Charles Babbage was an English mathematician. He was also a mechanical engineer who is well known for originating the concept of computer. He was born on 26 December 1791 in London. He entered Trinit y  College in October 1810. He was transferred to Porterhouse, Cambridge. He was the top mathematician there. He received an honors degree without examination in 1814. He was elected a fellow of the Royal University in 1861. Babbage is famous for inventing the first mechanical computer in 1822 that eventually led to today's computer. He  died at h is home in London on 18 October, 1871... 4. Complete the table below with information from are the passage.    1 x 5 = 5 Name of Events Place Year/Time Contribution Born (i) ..... (ii) .....   Received honors  degree    (iii) .....   (iv) .....   1861 (v) .....                                                                                                 Extra Question:                                                            About Charles Babbage   Aims Focusing his invention to the readers. Lifespan Born in 1971 and died in 1871 at his (i) ... in London    When and where his events occurred Who/what   Event Year/Time Place/What Work field Specially/Function Charles Babbage    received  (ii)..... an  honors  degree   Without examination (iii)..... Selected him 1816 A fellow     Babbage Was appointed 1828-1839   (iv) ... mathematics (v) ...   Answer: Answer: (i) The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (ii) in 1767 (iii) married (iv) The Poet Sketches (v) in 1794 Extra Solution answer: (i) born (ii) in 1767 (iii) married (iv) The Poet Sketches (v) in 1794 বাংলা অনুবাদ: ১৮২০ সালে, একটি ধনী দম্পতির ঘরে একটি কন্যা শিশু জন্মগ্রহণ করে, যখন তারা ফ্লোরেন্স শহরে ছুটি কাটাচ্ছিলেন। শিশুটির নাম রাখা হয় সেই শহরের নাম অনুসারে। সে একটি সমৃদ্ধশালী ইংরেজ পরিবারে জন্মগ্রহণ করেছিল। ১৭ বছর বয়সে, তিনি লেখালেখি শুরু করেন। তিনি একটি স্বপ্ন দেখেছিলেন, যেখানে ঈশ্বর তাকে বলেছিলেন, "ঈশ্বরের সেবা করো"। ১৮৪২ সালে, ইংল্যান্ডে ফসল নষ্ট হয়ে যায় এবং মানুষ দারুণ কষ্টে পড়েছিল। তখন তিনি অনুভব করলেন যে দরিদ্রদের সেবা করাই তাঁর দায়িত্ব। ফ্লোরেন্স নাইটিঙ্গেল নার্সিংকে একটি মহান পেশা হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেন। তিনি ক্রিমিয়ার যুদ্ধে আহত সৈনিকদের সেবার জন্য গিয়েছিলেন এবং তাদের সুস্থ করে তুলেছিলেন। ১৮৫৭ সাল থেকে তিনি অসুস্থ ছিলেন। ১৮৬০ সালে, ইংল্যান্ডের জনগণ একটি বিশাল অর্থ সংগ্রহ করে তাকে উপহার দেয়। এই অর্থ দিয়ে তিনি নাইটিঙ্গেল নার্সিং স্কুল প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। ১৯০৭ সালে, রাজা সপ্তম এডওয়ার্ড তাঁকে ‘অর্ডার অব মেরিট’ প্রদান করেন। তিনি প্রথম নারী যিনি এই পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। তিনি ১৯১০ সালে, ৯০ বছর বয়সে মৃত্যুবরণ করেন। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: Florence Nightingale was born in (a) __________  in 1820. She belonged to a (b) __________  English family. At the age of (c) __________ , she had a vision that God wanted her to serve Him. In 1842, after the (d) __________  failed in England, she decided to serve the poor. She established nursing as a (e) __________  profession. Answers: (a) Florence(b) prosperous(c) seventeen(d) crops(e) noble Summary Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 in Florence to a wealthy English family. At 17, she had a vision that God wanted her to serve. In 1842, after crop failure in England, she decided to help the poor. She established nursing as a noble profession and nursed wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. In 1860, she founded the Nightingale Nursing School. She received the Order of Merit in 1907 and passed away in 1910 at the age of 90. Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Read the following text and complete the flowchart showing the major events of Florence Nightingale’s life. Florence Nightingale was born in Florence in 1820. → At the age of 17, she had a vision to serve God. → In 1842, she decided to help the poor when crops failed in England. → She went to the Crimean War to nurse wounded soldiers. → In 1860, she established the Nightingale Nursing School. → In 1907, she received the Order of Merit from King Edward VII. → She passed away in 1910 at the age of 90.

In 1820, a baby girl was born to a rich couple who were spending their holiday in Florence. The baby was named after the name of the city where she was born. She came of a prosperous English family. She wrote at the age of seventeen. She had a vision that God was saying to her "Serve God". In 1842, the crops failed in English and people were suffering. She thought then her duty was to serve the poor. Florence Nightingale established nursing as noble profession. The war. in Crimea, where she went to nurse the wounded soldiers  Back to health. Nightingale had been ill since 1857. In 1860, people of England collected a large sum of money and presented to her. With this money, she set. Up Nightingale Nursing School. In 1907, she got the Order of Merit from King Edward VII. She was the first woman to receive this award. She died in 1910 at the very advanced age of ninety years.   Complete the table below with information from the passage.   1 x 5 = 5                                                                Flo rence Nigh tingale      Her purpose To serve the (i) ...  Person/  Th ing  Event Activities Place Time Effect/ Specially The crops    failed in  people England  (ii)..... people were  suffering A baby girl Born to a rich family (iii)..... Florence in 1820 where  she was born (iv) …     got the Order of Merit   from King Edward VII    in 1907 (v)...  Answer: Answer: (i) people (ii) in 1842 (iii) spending holiday (iv) Florence Nightingale (v) First woman to receive the award বাংলা অনুবাদ: ১৮২০ সালে, একটি ধনী দম্পতির ঘরে একটি কন্যা শিশু জন্মগ্রহণ করে, যখন তারা ফ্লোরেন্স শহরে ছুটি কাটাচ্ছিলেন। শিশুটির নাম রাখা হয় সেই শহরের নাম অনুসারে। সে একটি সমৃদ্ধশালী ইংরেজ পরিবারে জন্মগ্রহণ করেছিল। ১৭ বছর বয়সে, তিনি লেখালেখি শুরু করেন। তিনি একটি স্বপ্ন দেখেছিলেন, যেখানে ঈশ্বর তাকে বলেছিলেন, "ঈশ্বরের সেবা করো"। ১৮৪২ সালে, ইংল্যান্ডে ফসল নষ্ট হয়ে যায় এবং মানুষ দারুণ কষ্টে পড়েছিল। তখন তিনি অনুভব করলেন যে দরিদ্রদের সেবা করাই তাঁর দায়িত্ব। ফ্লোরেন্স নাইটিঙ্গেল নার্সিংকে একটি মহান পেশা হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেন। তিনি ক্রিমিয়ার যুদ্ধে আহত সৈনিকদের সেবার জন্য গিয়েছিলেন এবং তাদের সুস্থ করে তুলেছিলেন। ১৮৫৭ সাল থেকে তিনি অসুস্থ ছিলেন। ১৮৬০ সালে, ইংল্যান্ডের জনগণ একটি বিশাল অর্থ সংগ্রহ করে তাকে উপহার দেয়। এই অর্থ দিয়ে তিনি নাইটিঙ্গেল নার্সিং স্কুল প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। ১৯০৭ সালে, রাজা সপ্তম এডওয়ার্ড তাঁকে ‘অর্ডার অব মেরিট’ প্রদান করেন। তিনি প্রথম নারী যিনি এই পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। তিনি ১৯১০ সালে, ৯০ বছর বয়সে মৃত্যুবরণ করেন। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: Florence Nightingale was born in (a) __________  in 1820. She belonged to a (b) __________  English family. At the age of (c) __________ , she had a vision that God wanted her to serve Him. In 1842, after the (d) __________  failed in England, she decided to serve the poor. She established nursing as a (e) __________  profession. Answers: (a) Florence(b) prosperous(c) seventeen(d) crops(e) noble Summary Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 in Florence to a wealthy English family. At 17, she had a vision that God wanted her to serve. In 1842, after crop failure in England, she decided to help the poor. She established nursing as a noble profession and nursed wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. In 1860, she founded the Nightingale Nursing School. She received the Order of Merit in 1907 and passed away in 1910 at the age of 90. Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Read the following text and complete the flowchart showing the major events of Florence Nightingale’s life. Florence Nightingale was born in Florence in 1820. → At the age of 17, she had a vision to serve God. → In 1842, she decided to help the poor when crops failed in England. → She went to the Crimean War to nurse wounded soldiers. → In 1860, she established the Nightingale Nursing School. → In 1907, she received the Order of Merit from King Edward VII. → She passed away in 1910 at the age of 90.

In 1912 an American shipping company launched a new ship called the "Titanic'. She was the largest and most luxurious ocean liner of that time. She weighed 46,000 tons and could carry about 2,200 passengers. Experts said that nothing could sink her. She was definitely unsinkable. On April 14, 1912, the ship sailed, on her first voyage across the Atlantic from Southampton in England to New York in the United States, with 891 crews and 1316 passengers - men, women and children. On April 15, just before midnight, the ship struck an iceberg. The iceberg tore a great hole in the ship's side, and the unsinkable 'Titanic' began to sink. There was great alarm on board. Warning bells rang out. Every one rushed to the lifeboats, but there was not enough room for them all. There was room for only 1,178 passengers. The lifeboats took mostly the women and children. It was a terrible scene.   Complete the following table below with information from the above passage .1 * 5= 5 Who/What   Situation Place Year/Time The Titanic (i)….. Southampton (ii)….. The ship struck the ice-berg   Its first voyage (iii)….. (iv) .....  Began to sink (v)………. on 15 April 1912        Extra Question:  (i)                                          The Great S hip Titanic Specialty Largest and most luxurious ocean liner of  the time First journey From Southampton in England to (i).... in  the USA Who/what Event place Time Result Reason   An American Shipping a Company launched ship     (ii)……     Titanic (iii)……   1912     Titanic faced an iceberg   Atlantic ocean 1912   (iv)….. (iv)…..        Answer: Answer:    (i) started its maiden voyage (ii) April 10, 19 (iii) before midnight on April 15 (iv) The Titanic (v) the North Atlantic   Extra Solution Answer: (i) New York (ii) 1912 (iii) sailed on its fi · voyage across the Atlantic (iv) sank (v) due collision with iceberg বাংলা অনুবাদ: ১৯১২ সালে, একটি আমেরিকান শিপিং কোম্পানি নতুন একটি জাহাজ চালু করেছিল যার নাম ছিল "টাইটানিক"। এটি তখনকার সময়ের সবচেয়ে বড় এবং বিলাসবহুল মহাসাগরীয় জাহাজ ছিল। এর ওজন ছিল ৪৬,০০০ টন, এবং এটি প্রায় ২,২০০ জন যাত্রী বহন করতে পারত। বিশেষজ্ঞরা বলেছিলেন, এটি কখনোই ডুববে না। ১৪ এপ্রিল, ১৯১২, টাইটানিক সাউদাম্পটন, ইংল্যান্ড থেকে নিউইয়র্ক, যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের উদ্দেশ্যে তার প্রথম যাত্রা শুরু করে। এতে ৮৯১ জন ক্রু এবং ১,৩১৬ জন পুরুষ, নারী ও শিশু যাত্রী ছিল। কিন্তু ১৫ এপ্রিল, ঠিক মধ্যরাতের আগে, এটি একটি বিশাল বরফখণ্ডের (আইসবার্গ) সঙ্গে ধাক্কা খায়। বরফখণ্ডটি জাহাজের একপাশে বিশাল ফাটল ধরায়, এবং অজেয় টাইটানিক ডুবতে শুরু করে। জাহাজে ভয়াবহ আতঙ্কের সৃষ্টি হয়। সতর্কসংকেত বাজতে থাকে। সকল যাত্রী দ্রুত লাইফবোটের দিকে ছুটে যায়। কিন্তু সব যাত্রীর জন্য পর্যাপ্ত লাইফবোট ছিল না। লাইফবোটে মাত্র ১,১৭৮ জন যাত্রী উঠতে সক্ষম হয়। প্রধানত নারী ও শিশুদেরই প্রথমে উদ্ধার করা হয়। পুরো ঘটনাটি ছিল একটি ভয়ংকর দৃশ্য। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: The Titanic was the (a) __________  and most (b) __________  ocean liner of its time. It weighed (c) __________  tons and could carry around 2,200 passengers. On April 14, 1912, the ship (d) __________  on its first voyage from Southampton to New York. But on April 15, just before (e) __________ , it struck an iceberg and began to sink. Answers: (a) largest(b) luxurious(c) 46,000(d) sailed(e) midnight Summary In 1912 , an American shipping company launched the Titanic , the largest and most luxurious ocean liner  of its time. It started its first voyage  on April 14, 1912 , from Southampton to New York  with 891 crew and 1,316 passengers . But on April 15, just before midnight , it hit an iceberg  and began to sink . There was not enough room in the lifeboats  for all passengers. Mostly women and children were rescued first . It was a horrific disaster . Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) 1. The Titanic was launched in 1912. → 2. It started its first voyage from Southampton to New York on April 14, 1912. → 3. There were 891 crew members and 1,316 passengers. → 4. On April 15, the ship struck an iceberg just before midnight. → 5. The iceberg tore a great hole in the ship’s side. → 6. The Titanic began to sink. → 7. There were not enough lifeboats for everyone. → 8. Women and children were mostly rescued first. → 9. It was a terrible disaster.

Read the following passage and answer the questions George Bernard Shaw was born on Ju l y 26, 1856. At his ten he was sent to school but he received from there a scanty education. Most of his cultural background he owed to his mother. At the age of 15 other where UT never a WRIPTA SSC Communicative English Test Papers Shaw worked for five years as a clerk in a land age 'office. Then he went to London with his mother who he now and then earned a few shillings but never living. Here he became an active member of Fabian society which was founded in 1884. Fra 1873 to 1883 Shaw tried to become a novelist writing four novels. But they were a failure and fail made him a playwright. His play, 'Widower's Hour published in 1893 made a mild hit. Afterward she wrote play after play. Among them Arms and the M (1895). Candida (1895), Man and Superman (1903 Saint Joan (1923) are famous. In 1925 he w awarded the Nobel Prize for his great contribution i literature. Three weeks after his ninety fifth birthdays George Bernard Shaw died.  Complete the table below with information from the passage.   Date/ Duration Event (i)…………….. George Bernard Shaw was born (ii)…………….. Schooling from the time of birth    (iii)…………….. Foundation of Fabian Society (iv)10 years …………. (v)…………….. The award of Nobel Prize   Extra Questions:   (i) Who/What Even/Activity Year/when George Bernard Shaw Born (i)……. Widowers House (ii)……. 1893 (iii)……. Publication 1895 Shaw Founding the Fabian society (iv)….. (v)…… Got Nobel Prize 1925   (ii) Life span From 1856 to (i)…………… Who What Event/Activity Year/When Where specialty George Bernard Shaw education Was sent In 1866 (ii)………… Learnt very little there   (iii)………. Was Published In1893   Made a mild hit George Bernard Shaw   (iv)….. In 1925   for his contribution in literature   He   Became novelist by writing four novels (v)……..    Answer: Answer:  (i) July 26, 1856 (ii) Ten years (iii) 1884 (iv) time of writing four novels (v) 1925   Extra Solutions Answer: (i) (i) 1856 (ii) published (iii) Arms and the Man (iv) 1884 (v) George Bernard Shaw (ii), (i) 1950 (ii) to school (iii) Widower's House (iv) awarded Nobel Prize (v) in London বাংলা অনুবাদ: জর্জ বার্নার্ড শ তিনি ২৬ জুলাই ১৮৫৬ সালে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। দশ বছর বয়সে তাকে স্কুলে পাঠানো হয়েছিল, কিন্তু তিনি সেখানে খুব অল্প শিক্ষা লাভ করেন। তার সাংস্কৃতিক ভিত্তির বেশিরভাগই তার মায়ের কাছ থেকে এসেছে। ১৫ বছর বয়সে তিনি একটি জমি সংক্রান্ত অফিসে পাঁচ বছর কেরানির কাজ করেন। পরে তিনি তার মায়ের সাথে লন্ডনে যান, যেখানে তিনি মাঝে মাঝে কিছু অর্থ উপার্জন করতেন, কিন্তু সেটি জীবিকার জন্য যথেষ্ট ছিল না। লন্ডনে তিনি ফ্যাবিয়ান সোসাইটির একজন সক্রিয় সদস্য হন, যা ১৮৮৪ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল। ১৮৭৩ থেকে ১৮৮৩ সালের মধ্যে তিনি চারটি উপন্যাস লেখার চেষ্টা করেন, কিন্তু সেগুলো ব্যর্থ হয় এবং এই ব্যর্থতাই তাকে নাট্যকার করে তোলে। ১৮৯৩ সালে প্রকাশিত তার নাটক 'Widower’s House' সামান্য জনপ্রিয়তা পায়। এরপর তিনি একের পর এক নাটক লিখতে থাকেন। তার বিখ্যাত নাটকগুলোর মধ্যে রয়েছে 'Arms and the Man' (1895), 'Candida' (1895), 'Man and Superman' (1903), এবং 'Saint Joan' (1923)। সাহিত্যে অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য তিনি ১৯২৫ সালে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। ৯৫তম জন্মদিনের তিন সপ্তাহ পর তিনি মৃত্যুবরণ করেন। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: George Bernard Shaw was born in (a) __________ on July 26, 1856. He received little formal education and owed most of his (b) __________ background to his mother. At the age of 15, he worked for five years as a (c) __________ in a land office. Later, he moved to (d) __________ with his mother and became an active member of the Fabian Society. In 1925, he was awarded the (e) __________ Prize for his contribution to literature. Answers: (a) Ireland(b) cultural(c) clerk(d) London(e) Nobel Summary George Bernard Shaw was born in 1856. He received little formal education and worked as a clerk for five years. Later, he moved to London and joined the Fabian Society. Initially, he failed as a novelist, but in 1893, his play 'Widower’s House'  gained mild success. Later, he wrote many famous plays, including 'Arms and the Man'  and 'Saint Joan' . In 1925, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature . Shaw passed away three weeks after his 95th birthday. Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Read the following text and make a flowchart showing the major events in George Bernard Shaw’s life. (One is done for you.) 1. Born on July 26, 1856 → 2. Sent to school but received little education → 3. Worked as a clerk in a land office for five years → 4. Moved to London with his mother → 5. Became an active member of Fabian Society → 6. Attempted to write novels from 1873 to 1883 but failed → 7. First successful play 'Widower’s House' published in 1893 → 8. Wrote famous plays like 'Arms and the Man' and 'Saint Joan' → 9. Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925 → 10. Died three weeks after his 95th birthday

Read the following passage and answer the questions no. 4-5. Marconi was an Italian inventor. He is best known for inventing radio. He was born at Bologna, Italy on 25 April, 1874. His father was an Italian landowner and his mother was from Ireland. Marconi was educated at the technical institute of Levomo and attended the University of Bologna. In 1896, he founded Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in London. In 1898, Marconi successfully transmitted signals across the English Channel. This was the journey of radio and in 1901 he established communication with Newfoundland, America from England. Marconi's system was adopted by the Royal Navy. During the First World War, his wireless telegraph was widely used. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909. He died in 1937. Complete the table below with information from the passage.  0 1 x 5 = 5 Name of events Year/Date Place Contribution (i)…… (ii)……. at Bologna, Italy   Attended   (iii)…..   (iv)…… In 1909       In1988   (v)…….   Extra Question:  Name of events Year/Time Place Contribution Born (i)……. at Bologna, Italy   Studied   (iii)…..   Won Nobel Prize for P hysics    (iv)……         In1898 (v)……. Answer:  Answer:  (i) Born/Birth (ii) in 1874 (iii) the University of Bologna (iv) won Nobel Prize for Physics (v) Transmitted signals across the English Channel. Extra Solution Answer: (i) 25 April, 1874 (ii) Bologna, Italy (iii) the technical institute of Livomo and the University of Bologna (iv) 1909 (v) successfully transmitted signals across the English Channel. বাংলা অনুবাদ: মার্কোনি ছিলেন একজন ইতালীয় উদ্ভাবক। তিনি রেডিও আবিষ্কারের জন্য সর্বাধিক পরিচিত। তিনি ১৮৭৪ সালের ২৫ এপ্রিল ইতালির বোলোনিয়ায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তার বাবা ছিলেন একজন ইতালীয় জমিদার এবং তার মা ছিলেন আয়ারল্যান্ডের। মার্কোনি লেভোমোর টেকনিক্যাল ইনস্টিটিউটে পড়াশোনা করেছিলেন এবং বোলোনিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে পড়াশোনা করেছিলেন। ১৮৯৬ সালে, তিনি লন্ডনে মার্কোনির ওয়্যারলেস টেলিগ্রাফ কোম্পানি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। ১৮৯৮ সালে, মার্কোনি সফলভাবে ইংলিশ চ্যানেল জুড়ে সংকেত প্রেরণ করেন। এটি ছিল রেডিওর যাত্রা এবং ১৯০১ সালে তিনি ইংল্যান্ড থেকে আমেরিকার নিউফাউন্ডল্যান্ডের সাথে যোগাযোগ স্থাপন করেন। মার্কোনির সিস্টেমটি রয়েল নেভি দ্বারা গৃহীত হয়েছিল। প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধের সময়, তার ওয়্যারলেস টেলিগ্রাফ ব্যাপকভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছিল। তিনি ১৯০৯ সালে পদার্থবিদ্যায় নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। ১৯৩৭ সালে তিনি মারা যান। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: Marconi was an Italian (a) __________ who is best known for inventing radio. He was born in (b) __________ on 25 April, 1874. In 1896, he founded (c) __________ in London. Two years later, he successfully transmitted signals across the (d) __________ Channel. In 1909, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in (e) __________. Answers: (a) inventor(b) Bologna, Italy(c) Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company(d) English(e) Physics Summary Marconi was an Italian inventor best known for developing the radio. He was born in 1874 in Bologna, Italy, and studied at the University of Bologna. In 1896, he established Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company in London. Two years later, he successfully transmitted signals across the English Channel. In 1901, he connected England and Newfoundland through wireless communication. His system was adopted by the Royal Navy and widely used in World War I. Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 and passed away in 1937. Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Read the following text and make a flowchart showing the major events in Marconi’s life. (One is done for you.) 1. Born in Bologna, Italy, in 1874 → 2. Studied at the University of Bologna → 3. Founded Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company in 1896 → 4. Transmitted signals across the English Channel in 1898 → 5. Established communication with Newfoundland, America, in 1901 → 6. Wireless system adopted by the Royal Navy → 7. Wireless telegraph used in World War I → 8. Won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909 → 9. Died in 1937

Read the following passage and answer the questions no. 4-5. Abraham Lincoln 'was born in Kentucky, the USA in 1809. He worked on the farm of his father. He attended school for less than a year but taught himself to read and write. He did different types of jobs before he settled as a highly successful lawyer. He was gradually drawn to politics. The country was having problems regarding the practice of slavery. The white men owned large farms in the southern states. Blacks were brought from Africa to work on these farms and they were kept as slaves. At this difficult time, Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the USA in 1860. He wanted to solve the problem of slavery. He faced many problems. He wanted to preserve the unity of the country at any cost. Finally a civil war broke out between the northern and the southern states. He fought the war bravely and declared, "A nation cannot exist half free and half slave". He won the war and kept the country united. Lincoln was elected president for the second time. He was not against anybody and wanted everybody to live in peace. He made sincere efforts to heal the people's wounds caused by the war. In 1862 Lincoln declared that from then onwards all slaves would be free. This made him very popular among the people. Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. 4. Complete the table below with information from the passage.     1 x 5 = 5 Who /What Event/Activity Where/Place Year Abraham Lincoln born (i)  ... .. 1809 (ii)…… possessed the large farms   the southern  states     Lincoln  was elected president    (iii)….. 1860 He  (iv)…..   1862 He  Was killed   (v)…..   Extra Question: Biography of Abraham Lincoln Popular declaration All slave would be free     Worked as Successful lawyer and gradually drawn to (i) .....      Who What/why Event/Activity Where/Place when Achieve ment/ specialty   Abraham Lincoln   Born Kentucky, the USA In 1809   He  President Was elected The use (ii)… At a difficult time He    (iii)….   in 1862 Made him very popular among the people He   Was Assassin acted   (iv)….   (v)…. To work on farms and do keep them as slaves Were brought From Africa     Answer:   (i) Kentucky, the USA (ii) The white men (iii) the USA (iv) declared the slaves free (v) 1865 Extra Solution Answer: (i) politics (ii) in 1860 (iii) declared that all the slaves would be free (iv) in 1865 (v) The Blacks Ad বাংলা অনুবাদ: আব্রাহাম লিঙ্কন ১৮০৯ সালে কেন্টাকি, ইউএসএ-তে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তিনি তার পিতার খামারে কাজ করতেন। তিনি এক বছরেরও কম সময় স্কুলে পড়াশোনা করেছিলেন, তবে নিজের ইচ্ছায় পড়া ও লেখা শিখেছিলেন। তিনি বিভিন্ন ধরনের কাজ করতেন, তারপর একটি সফল আইনজীবী হিসেবে স্থায়ী হন। ধীরে ধীরে তিনি রাজনীতির দিকে আকৃষ্ট হন। সেই সময়ে দেশের মধ্যে দাসত্বের ব্যাপারে সমস্যা ছিল। দক্ষিণী রাজ্যগুলিতে সাদা মানুষরা বড় বড় খামারী ছিল। আফ্রিকা থেকে কালো মানুষদের আনা হতো এই খামারে কাজ করার জন্য এবং তাদের দাস হিসেবে রাখা হতো। এই কঠিন সময়ে আব্রাহাম লিঙ্কন ১৮৬০ সালে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রেসিডেন্ট নির্বাচিত হন। তিনি দাসত্বের সমস্যা সমাধান করতে চেয়েছিলেন। তিনি অনেক সমস্যার মুখোমুখি হন। তিনি দেশের একতা যে কোনও মূল্যে রক্ষা করতে চেয়েছিলেন। অবশেষে, উত্তরের এবং দক্ষিণের রাজ্যগুলির মধ্যে একটি গৃহযুদ্ধ শুরু হয়। তিনি সাহসের সঙ্গে যুদ্ধে অংশগ্রহণ করেন এবং ঘোষণা করেন, "একটি জাতি অর্ধেক স্বাধীন এবং অর্ধেক দাস থাকতে পারে না"। তিনি যুদ্ধ জিতেন এবং দেশটিকে একতাবদ্ধ রাখেন। লিঙ্কন দ্বিতীয়বার প্রেসিডেন্ট নির্বাচিত হন। তিনি কারো বিরুদ্ধে ছিলেন না এবং সকলকে শান্তিপূর্ণভাবে জীবনযাপন করতে চান। যুদ্ধের কারণে মানুষের আঘাতগুলি নিরাময় করতে তিনি আন্তরিক চেষ্টা করেন। ১৮৬২ সালে লিঙ্কন ঘোষণা করেন যে, এরপর থেকে সকল দাসকে মুক্ত করা হবে। এর ফলে তিনি মানুষের মধ্যে অত্যন্ত জনপ্রিয় হন। ১৮৬৫ সালে লিঙ্কনকে হত্যা করা হয়। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: Abraham Lincoln was born in (a) __________ in 1809. He worked on his father's (b) __________. Though he attended school for less than a year, he taught himself to (c) __________ and (d) __________. He became a successful (e) __________ before entering politics. Answers: (a) Kentucky(b) farm(c) read(d) write(e) lawyer Summary Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809 in Kentucky. He worked on his father's farm and attended school for less than a year. He taught himself to read and write and became a successful lawyer. In 1860, he was elected President of the USA and worked to solve the problem of slavery. He fought the Civil War to keep the country united and won. In 1862, he declared all slaves free, which made him very popular. He was assassinated in 1865. Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Read the following text and make a flowchart showing the life events of Abraham Lincoln. (One is done for you.) 1. Born in Kentucky, USA in 1809 → 2. Worked on his father's farm → 3. Attended school for less than a year → 4. Taught himself to read and write → 5. Worked in different jobs before becoming a lawyer → 6. Drew closer to politics → 7. Elected President of the USA in 1860 → 8. Wanted to solve the issue of slavery → 9. Civil war broke out between northern and southern states → 10. Won the war and kept the country united → 11. Elected President for the second time → 12. Declared that all slaves would be free in 1862 → 13. Became very popular among the people → 14. Assassinated in 1865

Read the following passage and answer the questions Nelson Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa, in 18 July 1918. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ruling National Party's apartheid policies. In November 1962 he was sentenced to five Years imprisonment and started serving his sentence at Robben Island Prison in 1963. From 1964 to 1982 he was again imprisoned at Robben Island Prison and then later moved to Polls moor Prison, during which his reputation as a potent symbol of resistance to the anti-apartheid movement grew steadily. Released from prison in 1990, Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and was inaugurated as the first democratically elected president of South Africa in 1994. He is the author of the international bestseller "Long Walk to Freedom and Conversations with me". Nelson Mandela was the first black president of South Africa. He was in prison from 1962 to 1990. He became president of South Africa in 1994, and retired in 1999. He spent 27 years in prison for trying to overthrow the pro-apartheid government. After he left prison, he worked to achieve human rights and a better future for everyone in South Africa. Nelson Mandela died on 5 December 2013 following a long illness. Complete the table below with information from the passage 1  x 5 = 5 Who /What Event Where/Place When Nelson Mandela Born (i)  ... .. 1918 He  joined the African National congress (ii)…. He  (iii)……..   1993 He  Was president (iv)…….. 1994-99 He  Died In Africa (v)……   Extra Questions: (i) Who/What Action Why/Reason When/Times Nelson Mandela Broke the shackles of apartheid (i)….   Mandela (ii)…. (iii)…… Nearly three decades Mandeala (iv).. For establishment of peace 1993 (v)….. Free Mandela from prison     (ii) Who /What Event Where/Place When Nelson Mandela Took birth (i)  ... .. 1918 He  (ii)…… Robben Islands prison 1964-1982 He  became   (iii)   President of south Africa     He  (iv)…..   1993 He Died of lung disease   (v)   Answer:  (i) Transkei, South Africa (ii) 1944 (iii) won Nobel Peace Prize (iv) South Africa (v) 2013 Extra Solutions  Answer: (i) (i) to establish multi-racial democracy and bring peace in the society (ii) imprisoned (iii) for his fight against white minority rule (iv) won Nobel Peace Prize (v) F.W.de Klerk (ii) (i) in Transkei, South Africa (ii) was imprisoned (iii) in 1994 (iv) won the Nobel Peace Prize (v) 5 December, 2013 Ad বাংলা অনুবাদ: নেলসন ম্যান্ডেলা ১৮ জুলাই ১৯১৮ সালে দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকার ট্রান্সকেই-এ জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তিনি ১৯৪৪ সালে আফ্রিকান ন্যাশনাল কংগ্রেসে যোগ দেন এবং জাতীয় পার্টির বর্ণবাদী নীতির বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিরোধ আন্দোলনে অংশগ্রহণ করেন। ১৯৬২ সালের নভেম্বর মাসে তাকে পাঁচ বছরের কারাদণ্ড দেওয়া হয় এবং ১৯৬৩ সালে তিনি রোবেন দ্বীপের কারাগারে তার সাজা ভোগ করতে শুরু করেন। ১৯৬৪ থেকে ১৯৮২ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি আবারও রোবেন দ্বীপের কারাগারে বন্দী ছিলেন এবং পরে তাকে পলস্মোর কারাগারে স্থানান্তর করা হয়। এই সময়ে তিনি বর্ণবাদবিরোধী আন্দোলনের প্রতীক হিসেবে ক্রমাগত খ্যাতি অর্জন করেন। ১৯৯০ সালে কারাগার থেকে মুক্তি পাওয়ার পর, ১৯৯৩ সালে তিনি নোবেল শান্তি পুরস্কার লাভ করেন এবং ১৯৯৪ সালে দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকার প্রথম গণতান্ত্রিকভাবে নির্বাচিত রাষ্ট্রপতি হিসেবে শপথ গ্রহণ করেন। তিনি আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে জনপ্রিয় বই "লং ওয়াক টু ফ্রিডম" এবং "কনভারসেশনস উইথ মি" এর লেখক। নেলসন ম্যান্ডেলা দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকার প্রথম কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ রাষ্ট্রপতি ছিলেন। তিনি ১৯৬২ থেকে ১৯৯০ সাল পর্যন্ত কারাগারে ছিলেন। ১৯৯৪ সালে তিনি দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকার রাষ্ট্রপতি হন এবং ১৯৯৯ সালে অবসর নেন। তিনি বর্ণবাদী সরকার উৎখাতের প্রচেষ্টার জন্য ২৭ বছর কারাবন্দী ছিলেন। কারাগার থেকে মুক্তি পাওয়ার পর, তিনি দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকার সকল মানুষের মানবাধিকার ও উন্নত ভবিষ্যৎ নিশ্চিত করার জন্য কাজ করেন। ৫ ডিসেম্বর ২০১৩ সালে দীর্ঘ অসুস্থতার পর তিনি মৃত্যুবরণ করেন। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: Nelson Mandela was born in (a) __________ in 1918. He joined the (b) __________ in 1944 and actively resisted apartheid policies. In 1962, he was sentenced to (c) __________ years in prison. After spending 27 years in prison, he was finally released in (d) __________. In 1994, he became the first (e) __________ president of South Africa. Answers: (a) Transkei, South Africa(b) African National Congress(c) five(d) 1990(e) black Summary Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in South Africa. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and fought against apartheid. He was imprisoned in 1962 and spent 27 years in prison before being released in 1990. In 1993, he won the Nobel Peace Prize and became South Africa’s first black president in 1994. He retired in 1999 and continued working for human rights. Mandela passed away on 5 December 2013 after a long illness. Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Read the following text and make a flowchart showing Nelson Mandela’s life events. (One is done for you.) 1. Born in Transkei, South Africa, in 1918 → 2. Joined African National Congress in 1944 → 3. Engaged in resistance against apartheid policies → 4. Sentenced to five years in prison in 1962 → 5. Imprisoned at Robben Island (1963-1982), later moved to Pollsmoor Prison → 6. Released from prison in 1990 → 7. Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 → 8. Became South Africa’s first black president in 1994 → 9. Retired in 1999 → 10. Died on 5 December 2013

Read the following passage and answer the questions Albert Einstein was one of the greatest scientists of the world, He was born as the first child of Jewish parents in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879. His father was a businessman and his family business was the manufacture of electronic parts. When the business failed in 1894, the family moved to Milan,  Italy. Within a year, still without having completed secondary school, he failed in an examination that would have allowed him to pursue a course of study leading to diploma as an electrical engineer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, He was an average student but was very interested in science and mathematics. He spent 1895 in a nearly High School in Aarou, a small town at the border of Germany and Switzerland. He returned to his Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in 1896 from where he graduated in 1900. He became a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich in 1909. In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize for Physics.     Complete the table below with information from  Name of the event Place Year/Time Achievement Born  Born  (i)…..     (ii)……… Milan, Italy Lin 1894   Became a Professor (iii).. (iv)…       in 1921 (v)……,   Extra question (i)                                  Albert Einstein Profession Profession Professor and scientist Field of contribute ion    (i)…… Who/What Event/Activity Place Year Achievement Why/Reason Albert Einstein Born (ii)……..   1879     He   Swiss Federal Institute of  Technology   1896 (iii)…..   He     (iv)….. Awarded Nobel  Prize    (v)….   (ii) Who/What Event Place/Time/Creation /Award/Others Albert Einstein was born (i)..... (ii)…… attended high school in   Switzerland in 1901  He was appointed a Patent Officer (iii)….. (iv)….. received his Ph.D. in 1905 from the university of Zurich   He was awarded Noble Prize for Physics (v)…     (iii) Who What/Topic/Event When/Where (i)……… Was graduated In1900 Einstein was born (ii)….. He Invented (iii).. In 1915 He Won noble prize for physics in (iv)…..   He (v)… In 1955   (iv)                                  Biography of Albert Einstein Who What Event/Activity   Time/when   Place/Where   Subject/Specialty   Known a's One of the greatest scientists of the world  Birth (i)…… Albert Einstein Professor (ii)……..   In 1902 Swiss patent office in  Bern   Albert Einstein education education submitted in  one of his scientific papers    In 1905 (iii)….   Albert Einstein Profession received a regular  Universe appointment as an associate professor   (iv)….. At the University of Zurich   (v)……  Answer:   Answer:   (i) Ulm, Germany (ii) Family moved (iii) University of Zurich (iv) 1909 (v) Received Nobel Prize for Physics Extra Solutions: (i) (i) Physics (ii) Ulm, Germany (iii) received graduation in 1900 (iv) 1921 (v) Physics (ii) (i) Albert Einstein (ii) 14 March 1879 (iii) GTR (iv) 1921'(v) died (iii) (i) Ulm, Germany (ii) Einstein (iii) in 1902 (iv) Einstein (v) for his contribution in Physics (iv) (i) in Germany on March 14, 1879 (ii) obtained a post at the Swiss patent office (iii) University of Zurich (iv) in 1909 (v) Physics Ad বাংলা অনুবাদ: আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন ছিলেন বিশ্বের অন্যতম শ্রেষ্ঠ বিজ্ঞানী। তিনি ১৮৭৯ সালের ১৪ মার্চ জার্মানির উলম শহরে একটি ইহুদী পরিবারের প্রথম সন্তান হিসেবে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তার বাবা ছিলেন একজন ব্যবসায়ী এবং তাদের পারিবারিক ব্যবসা ছিল বৈদ্যুতিন যন্ত্রাংশের উৎপাদন। ১৮৯৪ সালে ব্যবসাটি ব্যর্থ হওয়ার পর পরিবারটি ইতালির মিলানে চলে আসে। এক বছরের মধ্যে, মাধ্যমিক স্কুল শেষ না করেই, তিনি একটি পরীক্ষায় ফেল করেন, যা তাকে সুইস ফেডারেল ইনস্টিটিউট অফ টেকনোলজিতে বৈদ্যুতিক প্রকৌশল বিষয়ে ডিপ্লোমা অর্জন করার সুযোগ দিত। তিনি গড়পড়তা ছাত্র ছিলেন, তবে বিজ্ঞানের এবং গণিতের প্রতি তার গভীর আগ্রহ ছিল। তিনি ১৮৯৫ সালে জার্মানি ও সুইজারল্যান্ডের সীমান্তে অবস্থিত আরৌ শহরের একটি ছোট হাই স্কুলে সময় কাটান। ১৮৯৬ সালে তিনি আবার সুইস ফেডারেল ইনস্টিটিউট অফ টেকনোলজিতে ফিরে যান, এখান থেকে তিনি ১৯০০ সালে স্নাতক হন। ১৯০৯ সালে তিনি জুরিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানের অধ্যাপক হন। ১৯২১ সালে তিনি পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: Albert Einstein was born on (a) __________ 14, 1879, in (b) __________, Germany. His father was a (c) __________ in the manufacture of electronic parts. The family moved to (d) __________ in 1894. In 1895, Einstein spent time in a (e) __________ in Aarou. Answers: (a) March (b) Ulm (c) businessman (d) Milan (e) high school Summary Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, in 1879. His father was a businessman involved in manufacturing electronic parts. After the family moved to Milan in 1894, Einstein failed an examination that would have allowed him to pursue an engineering diploma at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. In 1895, he spent time in a high school in Aarou. He returned to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in 1896, graduated in 1900, and later became a professor at the University of Zurich in 1909. He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Read the following text and make a flowchart showing the key events of Albert Einstein's life. (One is done for you.) 1. Born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany → 2. Father was a businessman in the manufacture of electronic parts → 3. Family moved to Milan, Italy in 1894 → 4. Failed an examination in 1894 that would have led to a diploma in electrical engineering → 5. Spent 1895 in a high school in Aarou, a small town on the border of Germany and Switzerland → 6. Returned to Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in 1896 → 7. Graduated from Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in 1900 → 8. Became a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich in 1909 → 9. Received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 →

Read the following passage and answer the question no. 4-5 . Stephen Hawking is considered the greatest physicist after Einstein. He was born in England in 1942. He was very skilled in Mathematics from the early age. He wrote the book 'A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes' in 1988. In this book he explains cosmology for the general public. It became famous and established his reputation as a great scientist. He received his Ph.D. in cosmology from Cambridge University in 1968. But fortune did not favor him. In 1972 he became a victim of Gehrig's disease. Since then, he has been confined to a wheel-chair with no power to control his body. But he continues teaching through the help of computer. In 1974, he won the prestigious Albert Einstein Award for theoretical physics. In 1979, he joined Cambridge University as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. He is still carrying out his research work using his computer.   4. Complete the table below with information from the passage.              1 x 5 = 5 Who Event Time Place/Reason Stephen Hawking (i)……… 1942 into .: an  educated  family Stephen Hawking being greatest physicist   (ii)….. (iii)….. Stephen Hawking (iv)…..   in Cambridge  University Stephen Hawking Getting PhD 1968 (v)….   Extra Questions (i) Name of Events Year/Time Place Achievement Born (i)……     (ii)…. In 1988     Became Lucasian Professor Mathematics   (iii)…..   Received Ph.D.    (iv)……       In1974   (v)……   ii)                                About S tephe n Hawking Who/What Activities Type of work Time / Date Subject Achievement Aims Highlighting the glorious work despite his being  handicapped Lifespan B orn in 194 2 an d died  on (i) ........  where and w hen h e achieved S tephe n Hawking Wrote book (ii)……..   In 1988   Established as  a scientist He He took a degree Ph.D. In1968 (iii)….   (iv) Appointed Stephen Hawking As Lucasian Professor In 19779 Mathematics   He Was awarded   (V)….. Theoretical physics Albert Einstein Award               (iii)   Who/What Place Time/age Event Disease Achievement Stephan Hawking   UK 1942 (i)…     He Cambridge University (ii)… Year Ph.D.     He   1972 (iii)….. Gehrig’s   He   1974 (iv)…..     He Cambridge University (v)….. joined        Answer: Answer: (i) was born (ii) after Albert Einstein (iii) writing the book "A Brief History of Time : From the Big Bang to Black Holes" (iv) joined as a Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (v) in Cosmology   Extra Solutions : (i) (i) in 1942 (ii) Wrote 'A Brief History of Time : From the Big Bang to Black Holes' (iii) Cambridge University (iv) in 1968 (v) Albert Einstein Award (ii) (i) 14 March, 2018 (ii) 'A Brief History of Time : From the Big Bang to Black Holes' (iii) Cosmology (iv) Cambridge University (v) in 1974 (iii) (i) born (ii) 1968 (iii) attacked (iv) received (v) 1979 Ad বাংলা অনুবাদ: স্টিফেন হকিংকে আইনস্টাইনের পর সর্বশ্রেষ্ঠ পদার্থবিদ হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হয়। তিনি ১৯৪২ সালে ইংল্যান্ডে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তিনি ছোটবেলা থেকেই গণিতের প্রতি অনেক দক্ষ ছিলেন। ১৯৮৮ সালে তিনি 'এ ব্রিফ হিস্ট্রি অব টাইম: ফ্রম দ্য বিগ ব্যাং টু ব্ল্যাক হোলস' নামক বইটি লেখেন। এই বইতে তিনি সাধারণ জনগণের জন্য মহাবিশ্ববিজ্ঞান (কসমোলজি) ব্যাখ্যা করেছেন। এটি বিখ্যাত হয়ে ওঠে এবং তাকে একজন মহান বিজ্ঞানী হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করে। তিনি ১৯৬৮ সালে কেমব্রিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে কসমোলজি বিষয়ে পিএইচডি লাভ করেন। তবে দুঃখবশত, ১৯৭২ সালে তিনি গেহরিগের রোগে আক্রান্ত হন। তারপর থেকে তিনি একটি হুইলচেয়ারে বন্দী হয়ে যান এবং শরীর নিয়ন্ত্রণের ক্ষমতা হারান। তবে তিনি কম্পিউটার সাহায্যে শিক্ষাদান অব্যাহত রেখেছেন। ১৯৭৪ সালে তিনি তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। ১৯৭৯ সালে তিনি কেমব্রিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে লুকাসিয়ান অধ্যাপক হিসেবে যোগ দেন। তিনি এখনো তাঁর গবেষণা কম্পিউটার ব্যবহার করে চালিয়ে যাচ্ছেন। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: Stephen Hawking was born in (a) __________ in 1942. From an early age, he was skilled in (b) __________. In 1988, he wrote the famous book 'A Brief History of (c) __________'. He received his (d) __________ in cosmology from (e) __________ University in 1968. Answers: (a) England (b) Mathematics (c) Time (d) Ph.D. (e) Cambridge Summary Stephen Hawking, born in 1942 in England, was a brilliant mathematician from a young age. In 1988, he wrote the famous book 'A Brief History of Time', explaining cosmology for the general public. He received his Ph.D. in cosmology from Cambridge University in 1968. Despite being diagnosed with Gehrig's disease in 1972, which left him confined to a wheelchair, he continued teaching with the help of a computer. He received the Albert Einstein Award in 1974 and became the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge in 1979. He continues his research using a computer. Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Read the following text and make a flowchart showing Stephen Hawking’s achievements and challenges. (One is done for you.) 1. Born in England in 1942 → 2. Skilled in Mathematics from an early age → 3. Wrote 'A Brief History of Time' in 1988 → 4. Became famous for explaining cosmology to the public → 5. Received Ph.D. in cosmology from Cambridge University in 1968 → 6. Diagnosed with Gehrig's disease in 1972 → 7. Confined to a wheelchair, unable to control his body → 8. Continues teaching with the help of a computer → 9. Won the Albert Einstein Award in 1974 → 10. Joined Cambridge University as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1979 → 11. Continues research using a computer →

Read the following passage and answer the questions Mammals are animals with fur and they feed their babies on milk. Many pet and farm animals are mammals, including dogs, cats, rabbits, cows and sheep. Men are mammals too. Bats are the only mammals that can fly. They also have such good hearing that they can fly in the dark. They live on moths, mice or soft fruits. The cheetah is the fastest mammal. It can run faster than 60 miles an hour. Cheetah eats flesh of other animals. Most of the mammals have four legs and a tail. But mammals like dolphins and whales have fins and dippers instead of legs and they live in water. Dolphins love 5 to leap out of the water and splash back in. They chase after food such as, fish. The b ig gest whales such as humpback have a mouth full of comb like plates to sieve out their food from the water. They mostly eat tiny shrimps called krill action from    Types of animals Habi tation C haracteristics Food Bats (i)………   (ii) Cheetah   (iii)…..   Dog   (iv)…...   Whales (v)………        Answer: Answer:    (i) trees (ii) moths, mice or soft fruits (iii) the fastest mammal (iv) mammal (v) water Ad বাংলা অনুবাদ: স্তন্যপায়ী প্রাণী হল এমন প্রাণী যারা পশম ধারণ করে এবং তাদের বাচ্চাদের দুধ খাওয়ায়। অনেক পোষা এবং খামারি প্রাণী স্তন্যপায়ী, যেমন কুকুর, বিড়াল, খরগোশ, গরু এবং ভেড়া। মানুষও স্তন্যপায়ী। বাদুড় হল একমাত্র স্তন্যপায়ী প্রাণী যারা উড়তে পারে। তাদের শ্রবণ ক্ষমতা এত ভালো যে তারা অন্ধকারেও উড়তে পারে। তারা মথ, ইঁদুর বা নরম ফল খায়। চিতাবাঘ হল সবচেয়ে দ্রুত গতির স্তন্যপায়ী প্রাণী। এটি ঘণ্টায় ৬০ মাইলেরও বেশি গতিতে দৌড়াতে পারে। চিতাবাঘ অন্য প্রাণীর মাংস খায়। বেশিরভাগ স্তন্যপায়ী প্রাণীর চারটি পা এবং একটি লেজ থাকে। তবে ডলফিন এবং তিমির মতো স্তন্যপায়ী প্রাণীর পা না থেকে তাদের পাখনা এবং ফিন থাকে এবং তারা পানিতে বাস করে। ডলফিনরা পানির বাইরে লাফাতে এবং আবার পানিতে পড়তে পছন্দ করে। তারা মাছের মতো খাবার খোঁজে। সবচেয়ে বড় তিমির মতো, যেমন হাম্ব্যাক তিমি, তাদের মুখে কাঁটাচামচের মতো প্লেট থাকে, যা পানি থেকে খাবার চেলে বের করে। তারা সাধারণত ছোট ঝিনুক জাতীয় প্রাণী খায়, যাকে ক্রিল বলা হয়। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: Mammals are animals that have (a) __________ and feed their babies on (b) __________. Many pets and farm animals, including (c) __________ and (d) __________, are mammals. The (e) __________ is the fastest mammal and can run at speeds over 60 miles per hour. Answers: (a) fur (b) milk (c) dogs (d) cows (e) cheetah Summary Mammals are animals with fur and they feed their babies on milk. Examples of mammals include pets and farm animals like dogs, cats, rabbits, cows, and sheep. Humans are also mammals. Bats are the only mammals capable of flying, and they can fly in the dark due to their excellent hearing. The cheetah is the fastest mammal, running faster than 60 miles an hour. Most mammals have four legs and a tail, but dolphins and whales have fins and live in water. Flow Chart Completion Exercise (Based on the Text) Read the following text and make a flowchart showing the characteristics of mammals. (One is done for you.) 1. Mammals have fur and feed their babies with milk → 2. Many pet and farm animals are mammals, such as dogs, cats, and cows → 3. Men are also mammals → 4. Bats are the only mammals that can fly → 5. The cheetah is the fastest mammal → 6. Most mammals have four legs and a tail → 7. Dolphins and whales have fins and live in water → 8. Dolphins love to leap out of water → 9. The biggest whales filter food with comb-like plates →

Questions I 01 Read the following passage and answer the questions  Human Ahmed was a teacher, author, playwright and filmmaker. He was born in Mohongonj, Netrokona, and Mymensingh on 13 November 1948. His Father Faizur Rahman Ahmed, a police officer, was killed by Pakistani military during the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971. He passed SSC examination from Bogura Zilla School in 1965 and stood second in the merit list in Rajshahi Education Board. He passed his HSC exam from Dhaka College in 1967. He took his Honors and Masters in Chemistry from the University of Dhaka with first class. He did his Ph.D. from North Dakota State University. He worked as a Professor of Chemistry in Dhaka University. ; Humayun Ahmed reached his peak of fame with the publication of his novel Nondito Noroke in 1972. He wrote over 200 fictions and non-fiction books all of which were bestsellers in Bangladesh. His first television drama was 'Prothom Prohor'. It was followed by many dramas and drama serials. He also directed many film based on his own stories. For his 2 outstanding achievements he was honored with many awards including Bangla Academy Award (1981) and Ekushey Padak (1994). He died in 19 July 2012 at Bellevue Hospital in New York. He was buried in Nuhash Palli. 1. Complete the table below with information from the passage.           1 x 5 = 5 Who/What    Event/activity Year / Place    Humayun Ahmed  passed SSC   1965 (i)….. Faizur Rahman Ahmed was killed   (ii)…..   No ndito Noroke  (iii)….. 1972   Humayun Ahmed  (iv)….. 1981   He buried 2012 (v)   01   Answer:  i) Bogura Zilla School (ii) 1971 (iii) was published (iv) was honoured with Bangla Academy Award (v) Nuhash Palli Ad বাংলা অনুবাদ: হুমায়ূন আহমেদ ছিলেন একজন শিক্ষক, লেখক, নাট্যকার এবং চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতা। তিনি ১৩ নভেম্বর ১৯৪৮ সালে নেত্রকোনা জেলার মোহনগঞ্জ, ময়মনসিংহে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তাঁর বাবা ফয়জুর রহমান আহমেদ একজন পুলিশ কর্মকর্তা ছিলেন, যিনি ১৯৭১ সালের মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সময় পাকিস্তানি সেনাবাহিনীর হাতে নিহত হন। তিনি ১৯৬৫ সালে বগুড়া জিলা স্কুল থেকে এসএসসি পরীক্ষায় দ্বিতীয় স্থান অধিকার করেন রাজশাহী শিক্ষা বোর্ডে। ১৯৬৭ সালে তিনি ঢাকা কলেজ থেকে এইচএসসি পাস করেন। তিনি ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে রসায়নে অনার্স ও মাস্টার্স সম্পন্ন করেন প্রথম শ্রেণিতে। পরে তিনি যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নর্থ ডাকোটা স্টেট ইউনিভার্সিটি থেকে পিএইচডি ডিগ্রি অর্জন করেন। তিনি ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে রসায়নের অধ্যাপক হিসেবে কাজ করেছেন। হুমায়ূন আহমেদ ১৯৭২ সালে প্রকাশিত উপন্যাস "নন্দিত নরকে" এর মাধ্যমে ব্যাপক খ্যাতি অর্জন করেন। তিনি ২০০টিরও বেশি কথাসাহিত্য ও গবেষণাধর্মী বই লিখেছেন, যা সবই বাংলাদেশের বেস্টসেলার। তাঁর প্রথম টেলিভিশন নাটক ছিল "প্রথম প্রহর"। এরপর তিনি অনেক নাটক ও ধারাবাহিক নাটক নির্মাণ করেন। তিনি তাঁর নিজের গল্পের ওপর ভিত্তি করে বহু চলচ্চিত্র পরিচালনা করেছেন। তাঁর অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য তাঁকে বাংলা একাডেমি পুরস্কার (১৯৮১) এবং একুশে পদক (১৯৯৪) সহ বহু পুরস্কারে ভূষিত করা হয়। তিনি ১৯ জুলাই ২০১২ সালে নিউইয়র্কের বেলভিউ হাসপাতালে মৃত্যুবরণ করেন। তাঁকে নুহাশ পল্লীতে সমাহিত করা হয়। Gap Filling Exercise (Based on the Text) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text: Humayun Ahmed was a famous (a) __________, author, playwright, and filmmaker. He completed his (b) __________ in Chemistry from the University of Dhaka. His first novel Nondito Noroke  was published in (c) __________, bringing him immense fame. He also directed many (d) __________ based on his own stories. For his contributions, he received several awards, including the (e) __________ in 1994. Answers: (a) teacher(b) Honors and Masters(c) 1972(d) films(e) Ekushey Padak Summary Humayun Ahmed was a renowned teacher, author, playwright, and filmmaker. Born in 1948 in Mohongonj, Netrokona, he excelled in academics and completed his Ph.D. from North Dakota State University. He worked as a Chemistry professor at Dhaka University. His novel Nondito Noroke  (1972) made him famous, and he went on to write over 200 books, many of which were bestsellers. He also directed films and TV dramas. He received several prestigious awards, including the Bangla Academy Award and Ekushey Padak. He passed away on 19 July 2012 in New York and was buried in Nuhash Palli. Read the text and make a flowchart showing the life and achievements of Humayun Ahmed. (One is done for you.) 1. Born in Mohongonj, Netrokona (1948) → 2. Completed Honors and Masters in Chemistry from the University of Dhaka → 3. Worked as a Professor of Chemistry at Dhaka University → 4. Gained fame with the novel Nondito Noroke (1972) → 5. Wrote over 200 books, all of which were bestsellers → 6. Directed films and TV dramas based on his own stories → 7. Received prestigious awards, including the Bangla Academy Award and Ekushey Padak → 8. Passed away on 19 July 2012 in New York, buried in Nuhash Palli →

According to a detailed study of the 54 Large Dams done by the Indian Institute of Public Administration, the average number of people displaced by a Large Dam is 44.182. Admittedly, 5 4 dams out of 3,300 is not a big enough sample. But since it's all we have, let's try and do some rough arithmetic. A Ursi draft. To err on the side of caution, let’s halve the number of people. Or, let's err on the side of abundant caution and take an average of just 10,000 people per Large Dam. Il's an improbably low figure, I know, but... never mind. Whip out your calculators. 3,300 x 10,000 = 33 million. That's what it works out to. Thirty-three million people. Displaced by big dams alone in the last filly years. What about those that have been displaced by the thousands of other Development Projects? At a private lecture. N. C. Saxena. Secretary^ to the Planning Commission, said he thought the number was in the region of so million (of which go million were displaced by dams). We daren't say so, because it isn't official. It isn't official because we daren't say so. You have to murmur it for fear of being accused of hyperbole. You have to whisper it to yourself, because it really does sound unbelievable. It can't be, I've been telling myself. I must have got the zeroes muddled. It can't be true. I barely have the courage to say it aloud.... Fifty million people.  I feel like someone who's just stumbled on a mass grave. Fitly million is more than the population of Gujarat. Almost three tunes the population of Australia. More than three limes the number of refugees that Partition created in India. Ten limes the number of Palestinian refugees. The Western world today is convulsed over the future of one million people who have fled from Kosovo. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) According to the study, how many people are displaced on average by a large dam? a) 10,000b) 44,182c) 50,000d) 33 million Answer: (b) 44,182 How many large dams were studied by the Indian Institute of Public Administration? a) 3,300b) 54c) 100d) 1,000 Answer: (b) 54 What is the estimated number of people displaced by large dams in the last 50 years? a) 10 millionb) 33 millionc) 50 milliond) 90 million Answer: (b) 33 million How many total development projects have displaced people? a) 3,300b) Thousandsc) Hundredsd) 100,000 Answer: (b) Thousands What is the estimated total number of displaced people from all development projects? a) 50 millionb) 33 millionc) 10 milliond) 100 million Answer: (a) 50 million What official position did N.C. Saxena hold? a) Prime Ministerb) Secretary to the Planning Commissionc) Environmental Ministerd) Chief Engineer Answer: (b) Secretary to the Planning Commission What comparison is made to the number of displaced people? a) Three times the population of Australiab) Half of India’s populationc) Equal to the number of refugees from Kosovod) Double the population of the USA Answer: (a) Three times the population of Australia How does the author feel about the displacement figures? a) Confidentb) Uncertain and shockedc) Happyd) Indifferent Answer: (b) Uncertain and shocked What event does the text compare to the displacement figures? a) World War IIb) The Partition of Indiac) The Great Depressiond) The Industrial Revolution Answer: (b) The Partition of India What is the world currently concerned about, according to the passage? a) Climate changeb) Refugees from Kosovoc) Economic crisisd) Water scarcity Answer: (b) Refugees from Kosovo Short Questions with Elaborate Answers What do you think are the main reasons behind the large number of people displaced by big dams? Large dams require vast areas of land, which results in the flooding of villages and towns. People living in these areas are forced to leave their homes. Many of them lose their farmland, jobs, and way of life. Since there is no proper rehabilitation plan, they struggle to settle in new places. How do you feel about the estimated number of 50 million people displaced by various development projects? The number is shocking and difficult to believe. It is more than the population of some countries. It shows that development projects often ignore human suffering. The government should take proper steps to reduce displacement and help affected people. Why do you think the government hasn’t made the displacement numbers official? The government may not want to reveal the real numbers because it could create controversy. Accepting these figures would mean admitting that many people suffered due to poor planning. Officials might also fear protests and legal issues. How do you think displacement from dams affects the lives of people in the long run? Displacement has long-term effects on people’s lives. Many lose their traditional jobs and struggle to find new ones. Children may not get proper education, and families may face poverty. Some communities lose their cultural identity because they are forced to live in different places. What alternatives could be considered to reduce the number of people displaced by development projects like dams? One alternative is to build smaller dams instead of large ones. Governments should also use advanced technology to reduce the area affected. Proper compensation and rehabilitation programs must be provided for displaced people. Why do you think the issue of displacement is not widely discussed or acknowledged? The issue is not widely discussed because it mostly affects poor people in rural areas. Media and politicians focus more on urban problems. Also, since many development projects bring economic benefits, governments prefer not to talk about their negative effects. How would you compare the displacement caused by dams to other global refugee crises? The number of people displaced by dams is much higher than many refugee crises. For example, the number of Palestinian refugees is much smaller. However, refugee issues get more global attention, while dam displacement is often ignored. More Short Questions with Elaborate Answers How many people are displaced by large dams in India? Large dams in India have displaced approximately 33 million people over the past 50 years. This number is derived from an average estimate of 10,000 people per dam across 3,300 large dams. What is the estimated total number of displaced people from all development projects? The estimated total number of displaced people from all development projects is about 50 million, according to N.C. Saxena, though this number is not officially acknowledged. Why is the actual number of displaced people difficult to confirm? The actual number is difficult to confirm because official figures are not available, and discussing such large numbers often leads to accusations of exaggeration. How does the displacement figure compare to global events? The number of displaced people due to dams is three times the population of Australia and ten times the number of Palestinian refugees. What emotions does the author express about these numbers? The author feels shocked, overwhelmed, and doubtful, as the figures seem too large to be true. Why does the author compare the displacement to the Partition of India? The author uses this comparison to show the massive scale of displacement, as it exceeds even the number of refugees created by the Partition of India. Why is the Western world concerned about Kosovo refugees? The Western world is actively helping the one million refugees from Kosovo, while the much larger displacement in India receives little attention. Why do people whisper about the displacement figures? People whisper about these numbers because they fear being accused of exaggeration or creating panic. How does the government respond to displacement figures? The government does not officially acknowledge the figures, making it difficult to address the problem effectively. What role do large dams play in displacement? Large dams force people to leave their homes, disrupting communities, livelihoods, and traditions, leading to massive social and economic problems. Bangla Translation ভারতীয় পাবলিক অ্যাডমিনিস্ট্রেশন ইনস্টিটিউট দ্বারা ৫৪টি বৃহৎ বাঁধ নিয়ে একটি বিস্তারিত গবেষণার অনুযায়ী, একটি বৃহৎ বাঁধ দ্বারা গড়ে ৪৪,১৮২ জন মানুষ বাস্তুচ্যুত হয়। অবশ্যই, ৩,৩০০টি বাঁধের মধ্যে ৫৪টি বড় নমুনা নয়। তবে যেহেতু এটি আমাদের কাছে একমাত্র তথ্য, আসুন কিছু গণনা করি। নিরাপত্তার জন্য, আমরা মানুষদের সংখ্যা অর্ধেক করতে পারি। অথবা, যদি আরও সাবধানী হতে চাই, তবে একটি গড় ১০,০০০ জন ধরে নেওয়া যাক। এটি একটি অস্বাভাবিক কম সংখ্যা, আমি জানি, কিন্তু... কোনো কথা নেই। আপনার ক্যালকুলেটর বের করুন। ৩,৩০০ x ১০,০০০ = ৩৩ মিলিয়ন। এটাই ফলাফল। ৩৩ মিলিয়ন মানুষ। শুধু বড় বাঁধগুলির মাধ্যমে গত পঁচাশ বছর ধরে বাস্তুচ্যুত। আর কীভাবে যে হাজার হাজার অন্যান্য উন্নয়ন প্রকল্পের কারণে বাস্তুচ্যুত হয়েছে? একটি ব্যক্তিগত বক্তৃতায়, এন. সি. সাক্সেনা, পরিকল্পনা কমিশনের সচিব, বলেছিলেন যে তিনি মনে করেন সংখ্যা ৫০ মিলিয়নের আশেপাশে (যার মধ্যে ৩০ মিলিয়ন বাঁধ দ্বারা বাস্তুচ্যুত হয়েছিল)। আমরা তা বলতে সাহসী নই, কারণ এটি অফিসিয়াল নয়। এটি অফিসিয়াল নয় কারণ আমরা তা বলতে সাহসী নই। আপনাকে এটি মুর্মুর করতে হয়, কারণ আপনি অতিরঞ্জন দাবি করার জন্য অভিযুক্ত হতে পারেন। আপনাকে এটি নিজের কাছে ফিসফিস করতে হয়, কারণ এটি আসলেই অবিশ্বাস্য শোনায়। এটি হতে পারে না, আমি নিজেকে বলছি। আমি শূন্যগুলি বিভ্রান্ত করেছি। এটা সত্য হতে পারে না। আমি এটি উচ্চস্বরে বলতে খুব একটা সাহস পাই না। পঞ্চাশ মিলিয়ন মানুষ। আমি এমন কাউকে অনুভব করছি, যিনি একটি গণকবর খুঁজে পেয়েছেন। পঞ্চাশ মিলিয়ন হল গুজরাটের জনসংখ্যার চেয়ে বেশি। অস্ট্রেলিয়ার জনসংখ্যার প্রায় তিন গুণ। ভারতের বিভাজন দ্বারা সৃষ্ট শরণার্থীদের সংখ্যা তিন গুণেরও বেশি। ফিলিস্তিনী শরণার্থীদের সংখ্যা দশ গুণ। আজকের পশ্চিমা পৃথিবী কসোভো থেকে পালিয়ে আসা এক মিলিয়ন মানুষের ভবিষ্যত নিয়ে বিক্ষুব্ধ। Ad Ad Vocabulary Table: Word Meaning (English) Meaning (Bengali) Example Sentence (English) Example Sentence (Bengali) Detailed Involving many careful details. বিস্তারিত The report is detailed and covers all the points. রিপোর্টটি বিস্তারিত এবং সব পয়েন্ট কভার করেছে। Institute An organization or building for a specific purpose. প্রতিষ্ঠান The institute organizes courses on various subjects. প্রতিষ্ঠানটি বিভিন্ন বিষয়ে কোর্স পরিচালনা করে। Displaced Moved from the usual or original position. বাস্তুচ্যুত Many people were displaced due to the flood. বন্যার কারণে অনেক মানুষ বাস্তুচ্যুত হয়েছে। Sample A part of something intended to represent the whole. নমুনা This sample represents the whole population. এই নমুনাটি পুরো জনসংখ্যার প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে। Arithmetic The branch of mathematics dealing with numbers. গাণিতিক হিসাব She is good at basic arithmetic like addition and subtraction. সে যোগ বিয়োগের মতো মৌলিক গাণিতিক হিসাব করতে ভালো। Caution Care taken to avoid mistakes or danger. সতর্কতা Proceed with caution when handling sharp objects. ধারালো বস্তুগুলো ব্যবহার করার সময় সতর্কতা অবলম্বন করুন। Abundant More than enough; plentiful. প্রাচুর্যপূর্ণ The area is abundant in natural resources. এলাকা প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদে প্রাচুর্যপূর্ণ। Improbable Unlikely to happen or be true. অসম্ভাব্য The chances of winning the lottery are improbable. লটারিতে জয়ের সুযোগ অসম্ভাব্য। Figure A number or symbol representing something. সংখ্যা The final figure showed a great improvement in performance. চূড়ান্ত সংখ্যাটি পারফরমেন্সে একটি বড় উন্নতি দেখিয়েছে। Convulsed To shake violently, often from strong emotion. কেঁপে উঠা The country was convulsed by political unrest. রাজনৈতিক অস্থিরতা দ্বারা দেশটি কেঁপে উঠেছিল। Stumbled To trip or lose balance while walking. আঁকাবাকা হওয়া He stumbled over a rock while hiking. তিনি হাইকিং করার সময় একটি পাথরের উপর আঁকাবাকা হয়ে পড়েন। Grave A place where a body is buried. কবরে The soldiers built a grave for their fallen comrade. সৈন্যরা তাদের নিহত সহযোদ্ধার জন্য একটি কবরে তৈরি করেছিল। Population The total number of people living in a particular area. জনসংখ্যা The population of the city has grown rapidly in recent years. শহরের জনসংখ্যা সাম্প্রতিক বছরগুলিতে দ্রুত বেড়েছে। Unbelievable Hard to believe; extraordinary. অবিশ্বাস্য The news was so unbelievable that everyone thought it was a joke. খবরটি এতটাই অবিশ্বাস্য ছিল যে সবাই তা মজা হিসেবে ভাবছিল। Muddled Mixed up or confused. বিভ্রান্ত His thoughts were muddled after hearing the bad news. খারাপ খবর শুনে তার চিন্তা বিভ্রান্ত হয়ে গিয়েছিল। Courage The ability to confront fear or adversity. সাহস It takes courage to speak up in front of a crowd. এক জনতার সামনে কথা বলার জন্য সাহস লাগে। Whisper To speak very softly. ফিসফিস করা She whispered a secret to her friend. সে তার বন্ধুকে একটি গোপন কথা ফিসফিস করে বলেছিল। Hyperbole Exaggerated statements not meant to be taken literally. অতিরঞ্জন The claim that he ran a marathon in five minutes was just hyperbole. সে পাঁচ মিনিটে ম্যারাথন দৌড়েছে বলে যে দাবি করেছিল, তা ছিল অতিরঞ্জন। Stumbled To trip or lose balance while walking. আচমকা পড়ে যাওয়া He stumbled while walking on the icy path. বরফে ঢাকা পথ ধরে হাঁটার সময় সে আচমকা পড়ে গিয়েছিল। Miscalculate To calculate incorrectly. ভুল হিসাব করা They miscalculated the budget for the project. তারা প্রকল্পের জন্য বাজেট ভুল হিসাব করেছিল। Official Authorized by an authority. অফিসিয়াল The official report was published today. অফিসিয়াল রিপোর্টটি আজ প্রকাশিত হয়েছে। Region An area or division of a country or the world. অঞ্চল The region experienced a severe drought this year. এই বছর অঞ্চলটি তীব্র খরা অভিজ্ঞতা করেছে। Population The number of people living in a particular area. জনসংখ্যা The population of this village has been steadily increasing. এই গ্রামে জনসংখ্যা steadily বৃদ্ধি পাচ্ছে। Flee To run away from a place of danger. পালানো The people had to flee their homes because of the flood. বন্যার কারণে মানুষদের তাদের বাড়ি ছেড়ে পালাতে হয়েছে। Refugee A person who has been forced to leave their country. শরণার্থী The refugees were given shelter in the camp. শরণার্থীদের শিবিরে আশ্রয় দেওয়া হয়েছে। Partition The action of dividing something into parts. বিভাজন The partition of India led to mass displacement of people. ভারতের বিভাজন বহু মানুষের বাস্তুচ্যুতি ঘটিয়েছিল। Dare To have the courage to do something. সাহস করা I dare you to speak the truth in front of everyone. আমি আপনাকে সবাইকে সামনে সত্য বলতে সাহস করি। Region A specific geographic area. এলাকা This region is known for its rich biodiversity. এই অঞ্চলটি তার সমৃদ্ধ জীববৈচিত্র্যের জন্য পরিচিত। Shocked Surprised or upset due to something unexpected. চমকে যাওয়া He was shocked to hear about the tragic accident. তিনি মর্মান্তিক দুর্ঘটনার খবর শুনে চমকে গিয়েছিলেন। Difficult Hard to do or understand. কঠিন The math exam was really difficult this year. এই বছর গণিত পরীক্ষা সত্যিই কঠিন ছিল।

Dinajpur Board 2019 English Second Paper Subject Code: 108 Time––3 hours; Full marks––100 [N. B. ––The figures in the right margin indicate full marks. Answer all the questions.] Dinajpur Board 2019 Part A: Grammar (Marks 60) 1. Fill in the blanks in the following text with article in the following text with articles (a, an, the) as necessary. Some of the blanks may not require an article. Put a cross (x) in those blanks. Childhood or boyhood is (a) — man’s formative period. During this period (b) — child receives training from its mother. (c) — mother’s tender heart always looks to (d) — welfare and and well-being of (e) — child. If during this period (f) — mother tries to bring to (g) —  child up carefully and sure according to her (h) — best ideas. (i) — child is sure to grow with its superiors, parents and teachers, and love (j) — all irrespective of caste, creed and colour. 2. Complete the text with suitable prepositions : A craftwork in an applied form (a) — art, a social and cultural product reflecting the inclusive nature (b) — folk imagination. A craftwork, which usually doesn’t bear the signature of its maker, retains a personal touch. When we look (c) — a thirty-year old nakshi kantha, we wonder (d) — its motifs and designs that point (e) — the artistic ingenuity and the presence of the maker (f) — it. The fact that we don’t know her name or any other details (g) — her doesn’t take anything away (h) — our appreciation (i) — the artist. Indeed the intimate nature (j) — the kantha and the tactile feeling, it generates animate the work and make it very inviting. 3. Complete the sentences with suitable phrases/words given in the box. there was born as if have to let alone what if had better as soon as would rather what’s it like (a) I have never walked five miles at a stretch — ten miles. The idea of walking so much distance frightens me. (b) I have never visited Kuakata. — visiting this place in the coming summer vacation? (c) People do not like his way of behaviour. He always behaves — he were a great leader. (d) The price of mango is high in our country. — we turn this land into a mango orchard? (e) The criminal ran away — he saw the police. He was afraid of being arrested. (f) Smoking tells upon the smoker’s health greatly. You — give up this bad habit. (g) Once — lived a king named Solomon. He was very wise. (h) Shimul — work hard than beg. He is very industrious and painstaking (i) Tapan is somewhat backward in his preparation for the coming HSC Exam. He — study hard to get completely prepared before the exam. (j) Albert Einstein was a great scientist of physics. He — in 1879 and breathed his last in 1955. 4. Complete the sentences using suitable clauses/phrases. (a) He is a liar. Do not rely – (b) Mobile phone is a wonder of modern science. But – (c) Time has its wings. It was five years since we — (d) Our country is beset with many problems. We all should come forward with a view to – (e) Whenever he speaks in English, —. But we learn through mistakes. (f) Patriotism is a noble virtue. It is high time —. (g) A student has to be punctual. He has to study regularly lest – (h) There is nobody -. Hence happiness is a relative term. (i) Trees are essential for our existence. So, we should plant —. (j) Early rising gives a man enough free time. Since I am an early riser, –. 5. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct form of verbs as per subject and context. People who (a) — (appear) most often and most gloriously in the pages of history (b) — (be) great conquerors and generals. Whereas, the people who really (c) — (help) civilization forward are often never (d) — (mention) at all. We do not know who first (e) — (set) a broken leg or (f) — (launch) a sea worthy boat or (g) — (calculate) the length of a year. The great men are those who (h) — (work) ceaselessly to quicken the pace of civilization. On the contrary, the condemned men are those who (i) — (cause) bloodshed and violence in the world. All of us (j) — (adore) the great men of the world. 6. Read the text and change the sentences as directed. Success never comes automatically. (a) We work hard to attain success in our life (Complex). (b) Peace and prosperity is not possible without being industrious (Affirmative). (c) A man who leads an idle life, brings misery for his life (Simple). (d) He can never help the people of the society (Passive). Such kind of man is the burden on the society. (e) Everybody abhors him (Negative). 7. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches. “My sons,” said he, “Listen to me. A great treasure lies hidden in the estate. I am about to leave you.” “Where is it hidden?” said the sons. “I am about to tell you,” said the old man. “But you must dig the land for it.” 8. Identify the unclear pronoun references in the following paragraph. Where necessary, rewrite the sentences so that all pronoun references are clear. The Liberation War of Bangladesh is a memorable event in our national life. She achieved her independence through sacrifice and bloodshed. It is the birthright of a man. On the night of March 25 1971 the Pakistan army fell upon the unarmed sleeping Bangalees. But we were not cowards. They built up strong resistance against them. They fought with courage for long nine months. After nine month’s bloody war and sacrifice of the freedom fighters, the red sun of independence rose in our soil on the 16th December, 1971. Now, we remember them with great respect. 9. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. Bangladesh is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) country. Though it is a small country, it has a (b) — (pre-modify the noun) population. People (c) — (post-modify the verb with an adverb) depend on agriculture. They grow different kinds of crops (d) — (pre-modify the verb with an adverbial phrase). We earn (e) — (pre-modify the noun with a noun adjective) currencies by exporting some of these crops. We are also rich in (f) — (pre-modify the noun with adjective) resources. Now, we are able (g) — (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) natural gas from underground. Our industries are also rising (h) — (post-modify the verb with an adverb). We export (i) — (pre-modify the noun with a noun-adjective) products to the developed countries. In this regard, we have already earned a (j) — (pre-modify the noun) reputation. 10. Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage. We cannot walk on a road in the darkness without light. (a) — we cannot step forward in our life without education. (b) — throughout the ages, education has been compared to light and (c) — ignorance has been compared to darkness. (d) — the light of education enlightens us. (e) — it broadens our mind and widens our outlook. (f) — it is education which helps us to become good citizens. (g) —education creates good citizens and ensures the smooth development of a country. (h) — ignorance stands on the way of development of an individual. (i) — ignorance has a detrimental effect on the overall development of a nation. (j) — we should come forward to educate every single person of our country and thereby ensure the development of our country. 11. Read the passage and then write the antonym or synonym of the words as directed below. An ideal teacher knows the art of teaching. He is the master of his subject. He makes his lessons interesting. His method of teaching is convincing and inspiring. An ideal teacher treats his students like his own children. He praises the good work done b mistakes. he is never harsh to him. He tactfully makes his student realize his mistake. An ideal teacher is never angry with his students. He believes in simple living and high thinking. He never sets a wrong example before his students. He has high moral values. (a) ideal (synonym); (b) master (synonym): (c) make (antonym); (d) method (synonym) (e) convincing (antonym); (f) praise (antonym): (g) mistake (synonym): (h) angry (antonym); (i) simple (antonym): (j) moral (synonym). 12. There are ten errors in the use of punctuation marks in the following text. Rewrite the text correcting the errors. Hasan: Can you tell me a little about Dhaka Hasib : Sure what would you like to know Hasan : Well whats a good time to visit there? Hasib : I think you can visit in winter. Hasan: Good and what should I see there Hasib : Well you can visit Sonargaon Folk Art Museum and you can see the handicrafts. But you must not leave Dhaka without visiting the Lalbagh Fort. Hasan : Anything else Hasib : Oh yes if you have time you may visit Ahsan Manjil. You could have an excellent experience of the Mughal and the British architecture Key Solution To Dinajpur Board-2019 English Second Paper Part-A 1.         (a) a (b) a (c) A (d) the (e) a (f) a (g) a (h) x (i) the j) x 2.         (a) of (b) of (c) at (d) at (e) to (f) in (g) about (h) away (i) of j) of 3.         (a) let alone (b) What's it like (c) as if (d) What if (e) as soon as (f) had better (g) there (h) would rather (i) has to j) was born 4.         (a) He is a liar. Do not rely on his words. (b) Mobile phone is a wonder of modern science. But we need to use it properly and judiciously. (c) Time has its wings. It was five years since we had last seen each other. (d) Our country is beset with many problems. We all should come forward with a view to solving those problems. (e) Whenever he speaks in English, he makes many mistakes. But we learn through mistakes. (f)        Patriotism is a noble virtue. It is high time we possessed this virtue. (g) A student has to be punctual. He has to study regularly lest he should fail in the exam. (h) There is nobody who is happy with what he has. Hence happiness is a relative term. (i) Trees are essential for our existence. So, we should plant trees and not cut them down. Early rising gives a man enough free time. Since I am an early riser, I get plenty of time to work. 5.         (a) appear (b) are (c) help / helped (d) mentioned (e) set (f) launched (g) calculated (h) work (i) cause j) should adore 6.         (a) We work hard so that we can attain success in our life. (b) Peace and prosperity is possible by being industrious. Or, Peace and prosperity is impossible without being industrious. (c) Leading an idle life, a man brings misery for his life. (d) The people of the society can never be helped by him. (e) Nobody loves him. /There is nobody but abhors him. 7. The old man told his sons that a great treasure lay hidden in the estate. He added that he was about to leave the sons. The sons asked him where it was hidden. The old man told them that he was about to tell them but they had to.dig the land for it. 8. The Liberation War of Bangladesh is a memorable event in our national life. She achieved her independence through sacrifice and bloodshed. Independence is the birthright of a man. On the night of March 25, 1971, the Pakistan army fell upon the unarmed sleeping Bengalees. But they / the Bengalees were not cowards. They built up strong resistance against the Pakistan army. The Bengalees fought with courage for long nine months. After nine month's bloody war and sacrifice of the freedom' fighters, the red sun of independence rose in our soil on the 16th December, 1971. Now we remember the freedom fighters with great respect. 9.         (a) developing/small/populated (b) large/huge (c) mostly (d) in their fields/all the year round (e) foreign (f) natural (g) to collect/to extract (h) fast/rapidly (i) garment j) good 10. (a) Likewise/Similarly (b) Therefore/So (c) on- the contrary (d) True that / In fact (e) Besides (f) In addition / In fact (g) So (h) On the other hand (i) Thus j) Hence/So 11. (a) perfect (b) expert (c) destroy (d) technique/way/system/ process (e) doubtful uncertain (f) criticize (g) error/fault (h) calm (i) pompous/ ostentatious ethical 12. Hasan:        Can you tell me a little about Dhaka? Hasib:      Sure! What would you like to know? Hasan:   Well, what's a good time to visit there? Hasib :     I think you can visit in winter. Hasan  :   Good and what should I see there? Hasib Well, you canwisit Sonargaon. Folk Art Museum and you can see the handicrafts. But you must not leave Dhaka without visiting the Lalbagh Fort. Hasan  :   Anything else? Hasib :   Oh yes. If you have time, you may visit Ahsan Manjil. You could have an excellent experience of the Mughal and the British architecture. Ad Ad

1.    Read the passage and answer the following questions A craftwork is an applied form of art, a social and cultural product reflecting the inclusive nature of folk imagination. A craftwork, which usually doesn't bear the signature of its maker, retains a personal touch. When we look at a thirty-year-old nakshikantha we wonder at its motifs and designs that point to the artistic ingenuity and the presence of the maker in it. The fact that we don't know her name or any other details about her doesn't take anything away from our appreciation of the artist. Indeed, the intimate nature of the kantha and the tactile feeling it generates animate the work and make it very inviting.   A craftwork is shaped by the interaction of individual creativity and community aesthetics, utility functions and human values. It is distinguished by its maker's desire to locate himself or herself in the wider and ever-changing cultural aspirations of the community, and subsequently of the market. But even when the market is an important factor, community aesthetics remains the factor determining the form and content of the craftwork. The exquisite terracotta dolls from Dinajpur dating back to early 1940s that form a part of the Bangladesh National Museum's collection were mostly bought  from village fairs by some patron. They were no doubt meant to be consumer items, but the dolls reflect community aesthetics in such a manner that the market has not been able to impose its own preferences on them.   1.   Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. a.       In the passage the world 'product' means (i) fruit (ii) legacy      (iii) good        (iv) commodity b.       What could be the closest meaning for 'inclusive'? (i) narrow       (ii) exclusive  (iii) comprehensive (iv) partial c.        In the passage the word 'ingenuity' means (i) Skillfulness   (ii) clumsiness  (iii) dullness          (iv) useless d.       The word 'exquisite' in the passage means (i) Unatractive (ii) imperfect   (iii) charming (iv) ugly e.       What does the word 'animate' in the passage mean? (i) inhabit       (ii) stimulate  (iii) enroll       (iv) dishearten 2. Answer the following questions in pretty detail. Use more than one sentence where necessary. a.       Define Craftwork and give example. b.       How is a craftwork shaped? c.        What determines the form and content of a craftwork? d.       How do terracotta dolls overcome market imposition? e.       What does an inanimate nakshikanta bear? Answer: 1. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives: a. In the passage the word 'product'  means: (iv) commodity b. What could be the closest meaning for 'inclusive' ? (iii) comprehensive c. In the passage the word 'ingenuity'  means: (i) skillfulness d. The word 'exquisite'  in the passage means: (iii) charming e. What does the word 'animate'  in the passage mean? (ii) stimulate 2. Answer the following questions in detail: a. Define Craftwork and give an example. Craftwork is an applied form of art that reflects the social and cultural imagination of a community. It is often created without the signature of its maker but retains a personal touch that shows the artist’s presence. An example of craftwork is a nakshikantha , which is a traditional embroidered quilt from Bangladesh, known for its intricate motifs and designs. b. How is a craftwork shaped? A craftwork is shaped by the interaction of individual creativity and the aesthetic values of the community. It also reflects utility functions and human values. This means that while the artist adds personal creativity, the craft is influenced by the cultural and social aspirations of the community, and even by the demands of the market. c. What determines the form and content of a craftwork? The form and content of a craftwork are primarily determined by community aesthetics , which refers to the collective artistic taste and cultural values of the community. Even though market demands can influence craftwork, it is the community’s aesthetic preferences that play the most significant role in shaping its design and purpose. d. How do terracotta dolls overcome market imposition? The terracotta dolls from Dinajpur, even though they were meant to be consumer items, reflect strong community aesthetics. This means that the traditional designs and cultural values embedded in the dolls were so influential that the market could not change or impose its own preferences on them. The dolls maintained their unique artistic qualities despite being sold in the market. e. What does an inanimate nakshikantha bear? An inanimate nakshikantha  bears the personal touch  and artistic ingenuity  of its maker. Even though it is just an object, it reflects the creativity, emotions, and presence of the artist through its intricate motifs and designs. This personal connection makes the nakshikantha feel lively and inviting, as if the spirit of the maker is still present within it. Bangla Translation একটি হস্তশিল্প শিল্পের একটি প্রয়োগিক রূপ, যা লোক কল্পনার অন্তর্ভুক্তিমূলক প্রকৃতিকে প্রতিফলিত করে। একটি হস্তশিল্প, যা সাধারণত তার নির্মাতার স্বাক্ষর বহন করে না, একটি ব্যক্তিগত স্পর্শ ধরে রাখে। যখন আমরা ত্রিশ বছর বয়সী নকশিকাঁথার দিকে তাকাই, তখন আমরা এর মোটিফ এবং নকশাগুলি দেখে অবাক হই যা শৈল্পিক দক্ষতা এবং এতে নির্মাতার উপস্থিতি নির্দেশ করে। আমরা তার নাম বা তার সম্পর্কে অন্য কোনও বিবরণ না জানার বিষয়টি শিল্পীর প্রতি আমাদের উপলব্ধি থেকে কোনও কিছুকে কমিয়ে দেয় না। প্রকৃতপক্ষে, কাঁথার অন্তরঙ্গ প্রকৃতি এবং এটি যে স্পর্শকাতর অনুভূতি তৈরি করে তা কাজটিকে সজীব করে তোলে এবং এটিকে খুব আকর্ষণীয় করে তোলে। Ad 1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. A craftwork thus is a dynamic object-always evolving, and always abreast of changing tastes and preferences. It also represents a way of life and a cultural flavour. Therefore changes in lifestyle and material conditions are expected to have their impact on craftworks and their production. But certain forms, shapes, styles and aesthetic preferences change little over time, suggesting that a craftwork can function as a stable signifier of community values and desires over time. Mechanical and mass production take away this feeling of assurance and stability and the sense of continuity that the handmade craftwork evokes. In the clash between expectations of pure, handmade craftworks and the market need of mechanically produced craftworks, two contesting views emerge: on the one hand, traditionalists contend that the society needs to preserve the authenticity and naturalness of craftworks and their association with domesticity and environment; and, on the other, promoters of machine production argue that the machine has helped restore the appeal of the crafts due to their cheaper production costs. There are no easy solutions to the problems that craftworks face in our time. Crafts that are disappearing can and should be revived, even where the machine has made the prospect difficult. And crafts that are still practiced can be safeguarded and made to consolidate their position further. This can be done by providing grants, loans, assistance and other support to the producers, and helping them find a comfortable customer base. But more importantly, craftwork can be branded and successfully marketed throughout the country and beyond as there are always buyers and users of handmade products who feel a strong attraction towards such cultural products.  A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) What does the phrase 'sense of continuity' mean?  (i) with interruption  (ii) having compactness   (iii) faultless  (iv) unbarred (b) Craftwork is influenced by —.   (i) changes in lifestyle  (ii) the past  (iii) fashion  (iv) people's desire  (c) Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word 'evoke'?  (i) dormant (ii) latent (iii) awaken (iv) evict (d) What is the closest meaning of the word 'dynamic'?  (i) static (ii) immovable (iii) settled (iv) motion (e) What is the meaning of the word 'evolving'?  (i) unfold (ii) confidential (iii) unrevealed (iv) hidden (f) The word 'preference' means —.  (i) choice (ii) pick (iii) fancy (iv) favour (g) 'It also represents a way of life and a cultural flavour.' Here cultural flavour means —  (i) cultural mix (ii) attributes of a culture (iii) cultural presence (iv) cultural value (h) The word 'impact' refers to —.  (i) meaning (ii) shock (iii) contact (iv) influence (i) The synonym of the word 'production' is —.  (i) assembly (ii) consumption (iii) manufacturing (iv) staging (j) The closest meaning of the word 'aesthetic' is —  (i) beautiful (ii) unlocked (iii) fine arts (iv) product (k) The word 'suggesting' means —.  (i) ordering (ii) moving (iii) indicating (iv) hinting (l) The meaning of 'stable' is —.  (i) shaky (ii) abiding (iii) fast (iv) fixed (m)  The word 'assurance' refers to —.  (i) confidence (ii) certainty (iii) uncertainty (iv) courage (n) The closest meaning of 'continuity' is —.  (i) connection (ii) flow (iii) sequence (iv) linkage (o) The word 'clash' means —.  (i) fight (ii) conflict (iii) collision (iv) clank (p) The word 'emerge' refers to —.  (i) arise (ii) issue (iii) fade (iv) develop (q) The word 'authenticity' means —.  (i) invalidity (ii) honesty (iii) truth (iv) genuineness (r) The closest meaning of the word 'preserve' is —.  (i) destroy (ii) ruin (iii) maintain (iv) keep (s) The meaning of 'association' is —.  (i) alliance (ii) society (iii) company (iv) tie (t) The word 'promoter' means —.  (i) introducer (ii) founder (iii) advertiser (iv) seller (u) The word 'argue' refers to —.  (i) show (ii) talk (iii) discuss (iv) claim (v) The word 'restore' means —.  (i) return (ii) revive (iii) repair (iv) replace Answer (A): (a) (ii) having compactness (b) (i) changes in lifestyle (c) (iii) awaken (d) (iv) motion (e) (i) unfold (f) (i) choice (g) (ii) attributes of a culture (h) (iv) influence (i) (iii) manufacturing (j) (i) beautiful (k) (iii) indicating (l) (iv) fixed (m) (ii) certainty (n) (i) connection (o) (iii) collision (p) (i) arise (q) (iv) genuineness (r) (iii) maintain (s) (i) alliance (t) (ii) founder (u) (iii) discuss (v) (ii) revive B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) Why is a craftwork familiar as a dynamic object? (b) What does a craftwork represent? (c) What kind of objects have an impact on craftworks? (d) What is the argument of the traditionalists? (e) Why should we preserve our traditional craftworks? (f) What is a craftwork? (g) Why are crafts disappearing? (h) What is your idea about art and craftwork? (i) What does market play in promoting crafts? (j) 'Mechanically produced craftwork is a big challenge to the handmade craftwork'. Do you support it? Answer (B):  (a) A craftwork is familiar as a dynamic object because it is always evolving and always abreast of changing tastes and preferences.  (b) A craftwork represents a way of life and a cultural flavour.  (c) Changes in lifestyle and material condition, changes in nature and environment have impact on craftworks.  (d) Traditionalists contend that the society needs to preserve the authenticity on naturalness of craftworks and their association with domesticity and environment.  (e) We know that crafts play a vital role in the life of ordinary people and they are an important part of the society and historical culture. That's why we should preserve our traditional craftworks.  (f) A craftwork is an applied form of art in making products with hands. In other words, a craftwork is the work done by a craftsman.  (g) Crafts are disappearing because of many problems. Firstly, crafts depend on the authenticity and naturalness of craftwork and the society fails to preserve them. Secondly, motifs, shapes, styles and aesthetic preferences needed for craftwork are badly affected by mechanical production.  (h) Art and craftwork are different forms. Craftwork is the practical form of art, while art is the application of imagination to express ideas or feelings in painting and drawing.  (i) Market plays a vital role in promoting crafts both at home and abroad. Craftwork can be branded and marketed throughout the country in order to draw the attention of the consumers. Providing easy loans, grants and other assistance are required to marketise craftwork.  (j) Yes, I do support it. Mechanically produced craftwork is a big challenge to the handmade craftwork. Because, machine production is cheaper and easily available compared to handmade craftwork. Moreover, craftwork made by machine faces a lot of difficulties. বাংলা অনুবাদঃ   একটি শিল্পকর্ম এভাবেই একটি প্রাণবন্ত কর্ম যা সর্বদা বিকাশমান এবং পরিবর্তিত স্বাদ ও রুচির সাথে সদা তাল মিলিয়ে চলে। এটি একটি জীবন পদ্ধতি ও সাংস্কৃতিক বিশেষ গুণেরও প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে। অতএব, শিল্পকর্ম ও এদের উৎপাদনের ওপর জীবনধারা ও বস্তুর অবস্থার পরিবর্তের প্রভাব রয়েছে বলে প্রত্যাশা করা হয়। কিন্তু সময়ের বিবর্তনে নির্দিষ্ট কিছু গঠন, আকৃতি, শৈলী ও নান্দনিক অভিরুচির সামান্য পরিবর্তন ঘটে যা নির্দেশ করে যে একটি শিল্পকর্ম সময়ের সাথে জনসাধারণের মূল্যবোধ ও আকাগুক্ষার একটি দৃঢ় নিদর্শন হিসেবে কাজ করতে পারে। যান্ত্রিক ও অধিক উৎপাদন যে নিশ্চয়তা ও স্থিতিশীলতা এবং অবিচ্ছিন্নতার অনুভূতিকে দূরে সরিয়ে নিয়ে গেছে হাতে তৈরি শিল্পকর্ম তা জাগিয়ে তোলে। সম্পূর্ণরূপে হাতে তৈরি শিল্পকর্মের প্রত্যাশা এবং বাজার চাহিদা অনুযায়ী যান্ত্রিকভাবে উৎপাদিত শিল্পকর্মের মধ্যে অমিল থাকায়, দুটি বিপরীত ধারণা আবির্ভূত হয়েছে: একদিকে, ঐতিহ্যবাদীরা মত দেন যে শিল্পকর্মের অকৃত্রিমতা ও স্বাভাবিকতা এবং পারিবারিক জীবন ও পরিবেশের সাথে তাদের সম্পৃক্ততা সংরক্ষণ করা সমাজের প্রয়োজন; আর অপরপক্ষে, যান্ত্রিক উৎপাদনের প্রবর্তকরা যুক্তি দেন যে শিল্পকর্মগুলোর উৎপাদন খরচ কম হওয়ার কারণে এগুলোর আকর্ষণ পুনঃস্থাপনে যন্ত্র সহায়তা করেছে। আমাদের সময়ে শিল্পকর্ম যেসব সমস্যার সম্মুখীন তার সহজ কোনো সমাধান নেই। যে সকল শিল্পকর্ম হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সেগুলোকে পুনরুজ্জীবিত করা যেতে পারে এবং তা করা উচিত, এমনকী সেখানেও যেখানে যন্ত্র এর সম্ভাবনাকে কঠিন করে তুলেছে। আর যে সকল শিল্পকর্ম এখনও চর্চা করা হয় সেগুলোকে রক্ষা করা যেতে পারে এবং এগুলোর অবস্থাকে আরও সুদৃঢ় করতে হবে। উৎপাদনকারীদেরকে প্রাপ্য অর্থ প্রদান, ঋণ সহায়তা ও অন্যান্য সহযোগিতা করে এবং তাদেরকে একটি স্বস্তিদায়ক বাজার খুঁজে পেতে সাহায্য করার মাধ্যমে তা করা যেতে পারে। কিন্তু অধিকতর গুরুত্বপূর্ণ হলো, শিল্পকর্মের প্রচার এবং সফলভাবে সারাদেশে বাজারজাত করা যেতে পারে আর এর কারণ সর্বদাই হাতে তৈরি পণ্যের ক্রেতা ও ব্যবহারকারী থাকে যারা সাংস্কৃতিক পণ্যের প্রতি ভীষণ আকর্ষণ অনুভব করে। Ad

Passage-1 Read the passage below and answer the questions following it.. Bangladesh is blessed with huge inland open water resources. It has numerous rivers, canals, beels, lakes, and vast areas of floodplains. Hakaluki Haor is one of the major wetlands of Bangladesh. With a land area of 18,386 hectares, it supports a rich biodiversity and provides direct and indirect livelihood benefits to nearly 190,000 people. This haor was declared an Ecologically Critical Area in April 1999 by the Government of Bangladesh. Hakaluki is a complex ecosystem, containing more than 238 interconnecting beels and jalmahals. The most important beels Chatla, Pinlarkona, Dulla, Sakua, Barajalla, Balijhuri, Lamba, Tekonia, Haorkhal, Tural, Baghalkuri and Chinaura. Hakaluki Haor is bounded by the Kushiara river as well as a part of the Sonai-Bardal river to the north, by the Fenchuganj-Kulaura railway to the west and to the south, and by the Kulaura- Beanibazar road to the east. The haor falls under two administrative districts, Maulvibazar and Sylhet. Some 190,000 people live in the area surrounding the haor. Hakaluki Haor is an important source of fisheries resources for Bangladesh. Kalibaus, Boal, Rui, Ghagot, Pabda and Chapila are the main fish species found here. From the Kushiara there are frequent upstream movements of fish towards the beels and tributaries of Hakaluki. The beels in Hakaluki Haor provide winter shelter for the mother fisheries. In early monsoon these mother fisheries produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities. Floodplains are also an important source of fisheries resources within the area. However, many of the beels have lost their capacity to provide shelter for mother fisheries because of sand deposits from upstream rivers and canals, use of complete dewatering technique for fishing and lack of aquatic plants to provide feed and shelter for parent fish   A.  Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. (a)    "Bangladesh is blessed with" refers to ——. (i)  Bangladesh is blessing (iii) Bangladesh is beset with (ii)  Bangladesh is lucky to have (iv) Bangladesh is a beauty (b)    The word "numerous" stands for ——. (i) numberless  (ii) namely        (iii) many         (iv) numbered (c)   A rich beels in Hakaluki Haor provide ——. (i) Chalan beel  (ii) Hakaluki Haor         (iii) Dulla beel (iv) Sakara beel (d)    The beels in Hakaluki Haor provide ——. (i)  Summer shelter for the mother fisheries (ii)  Winter shelter for the mother fisheries (iii)  Livelihood benefits to nearly 190,000 people (iv) Communication network to 190,000 people (e)    "—— many of the beels have lost their capacity." ——What does it imply? (i)  The beels are not capable of providing shelter for mother fisheries now (ii)  The beels have turned into a mangrove forest (iii)  The beels are now dead completely (iv) They are totally useless now B.  Answer the following questions. a.       What are floodplains and how are they protected from flashfloods? b.       The beels in Hakaluki Haor provide winter shelter for the mother fisheries. Who says this? Why does she/ he say this? Give reasons. c.        How is Bangladesh blessed with huge inland open water resources? d.       How is Hakaluki Haor bounded to the west and to the south? e.       Do you agree with this statement, This Haor was declared an ecologically critical area in April 1999 by the government of Bangladesh? Why/ Why not? Give reasons. Answer: A. Correct Answers: (a) (ii) Bangladesh is lucky to have (b) (iii) many (c) (ii) Hakaluki Haor (d) (ii) Winter shelter for the mother fisheries (e) (i) The beels are not capable of providing shelter for mother fisheries now B. Answers: a. What are floodplains and how are they protected from flashfloods? Floodplains are vast, flat areas of land  near rivers that get flooded during heavy rains or when rivers overflow . The passage does not mention specific protection methods from flashfloods, but generally, floodplains are protected using embankments , dams , and flood control systems  to manage water flow and prevent damage. b. The beels in Hakaluki Haor provide winter shelter for the mother fisheries. Who says this? Why does she/he say this? Give reasons. This information is provided by the author of the passage . The author says this to highlight the ecological importance  of Hakaluki Haor. The beels act as safe breeding grounds  during winter, allowing mother fisheries to produce millions of fries  in the monsoon, which benefits the downstream fishing communities . c. How is Bangladesh blessed with huge inland open water resources? Bangladesh is blessed with huge inland open water resources because it has numerous rivers, canals, beels, lakes , and vast floodplains . These water bodies support rich biodiversity , provide fisheries resources , and offer livelihoods  to millions of people. d. How is Hakaluki Haor bounded to the west and to the south? Hakaluki Haor is bounded to the west and south  by the Fenchuganj-Kulaura railway . This railway line marks the boundary of the haor in these directions. e. Do you agree with this statement: "This Haor was declared an ecologically critical area in April 1999 by the government of Bangladesh"? Why/Why not? Give reasons. Yes, I agree  with this statement. Hakaluki Haor was declared an Ecologically Critical Area (ECA)  in April 1999  by the Government of Bangladesh because of its rich biodiversity  and the environmental threats  it faces. Issues like sand deposits , overfishing , and the loss of aquatic plants  have affected the haor’s ecosystem, making it necessary to protect and conserve it. Bangla Translation বাংলাদেশ বিশাল অভ্যন্তরীণ উন্মুক্ত জলসম্পদে সমৃদ্ধ। এখানে অসংখ্য নদী, খাল, বিল, হ্রদ এবং বিস্তীর্ণ প্লাবনভূমি রয়েছে। হাকালুকি হাওর বাংলাদেশের অন্যতম প্রধান জলাভূমি। ১৮,৩৮৬ হেক্টর আয়তনের এই হাওর সমৃদ্ধ জীববৈচিত্র্যকে সমর্থন করে এবং প্রায় ১,৯০,০০০ মানুষকে প্রত্যক্ষ ও পরোক্ষভাবে জীবিকা নির্বাহের সুবিধা প্রদান করে। ১৯৯৯ সালের এপ্রিলে বাংলাদেশ সরকার এই হাওরকে পরিবেশগতভাবে সংকটপূর্ণ এলাকা হিসেবে ঘোষণা করে। হাকালুকি একটি জটিল বাস্তুতন্ত্র, যেখানে ২৩৮টিরও বেশি আন্তঃসংযোগকারী বিল এবং জলমহাল রয়েছে। সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিলগুলি হল চাতলা, পিনলারকোনা, দুল্লা, সাকুয়া, বড়জল্লা, বালিঝুরি, লাম্বা, টেকনিয়া, হাওরখাল, তুরাল, বাঘলকুড়ি এবং চিনাউরা। হাকালুকি হাওর কুশিয়ারা নদী এবং উত্তরে সোনাই-বরদল নদীর একটি অংশ, পশ্চিমে ও দক্ষিণে ফেঞ্চুগঞ্জ-কুলাউড়া রেলপথ এবং পূর্বে কুলাউড়া-বিয়ানীবাজার সড়ক দ্বারা বেষ্টিত। হাওরটি দুটি প্রশাসনিক জেলা, মৌলভীবাজার এবং সিলেটের অধীনে পড়ে। হাওরের আশেপাশের এলাকায় প্রায় ১,৯০,০০০ মানুষ বাস করে। হাকালুকি হাওর বাংলাদেশের মৎস্য সম্পদের একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ উৎস। কালিবাউস, বোয়াল, রুই, ঘাঘট, পাবদা এবং চাপিলা হল এখানে পাওয়া প্রধান মাছের প্রজাতি। কুশিয়ারা থেকে হাকালুকির বিল এবং উপনদীগুলিতে মাছের ঘন ঘন প্রবাহ ঘটে। হাকালুকি হাওরের বিলগুলি মাতৃ মৎস্যজীবীদের জন্য শীতকালীন আশ্রয় প্রদান করে। বর্ষার শুরুতে এই মাতৃ মৎস্যজীবীরা সমগ্র ভাটির মৎস্যজীবী সম্প্রদায়ের জন্য লক্ষ লক্ষ পোনা উৎপাদন করে। প্লাবনভূমিও এই এলাকার মৎস্য সম্পদের একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ উৎস। তবে, উজানের নদী ও খাল থেকে বালি জমা, মাছ ধরার জন্য সম্পূর্ণ জল অপসারণ কৌশল ব্যবহার এবং মাতৃ মাছের খাদ্য ও আশ্রয় প্রদানের জন্য জলজ উদ্ভিদের অভাবের কারণে অনেক বিল মাতৃ মৎস্যজীবীদের আশ্রয় দেওয়ার ক্ষমতা হারিয়ে ফেলেছে। Ad Hakaluki haor is a very important resting place for migratory waterfowls flying in from the north. The most interesting species is the Barheaded Goose, which is now hardly seen in fresh water wetlands. Many other important species of waterfowls make the Haor their temporary home. Unfortunately, illegal poaching has been a threat to the waterfowl population in this vast wetland. Hakaluki haor is known as a good grazing land in winter. People from villages around the Haor and also from distant areas send their herds for grazing. During this time, herders make temporary shelters near the beels and graze their animals for a period of 4-5 months. The Haor had very dense swamp forests in the past, but deforestation and a lack of conservation practices have virtually destroyed this unique forest in the last two decades. Two small patches of swamp forests still exist in the area of which one is in Chatla beel and the other near the village of Kalikrishnapur. With the exception of these two swamp forest patches, the vegetation surrounding Hakaluki Haor is unique. It includes both swamp forest as well as mixed evergreen rain forest. Thatching material is the most useful natural wetland product of the area. The haor system provides a wide range of economic and non-economic benefits to the local people as well as to the people of Bangladesh. These include fish production, rice production, cattle and buffalo rearing, duck rearing, collection of reeds and grasses, and collection of aquatic and other plants. The haor system also protects the lower floodplains from flash floods occurring in the months of April-May, maintains the supply of fish in other lower water bodies and provides habitat for migratory and local waterfowls. The unique haor system contributes to the beauty of the landscape both during the monsoon and the dry season. In monsoon, its unique scenic beauty makes it a huge natural bowl of water and in the dry season it becomes a vast green grassland with pockets of beels serving as resting places for migratory birds. This unique natural system can be a major attraction for tourists.  [Unit-8; Lesson-2] [Chittagong College- '16; Blue Bird College, Sylhet- '16; Sonar Bangla College, Comilla- '16] বাংলা অনুবাদঃ   ...............হাকালুকি হাওরটি হচ্ছে উত্তর দিক হতে উড়ে আসা অতিথি জলচর পাখিদের একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিশ্রামের জায়গা। সবচেয়ে মজার প্রজাতি হচ্ছে বারহেডেড রাজহাঁস যেগুলো এখন মিঠা পানির জলাশয়ে কদাচিৎ দেখা যায়। জলচর পাখিদের আরও অনেক প্রজাতি হাওরটিকে তাদের অস্থায়ী আবাস স্থল বানিয়েছে। দুর্ভাগ্যবশত, অবৈধ পাখিশিকার এই বিস্তীর্ণ জলাশয়ে জলচর পাখিদের জন্য হুমকি হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে। শীতকালে খুব ভালো বিচরণ ক্ষেত্র হিসেবে হাকালুকি হাওর পরিচিত। হাওরের চারপাশের গ্রাম ও দূরবর্তী এলাকার জনগণ তাদের গরু ছাগল বিচরণের জন্য এখানে পাঠিয়ে দেয়। এ সময়, পশুপালকেরা বিলগুলোর নিকটে অস্থায়ী আশ্রয় নির্মাণ করে এবং ৪-৫ মাস ধরে তাদের প্রাণীগুলো এখানে চড়ায়/ বিচরণ করায়। অতীতে হাওরটিতে অত্যন্ত ঘন জলাশয় বন ছিল, কিন্তু বন নিধন এবং সংরক্ষণ অভ্যাসের ঘাটতি বিগত দুই দশকে এই দুর্লভ বনকে কার্যত ধ্বংস করেছে। এ অঞ্চলে এখনো জলাশয় বনভূমির দুটি ছোট অংশ বিদ্যমান আছে যাদের একটি চাতলা বিলে এবং অপরটি কালিকৃষ্ণপুর গ্রামের নিকটে। এই দুইটি ক্ষুদ্র জলাশয় বনভূমি ব্যাতিরেকে হাকালুকি হাওরের চারিদিকের উদ্ভিদসমূহ অনুপম। এটা জলাশয় বন ও মিশ্র চিরসবুজ বৃষ্টি প্রধান ক্রান্তীয় অঞ্চলের জঙ্গল উভয়কে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করে। খড় দিয়ে ছাওয়ার উপকরণ এই অঞ্চলের সবচেয়ে উপকারী প্রাকৃতিক আর্দ্রভূমির উৎপন্ন দ্রব্য। হাওর ব্যবস্থা আঞ্চলিক ও বাংলাদেশের জনগণকে অর্থনৈতিক ও অর্থনৈতিক নয় এমন বিস্তীর্ণ সুবিধা প্রদান করে। মৎস্য উৎপাদন, ধান উৎপাদন, গরু, ছাগল ও মহিষ পালন, হাঁস পালন, নলখাগড়া ও ঘাস সংগ্রহ এবং জলজ ও অন্যান্য উদ্ভিদ সংগ্রহ এদের অন্তর্ভুক্ত। হাওর ব্যবস্থা এপ্রিল-মে মাসে সংঘটিত আকস্মিক বন্যার হাত থেকে নিচু প্লাবন সমভূমিকে রক্ষা করে, অন্যান্য নিচু জলাশয়ের মাছের সরবরাহ বজায় রাখে এবং অতিথি ও স্থানীয় জলচর পাখিদের বাসস্থানের যোগান দেয়। অনুপম হাওর ব্যবস্থা বর্ষা ও শুকনো উভয় ঋতুতে স্থলভাগের দৃশ্যের সৌন্দর্য বর্ধনে অবদান রাখে। বর্ষাকালে এর অপরূপ সৌন্দর্য একে একটি বিশাল প্রাকৃতিক জলাধারে পরিণত করে এবং শুক্নো মৌসুমে এটা বিলের ছোট ছোট অংশসহ একটি বিস্তীর্ণ সবুজ ঘাসজমিতে পরিণত হয় যা অতিথি পাখিদের বিচরণ ক্ষেত্র। এই অপূর্ব প্রাকৃতিক ব্যবস্থা ভ্রমণকারীদের জন্য একটি প্রধান আকর্ষণ হতে পারে। A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) Hakaluki Haor has lost its dense swamp forests because of —.  (i) plantation (ii) afforestation  (iii) water  (iv) deforestation (b) What does the word 'virtually' mean?  (i) practically  (ii) gloriously  (iii)  lately  (iv) later  (c) Guess the meaning of the word 'evergreen' used in the passage —.  (i) stale  (ii) perennial  (iii) old  (iv) aged  (d) The word 'landscape' refers to —.  (i) countryside (ii) foreign (iii) beside sea  (iv) water (e) "The haor is a very important resting place for migratory waterfowls flying from the north." – What does it imply?  (i) safe place for migratory waterfowls (ii) unsafe place for migratory waterfowls  (iii) danger place for migratory waterfowls  (iv) none of the above   ❤ Extra Questions: (f) The word 'unique' means —.  (i) common  (ii) exceptional (iii) general  (iv) usual  (g) Guess the meaning of the word 'protect' —.  (i) defend  (ii) destruct  (iii) defy  (iv) decompose  (h) The word 'lower' means —.  (i) bottom  (ii) raise  (iii) increase  (iv) rise  (i) The word 'habitat' refers to —.  (i) dwelling  (ii) breeding  (iii) sleeping  (iv) coming  (j) "It includes both swamp forest as well as mixed evergreen rain forest. "This line indicates —.  (i) The haor has both swamp forest and rain forest  (ii) The haor has only swamp forest (iii) The haor has only rain forest  (iv) The haor has none of the two forests (k) Who graze their animals?  (i) villagers (ii) fishermen (iii) shepherds (iv) farmers (l) "Barheaded Goose are hardly seen in fresh water wetlands."— In this sentence "hardly" means —.  (i) usually (ii) often (iii) almost (iv) almost not (m) The haor turns into a huge natural bowl of water in — season.  (i) summer (ii) spring (iii) dry  (iv) rainy (n) The landscape of the Hakaluki Haor looks beautiful in —.  (i) rainy season (ii) dry season (iii) winter season (iv) both (i) and (ii) (o) Hakaluki Haor is a — for migratory birds.  (i) temporary abode (ii) permanent residence (iii) fixed abode (iv) permanent habitat (p) Which has been a threat to the waterfowls?  (i) legal poaching (ii) prohibited poaching (iii) formal poaching (iv) legitimate poaching (q) In winter Hakaluki haor is good for —.  (i) graze (ii) grazing (iii) grazed (iv) all of the above (r) The closest meaning of the word "dense" is —.  (i) lucid (ii) thick (iii) clean (iv) dirty (s) The word "graze" means —.  (i) wander (ii) leave (iii) tour (iv) travel (t) The word "poaching" means —.  (i) interfere (ii) occupy (iii) bother (iv) neglect (u) The word "illegal" refers to —.  (i) judicial (ii) legitimate (iii) prohibited (iv) legal (v) The word 'destroy' refers to —.  (i) build  (ii) save  (iii) construct  (iv) devastate Answer (A): (a) (iv) deforestation (b) (i) practically (c) (ii) perennial (d) (i) countryside (e) (i) safe place for migratory waterfowls (f) (ii) exceptional (g) (i) defend (h) (i) bottom (i) (i) dwelling (j) (i) The haor has both swamp forest and rain forest (k) (iii) shepherds (l) (iv) almost not (m) (iv) rainy (n) (iv) both (i) and (ii) (o) (i) temporary abode (p) (ii) prohibited poaching (q) (ii) grazing (r) (ii) thick (s) (i) wander (t) (ii) occupy (u) (iii) prohibited (v) (iv) devastate B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) What bird species are seen in Hakaluki Haor in winter? (b) What economic benefits does the haor provide for the locals?  (c) Describe the natural beauty of Hakaluki Haor. (d) Why do the people of distant areas make shelters there? (e) How is the haor unique in terms of beauty?   ❤ Extra Questions: (f) What does happen in the haor in winter? (g) What do you know about waterfowls? (h) What is the reason behind destruction of the swamp forest? (i) Where are the two swamp forests that still exist? Answer (B):  (a) Hakaluki Haor is a very important resting place for migratory waterfowls flying in from the north in winter. The most interesting species is the Barheaded Goose. Many often important species of waterfowls make Haor their temporary shelter.  (b) The Hakaluki haor provides a wide range of economic benefits to the local people as well as to the people of Bangladesh. These include fish production, rice production, cattle and buffalo rearing, duck rearing, collection of reeds and grasses, and collection of aquatic and other plants.  (c) The Hakaluki Haor is one of the major wetlands of Bangladesh. In monsoon, its unique scenic beauty makes it a huge natural bowl of water and in the dry season it becomes a vast green grassland with pockets of beels. This unique natural beauty is a major attraction for tourists.  (d) The people of distant areas make shelters there in winter to graze their animals.  (e) The haor is unique because it is beautiful in all seasons. The landscape of the haor is beautiful in both monsoon and dry season. In monsoon it turns to a huge natural bowl of water and in dry season it becomes a vast green grassland with pockets of beels.  (f) In winter the Hakaluki Haor becomes a good grazing land. The herders graze their animals for a period of 4-5 months. During this period the herders make temporary shelters near the beels.  (g) The waterfowls are migratory birds coming from the north. Hakaluki Haor is the most important resting place for the waterfowls. But nowadays waterfowls are endangered because of illegal poaching in this wetland.  (h) In the past the swamp forests were so dense but deforestation and lack of conservation practices have virtually destroyed this unique forest in the last two decades.  (i) Most of the swamp forests are destroyed in the last two decades but two of them still exist. One is in Chatla beel and the other near the village of Kalikrishnapur. 1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. Bangladesh is blessed with huge inland open water resources. It has numerous river canals, beels, lakes, and vast areas of floodplains. Hakaluki Haor is one of the major wetlands of Bangladesh. With a land area of 18,386 hectares, it supports a rich biodiversity and provides direct and indirect livelihood benefits to nearly 190,000 people. This haor was declared an Ecologically Critical Area in April 1999 by the government of Bangladesh. Hakaluki is a complex ecosystem, containing more than 238 interconnecting beels and jalmahals. The most important beels are Chatla, Pinlarkona, Dulla, Sakua, Barajalla, Balijhuri, Lamba, Tekonia, Haorkhal, Tural, Baghalkuri and Chinaura.  Hakaluki Haor is bounded by the Kushiara river as well as a part of the Sonai-Bardal river to the north, by the Fenchuganj-Kulaura railway to the west and to the south, and by the Kulaura-Beanibazar road to the east. The haor falls under two administrative districts, Maulvibazar and Sylhet. Some 190,000 people live in the area surrounding the haor. Hakaluki Haor is an important source of fisheries resources for Bangladesh. Kalibaus, Boal, Rui, Ghagot, Pabda and Chapila are the main fish species found here. From the Kushiara there are frequent upstream movement of fish towards the beels and tributaries of Hakaluki. The beels in Hakaluki Haor provide winter shelter for the mother fisheries. In early monsoon these mother fisheries produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities. Floodplains are also an important source of fisheries resources within the area. However, many of the beels have lost their capacity to provide shelter for mother fisheries because of sand deposits from upstream rivers and canals, use of complete dewatering technique for fishing and lack of aquatic plants to provide feed and shelter for parent fish................ [Unit-8; Lesson-2] [Lutfor Rahman Matin Mohila Degree College, Tangail- '16; Cantonment Public School & College, BUSMS, Dinajpur- '16; Sonar Bangla College, Comilla- '16 Chittagong College- '16; Blue Bird College, Sylhet- '16] বাংলা অনুবাদঃ   বাংলাদেশ বিস্তীর্ণ অন্তর্দেশীয় উন্মুক্ত পানি সম্পদে আশীর্বাদপুষ্ট। এর অসংখ্য নদী, খাল, বিল, হ্রদ এবং বিস্তীর্ণ বন্যা প্লাবন এলাকা আছে। হাকালুকি হাওর বাংলাদেশের প্রধান আর্দ্র ভূমিগুলোর অন্যতম। ১৮,৩৮৬ হেক্টর জায়গা জুড়ে এটা একটি সমৃদ্ধ জীববৈচিত্রকে ধারণ করে এবং প্রায় ১৯০,০০০ লোকের প্রত্যক্ষ বা পরোক্ষ জীবিকার সুযোগ দান করে। বাংলাদেশ সরকার ১৯৯৯ সালের এপ্রিলে এই হাওরকে পরিবেশ দূষণ সংক্রান্ত সংকটপূর্ণ অঞ্চল হিসেবে ঘোষণা দিয়েছিলেন। হাকালুকি ২৩৮টিরও বেশি পরস্পর সংযোগকারী বিল ও জলমহল এর সমন্বয়ে গঠিত একটি জটিল বাস্তব্যবিদ্যা সংস্থান। সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিলগুলো হচ্ছে চাতলা, পিন্লারকোনা, দুল্লা, সাকুয়া, বড়জালা, বালিঝুড়ি, লাম্বা, টেকনিয়া, হাওরখাল, তুরাল, বাঘালকুড়ি এবং চিনাউড়া। হাকালুকি হাওর উত্তর দিকে কুশিয়ারা নদী ও সোনাই-বড়দালনদী দ্বারা, পশ্চিম ও দক্ষিণ দিকে ফেঞ্চুগঞ্জ- কুলাউড়া রেলপথ দ্বারা এবং পূর্বদিকে কুলাউড়া বিয়ানীবাজার সড়ক দ্বারা বেষ্টিত। হাওরটি মৌলভীবাজার ও সিলেট এই দুইটি প্রশাসনিক জেলায় অবস্থিত। হাওরের চারিদিকে প্রায় ১,৯০,০০০ জন লোক বাস করে। হাকালুকি হাওর বাংলাদেশের মৎস্য সম্পদের এক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ উৎস। এখানে কালিবাউস, বোয়াল, রুই, ঘাগট, পাবদা এবং চাপিলা প্রভৃতি প্রধান মৎস্য প্রজাতি পাওয়া যায়। কুশিয়ারা হতে হাকালুকির বিল ও শাখাগুলোর উজানের দিকে মাছের ঘন ঘন চলাচল আছে। হাকালুকি হাওরের বিলগুলো শীতকালে মা মৎস্যদের আশ্রয়ের ব্যবস্থা করে। বর্ষার প্রথমদিকে এ সমস্ত মা মাছ ভাটির মৎস্যজীবি সম্প্রদায়ের জন্য লক্ষ লক্ষ মাছের পোনা উৎপাদন করে। প্লাবন সমতল ভূমিগুলোও এ অঞ্চলের মধ্যে মৎস্য সম্পদের এক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ উৎস। যা হোক উজানের নদী ও খালগুলো হতে আসা বালির স্তর, মাছ ধরার জন্য সম্পূর্ণ পানি শুকানোর কলাকৌশলের ব্যবহার এবং মা মাছের খাবার ও আশ্রয়ের জন্য জলজ উদ্ভিদের অভাবের কারণে বিলগুলোর অনেকগুলোই মা মাছের আশ্রয় দেয়ার ক্ষমতা হারিয়ে ফেলেছে।..................  A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) "Bangladesh is blessed with" refers to–  (i) Bangladesh is a blessing (ii) Bangladesh is lucky to have  (iii) Bangladesh is beset with (iv) Bangladesh is a beauty (b) The best synonym of "tributaries" is–  (i) Tribute (ii) Branches (iii) Water (iv) Flood (c) "Livelihood" could be best replaced by–  (i) Way of life  (ii) stage after adulthood   (iii) Source of life  (iv) Source of income (d) The word "numerous" stands for–  (i) namely (ii) numberless (iii) many (iv) numbered (e) What does Hakaluki Hoar provide to nearly 1,90,000 people?  (i) A good communication benefit ii) Livelihood benefit  (iii) Irrigation facility  (iv) Safe water   ❤ Extra Questions: (f) What is the meaning of the word 'aquatic'?  (i) terrestrial  (ii) small  (iii) big  (iv) water-born  (g) The word 'source' means —.  (i) origin (ii) sink  (iii) submerge  (iv) merge  (h) Mother fisheries produce millions of fries during —.  (i) late monsoon (ii) early monsoon (iii) pre-monsoon (iv) post-monsoon (i) About — people live in the area surrounding the haor.  (i) 18,386 (ii) 1,90,000 (iii) 1999  (iv) 238 (j) The ecosystem of Hakaluki is —.  (i) facile (ii) ordinary (iii) intricate (iv) shrewd (k) Haorkhal is a —.  (i) jalmahal (ii) khal (iii) beel (iv) haor (l) The word 'complex' refers to —.  (i) simple (ii) facile (iii) tangled (iv) ordinary (m) What does the word 'inland' mean?  (i) internal  (ii) some  (iii) little  (iv) any  (n) Hakaluki Haor is located in —.  (i) Sylhet and Hobigonj  (ii) Maulvibazar and Sunamganj  (iii) Sylhet and Maulvibazar (iv) Sunamgonj and Hobiganj Answer (A): (a) (ii) Bangladesh is lucky to have (b)(ii) Branches (c) (i) way of life (d) (iii) many (e) (ii) livelihood benefit (f) (iv) water-born (g) (i) origin (h) (ii) early monsoon (i) (ii) 1,90,000 (j) (iii) intricate (k) (iii) beel (l) (iii) tangled (m) (i) internal (n) (iii) Sylhet and Maulvibazar B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) Why is Hakaluki Haor an important source of fisheries? (b) Can you mention the surrounding area of Hakaluki Haor? (c) Why have many of the beels lost their capacity to provide shelter for mother fisheries? (d) "This Haor is an ecologically critical area"– Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons. (e) What are floodplains and how are they protected from flashflood?   ❤ Extra Questions: (f) What are 'mother fisheries'? What do they do? (g) What do mother fisheries do? (h) What is the economic importance of Hakaluki Haor? (i) Where does Hakaluki Haor belong to? (j) When and by whom was Hakaluki Haor declared an Ecologically Critical Area? (k) How many beels and jalmahals do interconnect Hakaluki? Name some of them. (l) Give a description of geographical area of Hakaluki.  (m) What are the main fish species found here? Answer (B):  (a) Hakaluki Haor is an important source of fisheries for Bangladesh as it abounds with a lot of various fishes including kalibaus, Boal, Rui, Ghagot, Pabda and Chapila etc.  (b) Yes, I can. Hakaluki Haor is bounded by Kushiara river as well as a part of the Sonai-Bardal river to the north, Fenchuganj-Kulaura railway to the west and south and by the Kulaura-Beanibazar road to the east.  (c) Many of the beels have lost their capacity to provide shelter for mother fisheries because of sand deposits from upstream rivers and canals, use of complete dewatering technique for fishing and lack of aquatic plants to provide feed and shelter for parent fish.  (d) Yes, I do agree with this statement because the haor is a complex ecosystem containing more interconnecting beels and jalmahals.  (e) Floodplains are an important source of fisheries resources within the area. They are protected from flash flood by creating dam around the area.  (f) Mother fisheries are definite places in rivers or lakes or waterbodies where mother fishes are kept protected for breeding purpose. Mother fishes stay there for a certain period of time to prepare themselves for breeding and fertilizing their eggs and produce millions of fries.   (g) Mother fisheries produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities in early monsoon.  (h) Hakaluki Haor is economically important for its rich biodiversity and important source of fisheries as many people live here by fishing.  (i) Hakaluki Haor belongs under two administrative districts like Sylhet and Maulvibazar.  (j) By the government of Bangladesh this Hakaluki Haor was declared an Ecologically Critical Area in April 1999.   (k) 238 beels and jalmahals interconnect Hakaluki. The most important of them are- Chatla, Pinlarkona, Dulla, Sakua, Barajalla, Balijhuri, Lamba, Tekonia, Haorkhal, Tural, Baghalkuri and Chinaura.  (l) Hakaluki Haor is located both in Maulvibazar and Sylhet districts. It is bounded by the Kushiara river as well as a part of the Sonai-Bardal river to the north, by the Fenchuganj-Kulaura railway to the west and to the south, and by the Kulaura-Beanibazar road to the east.  (m) Hakaluki Haor is an important source of fisheries resources for Bangladesh. The main fish species found here are Kalibaus, Boal, Rui, Ghagot, Pabda and Chapila. Ad Passage-2 Read the following passage and answer the questions  Bangladesh is blessed with huge inland open water resources. It has numerous river canals, beels, lakes, and vast areas of floodplains. Hakaluki haor is one of the major wetlands of Bangladesh. With a land area of 18,386 hectares, it supports a rich biodiversity and provides direct and indirect livelihood benefits to nearly 190,000 people. This haor was declared an Ecologically Critical Area in April 1999 by the govement of Bangladesh.   Hakaluki Haor is bounded by the Kushiara river as well as a part of the Sonai-Bardal river to the north, by the Fenchuganj-Kulaura railway to the west and to the south, and by the Kulaura- Beanibazar road to the east. The haor falls under two administrative districts, Maulvibazar and Sylhet. Some 190,000 people live in the area surrounding the haor.   Hakaluki Haor is an important source of fisheries resources for Bangladesh. Kalibaus, Boal, Rui, Ghagot, Pabda and Chapila are the main fish species found here. From the Kushiara there are frequent upstream movement of fish towards the beels and tributaries of Hakaluki. The beels in Hakaluki haor provide winter shelter for the mother fisheries. In early monsoon these mother fisheries produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities. Floodplains are also an important source of fisheries resources within the area. However, many of the beels have lost their capacity to provide shelter for mother fisheries because of sand deposits from upstream rivers and canals, use of complete dewatering technique for fishing and lack of aquatic plants to provide feed and shelter for parent fish.   The haor is a very important resting place for migratory waterfowls flying in from the north. The most interesting species is the Barheaded Goose, which is now hardly seen in fresh water wetlands. Many other important species of waterfowls make the Haor their temporary home. Unfortunately, illegal poaching has been a threat to the waterfowl population in this vast wetland. Hakaluki haor is known as a good grazing land in winter. People from villages around the Haor and also from distant areas send their herds for grazing. During this time, herders make temporary shelters near the beels and graze their animals for a period of 4-5 months. The Haor had very dense swamp forests in the past, but deforestation and a lack of conservation practices have virtually destroyed this unique forest in the last two decades.   A.      Choose the correct answer from the alternatives.                                              1 x 5 = 5 (a)  The word ‘conservation’ means ————. (i) congregation                   (ii) satisfaction                     (iii) preservation                   (iv) consolation (b)  What do you mean by ‘biodiversity’? (i) variety of plant and animal life in a habitat            (ii) diversity of living beings in various places (iii) biological diversity of man                      (iv) various plants and animals in various places (c)  What is the closest opponent meaning of the word ‘wetlands’? (i) swamps               (ii) marshy lands         (iii) deserts             (iv) boggy lands (d)  The word ‘inland’ means ————. (i) frontier            (ii) frontal land       (iii) outside of a country                      (iv) boondocks (e)  The phrase ‘dewatering technique’ means ————. (i) water supply         (ii) draining water     (iii) fulfilling water                (iv) demand of water   Passage-2 Answer A. Correct Answers: (a) (iii) preservation (b) (i) variety of plant and animal life in a habitat (c) (iii) deserts (d) (iv) boondocks (e) (ii) draining water Passage-3 Read the following passage and answer the questions    Bangladesh is blessed with huge inland open water resources. It has numerous river canals, beels, lakes, and vast areas of floodplains. Hakaluki haor is one of the major wetlands of Bangladesh. With a land area of 18,386 hectares, it supports a rich biodiversity and provides direct and indirect livelihood benefits to nearly 190,000 people. This haor was declared an Ecologically Critical Area in April 1999 by the govement of Bangladesh.   Hakaluki Haor is bounded by the Kushiara river as well as a part of the Sonai-Bardal river to the north, by the Fenchuganj-Kulaura railway to the west and to the south, and by the Kulaura- Beanibazar road to the east. The haor falls under two administrative districts, Maulvibazar and Sylhet. Some 190,000 people live in the area surrounding the haor.   Hakaluki Haor is an important source of fisheries resources for Bangladesh. Kalibaus, Boal, Rui, Ghagot, Pabda and Chapila are the main fish species found here. From the Kushiara there are frequent upstream movement of fish towards the beels and tributaries of Hakaluki. The beels in Hakaluki haor provide winter shelter for the mother fisheries. In early monsoon these mother fisheries produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities. Floodplains are also an important source of fisheries resources within the area. However, many of the beels have lost their capacity to provide shelter for mother fisheries because of sand deposits from upstream rivers and canals, use of complete dewatering technique for fishing and lack of aquatic plants to provide feed and shelter for parent fish.   The haor is a very important resting place for migratory waterfowls flying in from the north. The most interesting species is the Barheaded Goose, which is now hardly seen in fresh water wetlands. Many other important species of waterfowls make the Haor their temporary home. Unfortunately, illegal poaching has been a threat to the waterfowl population in this vast wetland. Hakaluki haor is known as a good grazing land in winter. People from villages around the Haor and also from distant areas send their herds for grazing. During this time, herders make temporary shelters near the beels and graze their animals for a period of 4-5 months. The Haor had very dense swamp forests in the past, but deforestation and a lack of conservation practices have virtually destroyed this unique forest in the last two decades.   A.      Choose the correct answer from the alternatives.                                              1 x 5 = 5   (a)  The word ‘conservation’ means ————. (i) congregation                   (ii) satisfaction                     (iii) preservation                   (iv) consolation (b)  What do you mean by ‘biodiversity’? (i) variety of plant and animal life in a habitat            (ii) diversity of living beings in various places (iii) biological diversity of man                      (iv) various plants and animals in various places (c)  What is the closest opponent meaning of the word ‘wetlands’? (i) swamps               (ii) marshy lands         (iii) deserts             (iv) boggy lands (d)  The word ‘inland’ means ————. (i) frontier            (ii) frontal land       (iii) outside of a country                      (iv) boondocks (e)  The phrase ‘dewatering technique’ means ————. (i) water supply         (ii) draining water     (iii) fulfilling water                (iv) demand of water     B.  Answer the following questions.         2 x 5 = 10   (a)  Why was Hakaluki Haor declared an Ecologically Critical Area? (b)  How do you think Hakaluki Haor is an important source of fisheries? (c)  What are the functions of ‘mother fisheries’? (d)  What does ‘dewatering technique’ stand for? (e)  How is waterfowl population threatened?   Passage-3 Answer 1. A. Multiple Choice:  (a) (iii) preservation         (b) (i) variety of plant and animal life in a habitat (c) (iii) deserts (d) (iv) boondocks          (e) (ii) draining water B. Answering Questions:                               (a)  Hakaluki Haor was declared an Ecologically Critical Area because it is losing its capacity to provide shelter for mother fisheries due to sand deposits, dewatering technique for fishing and lack of aquatic plants. (b)  Hakaluki Haor is an important source of fisheries as Kalibaus, Boal, Rui, Ghagot, Pabda, Chapila and many other fish species are found here.   (c)  The functions of ‘mother fisheries’ are to produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities in early monsoon. (d)  ‘Dewatering technique’ stands for a system of fishing by draining water completely from the shelters of all kinds of fishes. (e)  Waterfowl population is threatened because of illegal poaching in the vast wetland of Hakaluki Haor.

1. Read the following text and answer the questions A and B. Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights   in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of strangers. But  asked  to define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal, or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder?   we ask ourselves. A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well, as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty, or may be more   as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society. Philosophers  have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isn't ugliness apart of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful? Poets and artists have provided an answer by incorporating both into their work. In doing so, they have often tied beauty to truth and justice, so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. John Keats, the romantic poet, wrote in his celebrated 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' by which he means that truth, even if it's not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Similarly, what is beautiful forever remains true. Another meaning, in the context of the Grecian Urn an art object-is that truth is a condition of art.   A.             Choose the correct answer from the alterative.       1×5 = 5 (a)  What could be the closest meaning for appreciate in the passage? (i) contract (ii) diminish (iii) humiliate (iv) praise (b)  What does the expression 'Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define' mean? (i)  approval of beauty is trouble-free whereas its definition is troublesome (ii)  we can appreciate beauty easily but explain it in a difficult way (iii)  appreciation of beauty is necessary but there is no need to define it (iv)  we enjoy beauty but we don't define it (c)  What could be the closest meaning for difficult in the passage? (i) easy         (ii) simple (iii) arduous  (iv) soft (d)  A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself both by its presence, and by its... According to the passage, which one of the following is the best to fill the gap? (i) company (ii) nonappearance (iii) existence (iv) expression (e)    What could be the closest meaning for beauty in the passage? (i) grotesqueness (ii) attractiveness (iii) hideousness (iv) ugliness   B.              Answer the following questions.           2×5 = 10 (a)  Do you think it difficult to define beauty? Give reason in favour of your answer. (b)  Where do you find beauty? (c)  What have philosophers told about beauty? Do you support it? What is your view about beauty? (d)  How have the poets and artists tied beauty to truth and justice? (e)  Who wrote the poem 'Ode on a Grecian Urn'? What do you know about the poet?   Answers A. (a) (iv) praise (b) (i) approval of beauty is trouble-free whereas its definition is troublesome (c) (iii) arduous (d) (ii) nonappearance (e) (ii) attractiveness   B.       (a) Yes, I think it is really difficult to define beauty. I think it so because we do not clarify whether it has an independent objective identity or it is universal, or even it is dependent on our sense perceptions. In spite of this difficulty it moves us with pleasure. (b)  There is beauty around us. We find it in pleasurable objects and sights   in nature, in the laughter of children. in the kindness of strangers. Even in literature, there is beauty of its own kind. (c)  Philosophers have told us that beauty is an important part of life. Yes, I support them with a slight difference. I think that beauty is important but it is life that cannot ignore ugliness. and if art has beauty as an important ingredient, it cannot be confined only to a projection of beauty. Art can not ignore what is not beautiful. (d)  The poets and artists have tied beauty to truth and justice by incorporating both beauty and ugliness into their work. They have done it so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. (e)  John Keats wrote the poem 'Ode on Grecian Urn'. He was a romantic poet. in his poem. 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' he wrote `Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' by which be means that truth, even if it's not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level.   2. Read the following text and answer the questions A and B. Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights   in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of  strangers. But asked to  define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal, or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder?   we ask ourselves. A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well, as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty, or may be more   as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society. Philosophers  have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isn't ugliness apart of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful? Poets and artists have provided an answer by incorporating both into their work. In doing so, they have often tied beauty to truth and justice, so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. John Keats, the romantic poet, wrote in his celebrated 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' by which he means that truth, even if it's not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Similarly, what is beautiful forever remains true. Another meaning, in the context of the Grecian Urn an art object-is that truth is a condition of art.   A.             Choose the correct answer from the alterative.       1×5 = 5 (a)  What could be the closest meaning for appreciate in the passage? (i) contract (ii) diminish (iii) humiliate (iv) praise (b)  What does the expression 'Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define' mean? (i)  approval of beauty is trouble-free whereas its definition is troublesome (ii)  we can appreciate beauty easily but explain it in a difficult way (iii)  appreciation of beauty is necessary but there is no need to define it (iv)  we enjoy beauty but we don't define it (c)  What could be the closest meaning for difficult in the passage? (i) easy         (ii) simple (iii) arduous  (iv) soft (d)  A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself both by its presence, and by its... According to the passage, which one of the following is the best to fill the gap? (i) company (ii) nonappearance (iii) existence (iv) expression (e)    What could be the closest meaning for beauty in the passage? (i) grotesqueness (ii) attractiveness (iii) hideousness (iv) ugliness   B.              Answer the following questions.           2×5 = 10 (a)  Do you think it difficult to define beauty? Give reason in favour of your answer. (b)  Where do you find beauty? (c)  What have philosophers told about beauty? Do you support it? What is your view about beauty? (d)  How have the poets and artists tied beauty to truth and justice? (e)  Who wrote the poem 'Ode on a Grecian Urn'? What do you know about the poet?   Answers 1. A. (a) (iv) praise (b) (i) approval of beauty is trouble-free whereas its definition is troublesome (c) (iii) arduous (d) (ii) nonappearance (e) (ii) attractiveness B.       (a) Yes, I think it is really difficult to define beauty. I think it so because we do not clarify whether it has an independent objective identity or it is universal, or even it is dependent on our sense perceptions. In spite of this difficulty it moves us with pleasure. (b)  There is beauty around us. We find it in pleasurable objects and sights   in nature, in the laughter of children. in the kindness of strangers. Even in literature, there is beauty of its own kind. (c)  Philosophers have told us that beauty is an important part of life. Yes, I support them with a slight difference. I think that beauty is important but it is life that cannot ignore ugliness. and if art has beauty as an important ingredient, it cannot be confined only to a projection of beauty. Art can not ignore what is not beautiful. (d)  The poets and artists have tied beauty to truth and justice by incorporating both beauty and ugliness into their work. They have done it so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. (e)  John Keats wrote the poem 'Ode on Grecian Urn'. He was a romantic poet. in his poem. 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' he wrote `Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' by which be means that truth, even if it's not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level.       Bangla Translation সৌন্দর্য উপলব্ধি করা সহজ কিন্তু সংজ্ঞায়িত করা কঠিন। আমরা যখন চারপাশে তাকাই, তখন আমরা আনন্দদায়ক বস্তু এবং দৃশ্যের মধ্যে সৌন্দর্য আবিষ্কার করি - প্রকৃতিতে, শিশুদের হাসিতে, অপরিচিতদের দয়ায়। কিন্তু সংজ্ঞায়িত করার জন্য জিজ্ঞাসা করলে আমরা সমস্যার সম্মুখীন হই। সৌন্দর্যের কি একটি স্বাধীন বস্তুনিষ্ঠ পরিচয় আছে? এটি কি সর্বজনীন, নাকি এটি আমাদের ইন্দ্রিয় উপলব্ধির উপর নির্ভরশীল? এটি কি দর্শকের চোখে পড়ে? - আমরা নিজেদেরকে জিজ্ঞাসা করি। আরও একটি অসুবিধা দেখা দেয় যখন সৌন্দর্য কেবল তার উপস্থিতি দ্বারাই নয়, বরং তার অনুপস্থিতিতেও নিজেকে প্রকাশ করে, যেমন যখন আমরা কদর্যতা দ্বারা বিতাড়িত হই এবং সৌন্দর্য কামনা করি। কিন্তু তারপর কদর্যতা আমাদের জীবনে সৌন্দর্যের মতোই স্থান পায়, অথবা আরও বেশি হতে পারে - যেমন যখন একটি সমাজে ব্যাপক ক্ষুধা এবং অবিচার থাকে। দার্শনিকরা আমাদের বলেছেন যে সৌন্দর্য জীবনের একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ, কিন্তু কদর্যতা কি জীবনের একটি অংশ নয়? এবং যদি শিল্পের সৌন্দর্য একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ উপাদান হিসাবে থাকে, তবে এটি কি কেবল সৌন্দর্যের অভিক্ষেপের মধ্যেই সীমাবদ্ধ থাকতে পারে? শিল্প কি যা সুন্দর নয় তা উপেক্ষা করতে পারে? কবি এবং শিল্পীরা তাদের কাজে উভয়কেই অন্তর্ভুক্ত করে একটি উত্তর দিয়েছেন। এইভাবে, তারা প্রায়শই সৌন্দর্যকে সত্য এবং ন্যায়ের সাথে সংযুক্ত করেছেন, যাতে যা সুন্দর নয় তা সহনীয় অনুপাত ধরে নেয় যা জীবনের কিছু সত্যকে প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে। রোমান্টিক কবি জন কিটস তার বিখ্যাত 'ওড অন আ গ্রীসিয়ান আর্ন'-এ লিখেছেন 'সৌন্দর্য সত্য, সত্য সৌন্দর্য', যার অর্থ তিনি সত্যকে, এমনকি যদি তা মনোরম নাও হয়, তবে উচ্চতর স্তরে সুন্দর হয়ে ওঠে। একইভাবে, যা সুন্দর তা চিরকাল সত্য থাকে। গ্রীসিয়ান আর্ন - একটি শিল্প বস্তু - এর প্রেক্ষাপটে আরেকটি অর্থ হল সত্য শিল্পের একটি শর্ত। প্রতিটি ভাষার কবিতা সৌন্দর্য এবং সত্যকে উদযাপন করে। শিল্পও তাই করে। এখানে দুটি ভিন্ন সময়ের দুটি কবিতা রয়েছে যা সৌন্দর্য এবং সত্য সম্পর্কে কিছু স্থায়ী ধারণা উপস্থাপন করে। কবিতাগুলি রোমান্টিক ঐতিহ্যের একজন ইংরেজ কবি লর্ড বায়রন (১৭৮৮-১৮২৪) এবং আমেরিকান কবি এমিলি ডিকিনসন (১৮৩০-১৮৮৬) এর লেখা, যিনি মানব দৃশ্য, প্রেম এবং মৃত্যু সম্পর্কে লিখেছিলেন। Ad Passage-2 4. Read the following text and answer the questions A and B. Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights   in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of  strangers. But asked to  define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal, or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder?   we ask ourselves. A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well, as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty, or may be more   as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society. Philosophers  have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isn't ugliness apart of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful? Poets and artists have provided an answer by incorporating both into their work. In doing so, they have often tied beauty to truth and justice, so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. John Keats, the romantic poet, wrote in his celebrated 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' by which he means that truth, even if it's not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Similarly, what is beautiful forever remains true. Another meaning, in the context of the Grecian Urn an art object-is that truth is a condition of art.   A.             Choose the correct answer from the alterative.       1×5 = 5 (a)  What could be the closest meaning for appreciate in the passage? (i) contract (ii) diminish (iii) humiliate (iv) praise (b)  What does the expression 'Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define' mean? (i)  approval of beauty is trouble-free whereas its definition is troublesome (ii)  we can appreciate beauty easily but explain it in a difficult way (iii)  appreciation of beauty is necessary but there is no need to define it (iv)  we enjoy beauty but we don't define it (c)  What could be the closest meaning for difficult in the passage? (i) easy         (ii) simple (iii) arduous  (iv) soft (d)  A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself both by its presence, and by its... According to the passage, which one of the following is the best to fill the gap? (i) company (ii) nonappearance (iii) existence (iv) expression (e)    What could be the closest meaning for beauty in the passage? (i) grotesqueness (ii) attractiveness (iii) hideousness (iv) ugliness   B.              Answer the following questions.           2×5 = 10 (a)  Do you think it difficult to define beauty? Give reason in favour of your answer. (b)  Where do you find beauty? (c)  What have philosophers told about beauty? Do you support it? What is your view about beauty? (d)  How have the poets and artists tied beauty to truth and justice? (e)  Who wrote the poem 'Ode on a Grecian Urn'? What do you know about the poet?   Answers 1. A. (a) (iv) praise (b) (i) approval of beauty is trouble-free whereas its definition is troublesome (c) (iii) arduous (d) (ii) nonappearance (e) (ii) attractiveness   B.       (a) Yes, I think it is really difficult to define beauty. I think it so because we do not clarify whether it has an independent objective identity or it is universal, or even it is dependent on our sense perceptions. In spite of this difficulty it moves us with pleasure. (b)  There is beauty around us. We find it in pleasurable objects and sights   in nature, in the laughter of children. in the kindness of strangers. Even in literature, there is beauty of its own kind. (c)  Philosophers have told us that beauty is an important part of life. Yes, I support them with a slight difference. I think that beauty is important but it is life that cannot ignore ugliness. and if art has beauty as an important ingredient, it cannot be confined only to a projection of beauty. Art can not ignore what is not beautiful. (d)  The poets and artists have tied beauty to truth and justice by incorporating both beauty and ugliness into their work. They have done it so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. (e)  John Keats wrote the poem 'Ode on Grecian Urn'. He was a romantic poet. in his poem. 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' he wrote `Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' by which be means that truth, even if it's not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Passage-3   3.  Read the passage below and answer the questions following it.   Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights – in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of strangers. But asked to define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal, or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder? -we ask ourselves. A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well, as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty, or may be more-as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society. Philosophers  have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isn’t ugliness a part of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful? Poets and artists have provided an answer by incorporating both into their work. In doing so, they have often tied beauty to truth and justice, so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. John Keats, the romantic poet, wrote in his celebrated ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ ‘Beauty is truth, truth beauty,’ by which he means that truth, even if it’s not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Similarly, what is beautiful forever remains true. Another meaning, in the context of the Grecian Urn-an art object-is that truth is a condition of art. Poetry in every language celebrates beauty and truth. So does art. Here are two poems from two different times that present some enduring ideas about beauty and truth. The poems are by Lord Byron (1788-1824), an English poet of the Romantic tradition, and Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), an American poet who wrote about the human scene, love and death.   A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1´5=5 (a)     Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word “pleasurable”? (i) dissatisfaction   (ii) pain             (iii) offend         (iv) delightful (b)     What is the closest meaning of the word “incorporate”? (i) embody (ii) corporation (iii) incorporeal (iv) intangible (c)     ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ is written by ——-. (i) Lord Byron         (ii) John Keats (iii) Wordsworth (iv) PB Shelly (d)                  What does the word ‘tolerable’ mean? (i) not so good                    (ii) bad              (iii) moderately good    (iv) tolerant (e)     Lord Byron is a ——– poet? (i)     Revolutionary (ii) Romantic (iii) Classical (iv) Modern   Answer the following questions. 2´5=10 (a)     How can we discover beauty in our surroundings? (b)     How much place does ugliness have in our life? (c)     What is the name of the poet of “Ode and a Grecian Urn”? (d)     Do you get any definition of beauty from the poem ‘She Walks in Beauty’? (e)     What was Byron’s intention? A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. (a) Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word “pleasurable”? (iv) delightful (b) What is the closest meaning of the word “incorporate”? (i) embody (c) ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ is written by ——-. (ii) John Keats (d) What does the word ‘tolerable’ mean? (iii) moderately good (e) Lord Byron is a ——– poet? (ii) Romantic B. Answer the following questions. (a) How can we discover beauty in our surroundings? We can discover beauty in our surroundings by observing the world around us. Beauty exists in nature, such as in the vibrant colors of flowers, the peaceful sound of flowing water, or the vastness of the sky. It is also present in human experiences, like the laughter of children, the kindness of strangers, or the expressions of love and care. Beauty can be found in both simple and grand things, as long as we take the time to appreciate them. (b) How much place does ugliness have in our life? Ugliness has a significant place in our lives, just as beauty does. It exists in various forms, such as injustice, poverty, suffering, and destruction. Sometimes, ugliness makes us appreciate beauty even more. It also plays a role in art and literature, where it is used to highlight deeper truths about life. Without ugliness, we may not fully understand or value beauty, as the contrast between the two helps us perceive and appreciate both. (c) What is the name of the poet of “Ode on a Grecian Urn”? The poet of Ode on a Grecian Urn  is John Keats . He was a famous Romantic poet who explored themes of beauty, truth, and art in his poetry. (d) Do you get any definition of beauty from the poem ‘She Walks in Beauty’? Yes, She Walks in Beauty  by Lord Byron defines beauty as a perfect harmony between physical appearance and inner goodness. The poem describes a woman whose beauty is not just in her looks but also in her grace, kindness, and purity. Byron suggests that true beauty comes from a balance between light and dark, both in nature and in human character. (e) What was Byron’s intention? Byron’s intention was to express admiration for beauty in all its forms, both physical and emotional. In his poetry, he often explored themes of love, nature, and human emotions. In She Walks in Beauty , his goal was to capture the essence of a woman's beauty by highlighting the harmony between her outer appearance and inner purity. Through his works, he also aimed to show how beauty and truth are interconnected.

1.  Read the passage below and answer the questions following it. Chawla was born in Karnal, India. She completed her earlier schooling at Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School, Karnal. She is the first Indian-born woman and the second person in space from this sub-continent. After graduating in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College, India, in 1982, Chawla moved to the United States the same year. She obtained her Master’s degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas in 1984. Later she did her Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado. Determined to become an astronaut even in the face of the Challenger disaster in 1986 that broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members, Chawla joined NASA in 1988. She began working as a Vice President where she   did   Computational   Fluid   Dynamics   (CFD)   research   on   vertical   take-off   and   landing.     In 1991 she got U.S. citizenship and started her career as a NASA astronaut in 1995. She was selected for her first flight in 1996. She spoke the following words while traveling in the weightlessness of space, “You are just your intelligence.” She had traveled 10.67 million miles, as many as 252 times around the Earth. Her first space mission (Mission STS 87) began on 19 November in 1997 with six other astronauts on the Space Shuttle Columbia. On her first mission that lasted for 15 days, 16 hours, 34 minutes and 4 seconds, she traveled 6.5 million miles. She was responsible for deploying  the Spartan Satellite which however malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Tako Doi, two of her fellow astronauts, to retrieve the satellite.             A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 5 a)  What could be the closest meaning for ‘take off’ in the second paragraph? i. To settle ii. Leave the ground and start flying iii. To remove something iv. To start a journey b)  The word ‘retrieve’ in the third paragraph refers to —. i. get back ii. regain iii. repossess iv. all of them c)  ‘Intelligence’ in the second paragraph could be replaced by —. i. brainpower ii. idiocy iii. futility iv. Silliness d)  Chawla belonged to a/an — family. i. affluent ii. poverty stricken iii. middle class iv. lower middle class e)  The best synonym of ‘research’ is — i. read ii. study iii. have a view iv. skim through. a) Answer the following questions. 10 a)  What, according to text, is Chawla’s position among the women going to outer space? b)  Mention three degrees received by Chawla? c)  Why did Chawla leave India? d)  What does the expression “you are just your intelligence” mean? e)  Do you find any ambition in Chawla? If any, mention.   Ans. to the ques. 1.A. Ans. (a) ii. Leave the ground and start flying (b) iv. all of them (c) i. brainpower (d) i. affluent (e) ii. study. 1.B. Ans. a)  Chawla is the first Indian born women and the second person in space from this subcontinent. She is a great woman of this subcontinent. b)   Chawla had a sound educational background. She had her graduation degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College. She secured Master’s degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas. The last degree i.e. Ph.d was also done by her. c)  Chawla was an ambitious woman. She wanted to have better higher education. She also intended to fly outer space. The USA was a suitable land to materialize all her purposes. So she left India for the USA. d)   This is, in fact, a great speech made by Chawla when she was traveling in the weightlessness of space. This very statement indicates that a man is nothing but the harvest of wisdom. By dint of his wisdom or intelligence he can conquer everything. e)  I think Chawla was very much ambitious. Her ambition drove him to the USA. Her ambition made her an astronaut.           Bangla Translation চাওলা ভারতের কর্ণালে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তিনি কর্ণালের ঠাকুর বাল নিকেতন সিনিয়র সেকেন্ডারি স্কুলে প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা সম্পন্ন করেন। তিনি প্রথম ভারতীয় বংশোদ্ভূত মহিলা এবং এই উপমহাদেশের দ্বিতীয় মহাকাশচারী। ১৯৮২ সালে ভারতের পাঞ্জাব ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং কলেজ থেকে অ্যারোনটিক্যাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিংয়ে স্নাতক ডিগ্রি অর্জনের পর, চাওলা একই বছর মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে চলে যান। ১৯৮৪ সালে তিনি টেক্সাস বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে অ্যারোস্পেস ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিংয়ে স্নাতকোত্তর ডিগ্রি অর্জন করেন। পরে তিনি ১৯৮৮ সালে কলোরাডো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে অ্যারোস্পেস ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিংয়ে পিএইচডি করেন। ১৯৮৬ সালে চ্যালেঞ্জার দুর্ঘটনার মুখোমুখি হয়েও একজন মহাকাশচারী হওয়ার জন্য দৃঢ়প্রতিজ্ঞ, যা উড্ডয়নের ৭৩ সেকেন্ডের মধ্যেই ভেঙে পড়ে এবং এর ফলে এর সাতজন ক্রু সদস্যের মৃত্যু হয়। চাওলা ১৯৮৮ সালে নাসায় যোগ দেন। তিনি ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট হিসেবে কাজ শুরু করেন যেখানে তিনি উল্লম্ব টেক-অফ এবং অবতরণ সম্পর্কিত কম্পিউটেশনাল ফ্লুইড ডায়নামিক্স (সিএফডি) গবেষণা করেন। ১৯৯১ সালে তিনি মার্কিন নাগরিকত্ব পান এবং ১৯৯৫ সালে নাসার একজন মহাকাশচারী হিসেবে তার কর্মজীবন শুরু করেন। ১৯৯৬ সালে তিনি তার প্রথম উড্ডয়নের জন্য নির্বাচিত হন। মহাকাশের ভারহীনতায় ভ্রমণের সময় তিনি নিম্নলিখিত কথাগুলি বলেছিলেন, "তুমিই কেবল তোমার বুদ্ধিমত্তা।" তিনি ১০.৬৭ মিলিয়ন মাইল ভ্রমণ করেছিলেন, যা পৃথিবীর চারপাশে প্রায় ২৫২ বার ভ্রমণ করেছিল। তার প্রথম মহাকাশ অভিযান (মিশন এসটিএস ৮৭) ১৯৯৭ সালের ১৯ নভেম্বর স্পেস শাটল কলম্বিয়ায় ছয়জন মহাকাশচারীর সাথে শুরু হয়েছিল। ১৫ দিন, ১৬ ঘন্টা, ৩৪ মিনিট এবং ৪ সেকেন্ড স্থায়ী তার প্রথম অভিযানে তিনি ৬.৫ মিলিয়ন মাইল ভ্রমণ করেছিলেন। তিনি স্পার্টান স্যাটেলাইট স্থাপনের জন্য দায়ী ছিলেন, যা ত্রুটিপূর্ণ ছিল, যার ফলে তার দুই সহকর্মী মহাকাশচারী উইনস্টন স্কট এবং টাকো দোইকে উপগ্রহটি উদ্ধার করার জন্য মহাকাশে হাঁটতে হয়েছিল। Ad Passage-2 1. Read the passage below and answer the questions following it. Her (Chawla’s) first space mission (Mission STS 87) began on 19 November 1997 with six other astronauts on the Space Shuttle Columbia. On her first mission that lasted for 15 days, 16 hours, 34 minutes and 4 seconds, she traveled 6.5 million miles. She was responsible for deploying the Spartan Satellite which however malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Tako Doi, two of her fellow astronauts, to retrieve the satellite. In 2000 she was selected for her second space mission STS 107. This mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems.      On 16 January 2003, Kalpana Chawla finally started her new mission with six other space crew on the ill-fated space shuttle Columbia. She was one of the mission specialists. Chawla’s responsibilities included the microgravity experiments, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety. After a 16 day scientific mission in space, on 1 February 2003, Columbia disintegrated over Texas during its re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere. All the crew in Columba including Chawla died only 16 minutes prior to their scheduled landing. Investigation shows that this fatal accident happened due to a damage in one of Columbia’s wings caused by a piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeling off during the launch. During the intense heat of re-entry, hot gases penetrate the interior of the wing, destroying the support structure and causing the rest of the shuttle to break down.   A.  Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 5 a)  What could be the closest meaning for ‘ill-fated’ in the second paragraph? i. Sinister fate ii. Miserable iii. Unfortunate iv. Unlucky b)  The word ‘mission’ in the first paragraph refers to — i. journey ii. exploration iii. delegation iv. Expedition c)  ‘Experiment’ in the second paragraph could be replaced by — (i) test (ii) prove (iii) research (iv) examine d)  Chawla met with the accident only — minutes prior to her scheduled landing. i. 15 ii. 16 iii. 30 iv. 25 e)  The best synonym of ‘fatal’ is — i. pretty easy ii. pleasant iii. dreadful iv. difficult B.  Answer the following questions 10 a)  What, according to the text, is STS 107? b)  Mention the reasons of Columbia disaster? c)  Why is Kalpana Chawla along with other six crews said to be ill- fated? d)  How do you differentiate Chawla from other ordinary women? e)  ‘Chawla was responsible for her death.’ Do you agree or disagree with this statement. Give reasons.   1.A: Ans. (a) (iv) Unlucky (b) (ii) exploration (c) (i) test (d) (ii) 16 (e) (iii) dreadful.   1.B: Ans. a)  STS 107 was the name of a space mission. Chawla took part in this mission. It was her second and last mission. b)   The ominious space shuttle Columbia met with a fatal disaster due to technical fault. One of its wings was damaged due to a piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeling off during  the launch. c)  Kalpana Chawla along with other six crews is said to be ill-fated because they met with death. They died only 16 minutes before their schedule landing. d)  Chawla was not an ordinary woman. She was different from other ordinary woman for having an indomitable spirit. She had the audacity to travel in the outer-space. e)   I disagree with this statement. Firstly, I think that fate was not in her favour. After that, the technical fault was the major fact. Passage-3   3.  Read the passage below and answer the questions following it.   Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights – in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of strangers. But asked to define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal, or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder? -we ask ourselves. A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well, as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty, or may be more-as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society. Philosophers  have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isn’t ugliness a part of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful? Poets and artists have provided an answer by incorporating both into their work. In doing so, they have often tied beauty to truth and justice, so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. John Keats, the romantic poet, wrote in his celebrated ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ ‘Beauty is truth, truth beauty,’ by which he means that truth, even if it’s not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Similarly, what is beautiful forever remains true. Another meaning, in the context of the Grecian Urn-an art object-is that truth is a condition of art. Poetry in every language celebrates beauty and truth. So does art. Here are two poems from two different times that present some enduring ideas about beauty and truth. The poems are by Lord Byron (1788-1824), an English poet of the Romantic tradition, and Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), an American poet who wrote about the human scene, love and death.   A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1´5=5 (a)     Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word “pleasurable”? (i) dissatisfaction   (ii) pain             (iii) offend         (iv) delightful (b)     What is the closest meaning of the word “incorporate”? (i) embody (ii) corporation (iii) incorporeal (iv) intangible (c)     ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ is written by ——-. (i) Lord Byron         (ii) John Keats (iii) Wordsworth (iv) PB Shelly (d)                  What does the word ‘tolerable’ mean? (i) not so good                    (ii) bad              (iii) moderately good    (iv) tolerant (e)     Lord Byron is a ——– poet? (i)     Revolutionary (ii) Romantic (iii) Classical (iv) Modern   Answer the following questions. 2´5=10 (a)     How can we discover beauty in our surroundings? (b)     How much place does ugliness have in our life? (c)     What is the name of the poet of “Ode and a Grecian Urn”? (d)     Do you get any definition of beauty from the poem ‘She Walks in Beauty’? (e)     What was Byron’s intention? Passage-4 1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. Chawla was born in Karnal, India. She completed her earlier schooling at Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School, Karnal. She is the first Indian-born woman and the second person in space from this sub-continent. After graduating in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College, India, in 1982, Chawla moved to the United States the same year. She obtained her Master's degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas in 1984. Later she did her Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado. Determined to become an astronaut even in the face of the Challenger disaster 1986 that broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members, Chawla joined NASA in 1988. She began working as a Vice President where she did Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) research on vertical take-off and landing. In 1991 she got U.S citizenship and started her career as a NASA astronaut in 1995. She was selected for her first flight in 1996. She spoke the following words while travelling in the weightlessness of space, "You are just your intelligence." She had travelled 10.67 million miles, as many as 252 times around the Earth. Her first space mission (Mission STS 87) began on 19 November 1997 with six other astronauts on the Space Shuttle Columbia. On her first mission that lasted for 15 days, 16 hours, 34 minutes and 4 seconds, she travelled 6.5 million miles. She was responsible for deploying the Spartan Satellite which however malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Tako Doi, two of her fellow astronauts, to retrieve the satellite. In 2000 she was selected for her second space mission STS 107. This mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems. On 16 January 2003, Kalpana Chawla finally started her new mission with six other space crew on the ill-fated space shuttle Columbia. She was one of the mission specialists. Chawla's responsibilities included the microgravity experiments, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety. After a 16 day scientific mission in space, on 1 February 2003, Columbia disintegrated over Texas during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. All the crew in Columbia including Chawla died only 16 minutes prior to their scheduled landing. Investigation shows that this fatal accident happened due to a damage in one of Columbia's wings caused by a piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeling off during the launch. During the intense heat of re-entry, hot gasses penetrated the interior of the wing, destroying the support structure and causing the rest of the shuttle to break down. A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) Chawla graduated in —.  (i) 1985 (ii) 1982 (iii) 1983 (iv) 1972 (b) In — Chawla moved to the United States.  (i) 1982 (ii) 1992 (iii) 1980 (iv) 1983 (c) After — of going to the United States, she obtained her master's degree.  (i) one year (ii) three years (iii) two years (iv) four years (d) Kalpana Chawla started her career as —.  (i) an engineer in NASA  (ii) a pilot   (iii) a Vice President in NASA (iv) an astronaut (e) The word 'disaster' means —.  (i) accident (ii) ruin (iii) trouble (iv) creation (f) The word 'crew' refers to —.  (i) organization (ii) set (iii) workers (iv) lot (g) 'Her first space mission began on 19 November 1997' here the closest meaning of the underlined word is —.  (i) job (ii) assignment (iii) business (iv) campaign (h) Chawla's first mission ended on —.  (i) 19 November 1997 (ii) 31 November 1997 (iii) 4 December 1998 (iv) 4 December 1997 (i) "She was responsible for deploying the Spartan Satellite —" here 'deploying' means —.  (i) arrange (ii) cancelling (iii) setting up (iv) disposing (j) Which is the closest meaning of the word 'malfunction'?  (i) perfection (ii) wrong (iii) breakdown (iv) slip (k) 'Retrieve' means —.  (i) reunite (ii) refund (iii) recover (iv) dispose (l) After — of her fist mission, Kalpana started her second mission.  (i) 4 years (ii) 3 years (iii) 7 years (iv) 5 years (m) ".......Columbia disintegrated over Texas during its reentry into the earth's atmosphere. Here the closest meaning of the underlined word is —.  (i) corrupt (ii) break down (iii) mould (iv) rot (n) The word 'intense' means —.  (i) mild (ii) acute (iii) major (iv) moderate (o) — died by the disintegration of Columbia.  (i) 6 people (ii) 9 people (iii) 6 men (iv) 7 people (p) What does the phrase 'take off' mean?  (i) imitate (ii) accept (iii) depart (iv) acquire (q) On her first space mission Kalpana Chawla travelled -.  (i) 6 million miles (ii) 6.5 million miles (iii) 7 million miles (iv) 7.5 million miles (r) What does the word 'ill-fated' mean?  (i) fortunate (ii) lucky (iii) miser (iv) unlucky (s) What is the closest meaning of 'peeling off'?  (i) moderate (ii) to remove something (iii) to fix (iv) light (t) "You are just your intelligence."- What does it mean?  (i) she was as good as her intelligence (ii) she was very intelligent  (iii) she was not less intelligent (iv) all of the above statements (u) Chawla was born in Karnal, —.  (i) Pakistan (ii) South Africa (iii) India (iv) Middle East (v) She did her Ph.D in Aerospace Engineering in 1988 from the University of —.  (i) Texas (ii) Colorado (iii) New York (iv) Dallas Answer (A):  (a) (ii) 1982 (b) (i) 1982 (c) (iii) two years (d) (iii) a Vice President in NASA (e) (i) accident (f) (iii) workers (g) (ii) assignment (h) (iv) 4 December 1997 (i) (iii) setting up (j) (iii) breakdown (k) (iii) recover (l) (iv) 5 years (m) (ii) break down (n) (ii) acute (o) (iv) 7 people (p) (iii) depart (q) (ii) 6.5 million miles (r) (iv) unlucky (s) (ii) to remove something (t) (i) she was as good as her intelligence (u) (iii) India (v) (ii) Colorado B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) What do you know about Kalpana's education? (b) How did Chawla join NASA? (c) What did Chawla do at NASA when she first joined there? (d) Why was Columbia disintegrated? (e) What happened in 2000? (f) What do you know about Kalpana Chawla? (g) What do you know about Kalpana Chawla's first space mission? (h) When did she make her second space mission and what was the result? (i) What was she determined to become and how? (j) What is Columbia? What has happened to it? (k) Where was Kalpana Chawla born? Where did she complete her early education? (l) What do you know about Kalpana Chawla's second space mission? (m) Who was Kalpana Chawla? When did she start her career as a NASA astronaut? Answer (B):  (a) Kalpana Chawla did her schooling from Tagore Baal Niketan. She completed her graduation from Punjab Engineering College, India on Aeronautical Engineering in 1982. She did both her Master's and Ph.D in Aerospace Engineering from University of Texas and University of Colaroda. (b) In 1988 Chawla joined NASA as Vice President to do Computational Fluid Dynamics research on vertical take-off and landing. Later in 1995 she started her career as a NASA astronaut. (c) In 1988 Chawla joined NASA as a Vice president. There she did Computational Fluid Dynamics research on Vertical take-off and landing. (d) Columbia was disintegrated due to damage in one of its wings caused by a piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeling off during the launch. During the intense heat of re-entry, hot gasses penetrated the interior of the wing, destroying the support structure and causing the rest of the shuttle to breakdown. (e) In 2000, Kalpana Chawla was selected for her second space mission STS 107. But the mission was repeatedly delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems. (f) Kalpana Chawla is the first Indian-born woman and the second person in space from this sub-continent. After completing her graduation in Aeronautical Engineering, she went to the USA and did her Master's degree and Ph.D in Aerospace Engineering. (g) Her first space mission called STS87 was launched in 1997. Six other astronauts accompanied her on the Space Shuttle Columbia. It lasted for 15 days, 16 hours, 34 minutes and 4 seconds and she travelled 6.5 million miles. (h) She made her second space mission named STS107 in the Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003. But after 16 days in space, Columbia disintegrated over Texas during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere and all the crew including Chawla died. (i) She was determined to become an astronaut and so she studied in Aeronautical Engineering and did Ph.D in Aerospace Engineering. Then she joined NASA and later began working as a NASA astronaut. (j) Columbia is the name of a Space Shuttle which Kalpana Chawla used in her space mission STS87 and STS107. But unfortunately it disintegrated during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere killing all the crew including Kalpana Chawla. বাংলা অনুবাদঃ  চাওলা ভারতের কারনালে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। সে কারনালের ট্যাগোর বাল নিকেতন সিনিয়র স্কুলে প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা সম্পন্ন করেন। তিনি হচ্ছেন ভারতে জন্মগ্রহণকারী প্রথম মহিলা এবং এই উপমহাদেশ থেকে মহাকাশভ্রমণকারী নারীদের মধ্যে দ্বিতীয়। ১৯৮২ সালে ভারতের পাঞ্জাব ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং কলেজ থেকে অ্যারোনটিক্ল্ ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং থেকে স্নাতক পাস করার পর, চাওলা একই বছর যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে চলে যান। ১৯৮৪ সালে টেক্সাস ইউনিভার্সিটি থেকে তিনি অ্যারোস্পেস ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং এর উপর স্নাতকোত্তর ডিগ্রী অর্জন করেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি ১৯৮৮ সালে কলোরাডো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে মহাকাশযান প্রকৌশল বিদ্যার উপর পি.এইচ.ডি. ডিগ্রী অর্জন করেন। ১৯৮৬ সালে চ্যালেঞ্জার এর দুর্যোগের সময় ৭৩ সেকেন্ডে ফ্লাইটটি ভেঙে যাওয়ার পর, এর সাতজন বৈমানিকের মৃত্যুর পর, চাওলা ১৯৮৮ সালে নাসায় যোগদান করে। তিনি একজন ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট হিসাবে কাজ করেন যেখানে তিনি লম্বালম্বিভাবে উড্ডয়ন এবং অবতরণের উপর কম্পিউটেশান্ল ফ্লুইড ডিনামাকস গবেষণা করেন। ১৯৯১ সালে তিনি যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নাগরিকত্ব লাভ করেন এবং ১৯৯৫ সালে নাসার একজন নভোচারী হিসাবে চাকরিজীবন শুরু করেন। ১৯৯৬ সালে তাকে প্রথম ফ্লাইটের জন্য নির্বাচন করা হয়। ওজনহীন মহাকাশযানে ভ্রমণের সময় তিনি বলেন “তোমার বুদ্ধিমত্তাই হচ্ছে তুমি”। তিনি ১০.৬৭ মিলিয়ন মাইল ভ্রমণ করেন, যা পৃথিবীর চারিদিকে ২৫২ বার ঘুরে আসার সমান। তার প্রথম মহাকাশ অভিযান (মিশন STS ৮৭) শুরু হয়েছিল ১৯৯৭ সালের ১৯ নভেম্বর অন্য ছয়জন নভোচারীর সাথে মহাকাশযান কলম্বিয়ায়। তার প্রথম অভিযানে তিনি ১৫ দিন, ১৬ ঘণ্টা, ৩৪ মিনিট এবং ৪ সেকেন্ড, ৬.৫ মিলিয়ন মাইল ভ্রমণ করে। তাকে স্পাটানন স্যাটেলাইট চালনার জন্য নিয়োগ করা হয় যা অবশ্য অকেজো হয়ে পড়েছিল, তার দুইজন সহকারী নভোচারী উইনসটন স্কট এবং টাকো দুই এর সাহায্যের প্রয়োজন হয়েছিল স্যাটেলাইট উদ্ধারের জন্য। ২০০০ সালে তাকে দ্বিতীয় মহাকাশ অভিযান এসটিএস ১০৭ এর জন্য বাছাই করা হয়। এই মিশনটি বার বার বিলম্বিত হয়েছিল সিডিউল বিপর্যয় এবং যান্ত্রিক সমস্যার কারণে। ২০০৩ সালের ১৬ জানুয়ারি, কল্পনা চাওলা অবশেষে তার নতুন অভিযান শুরু করেছিল অন্য ছয়জন মহাকাশ নাবিক এর সাথে মহাকাশযান কলম্বিয়ার মাধ্যমে যা দুর্ভাগ্যের শিকার হয়েছিল। তিনি ছিলেন অভিযান বিশেষজ্ঞদের মধ্যে অন্যতম। চাওলার দায়িত্বসমূহের মধ্যে রয়েছে সুক্ষ্ম অভিকর্ষ পরীক্ষা, যে কারণে তিনি পৃথিবী এবং মহাকাশ বিজ্ঞান গবেষণার উপর প্রায় ৮০টি পরীক্ষা চালানো হয়, উন্নত প্রযুক্তিগত উন্নয়ন এবং নভোচারীদের স্বাস্থ্য ও নিরাপত্তা। ২০০৩ সালের ১ ফেব্রুয়ারি, মহাকাশে ১৬ দিন বৈজ্ঞানিক অভিযানের পর, কলম্বিয়া পৃথিবীর পরিবেশে পুনরায় প্রবেশের পর টেক্সাসের উপর এসে নানা খণ্ডে বিভক্ত হয়ে পড়ে। চাওলাসহ কলম্বিয়ার সকল নাবিক ভূ-পৃষ্ঠে অবতরণের নির্ধারিত সময়ের ১৬ মিনিট পূর্বে মৃত্যুবরণ করে। তদন্তে দেখা যায় যে, এই মর্মান্তিক দুর্ঘটনা ঘটেছিল কলম্বিয়ার একটি ডানার ত্রুটি থাকার কারণে যা যাত্রা শুরুর সময় বাইরে স্থাপিত একটি তেলের ট্যাঙ্কে অবস্থিত বিচ্ছিন্নকরণ বস্তু খুলে ফেলার সময় ঘটেছিল। পুনরায় প্রবেশের সময় প্রচন্ড তাপ থাকার কারণে, ডানার ভেতরে উত্তপ্ত গ্যাস প্রবেশ করেছিল, যা সাহায্যকারী কাঠামোকে ধ্বংস করে দিয়েছিল এবং মহাকাশযানের অবশিষ্টাংশকে ভেঙে পড়তে বাধ্য করেছিল।

1. Read the passage below and answer the questions following it: Coleridge’s poem a ballad, narrate the harrowing sea-voyage of an old mariner who at one point of his journey did not have any water to drink because of a cursed. Cursed or not, we know how importeant drinking water is in our life.We know we cannot survive without it. In fact two-thirds of our body is made up of water. Not for nothing is it said that the other name of water is life. Is there a crisis in our time with regard to access to clean drinking water? The United Nations in a meeting on the eve of the new millennium identified the drinking water problem as one of the challenges for the future. But do we need to worry about the problem as ours is a land of rivers and we have plenty of rainfall? Besides, we have a sea in our backyard too. One of the sources of water in our country is the rivers. Rivers are everywhere in our life, literature, economy and culture. But are the rivers in good shape? Unfortunately, they are not. A few are already dead and several are going through the pangs of death. The river Buriganga is an example of a dying river. A report published in the Daily Sun describes what has happened to the river Buriganga and why. It’s water is polluted and a perpetual stench fills the air around it. But that is not what it was like before. The report says that the river had a glorious past. Once it was a tributary of the mighty Ganges and flowed into the Bay of Bengal through the river Dhaleshwari. Gradually, it lost its link with the Ganges and got the name Buriganga. The Mughals marveled at the tide level of the Buriganga and founded their capital Jahangirnagar on its banks in 1610. The river supplied drinking water and supported trade and commerce. Jahangirnager was renamed Dhaka which grew into a heavily populated city with a chronic shortage of space. The city paid back the bounty of the river by sucking life out of it! According to newspaper report, the Buriganga is dying because of pollution. Huge quantities of toxic chemicals and wastes from mills and factories, hospitals and clinics and household and other establishments are dumped into the river everyday. The city of Dhaka discharges about 4500 tons of solid waste everyday and most of it is directly released into the Buriganga. According to the Department of the Environment (DoE), 20,000 tons of tannery waste, including some highly toxic materials, are released into the river everyday. Experts identified nine industrial areas in and around the capital city as the primary sources of river pollution: Tongi, Tejgaon, Hazaribagh, Tarabo, Narayanganj, Savar, Gazipur, Dhaka, Export Processing Zone and Ghorashal. The river would need a monster’s stomach to digest all the wastes mentioned above. There is a limit up to which it can put up with its cruel and thoughtless treatment. We the humans have successfully killed one of our rivers. There are other rivers in the country that are being subjected to similar thoughtless treatment. Unless we take care of our rivers there may come a time when we will cry ‘water’ and find it nowhere.   A.  Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 5 a)  What does the expression, ‘we cannot survive without water.’ mean? i. Water is nothing ii. Water is everywhere iii. Water is life iv. Water is unimportant b)  The word ballad mentioned in the passage means. i. comedy ii. tragedy iii. melody iv. narrative song c)  How are rains in Bangladesh? i. Rare ii. Sometimes iii. Plenty iv. Very rare d)  The word harrowing mentioned in the passage means. i. soft ii. dangerous iii. mellifluous iv. Melodious e)  What kind of river Buriganga is now? i.                    Dying ii. Flowing iii. Having current iv. none of the above.   B.  Answer the following questions. 10 a) Who wrote the poem, ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’? What is the poem about? b) Why is drinking water important in our life? Can you mention the other name of water? c) What is, according to the United Nations, one of the challenges for the future? Where was it identified? d) Do we need to worry about the problem as ours is a land of rivers and we have plenty of rainfall? Give reasons for your answer. e) ‘Rivers are everywhere in our life.’ Do you agree with the statement? Give reasons for your answer.   Ans. to the ques 1.A.    Ans. (a) iii. Water is life (b) iv. narrative song (c) iii. Plenty (d) ii. dangerous (e) i. Dying. 1.B.  Ans. a)  Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the poem, ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’. The poem is about the miserable sea-voyage of an old mariner who at one point of his journey didn’t have any water to drink because of a curse. b)   Drinking water is important in our life because we cannot survive without it. More importantly, two-thirds of our body is made up of water. The other name of water is ‘life’. c)   According to the United Nations, one of the challenges for the future is the problem of drinking water. It was identified in a meeting of UN on the eve of the new millennium. d)  Yes, we need to worry about the problem in spite of ours is a land of rivers and we have plenty of rainfall. It is because we are polluting the water of our rivers in a number of ways. e)   Yes, I agree with the statement that ‘Rivers are everywhere in our life.’ They have a very distinct place in our literature and culture. We cannot imagine our economy without them.     Bangla Translation কোলরিজের একটি গীতিনাট্য কবিতা, একজন বৃদ্ধ নাবিকের ভয়াবহ সমুদ্র ভ্রমণের বর্ণনা দেয়, যার যাত্রার এক পর্যায়ে একজন অভিশপ্তের কারণে পান করার জন্য জল ছিল না। অভিশপ্ত হোক বা না হোক, আমরা জানি পানীয় জল আমাদের জীবনে কতটা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। আমরা জানি আমরা এটি ছাড়া বাঁচতে পারি না। আসলে আমাদের শরীরের দুই-তৃতীয়াংশ জল দিয়ে তৈরি। অকারণে বলা হয় যে জলের অপর নাম জীবন। আমাদের সময়ে কি বিশুদ্ধ পানীয় জলের অ্যাক্সেসের ক্ষেত্রে কোনও সংকট রয়েছে? নতুন সহস্রাব্দের প্রাক্কালে জাতিসংঘ একটি সভায় পানীয় জল সমস্যাকে ভবিষ্যতের জন্য একটি চ্যালেঞ্জ হিসাবে চিহ্নিত করেছে। কিন্তু আমাদের কি এই সমস্যাটি নিয়ে চিন্তা করার দরকার আছে কারণ আমাদের দেশ নদীগুলির একটি দেশ এবং আমাদের প্রচুর বৃষ্টিপাত হয়? তাছাড়া, আমাদের বাড়ির উঠোনেও একটি সমুদ্র রয়েছে। আমাদের দেশে জলের অন্যতম উৎস হল নদী। নদী আমাদের জীবন, সাহিত্য, অর্থনীতি এবং সংস্কৃতি সর্বত্র রয়েছে। কিন্তু নদীগুলি কি ভালো অবস্থায় আছে? দুর্ভাগ্যবশত, তারা নেই। কয়েকটি ইতিমধ্যেই মৃত এবং বেশ কয়েকটি মৃত্যুর যন্ত্রণার মধ্য দিয়ে যাচ্ছে। বুড়িগঙ্গা নদী মৃতপ্রায় নদীর একটি উদাহরণ। ডেইলি সানে প্রকাশিত একটি প্রতিবেদনে বুড়িগঙ্গা নদীর কী হয়েছে এবং কেন তা বর্ণনা করা হয়েছে। এর জল দূষিত এবং এর চারপাশের বাতাসে চিরস্থায়ী দুর্গন্ধ ছড়িয়ে আছে। কিন্তু আগের মতো এটি ছিল না। প্রতিবেদনে বলা হয়েছে যে নদীর একটি গৌরবময় অতীত ছিল। একসময় এটি শক্তিশালী গঙ্গার একটি শাখা নদী ছিল এবং ধলেশ্বরী নদীর মধ্য দিয়ে বঙ্গোপসাগরে প্রবাহিত হয়েছিল। ধীরে ধীরে, এটি গঙ্গার সাথে তার সংযোগ হারিয়ে ফেলে এবং বুড়িগঙ্গা নাম ধারণ করে। মুঘলরা বুড়িগঙ্গার জোয়ারের স্তর দেখে অবাক হয়েছিলেন এবং ১৬১০ সালে এর তীরে তাদের রাজধানী জাহাঙ্গীরনগর প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিলেন। নদীটি পানীয় জল সরবরাহ করত এবং ব্যবসা-বাণিজ্যকে সমর্থন করত। জাহাঙ্গীরনগরের নামকরণ করা হয়েছিল ঢাকা যা স্থানের দীর্ঘস্থায়ী অভাব সহ একটি জনবহুল শহরে পরিণত হয়েছিল। শহরটি নদীর জীবন শোষণ করে নদীর অনুগ্রহের প্রতিদান দিয়েছে! সংবাদপত্রের প্রতিবেদন অনুসারে, দূষণের কারণে বুড়িগঙ্গা মারা যাচ্ছে। কল-কারখানা, হাসপাতাল, ক্লিনিক এবং গৃহস্থালি এবং অন্যান্য প্রতিষ্ঠান থেকে প্রতিদিন বিপুল পরিমাণে বিষাক্ত রাসায়নিক এবং বর্জ্য নদীতে ফেলা হয়। ঢাকা শহর থেকে প্রতিদিন প্রায় ৪৫০০ টন কঠিন বর্জ্য নির্গত হয় এবং এর বেশিরভাগই সরাসরি বুড়িগঙ্গায় ফেলা হয়। পরিবেশ অধিদপ্তরের (DoE) মতে, প্রতিদিন ২০,০০০ টন ট্যানারি বর্জ্য, যার মধ্যে কিছু অত্যন্ত বিষাক্ত পদার্থও রয়েছে, নদীতে ফেলা হয়। বিশেষজ্ঞরা রাজধানী এবং এর আশেপাশের নয়টি শিল্প এলাকাকে নদী দূষণের প্রধান উৎস হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেছেন: টঙ্গী, তেজগাঁও, হাজারীবাগ, তারাবো, নারায়ণগঞ্জ, সাভার, গাজীপুর, ঢাকা, রপ্তানি প্রক্রিয়াকরণ অঞ্চল এবং ঘোড়াশাল। উপরে উল্লিখিত সমস্ত বর্জ্য হজম করার জন্য নদীর একটি দানবের পেটের প্রয়োজন হবে। এর নিষ্ঠুর এবং অবিবেচক আচরণ সহ্য করার একটি সীমা আছে। আমরা মানুষ আমাদের একটি নদীকে সফলভাবে হত্যা করেছি। দেশে আরও কিছু নদী আছে যাদের সাথে একই রকম অবিবেচক আচরণ করা হচ্ছে। আমরা যদি আমাদের নদীর যত্ন না নিই, তাহলে এমন সময় আসতে পারে যখন আমরা 'জল' বলে চিৎকার করে কোথাও খুঁজে পাব না। Ad

1.  Read the passage below and answer the questions following it. I am in a tiny steel cage attached to a motorcycle, stuttering through traffic in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In the last ten minutes, we have moved forward may be three feet, inch by inch, the driver wrenching the wheel left and right, wriggling deeper into the wedge between delivery truck and a rickshaw in front  of us. Up ahead, the traffic is jammed so close together that pedestrians are climbing over pickup trucks and through empty rickshaws to cross the street. Two rows to my left is an ambulance, blue light spinning uselessly. This is what the streets here look like from seven o’clock in the morning until ten o’clock at night. If you’re rich, you experience it from the back seat of a car. If you’re poor, you’re in a rickshaw, breathing in the exhaust. I’m sitting in the back of a CNG, a three-wheeled motorcycle shaped like a slice of pie and covered with scrap metal. I’m here working on a human rights project, but whenever I ask people in Dhaka what they think international organizations should really be working on, they tell me about the traffic. Alleviating traffic congestion is one of the major development challenges of our time. Half the world’s population already lives in cities, and the United Nations (UN) estimates that the proportion will rise to nearly 70 percent by 2050. Dhaka, the world’s densest and fastest growing city, is a case study in how this problem got so bad and why it’s so difficult to solve. Dhaka’s infrastructure doesn’t match the scale of its population. Just 7 percent of the city is covered by roads, compared with around 25 percent of Paris and Vienna. Dhaka also suffers from the absence of a planned road network. There are 650 major intersections, but only 60 traffic lights, many of which don’t work. That means the police force isn’t enforcing driving or parking rules; they’re in the intersections, directing traffic. The cost of Dhaka’s traffic congestion is estimated at $3.8 billion a year, and that’s just the delays and air pollution, not the less-tangible losses in quality of life. Paradoxically, the poor infrastructure is one of the reasons why the city is growing so fast.   A.  Choose the correct answer from the alternative.           5 a)  What could be the closest meaning for ‘tiny’ in the first paragraph? i. Gigantic ii. Large iii. Small iv. Hulk b)  The word ‘wriggling’ in the first paragraph refers to —. i. winking ii. wrapping iii. twisting or turning body iv. wrenching c)  ‘Exhaust’ in the second paragraph can be replaced by —. i. tire out ii. vigor iii. energetic iv. exclusive d)  A CNG is a — wheeler. i. two ii. three iii. four iv. one e)  The best synonym of ‘wedge’ is —. i.                    lock ii. block iii. clock iv. both (i) & (ii).   B.  Answer the following questions.       10 a)  How do you differentiate the roads of Dhaka from the roads of other cities? b)  What problem do you face in the street of Dhaka? c)  What a CNG is compared with? Why? d)  How do you explain the severity of traffic jam in city of Dhaka? e)   ‘The authority should take drastic action against traffic jam.’ Do you agree or disagree with this statement. Give reasons. Ans. to the ques. A.  Ans. (a) iii. Small (b) iii. twisting or turning body (c) i. tire out (d) ii. three (e) iv. both (i) & (ii). B.       Ans. a)  The roads of Dhaka are different from the roads of other cities. The roads of Dhaka are clogged up with vehicles. On the other hand, the roads of other cities are usually frees. b)  In the streets of Dhaka the problem that we face is saver traffic jam. The jam is so acute that we cannot even walk or cross roads. c)  CNG is compared with a slice of pie. For its shape it is compared so. The backside of it is larger but its front side is smaller. It has given the vehicle a pie-shape. d)   The severity of traffic jam in Dhaka city cannot be described in words. It is very disgusting and exhausting. e)  I agree with this statement. Traffic jam has gone out of control. If government does not take drastic action, we have to suffer a lot.       Answer: Bangla Translation আমি ঢাকা, বাংলাদেশের যানজটের মধ্যে মোটরসাইকেলের সাথে সংযুক্ত একটি ছোট্ট স্টিলের খাঁচায় আটকে আছি। গত দশ মিনিটে, আমরা তিন ফুট, ইঞ্চি ইঞ্চি এগিয়ে গেছি, ড্রাইভার বাম এবং ডানে চাকা ঘুরিয়ে দিচ্ছে, ডেলিভারি ট্রাক এবং সামনের একটি রিকশার মাঝখানে আরও গভীরে ঘুরছে। সামনে, ট্র্যাফিক এতটাই জ্যাম যে পথচারীরা পিকআপ ট্রাকের উপর দিয়ে এবং খালি রিকশার মধ্য দিয়ে রাস্তা পার হচ্ছে। আমার বাম দিকে দুটি সারি একটি অ্যাম্বুলেন্স, নীল আলো অকেজোভাবে ঘুরছে। সকাল সাতটা থেকে রাত দশটা পর্যন্ত এখানকার রাস্তাগুলি এমনই দেখায়। যদি আপনি ধনী হন, তাহলে আপনি গাড়ির পিছনের সিট থেকে এটি অনুভব করবেন। যদি আপনি দরিদ্র হন, তাহলে আপনি রিকশায় আছেন, নিঃশ্বাস নিচ্ছেন। আমি একটি সিএনজির পিছনে বসে আছি, একটি তিন চাকার মোটরসাইকেল যা পাইয়ের টুকরোর মতো আকৃতির এবং স্ক্র্যাপ ধাতু দিয়ে ঢাকা। আমি এখানে একটি মানবাধিকার প্রকল্পে কাজ করছি, কিন্তু যখনই আমি ঢাকার লোকেদের জিজ্ঞাসা করি যে আন্তর্জাতিক সংস্থাগুলির আসলে কী কাজ করা উচিত, তারা আমাকে যানজট সম্পর্কে বলে। যানজট কমানো আমাদের সময়ের অন্যতম প্রধান উন্নয়ন চ্যালেঞ্জ। বিশ্বের অর্ধেক জনসংখ্যা ইতিমধ্যেই শহরে বাস করে এবং জাতিসংঘ (UN) অনুমান করে যে এই অনুপাত ২০৫০ সালের মধ্যে প্রায় ৭০ শতাংশে উন্নীত হবে। বিশ্বের সবচেয়ে ঘনবসতিপূর্ণ এবং দ্রুত বর্ধনশীল শহর ঢাকা, এই সমস্যাটি কীভাবে এত খারাপ হয়ে উঠল এবং কেন এটি সমাধান করা এত কঠিন, তার একটি কেস স্টাডি। ঢাকার অবকাঠামো তার জনসংখ্যার স্কেলের সাথে মেলে না। প্যারিস এবং ভিয়েনার প্রায় ২৫ শতাংশের তুলনায় শহরের মাত্র ৭ শতাংশ রাস্তা দ্বারা আচ্ছাদিত। ঢাকায় একটি পরিকল্পিত সড়ক নেটওয়ার্কের অভাবও রয়েছে। ৬৫০টি বড় মোড় রয়েছে, কিন্তু মাত্র ৬০টি ট্র্যাফিক লাইট রয়েছে, যার মধ্যে অনেকগুলিই কাজ করে না। এর অর্থ হল পুলিশ বাহিনী গাড়ি চালানো বা পার্কিং নিয়ম প্রয়োগ করছে না; তারা মোড়ে মোড়ে ট্র্যাফিক পরিচালনা করছে। ঢাকার যানজটের কারণে বছরে ৩.৮ বিলিয়ন ডলার খরচ হয় বলে ধারণা করা হচ্ছে, এবং তা কেবল বিলম্ব এবং বায়ু দূষণের কারণে, জীবনযাত্রার মানের ক্ষেত্রে সামান্য ক্ষতির কারণে নয়। বিদ্রূপাত্মকভাবে, দুর্বল অবকাঠামো শহরটির এত দ্রুত বিকাশের অন্যতম কারণ। Ad Ad Passage-2 4. Read the following text and answer the questions A and B. Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights   in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of  strangers. But asked to  define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal, or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder?   we ask ourselves. A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well, as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty, or may be more   as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society. Philosophers  have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isn't ugliness apart of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful? Poets and artists have provided an answer by incorporating both into their work. In doing so, they have often tied beauty to truth and justice, so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. John Keats, the romantic poet, wrote in his celebrated 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' by which he means that truth, even if it's not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Similarly, what is beautiful forever remains true. Another meaning, in the context of the Grecian Urn an art object-is that truth is a condition of art.   A.             Choose the correct answer from the alterative.       1×5 = 5 (a)  What could be the closest meaning for appreciate in the passage? (i) contract (ii) diminish (iii) humiliate (iv) praise (b)  What does the expression 'Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define' mean? (i)  approval of beauty is trouble-free whereas its definition is troublesome (ii)  we can appreciate beauty easily but explain it in a difficult way (iii)  appreciation of beauty is necessary but there is no need to define it (iv)  we enjoy beauty but we don't define it (c)  What could be the closest meaning for difficult in the passage? (i) easy         (ii) simple (iii) arduous  (iv) soft (d)  A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself both by its presence, and by its... According to the passage, which one of the following is the best to fill the gap? (i) company (ii) nonappearance (iii) existence (iv) expression (e)    What could be the closest meaning for beauty in the passage? (i) grotesqueness (ii) attractiveness (iii) hideousness (iv) ugliness   B.              Answer the following questions.           2×5 = 10 (a)  Do you think it difficult to define beauty? Give reason in favour of your answer. (b)  Where do you find beauty? (c)  What have philosophers told about beauty? Do you support it? What is your view about beauty? (d)  How have the poets and artists tied beauty to truth and justice? (e)  Who wrote the poem 'Ode on a Grecian Urn'? What do you know about the poet?   Answers 1. A. (a) (iv) praise (b) (i) approval of beauty is trouble-free whereas its definition is troublesome (c) (iii) arduous (d) (ii) nonappearance (e) (ii) attractiveness   B.       (a) Yes, I think it is really difficult to define beauty. I think it so because we do not clarify whether it has an independent objective identity or it is universal, or even it is dependent on our sense perceptions. In spite of this difficulty it moves us with pleasure. (b)  There is beauty around us. We find it in pleasurable objects and sights   in nature, in the laughter of children. in the kindness of strangers. Even in literature, there is beauty of its own kind. (c)  Philosophers have told us that beauty is an important part of life. Yes, I support them with a slight difference. I think that beauty is important but it is life that cannot ignore ugliness. and if art has beauty as an important ingredient, it cannot be confined only to a projection of beauty. Art can not ignore what is not beautiful. (d)  The poets and artists have tied beauty to truth and justice by incorporating both beauty and ugliness into their work. They have done it so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. (e)  John Keats wrote the poem 'Ode on Grecian Urn'. He was a romantic poet. in his poem. 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' he wrote `Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' by which be means that truth, even if it's not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Passage-3   3.  Read the passage below and answer the questions following it.   Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights – in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of strangers. But asked to define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal, or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder? -we ask ourselves. A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well, as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty, or may be more-as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society. Philosophers  have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isn’t ugliness a part of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful? Poets and artists have provided an answer by incorporating both into their work. In doing so, they have often tied beauty to truth and justice, so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. John Keats, the romantic poet, wrote in his celebrated ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ ‘Beauty is truth, truth beauty,’ by which he means that truth, even if it’s not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Similarly, what is beautiful forever remains true. Another meaning, in the context of the Grecian Urn-an art object-is that truth is a condition of art. Poetry in every language celebrates beauty and truth. So does art. Here are two poems from two different times that present some enduring ideas about beauty and truth. The poems are by Lord Byron (1788-1824), an English poet of the Romantic tradition, and Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), an American poet who wrote about the human scene, love and death.   A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1´5=5 (a)     Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word “pleasurable”? (i) dissatisfaction   (ii) pain             (iii) offend         (iv) delightful (b)     What is the closest meaning of the word “incorporate”? (i) embody (ii) corporation (iii) incorporeal (iv) intangible (c)     ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ is written by ——-. (i) Lord Byron         (ii) John Keats (iii) Wordsworth (iv) PB Shelly (d)                  What does the word ‘tolerable’ mean? (i) not so good                    (ii) bad              (iii) moderately good    (iv) tolerant (e)     Lord Byron is a ——– poet? (i)     Revolutionary (ii) Romantic (iii) Classical (iv) Modern   Answer the following questions. 2´5=10 (a)     How can we discover beauty in our surroundings? (b)     How much place does ugliness have in our life? (c)     What is the name of the poet of “Ode and a Grecian Urn”? (d)     Do you get any definition of beauty from the poem ‘She Walks in Beauty’? (e)     What was Byron’s intention?

1.  Read the passage below and answer the questions following it. In the Bengali language there is a modern maxim which can be translated, ‘He who learns to read and write rides in a carriage and pair.’ In English there is a similar proverb, ‘Knowledge is power.’ It is an offer of a prospective bribe to the student, a promise of an ulterior reward which is more important than knowledge itself…. Unfortunately, our very educational has been successful in depriving us of our real initiative and our courage of thought. The training we get in our schools has the constant implication in it that it is not for us to produce but to borrow. And we are casting about to borrow our educational plans from European institutions. The trampled plants of Indian corn are dreaming of recouping their harvest from the neighboring wheat fields. To change the figure, we forget that, for proficiency in walking, it is better to train the muscles of our own legs than to strut upon wooden ones of foreign make, although they clatter and cause more surprise at our skill in using them than if they were living and real. But when we go to borrow help from a foreign neighborhood we overlook the fact…that among the Europeans the living spirit of the University is widely spread in their society, their parliament, their literature, and the numerous activities of their corporate life. In all these functions they are in perpetual touch with the great personality of the land which is creative and heroic in its constant acts of self-expression and self-sacrifice. They have their thoughts published in their books as well as through the medium of living men who think those thoughts, and who criticize, compare and disseminate them. Some at least of the drawbacks of their academic education are redeemed by the living energy of the intellectual personality pervading their social organism. It is like the stagnant reservoir of water which finds its purification in the showers of rain to which it keeps itself open. But, to our misfortune, we have in India all the furniture of the European University except the human teacher.   A.  Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 5 a)  What does the expression, ‘He who learns to read and write rides in a carriage and pair.’ mean? i.  A learned man can lead a luxurious life ii.  A learned man is poor iii.  A learned man is sometimes respected iv.  A learned man can be a cultured man b)  The word modern mentioned in the passage means. i. traditional ii. new iii. current iv. Conventional c)  The school education of India helps —. i. to learn correctly ii. to borrow from others iii. to be self-dependent iv. to be perfect d)  The word maxim mentioned in the passage means. i. description ii. statement iii. narration iv. Proverb e)  From where are the systems of Indian education borrowed? i. Bangladesh ii. England iii. America iv. European countries B.  Answer the following questions. 10 a)  Why is the proverb, ‘Knowledge is power’, termed as ‘a prospective bribe to the student’? Explain. b)     How does our education deprive us of our real initiative and our courage of thought? c)     What is the problem with our educational plans? Can you explain how it affects us? d)  ‘The trampled plants of Indian corn are dreaming of recouping their harvest from the neighbouring wheat fields.’ Explain. e)   Why is it better to train the muscles of our own legs than to strut upon wooden ones of foreign make? Ans. to the ques A.                    Ans. (a) i. A learned man can lead a luxurious life (b) iii. current (c) ii. to borrow from others (d) iv. proverb (e) iv. European countries.   B.       Ans. a)  The proverb ‘Knowledge is power’ is termed as ‘a prospective bribe to the student’ because it is a promise of an ulterior reward which is more important then knowledge itself. b)    Our education deprives us of our real initiative and our courage of thought by creating the implication within us that we cannot produce and, therefore, we must borrow from others. c)  The problem with our educational plans is that they are borrowed from European institutions. It affects our learning to a great extent because our culture as well as the field of application is different. d)  The students of our educational institutions are compared to trampled plants of Indian corn. They are being educated in a system planned in European style and they are expected to show the same result as that of the Europeans. e)   It is better to train the muscles of our own legs than to strut upon wooden ones of foreign make because it gives us confidence in our own capability.           Answer: Bangla Translation বাংলা ভাষায় একটি আধুনিক উক্তি আছে যার অনুবাদ করা যেতে পারে, ‘যে ব্যক্তি পড়তে এবং লিখতে শেখে সে গাড়িতে এবং জোড়ায় চড়ে।’ ইংরেজিতেও একই রকম একটি প্রবাদ আছে, ‘জ্ঞানই শক্তি।’ এটি ছাত্রকে ঘুষের প্রস্তাব, এক গোপন পুরস্কারের প্রতিশ্রুতি যা জ্ঞানের চেয়েও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ... দুর্ভাগ্যবশত, আমাদের শিক্ষা আমাদের প্রকৃত উদ্যোগ এবং চিন্তাভাবনার সাহস থেকে বঞ্চিত করতে সফল হয়েছে। আমাদের স্কুলগুলিতে আমরা যে প্রশিক্ষণ পাই তাতে ক্রমাগত ইঙ্গিত পাওয়া যায় যে এটি আমাদের উৎপাদন করা নয় বরং ধার করা। এবং আমরা ইউরোপীয় প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলি থেকে আমাদের শিক্ষা পরিকল্পনা ধার করার জন্য ঝাঁপিয়ে পড়ছি। ভারতীয় ভুট্টার পদদলিত গাছগুলি পার্শ্ববর্তী গম ক্ষেত থেকে তাদের ফসল পুনরুদ্ধার করার স্বপ্ন দেখছে। চিত্রটি পরিবর্তন করার জন্য, আমরা ভুলে যাই যে, হাঁটার দক্ষতার জন্য, বিদেশী তৈরি কাঠের উপর দৌড়ানোর চেয়ে আমাদের নিজস্ব পায়ের পেশীগুলিকে প্রশিক্ষণ দেওয়া ভাল, যদিও তারা ঝনঝন করে এবং জীবন্ত এবং বাস্তব হওয়ার চেয়ে সেগুলি ব্যবহারের আমাদের দক্ষতায় আরও অবাক করে। কিন্তু যখন আমরা কোন বিদেশী প্রতিবেশীর কাছ থেকে সাহায্য নিতে যাই তখন আমরা এই সত্যটি উপেক্ষা করি... যে ইউরোপীয়দের মধ্যে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের জীবন্ত চেতনা তাদের সমাজ, তাদের সংসদ, তাদের সাহিত্য এবং তাদের কর্পোরেট জীবনের অসংখ্য কার্যকলাপে ব্যাপকভাবে ছড়িয়ে আছে। এই সমস্ত অনুষ্ঠানে তারা সেই দেশের মহান ব্যক্তিত্বের সাথে চিরস্থায়ী যোগাযোগ রাখে, যিনি আত্মপ্রকাশ এবং আত্মত্যাগের অবিরাম কর্মকাণ্ডে সৃজনশীল এবং বীরত্বপূর্ণ। তাদের চিন্তাভাবনা তাদের বইয়ে প্রকাশিত হয় এবং জীবিত মানুষের মাধ্যমেও যারা এই চিন্তাভাবনাগুলি চিন্তা করে, যারা তাদের সমালোচনা করে, তুলনা করে এবং প্রচার করে। তাদের শিক্ষাগত শিক্ষার কিছু ত্রুটি অন্তত তাদের সামাজিক জীবে বিস্তৃত বৌদ্ধিক ব্যক্তিত্বের জীবন্ত শক্তি দ্বারা মুক্তি পায়। এটি জলের স্থির জলাধারের মতো যা বৃষ্টির ঝরনায় তার শুদ্ধি খুঁজে পায় যার জন্য এটি নিজেকে উন্মুক্ত রাখে। কিন্তু, আমাদের দুর্ভাগ্যের বিষয়, আমাদের ভারতে মানব শিক্ষক ছাড়া ইউরোপীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের সমস্ত আসবাবপত্র রয়েছে। Ad Ad

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. Migration from Bangladesh to Britain started in 1930s and was predominantly a Sylheti phenomenon. Men of this particular geographical area employed by the British ship companies first started the process of migration. These men were largely illiterate and belonged to the landless peasantry. After the World War II, due to labor shortages, British government encouraged labor migration from its former colonies. The postwar British economy demanded cheap and plentiful labor, much of which was recruited from South Asia. Since Sylhet had already forged a strong link with the UK, most new labor was drawn from there. Sylhetis, based in the UK, helped each other to integrate into the new society by providing credit, arranging documents, and gradually spreading the network. During the 1950s, the numbers increased dramatically. However, along with people from poorer backgrounds, a small number of urban upper and middle class Bangladeshis also migrated even before the World War II for higher education and settled in the UK.   According to the 2001 census, 283,063 Bangladeshis lived in the UK, which is 0.5 percent of the total population. In Britain, they are primarily concentrated in Greater London and the third generation of Bangladeshi population, those 'born and bred' in Britain, constitute half of the community. The largest Bangladeshi population outside London is located in Oldham, and the others are scattered across Birmingham, Luton and Bradford. British Bangladeshis are predominantly Muslims. Studies reveal that the second and the third generation Bangladeshis seem to uphold their Muslim identity rather than their identity as Bangladeshis.  However, the absence of a strong tie does not mean that the Bangladeshi community is completely detached from their homeland. In the era of globalization and social networking, like other diaspora communities, British Bangladeshis are also linked to their countries of origin by phone, mail, Internet and television. By the virtue of technological advancement, communication of news is rapid and sustained, which gives migrant communities a sense of belonging to multiple homes. In particular, the first generation of migrants continues to regard Bangladesh as central to their identity.  A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word 'migration'?  (i) commission (ii) emigration (iii) permission (iv) mission (b) What does the phrase 'born and bred' mean?  (i) having rich parents  (ii) born to be a great composer  (iii) having good relation  (iv) born and having grown up in a particular place with particular background and education (c) Bangladeshi population outside London is located mostly in —.  (i) Oldham (ii) Birmingham (iii) Lutan  (iv) Bradford  (d) The word 'diaspora' refers to —.  (i) migration (ii) fashion (iii) submission (iv) vision (e) "In particular, the first generation of migrants continues to regard Bangladesh as central to their identity." What does the sentence refer?   (i) the name of Bangladesh (ii) proud identity of Bangladesh  (iii) living in Bangladesh (iv) separating from Bangladesh  (f) The word 'particular' means —.  (i) choosy (ii) general (iii) casual (iv) unique (g) These people are —.  (i) largely illiterate  (ii) landless peasants   (iii) both (i) and (ii) (iv) literate but landless peasants (h) The closest meaning of 'shortage' is —.  (i) abundance (ii) want (iii) failure (iv) inadequacy (i) What did the post war British economy demand?  (i) cheap labour (ii) plentiful labour (iii) skilled labour (iv) cheap and plentiful labour (j) The British recruited much of these labours from —.  (i) Asia (ii) South Asia (iii) Africa (iv) Australia (k) 'forged a strong link' means —.  (i) maintained a strong connection (ii) forced to maintain a connection  (iii) kept a close connection (iv) established a close link (l) The word 'integrate' refers to —.  (i) separate (ii) fuse (iii) join (iv) assimilate (m) When did the number of Sylhetis increased dramatically in the UK?  (i) 1940s (ii) 1950s (iii) 1960s (iv) 1970s (n) — migrated to the UK even before World War II.  (i) a small number of urban upper and middle class Bangladeshis  (ii) a large number of urban upper and middle class Bangladeshis  (iii) a large number of rural middle class Bangladeshi   (iv) a small number of unban lower and middle class Bangladeshi (o) The synonym of the word 'concentrated' is —.  (i) diluted (ii) diffused (iii) settled (iv) assembled (p) The word 'primarily' refers to —.  (i) mainly (ii) at first (iii) mostly (iv) chiefly (q) Who were 'born and bred' in London?  (i) the first generation of Bangladeshi population  (ii) the second generation of Bangladeshi population  (iii) the third generation of Bangladeshi population (iv) all the above (r) Who were the second generation of Bangladeshi population in the UK?  (i) those who had migrated there for higher education (ii) those who had migrated for settlement   (iii) those who had migrated for getting jobs  (iv) those who had migrated for higher education and later settled there (s) According to the 2001 census, how many Bangladeshis lived in the UK?  (i) 283,063 (ii) 284,063 (iii) 283,033 (iv) 284,033 (t) The word 'constitute' means —.  (i) form (ii) comprise (iii) appoint (iv) depute (u) British Bangladeshis are mainly —.  (i) Christians (ii) Hindus (iii) Muslims (iv) non muslims (v) The phrase 'in the era of' means —.  (i) in the age of (ii) in the days (iii) in the period (iv) in the time of (w) The closest meaning of 'sustained' is —.  (i) broken (ii) interrupted (iii) prolonged (iv) uphold (x) Who regard Bangladesh as central to their identity?  (i) the third generation of Bangladeshi migrants  (ii) the first generation of Bangladeshi migrants  (iii) the second generation of Bangladeshi migrants  (iv) all the migrants from Bangladesh. (y) 'In particular' means —.  (i) particularly (ii) casually (iii) generally (iv) unique (z) The word 'advancement' refers to —.   (i) gain (ii) growth (iii) development (iv) demotion Answer (A): (a) (ii) emigration (b) (iv) born and having grown up in a particular place with particular background and education (c) (i) Oldham (d) (i) migration (e) (ii) proud identity of Bangladesh (f) (i) choosy (g) (iii) both (i) and (ii) (h) (iv) inadequance (i) (iv) cheap and plentiful labor (j) (ii) South Asia (k) (i) maintained a strong connection (l) (iv) assimilate (m) (ii) 1950s (n) (i) a small number of urban upper and middle class Bangladeshis (o) (iii) settled (p) (ii) at first (q) (iii) the third generation of Bangladeshi population (r) (iv) those who had migrated for higher education and later settled there (s) (i) 283,063 (t) (ii) comprise (u) (iii) Muslims (v) (i) in the age of (w) (iii) prolonged (x) (ii) the first generation of Bangladeshi migrants (y) (i) particularly (z) (iii) development B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) Who were the first generation of Bangladeshis to migrate from Sylhet to the UK? (b) How did they migrate there? (c) Who were the second generation of Bangladeshi migrants in Britain? (d) What reasons did they have for going to Britain? (e) How do Bangladeshi migrants in Britain connect to their country at this time? (f) When did migration from Bangladesh to Britain start? Who were the first migrants? (g) How did the Sylhetis spread their network in the UK? (h) What do studies reveal? (i) How are the British Bangladeshis linked to their countries of origin? (j) How do migrant communities feel a sense of belonging to multiple homes. (k) What does the word 'migration' mean? (l) Which class dominated in the first two generations of Bangladeshi migrants to Britain? (m) Where do Bangladeshi migrants prefer to settle down in Britain? (n) What do you mean by the word 'census'? How many Bangladeshi lived in the UK according to the 2001 census? Answer (B):  (a) Illiterate and landless people of Sylhet who were employed by the British ship companies were the first generation of Bangladeshis to migrate to the UK.  (b) After the World War II, the British government decided to draw cheap labor from the former colonies. As Sylhet had already established a strong link with the UK, the landless and illiterate Sylhetis got the opportunity to migrate there.  (c) A small number of upper urban and middle class Bangladeshis were the second generation of Bangladeshi migrants in Britain.  (d) They went to Britain for higher education and settled there.  (e) Bangladeshi migrants in Britain connect to their country by phone, mail, internet and television at this time.  (f) Migration from Bangladesh to Britain started in 1930s. The illiterate, landless peasantry of Sylhet were the first migrants.  (g) Sylhetis, based in the UK, gradually spread the network by helping each other to integrate into the new society by providing credit and arranging documents.  (h) Studies reveal that the second and the third generation Bangladeshis seem to uphold their Muslim identity rather than their identity as Bangladeshis.  (i) The British Bangladeshis are linked to their countries of origin by phone, mail, internet and television.  (j) The migrant communities feel a sense of belonging to multiple homes by the virtue of technological advancement and rapid and sustained communication of news.   (k) The word 'migration' means the movement of large number of people, birds or animals from one place to another.  (l) A small number of upper urban and middle class Bangladeshis who went to Britain for higher education and settled there, dominated over the first two generation of Bangladeshi migrants to Britain.  (m) In Britain, Bangladeshi migrants prefer to settle down in greater London, Oldham, Birmingham, Luton and Bradford.  (n) The word 'census' means the process of counting people of a country. According to the 2001 census, 283,063 Bangladeshis lived in the UK, which is 0.5 percent of the total population.                                         Bangla Translation বাংলা অনুবাদঃ  বসবাসের জন্য বাংলাদেশ থেকে ব্রিটেনে লোকজন যাওয়া শুরু হয়েছিল ১৯৩০ এর দশকে আর প্রধানত এটি ছিল সিলেটের একটি বিস্ময়কর ঘটনা। ব্রিটিশ জাহাজ কোম্পানি কর্তৃক নিয়োগপ্রাপ্ত এই বিশেষ ভৌগোলিক এলাকার লোকজন বসবাসের উদ্দেশ্যে বিদেশে পাড়ি জমানোর ধারা শুরু করেছিল। এই মানুষগুলোর অধিকাংশই ছিল নিরক্ষর আর ভূমিহীন কৃষক শ্রেণির অন্তর্গত। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধের পর শ্রমিক সংকট দেখা দেওয়ায় ব্রিটিশ সরকার তাদের সাবেক উপনিবেশগুলো হতে শ্রমিক অভিবাসনকে উৎসাহিত করেছিল। যুদ্ধ পরবর্তী ব্রিটিশ অর্থনীতিতে সস্তা ও অধিক শ্রমিক দরকার হয়েছিল যার অধিকাংশই দক্ষিণ এশিয়া থেকে নেওয়া হয়েছিল। যেহেতু সিলেট ইতোমধ্যেই ব্রিটেনের সাথে একটা নিবিড় সম্পর্ক গড়ে তুলেছিল, তাই অধিকাংশ শ্রমিক সেখান থেকেই নিয়োগ দেওয়া হয়েছিল। যুক্তরাজ্যে বসবাসরত সিলেটিরা ঋণ দান, কাগজপত্র যোগাড় করা ও নেটওয়ার্ক ছড়িয়ে দেয়ার মাধ্যমে একে অন্যকে সমাজে অঙ্গীভূত হতে সহায়তা করেছিল। ১৯৫০-এর দশকে এই সংখ্যা নাটকীয়ভাবে বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছিল। যা হোক, দরিদ্র মানুষের পাশাপাশি শহরের উচ্চবিত্ত ও মধ্যবিত্ত শ্রেণির লোকজন উচ্চশিক্ষা লাভের জন্য এমনকি দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধের প্রাক্কালেই ব্রিটেনে স্থায়ীভাবে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিল। ২০০১ সালের আদমশুমারি অনুসারে, ব্রিটেনে বসবাসকারী বাংলাদেশি লোকের সংখ্যা ছিল ২৮৩,০৬৩ (দুই লক্ষ তিরাশি হাজার তেশট্টি) জন যা সে দেশের মোট জনসংখ্যার শতকরা ০.৫ ভাগ। ব্রিটেনে তারা প্রাথমিকভাবে বৃহত্তর লন্ডন শহরে বসবাস করে আর বাংলাদেশি জনসংখ্যার তৃতীয় প্রজন্ম যাদের ‘জন্ম ও ভরণপোষণ’ ব্রিটেনেই হয় তাদের সংখ্যা সম্প্রদায়ের মোট জনসংখ্যার প্রায় অর্ধেক। লন্ডনের বাইরে ওল্ডহাম শহরে সবচেয়ে বেশি বাংলাদেশি লোকজন বসবাস করে আর বাকি লোকজন বার্মিংহাম, লুটন ও ব্র্যাডফোর্ডে ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে রয়েছে। বাংলাদেশি বংশোদ্ভূত ব্রিটিশ নাগরিকগণ প্রধানত মুসলিম। গবেষণায় দেখা যায় যে দ্বিতীয় ও তৃতীয় প্রজন্মের লোকজন নিজেদেরকে বাংলাদেশি পরিচয় দেওয়ার চেয়ে মুসলমান পরিচয় দিতে স্বাচ্ছন্দ্য বোধ করে। যাহোক, নিবিড় বন্ধনের অনুপস্থিতি মানে এই নয় যে জন্মভূমি থেকে তারা সম্পূর্ণরূপে বিচ্ছিন্ন। বিশ্বায়ন ও সামাজিক যোগাযোগের এই যুগে, অন্যান্য অভিবাসী সম্প্রদায়ের ন্যায় ব্রিটিশ বাংলাদেশিরাও ফোন, মেইল, ইন্টারনেট ও টেলিভিশনের দ্বারা নিজেদের জন্মভূমির সাথে সম্পৃক্ত। প্রযুক্তির অগ্রগতির ফলে সংবাদ আদান-প্রদান দ্রুত ও নিরবচ্ছিন্ন হয় যা অভিবাসী সম্প্রদায়সমূহকে একাধিক দেশের নাগরিক হওয়ার ধারণা প্রদান করে। বিশেষ করে, প্রথম প্রজন্মের অভিবাসীরা বাংলাদেশকেই তাদের পরিচয়ের কেন্দ্র হিসেবে প্রাধান্য দিয়ে থাকে। Ad Ad vocabulary words from the text with their Bangla meanings: Migration – অভিবাসন Predominantly – প্রধানত Phenomenon – ঘটনা Employed – নিয়োজিত Process – প্রক্রিয়া Largely – বেশিরভাগ Illiterate – নিরক্ষর Belonged – অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল Landless – ভূমিহীন Peasantry – কৃষক সমাজ Labor shortages – শ্রমের ঘাটতি Encouraged – উৎসাহিত করা Former – পূর্ববর্তী Colonies – উপনিবেশ Postwar – যুদ্ধ পরবর্তী Economy – অর্থনীতি Demanded – চাহিদা ছিল Plentiful – প্রচুর Recruited – নিয়োগ করা Forged – গড়ে তোলা Link – সংযোগ Integrated – সংহত হওয়া Providing – প্রদান করা Gradually – ধীরে ধীরে Network – নেটওয়ার্ক Dramatically – নাটকীয়ভাবে Urban – শহুরে Settled – বসতি স্থাপন Census – জনসংখ্যা গণনা Primarily – প্রধানত Concentrated – কেন্দ্রীভূত Constitute – গঠন করা Scattered – ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে থাকা Predominantly – বেশিরভাগ ক্ষেত্রেই Reveal – প্রকাশ করা Generation – প্রজন্ম Identity – পরিচয় Absence – অনুপস্থিতি Community – সম্প্রদায় Detached – বিচ্ছিন্ন Homeland – মাতৃভূমি Era – যুগ Globalization – বিশ্বায়ন Diaspora – প্রবাসী সম্প্রদায় Linked – সংযুক্ত Virtue – গুণ Technological advancement – প্রযুক্তিগত উন্নতি Sustained – টেকসই Belonging – অন্তর্ভুক্তি Central – কেন্দ্রবিন্দু

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. .And as for our martyrs and those who have been wounded, we in the Awami League will do everything we can to assist them and their loved ones. If you have the means, please give what little you can to our Relief Committee. To owners of factories whose workers had participated in the General Strike the last seven days I have this to say: make sure that they are paid wages for those days. To government employees I have this to tell: you'll have to listen to my directives. Till our country is liberated, taxes and custom duties won't be collected. No one will pay them either. Remember: the enemy is amidst us to create chaos and confusion, to create anarchy and to loot. In our Bengal Hindus and Muslims, Bengalis and non-Bengalis are all brothers. We are responsible for their safety; let us not taint ourselves in any way. Remember those of you who work for radio and television: if the people running the radio station aren't ready to listen to us, no Bengali will report for work there. Banks will be open for two hours every day so that people can collect their salaries. But we won't allow even a single poisha to be transferred from East Bengal to West Pakistan. Telephones and telegram services will continue as before in our East Bengal; if we have to transmit news abroad you will see to that. But if any attempt is made to exterminate our people all Bengalis must take appropriate action. Form Revolutionary Committees under the leadership of the Awami League in every village, every community. Be prepared to act with whatever you have in your possession. (L 116) Remember: since we have already had to shed blood, we'll have to shed a lot more of it; by the Grace of God, however, we'll be able to liberate the people of this land. The struggle this time is a struggle for freedom-the struggle this time is a struggle for emancipation. Long live Bengal!   A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) What is the closest meaning of 'anarchy'?   (i) control (ii) order (iii) lawless (iv) disorder (b) "The struggle this time is a struggle for freedom, a struggle for emancipation"- What does it imply?  (i) political freedom (ii) economic freedom  (iii) freedom from want and illiteracy (iv) all of the above (c) What was the order for the factory owners?  (i) to participate in strike (ii) to pay workers' wages  (iii) to run their factories (iv) to stop production (d) Banks were ordered to be opened for — salaries only.  (i) collecting (ii) collect (iii) collection (iv) collected (e) Which of the following is synonymous to 'liberate'?  (i) deliver (ii) emancipate (iii) discharge (iv) rason (f) What is the closest meaning of the word 'wounded'?  (i) trauma (ii) injured (iii) hit (iv) insulted (g) The word 'confusion' means —.  (i) disorder (ii) composure (iii) chaos (iv) shame (h) Which one is the synonym of the word 'safety'?  (i) shelter (ii) secure (iii) jeopardy (iv) protection (i) The word 'revolutionary' refers to —.  (i) rebel (ii) novel (iii) mutinous (iv) drastic (j) The word 'exterminate' stands for —.  (i) remove (ii) eradication (iii) abolish (iv) annihilate (k) What is the closest meaning of the word 'appropriate'?  (i) apt (ii) suitable (iii) opportune (iv) belonging (l) The word 'taint' means —.  (i) soil (ii) muddy (iii) ruin (iv) stain (m) The word 'collect' means —.  (i) heap (ii) amass (iii) gather (iv) raise (n) The synonym of the word 'continue' is —.  (i) carry on (ii) prolong (iii) stop (iv) last (o) The word 'grace' means —.  (i) mercy (ii) favour (iii) virtue (iv) courtesy (p) The word 'assist' means —.  (i) benefit (ii) help (iii) relieve (iv) enable (q) The synonym of 'participate' is —.  (i) engage (ii) join (iii) share (iv) take part (r) The closest meaning of 'wage' is —.  (i) salary (ii) stipend (iii) allowance (iv) reward (s) The word 'directive' refers to —.  (i) notice (ii) charge (iii) command (iv) ruling (t) What is the closest meaning of 'chaos'?  (i) order (ii) disorder (iii) lawless (iv) confuse (u) The word 'responsible' means —.  (i) accountable (ii) steady (iii) adult (iv) sober (v) The word 'transmit' is synonymous to —.  (i) receive (ii) dispatch (iii) transfer (iv) broadcast  (i) enslavement (ii) release (iii) freedom (iv) discharge Answer (A): (a) (iv) disorder (b) (iv) all of the above (c) (ii) to pay workers' wages (d) (i) collecting (e) (ii) emancipate (f) (ii) injured (g) (i) disorder (h) (iv) protection (i) (iii) mutinous (j) (iv) annihilate (k) (ii) suitable (l) (iv) stain (m) (iii) gather (n) (i) carry on (o) (i) mercy (p) (ii) help (q) (iv) take part (r) (i) salary (s) (iii) command (t) (ii) disorder (u) (i) accountable (v) (iv) broadcast (w) (ii) suitable (x) (iv) ownership (y) (i) contest (z) (iii) freedom B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) What did Bangabandhu mean by saying "The struggle this time is a struggle for freedom- the struggle this time is a struggle for emancipation"? (b) What did Bangabandhu mean by saying "Since we have already had to shed blood; we'll have to shed a lot more of it"? (c) Why is Bangabandhu's 7 March speech an unforgettable history? (d) What directives did he give to the office employees? (e) What do 'struggle for freedom' and 'struggle for emancipation' mean? (f) What direction did Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman give to the radio and            television workers? (g) How long will the Banks remain open and why? (h) What are the two main parts of his speech? (i) Which features of the speech do you appreciate most and why? (j) How do you differentiate between the 'struggle for freedom' and the 'struggle for emancipation? Answer (B): (a) This is a very inspirational speech of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. By this words he encouraged the people of Bengal to fight for their freedom and emancipation. (b) Actually by saying this Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman inspired the people of the then East Pakistan to encounter the enemies at any cost. He reminded that they had already shed a lot of blood and if needed they were ready to shed much more of it. (c) Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's March 7 speech is an unforgettable history because in his speech he described the past 23 years of history of Bengal (the then East Pakistan) as a history of torture, deprivation and political oppression. He also outlined a message of freedom from foreign domination and emancipation from want, illiteracy and poverty. (d) He gave the following directives to the office employees: (i) stop paying taxes and custom duties (ii) only the Secretariat, the Supreme Court, the High Court, Judge's court and semi-government organization such as WAPDA will not be allowed to work (iii) the armed forces are asked to stay in barracks. (e) 'Struggle for freedom' means the struggle or fight to be free from foreign domination. 'Struggle for emancipation' means the struggle or fight to overcome slavery and achieve political, social and economic freedom. (f) Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman directed the radio and television workers that no Bengali would report for work it the people running the radio station were not ready to listen to them. (g) The Banks will remain open for two hours everyday so that people can collect their salaries. (h) The two main parts of the speech are struggle for freedom and struggle for emancipation. (i) The features of the speech. I appreciate most are his gift of the gab, his power of motivation and his firm will to make the people of our country free. (j) Struggle for freedom means the fight for independence and straggle for emancipation means the fight to get free from oppression and to enjoy economic and political right.                                                   Answer: Bangla Translation বাংলা অনুবাদঃ  ............আর যে সমস্ত লোক শহিদ হয়েছে, আঘাতপ্রাপ্ত হয়েছে, আমরা আওয়ামী লীগের থেকে যদ্দুর পারি, তাদের সাহায্য করতে চেষ্টা করব। যারা পারেন আমার রিলিফ কমিটিকে সামান্য টাকা-পয়সা পৌঁছে দেবেন। আর এই ৭ দিনের  হরতালে যে সমস্ত শ্রমিক ভাইয়েরা যোগদান করেছে, প্রত্যেক শিল্পের মালিক তাদের বেতন পৌঁছে দেবেন। সরকারি কর্মচারীদের বলি, আমি যা বলি তা মানতে হবে। যে পর্যন্ত আমার এই দেশের মুক্তি না হচ্ছে, তত দিন খাজনা-ট্যাক্স বন্ধ করে দেওয়া হলো- কেউ দেবে না। শুনুন, মনে রাখবেন, শত্রুবাহিনী ঢুকেছে, নিজেদের মধ্যে আত্মকলহ সৃষ্টি করবে, লুটতরাজ করবে। এই বাংলায় হিন্দু-মুসলমান, বাঙালি, অ-বাঙালি যারা আছে তারা আমাদের ভাই, তাদের রক্ষার দায়িত্ব আপনাদের উপর, আমাদের যেন বদনাম না হয়। মনে রাখবেন, রেডিও-টেলিভিশনের কর্মচারীরা যদি রেডিওতে আমাদের কথা না শোনে, তাহলে কোনো বাঙালি রেডিও স্টেশনে যাবেন না। যদি টেলিভিশনে আমাদের নিউজ না দেয়, কোনো বাঙালি টেলিভিশনে যাবেন না। ২ ঘণ্টা ব্যাংক খোলা থাকবে, যাতে মানুষ তাদের মাইনেপত্র নিতে পারে। পূর্ব-বাংলা থেকে পশ্চিম পাকিস্তানে এক পয়সাও চালান হতে পারবে না। টেলিফোন, টেলিগ্রাম, আমাদের এই পূর্ব বাংলায় চলবে এবং বিদেশের সাথে দেয়া-নেয়া চলবে না। কিন্তু যদি এই দেশের মানুষকে খতম করার চেষ্টা করা হয়, বাঙালিরা বুঝেসুঝে কাজ করবেন। প্রত্যেক গ্রাম, প্রত্যেক মহল্লায় আওয়ামী লীগের নেতৃত্বে সংগ্রাম পরিষদ গড়ে তোল এবং তোমাদের যা কিছু আছে, তাই নিয়ে প্রস্তুত থাকো। মনে রাখবা, রক্ত যখন দিয়েছি, রক্ত আরো দেব। এই দেশের মানুষকে মুক্ত করে ছাড়ব, ইনশাল্লাহ। এবারের সংগ্রাম আমাদের মুক্তির সংগ্রাম, এবারের সংগ্রাম স্বাধীনতার সংগ্রাম। জয় বাংলা Ad Ad Passage-2 1.           Read the passage and answer the questions following it Nelson Mandela guided South Africa from the shackles of apartheid to a multi-racial democracy, as an icon of peace and reconciliation who came to embody the struggle for justice around the world. Imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight against white minority rule, Mandela never lost his resolve to fight for his people’s emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid while avoiding a civil war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world. ‘I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestation. I have fought it all during my life; I will fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days,’ Mandela said in his acceptance speech on becoming South Africa’s first black president in 1994,… ‘The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come.’ ‘We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation.’ In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, an honor he shared with F.W, de Klerk, the white African leader who had freed him from prison three years earlier and negotiated the end of apartheid. A.  Choose the correct answer from the alternatives 5 a) What could be the closest meaning for ‘shackles of apartheid’ in the first paragraph? i. Tentacles of domination ii. Bondages of slavery iii. Manacles of racial discrimination iv. Chains of exploitation b)  The word ‘reconciliation’ in the first paragraph refers to i. memorization ii. recall iii. reuniting iv. Change c)  ‘Resolve’ in the second paragraph could be replaced by i. dissolve ii. determination iii. hesitation iv. Solution d) Mandela spent around years behind the bars. i. twenty ii. thirty iii. forty iv. Fifty e)  The best synonym of ‘chasm’ is i. exposition ii. rift iii. harmony iv. union. B.  Answer the following questions 10 a) What, according to text, is apartheid? b)  Mention three great achievements in Mandela's life. c)  Why did Mandela want to break the manacles of apartheid? d)  What does the expression ‘I have fought it all during my life; I will fight it now, and I will do so until the end of my days’ mean? e)  Do you find any  similarity  between  Mandela  and  Sheikh  Mujibur  Rahman?  If  any,  mention. Ans. to the Ques. No. Set-1 1A. Ans.: a.       iii. Manacles of racial discrimination, b.  iii.  reuniting,  c.  ii.determination,  d.  ii.  thirty,  e.  ii.  rift,   1B. Ans.: a.  According to text apartheid means the racial segregation prevailing in South Africa. It means the domination of the white over the black people of South Africa. Nelson Mandela is famous for breaking the manacles of apartheid from South Africa. b.  Though Mandela had to suffer a lot, his achievements were noteworthy. His frist achievement was to break the manacles of apartheid. His second achievement was to become the first black president of South Africa. His third achievement was to win the Nobel Prize. c.  Mandela wanted to break the manacles of apartheid because this very evil practice was responsible for the racial bigotry in South Africa. The manacles of apartheid confined the black people of South Africa inside the four walls of oppression. d.   This very statement is the expression of Mandela's firm resolution to fight against racial bigotry. Mandela had an absolute abhorrence towards race discrimination. He fought against it and was ready to fight against till his last breath. e.   I see some similarities between Nelson Mandela and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman fought respective countries. Finally, Mandela fought against the white rulers of his country. In the same way, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman fought against the Pakistani rulers. Then both of them were undisputable a presidents in their respective countries. Finally, both of them were would famous leaders. Passage-3   3.  Read the passage below and answer the questions following it.   Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights – in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of strangers. But asked to define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal, or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder? -we ask ourselves. A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well, as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty, or may be more-as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society. Philosophers  have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isn’t ugliness a part of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful? Poets and artists have provided an answer by incorporating both into their work. In doing so, they have often tied beauty to truth and justice, so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life. John Keats, the romantic poet, wrote in his celebrated ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ ‘Beauty is truth, truth beauty,’ by which he means that truth, even if it’s not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Similarly, what is beautiful forever remains true. Another meaning, in the context of the Grecian Urn-an art object-is that truth is a condition of art. Poetry in every language celebrates beauty and truth. So does art. Here are two poems from two different times that present some enduring ideas about beauty and truth. The poems are by Lord Byron (1788-1824), an English poet of the Romantic tradition, and Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), an American poet who wrote about the human scene, love and death.   A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1´5=5 (a)     Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word “pleasurable”? (i) dissatisfaction   (ii) pain             (iii) offend         (iv) delightful (b)     What is the closest meaning of the word “incorporate”? (i) embody (ii) corporation (iii) incorporeal (iv) intangible (c)     ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ is written by ——-. (i) Lord Byron         (ii) John Keats (iii) Wordsworth (iv) PB Shelly (d)                  What does the word ‘tolerable’ mean? (i) not so good                    (ii) bad              (iii) moderately good    (iv) tolerant (e)     Lord Byron is a ——– poet? (i)     Revolutionary (ii) Romantic (iii) Classical (iv) Modern   Answer the following questions. 2´5=10 (a)     How can we discover beauty in our surroundings? (b)     How much place does ugliness have in our life? (c)     What is the name of the poet of “Ode and a Grecian Urn”? (d)     Do you get any definition of beauty from the poem ‘She Walks in Beauty’? (e)     What was Byron’s intention?

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. . But when we go to borrow help from a foreign neighbourhood we overlook the fact.... that among the Europeans the living spirit of the University is widely spread in their society, their parliament, their literature, and the numerous activities of their corporate life. In all these functions they are in perpetual touch with the great personality of the land which is creative and heroic in its constant acts of self-expression and self-sacrifice. They have their thoughts published in their books as well as through the medium of living men who think those thoughts, and who criticise, compare and disseminate them. Some at least of the drawbacks of their academic education are redeemed by the living energy of the intellectual personality pervading their social organism. It is like the stagnant reservoir of water which finds its purification in the showers of rain to which it keeps itself open. But, to our misfortune, we have in India all the furniture of the European University except the human teacher... A most important truth, which we are apt to forget, is that a teacher can never truly teach unless he is still learning himself. A lamp can never light another lamp unless it continues to burn its own flame. The teacher who has come to the end of his subject, who has no living traffic with his knowledge, but merely repeats his lessons to his students, can only load their minds; he cannot quicken them. Truth not only must inform but inspire. If the inspiration dies out, and the information only accumulates, then truth loses its infinity. The greater part of our learning in the schools has been waste because, for most of our teachers, their subjects are like dead specimens of once living things, with which they have a learned acquaintance, but no communication of life and love................  A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) A teacher can never teach without —.  (i) maintaining students (ii) drawing attention of students  (iii) learning himself  (iv) none of these (d) What does the phrase 'as well as' mean?  (i) moreover (ii) actually (iii) and (iv) but (c) "But, to our misfortune, we have in India all the furniture of the European university except the human teacher"– what does it mean?  (i) our teachers are not human being (ii) having lack of proper teacher  (iii) teachers are unable to teach (iv) having lack of proper educative environment (d) The word 'neighbourhood' means —.  (i) locality (ii) region (iii) area (iv) town (e) The meaning of 'overlook' is —.  (i) concentrate (ii) ignore (iii) stress (iv) damage (f) The word 'numerous' means —.  (i) several (ii) some (iii) many (iv) infinite (g) The synonym of the word 'corporate' is —.  (i) government (ii) collaborative (iii) joint (iv) federal (h) The meaning of the word 'perpetual' is —.  (i) general (ii) eternal (iii) usual (iv) daily (i) The meaning of 'function' is —.  (i) work (ii) duty (iii) fluctuation (iv) notion (j) Here the word 'personality' means —.  (i) popular (ii) celebrity (iii) unknown (iv) important (k) 'Criticise' means —  (i) evaluate (ii) praise (iii) tell bad (iv) dishonour (l) What is the meaning of the word 'disseminate'?  (i) contrast (ii) spread (iii) ignore (iv) stress (m) The meaning of 'drawback' is —.  (i) withdrawal (ii) look back (iii) disadvantage (iv) to draw by hands (n) The word 'academic' means —.  (i) personal (ii) joint (iii) collegiate (iv) institutional (o) The word 'redeem' means —.  (i) recover (ii) rescue (iii) recall (iv) response (p) 'Pervade' means —.  (i) spread through (ii) persecute (iii) invade (iv) breakthrough (q) The actual meaning of 'social organism' is —.  (i) social conflict (ii) social structure viewed as a living organism   (iii) social movement (iv) different organs (r) The meaning of 'stagnant' is —.  (i) unhygienic (ii) dirty (iii) stinky (iv) still (s) 'Flame' means —.  (i) smoke (ii) fog (iii) vapour (iv) fire Answer (A): (a) (iii) learning himself (b) (iii) and (c) (iv) having lack of proper educative environment (d) (i) locality (e) (ii) ignore (f) (iii) many (g) (ii) collaborative (h) (ii) eternal (i) (i) work (j) (ii) celebrity (k) (i) evaluate (l) (ii) spread (m) (iii) disadvantage (n) (iv) institutional (o) (ii) rescue (p) (i) spread through (q) (ii) social structure viewed as a living organism (r) (iv) still (s) (iv) fire (t) (iv) all of them (u) (i) importance of knowledge (v) (iii) to inform and inspire (w) (i) the European University B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) What do the Indian universities lack? (b) How should be a teacher? (c) Why has the greater part of our learning in the school been wasted? (d) What do you mean by 'human teacher'? (e) Do you agree with Tagore when he says that the training we get in our schools makes us believe that we must borrow rather than produce? (f) When can a teacher truly teach a student? (g) When can a lamp light another lamp? (h) When does the truth lose its infinity? Answer (B):  (a) The Indian universities have all European furniture but they do not have the teachers like Europe.  (b) A teacher should never come to the end of his subject. He should not repeat his lessons to his students. He should not load the minds of the students but quicken them.   (c) The greater part of our learning in the school has been wasted because for most of our teachers their subjects are like dead specimens of once living things.   (d) By the phrase 'human teacher', I mean a teacher who does not teach in a conventional way, i.e just distribution of knowledge. He/she does not make his/her teaching like an artificial food, rather he/she is creative and attaches some human spirit to his/her teaching technique.  (e) Yes, I agree with Tagore, because our education system is based on the copying of foreign-education system. As it is a passing examination based education system, we feel little interest to produce rather we borrow and try to pass the obstacle of examination.  (f) A teacher can truly teach a student if he is still learning and he has connection with his knowledge. He never loads students' minds repeating his lessons to them.  (g) A lamp can only light another lamp when it continues to burn its own flame.  (h) When the inspiration dies out and the information only accumulates, then the truth loses its infinity. Answer: Bangla Translation বাংলা অনুবাদঃ কিন্তু প্রতিবেশী দেশগুলো থেকে সাহায্য নেওয়ার বেলায় আমরা তা এড়িয়ে যাই............. ইউরোপীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়গুলোর প্রাণবন্ত উচ্ছ্বাস তাদের সমাজ, আইনসভা, সাহিত্য ও তাদের জীবনের নানামুখী কর্মকাণ্ডে ব্যাপকভাবে বিস্তৃত। এসব কার্যক্রমে তারা সবসময় তাদের নিজেদের মহৎ ব্যক্তিবর্গের সংস্পর্শে থাকেন যা আত্ম-অভিব্যক্তি ও আত্ম-উৎসর্গের স্থায়ী কর্মে সৃজনশীল ও বীরত্বসূচক। তারা তাদের চিন্তা-চেতনা বইয়ে এবং যেসব জীবিত ব্যক্তিবর্গ সেসব চিন্তাকে ধারণ করেন, সমালোচনা করেন এবং সেগুলোর বিস্তার ঘটিয়ে থাকেন তাদের মাধ্যমে প্রকাশ করে থাকেন। প্রাতিষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষার অপূর্ণতার অন্তঃত কিছু জায়গায় সামাজিক কাঠামোতে পরিব্যপ্ত বুদ্ধিজীবী ব্যক্তিত্বের ক্ষমতা দ্বারা রক্ষা পেয়েছে। এটা বদ্ধ জলাধারের মতো যা বৃষ্টির ঝরণাধারার মধ্যে তার পরিশোধন খুঁজে যেখানে এটি নিজেকে মুক্ত রাখতে পারে। কিন্তু আমাদের দুর্ভাগ্য আমাদের ভারতবর্ষের ইউরোপীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়গুলোর সব রকম সুবিধা আছে, শুধু অভিজ্ঞ শিক্ষক ছাড়া। একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সত্য, যা আমাদের ভুলতে সক্ষম করে যে, একজন শিক্ষক নিজের পড়াশোনা চালু না রেখে কখনও পরিপূর্ণভাবে শিক্ষা দিতে পারে না। একটি বাতি নিজের শিখা না জ্বালালে অন্য বাতিকে আলো দিতে পারে না। যে শিক্ষক তার বিষয়ে জানার অন্তিম পর্যায়ে এসেছে, যার জ্ঞানের সাথে সংশ্লিষ্টতা নেই, কিন্তু বার বার একই বিষয় শিক্ষার্থীদের কাছে উপস্থাপন করেন তিনি শুধু তাদের মনের ওপর চাপ প্রয়োগ করতে পারেন, তাদেরকে প্রাণবন্ত করতে পারেন না। সত্য শুধু জানানো হয় না অনুপ্রেরণাও যোগায়। যদি অনুপ্রেরণা শেষ হয়ে যায়, তথ্য শুধু জমা হয়, তখন সত্য তার অসীমতা হারিয়ে ফেলে। আমাদের স্কুল শিক্ষার বেশির ভাগ অপচয় হয়েছে কারণ আমাদের  অধিকাংশ শিক্ষকের নিকট তাদের বিষয়গুলো এক সময়ের জীবন্ত বিষয়ের মৃত নমুনার মতো যার সাথে তাদের শিক্ষা বিষয়ক পরিচিতি রয়েছে, কিন্তু জীবন ও ভালোবাসার সাথে কোনো যোগাযোগ নেই।...........

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. Many educators believe that one of the functions of education today should be to impart 21st century skills that are indispensible for participation, achievement and competitiveness in the global economy. Beyond the assessment of reading, mathematics and science, it is now necessary to train other essential skills that are in demand in the 21st century. All people, not just an elite few, need 21st century skills that will increase their ability, employability and readiness for citizenship. Such skills include:  Thinking critically and making the best use of the barrage of information that comes their way every day on the Web, in the media, in homes, workplaces and everywhere else. Critical thinking empowers people to assess the credibility, accuracy and value of information, analyze and evaluate information, make reasoned decisions and take purposeful action.  Solving complex, multi-disciplinary problems that all workers in every kind of workplace encounter routinely. The challenges workers face don't come in a multiple-choice format and typically don't have a single right answer. Nor can they be neatly categorized as 'math problems,' for example, or passed off to someone at a higher pay grade. Businesses expect employees at all levels to identify problems, think through solutions and alternatives, and explore new options if their approaches don't work. Often, this work involves groups of people with different knowledge and skills who, collectively, add value to their organizations.  Creativity and entrepreneurial thinking skills are always associated with job creation. Many of the fastest-growing jobs and emerging industries rely on workers' creative capacity-the ability to think unconventionally and produce astonishing work. Students should develop the ability to recognize and act on opportunities and the willingness to embrace risks, for example.  Communicating and collaborating with teams of people across cultural, geographic and language boundaries is a necessity in diverse and multinational workplaces and communities. Mutually beneficial relationships are important in achieving goals everywhere, not just in business. Making innovative use of knowledge, information and opportunities which create new services, processes and products. The global marketplace rewards organizations that rapidly and routinely find better ways of doing things. Companies want workers who can contribute to this environment. These skills will prepare everyone to prepare for the challenges of the 21st century and contribute meaningfully to the country's development.   A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) Which is the closest meaning of the word 'indispensable'?  (i) dispensable (ii) important (iii) essential (iv) significant (b) What does the word 'assessment' mean?  (i) evaluation (ii) evaluate (iii) judge (iv) estimate (c) Competence is always associated with the —.  (i) work place (ii) job creation (iii) advance level (iv) home (d) What does the word 'unconventional' refer to?  (i) conventional (ii) unorthodox (iii) orthodox (iv) traditional (e) Many fastest-growing jobs and emerging industries depend on workers' creative capacity. What does the sentence refer? Working sectors search —.  (i) creativity of a man (ii) ability to work (iii) managing ability (iv) none (f) What is the meaning of 'readiness' in the passage?  (i) unwillingness (ii) delay (iii) preparation (iv) slowness (g) What is the meaning of the word 'increase'?  (i) reduce (ii) minimize (iii) curtail (iv) enhance (h) According to many educators which should be to impart in 21st century?  (i) functions of education (ii) product   (iii) citizenship  (iv) culture (i) What is the meaning of 'skills' in the passage?  (i) avocations (ii) efficiency (iii) incapacities (iv) none of these (j) In the passage 'skill' is a/ an —.  (i) Adjective (ii) Adverb (iii) Noun (iv) Verb (k) Synonym of 'prepare' is —.  (i) destroy (ii) demolish (iii) break (iv) ready (l) Meaning of 'beneficial' is —.  (i) profitable (ii) unproductive (iii) incapable (iv) unhelpful (m) What is the synonym of the word 'purposeful'?  (i) aimless (ii) faltering  (iii) indecisive (iv) determined (n) What does the word 'identify' refer to?  (i) detect (ii) let go (iii) pass by (iv) miss Answer (A): (a) (iii) essential (b) (i) evaluation (c) (ii) job creation (d) (ii) unorthodox (e) (i) creativity of a man (f) (iii) preparation (g) (iv) enhance (h) (i) functions of education (i) (ii) efficiency (j) (iii) Noun (k) (iv) ready (l) (i) profitable (m) (iv) determined (n) (i) detect B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) What, according to many educators, should be one of the functions of today's education? (b) What is meant by the term global marketplace? (c) What are the other areas of involvement of global marketplace as referred, in the passage?  (d) What are the qualities that graduates of 21st century need to develop? (e) How does critical thinking help us? (f) Where do mutually beneficial relationships are important? (g) Why are creativity and enterprising thinking skills always connected with job creation? (h) What should be done for the students according to the passage? (i) Write the name of few skills that the students learn from their books. (j) Why do the companies need workers of innovative intelligence? Answer (B): (a) According to many educators, one of the functions of today's education should be to impart 21st century skills which are indispensable for participation, achievement and competitiveness in the global economy.  (b) The term global marketplace means the international production and exchange of goods, services and money.  (c) The other areas of involvement of global marketplace as referred in the passage are (i) communicating and collaborating with teams of people across cultural, geographical and language boundaries and (ii) developing the ability to recognize and act on opportunities and the willingness to embrace risks.  (d) The qualities that graduates of the 21st century need to develop are (i) the skill of thinking critically and making the best of them, (i) the skill of solving complex, multi-disciplinary problems, (iii) the skills of creative and entrepreneurial thinking; (iv) the skill of communicating and collaborating with international innovative use of knowledge, information and opportunities etc.  (e) Critical thinking empowers people to assess the credibility, accuracy and value of information, analyze and evaluate information, make reasoned decisions and take purposeful action.  (f) Mutually beneficial relationships are important not only in business but also in achieving goals everywhere.  (g) Creativity and enterprising thinking skills are always connected with job creation because fastest growing jobs and emerging industries always want them who are capable to think unusually and have different creative capacity to produce goods or products.  (h) Students should develop themselves to recognize and act on opportunities and have to take challenge willingly to embrace risks.  (i) The name of few skills that the students learn from their books are reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, science, information and technology etc.  (j) Making innovative use of knowledge, information and opportunities, one can create new services, processes and products. As a result, the companies need workers of innovative intelligence.   Answer: Bangla Translation বাংলা অনুবাদঃ  অনেক শিক্ষাবিদ বিশ্বাস করেন যে আজ শিক্ষার অন্যতম ভূমিকা হওয়া উচিত ২১ শতকের গুণাবলি/ জ্ঞান/ দক্ষতা আয়ত্ত করানো যেগুলো বৈশ্বিক অর্থনীতিতে অংশগ্রহণ, অর্জন ও প্রতিযোগিতামূলক মনোভাবের জন্য অপরিহার্য। বর্তমানে পড়াশোনা, গণিত ও বিজ্ঞানের মূল্যায়নের বাইরেও ২১ শতকের চাহিদা অনুযায়ী অন্যান্য প্রয়োজনীয় দক্ষতার ওপর প্রশিক্ষণ নেওয়া জরুরি। শুধু কিছু সংখ্যক অভিজাত শ্রেণিরই নয়, বরং সব মানুষেরই ২১ শতকের দক্ষতা প্রয়োজন যা তাদের সক্ষমতা, নিয়োগযোগ্যতা, নাগরিকত্বের জন্য তৎপরতা বৃদ্ধি করবে। এরকম দক্ষতা সংযুক্ত হয়েছে: গভীরভাবে ভেবে এবং তাদের নিত্যদিনের চলার পথে ওয়েব, মিডিয়া, বাড়ি, কাজের জায়গা এবং অন্যান্য সব জায়গা থেকে আসা অসংখ্য তথ্য সঠিকভাবে কাজে লাগানো। গভীরভাবে চিন্তা মানুষকে বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা, যথার্থতা, তথ্যমূল্য, তথ্যের বিশ্লেষণ ও মূল্যায়ন, যুক্তিযুক্ত সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে এবং উদ্দেশ্যমূলক কর্মোদ্যোগ নিতে সক্ষম করে। বহুমুখী পীড়াদায়ক সমস্যা যা শ্রমিকরা নিয়মিত কাজের জায়গায় সম্মুখীন হয় তার সমাধান। শ্রমিকরা যেসব প্রতিযোগিতার সম্মুখীন হয় তা বহুমুখী পছন্দের কার্যবিধি থেকে আসে না এবং তাদের বৈশিষ্ট্যসূচক কোনো সঠিক উত্তরও তাদের জানা নেই। উদাহরণস্বরূপ তাদেরকে সুবিন্যাস্তভাবে ‘নিয়মমাফিক সমস্যার আওতায়ও অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা যায় না। অথবা অধিক পারিশ্রমিকের বিনিময়ে তাদের অন্য কোথাও স্থানান্তরিত করা যায় না। ব্যবসা ক্ষেত্রে সকল শ্রমিকদের কাছ থেকে আশা করা যায় যে তারা সমস্যা চিহ্নিত করবে, তার সমাধান এবং ব্যতিক্রম চিন্তা করবে এবং নতুন পদ্ধতি আবিষ্কার করবে যদি তাদের তৎপরতা কাজে না আসে। প্রায়ই এই কাজে বিভিন্ন জ্ঞান ও দক্ষতার লোকজন নিয়োজিত হয় যারা সমষ্টিগতভাবে তাদের প্রতিষ্ঠানের মূল্য বৃদ্ধি করে। সৃজনশীলতা এবং উদ্যোগগ্রহণজনিত চিন্তা সবসময় চাকুরির জন্য প্রযোজ্য। অনেক দ্রুত বর্ধিষ্ণু চাকুরি ও প্রতিষ্ঠিত শিল্পকারখানাগুলো শ্রমিকের সৃজনশীল কর্মদক্ষতার ওপর নির্ভর করে- যা হচ্ছে অগতানুগতিকভাবে চিন্তা করার এবং চমকপ্রদ কাজ করার সক্ষমতা। উদাহরণস্বরূপ শিক্ষার্থীদের উচিত সুযোগ চিহ্নিত করে কাজ করার সক্ষমতা বাড়ানো এবং ঝুঁকি মোকাবিলায় স্বেচ্ছাপ্রণোদিত হওয়া। সাংস্কৃতিক, ভৌগোলিক এবং ভাষার সীমা ছাড়িয়ে জনসমষ্টির সংযোগসাধন ও সহযোগিতা করা বিভিন্ন রকম ও বহুমুখী কাজের জায়গা ও সম্প্রদায়ের জন্য জরুরি। পারস্পরিক হিতকর সম্পর্ক সর্বক্ষেত্রে লক্ষ্য অর্জনের জন্য প্রয়োজন, শুধু ব্যবসার ক্ষেত্রে নয়। নতুন নতুন জ্ঞান, তথ্য এবং সুযোগের ব্যবহার করা যা নতুন চাকুরি, প্রক্রিয়াজাতকরণ ও উৎপাদন সৃষ্টি করবে। যেসব প্রতিষ্ঠান দ্রুত ও নিয়মমাফিক নতুন কিছু করার উপায় বের করে তাদের বৈশ্বিক বাজার ব্যবস্থা পুরস্কৃত করে। কোম্পানীগুলো সে ধরনের শ্রমিক চায় যারা এই পরিবেশে অবদান রাখতে পারবে। এসব যোগ্যতা প্রত্যেককে ২১ শতকের চ্যালেঞ্জ মোকাবিলায় এবং দেশের উন্নয়নে অর্থপূর্ণভাবে অবদান রাখতে প্রস্তুত করে তুলবে। Ad Ad

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all. First, let's start by answering a basic question: What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Next, let's learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories.  Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams suggests that dreams are a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book "The Interpretation of Dreams", Freud wrote that dreams are '.... disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes'. Freud's theory contributed to the popularity of dream interpretation. Following his paths many theorists came up with their own ideas about dreams. The following are just a few of them: ► Some researchers suggest that dreams are a subjective interpretation of signals generated by the brain during sleep. Dreams are not meaningless. Instead, during dreams the cognitive elements in our brain produce new ideas. ► One theory suggests that dreams are the result of our brains trying to interpret external stimuli during sleep. For example, the sound of the radio may be incorporated into the content of a dream. ► Another theory uses a computer metaphor on account for dreams. According to this theory, dreams serve to 'clean up' clutter from the mind, much like clean-up operations in a computer, refreshing the mind to prepare for the next day. ► Yet another model proposes that dreams function as a form of psychotherapy. In this theory, the dreamer is able to make connections between different thoughts and emotions in a safe environment.  A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) Which of the following has the closest meaning the word 'fascinate'?  (i) bore (ii) delight (iii) famish (iv) repel (b) The word 'nightmare' in the context refers to —.  (i) bad dream (ii) day-dream (iii) imagination (iv) romantic dream (c) "The Interpretation of Dreams" is written by —.  (i) Charles Darwin   (ii) Sigmund Freud   (iii) Karl Marx  (iv) Leo Tolstoy  (d) The word 'meaningless' in the passage has the closest meaning to —.  (i) fruitful (ii) fruitless (iii) significant (iv) important (e) Dreams serve to 'clean up' clutter from the mind. What does it imply?  (i) dreams refresh the mind (ii) dreams remove mental agony   (iii) dreams deal with mental problem (iv) dreams remain in the mind   ❤ Extra Questions: (f) Which of the following is the closest meaning of the word 'empirical'?  (i) impractical (ii) practical (iii) theoretical (iv) illogical (g) What does the word 'research' mean?  (i) search (ii) look for (iii) study  (iv) revision (h) The word 'puzzling' means —.  (i) perplexing (ii) straightforward (iii) wise (iv) enlightening (i) The word 'thought' means —.  (i) objection (ii) opposition (iii) supporter (iv) opinion (j) Dreams can be — vivid or very vague.  (i) exceptionally (ii) usually (iii) ordinarily (iv) normally (k) What does the word 'vivid' mean?  (i) lifeless (ii) colourless (iii) colourful (iv) unrealistic (l) The word 'vague' means —.  (i) definite (ii) unclear (iii) clear (iv) solid (m) Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word 'essential'?  (i) necessary (ii) unnecessary (iii) valueless (iv) inessential (n) What does the word 'prominent' mean?  (i) ordinary (ii) notable (iii) known (iv) infamous (o) The word 'perspective' means —.  (i) viewpoint (ii) personal (iii) cognitive (iv) pervasive (p) Dreams are a — of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations.  (i) present (ii) gift (iii) depiction (iv) depression (q) Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word 'unconscious'?  (i) aware (ii) insensible (iii) subconscious (iv) sensible (r) What is the synonym of the word 'desire'?  (i) expectation (ii) exception (iii) excursion (iv) demand (s) The word 'interpret' means —.  (i) to interrupt (ii) to clarify (iii) to confess (iv) to concentrate (t) The word 'cognitive' refers to a —.  (i) mental process of understanding (ii) process of entertainment  (iii) process of keeping good health (iv) process of developing thoughts (u) The word 'clutter' refers to —.  (i) confusion (ii) relaxation (iii) tension (iv) action (v) The word 'function' in the passage has the closest meaning to —.  (i) operate (ii) behave (iii) go (iv) perform Answer (A): (a) (ii) delight (b) (i) bad dream (c) (ii) Sigmund Freud (d) (ii) fruitless (e) (i) dreams refresh the mind (f) (ii) practical (g) (iii) study (h) (i) perplexing (i) (iv) opinion (j) (i) exceptionally (k) (iii) colourful (l) (ii) unclear (m) (i) necessary (n) (ii) notable (o) (i) viewpoint (p) (iii) depiction (q) (ii) insensible (r) (i) expectation (s) (ii) to clarify (t) (i) mental process of understanding (u) (i) confusion (v) (iv) perform B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) What do you know about a dream? (b) Why do we dream? (c) What purpose do dreams serve according to the researchers? (d) Is a dream real or unreal? Give reasons for your answer.  (e) Who is a dreamer? Do you like a dreamer? Why/ why not? (f) Who have been fascinated by dreams for thousands of years? What is the recent progress regarding dreams? (g) Who is the writer of "The Interpretation of Dreams"? What did the writer write about dreams in this book? (h) How did Freud's theory contribute to the popularity of dream interpretation? (i) "The sound of the radio may be incorporated into the content of a dream." What is the theory of this example? (j) Explain the theory of dreams that says "dreams are not meaningless" in 2/3 sentences. (k) What purpose do dreams serve? Describe in 2/3 sentences. (l) Is there any relation between dream and action? (m) Why does a theory use a computer metaphor to account for dreams? (n) What can a dreamer do when dreams function as a form of psychotherapy? (o) What is dream according to the passage? (p) What do you suggest to be essential for coming to a conclusion on the cause(s) and purpose of dream? Answer (B):  (a) A dream is a series of images, events and feelings that happen in our mind while we are in sleep. Dream can be vivid or vague. Sometimes it is joyful and sometimes frightening.  (b) We dream for our mental, emotional and physical well-being. Though some researchers think that dreams serve no real purpose.  (c) According to some researchers, dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.  (d) A dream is unreal. It is a state of mind or a situation in which things do not seem oral or part of normal life.  (e) A person who dreams is a dreamer. No, I do not like a dreamer. Because a dreamer has ideas or plans that are not practical or realistic. He does not pay attention to what is happening around him. Moreover, he does not always remember his dreams.  (f) The philosophers have been fascinated by dreams for thousands of years. The recent progress regarding dreams is that dreams have been subjected to empirical research and scientific study.  (g) Sigmund Freud is the writer of "The Interpretation of Dreams". In this book he wrote that dreams are '....... disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes'.  (h) Freud's theory had a great contribution to the popularity of dream interpretation. Many theorists followed his paths and they came up with their own ideas about dreams.  (i) The theory of the given example is that dreams are the result of our brains trying to interpret external stimuli during sleep.  (j) The theory of dreams that says 'dreams are not meaningless' describes the dreams as a subjective interpretation of signals generated by the brain during sleep. During dreams the cognitive elements in our brain produce new ideas.   (k) According to some researchers' suggestion, there is no real purpose of dream. But the other researchers believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.  (l) Yes, I think there is a relation between dream and action. People dream first and then they take action according to their dream to fulfill their dream.  (m) A theory uses a computer metaphor to account for dreams because according to this theory, dreams serve to 'clean up' clutter from the mind, much like clean-up operation in a computer, refreshing the mind to prepare for the next day.  (n) When dreams function as a form of psychotherapy, a dreamer can be able to make connection between different thoughts and emotions in a safe environment.  (o) According to the passage dream is what we experience during sleep.  (p) I suggest the mental and physical states that a person undergoes when he or she is not sleeping may be essential cause of dream and I don't think dreams have any real purpose.  (q) Sleep is more important than dream because dream does not determine our health but sleep does.     Bangla Translation বাংলা অনুবাদঃ   বাংলা অনুবাদঃ  স্বপ্ন হাজার বছর ধরে দার্শনিকদেরকে মুগ্ধ করেছে, কিন্তু শুধু সাম্প্রতিককালে স্বপ্ন বাস্তব গবেষণা ও বৈজ্ঞানিক গবেষণার অংশে পরিণত হয়েছে। ভাগ্য এমন যে তোমাকে প্রায় সময়ই স্বপ্ন নিয়ে গভীর চিন্তিত অবস্থায় পাওয়া যায়, কিংবা তুমি আদৌ স্বপ্ন কেন দেখ সম্ভবত তা ভেবে অবাক হও। প্রথমে, একটি প্রাথমিক প্রশ্নের উত্তর দিয়ে শুরু করা যাক: স্বপ্ন কী?  একটি স্বপ্নে যেকোনো ধরনের প্রতিচ্ছবি, ভাবনা ও আবেগ অন্তর্ভুক্ত থাকতে পারে যা আমরা ঘুমন্ত অবস্থায় অভিজ্ঞতা লাভ করি। স্বপ্ন অসাধারণভাবে স্পষ্ট হতে পারে কিংবা খুবই অস্পষ্ট হতে পারে; আনন্দদায়ক আবেগ বা ভীতিকর প্রতিচ্ছবিতে পূর্ণ হতে পারে; কেন্দ্রীভূত ও বোধগম্য বা অপরিষ্কার ও দ্বিধাগ্রস্ত হতে পারে। আমরা কেন স্বপ্ন দেখি? স্বপ্ন কী কাজে লাগে? যখন অনেকগুলো তত্ত্ব প্রস্তাব করা হয়, কোনো ঐক্য প্রকাশিত হয় না। আমরা স্বপ্ন দেখা অবস্থায় যে সময়টা অতিবাহিত করি তা বিবেচনায় এনে, গবেষকরা যে এখনো স্বপ্নের উদ্দেশ্য বুঝতে পারেনি তা হতবুদ্ধিকর মনে হয়। যা হোক, এটা বিবেচনা করা খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ যে বিজ্ঞান এখনো ঘুমের সঠিক উদ্দেশ্য ও কাজ উদঘাটন করতে পারেনি। কিছু গবেষকগণ পরামর্শ দেন যে, স্বপ্নের সত্যিকার কোনো উদ্দেশ্য নেই, যেখানে অন্যরা বিশ্বাস করে যে স্বপ্ন দেখা মানসিক, আবেগিক ও শারীরিক কল্যাণের জন্য আবশ্যক। তারপর, আরও কিছু প্রধান স্বপ্ন তত্ত্ব সম্পর্কে জানা যাক। মনোবীক্ষণিক বিষয়বস্তুর সাথে সংগতিপূর্ণ, সিগমন্ড ফ্রেড এর স্বপ্ন তত্ত্ব অনুযায়ী স্বপ্ন হলো অবচেতন মনের ইচ্ছা, ভাবনা ও প্রেষণার রূপায়ণ। ফ্রেড এর মতে, মানুষ আগ্রাসী ও যৌন বিষয় দ্বারা তাড়িত হয় যা তাদের সচেতন হওয়া থেকে দমিয়ে রাখে। যখন এ ভাবনাগুলো সচেতনভাবে প্রকাশিত না হয়, স্বপ্নের মাধ্যমে আমাদের সচেতনতায় এগুলো তাদের পথ খুঁজে নেয়। ফ্রেড তার বিখ্যাত বই  The Interpretation of Dreams- এ লিখেছেন যে স্বপ্ন হলো ‘দমিয়ে রাখা ইচ্ছেগুলোর ছদ্মবেশী পূর্ণতা।’ ফ্রেড এর তত্ত্ব স্বপ্ন ব্যাখ্যার জনপ্রিয়তার ক্ষেত্রে অবদান রেখেছে। তার পথ অনুসরণ করে অনেক তত্ত্ববিদ স্বপ্ন সম্পর্কে নিজেদের ধারণা ব্যক্ত করেছেন। নিচের তত্ত্বগুলো এগুলোর কয়েকটি: ► কিছু গবেষক মনে করেন যে স্বপ্ন হল ঘুমের সময় মস্তিষ্ক চালিত সংকেতের একটি মনোগত ব্যাখ্যা। স্বপ্ন অর্থহীন নয়। বরং স্বপ্ন দেখার সময় মানসিক বোধশক্তি বিকাশের উপাদানগুলো আমাদের মস্তিষ্কে নতুন ধারণার জন্ম দেয়। ► একটি তত্ত্ব অনুযায়ী স্বপ্ন হল ঘুমের সময় আমাদের মস্তিষ্কের বাহ্যিক উদ্দীপনাকে রূপদানের চেষ্টার ফল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, রেডিওর শব্দ স্বপ্নের বিষয়বস্তুর সাথে একীভূত হতে পারে। ► অন্য একটি তত্ত্বে স্বপ্ন দেখার কারণ ব্যাখ্যা করতে কম্পিউটারের সাথে তুলনা করা হয়েছে। এই তত্ত্ব অনুযায়ী স্বপ্নের কাজ হল মনের এলোমেলো অবস্থার অবসান ঘটানো, অনেকটা কম্পিউটার পরিষ্কারের মত, মনকে সতেজ করে পরের দিনের জন্য প্রস্তুত করা।  ► তবু আরেকটি নমুনায় রয়েছে যে স্বপ্ন মনস্তাত্তি¡ক চিকিৎসা হিসাবে কাজ করে। এ তত্ত্বে, একজন স্বপ্নদর্শী একটি নিরাপদ পরিবেশে বিভিন্ন ভাবনা ও আবেগের মধ্যে সম্পর্ক স্থাপন করতে সক্ষম হয়। Ad

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. One of the sources of water in our country are the rivers. Rivers are everywhere in our life, literature, economy and culture. But are the rivers in good shape? Unfortunately, they are not. A few are already dead and several are going through the pangs of death. The river Buriganga is an example of a dying river. A report published in the Daily Sun describes what has happened to the river Buriganga and why. Its water is polluted and a perpetual stench fills the air around it. But that is not what it was like before. The report says that the river had a glorious past. Once it was a tributary of the mighty Ganges and flowed into the Bay of Bengal through the river Dhaleshwari. Gradually, it lost its link with the Ganges and got the name Buriganga. The Mughals marveled at the tide level of the Buriganga and founded their capital Jahangirnagar on its banks in 1610. The river supplied drinking water and supported trade and commerce. Jahangirnagar was renamed Dhaka which grew into a heavily populated city with a chronic shortage of space. The city paid back the bounty of the river by sucking life out of it! According to newspaper report, the Buriganga is dying because of pollution. Huge quantities of toxic chemicals and wastes from mills and factories, hospitals and clinics and households and other establishments are dumped into the river every day. The city of Dhaka discharges about 4500 tons of solid waste every day and most of it is directly released into the Buriganga. According to the Department of the Environment (DoE), 20,000 tons of tannery waste, including some highly toxic materials, are released into the river every day. Experts identified nine industrial areas in and around the capital city as the primary sources of river pollution: Tongi, Tejgaon, Hazaribagh, Tarabo, Narayanganj, Savar, Gazipur, Dhaka Export Processing Zone and Ghorashal. The river would need a monster's stomach to digest all the wastes mentioned above. There is a limit up to which it can put up with its cruel and thoughtless treatment. We the humans have successfully killed one of our rivers. There are other rivers in the country that are being subjected to similar thoughtless treatment. Unless we take care of our rivers there may come a time when we will cry 'water, water' and find it nowhere. A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) The word 'tributary' refers to —. [DB '17]  (i) fountain (ii) territory (iii) stream (iv) kingdom (b) The Buriganga water fills the air with —. [DB '17]  (i) aroma (ii) fragrance (iii) stink (iv) scent (c) — founded their capital on the bank of the Buriganga. [DB '17]  (i) The British (ii) The Mughals (iii) The Indians (iv) The Bangladeshi (d) Which of the following statements is false? [DB '17]  (i) Buriganga is a river  (ii) Our rivers are not in a good shape   (iii) Jahangirnagar was once called Dhaka (iv) Water is being contaminated (e) The best synonym of 'toxic' is —. [DB '17]  (i) Poisonous (ii) Hygienic (iii) Healthy  (iv) Useful (f) What could be the closest meaning for 'shape'? [JB '17]  (i) Condition (ii) Form (iii) Model (iv) Body (g) Which one of the following statements is false? [JB '17]  (i) The rivers are the only sources of water in our country.  (ii) The tide-level of the Buriganga was surprising.  (iii) It was connected with the river Dhaleshwari.  (iv) The humans are responsible for pollution. (h) How are the rivers related to 'literature'? They are related to "literature' as they —. [JB '17]  (i) are being polluted   (ii) are a very important water source  (iii) can inspire the poets, novelists, etc.  (iv) constitute two-thirds of our country (i) Buriganga is on deathbed due to —. [JB '17]  (i) water vehicles  (ii) pollutions   (iii) the Mughals  (iv) the report published in the newspaper (j) The Buriganga — the Ganges. [JB '17]  (i) has a link with  (ii) has nothing to do with  (iii) was a branch of  (iv) was once called (k) The word 'tributary' mentioned in the passage means. [BB '17]  (i) rivulet (ii) lake (iii) pond (iv) estuary (l) The word 'marvelled' mentioned in the passage means. [BB '17]  (i) offended (ii) grief-stricken (iii) overwhelmed (iv) hurt (m) The word 'toxic' mentioned in the passage means. [BB '17]  (i) tasty (ii) healthy (iii) moderate (iv) poisonous (n) How did Dhaka city pay back the bounty of the river? [BB '17]  (i) By cleaning the river (ii) By polluting the river  (iii) By purifying its water (iv) By making it glorious (o) The word 'identified' in the passage means. [BB '17]  (i) excluded  (ii) traced out (iii) carried out (iv) teased (p) Water of the river Buriganga is —.  (i) fresh (ii) polluted (iii) clean (iv) safe (q) The word in the passage 'discharge' means —.  (i) include  (ii) attach  (iii) release  (iv) fill  (r) What do you understand by "dying river"?  (i) the river which is dead (ii) the river which is endangered  (iii) the river which is alive (iv) all of the above statements (s) Buriganga river's past was —.  (i) splendid (ii) stigmatic (iii) disgraceful (iv) majestic (t) Which are mostly responsible for river pollution?  (i) residential area  (ii) commercial area   (iii) non-residential area (iv) manufacturing area (u) Which are the industrial area from the following?  (i) Tarabo, Tongi, Mohakhali (ii) Uttara, Savar, Tongi  (iii) Dhaka EPZ, Tongi, Narayagonj (iv) Both (i) and (iii) (v) The Dhaka city discharges solid waste —.  (i) constantly (ii) occasionally (iii) rarely (iv) seldom Answer (A): (a) (iii) stream (b) (iii) stink (c) (ii) The Mughals (d) iii) Jahangirnagar was once called Dhaka (e) (i) Poisonous (f) (iii) form (g) (i) The rivers are the only sources of water in our country (h) (iii) can inspire the poets, novelists etc. (i) (ii) pollutions (j) (iii) was a branch of (k) (i) rivulet (l) (iii) overwhelmed (m) (iv) poisonous (n) (ii) By polluting the river (o) (ii) traced out (p) (ii) polluted (q) (iii) release (r) (ii) the river which is endangered (s) (iv) majestic (t) (iv) manufacturing area (u) (iii) Dhaka EPZ, Tongi, Narayangonj (v) (i) constantly B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) What do you think is the condition of the rivers of our country? [DB '17] (b) What is the commercial value of the river Buriganga? [DB '17] (c) Why is the Buriganga described as an example of a dying river? Give reasons for your answer.  [DB '17] (d) How is the Buriganga polluted? [DB '17] (e) What did the Mughals marvel at? What was the outcome of it? [DB '17] (f) Do you think rivers attract people to urbanization? How? [JB '17] (g) In what sense rivers are going through the pangs of death? [JB '17] (h) What should we do to bring back the glorious past of the rivers? [JB '17] (i) Do you think industrialization is responsible for river pollution? [JB '17] (j) We, the people are responsible for the catastrophe of our rivers. Do you agree? Why/why not?  [JB '17] (k) According to the passage, what happened in the year 1610 ? [BB '17] (l) What, according to the experts, are the primary sources of river pollution in and around Dhaka city? [BB '17] (m) What amount of solid waste is produced in Dhaka city and where does it go? [BB '17] (n) What does DoE say? [BB '17] Answer (B):  (a) The present condition of the river Buriganga is very deplorable. It is dying and being polluted seriously by toxic industrial wastes from mills and factories.  (b) The river Buriganga has a great commercial value. Many industrial areas are founded on the banks of the river and they contribute to our national economy.  (c) The Buriganga is descrided as an example of dying river because of pollution. Once the river had a link with the Bay of Bengal but with the passage of time it has lost its link. Now, it has become an almost dying river.  (d) The Buriganga is polluted in many ways. Huge quantities of toxic chemicals and wastes from mills and factories, hospitals and clinics and households and other establishments are dumped into the river everyday that pollute the water of river Buriganga.  (e) The Mughals marvelled at the tide level of the Buriganga. In 1610, they founded their capital, Jahangirnagar on its banks.  (f) Yes, I think that rivers attract people to urbanization. Rivers are the easy way of communication and necessary for trade and commerce. For this reason, many industrial areas and town are founded on the banks of the rivers.  (g) Rivers are losing their depth and wideth because of pollutions and the lack of proper supervision. This is why, some rivers are already dead and some of them are going through the pangs of death.  (h) We should dredge our rivers properly and regularly and keep them free of pollution to bring back the glorious past of the rivers.  (i) Yes, I think that industrialization is responsible for river pollution. But human beings are mainly responsible for river pollution.  (j) Yes, I do agree. We, the people, do many unwise things. Everyday huge quantities of toxic chemicals and wastes from mills and factories, hospitals, clinics and households and other establishments are dumped into the river. Thus our rivers become polluted.  (k) In 1610, the Mughals marveled at the tide level the Buriganga and founded their capital Jahangirnagar on its bank.  (l) According to the experts there are nine industrial areas in and around Dhaka city and these areas are the primary sources of river pollution. The areas are: Tongi, Tejgao, Hazaribagh, Tarabo, Narayanganj, Savar, Gazipur, Dhaka Export Processing Zone and Ghorashal.   (m) Everyday about 4500 tons of solid waste is produced in Dhaka city. This huge amount of solid waste directly goes into the Buriganga.  (n) Department of the Environment (DoE) says that 20,000 of tannery waste, including some highly toxic materials are released into the river Buriganga everyday.   Bangla Translation বাংলা অনুবাদঃ   বাংলা অনুবাদঃ  .আমাদের দেশের পানির অন্যতম উৎস হচ্ছে নদী। নদী আমাদের জীবন, সাহিত্য, অর্থনীতি এবং সংস্কৃতির সর্বত্রই বিরাজমান। কিন্তু নদীগুলো কি ভালো অবস্থায়/ আকৃতিতে আছে? দুর্ভাগ্যবশত তা নেই। কিছু নদী ইতোমধ্যে মৃত এবং অনেক নদী মৃত্যু যন্ত্রণার মধ্য দিয়ে চলছে। বুড়িগঙ্গা নদী একটা মৃত প্রায় নদীর উদাহরণ। ডেইলি সান পত্রিকায় প্রকাশিত এক প্রতিবেদনে বুড়িগঙ্গা নদীর এমন দশা কেন হয়েছে তার বর্ণনা দিয়েছে। এর পানি দূষিত এবং একটা অন্তহীন দুর্গন্ধে এর চারিদিকের বাতাসপূর্ণ। কিন্তু এটা আগে যেমন ছিল তার মত নয়। প্রতিবেদনে বলা হয়েছে যে নদীটির একটি গৌরবময় অতীত ছিল। একসময় এটা প্রমত্তা গঙ্গার শাখানদী ছিল এবং ধলেশ্বরী নদীর মাধ্যমে বঙ্গোপসাগরে প্রবাহিত হত। ধীরে ধীরে এটা গঙ্গানদীর সংগে সংযোগ হারিয়ে ফেলে এবং বুড়িগঙ্গা নাম ধারণ করে। মুঘলরা বুড়িগঙ্গার জোয়ার ভাটার উচ্চতায় বিস্মিত হতেন এবং ১৬১০ সালে তারা এর তীরে তাদের রাজধানী জাহাঙ্গীরনগর প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। নদীটি পানীয় জল সরবরাহ এবং ব্যবসা বাণিজ্যে সহায়তা করত। জাহাঙ্গীরনগরের পুনঃনামকরণ ঢাকা করা হয়েছিল যা তীব্র স্থানাভাবে মারাত্মক জনবহুল নগরীতে পরিণত হয়েছে। নদীটির জীবন শোষণ করে নগরী তার প্রাচুর্যের ঋণ পরিশোধ করেছে! সংবাদপত্রের প্রতিবেদন অনুযায়ী, দূষণের কারণে বুড়িগঙ্গা মরে যাচ্ছে। বিশাল পরিমাণে বিষাক্ত রাসায়নিক দ্রব্যাদি এবং কল-কারখানা, হাসপাতাল, ক্লিনিক, ঘরবাড়ি ও অন্যান্য স্থাপনা হতে বর্জ্য পদার্থ প্রত্যেকদিন নদীতে ফেলা হয়। ঢাকা শহর প্রত্যেকদিন প্রায় ৪৫০০ টন কঠিন বর্জ্য ত্যাগ করে এবং এর অধিকাংশই সরাসরি বুড়িগঙ্গা নদীতে ফেলা হয়। পরিবেশ অধিদপ্তরের মতে, কিছু অতি মাত্রায় বিষাক্ত পদার্থসহ ২০,০০০ টন ট্যানারি বর্জ্য প্রত্যেকদিন নদীতে ফেলা হয়। বিশেষজ্ঞগণ রাজধানীর ভিতরে ও আশেপাশের টঙ্গী, তেজগাঁও, হাজারিবাগ, তারাব, নারায়ণগঞ্জ, সাভার, গাজীপুর, ঢাকা রপ্তানী প্রক্রিয়াজাত অঞ্চল এবং ঘোড়াশালকে নদী দূষণের প্রাথমিক উৎস হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করেছেন।  উপরে উল্লেখিত সমস্ত বর্জ্য হজম করতে নদীটির একটা দৈত্যের পাকস্থলি প্রয়োজন হবে। এটা এই নিষ্ঠুর ও বিবেচনাহীন আচরণ কতটুকু সহ্য করতে পারে তার একটা সীমা আছে। আমরা মানুষেরাই সফলভাবে আমাদের একটি নদীকে মেরে ফেলেছি। দেশে অন্যান্য নদীগুলোও অনুরূপ বিবেচনাহীন আচরনের শিকার হতে যাচ্ছে। যদি আমরা আমদের নদীগুলোর যত্ন না নেই তাহলে একটা সময় আসবে যখন আমরা পানি, পানি বলে চিৎকার করব কিন্তু কোথাও পানি পাব না। Ad Ad

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. Man's intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured.... In the Bengali language there is a modern maxim which can be translated, 'He who learns to read and write rides in a carriage and pair.' In English there is a similar proverb, `Knowledge is power.' It is an offer of a prospective bribe to the student, a promise of an ulterior reward which is more important than knowledge itself. .... Unfortunately, our very education has been successful in depriving us of our real initiative and our courage of thought. The training we get in our schools has the constant implication in it that it is not for us to produce but to borrow. And we are casting about to borrow our educational plans from European institutions. The trampled plants of Indian corn are dreaming of recouping their harvest from the neighbouring wheat fields. To change the figure, we forget that, for proficiency in walking, it is better to train the muscles of our own legs than to strut upon wooden ones of foreign make, although they clatter and cause more surprise at our skill in using them than if they were living and real............  A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) Man's intellect has a —.  (i) benevolence (ii) cruelty (iii) vanity (iv) dishonesty (b) The word 'excellence' means —.  (i) perfection  (ii) something extraordinary   (iii) greatness  (iv) merit (c) The word 'humiliation' means —.  (i) honour (ii) failing (iii) fun (iv) disgrace (d)  The word 'blame' means —.  (i) to impose some guilt on someone (ii) to acquit one from a complain  (iii) to release one from detention (iv) to punish one for one's guilt (e) 'Maxim' means —.  (i) idiom (ii) proverb (iii) phrase (iv) sentence (f) Carriage is a —.  (i) carpet (ii) cabbage (iii) vehicle (iv) cart (g) The word 'prospective' means —.  (i) uncertain (ii) anticipated (iii) future (iv) promise (h) The word 'deprive' means —.  (i) to make one get something (ii) to make one lose something that one deserves  (iii) to make one win a prize (iv) to be disqualified (i) What do you mean by 'initiative'?  (i) final steps (ii) intermediary steps (iii) negligence (iv) primary steps (j) 'Implication' means —.  (i) implying (ii) application (iii) use (iv) misuse (k) What does the word 'trampled' mean?  (i) neglected (ii) insulted (iii) trodden by one's feet (iv) persecuted (l) 'Recouping' denotes —.  (i) fining (ii) punishment (iii) compensation (iv) returning (m) The word 'proficiency' means —.  (i) perfection (ii) skill (iii) merit (iv) creativity (n) The meaning of 'clatter' is —.  (i) to keep silent   (ii) to make a noise   (iii) to create a rattling sound (iv) to beat a drum (o) A synonym of the word 'grudge' is —.  (i) anger (ii) remorse (iii) malice (iv) mocking (p) The closest meaning of 'disaffection' is —.  (i) pride  (ii) abhorrence (iii) enmity (iv) remoteness (q) The closest meaning of the word- 'Natural' is —.  (i) sharp (ii) flat (iii) regular (iv) artificial (r) The closest meaning of 'learning' is —.  (i) accepting (ii) taking (iii) catching (iv) realizing (s) The synonym of the word 'modern is —.  (i) ready (ii) prompt (iii) brisk (iv) recent (t) In the text, 'The trampled plants of Indian corn' means —.  (i) the labourers of India (ii) the agriculture of India  (iii) the students of India (iv) the economy of India Answer (A): (a) (iii) vanity (b) (i) perfection (c) (iv) disgrace (d) (i) to impose some guilt on someone (e) (ii) proverb (f) (iii) vehicle (g) (ii) anticipated (h) (ii) to make one lose something that one deserves (i) (iv) primary steps (j) (i) implying (k) (iii) trodden by one's feet (l) (iii) compensation (m) (ii) skill (n) (ii) to make a noise (o) (iii) malice (p) (ii) abhorence (q) (iii) regular (r) (iv) realizing (s) (iv) recent (t) (iii) the students of India B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) Why did Tagore call our educated community a community of qualified candidates? (b) What do you mean by — "Man's intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy"? (c) What humiliation has India suffered through her education, as Tagore says in this essay? (d) What does 'Knowledge is power' mean? (e) Why is the disaffection becoming widespread? (f) What does bring humiliation to the intellectual man? (g) "Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation"- Justify this statement according to the given text. Answer (B):  (a) Most of the people of our educated community do not study to learn but to pass the examination and make them qualified for employments under organization conducted in English. That is the reason why Tagore called our educated community a community of qualified candidates.   (b) An intellectual person has lofty thought that is usually based on firm ground. He/she believes in the supremacy of his/her ideas and feels pride in their aristocratic colourings.  (c) Indian education, as Tagore says, has failed to give the pupils any inner perfection, which causes its humiliation.  (d) The sentence is very significant and has a very deep-rooted meaning. In reality knowledge is more powerful than physical strength. In our practical life we encounter some problems that we solve through our knowledge. We can't solve them through our physical strength.  (e) The proportion of possible employments to the number of qualified candidates has gradually been growing lower. As a result the disaffection is becoming widespread.  (f) Man's intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man.   (g) Once India herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Thus, modem India, through her very elocution, has been made to suffer this humiliation.                                               Answer: Bangla Translation বাংলা অনুবাদঃ ............মানুষের বুদ্ধিজগতের নিজস্ব আভিজাত্যের এক প্রাকৃতিক মহিমা রয়েছে যা এর সংস্কৃতির প্রকাশক। সংস্কৃতি শুধু সেই শ্রেষ্ঠতা প্রকাশ করে যার সমালোচনা অভ্যন্তরীণ যথার্থতায় নিহিত এবং যার কোনো বাহ্যিক সফলতা নেই। যখন এই গর্ব কিছু প্রয়োজনীয়তার অথবা বস্তুগত সুবিধার প্রলোভনে পড়ে যায়, এটা বুদ্ধিজীবীদের জন্য অপমান বয়ে নিয়ে আসে। আধুনিক ভারতবর্ষ তার শিক্ষার মাধ্যমে অপমানিত হয়েছে। এক সময় সে তার সন্তানদের একটি সংস্কৃতি উপহার দিয়েছিল যা নিজস্ব চিন্তা ও মহিমায় মহিমান্বিত। কিন্তু তা থেকে সরিয়ে নেওয়া হয়েছে এবং আমাদেরকে পরীক্ষা পাসের ঘানি টানতে হয়েছে, কোনো কিছু জানার জন্য নয়, কিন্তু এটা নিশ্চিত করার জন্য যে, আমরা ইংরেজি দ্বারা পরিচালিত প্রতিষ্ঠানে চাকরির জন্য যোগ্য। আমাদের শিক্ষিত সম্প্রদায় কোনো সংস্কৃতিবান সম্প্রদায় নয় বরং যোগ্য প্রার্থীর সম্প্রদায়। ইতোমধ্যে দাবিদারদের সংখ্যার চেয়ে সম্ভাব্য চাকরির পরিমাণ দিনে দিনে কমে যাচ্ছে এবং অনানুগত্য বৃদ্ধি পাচ্ছে। অবশেষে, যেসব কর্তৃপক্ষ এসব কিছুর জন্য দায়ী তারা তাদের ভুক্তভোগীদের দোষারোপ করছে। মানুষের স্বভাব এতটাই বিকৃত। এটি ক্ষতিগ্রস্তদের বিরুদ্ধে বিদ্বেষী মনোভাব বহন করে............. বাংলা ভাষায় একটি আধুনিক প্রবাদ আছে “পড়ালেখা করে যে গাড়ি-ঘোড়া চড়ে সে।” ইংরেজিতে একই অর্থের একটি প্রবাদ আছে, “জ্ঞানই শক্তি”। এটি শিক্ষার্থীদের নিকট একটি আকর্ষণীয় উৎকোচের প্রলোভন বা ভবিষ্যতের এক পুরস্কারের প্রতিজ্ঞা যা জ্ঞানের চেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ............. দুর্ভাগ্যবশত, আমাদের শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থা আমাদের বাস্তবিক উদ্যোগ ও চিন্তার ক্ষেত্রে সাহস দেখানো থেকে বঞ্চিত করতে সফল হয়েছে। আমাদের বিদ্যালয়গুলো থেকে প্রাপ্ত প্রশিক্ষণ আমাদের মধ্যে স্থিরভাবে বাস্তবায়ন হয়েছে যা আমাদের ধার করা শিখার ক্ষেত্রে অনুপ্রেরণা দিয়েছে সৃষ্টির দিকে নয়। এবং আমরা ইউরোপীয় প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলো থেকে শিক্ষার পরিকল্পনা ধার করার অভিনয় করে যাচ্ছি। ভারতবর্ষের পদদলিত শস্যচারা পাশের গম ক্ষেত থেকে শস্যের ক্ষতিপূরণের স্বপ্ন দেখছে। অন্যভাবে বলা যায় যে, আমরা ভুলে গিয়েছি যে, হাঁটার দক্ষতা অর্জনের জন্য বিদেশে তৈরি মূল্যহীন কোনোকিছুর ওপর নির্ভর করার চেয়ে আমাদের নিজেদের পায়ের পেশী শক্ত করা ভালো যদিও সেগুলো ঠনঠন আওয়াজ করে এবং যদি জীবন্ত ও বাস্তব হতো আমাদের দক্ষতাই হার মেনে যেত।............. 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1.               Read the passage below and answer the questions following it. Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single University established in the modern time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India’s alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers…. Man’s  intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured. A.Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 5 a)  What does the word hospitality in the passage refer to? i. parsimony ii. Miserly iii. niggardly iv. Friendliness b)  How should be the universities according to Rabindranath Tagore? i.  It should be mechanical ii.  It should be for collecting education iii.  It should be for distributing education iv.  It should be for acquiring true knowledge c)  What does the word acquaint in the passage refer to? i. inform ii. convey iii. familiarize iv. Attach d)  Why do the Indians go the France and Germany? i.  They go there to get the best knowledge ii.  They go there for sightseeing iii.  They go there for learning their educational system iv.  They go there to live permanently e)  What does the word aristocracy in the passage refer to? i.  royalty ii. nobility iii. fashion iv. yield B. Answer the following questions. 10 a)   ‘Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge.’ Why? Explain with your opinion. b)  What, according to Rabindranath Tagore, should be the aim of our universities? Describe in your own words. c)     What is the shortcoming of the universities established in India in the modern time? d)   Why are the educational institutions in our country termed as ‘India’s alms-bowl of knowledge?’ e)   ‘They lower our intellectual self-respect.’ What does the statement refer to? Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.   Ans. to the ques. Ans. a) iv. Friendliness b)  iv. It should be for acquiring true knowledge c)  iii. Familiarize d)  i. They go there to get the best knowledge e)  ii. nobility.   Ans. a)   Universities should never be made into mechanical organization for collecting and distributing knowledge because this process does not develop creativity and does not reflect the intellectual richness of the land. b)   According to Rabindranath Tagore, the aim of our universities should enable people offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. c)  The shortcoming of the universities established in India in the modern time is that they do not allow a foreign or an India student to be properly acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. d)  The educational institutions in our country are termed as ‘India’s alms-bowl of knowledge’ because they encourage us to make a foolish display of our learning not related to our country but borrowed from others. e)  The statement refers to the educational system of our universities. Yes, I agree with the statement because without reflecting the richness of its own people and land, a university is bound to lower the self-respect of the people.       Bangla Translation বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়গুলিকে কখনই জ্ঞান সংগ্রহ ও বিতরণের জন্য যান্ত্রিক প্রতিষ্ঠানে পরিণত করা উচিত নয়। তাদের মাধ্যমে জনগণকে তাদের বৌদ্ধিক আতিথেয়তা, তাদের মনের সম্পদ অন্যদের কাছে উৎসর্গ করতে হবে এবং বিশ্বের অন্যান্য অংশ থেকে উপহার গ্রহণের বিনিময়ে তাদের গর্বিত অধিকার অর্জন করতে হবে। কিন্তু সমগ্র ভারতবর্ষে এমন একটিও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়নি যেখানে একজন বিদেশী বা ভারতীয় ছাত্র ভারতীয় মনের সেরা পণ্যগুলির সাথে সঠিকভাবে পরিচিত হতে পারে। এর জন্য আমাদের সমুদ্র পার হতে হবে এবং ফ্রান্স এবং জার্মানির দরজায় কড়া নাড়তে হবে। আমাদের দেশের শিক্ষাপ্রতিষ্ঠানগুলি ভারতের জ্ঞানের ভিক্ষার পাত্র; তারা আমাদের বৌদ্ধিক আত্মসম্মানকে নীচু করে; তারা আমাদের ধার করা পালক দিয়ে তৈরি অলঙ্কারের বোকামি প্রদর্শন করতে উৎসাহিত করে... মানুষের বুদ্ধির নিজস্ব অভিজাততন্ত্রের উপর স্বাভাবিক গর্ব থাকে, যা তার সংস্কৃতির গর্ব। সংস্কৃতি কেবল সেই শ্রেষ্ঠত্বকে স্বীকৃতি দেয় যার সমালোচনা তার অভ্যন্তরীণ পরিপূর্ণতায়, কোনও বাহ্যিক সাফল্যে নয়। যখন এই গর্ব কোনও প্রয়োজনের বাধ্যবাধকতা বা বস্তুগত সুবিধার প্রলোভনে নতি স্বীকার করে, তখন এটি বুদ্ধিজীবী মানুষের জন্য অপমান বয়ে আনে। আধুনিক ভারত, তার নিজস্ব শিক্ষার মাধ্যমে, এই অপমান ভোগ করতে বাধ্য হয়েছে। একসময় তিনি নিজেই তার সন্তানদের এমন একটি সংস্কৃতি উপহার দিয়েছিলেন যা ছিল তার নিজস্ব চিন্তাভাবনা এবং সৃষ্টির ফসল। কিন্তু তা উপেক্ষা করা হয়েছে, এবং আমাদের পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হওয়ার জন্য বাধ্য করা হচ্ছে, কিছু শেখার জন্য নয়, বরং ইংরেজিতে পরিচালিত প্রতিষ্ঠানের অধীনে চাকরির জন্য আমরা যোগ্য তা জানানোর জন্য। আমাদের শিক্ষিত সম্প্রদায় কোনও সংস্কৃতিবান সম্প্রদায় নয়, বরং যোগ্য প্রার্থীদের একটি সম্প্রদায়। ইতিমধ্যে সম্ভাব্য চাকরির অনুপাত দাবিদারদের সংখ্যার সাথে ক্রমশ সংকুচিত হচ্ছে, এবং ফলস্বরূপ অসন্তোষ ব্যাপক আকার ধারণ করছে। অবশেষে এর জন্য দায়ী কর্তৃপক্ষই তাদের ভুক্তভোগীদের দোষারোপ করছে। মানব প্রকৃতির এটাই বিকৃতি। এটি যাদের ক্ষতি করেছে তাদের বিরুদ্ধে সবচেয়ে খারাপ ক্ষোভ পোষণ করে। Ad Ad Passage-2 1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single University established in the modern time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India's alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers....  Man's intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured....  বাংলা অনুবাদঃ   জ্ঞান সংগ্রহ ও বিতরণের উদ্দেশ্যে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়গুলোকে যান্ত্রিক প্রতিষ্ঠানে রূপান্তরিত করা উচিত নয়। তাদের মাধ্যমে মানুষের উচিত তাদের বুদ্ধিভিত্তিক অতিথিপরায়ণতা, অন্যের প্রতি তাদের মানসিক সম্পদ এবং অবশিষ্ট বিশ্বের প্রতি তাদের রাখা অবদানের প্রতিদান হিসেবে তাদের গর্বিত অধিকার আদায় করা। কিন্তু ভারতের সমগ্র পরিসরে বর্তমান সময়ে কোনো একটি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়নি যেখানে একজন বিদেশী অথবা একজন ভারতীয় ছাত্র ভারতীয় চেতনার সাথে সুপরিচিত হতে পারে। সেজন্য আমাদের সমুদ্র পার হয়ে ফ্রান্স ও জার্মানীতে কড়া নাড়তে হয়। আমাদের দেশের শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলো ভারতবর্ষের জ্ঞানের দান-পত্র; তারা আমাদের বুদ্ধিভিত্তিক আত্ম-সম্মানকে খাটো করে; তারা আমাদেরকে ধার করা পালক নিয়ে সুসজ্জিত হয়ে বোকার মতো নিজেদের উপস্থাপন করতে উৎসাহিত করে।............. মানুষের বুদ্ধিজগতের নিজস্ব আভিজাত্যের এক প্রাকৃতিক মহিমা রয়েছে যা এর সংস্কৃতির প্রকাশক। সংস্কৃতি শুধু সেই শ্রেষ্ঠতা প্রকাশ করে যার সমালোচনা অভ্যন্তরীণ যথার্থতায় নিহিত এবং যার কোনো বাহ্যিক সফলতা নেই। যখন এই গর্ব কিছু প্রয়োজনীয়তার অথবা বস্তুগত সুবিধার প্রলোভনে পড়ে যায়, এটা বুদ্ধিজীবীদের জন্য অপমান বয়ে নিয়ে আসে। আধুনিক ভারতবর্ষ তার শিক্ষার মাধ্যমে অপমানিত হয়েছে। এক সময় সে তার সন্তানদের একটি সংস্কৃতি উপহার দিয়েছিল যা নিজস্ব চিন্তা ও মহিমায় মহিমান্বিত। কিন্তু তা থেকে সরিয়ে নেওয়া হয়েছে এবং আমাদেরকে পরীক্ষা পাসের ঘানি টানতে হয়েছে, কোনো কিছু জানার জন্য নয়, কিন্তু এটা নিশ্চিত করার জন্য যে, আমরা ইংরেজি দ্বারা পরিচালিত প্রতিষ্ঠানে চাকরির জন্য যোগ্য। আমাদের শিক্ষিত সম্প্রদায় কোনো সংস্কৃতিবান সম্প্রদায় নয় বরং যোগ্য প্রার্থীর সম্প্রদায়। ইতোমধ্যে দাবিদারদের সংখ্যার চেয়ে সম্ভাব্য চাকরির পরিমাণ দিনে দিনে কমে যাচ্ছে এবং অনানুগত্য বৃদ্ধি পাচ্ছে। অবশেষে, যেসব কর্তৃপক্ষ এসব কিছুর জন্য দায়ী তারা তাদের ভুক্তভোগীদের দোষারোপ করছে। মানুষের স্বভাব এতটাই বিকৃত। এটি ক্ষতিগ্রস্তদের বিরুদ্ধে বিদ্বেষী মনোভাব বহন করে............. A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) What is the meaning of the word 'outstanding'?  (i) ordinary (ii) normal (iii) common (iv) excellent (b) What does the word 'extensively' refer to?  (i) widely (ii) briefly (iii) rarely (iv) sadly (c) Most of our students read —.  (i) to gain knowledge  (ii) to pass examination   (iii) to get a job  (iv) to earn money  (d) What does the word 'offer' refer to?  (i) apply (ii) change  (iii) support  (iv) propose (e) "Educational institutions in our country are India's alms-bowl of knowledge" – what does it mean?  (i) The purpose of education is to gain knowledge   (ii) The purpose of education is to earn money  (iii) The purpose of education is to borrow only, not to be self dependent    (iv) The purpose of education is to be fit for job. (f) What does the word 'mechanical' mean?  (i) mental (ii) machine-like (iii) creative (iv) traditional (g) The word 'collect' means —.  (i) earn (ii) win (iii) take (iv) occupy (h) What do you mean by 'distribute'?  (i) disown (ii) give (iii) take (iv) donate (i) Here the word 'intellectual' means —.  (i) psychological (ii) ideological (iii) thoughtful (iv) philosophical (j) What do you mean by the phrase 'wealth of mind'?  (i) good general knowledge (ii) intellectual richness  (iii) high marks in exam (iv) high degrees from a university (k) What is a synonym of 'proud'?  (i) arrogant (ii) angry (iii) cruel (iv) shrewd (l) The best synonym of 'right' is —.  (i) facility (ii) privilege (iii) income (iv) award (m) What is the meaning of 'gift'?  (i) award (ii) donation (iii) present (iv) income (n) The word 'breadth' means —.  (i) the parametre of how broad something is (ii) the condition of being very broad  (iii) the depth of something (iv) the broadness of one's mind (o) The word 'acquainted' best means —.  (i) informed (ii) introduced (iii) reported (iv) taught (p) Educational institutions lower the intellectual — of the Indians.  (i) depth (ii) brightness (iii) richness (iv) self-respect (q) What does the word 'decoration' mean?  (i) lighting (ii) wash (iii) beautification (iv) rearrangement (r) What does the word 'acknowledge' mean?  (i) admit (ii) accept (iii) deny (iv) forsake (s) The meaning of the word 'external' is —.  (i) outer (ii) inner (iii) inward (iv) spiritual (t) The word 'creation' best means —.  (i) innovation (ii) discovery (iii) composition (iv) art (u) 'Notify' best means —.  (i) submit (ii) depict (iii) report (iv) notice (v) According to Tagore, our educated community are not —.  (i) qualified (ii) certified (iii) taught (iv) cultured Answer (A): (a) (iv) excellent (b) (i) widely (c) (ii) to pass examination (d) (iv) propose (e) (iii) The purpose of education is borrow only, not to be self dependent (f) (ii) machine-like (g) (iii) take (h) (ii) give (i) (iii) thoughtful (j) (ii) intellectual richness (k) (i) arrogant (l) (ii) privilege (m) (iii) present (n) (i) the parametre of how broad something is (o) (ii) introduced (p) (iv) self-respect (q) (iii) beautification (r) (i) admit (s) (i) outer (t) (i) innovation (u) (iii) report (v) (iv) cultured B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) What is a university? What a university should not be? (b) What should people get through universities? (c) Why did Rabindranath Tagore say that educational institutions in our country are alms bowl of knowledge? (d) What is the pride of human culture? (e) With what has Tagore compared Indian education? (f) Why did Rabindranath criticize Indian university? (g) What does man's intellect have? (h) What does culture acknowledge? (i) What do the students of our universities study for? (j) 'Man's intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy' — what does it mean? (k) "Such is the perversity of human nature' — What is the human nature according to the text? Answer (B):  (a) A university is an institution where students get admission to earn graduation and post graduation degree. It should never be made into mechanical organization for collecting and distributing knowledge.  (b) The people should get their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world.  (c) The educational institutions in our country teach the students with the borrowed thoughts and philosophy of Europe. They lower our intellectual self respect, they encourage us to make a foolish display of decoration composed of borrowed feathers.   (d) The pride of human culture is man's intellect which has natural pride in its own aristocracy.  (e) Tagore compares the poor educational system of India to some trampled plants and its outcome to a harvest received from the neighbouring wheat fields.  (f) Rabindranath criticized Indian university because they lack their own philosophy.   (g) Man's intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy which is the pride of its culture.   (h) Culture acknowledges the excellence whose criticism is in its inner perfection, not in any external success.   (i) The students of our universities study to pass the examination, not to earn knowledge.   (j) 'Man's intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy'-it means that everyman lives within his our culture and every culture is different from each other in case of characteristics. Man should expose his intellect reflecting his own culture which will be a natural pride for him and his nation at the same time.   (k) The proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured and such is the perversity of human nature. 1.                 Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single university established in the modern time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India’s alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers ....... Man’s intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile, the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured ................   A.   Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. (a)  What does the word 'humiliation' mean in the passage? (i) Ignominy (ii) Opulence (iii) Outgiving from God (iv) Awe (b)  Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word 'return' in this context? (i) Payout       (ii) Redirection (iii) Indemnification     (iv) Rejoinder (c)  Which of the following should be function of a university? (i)  Collecting knowledge     (ii) Distributing knowledge (iii) Making people ambitious (iv) Augmenting discursive self-valorization (d)  Man's intellect has —— pride in its own aristocracy. (i) ecumenical  (ii) artificial (iii) sharp       (iv) supernatural (e)  Which of the following statements is true? (i)  Indian traditional culture was brought from overseas. (ii)  Indian banal culture is now no more. (iii)  Passing examination should be the unaccompanied motto of education. (iv)  To be compatible for ploy should be the only purpose of education.   B.   Answer the following questions. a.       From your reading of the 1st paragraph, mention how the universities should be made? b.       Why do the Indians go abroad for higher education? c.        What, according to the author, do the India's educational institutions do now? d.       What is the function of culture? e.       What brings humiliation to the intellectual man?       2.                 Read the passage below and answer the following questions 1 and 2. Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single University established in the modern time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India’s alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers . . .   Man’s intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured . . . . 1. A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1´5=5   (a)  The word ‘perversity’ can be replaced by- (i) Normal behavior    (ii) distortion (iii) satisfaction          (iv) Pleasure (b)  The best synonym of the world ‘acquainted’ is – (i) unknown               (ii) familiar (iii) acquired                (iv) attained (c)  ‘Humiliation’ in line 13 can be replaced by- (i) honour                    (ii) humidity (iii) degradation           (iv) attraction (d)  Man has a natural pride in its own- (i) respect                   (ii) aristocracy (iii) criticism                (iv) aspect (e)  The word ‘aristocracy’ stands for– (i) lower class              (ii) stupidity (iii) ugliness                (iv) upper class   B. Answer the following questions. 2´5=10 (a)  What do educational institutions do? (b)  What does man’s intellect have? (c)  “Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates.” Explain the statement in 2/3 sentence. (d)  What does culture acknowledge? (e)  Whom do the authorities blame?   3.           Read the passage below and answer the questions following it. Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single University established in the modern time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India’s alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers…. Man’s intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured.   A.  Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 5 a)  What does the word hospitality in the passage refer to? i. parsimony ii. Miserly iii. niggardly iv. Friendliness b)  How should be the universities according to Rabindranath Tagore? i.  It should be mechanical ii.  It should be for collecting education iii.  It should be for distributing education iv.  It should be for acquiring true knowledge c)  What does the word acquaint in the passage refer to? i. inform ii. convey iii. familiarize iv. Attach d)  Why do the Indians go the France and Germany? i.  They go there to get the best knowledge ii.  They go there for sightseeing iii.  They go there for learning their educational system iv.  They go there to live permanently e)  What does the word aristocracy in the passage refer to? i.                    royalty ii. nobility iii. fashion iv. Yield   B.  Answer the following questions. 10 a)   ‘Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge.’ Why? Explain with your opinion. b)  What, according to Rabindranath Tagore, should be the aim of our universities? Describe in your own words. c)      What is the shortcoming of the universities established in India in the modern time? d)   Why are the educational institutions in our country termed as ‘India’s alms-bowl of knowledge?’ e)   ‘They lower our intellectual self-respect.’ What does the statement refer to? Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.  Ans. to the ques. no.   1.A. Ans. a) iv. Friendliness b)  iv. It should be for acquiring true knowledge c)  iii. Familiarize d)  i. They go there to get the best knowledge e)  ii. nobility. 1.B. Ans. a)    Universities should never be made into mechanical organization for collecting and distributing knowledge because this process does not develop creativity and does not reflect the intellectual richness of the land. b)   According to Rabindranath Tagore, the aim of our universities should enable people offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. c)  The shortcoming of the universities established in India in the modern time is that they do not allow a foreign or an India student to be properly acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. d)  The educational institutions in our country are termed as ‘India’s alms-bowl of knowledge’ because they encourage us to make a foolish display of our learning not related to our country but borrowed from others. e)   The statement refers to the educational system of our universities. Yes, I agree with the statement because without reflecting the richness of its own people and land, a university is bound to lower the self-respect of the people.             4.                 Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single university established in the modern time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India’s alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers ....... Man’s intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile, the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured ................   A.   Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. (a)  What does the word 'humiliation' mean in the passage? (i) Ignominy (ii) Opulence (iii) Outgiving from God (iv) Awe (b)  Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word 'return' in this context? (i) Payout       (ii) Redirection (iii) Indemnification     (iv) Rejoinder (c)  Which of the following should be function of a university? (i)  Collecting knowledge     (ii) Distributing knowledge (iii) Making people ambitious (iv) Augmenting discursive self-valorization (d)  Man's intellect has —— pride in its own aristocracy. (i) ecumenical  (ii) artificial (iii) sharp       (iv) supernatural (e)  Which of the following statements is true? (i)  Indian traditional culture was brought from overseas. (ii)  Indian banal culture is now no more. (iii)  Passing examination should be the unaccompanied motto of education. (iv)  To be compatible for ploy should be the only purpose of education.   B.   Answer the following questions. a.       From your reading of the 1st paragraph, mention how the universities should be made? b.       Why do the Indians go abroad for higher education? c.        What, according to the author, do the India's educational institutions do now? d.       What is the function of culture? e.       What brings humiliation to the intellectual man?      Answer: A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives: (a) What does the word 'humiliation' mean in the passage? (i) Ignominy (b) Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word 'return' in this context? (iv) Rejoinder (c) Which of the following should be the function of a university? (iv) Augmenting discursive self-valorization (d) Man's intellect has —— pride in its own aristocracy. (iii) sharp (e) Which of the following statements is true? (ii) Indian banal culture is now no more. B. Answer the following questions: (a) From your reading of the 1st paragraph, mention how the universities should be made? Universities should not be mechanical organizations merely for collecting and distributing knowledge. Instead, they should offer intellectual hospitality and a wealth of knowledge to others and earn the right to receive gifts from the rest of the world. (b) Why do the Indians go abroad for higher education? Indians go abroad for higher education because, according to the author, there are no modern universities in India where students can properly acquaint themselves with the best products of the Indian mind. For such knowledge, they have to go to countries like France and Germany. (c) What, according to the author, do India's educational institutions do now? According to the author, India's educational institutions serve as an "alms-bowl of knowledge," lowering the intellectual self-respect of the people. They encourage a display of borrowed knowledge rather than fostering original thought and creativity. (d) What is the function of culture? The function of culture is to acknowledge excellence, which is judged not by external success but by the inner perfection of criticism and intellectual achievement. (e) What brings humiliation to the intellectual man? Humiliation comes to the intellectual man when his natural pride in his intellect succumbs to the compulsion of necessity or the lure of material advantages, thus diminishing his intellectual integrity and self-respect. 5.                 Read the passage below and answer the following questions 1 and 2. Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single University established in the modern time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India’s alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers . . .   Man’s intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured . . . . 1. A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1´5=5   (a)  The word ‘perversity’ can be replaced by- (i) Normal behavior    (ii) distortion (iii) satisfaction          (iv) Pleasure (b)  The best synonym of the world ‘acquainted’ is – (i) unknown               (ii) familiar (iii) acquired                (iv) attained (c)  ‘Humiliation’ in line 13 can be replaced by- (i) honour                    (ii) humidity (iii) degradation           (iv) attraction (d)  Man has a natural pride in its own- (i) respect                   (ii) aristocracy (iii) criticism                (iv) aspect (e)  The word ‘aristocracy’ stands for– (i) lower class              (ii) stupidity (iii) ugliness                (iv) upper class B. Answer the following questions. 2´5=10 (a)  What do educational institutions do? (b)  What does man’s intellect have? (c)  “Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates.” Explain the statement in 2/3 sentence. (d)  What does culture acknowledge? (e)  Whom do the authorities blame? Answer: 1. A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives: (a) The word ‘perversity’ can be replaced by: (ii) distortion (b) The best synonym of the word ‘acquainted’ is: (ii) familiar (c) ‘Humiliation’ in line 13 can be replaced by: (iii) degradation (d) Man has a natural pride in its own: (ii) aristocracy (e) The word ‘aristocracy’ stands for: (iv) upper class B. Answer the following questions: (a) What do educational institutions do? Educational institutions should not be mechanical organizations for just collecting and distributing knowledge. They should offer intellectual hospitality and a wealth of knowledge, earning the right to receive knowledge from the rest of the world. (b) What does man’s intellect have? Man’s intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. (c) “Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates.” Explain the statement in 2/3 sentences. The statement means that the educated community in India does not possess true culture but is merely a group of people who have passed examinations and gained qualifications for employment. The focus is on achieving certifications rather than fostering intellectual or cultural growth. (d) What does culture acknowledge? Culture acknowledges excellence, whose criticism lies in its inner perfection, not in any external success. (e) Whom do the authorities blame? The authorities blame the victims of the educational system, the educated individuals, for the disaffection caused by the narrowing employment opportunities and the lack of a meaningful cultural education.

1.  Read the following text and answer the questions A & B. The term 'diaspora' is used to refer to people who have left their homelands and settled in other parts of the world, either because they were forced to do so or because they wanted to leave on their own. The word is increasingly used for such people as a collective group and /or a community. The world has seen many diasporas but scholars have been studying the phenomenon with great interest only in recent decades. Among the great diasporas of history is that of the Jewish people, who were forced to leave their lands in ancient times. The movement of Aryans from Central Europe to the Indian subcontinent thousands of years ago is also a noteworthy diaspora, although the causes of this diaspora are unclear. In twentieth century history, the Palestinian diaspora has attracted a lot of attention and been a cause of concern for world leaders because of the plight of Palestinians. There have been massive diasporas in Africa, too, over the centuries, either because of war or because of the ravages of nature. But the chief reason why the phenomenon of diaspora is attracting so much attention now is globalization. A.             Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1×5 = 5 (a)  The scholars have been observing the diaspora in           . (i) recent-decades (ii) 50 years ago (iii) coming decades (iv) modern age (b)  Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word phenomenon in line-4? (i) philosophy (ii) result (iii) characteristics (iv) permanent (c)  What is the synonym of the "ravage"? (i) create (ii) make (iiii) destroy (iv) dimension (d)  The Jewish settle to   . (i) Africa (ii) Indian subcontinent (iii) Palestinians (iv) Europe (e)  What is the antonym of the world "massive"? (i) immense (b) enormous (iii) basis (iv) tiny B.              Answer the following questions.          2×5 = 10 (i)  What do you mean by diaspora? (ii)  What are some of the major diasporas of the past? (iii)  Why had Palestinians left their ancestral homeland? (iv)  Who are the diasporas in the Indian subcontinent? (v)  What has globalization to do with diaspora?   Answers 1.              A. Multiple choice (a)  ⇒ (i) recent decades; (b) ⇒ (iii) characteristics; (c) ⇒ (iii) destroy; (d) ⇒ (i) Africa; (e) ⇒ (iv) tiny. B.              Open-ended (i)  Diaspora means a group of people who have abandoned their homelands and settled in other parts of the world, either because of their being forced to do so or because of their own will. (ii)  Some of the major diasporas, according to the text, are Jews people, the Aryans, the Africans and the Palestinians. (iii)  The Palestinians having attracted a lot of attention and been a cause of concern for world leaders had left their ancestral homeland because of their untold plight. (iv)  The Aryans moving from Central Europe are the diasporas in the Indian sub-continent. (v)  Globalization can play a vital role in drawing so much attention of world people to the phenomenon of diaspora.       Bangla Translation 'ডায়াস্পোরা' শব্দটি এমন লোকদের বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয় যারা তাদের জন্মভূমি ছেড়ে বিশ্বের অন্যান্য অংশে বসতি স্থাপন করেছে, হয় তাদের বাধ্য করা হয়েছিল অথবা তারা নিজেরাই চলে যেতে চেয়েছিল। এই শব্দটি ক্রমবর্ধমানভাবে একটি সম্মিলিত গোষ্ঠী এবং/অথবা একটি সম্প্রদায় হিসাবে এই ধরণের লোকদের জন্য ব্যবহৃত হচ্ছে। বিশ্ব অনেক ডায়াস্পোরা দেখেছে কিন্তু পণ্ডিতরা সাম্প্রতিক দশকগুলিতেই এই ঘটনাটি অত্যন্ত আগ্রহের সাথে অধ্যয়ন করছেন। ইতিহাসের মহান ডায়াস্পোরার মধ্যে রয়েছে ইহুদি জনগণ, যারা প্রাচীনকালে তাদের ভূমি ছেড়ে যেতে বাধ্য হয়েছিল। হাজার হাজার বছর আগে মধ্য ইউরোপ থেকে ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশে আর্যদের চলাচলও একটি উল্লেখযোগ্য ডায়াস্পোরা, যদিও এই ডায়াস্পোরার কারণগুলি অস্পষ্ট। বিংশ শতাব্দীর ইতিহাসে, ফিলিস্তিনি ডায়াস্পোরা অনেক মনোযোগ আকর্ষণ করেছে এবং ফিলিস্তিনিদের দুর্দশার কারণে বিশ্ব নেতাদের জন্য উদ্বেগের কারণ হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে। আফ্রিকাতেও শতাব্দীর পর শতাব্দী ধরে বিশাল ডায়াস্পোরা রয়েছে, হয় যুদ্ধের কারণে অথবা প্রকৃতির ধ্বংসযজ্ঞের কারণে। কিন্তু ডায়াস্পোরার ঘটনাটি এখন এত মনোযোগ আকর্ষণ করার প্রধান কারণ হল বিশ্বায়ন। Passage-2 1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B: The term "diaspora" is used to refer to people who have left their homelands and settled in other parts of the world either because they were forced to do so or because they wanted to leave on their own. The word is increasingly used for such people as a collective group and/or a community. The world has seen many diasporas but scholars have been studying the phenomenon with great interest only in recent decades. Among the great diasporas of history is that of the Jewish people, who were forced to leave their lands in ancient times. The movement of Aryans from Central Europe to the Indian sub-continent thousands of years ago is also a noteworthy diaspora, although the causes of this diaspora are unclear. In twentieth century history, the Palestinian diaspora has attracted a lot of attention and been a cause of concern for world leaders because of the plight of Palestinians. There have been massive diasporas in Africa, too, over the centuries, either because of the ravages of nature. But the chief reason why the phenomenon of diaspora is attracting so much attention now is globalization. [Unit-11, Lesson-1, Page-132] A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives: 1×5=5 (a) The word 'decade' refers to —  (i) thirty years (ii) fifty years  (iii) ten years (iv) five years   (b) What does 'diaspora' mean?  (i) people live their own country.   (ii) people go abroad.  (iii) people work in other countries.  (iv) people leave their own countries and settle in other parts of the world.     (c) The synonym of 'noteworthy' is —  (i) insignificant (ii) noticeable  (iii) invaluable (iv) appreciable     (d) The Aryans came to the Indian Sub Continent from —  (i) America (ii) Africa  (iii) Central Europe (iv) Europe    (e) In Africa there have been —  (i) massive diasporas (ii) a little diasporas  (iii) no diasporas (iv) very little diasporas   Answer to the question No. 1.A (a) iii. ten years; (b) iv. people leave their own countries and settle in other parts of the world; (c) ii. noticeable; (d) iii. central Europe; (e) i. massive diasporas. B. Answer the following questions: 2×5=10 (i) Why do people leave their own countries?  (ii) Do you think that there have been massive diasporas in Africa? (iii) Why is diaspora attracting so much attention? (iv) How do the twentieth century Palestinian diasporas draw the attention of the world leaders? (v) Why have the scholars been studying about the diasporas with great interest? Answer to the question No. 1.B i) People leave their own countries as they are sometimes forced to do so or they wanted to leave their own. ii) Yes, I do think that there are massive diasporas in Africa. Africa suffers from different natural disasters which forces people to move from their own country to other countries. iii) Though the world has seen many diasporas, scholars have been studying the phenomenon of diasporas in recent years. They are interested in diasporas because of globalisation. iv) The Palestinian diasporas have caught the attention of the world leaders as they had to suffer a lot to leave their country and settle in other places. Their plight and sufferings have caused great concern among the world leaders.  v) Though the causes of diaspora are quite unclear, scholars have been studying the phenomenon of diasporas in recent years to know the causes behind people's movement from their own country to another country, the plight of the diasporic people, etc. Passage-3   1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B. The term 'diaspora' is used to refer to people who have left their homelands and settled in other parts of the world, either because they were forced to do so or because they wanted to leave on their own. The word is increasingly used for such people as a collective group and/ or a community. The world has seen many diasporas but scholars have been studying the phenomenon with great interest only in recent decades. Among the great diasporas of history is that of the Jewish people, who were forced to leave their lands in ancient times. The movement of Aryans from Central Europe to the Indian sub-continent thousands of years ago is also a noteworthy diaspora, although the causes of this diaspora are unclear. In twentieth century history, the Palestinian diaspora has attracted a lot of attention and been a cause of concern for world leaders because of the plight of Palestinians. There have been massive diasporas in Africa, too, over the centuries, either because of war or because of the ravages of nature. But the chief reason why the phenomenon of diaspora is attracting so much attention now is globalization.  বাংলা অনুবাদঃ   ‘ডায়াসপোরা’ (অভিবাসী) শব্দটি বলতে বুঝায় ঐ সমস্ত লোককে যারা তাদের মাতৃভূমি ত্যাগ করেছে এবং পৃথিবীর অন্য কোথাও বসতি স্থাপন করেছে, হয় তারা বাধ্য হয়েছে তা করতে অথবা স্বেচ্ছায় চলে গিয়েছে। এ শব্দটি ক্রমবর্ধমানভাবে এসব লোকের সমষ্টিকে অথবা একটি সম্প্রদায়কে বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হচ্ছে। বিশ্ব অনেক অভিবাসীদেরকে দেখেছে কিন্তু বিদ্যানুরাগীরা সাম্প্রতিক দশকগুলোতে এই বিষয়টিতে প্রচণ্ড আগ্রহ সহকারে অধ্যয়ন করছে।  ইতিহাসের বড় অভিবাসনের ঘটনাসমূহের মধ্যে ইহুদি জনগোষ্ঠিই সবচেয়ে বড় যারা অতি প্রাচীনকালে তাদের নিজ ভূমি ছাড়তে বাধ্য হয়েছিল। মধ্য ইউরোপ থেকে হাজার হাজার বছর পূর্বে আর্যদের ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশে আগমন একটি উল্লেখযোগ্য অভিবাসন, যদিও এই অভিবাসনের কারণ অজ্ঞাত। বিংশ শতাব্দীতে, প্যালেস্টাইনিদের অভিবাসন অনেকের নজর কেড়েছে এবং প্যালেস্টাইনিদের দুঃখ দুর্দশা বিশ্ব নেতাদের উদ্বেগের কারণ হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে। শতাব্দীর পর শতাব্দী আফ্রিকাতেও ব্যাপক অভিবাসন হয়েছে, হয়তো যুদ্ধের কারণে নয়তো প্রকৃতির নিষ্ঠুরতায়। কিন্তু বর্তমানে অভিবাসন বিষয়টি বেশি আকর্ষণীয় হওয়ার মূল কারণ হচ্ছে বিশ্বায়ন। A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. 1☓5 = 5 (a) What does the word 'force' refer to?  (i) yield (ii) compel (iii) separate (iv) wonder (b) The synonym of 'noteworthy' is —. [CtgB '17]  (i) insignificant (ii) noticeable (iii) invaluable  (iv) appricable (c) What is the closest meaning of the word 'concern'?  (i) mention (ii) tiny (iii) trivial (iv) interest (d) The word 'attract' refers to —.  (i) discourage (ii) give up (iii) wonder (iv) invite (e) The Palestinian diaspora has attracted a lot of attention in the —.  (i) eighteenth century  (ii) nineteenth century  (iii) twentieth century   (iv) twenty first  century  (f) What does the word 'settle' in the passage refer to?  (i) solve (ii) establish (iii) reconcile (iv) reside (g) The word 'diaspora' is increasingly used for —.  (i) people as a collective group (ii) people as a community  (iii) People as a collective group and a community   (iv) People as a collective group and/ or a community (h) What is the synonym of 'homeland'?  (i) birthplace (ii) abode (iii) living place (iv) motherland (i) The word 'decade' refers to —. [CtgB '17]  (i) thirty years (ii) fifty years (iii) ten years (iv) five years (j) — are among the great diasporas of history.  (i) the Aryans from Central Europe (ii) the Aryans of Indian Sub-continent  (iii) the Jewish people  (iv) the Palestinians (k) The Aryans came to the Indian Sub Continent from —. [CtgB '17]  (i) America (ii) Africa (iii) Central Europe (iv) Europe (l) What is the closest meaning of the word 'massive'?  (i) great (ii) extensive (iii) slight (iv) solid (m) What does the phrase 'a cause of concern' mean?  (i) an object of apprehension (ii) a reason of worry  (iii) a reason of anxiety  (iv) a basis of interest (n) In Africa there have been —. [CtgB '17]  (i) massive diasporas (ii) a little diasporas (iii) no diasporas (iv) very little diasporas (o) What is the closest meaning of the word 'ravages'?  (i) plunder (ii) ruinations (iii) ransack (iv) loots (p) The phrase 'in ancient times' refers to —.  (i) original (ii) primeval (iii) out of date (iv) modern (q) The word 'globalization' means —.  (i) connecting different cultures and economic systems of the world  (ii) worldwide (iii) internationality (iv) universality (r) What is the closest meaning of 'recent'?  (i) new (ii) old (iii) fresh (iv) current (s) What does 'diaspora' mean? [CtgB '17]  (i) people live their own country (ii) people go abroad  (iii) people work in other countries   (iv) people live their own countries and settle in other parts of the world (t) The word 'community' means —.  (i) neighbourhood (ii) fact (iii) huge (iv) destroy (u) Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word phenomenon in line-4?  (i) philosophy (ii) result (iii) characteristics (iv) permanent (v) Among the great diasporas of history is that of the Jewish people— what does it imply?   (i) they left their country willingly to settle elsewhere  (ii) they were compelled to leave their country and settle elsewhere    (iii) they were compelled to leave their lands in ancient times to settle elsewhere     (iv) none of the above statements (w) What does the phrase 'a lot of' mean?  (i) some (ii) little (iii) a great amount (iv) not too much Answer (A): (a) (ii) compel (b) (ii) noticeable (c) (iv) interest (d) (iv) invite (e) (iii) twentieth century (f) (iv) reside (g) (iv) people as a collective group and/ or a community (h) (i) birthplace (i) (iii) ten years (j) (iii) The Jewish people (k) (iii) Centra Europe (l) (ii) extensive (m) (iii) a reason of anxiety (n) (i) massive diasporas (o) (ii) ruinations (p) (ii) primeval (q) (i) connecting different cultures and economic systems of the world (r) (iv) current (s) (iv) people leave their own countries and settle in other parts of the world (t) (i) neighbourhood (u) (iii) characteristics (v) (iii) they were compelled to leave their lands in ancient times to settle elsewhere (w) (iii) a great amount B. Answer the following questions. 2☓5 = 10 (a) Who are called 'diaspora'? (b) Why do people leave their own countries? [CtgB '17] (c) Do you think that there have been massive diasporas in Africa? [CtgB '17] (d) Why did the Jewish people leave their homeland? (e) How do the twentieth century Palestinian diasporas draw the attention of the world leaders? [CtgB '17] (f) Where did the Aryans live? When and where did they move as diaspora? (g) When did the plight of the Palestinians attract the attention of world leaders? (h) Why is diaspora attracting so much attention? [CtgB '17] (i) What are the reasons of massive diaspora in Africa? (j) What does 'diaspora' mean? (k) Why would a group of people want to leave their country? (l) When have the scholars seen many diasporas? (m) When did the Jewish people leave their homeland? (n) Why did the Aryans diaspora take place? (o) What is the great diaspora of history? Answer (B):  (a) The people who leave their homeland and settle in other parts of the world are called diaspora.  (b) Sometimes people are forced to leave their own country and sometimes they leave willingly.  (c) Yes, I think that there have been massive diasporas in Africa and it was happened because of war or because of the ravages of nature.  (d) The Jewish people left their homeland because they were forced to do so.  (e) The plight of Palestinians of twentieth century has become a great concern for world leaders. So, the twentieth century Palestinian diasporas draw the attention of the world leaders.  (f) The Aryans lived in Central Europe. They moved to the Indian sub-continent as a noteworthy diaspora thousands of years ago.  (g) The plight of the Palestinians attracted the attention and was a cause of concern for world leaders in the 20th century.  (h) Diaspora is attracting so much attention throughout the world because of globalization.  (i) The reasons of massive diaspora in Africa over the centuries are either because of war or of the ravages of nature.  (j) The term 'Diaspora' refers to people who have left their homelands and settled in other parts of the world.  (k) A group of people would want to leave their country as they were forced to do so. Sometimes they left their homeland willingly. Sometimes, it is also caused by the ravages of nature.  (l) The scholars have seen many diasporas in recent decades.  (m) The Jewish people left their lands in ancient times.  (n) The reason for the Aryans' diaspora is unclear to all.  (o) The great diaspora of history is that of the Jewish people. They were forced to leave their land in ancient times. 40 vocabulary words from the passage with their Bangla translations: Diaspora  – প্রবাসী সম্প্রদায় Homeland  – মাতৃভূমি Settled  – বসতি স্থাপন করা Forced  – বাধ্য Community  – সম্প্রদায় Phenomenon  – ঘটনা Noteworthy  – উল্লেখযোগ্য Plight  – দুর্দশা Ravages  – ধ্বংসযজ্ঞ Globalization  – বিশ্বায়ন World  – পৃথিবী History  – ইতিহাস Attention  – মনোযোগ Interest  – আগ্রহ Great  – মহৎ People  – মানুষ Leave  – ছেড়ে যাওয়া Cause  – কারণ Interest  – আগ্রহ Study  – অধ্যয়ন Movement  – আন্দোলন Ancient  – প্রাচীন Aryans  – আর্যরা Unclear  – অস্পষ্ট Twentieth century  – বিংশ শতাব্দী Attracted  – আকৃষ্ট Cause of concern  – উদ্বেগের কারণ World leaders  – বিশ্বের নেতা Massive  – ব্যাপক War  – যুদ্ধ Nature  – প্রকৃতি Chief  – প্রধান Attention  – মনোযোগ Now  – এখন Reason  – কারণ Attention  – মনোযোগ For  – জন্য Great interest  – বড় আগ্রহ Causes  – কারণ World  – বিশ্ব

1.               Read the following text and answer the question A and B. The persona of a traffic police man has always been a curious one. It has often found important space and close treatment in literature and other arts. Besides the many poems about this fascinating character there is at least one movie where the central character is a traffic police man. In 1963, Greek film maker Filippos Fylaktos made this film named¸ brother, the traffic police man. It featured a slightly manic traffic police man. Antonius Pikrocholos, who is utterly devoted to service and duty, and applies the traffic code with uûielding severity. Tickets rain down upon law- breakers in particular taxi-drivers and especially Lampreys, who happens to be in love with Pikrocholos’ sister, Fofo. In his turn, the traffic police man is in love with a business man’s daughter, Kiki, who is afraid to reveal her feelings to her father. Besides, Antonis has given lots of traffic tickets to father’s company. For all these reasons, the road to marriage for both couples is long and strewn with obstacles, but the outcome is a happy one for everyone involved. A.  Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. (a)  What does the word persona in the passage refer to? (i) icon (ii)symbol (iii) image (iv) myth (b)  Hwo has this character been treated in literature? (i) With little importance (ii) has been maltreated (iii) Presented with indignity (iv) duly valued (c)  What does the word important in the passage refer to? (i) central (ii) significant (iii) vocal (iv) focal. (d)  What does the word treatment in the passage refer to? (i) discourse (ii) focus (iii) converse (iv) coverage. (e)  What does the word feature in the passage refer to? (i) discourse (ii) talk (iii) converse (iv) highlight. Answer: (a)  image (b)  duly valued (c)  significant (d)  coverage (e)  highlight. B.  Answer the following questions. (a)  Can you name the maker of the film my brother, the Traffic Police man? When was it made? (b)  Why does Antonis Pikrocholos issue a lot of tickets to low-breakers in particular taxi- drivers and especially Lam pros? (c)  Is the traffic police man in love with aû one? If yes, who is she? (d)  Who is the central character of Filippos Fylaktos’ film “my brother, the traffic policeman”? (e)  What do you knwo about Kiki? What is she afraid of? Answer: (a)  The name of the maker of the film my brother, the Traffic policeman was Filippos Fylaktos, a Greek film maker. The film was made in1963. (b)  Antonis Pikrocholos issuses a lot of tickets to law-breakers in particular taxi- drivers and especially Lam pros because the man is in love with Pikrocholos’ sister, Fofo. (c)    Yes, the traffic policeman is in love with a girl. Her name is Kiki. She is the daughter of a businessman. (d)    Antonis Pikrocholos, a slightly manic traffic policeman, is the central character of Fitippos Fyloktos’ film ¸ “brother, the Traffic policeman’’. (e)  Kiki is a businessman’s daughter. Antonis Pikrocholos is in love with her. She is afraid of revealing her feeling to her father.   Bangla Translation একজন ট্রাফিক পুলিশ সদস্যের ব্যক্তিত্ব সবসময়ই কৌতূহলী। সাহিত্য এবং অন্যান্য শিল্পকলায় এটি প্রায়শই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ স্থান এবং ঘনিষ্ঠ আচরণ পেয়েছে। এই আকর্ষণীয় চরিত্র সম্পর্কে অনেক কবিতা ছাড়াও অন্তত একটি সিনেমা আছে যেখানে কেন্দ্রীয় চরিত্রটি একজন ট্রাফিক পুলিশ সদস্য। ১৯৬৩ সালে, গ্রীক চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতা ফিলিপোস ফাইলাক্টোস "ভাই, ট্রাফিক পুলিশ সদস্য" নামে এই ছবিটি তৈরি করেছিলেন। এতে একজন সামান্য উন্মাদ ট্রাফিক পুলিশ সদস্যকে দেখানো হয়েছিল। অ্যান্টোনিয়াস পিক্রোকোলোস, যিনি সেবা এবং কর্তব্যের প্রতি সম্পূর্ণরূপে নিবেদিতপ্রাণ এবং ট্র্যাফিক কোডকে অত্যন্ত কঠোরতার সাথে প্রয়োগ করেন। আইন ভঙ্গকারীদের উপর টিকিটের বৃষ্টিপাত হয়, বিশেষ করে ট্যাক্সি ড্রাইভারদের উপর, বিশেষ করে ল্যাম্প্রেস, যিনি ঘটনাক্রমে পিক্রোকোলোসের বোন ফোফোর প্রেমে পড়েন। তার পালাক্রমে, ট্র্যাফিক পুলিশ সদস্য একজন ব্যবসায়ীর মেয়ে কিকির প্রেমে পড়েন, যে তার বাবার কাছে তার অনুভূতি প্রকাশ করতে ভয় পায়। তাছাড়া, অ্যান্টোনিস বাবার কোম্পানিকে অনেক ট্র্যাফিক টিকিট দিয়েছেন। এই সকল কারণে, উভয় দম্পতির জন্যই বিবাহের পথ দীর্ঘ এবং বাধা-বিপত্তিতে ভরা, কিন্তু ফলাফলটি জড়িত সকলের জন্যই সুখকর। Ad

1.       Read the passage below and answer the questions A and B. (T)he Negro is still not free...the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.     (T)he Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity   (T)he Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition ... I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed : "We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of 'interposition' and 'nullification', that one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.   A.  Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. a.       The word 'rooted' stands for ——. (i) ferret          (ii) engaged   (iii) involved  (iv) established b.       The speaker is hopeful of a —— free America. (i) justice        (ii) discrimination     (iii) poverty    (iv) Negro c.        The word 'transformed' mentioned in the passage refers to ——. (i) transferred  (ii) changed (iii)different   (iv) transmitted d.       Which one of the following is connected with the expression 'sit down together at the table of brotherhood'? (i) fraternity   (ii) enmity      (iii) colony      (iv) egoism e.       What is the proper opposite word of 'material' used in the passage? (i) hard(ii) soft (iii) intellectual(iv) spiritual   B.  Answer the following questions. a.       What do you mean by the speech 'I have a dream'? b.       What does the speaker expect about his children? c.        What ideas of the governor of Alabama do you get from the passage? d.       How can the state of Mississippi be an oasis of freedom and justice? e.       What will happen if Martin's dream comes true?     Answer: A. Choose the correct answer from the alternatives. a. The word 'rooted' stands for ——. (iv) established b. The speaker is hopeful of a —— free America. (ii) discrimination c. The word 'transformed' mentioned in the passage refers to ——. (ii) changed d. Which one of the following is connected with the expression 'sit down together at the table of brotherhood'? (i) fraternity e. What is the proper opposite word of 'material' used in the passage? (iv) spiritual B. Answer the following questions. a. What do you mean by the speech 'I Have a Dream'? " I Have a Dream" is a famous speech by Martin Luther King Jr., in which he talks about his hope for a future where people of all races are treated equally. He dreams of an America free from discrimination and racial injustice, where everyone is judged by their character rather than their skin color. b. What does the speaker expect about his children? The speaker hopes that his four children will grow up in a country where they are not judged by the color of their skin but by their character. He wants them to live in a fair and just society where they have the same opportunities as everyone else. c. What ideas of the governor of Alabama do you get from the passage? The passage suggests that the governor of Alabama supports racism and discrimination. His words about 'interposition' and 'nullification' show that he is against racial equality and tries to prevent changes that would give Black people equal rights. d. How can the state of Mississippi be an oasis of freedom and justice? Mississippi can become an oasis of freedom and justice if racial discrimination and oppression are removed. This means treating all people equally, ensuring fairness in laws, and creating a society where everyone, regardless of their race, has the same rights and opportunities. e. What will happen if Martin's dream comes true? If Martin's dream comes true, America will become a place of equality and justice. People of all races will live together peacefully, without discrimination. There will be unity and brotherhood, and everyone will have the freedom to achieve their dreams based on their abilities, not their race. Bangla Translation নিগ্রোরা এখনও স্বাধীন নয়... নিগ্রোদের জীবন এখনও বিচ্ছিন্নতার বন্ধন এবং বৈষম্যের শৃঙ্খলে দুঃখজনকভাবে পঙ্গু। (টি) নিগ্রোরা বৈষয়িক সমৃদ্ধির বিশাল সমুদ্রের মাঝখানে দারিদ্র্যের এক নির্জন দ্বীপে বাস করে (টি) নিগ্রোরা এখনও আমেরিকান সমাজের কোণে কোণে নিজেকে নির্বাসিত মনে করে। তাই আমরা আজ এখানে এসেছি একটি লজ্জাজনক পরিস্থিতি নাটকীয়ভাবে উপস্থাপন করতে... আমি আজ তোমাদের বলছি, আমার বন্ধুরা, যদিও আমরা আজ এবং আগামীকালের সমস্যার মুখোমুখি হই, তবুও আমার একটি স্বপ্ন আছে। এটি আমেরিকান স্বপ্নের গভীরে প্রোথিত একটি স্বপ্ন। আমার একটি স্বপ্ন আছে যে একদিন এই জাতি জেগে উঠবে এবং তার বিশ্বাসের প্রকৃত অর্থ প্রকাশ করবে: "আমরা এই সত্যগুলিকে স্বতঃসিদ্ধ বলে ধরে নিই; যে সমস্ত মানুষ সমানভাবে সৃষ্টি হয়েছে।" আমার স্বপ্ন আছে যে একদিন জর্জিয়ার লাল পাহাড়ে, প্রাক্তন দাসদের ছেলেরা এবং প্রাক্তন দাস মালিকদের ছেলেরা একসাথে ভ্রাতৃত্বের টেবিলে বসতে পারবে। আমার স্বপ্ন আছে যে একদিন মিসিসিপি রাজ্য, অন্যায়ের উত্তাপে, নিপীড়নের উত্তাপে তীব্রতর রাজ্য, স্বাধীনতা ও ন্যায়বিচারের এক মরূদ্যানে রূপান্তরিত হবে। আমার স্বপ্ন আছে যে আমার চার ছোট বাচ্চা একদিন এমন একটি দেশে বাস করবে যেখানে তাদের ত্বকের রঙ দিয়ে নয় বরং তাদের চরিত্রের বিষয়বস্তু দিয়ে বিচার করা হবে। আজ আমার একটি স্বপ্ন আছে। আমার স্বপ্ন আছে যে একদিন আলাবামায়, তার নিষ্ঠুর বর্ণবাদীদের সাথে, যার গভর্নরের ঠোঁট থেকে 'হস্তক্ষেপ' এবং 'বাতিলকরণ' শব্দ ঝরছে, একদিন আলাবামায় ছোট কালো ছেলেরা এবং কালো মেয়েরা ছোট সাদা ছেলেদের সাথে বোন এবং ভাই হিসেবে হাত মেলাতে পারবে। Ad Ad vocabulary words from the passage with their Bangla translations: Negro  – আফ্রিকান-আমেরিকান Free  – মুক্ত Crippled  – বিকল Manacles  – হাতকড়ি Segregation  – আলাদা করা Chains  – শৃঙ্খল Discrimination  – বৈষম্য Lonely  – একাকী Island  – দ্বীপ Poverty  – দারিদ্র্য Vast  – ব্যাপক Ocean  – মহাসাগর Material  – ভৌত Prosperity  – সমৃদ্ধি Languishing  – দুর্দশায় থাকা Corners  – কোণ Society  – সমাজ Exile  – দেশত্যাগী Dramatize  – নাটকীয়ভাবে উপস্থাপন করা Shameful  – লজ্জাজনক Condition  – অবস্থা Difficulties  – কষ্ট Rooted  – প্রবলভাবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত Creed  – মতবাদ Self-evident  – স্বতঃপ্রমাণ Equal  – সমান Rise up  – উঠা Red hills  – লাল পাহাড় Sons  – পুত্র Slave  – দাস Slave owners  – দাস মালিকরা Brotherhood  – ভ্রাতৃত্ব Sweltering  – গরমে সেঁটানো Heat  – তাপ Injustice  – অবিচার Oppression  – নিপীড়ন Transformed  – রূপান্তরিত Oasis  – জলাশয় Judged  – বিচার করা Content  – বিষয়বস্তু