: "It is believed that the policy is effective." 4. Informal: "You should submit your forms by Friday." - Formal: "Forms should be submitted by Friday." 5. Informal: "I will analyze the data tomorrow." - Formal: "The data will be analyzed tomorrow." 6. Informal: "You need to complete the survey." - Formal: "The survey needs to be completed." ### 3. Precise Vocabulary 1. Informal: "The report talks about climate change." - Formal: "The report discusses climate change." 2. Informal: "She has a big role in the company." - Formal: "She holds a significant position in the company." 3. Informal: "They did a lot of research." - Formal: "They conducted extensive research." 4. Informal: "The results were pretty good." - Formal: "The results were satisfactory." 5. Informal: "He fixed the problem quickly." - Formal: "He resolved the issue expeditiously." 6. Informal: "The data was messed up." - Formal: "The data was corrupted." ### 4. Passive Voice 1. Informal: "We completed the project." - Formal: "The project was completed." 2. Informal: "They will announce the results." - Formal: "The results will be announced." 3. Informal: "The team solved the problem." - Formal: "The problem was solved by the team." 4. Informal: "She will conduct the experiment." - Formal: "The experiment will be conducted by her." 5. Informal: "We have taken measures to improve security." - Formal: "Measures have been taken to improve security." 6. Informal: "They found a solution." - Formal: "A solution was found." ### 5. Formal Vocabulary 1. Informal: "The meeting went well." - Formal: "The meeting proceeded smoothly." 2. Informal: "He is a big help." - Formal: "He is a significant asset." 3. Informal: "The project is on track." - Formal: "The project is progressing as scheduled." 4. Informal: "The results are great." - Formal: "The results are excellent." 5. Informal: "We will keep an eye on the situation." - Formal: "We will monitor the situation." 6. Informal: "The task is really hard." - Formal: "The task is exceptionally challenging." ### 6. Nominalization 1. Informal: "We implemented the policy." - Formal: "The implementation of the policy was successful." 2. Informal: "They analyzed the data." - Formal: "The analysis of the data was thorough." 3. Informal: "We will discuss the plan." - Formal: "The discussion of the plan will take place." 4. Informal: "She reviewed the document." - Formal: "The review of the document was completed." 5. Informal: "He decided to leave the company." - Formal: "His decision to leave the company was announced." 6. Informal: "They planned the event." - Formal: "The planning of the event is underway." ### 7. No Contractions 1. Informal: "Don't worry about it." - Formal: "Do not worry about it." 2. Informal: "He's going to the meeting." - Formal: "He is going to the meeting." 3. Informal: "We can't approve this request." - Formal: "We cannot approve this request." 4. Informal: "She's completed her tasks." - Formal: "She has completed her tasks." 5. Informal: "You'll find the details in the report." - Formal: "You will find the details in the report." 6. Informal: "I'm looking forward to it." - Formal: "I am looking forward to it." ### 8. Third-person Perspective 1. Informal: "I will present the findings." - Formal: "The findings will be presented." 2. Informal: "You can see the improvement." - Formal: "The improvement can be observed." 3. Informal: "We believe the results are accurate." - Formal: "It is believed that the results are accurate." 4. Informal: "You should complete the survey." - Formal: "The survey should be completed." 5. Informal: "I suggest we start early." - Formal: "It is suggested to start early." 6. Informal: "We need to analyze the data." - Formal: "The data needs to be analyzed." ### 9. Objective Tone 1. Informal: "I think this is the best option." - Formal: "This appears to be the optimal option." 2. Informal: "We were really happy with the results." - Formal: "The results were satisfactory." 3. Informal: "I'm sure this will work." - Formal: "It is anticipated that this will be effective." 4. Informal: "I don't like the new policy." - Formal: "The new policy has faced criticism." 5. Informal: "You need to finish the project by Monday." - Formal: "The project needs to be completed by Monday." 6. Informal: "I hope this helps." - Formal: "It is hoped that this will be beneficial." ### 10. Technical Jargon 1. Informal: "We used a lot of different methods." - Formal: "A variety of methodologies were employed." 2. Informal: "The program has a bug." - Formal: "The software contains a defect." 3. Informal: "The data was messed up." - Formal: "The data was corrupted." 4. Informal: "We checked how fast it runs." - Formal: "The system's performance was evaluated." 5. Informal: "He knows a lot about computers." - Formal: "He has extensive knowledge in computer science." 6. Informal: "We did a test to see if it works." - Formal: "A test was conducted to verify its functionality." ### 11. Citations and References 1. Informal: "Someone said the results were significant." - Formal: "Smith (2020) noted the significance of the results." 2. Informal: "A study showed that people like the new policy." - Formal: "According to Johnson (2021), the new policy was well-received." 3. Informal: "I read somewhere that this is effective." - Formal: "It has been documented that this method is effective (Doe, 2019)." 4. Informal: "Experts say the technique works well." - Formal: "Experts have concluded that the technique is effective (Brown, 2018)." 5. Informal: "Research shows it is beneficial." - Formal: "Research indicates that it is beneficial (Davis, 2022)." 6. Informal: "Someone found that the theory is correct." - Formal: "It was found that the theory is correct (Wilson, 2020)." ### 12. Formal Address 1. Informal: "Hi John," - Formal: "Dear Mr. Smith," 2. Informal: "Hey, could you help me with this?" - Formal: "Dear Dr. Johnson, could you assist with this matter?" 3. Informal: "What's up, Jane?" - Formal: "Dear Ms. Doe," 4. Informal: "Hi team," - Formal: "Dear Colleagues," 5. Informal: "Hello everyone," - Formal: "Dear Members," 6. Informal: "Hi, boss," - Formal: "Dear Sir/Madam," ### 13. Hedging 1. Informal: "This is definitely the best approach." - Formal: "This appears to be the most effective approach." 2. Informal: "We know the results are accurate." - Formal: "The results are believed to be accurate." 3. Informal: "This solution will solve the problem." - Formal: "This solution may address the problem." 4. Informal: "The data shows that sales will increase." - Formal: "The data suggests that sales may increase." 5. Informal: "We are sure this strategy will work." - Formal: "It is anticipated that this strategy will be effective." 6. Informal: "This is the correct interpretation." - Formal: "This appears to be the correct interpretation." ### 14. Structured Organization 1. Informal: "First, let's talk about the methods." - Formal: "1. Introduction: Overview of the methodologies." 2. Informal: "Next, we’ll look at the results." - Formal: "2. Results: Analysis and findings." 3. Informal: "Finally, we'll discuss what it all means." - Formal: "3. Discussion: Implications and conclusions." 4. Informal: "Here’s what we did and what we found." - Formal: "4. Methodology: Procedures and data collection." 5. Informal: "Then, we tested the hypothesis." - Formal: "5. Hypothesis Testing: Experimental procedures." 6. Informal: "This is what we concluded." - Formal: "6. Conclusion: Summary of findings and future directions." ### 15. Politeness and Formality in Requests 1. Informal: "Can you come to the meeting?" - Formal: "We would be grateful if you could attend the meeting." 2. Informal: "Send me the report." - Formal: "Please send the report at your earliest convenience." 3. Informal: "Could you help me with this?" - Formal: "I would appreciate your assistance with this matter." 4. Informal: "Let me know if you can make it." - Formal: "Kindly inform me of your availability." 5. Informal: "Can you check this for me?" - Formal: "Could you kindly review this for me?" 6. Informal: "I need your feedback." - Formal: "Your feedback would be greatly appreciated." ### 16. No Slang or Colloquialisms 1. Informal: "The results are awesome." - Formal: "The results are outstanding." 2. Informal: "We need to nail down the details." - Formal: "We need to finalize the details." 3. Informal: "That idea is a no-brainer." - Formal: "That idea is self-evident." 4. Informal: "We're up and running." - Formal: "We are fully operational." 5. Informal: "Let's get the ball rolling." - Formal: "Let us initiate the process." 6. Informal: "She was on top of things." - Formal: "She managed the situation effectively." ### 17. Clear and Concise Language 1. Informal: "Basically, we are going to..." - Formal: "We intend to..." 2. Informal: "We really need to look into this issue." - Formal: "This issue requires further investigation." 3. Informal: "He’s kind of an expert." - Formal: "He is an expert." 4. Informal: "We should get rid of unnecessary parts." - Formal: "Unnecessary parts should be removed." 5. Informal: "The meeting is about planning the project." - Formal: "The meeting will focus on project planning." 6. Informal: "She gave us a lot of good advice." - Formal: "She provided valuable advice." ### 18. Formal Salutations and Closings 1. Informal: "Hi," - Formal: "Dear [Recipient's Name]," 2. Informal: "Cheers," - Formal: "Yours sincerely," 3. Informal: "Best," - Formal: "Best regards," 4. Informal: "Thanks," - Formal: "Thank you," 5. Informal: "Take care," - Formal: "Respectfully," 6. Informal: "See you," - Formal: "Yours faithfully," ### 19. Quantitative Evidence 1. Informal: "A lot of people liked it." - Formal: "Eighty percent of participants expressed approval." 2. Informal: "Sales went up a lot." - Formal: "Sales increased by 25%." 3. Informal: "Most customers were happy." - Formal: "Seventy-five percent of customers reported satisfaction." 4. Informal: "We had a few complaints." - Formal: "There were 10 complaints." 5. Informal: "The results were really good." - Formal: "The results showed a 90% success rate." 6. Informal: "A small number of issues were found." - Formal: "Five issues were identified." ### 20. Abstract Nouns 1. Informal: "We want everyone to be equal." - Formal: "We strive for equality." 2. Informal: "We need to be fair." - Formal: "Fairness is required." 3. Informal: "Our goal is to be just." - Formal: "Our goal is to achieve justice." 4. Informal: "We hope to be successful." - Formal: "Success is our aim." 5. Informal: "There is a lot of poverty." - Formal: "Poverty is prevalent." 6. Informal: "We aim for honesty." - Formal: "Honesty is our objective."

Amin: Hi Shakib, you look exhausted. Is everything alright? Shakib: Oh, I'm just worried about my English. As you know, it's a foreign language and I'm struggling to learn it well. Amin: I completely understand. I too faced the same challenge when I started learning English. However, our English teacher shared some effective ways to improve our language skills. Shakib: That sounds helpful. Can you please share those with me? Amin: Of course! English is a skill-based subject, which means you need to develop your listening, speaking, reading, and writing abilities. Shakib: How do I go about that? Amin: Well, you can start by reading English books and newspapers, watching English movies and news on TV, and above all, practicing writing your thoughts in English. Shakib: Is there any specific skill that I should focus on first? Amin: In my opinion, the most essential skill to work on is speaking. You should start speaking with your friends in English as much as possible. Shakib: But I don't feel comfortable practicing my English with others. Amin: Remember, the key to improving your language skills is to enrich your vocabulary and practice using the correct grammar and spelling. Shakib: Do I need to focus on grammar too? Amin: Absolutely! You should learn about word forms, sentence structures, tenses, and other grammar rules to enhance your language proficiency. Shakib: Why is it important to study grammar? Amin: Grammar teaches us the fundamental rules of a language, which are essential for effective communication. Shakib: What about pronunciation? How can I improve that? Amin: You can watch English news channels like BBC, CNN, or National Geographic to improve your pronunciation skills. Shakib: What is the best way to improve my writing skills? Amin: You can start by practicing writing on various topics and producing your own thematic writing. Repeatedly writing new words in sentences is also a great way to improve your writing skills. Shakib: These are all great ideas. Thank you so much for your valuable suggestions. Amin: You're most welcome. Let's catch up again soon. Model -2

Rina: Hey, when did you get back from your hometown? Mina: Just got back yesterday. Rina: Ah, I see. You're a big fan of the countryside, aren't you? Mina: Absolutely. There are vast differences between city life and village life. Village life is organic while city life is synthetic. Rina: But there are some conveniences in the city that are unavailable in the village. Mina: I'm sick of the noise, chaos, pollution, and congestion of the city. The village is peaceful and quiet. I can breathe fresh air and eat fresh food - fish, milk, fruits, and vegetables. It revitalizes me. Rina: But there's no electricity or fans, no decent roads, medical facilities, schools or colleges, or entertainment options like theaters or cinemas in the village. Mina: Most of our people live in villages. Our country can't flourish unless we improve the villages. Rina: But villages have their own issues. Most villagers are uneducated and have no clue how to live well. Mina: But villages produce food for the rest of the country. Rina: The village atmosphere is fresh, but if you're sick, you'll have to go to the city to see a doctor. Mina: That's true. But the village environment will keep you healthy. Rina: Can you deny the advantages of modernization? Mina: I don't mean that. I'm simply saying that village life is far superior to city life. Rina: What else do you have in mind? Mina: City folks are incredibly busy and nearly emotionless. They're becoming increasingly detached day by day. Rina: The city has all the educational institutions and administration. Mina: Sure, but how do we improve the village? Rina: Educated individuals should engage with villagers, impart knowledge, and teach them how to elevate their standard of living. Plus, the government should ensure all urban amenities are available in the village as well. Rina: Now I see why you visit your hometown during every long break. Mina: Indeed, both lifestyles have their pros and cons. Rina: Precisely, but village life is preferable for leading a healthy life. Mina: Thank you so much for your lovely company. A dialogue between a countryman and a townsman, bringing out the comparative advantages of town and country life. Brown: Good morning, Mr. Miller. It's been a while since I last saw you in town. Planning to stick around for long? Miller: Good morning, Mr. Brown. No, I'm just here on business for a few hours. Hoping to head back home this evening. Brown: Leaving so soon? Why not stay a few days and have some fun? Miller: Not for me. I don't find much enjoyment in the noisy, smoky air of the town. I prefer the clean air, sunshine, and peace of the countryside. Brown: Well, sure, the countryside has fresher air, but you get used to the noise in town. In fact, I'd find your quietness maddening. I like the hustle and bustle of city life. Miller: Really? I couldn't sleep a wink in a noisy town. And towns are so unattractive - just ugly, smoke-covered buildings, dull streets, and ads everywhere. Give me the beauty of green fields, shady woods, and flowery meadows any day. Brown: Ah! But don't forget what Dr. Johnson said: "When you've seen one green field, you've seen them all. Come with me down Fleet Street and study humanity." Miller: Dr. Johnson clearly never saw a green field, or he'd know there's endless variety in nature if you look closely enough. Brown: But what do you do in your village? Must be a boring life with no theaters, concerts, cinemas, or exciting political meetings. Sounds like living like a cabbage. Miller: Not as boring as you think. I have my garden, fishing, a bit of hunting, and I love hiking in the hills. Plus, I enjoy quiet evenings with my books. Brown: Well, to each his own. But your life sounds dull to me. Miller: Dull maybe, but healthier. We don't get the diseases and epidemics you have in towns. And our peaceful habits mean longer lives. Brown: Sure, you might live longer, but you don't get to enjoy life as much as we do in the city. I say, live fast, die young, and have a blast.

Aryan: Hey, Aakash! Still buried in your books, I see. How about taking a break and joining me for a game of tennis? Aakash: Sorry, Aryan, but I can't afford to do that right now. The exams are just around the corner, and I need every hour I can get for studying. Aryan: Ah, exams! I don't bother with those. What's the point, anyway? Aakash: Well, if you want to get a degree like I do, you need to pass those exams. I've set my sights on becoming a B.A. Aryan: And what good will that do you? You might end up with a government clerkship, but that's about it. Plenty of degree holders are still struggling to find decent jobs. Aakash: Perhaps, but I'm not studying just to pass exams and get a degree. I want to enrich my mind with knowledge and develop my intellectual abilities. Aryan: Oh, spare me the highbrow talk! You think all you need is a well-stocked brain, but in the real world, you need practical skills and a bit of muscle. You won't get those from books. Look at me, strong and fit from playing sports and staying active. Aakash: If I had to choose, I'd prefer a cultivated mind over a strong body any day. The mind is more valuable than the body. Aryan: So you're saying athletes can't be smart? Aakash: Not at all, but remember what Kipling said about "muddied oafs and flannelled fools." Aryan: Kipling was way off the mark with that one! I'd rather be a muddy oaf than a weak, bookish nerd any day. Teacher: What's all this arguing about, boys? [They explain.] Teacher: I see. You're both right and both wrong. Aakash, a bit of exercise won't hurt your studies, and Aryan, a bit more studying won't hurt your physical strength. How about you play tennis now, Aakash, and then Aryan, you hit the books for a few hours?

Khalid: Hey, Farhan, you seem really down today. What's on your mind? Farhan: It's this exam, Khalid. I failed it again. I feel like I'm never going to pass. Khalid: I understand how frustrating that must be, Farhan. But don't lose hope. You'll get through this. Farhan: It's easy for you to say that, Khalid. You passed on your first attempt. I'm on my third try now. Khalid: True, but everyone has their own journey, Farhan. You can't compare yourself to others. Farhan: I know, but it's hard not to when I see everyone else moving forward while I'm stuck here. Khalid: Remember, success doesn't come without its setbacks. Have you ever heard the saying, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again"? Farhan: Yeah, well, I prefer the other version: "If at first you don't succeed, quit, quit, quit." Khalid: That's not the attitude to have, Farhan. You have to keep pushing forward, no matter how tough it gets. Farhan: It's been a rough year, Khalid. I was sick for a while, then my family had some serious issues. I couldn't focus on studying. Khalid: I'm sorry to hear that, Farhan. But don't let those challenges define you. You're stronger than you think. Farhan: It feels like bad luck follows me everywhere, Khalid. I've tried for scholarships, but they always go to someone else. Khalid: Luck has nothing to do with it, Farhan. You create your own opportunities. You have the talent and determination to succeed. Farhan: I wish I had your confidence, Khalid. But sometimes, it feels like the odds are stacked against me. Khalid: Don't give up, Farhan. Believe in yourself and keep pushing forward. I know you can overcome this hurdle.

Khalid: Hey, Farhan, you seem really down today. What's on your mind? Farhan: It's this exam, Khalid. I failed it again. I feel like I'm never going to pass. Khalid: I understand how frustrating that must be, Farhan. But don't lose hope. You'll get through this. Farhan: It's easy for you to say that, Khalid. You passed on your first attempt. I'm on my third try now. Khalid: True, but everyone has their own journey, Farhan. You can't compare yourself to others. Farhan: I know, but it's hard not to when I see everyone else moving forward while I'm stuck here. Khalid: Remember, success doesn't come without its setbacks. Have you ever heard the saying, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again"? Farhan: Yeah, well, I prefer the other version: "If at first you don't succeed, quit, quit, quit." Khalid: That's not the attitude to have, Farhan. You have to keep pushing forward, no matter how tough it gets. Farhan: It's been a rough year, Khalid. I was sick for a while, then my family had some serious issues. I couldn't focus on studying. Khalid: I'm sorry to hear that, Farhan. But don't let those challenges define you. You're stronger than you think. Farhan: It feels like bad luck follows me everywhere, Khalid. I've tried for scholarships, but they always go to someone else. Khalid: Luck has nothing to do with it, Farhan. You create your own opportunities. You have the talent and determination to succeed. Farhan: I wish I had your confidence, Khalid. But sometimes, it feels like the odds are stacked against me. Khalid: Don't give up, Farhan. Believe in yourself and keep pushing forward. I know you can overcome this hurdle.

Myself: Hey, great to see you after ages, even though we live so close to each other. Siam: Yeah, ever since the pandemic hit, it's been tough to go out and hang with friends. I really miss school, you know, just hanging out. Myself: I noticed you've been MIA for a while now, what have you been up to? Siam: Been busy with online classes. Myself: Ah, how are those going for you? Siam: Pretty well, it's definitely a different experience. Myself: I'm not a big fan of the idea of online classes though. Siam: I think our teachers are doing a great job adapting to the virtual format and making sure we don't miss out on anything. Myself: Sure, but it requires active participation from us. If we don't concentrate, we're lost. Siam: I see your point, but there are a lot of advantages to it. It's convenient, flexible, provides more individual attention, and it also makes us more independent and self-disciplined. Myself: I'm not so sure about that last point though. It's hard to know if a student is actually paying attention or just doing other things. Siam: That's the beauty of it, it forces us to be self-directed and take responsibility for our own learning. Myself: I guess it's too early to judge. We'll see how it goes in the future. Siam: My online classes aren't too demanding, so it doesn't make me too busy. Myself: Really? I feel like I have so much homework that it takes up my entire day. Siam: It's all about time management, you just need to work on it during the periods when there's nothing else going on. Myself: Good point, I'll have to try that. Well, it was great catching up with you. Take care. Siam: You too, have a good one.