Narration Practice All Board Questions-2022 [DHAKA BOARD-2022] 1. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                                                          "Follow my example," she said as we shook hands. "and never eat more than one thing for luncheon." "I'll do better than that," I retorted. "I'll eat nothing for dinner tonight." "Humorist! you're quite a humorist," she cried gaily, jumping into a cab. [RAJSHAHI BOARD-2022] 2. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                                                "What happened to you, Tareq?" said Rashed. "I was sick with the flu. Have you heard anything about our exam?" said Tareq. "It is on 23 October. You need to collect the admit card of the exam," said Rashed. "From where can I get it?" said Tareq. "It is in the office room," said Rashed [JASHORE BOARD-2022] 3. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                                                  "Why are you crying? Do you have any problem?" asked the passer-by. "I am crying because I have none to look after me," said the street child. "Are you hungry?" "Yes, I am," said the boy. [CUMILLA BOARD-2022] 4. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      "Stop. Didn't I tell you to stop? You cannot go there," said the sergeant. "Oh! very well, it is hard thing to be very poor. All the world is against the poor," said the man. [CHATTOGRAM BOARD-2022] 5. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches. He said, "I can chop some wood today," "You? But you're small." "Size don't matter, chopping wood," Jerry said. "Some of the big boys don't chop good. I've been chopping wood at the orphanage for a longtime." [SYLHET BOARD-2022] 6. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      "Could I help you, Sir?" said the receptionist. The man replied, "Sure, I want to meet the Managing Director of the company." The receptionist said, "Do you have an appointment?" "Yes, I have," he said. "Wait for a while," said the receptionist. [BARISHAL BOARD-2022] 7. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      "Oh, my Lord, please do not kill the child," said the woman. "Let her have him." The king said, "Now everything is clear to me." Pointing to the woman, he said to the servant, "Give her the child. She is the mother of the baby." [DINAJPUR BOARD-2022] 8. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      "Where is the cattle which these people graze and where are the fields they plough, uncle?" he asked, turning to Daya Ram. "They have no cattle and no fields here," said the chaprasi, pushing his neck back to stiff uprightness. "It is only the rustics in the villages who graze cattle and plough the land," he said. [MYMENSINGH BOARD-2022] 10. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      Jerry said, "I can chop some wood today." "But I have a boy coming from the orphanage." "I'm the boy." "You? But you are small." "Size does not matter, chopping wood," Jerry said, "Some of the big boys don't chop good. I've been chopping wood at the orphanage for a long time." Board Questions-2022 with Answer [DHAKA BOARD-2022]   1. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                                                          "Follow my example," she said as we shook hands. "and never eat more than one thing for luncheon." "I'll do better than that," I retorted. "I'll eat nothing for dinner tonight." "Humorist! you're quite a humorist," she cried gaily, jumping into a cab. Answer: As we shook hands, she suggested me to follow her example and never eat more than one thing for luncheon. Then I retorted that I would do better than that and added that I would eat nothing for dinner that night. Hearing this, she exclaimed with wonder that I was a humorist and cried gaily said that I was quite a humorist, jumping into a cab   [RAJSHAHI BOARD-2022] 2. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                                                "What happened to you, Tareq?" said Rashed. "I was sick with the flu. Have you heard anything about our exam?" said Tareq. "It is on 23 October. You need to collect the admit card of the exam," said Rashed. "From where can I get it?" said Tareq. "It is in the office room," said Rashed Answer: Rashed asked Tareq what had happened to him. Tareq replied that he had been sick with the flu. Then he asked Rashed whether he had heard anything about their exam. Rashed told that that was on 23 October. He added that he (T) needed to collect the admit card of the exam. Tareq asked from where he could get it. Rashed told that that was in the office room. [JASHORE BOARD-2022] 3. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                                                  "Why are you crying? Do you have any problem?" asked the passer-by. "I am crying because I have none to look after me," said the street child. "Are you hungry?" "Yes, I am," said the boy. Answer: The passer-by asked the street child why he was crying. He also asked the boy if he had any problem. The street child replied that he was crying because he had none to look after him. The passer-by again asked the boy whether he was hungry. The boy replied in the affirmative and said that he was hungry. [CUMILLA BOARD-2022] 4. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      "Stop. Didn't I tell you to stop? You cannot go there," said the sergeant. "Oh! very well, it is hard thing to be very poor. All the world is against the poor," said the man. Answer: The sergeant ordered the man to stop. He then asked him (M) if he (S) had not told him (M) to stop. He (S) further said that he (M) could not go there. Then accepting the idea with astonishment, the man said that it was hard thing to be very poor. He further added that all the world was against the poor. [CHATTOGRAM BOARD-2022] 5. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches. He said, "I can chop some wood today," "You? But you're small." "Size don't matter, chopping wood," Jerry said. "Some of the big boys don't chop good. I've been chopping wood at the orphanage for a longtime." Answer: Jerry told me that he could chop some wood that day. Being astonished/hesitated I asked him if he was small. At this he assured me that size did not matter chopping wood. He added that some of the big boys didn't chop good. He further told that he had been chopping wood at the orphanage for a long time. [SYLHET BOARD-2022] 6. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      "Could I help you, Sir?" said the receptionist. The man replied, "Sure, I want to meet the Managing Director of the company." The receptionist said, "Do you have an appointment?" "Yes, I have," he said. "Wait for a while," said the receptionist. Answer: Addressing the man as sir the receptionist asked him if she (R) could have helped him. The man replied with assurance and said that he wanted to meet the Managing Director of the company. Then the receptionist asked if he had an appointment. He replied in the affirmative and said that he had. At this the receptionist told him to wait for a while. [BARISHAL BOARD-2022] 7. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      "Oh, my Lord, please do not kill the child," said the woman. "Let her have him." The king said, "Now everything is clear to me." Pointing to the woman, he said to the servant, "Give her the child. She is the mother of the baby." Answer: Addressing the king as her lord the woman requested him not to kill the child and said that she might be allowed to have him. The king said that then everything was clear to him. And then pointing to the woman he asked the servant to give her the child. He added that she was the mother of the baby. [DINAJPUR BOARD-2022] 8. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      "Where is the cattle which these people graze and where are the fields they plough, uncle?" he asked, turning to Daya Ram. "They have no cattle and no fields here," said the chaprasi, pushing his neck back to stiff uprightness. "It is only the rustics in the villages who graze cattle and plough the land," he said. Answer: Turning to Daya Ram and addressing him as his uncle he asked him where the cattle was which those people grazed and where the fields were they ploughed. Pushing his neck back to stiff uprightness the chaprashi replied that they had no cattle and no fields there. He (C) added that it was only the rustics in the villages who grazed cattle and ploughed the land. [MYMENSINGH BOARD-2022] 9. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.                      Jerry said, "I can chop some wood today." "But I have a boy coming from the orphanage." "I'm the boy." "You? But you are small." "Size does not matter, chopping wood," Jerry said, "Some of the big boys don't chop good. I've been chopping wood at the orphanage for a long time." Answer: Jerry told me that he could chop some wood that day. But I said that I had a boy coming from the orphanage. He said that he was the boy. Being astonished, I asked him if he was the boy and said with hesitation that he was small. At this he assured me that size didn't matter chopping wood. and added that some of the big boys did not chop good. He further added that he had been chopping wood at the orphanage for a long time. All Board Questions-2023 with Answer 1. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech:  [Dhaka Board– 2023] "Where will you get admission after your HSC Examination? Do you have any choice?" said the teacher to Susmita. "I'm not yet sure what I have to do because everything depends on my result." "You should have a choice. Be positive and optimistic."   Answer : The teacher asked Susmita where she would get admission after her HSC Examination and if she had any choice. Susmita replied that she was not yet sure what she had to do because everything depended on her result. Then the teacher advised her to have a choice. He also advised her to be positive and optimistic.   2. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech:  [Rajshahi Board-2023] "I can chop some wood today," said Jerry "But I have a boy coming from the orphanage." "I am the boy." "You? But you are small." "Size does not matter, chopping wood," said Jerry. "Some of the big boys don't chop wood. I've been chopping wood for a long time," said Jerry to the writer.   Answer : Jerry said that he could chop some wood that day. The writer objected that she had a boy coming from the orphanage. Jerry replied that he was the boy. The writer ordered whether it was he and said that he was small. Jerry told that size does not / (did not) matter chopping wood and added that some of the big boys did not chop wood. Jerry further said that he had been chopping wood for a long time.   Or , Jerry said that he could chop some wood that day. The writer objected that he had a boy coming from the orphanage. Jerry replied that he was the boy. Being surprised, she asked him whether it was he and said that he was small. Jerry told that size did not matter chopping wood and added that Sam of the big boys did not chop wood. Jerry further said that he had been chopping wood for a long time.   3. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.  [Cumilla Board-2023] "What's a puppet show?" Mita said to her father. Father said. "Let's go inside and you can see yourself." Inside the tent Mita said, "How strange! A doll is dancing and talking." Father said "A man behind the screen is moving the doll. Do you understand who is talking?"   Answer : Mita asked her father what a puppet show war. Her father suggested that they could go inside and she could see herself inside the tent. Mita astonished and replied that it was very strange and added that a doll was dancing and talking. Her father replied that a man behind the screen was moving the doll and asked her if she understood who was talking.   4. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches:  [Jashore Board-2023]  "I have won a lottery and got 10 lakh taka," said Samira. Congratulations!" I said. "What do you intend to do with the large amount of money?" "I want to serve my poor village people. So, I have made up my mind to establish a hospital in our rural area," Samira replied. "Thank you." I said. "I shall also help you in this respect."   Answer : Samira told me that she had won a lottery and got 10 lakh taka. I congratulated her and asked what she intended to do with the large amount of money. She (S) replied that she wanted to serve her poor village people and so she (S) had made up her (S) mind to establish a hospital in their (S) rural area. I thanked her and added that I would also help her (S) in that respect.    5. Change the form of narrative style by using indirect speeches:  [Dinajpur Board -2023] "Why do you stop me?" asked Rubel. "Have I done any wrong?" "You are driving so fast. It is not the rule," said the traffic sergeant. "Sorry Sir. My mother is in the hospital. So, I am in a hurry," said Rubel.    Answer : Rubel asked the traffic sergeant why he (T) stopped him (R). He also asked whether/if he (R) had done any wrong. The traffic sergeant replied that he (R) was driving so fast and said that it was not the rule. Rubel apologized respectfully and told him (Ts) that his (R) mother was in the hospital. He further said that he was in a hurry for this reason.   6. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches:  [Sylhet Board -2023] Mr. Kalam said to the bank manager, "May I get in, sir?" "Yes, come in," said the bank manager. Mr. Kalam said, I want to open a bank account." The manager said, "What type of account will you open?" I want to open a savings account, "said Mr. Kalam. Please go to the front desk. The officer will help you." “Thank you very much," Mr. Kalam said.   Answer : Mr. Kalam respectfully asked the bank manager whether he might/could get in. The bank manager replied affirmatively and told him (K) to come in. Mr. Kalam said that he wanted to open a bank account. The bank manager asked him (K) what type of account he (K) would open. Mr. Kalam replied that he (K) wanted to open a savings account. The bank manager requested him (K) to go to the front desk and added that the officer would help him (K). Mr. Kalam thanked the bank manager very much.   7. Change the narrative style of the passage by using indirect speeches:  [Barishal Board-2023] "How is your mother, Habib?," said Fahim. "She is better today," said Habib. "Did you take her to any doctor?" "Yes, and the doctor has x-rayed her." "Now, take a good care of her and ensure all medications as prescribed," said Fahim. "Of course, thank you a lot," said Habib.   Answer : Fahim asked Habib how was his (H) mother. Habib replied that she was better that day. Fahim asked again whether he (H) had taken her to any doctor. Habib replied affirmatively and told that the doctor had x-rayed her. Fahim suggested Habib to take a good care of her then and to ensure all medications that had been prescribed. Habib assured him and thanked him a lot.   8. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.  [Chattogram Board -2023] "What's your dream? Do you have any dream?" said Zayed. "Yes, I have a dream. My dream is a full plate of rice." said Robi. "Come with me. I am going to materialize your dream." "How kind you are!" said Robi.   Answer : Zayed asked Robi what his (R) dream was. He (Z) again asked him if he (R) had any dream. Robi tenderly replied in the affirmative that he (R) had a dream. He (R) added that his (R) dream was a full plate of rice. Instantly, Zayed told him (R) to go with him (Z). He (Z) added that he (Z) was going to materialize his (R) dream. Robi exclaimed in wonder that he (Z) was very kind.   9. Change the narrative style by using Indirect speeches:  [Mymensingh Board-2023] "What kind of stories did Aesop tell?" asked Anwar. “Fables,” replied Mr. Rahman. "Do you know what fables are?" "No," replied Anwar. "Well," continued Mr. Rahman, "Fables are stories with a moral. And Aesop entertained people by telling these stories."    Answer : Anwar asked Mr. Rahman what kind of stories Aesop had told. Mr. Rahman replied that they were Fables and asked if he knew what Fables are. Anwar replied in negative. Mr. Rahman nodded and continued that Fables are stories with a moral and added that Aesop had entertained people by telling those stories.

Narration Practice All Board Questions-2024 1. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Rajshahi Board-2024] “Why are your children crying, my daughter?” “They have been starving,” said the woman. “Have you none else in the world?” “My husband died some months ago. He left them neither money nor any property. So, they are in great distress. They have to starve sometimes.” “What a pity it is!” said the Caliph. 2. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Cumilla Board -2024] A man, lost in a forest, saw another man and rushed to him and said, “Oh! How happy I am to meet you! Unfortunately I have been lost in this forest for four days. Can you help me get out of this forest?” “No, Actually you don't need to be so happy, my friend, ” replied the another man, “I myself have been lost here for a week.” 3. [Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: Jashore Board-2024] “Are you ready to order, Sir?” said the waiter. “I would like to have a plain vegetable soup for starter. Then grilled chicken, boiled potatoes and garlic bread for main course,” replied the customer. “Anything for dessert?” asked the waiter. “Just a scoop of ice cream, please,” said the customer. 4. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Chattogram Board- 2024] “Porter, you may go,” said the mistress of the house, laughing. “You have gained your freedom.” “By Allah,” he replied, “I will not leave this house until I have heard the stories of my companions. 5. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Barishal Board-2024] The old man said, “Can you give me some food? I have been starving for two days.” The maid said, “Why do you beg? Can’t you work?” “No, I am unable to work,” the old man replied. The maid again said, "Don't you have anyone to look after you?" "No, I have none on this earth who can take care of me", said the old man. 6. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Dinajpur Board-2024] Direct Speech: The class teacher said to the students, “Do you like to go on a study tour?” “Yes,” said all the students. Then he said, “Take the permission from your parents.” One of the students said, “Let us go to Cox's Bazar ?” The Principal said, “May your journey be safe and sound.” 7.Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Mymensingh Board-2024] The king said to the astrologer, “How long do you want to live? For you will be hanged very soon.” Looking at the sky the astrologer said, “My Lord, the position of the stars declare that I'll die only a week before your Majesty. Good bye.” The king turned pale and ordered his courtiers, “Drive this wretch away and never allow him to come for disturbing peace.” All Board Questions-2023 1. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Dhaka Board– 2023] "Where will you get admission after your HSC Examination? Do you have any choice?" said the teacher to Susmita. "I'm not yet sure what I have to do because everything depends on my result." "You should have a choice. Be positive and optimistic." 2. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Rajshahi Board-2023] "I can chop some wood today," said Jerry "But I have a boy coming from the orphanage." "I am the boy." "You? But you are small." "Size does not matter, chopping wood," said Jerry. "Some of the big boys don't chop wood. I've been chopping wood for a long time," said Jerry to the writer. 3. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches. [Cumilla Board-2023] "What's a puppet show?" Mita said to her father. Father said. "Let's go inside and you can see yourself." Inside the tent Mita said, "How strange! A doll is dancing and talking." Father said "A man behind the screen is moving the doll. Do you understand who is talking?" 4. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches: [Jashore Board-2023] "I have won a lottery and got 10 lakh taka," said Samira. Congratulations!" I said. "What do you intend to do with the large amount of money?" "I want to serve my poor village people. So, I have made up my mind to establish a hospital in our rural area," Samira replied. "Thank you." I said. "I shall also help you in this respect." 5. Change the form of narrative style by using indirect speeches: [Dinajpur Board -2023] "Why do you stop me?" asked Rubel. "Have I done any wrong?" "You are driving so fast. It is not the rule," said the traffic sergeant. "Sorry Sir. My mother is in the hospital. So, I am in a hurry," said Rubel. 6. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches: [Sylhet Board -2023] Mr. Kalam said to the bank manager, "May I get in, sir?" "Yes, come in," said the bank manager. Mr. Kalam said, I want to open a bank account." The manager said, "What type of account will you open?" I want to open a savings account, "said Mr. Kalam. Please go to the front desk. The officer will help you." “Thank you very much," Mr. Kalam said. 7. Change the narrative style of the passage by using indirect speeches: [Barishal Board-2023] "How is your mother, Habib?," said Fahim. "She is better today," said Habib. "Did you take her to any doctor?" "Yes, and the doctor has x-rayed her." "Now, take a good care of her and ensure all medications as prescribed," said Fahim. "Of course, thank you a lot," said Habib. 8. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches. [Chattogram Board -2023] "What's your dream? Do you have any dream?" said Zayed. "Yes, I have a dream. My dream is a full plate of rice." said Robi. "Come with me. I am going to materialize your dream." "How kind you are!" said Robi. 9. Change the narrative style by using Indirect speeches: [Mymensingh Board-2023] "What kind of stories did Aesop tell?" asked Anwar. “Fables,” replied Mr. Rahman. "Do you know what fables are?" "No," replied Anwar. "Well," continued Mr. Rahman, "Fables are stories with a moral. And Aesop entertained people by telling these stories." All Board Questions-2024 with Answer 1. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Rajshahi Board-2024] “Why are your children crying, my daughter?” “They have been starving,” said the woman. “Have you none else in the world?” “My husband died some months ago. He left them neither money nor any property. So, they are in great distress. They have to starve sometimes.” “What a pity it is!” said the Caliph. Answer: Addressing the woman as his daughter the Caliph asked why her children were crying. The woman replied that they had been starving. The Caliph again asked if she had none else in the world. The woman replied that her husband had died some months ago. She added that he had left them neither money nor any property. So, they were in great distress. She also said that they had to starve sometimes. The Caliph exclaimed with sorrow that it was a great pity. 2.Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Cumilla Board -2024] A man, lost in a forest, saw another man and rushed to him and said, “Oh! How happy I am to meet you! Unfortunately I have been lost in this forest for four days. Can you help me get out of this forest?” “No, Actually you don't need to be so happy, my friend, ” replied the another man, “I myself have been lost here for a week.” Answer: A man , lost in a forest, saw another man and rushed to him and exclaimed that he was very happy to meet him. He also added that unfortunately he had been lost in that forest for four days. He again asked if he could help him get out of that forest. The another man replied in the negative and added that he himself had been lost there for a week. 3. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Jashore Board-2024] “Are you ready to order, Sir?” said the waiter. “I would like to have a plain vegetable soup for starter. Then grilled chicken, boiled potatoes and garlic bread for main course,” replied the customer. “Anything for dessert?” asked the waiter. “Just a scoop of ice cream, please,” said the customer. Answer: The waiter respectfully asked the customer if he was ready to order. The customer replied that he would like to have a plain vegetable soup for starter. Then he added that he would like to have grilled chicken, boiled potatoes and garlic bread for main course. The waiter again asked if he wanted anything for dessert. The customer replied politely that he wanted just a scoop of ice cream. 4. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Chattogram Board- 2024] “Porter, you may go,” said the mistress of the house, laughing. “You have gained your freedom.” “By Allah,” he replied, “I will not leave this house until I have heard the stories of my companions. Answer: The mistress of the house, told the porter that he might go and added that he had gained his freedom. Swearing by Allah, he replied that he would not leave that house until he had heard the stories of his companions. 5.Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Barishal Board-2024] The old man said, “Can you give me some food? I have been starving for two days.” The maid said, “Why do you beg? Can’t you work?” “No, I am unable to work,” the old man replied. The maid again said, "Don't you have anyone to look after you?" "No, I have none on this earth who can take care of me", said the old man. Answer: The old man asked the maid if she could give him (old man) some food and added that he had been starving for two days. The maid asked him why he begged and also asked him whether he couldn't work. The man replied in the negative and added that he was unable to work. The maid again asked if he didn't have anyone to look after him. The old man replied in the negative and added that he had none on this earth who could take care of him. 6. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Dinajpur Board-2024] Direct Speech: The class teacher said to the students, “Do you like to go on a study tour?” “Yes,” said all the students. Then he said, “Take the permission from your parents.” One of the students said, “Let us go to Cox's Bazar ?” The Principal said, “May your journey be safe and sound.” Answer: The class teacher asked the students if/ whether they liked to go for study tour. All the students replied in the affirmative. Then the teacher told them (S) to take permission of their parents. One of the students proposed that they should/might go to Cox's Bazar. The Principal prayed/wished that their journey might be safe and sound. 7. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Mymensingh Board-2024] The king said to the astrologer, “How long do you want to live? For you will be hanged very soon.” Looking at the sky the astrologer said, “My Lord, the position of the stars declare that I'll die only a week before your Majesty. Good bye.” The king turned pale and ordered his courtiers, “Drive this wretch away and never allow him to come for disturbing peace.” Answer: The king asked the astrologer how long he wanted to live as he would be hanged very soon. Addressing as his lord, the astrologer replied looking at the sky that the positions of the stars declared that he would die only a week before his Majesty. Then he bade him good bye. The king turned pale and ordered his courtiers to drive that wretch away and never allow him to come for disturbing peace. All Board Questions-2023 with Answer 1. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Dhaka Board– 2023] "Where will you get admission after your HSC Examination? Do you have any choice?" said the teacher to Susmita. "I'm not yet sure what I have to do because everything depends on my result." "You should have a choice. Be positive and optimistic." Answer: The teacher asked Susmita where she would get admission after her HSC Examination and if she had any choice. Susmita replied that she was not yet sure what she had to do because everything depended on her result. Then the teacher advised her to have a choice. He also advised her to be positive and optimistic. 2. Change the narrative style by using indirect speech: [Rajshahi Board-2023] "I can chop some wood today," said Jerry "But I have a boy coming from the orphanage." "I am the boy." "You? But you are small." "Size does not matter, chopping wood," said Jerry. "Some of the big boys don't chop wood. I've been chopping wood for a long time," said Jerry to the writer. Answer: Jerry said that he could chop some wood that day. The writer objected that she had a boy coming from the orphanage. Jerry replied that he was the boy. The writer ordered whether it was he and said that he was small. Jerry told that size does not / (did not) matter chopping wood and added that some of the big boys did not chop wood. Jerry further said that he had been chopping wood for a long time. Or, Jerry said that he could chop some wood that day. The writer objected that he had a boy coming from the orphanage. Jerry replied that he was the boy. Being surprised, she asked him whether it was he and said that he was small. Jerry told that size did not matter chopping wood and added that Sam of the big boys did not chop wood. Jerry further said that he had been chopping wood for a long time. 3. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches. [Cumilla Board-2023] "What's a puppet show?" Mita said to her father. Father said. "Let's go inside and you can see yourself." Inside the tent Mita said, "How strange! A doll is dancing and talking." Father said "A man behind the screen is moving the doll. Do you understand who is talking?" Answer: Mita asked her father what a puppet show war. Her father suggested that they could go inside and she could see herself inside the tent. Mita astonished and replied that it was very strange and added that a doll was dancing and talking. Her father replied that a man behind the screen was moving the doll and asked her if she understood who was talking. 4. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches: [Jashore Board-2023] "I have won a lottery and got 10 lakh taka," said Samira. Congratulations!" I said. "What do you intend to do with the large amount of money?" "I want to serve my poor village people. So, I have made up my mind to establish a hospital in our rural area," Samira replied. "Thank you." I said. "I shall also help you in this respect." Answer: Samira told me that she had won a lottery and got 10 lakh taka. I congratulated her and asked what she intended to do with the large amount of money. She (S) replied that she wanted to serve her poor village people and so she (S) had made up her (S) mind to establish a hospital in their (S) rural area. I thanked her and added that I would also help her (S) in that respect. 5. Change the form of narrative style by using indirect speeches: [Dinajpur Board -2023] "Why do you stop me?" asked Rubel. "Have I done any wrong?" "You are driving so fast. It is not the rule," said the traffic sergeant. "Sorry Sir. My mother is in the hospital. So, I am in a hurry," said Rubel. Answer: Rubel asked the traffic sergeant why he (T) stopped him (R). He also asked whether/if he (R) had done any wrong. The traffic sergeant replied that he (R) was driving so fast and said that it was not the rule. Rubel apologized respectfully and told him (Ts) that his (R) mother was in the hospital. He further said that he was in a hurry for this reason. 6. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches: [Sylhet Board -2023] Mr. Kalam said to the bank manager, "May I get in, sir?" "Yes, come in," said the bank manager. Mr. Kalam said, I want to open a bank account." The manager said, "What type of account will you open?" I want to open a savings account, "said Mr. Kalam. Please go to the front desk. The officer will help you." “Thank you very much," Mr. Kalam said. Answer: Mr. Kalam respectfully asked the bank manager whether he might/could get in. The bank manager replied affirmatively and told him (K) to come in. Mr. Kalam said that he wanted to open a bank account. The bank manager asked him (K) what type of account he (K) would open. Mr. Kalam replied that he (K) wanted to open a savings account. The bank manager requested him (K) to go to the front desk and added that the officer would help him (K). Mr. Kalam thanked the bank manager very much. 7. Change the narrative style of the passage by using indirect speeches: [Barishal Board-2023] "How is your mother, Habib?," said Fahim. "She is better today," said Habib. "Did you take her to any doctor?" "Yes, and the doctor has x-rayed her." "Now, take a good care of her and ensure all medications as prescribed," said Fahim. "Of course, thank you a lot," said Habib. Answer: Fahim asked Habib how was his (H) mother. Habib replied that she was better that day. Fahim asked again whether he (H) had taken her to any doctor. Habib replied affirmatively and told that the doctor had x-rayed her. Fahim suggested Habib to take a good care of her then and to ensure all medications that had been prescribed. Habib assured him and thanked him a lot. 8. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches. [Chattogram Board -2023] "What's your dream? Do you have any dream?" said Zayed. "Yes, I have a dream. My dream is a full plate of rice." said Robi. "Come with me. I am going to materialize your dream." "How kind you are!" said Robi. Answer: Zayed asked Robi what his (R) dream was. He (Z) again asked him if he (R) had any dream. Robi tenderly replied in the affirmative that he (R) had a dream. He (R) added that his (R) dream was a full plate of rice. Instantly, Zayed told him (R) to go with him (Z). He (Z) added that he (Z) was going to materialize his (R) dream. Robi exclaimed in wonder that he (Z) was very kind. 9. Change the narrative style by using Indirect speeches: [Mymensingh Board-2023] "What kind of stories did Aesop tell?" asked Anwar. “Fables,” replied Mr. Rahman. "Do you know what fables are?" "No," replied Anwar. "Well," continued Mr. Rahman, "Fables are stories with a moral. And Aesop entertained people by telling these stories." Answer: Anwar asked Mr. Rahman what kind of stories Aesop had told. Mr. Rahman replied that they were Fables and asked if he knew what Fables are. Anwar replied in negative. Mr. Rahman nodded and continued that Fables are stories with a moral and added that Aesop had entertained people by telling those stories.

Please click on the following link- Narration all Rules and Practice

Annual Summative Assessment-2024 Sample Question Subject: English Grade: Nine Time: 3 hours   Marks: 100 Part A: Reading 1. Read the passage carefully and complete the activities that follow: Being an exemplary citizen entails actively contributing to the welfare of one's community and nation. It transcends mere adherence to laws; it involves a conscious effort to foster positive change and promote the common good. A cornerstone of responsible citizenship is participation in the democratic process, particularly through voting. By casting a ballot, citizens exercise their power to influence the selection of leaders who will shape policies and governance for the benefit of society. Furthermore, law-abiding behaviour and the timely payment of taxes are vital duties. These contributions fund essential public services, such as the construction of educational institutions, infrastructure, and healthcare facilities, which are the backbone of a thriving society. Environmental stewardship is another critical aspect of good citizenship. This includes conserving natural resources, maintaining cleanliness in public spaces, and advocating for sustainable practices like recycling. By respecting diverse cultures and beliefs, good citizens foster a more inclusive and harmonious society, where mutual understanding and cooperation prevail. Moreover, civic responsibility extends to aiding others in the community. This can be demonstrated through volunteerism, assisting those in need, or supporting local businesses. Engaged citizens recognize the value of education and take steps to promote lifelong learning, both for themselves and for others, understanding that an informed populace is essential for societal progress. Lastly, maintaining one's health and well-being is a civic duty that cannot be overlooked. A healthy citizenry contributes to the overall vitality of the community. This responsibility involves adopting healthy eating habits, staying physically active, and managing stress effectively. By prioritizing these aspects, citizens ensure that they are capable of contributing positively to society, thereby enhancing the quality of life for everyone within the community. A. Choose the best answer from the alternatives.                                                    1x5=5 a) What does being an exemplary citizen primarily involve? i.                Following all laws strictly ii.             Contributing to the welfare of the community and nation iii.           Paying taxes on time iv.            Voting in every election b) According to the passage, what is considered a cornerstone of responsible citizenship? i.             Environmental conservation ii.           Participation in the democratic process iii.        Maintaining personal health iv.         Supporting local businesses c) How do citizens influence the selection of leaders, as mentioned in the passage? i.             By participating in community service ii.           By casting a ballot in elections iii.         By paying taxes iv.         By attending public meetings d) How do good citizens contribute to a more inclusive society? i.             By voting in every election ii.           By paying taxes regularly iii.         By respecting diverse cultures and beliefs iv.         By participating in debates e) Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a responsibility of an exemplary citizen? i.             Participating in the democratic process ii.           Conserving natural resources iii.         Adopting healthy eating habits iv.         Traveling frequently B. Write answers to the following questions.                                                  2X5=10 i)       What are the vital duties mentioned in the passage that support public services? ii)     Why is participation in the democratic process important for responsible citizenship? iii)   How does the passage define the ultimate impact of responsible citizenship? iv)   What is the role of education in responsible citizenship? v)      How does respecting diverse cultures and beliefs contribute to society? C. Below is a table with two columns. In the left column are words from the passage, and in the right column are definitions. Match each word with the correct definition by writing the corresponding letter in the space provided.             1X5=5 Column A (Word) Column B (Definition) Exemplary An important quality or feature on which a particular thing depends or is based. Cornerstone Publicly supporting or recommending a particular cause or policy. Inclusive The responsible management and care of something Advocating Serving as a desirable model; representing the best of its kind. Stewardship Open to everyone, regardless of differences such as race, religion 2.  Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows.    5 Abir: I’ve been hearing about human trafficking in Bangladesh. What is it? Lily: Human trafficking is when people are illegally traded for exploitation, like forced labor or prostitution. It’s a big problem here. Abir: How does it happen? Lily: Traffickers lure people with false promises of jobs or a better life, then exploit them. Abir: Who is most at risk? Lily: People from poor backgrounds, with little education, and marginalized communities, especially women and children. Abir: What’s being done to stop it? Lily: The government and organizations are working on stricter laws, better enforcement, and raising awareness. There are also shelters and support for victims. Abir: Are there still challenges? Lily: Yes, corruption, lack of resources, and low awareness make it hard to combat trafficking fully. Abir: Thanks for explaining, Lily. Lily: You’re welcome, Abir. It’s important to know about these issues. Now, give your opinions whether you agree or disagree with the statement ‘The government and organizations are not doing anything to combat human trafficking.’ 3.  Read the following text on cybercrime. Then complete the activities that follow. Cybercrime is a growing concern, involving illegal activities conducted online or using computers. Common types include hacking, identity theft, and online fraud. These crimes can cause significant harm to individuals and organizations, leading to financial loss and data breaches. Awareness is crucial to prevent cybercrime. People should use strong passwords, avoid sharing personal information online, and be cautious of suspicious emails and links. The government and organizations in Bangladesh are working to implement robust cyber security measures and educate the public about safe online practices. Complete the following table writing effect and preventive measures in respective columns.                                                                                                                     2x5=10 Cause Effect Preventive Measures Hacking     Identity Theft     Online Fraud     Phishing     Malware attacks             Part B: Appreciating Poetry 4. Read the following poem and do the activities that follow. A Bird on the Wire Leonard Cohen Like a bird on the wire Like a drunk in a midnight choir I have tried in my way to be free. Like a worm on a hook Like a knight from some old fashioned book I have saved all my ribbons for thee. If I, if I have been unkind I hope that you can just let it go by. If I, if I have been untrue I hope you know it was never to you. Oh, like a baby, stillborn Like a beast with his horn I have torn everyone who reached out for me. But I swear by this song And by all that I have done wrong I will make it all up to thee. a) Answer the following questions.                                                                  2x5=10 i.        What is the significance of metaphor ‘Like a bird on the wire’ in the poem? ii.      How does the poet explore the theme of regret in the poem? iii.    What role does the imagery play in conveying the poem’s theme? iv.    How does the poem reflect poet’s personal experiences? v.      How does the poem reflect on the nature of human relationship? b) Read the poem again, and identify 3 metaphors and 2 similes used in the poem. Then explain the purpose of their uses.                                        2x5 =10 c) Read the poem again and express your feelings.                                                10 Part C: Writing [For questions 5-7 learners should strictly follow the textbook to develop their writing on different issues.] 5. You know that the cultural heritage holds profound significance, reflecting a country's rich history, diverse traditions, and national identity. Think of the cultural heritage of your locality/district/country which has special values. Now write a paragraph on “The Significance of the Cultural Heritage of Bangladesh” 10 By paying attention to the following features, you can write the paragraph which will be clear, well-organized, and effective in conveying your ideas: ·         Your paragraph should start with the topic sentence. ·         The paragraph should focus on a single idea or theme. ·         The paragraph should flow logically from one idea to the next. ·         Include specific details rather than vague or general statements. 6. The Venn diagram below shows some similarities, some dissimilarities and some common features between the garment sector and the IT sector of Bangladesh. Now write an essay describing the Venn diagram in not more than 250 words.             15 You should follow the instructions below: ·         Start with an engaging sentence to grab the reader’s attention. ·         Use 3 Body Paragraphs: ·         Use specific examples, facts, and quotes to support your points. ·         Briefly recap the main points of comparison and contrast you covered in the body paragraphs. 7. Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up following grid. One is done for you.                                        2x5=10 Insects have a special way of breathing that is different from humans. Instead of lungs, insects use tiny tubes called tracheae to take in oxygen. These tubes are spread throughout their bodies and open to the outside through small holes called spiracles. When air enters through the spiracles, it travels through the tracheae and reaches the insect's cells directly. This allows insects to get the oxygen they need without using blood to transport it like humans do. The system is efficient for their small size, helping them survive in different environments. Elements of an Explanatory Text Examples in the Text General statement (what is being explained) Insects have a special way of breathing.                  Solution to the sample question A. Choose the best answer from the alternatives: 1.       a) What does being an exemplary citizen primarily involve? ii. Contributing to the welfare of the community and nation 2.       b) According to the passage, what is considered a cornerstone of responsible citizenship? ii. Participation in the democratic process 3.       c) How do citizens influence the selection of leaders, as mentioned in the passage? ii. By casting a ballot in elections 4.       d) How do good citizens contribute to a more inclusive society? iii. By respecting diverse cultures and beliefs 5.       e) Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a responsibility of an exemplary citizen? iv. Traveling frequently B. Write answers to the following questions: 1.       What are the vital duties mentioned in the passage that support public services? The vital duties mentioned are law-abiding behavior and the timely payment of taxes. These contributions help fund essential public services, including educational institutions, infrastructure, and healthcare facilities. 2.       Why is participation in the democratic process important for responsible citizenship? Participation in the democratic process, especially through voting, is important because it allows citizens to influence the selection of leaders who shape policies and governance that benefit society as a whole. 3.       How does the passage define the ultimate impact of responsible citizenship? The passage defines the ultimate impact of responsible citizenship as enhancing the overall quality of life within the community by contributing to public welfare, maintaining good health, fostering inclusivity, and promoting lifelong learning. 4.       What is the role of education in responsible citizenship? Education plays a key role in responsible citizenship by promoting lifelong learning, which helps create an informed populace. This is crucial for societal progress and enables citizens to make informed decisions that benefit the community. 5.       How does respecting diverse cultures and beliefs contribute to society? Respecting diverse cultures and beliefs fosters a more inclusive and harmonious society, where mutual understanding and cooperation prevail. It helps create an environment of unity and acceptance, essential for social cohesion. C. Match each word with the correct definition: 1.       Exemplary  - D  (Serving as a desirable model; representing the best of its kind.) 2.       Cornerstone  - A  (An important quality or feature on which a particular thing depends or is based.) 3.       Inclusive  - E  (Open to everyone, regardless of differences such as race, religion.) 4.       Advocating  - B  (Publicly supporting or recommending a particular cause or policy.) 5.       Stewardship  - C  (The responsible management and care of something.) 2. I disagree  with the statement that "The government and organizations are not doing anything to combat human trafficking." According to the conversation, both the government and various organizations are actively involved in addressing the issue. They are implementing stricter laws, improving enforcement, and working to raise public awareness. Additionally, they are providing shelters and support for victims of trafficking. While there are challenges, such as corruption and limited resources, these efforts show that action is being taken. The progress may be slow, but it is clear that measures are in place to combat human trafficking. Or. I agree  with the statement that "The government and organizations are not doing enough to combat human trafficking." Despite efforts, there are still significant challenges that hinder progress, such as corruption, limited resources, and low awareness, as mentioned in the conversation. These obstacles make it difficult to fully combat trafficking. Many vulnerable individuals, especially from poor and marginalized communities, continue to be exploited. While laws and support systems are in place, their implementation often falls short, and without more effective action, human trafficking remains a serious issue that is not being adequately addressed.     3. Cause Effect Preventive Measures Hacking Unauthorized access to systems and data breaches Use strong, unique passwords and enable two-factor authentication Identity Theft Loss of personal data and potential financial loss Avoid sharing personal information online; monitor credit reports Online Fraud Financial loss and damaged trust in online transactions Be cautious of online offers; verify the legitimacy of websites Phishing Stealing sensitive information through deceptive emails or sites Avoid clicking on suspicious emails or links; verify the sender Malware attacks System damage, data loss, or control over the victim’s device Use updated antivirus software; avoid downloading from untrusted sources   4. a) Answer the following questions. i. What is the significance of the metaphor "Like a bird on the wire" in the poem? The metaphor "Like a bird on the wire" shows that the poet feels fragile and uncertain. A bird sitting on a wire can easily fall or fly away, which represents how the poet tries to live freely but finds it difficult because of life's challenges. ii. How does the poet explore the theme of regret in the poem? The poet talks about regret by saying sorry for things he has done wrong. He admits that he may have hurt people and feels bad about it. Lines like "If I have been unkind" show that he wants to be forgiven for his mistakes and wants to fix the things he has done wrong. iii. What role does the imagery play in conveying the poem’s theme? The images in the poem, like "a bird on the wire" and "a worm on a hook," help us understand how the poet feels trapped and hurt. These images help explain his feelings of wanting freedom but also feeling stuck and guilty about things he has done. iv. How does the poem reflect the poet’s personal experiences? The poem seems to reflect the poet’s own experiences of feeling trapped, making mistakes, and wanting forgiveness. The feelings of regret and the desire to make up for past wrongs could be related to the poet’s own life and his relationships. v. How does the poem reflect on the nature of human relationships? The poem shows that human relationships can be complicated. The poet admits that he may have hurt the people who care about him, even though he didn’t mean to. He asks for forgiveness and hopes to fix the relationships he has damaged, showing the importance of saying sorry and making things right in human connections. b) Read the poem again, and identify 3 metaphors and 2 similes used in the poem. Then explain the purpose of their uses. Metaphors: "I have saved all my ribbons for thee" The "ribbons" metaphorically represent the speaker's achievements, efforts, or personal gifts that he has reserved for someone special. The comparison of "ribbons" to intangible things like efforts or feelings is a metaphor. "I have torn everyone who reached out for me" This metaphor suggests that the speaker has hurt those who have tried to help or connect with him. The use of "torn" does not literally mean he physically tore people, but emotionally or metaphorically wounded them. Similes: 1. "Like a bird on the wire" – This shows the poet feels like he's balancing between freedom and being stuck, always on the edge. 2. "Like a drunk in a midnight choir" – This shows that the poet feels out of place or not in control, but still trying to find where he belongs. Purpose of their uses: The metaphors and similes help explain the poet’s feelings and struggles. They show how he feels trapped, guilty, and lost, but still trying to find freedom and fix his mistakes. These comparisons help us understand his emotional pain more clearly.   c) Read the poem again and express your feelings. After reading the poem, I felt a deep sense of sadness and reflection. The poet’s expression of regret and his attempts to seek forgiveness struck a chord with me. He acknowledges that he has hurt people unintentionally, which made me think about how we all sometimes cause pain to those we care about, even when we don't mean to. This sense of regret is something many people can relate to, and it made me feel sympathetic towards the poet. The imagery, like "a bird on the wire" and "a worm on a hook," paints a vivid picture of someone who feels trapped and vulnerable. It made me feel the weight of the poet’s emotional struggle. The bird on the wire made me think of someone trying to balance between freedom and the limitations of life, constantly struggling to stay steady. The worm on the hook reminded me of the helplessness people often feel when they are caught in difficult situations, unable to escape. As I continued reading, I could feel the poet's desire to make up for his mistakes. The line "I will make it all up to thee" shows his deep longing to fix the wrongs he has done. This gave me a sense of hope, as it reminded me that, despite our past mistakes, there is always a chance to seek forgiveness and try to make things right. The poet’s willingness to admit his faults and ask for understanding made me think about how important it is to face our mistakes honestly. Overall, the poem left me feeling thoughtful and introspective. It made me think about my own relationships and how important it is to be kind and forgiving, both to others and to ourselves. The poet's journey through guilt, regret, and the desire for redemption touched me, and it made me appreciate the complexity of human emotions and the power of forgiveness.   Theme of the Poem:   This poem, "A Bird on the Wire" by Leonard Cohen, expresses the speaker's struggle with freedom, love, and regret. The speaker compares himself to a bird on a wire and a drunk in a choir, showing how he has tried to be free but has often felt trapped or lost. He also likens himself to a worm on a hook and a knight from an old book, suggesting his efforts to hold onto love.The speaker admits that he has hurt others, either by being unkind or unfaithful, but he asks for forgiveness, explaining that his wrongs were never meant to hurt the person he loves. He compares himself to a stillborn baby and a wild beast, showing how he has pushed people away. Despite his mistakes, he promises to make things right and prove his love.   5. The Significance of the Cultural Heritage of Bangladesh The cultural heritage of Bangladesh is very important because it shows the country’s long history, traditions, and national identity. One of the key parts of Bangladeshi culture is its festivals. For example, Pohela Boishakh, the Bengali New Year, is celebrated by people all over the country with music, food, and colorful parades. It brings people together and reminds them of their shared heritage. Another special part of Bangladesh’s culture is its traditional arts and crafts. Jamdani weaving is one of the most famous, known for its beautiful and detailed designs. This ancient craft is passed down through generations and is recognized as a UNESCO cultural heritage. It shows the skill and creativity of Bangladeshi people and connects them to their past. Bangladesh also has important historical sites that tell the story of its ancient civilizations. Paharpur, for example, is a UNESCO World Heritage site with ancient Buddhist ruins. This site shows that Bangladesh has a rich history going back thousands of years, with influences from different cultures and religions.   6.  Similarities and Differences Between the Garment Sector and IT Sector of Bangladesh The garment sector and the IT sector are two of the most important industries in Bangladesh, each contributing to the country’s economy in different ways. While these sectors may seem very different, they also share some similarities and common features. Firstly, both the garment sector and the IT sector provide many jobs for people in Bangladesh. The garment sector is the largest employer, with over 4 million workers, mostly women, working in factories to produce clothing for export. Similarly, the IT sector has grown rapidly in recent years, creating jobs for young professionals who work in areas like software development and digital services. Both sectors play a big role in reducing unemployment and supporting families across the country.   However, there are some differences between these industries. The garment sector mainly focuses on physical labor and manufacturing, where workers use machines to make clothes. On the other hand, the IT sector is more knowledge-based, requiring skills in technology, coding, and problem-solving. Workers in the IT sector often need higher education and training, while the garment sector offers jobs to people with less formal education.   Lastly, both sectors share some common features that help the country grow. For example, both industries are important for Bangladesh’s exports. The garment sector is the largest exporter, contributing around 80% of Bangladesh’s export earnings. The IT sector is also growing in exports, as companies provide digital services to clients worldwide. Both industries bring foreign currency into the country, helping to strengthen the economy.   In conclusion, while the garment and IT sectors are different in their focus and work style, they share similarities in providing jobs and supporting the economy. Both industries are vital for the growth and development of Bangladesh.         7.  Elements of an Explanatory Text Examples in the Text General statement (what is being explained) Insects have a special way of breathing. Explanation of how the process works Insects use tiny tubes called tracheae to take in oxygen. Detailed description of the process The tubes are spread throughout their bodies and open to the outside through small holes called spiracles. Specific information about the process Air enters through the spiracles, travels through the tracheae, and reaches the insect's cells directly. Comparison or contrast with another system Insects don’t use blood to transport oxygen like humans do.

Subject Verb Split Subject-verb split  refers to the separation of the subject and the verb in a sentence by one or more words or phrases. This structure is often used to add information, provide context, or enhance the meaning of the sentence without changing its basic grammatical structure. The split can make sentences more complex and informative. Key Points: Subject: The subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something. It usually answers the question "who" or "what" the sentence is about. Verb: The verb expresses the action or state of being of the subject. It answers the question "what is happening?" Splitters: The words or phrases that separate the subject from the verb are called splitters . They can include: Prepositional phrases (e.g., "in the garden") Appositive phrases (e.g., "the teacher") Clauses (e.g., "which is quite interesting") Adverbial phrases (e.g., "especially during the summer") Example of a Subject-Verb Split: Without Split: The cat is sleeping. With Split: The cat, after playing all day , is sleeping. In the second example, "after playing all day" is the splitter that separates "The cat" (the subject) from "is sleeping" (the verb). Purpose of Subject-Verb Splits: Clarity: Adds clarity by providing additional details without overcrowding the main sentence. Emphasis: Highlights important information or context related to the subject or action. Variety: Creates variety in sentence structure, making writing more engaging and dynamic. Overall, subject-verb splits are a useful tool in writing and speaking to convey more information while maintaining grammatical correctness.       Subject- Verb Splitter Example   An example using longer splitters to separate the subject from the verb in the sentence "The committee is reviewing the proposals." Each example showcases how the subject and verb can be split with detailed phrases. Original Sentence The committee is reviewing the proposals.   Split Examples with Long Splitters Sentences The committee, during the extended discussions held over several meetings , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, in light of the feedback received from community stakeholders , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, a dedicated group of professionals working in urban planning and development , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, which consists of various experts in environmental science and policy , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, which was established last year to address pressing community issues , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, comprised of local leaders and representatives from multiple organizations , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, which has been tasked with evaluating the impact of proposed changes on local residents , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, with the aim of ensuring transparency and accountability in its decision-making process , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, to summarize the key points discussed in previous meetings , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, after considering the various perspectives presented by the community , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, should it find that the proposals do not align with community interests , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, if necessary to facilitate improvements , is reviewing the proposals thoroughly. The committee, which was created specifically to enhance community engagement and participation , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, having received numerous inquiries from residents regarding the new regulations , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, as stated by the local council members during their last meeting , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, according to the most recent reports from community surveys , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, in comparison to previous evaluations conducted last year , is reviewing the proposals with greater scrutiny. The committee, unlike other advisory groups that have made recommendations , is reviewing the proposals with a focus on practical implementation. The committee, above all other responsibilities , is reviewing the proposals to ensure they align with community needs. The committee, most importantly for the future of local governance , is reviewing the proposals carefully and thoughtfully. The committee, specifically tasked with evaluating initiatives related to environmental sustainability , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, particularly concerned about the potential impacts on public health , is reviewing the proposals meticulously. The committee, in conclusion, after a thorough examination of all relevant data and community feedback , is reviewing the proposals. The committee, to summarize the extensive discussions and analyses conducted , is reviewing the proposals to finalize their recommendations. The committee, which was established last year to address pressing community issues , in light of the feedback received from community stakeholders , is reviewing, with the aim of ensuring transparency and accountability in its decision-making process , the proposals. Names of the Splitters used in the above sentences Long Prepositional Phrase Long Prepositional Phrase Detailed Appositive Phrase Elaborate Interrupting Clause Elaborate Interrupting Clause Elaborate Interrupting Clause Elaborate Interrupting Clause Extended Explanatory Phrase Comprehensive Summary Phrase Comprehensive Summary Phrase Conditional Phrase with More Context Conditional Phrase with More Context Elaborate Interrupting Clause Lengthy Clarifying Phrase In-Depth Quoting Source In-Depth Quoting Source Detailed Comparison Phrase Detailed Comparison Phrase Comprehensive Emphasis Phrase Comprehensive Emphasis Phrase Elaborate Indicating Specificity Elaborate Indicating Specificity Lengthy Concluding Phrase Lengthy Concluding Phrase Elaborate Interrupting Clause, Long Prepositional Phrase, Extended Explanatory Phrase     Important Subject –Verb Splitters A comprehensive compilation of all the rules for splitting subjects and verbs, including brief descriptions and examples for each rule. 1. By Non-defining Relative Clauses Non-defining relative clauses provide additional information about the subject, and their removal does not alter the sentence's fundamental meaning. Examples : The employee , who was recently promoted to manager , is handling more responsibilities now and proving to be a valuable asset to the team. The product , which was launched last year after extensive testing , is gaining  popularity in the market and attracting new customers every day. The manager , who oversees the entire department and mentors new hires , is meeting  with the team today to discuss project updates. The policy , which had been debated for months and revised multiple times , was finally being implemented  last week, marking a significant change for the organization. The team , who had been working tirelessly through late nights and weekends , was celebrating  the success of their project with a grand party. 2. By Infinitive Phrases Infinitive phrases express purpose or intention and can act as modifiers that split the subject from the verb. Examples : The committee , to achieve its goals of efficiency and productivity , is organizing  a series of meetings to brainstorm new strategies. The engineers , to finish the project on time and under budget , are collaborating  closely, ensuring that every detail is meticulously checked. The employee , to improve her skills and gain more qualifications , is attending  professional development workshops throughout the year. The manager , to motivate the team and enhance performance , was introducing  new incentives during the staff meeting this morning. The department , to increase productivity and streamline processes , is adopting  new technology that has proven effective in other companies. 3. By Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases add context about time, place, or manner and can effectively separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The workers , in the factory where they produce high-quality goods , are operating  the machinery with precision and care to ensure safety. The leader , during the conference held in the main auditorium , was explaining  the new strategy and its anticipated impacts on the company. The participants , at the event hosted by the local community center , are discussing  innovative ideas to improve their neighborhood. The guests , in the hotel’s lavish ballroom , were waiting  for the check-in process to complete, eagerly anticipating their stay. The students , in the library filled with resources , are preparing  for their exams with focused determination. 4. By Appositive Phrases Appositive phrases rename or elaborate on the subject, effectively separating it from the verb. Examples : The CEO , a visionary leader with decades of experience , is guiding  the company towards success by implementing new initiatives. The project , a massive undertaking that required extensive planning , is nearing  its completion stage, with only a few final touches left. The author , a well-known novelist whose works have received critical acclaim , is working  on her next book, expected to be a bestseller. The software , an advanced platform designed for remote collaboration , is being adopted  by many companies to enhance productivity. The organization , a non-profit entity dedicated to community service , was helping  to provide relief to disaster victims in the affected areas. 5. By Adjectival Phrases Adjectival phrases describe or modify the subject, providing additional context and separating it from the verb. Examples : The car , covered in mud after the off-road adventure , is being washed  by its owner, who wants it looking brand new again. The building , designed by a famous architect renowned for innovative structures , is attracting  tourists from all over the city, eager to see its unique design. The team , motivated by their recent success in the competition , was working  even harder on the new project to ensure they maintain their winning streak. The house , surrounded by trees and lush gardens , is being renovated  to match modern standards while preserving its historical charm. The employees , exhausted from overtime but committed to their tasks , were requesting  additional support to manage the workload. 6. By Gerund Phrases Gerund phrases act as nouns and can provide additional information, splitting the subject from the verb. Examples : The manager , focusing on team dynamics to improve overall performance , is improving  communication among the staff, leading to a more collaborative environment. The teacher , encouraging student participation in class discussions , was engaging  with the class, making learning more interactive and enjoyable. The company , adapting to market demands by introducing new products , is launching  new offerings every quarter to stay competitive. The athlete , training for the championship in the hopes of winning , is improving  his performance with each practice session, showing great determination. The committee , reviewing the proposal for new policies , was making  recommendations for changes that could benefit everyone involved. 7. By Noun Clauses Noun clauses serve as the subject or object and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The board of directors , that the company appointed to oversee the project , is making  crucial decisions regarding its future direction and funding. The students , who the teacher instructed to complete their assignments , are completing  their projects on time, showing great commitment. The program , that the university launched last semester , is attracting  many applicants interested in gaining practical experience. The design , which the client approved after multiple revisions , is being implemented  in the new project, signaling a new phase of development. The workers , that the factory hired for the busy season , are producing  high-quality goods, exceeding expectations consistently. 8. By Adverbial Phrases Adverbial phrases provide additional context, such as time or manner, separating the subject from the verb. Examples : The manager , with great confidence in her team's abilities , is presenting  the new plan to the board today. The players , after a long season of hard work , were celebrating their victory with a well-deserved party. The singer , without any hesitation and full of energy , is performing  live in front of the crowd, captivating everyone in attendance. The team , with high hopes and great expectations , is competing for the championship title this year, determined to succeed. The product , despite the challenges it faced during development , was becoming  a market leader, outpacing its competitors. 9. By Participial Phrases Participial phrases act as modifiers, providing information that splits the subject from the verb. Examples : The children , playing in the park and enjoying the sunshine , are having  the time of their lives during their summer break. The research team , analyzing the data thoroughly , is presenting its findings to the board in hopes of securing more funding. The artist , inspired by nature and the world around her , was creating  beautiful paintings that resonated with many. The dog , barking loudly and trying to get attention , is attracting  the gaze of every passerby in the street. The volunteers , dedicated to their cause and working tirelessly , were organizing  the charity event to raise funds for those in need. 10. By Direct Address Direct address involves speaking directly to someone and can effectively separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The students , class , are preparing  for their exams and putting in extra hours to ensure they understand the material. The team , everyone , is excited  about the upcoming match and has been practicing diligently in preparation. The participants , friends , were discussing  the results of the project passionately, eager to make improvements. The audience , ladies and gentlemen , is eager  to hear the speech and learn more about the upcoming initiatives. The workers , team members , are collaborating  on the new initiative, sharing ideas and strategies to achieve their goals. 11. By Contrastive Phrases Contrastive phrases highlight differences or exceptions and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The students , on the other hand , are focusing  on their studies and preparing thoroughly for the upcoming exams. The employees , however , were dealing  with unexpected challenges that arose during the project implementation phase. The researchers , in contrast , are seeking  alternative solutions that may provide better outcomes for their experiments. The athletes , despite their fatigue from training , are pushing themselves to excel and reach their peak performance. The children , in comparison , were learning  quickly and effectively, adapting to new teaching methods with ease. 12. By Emphatic Phrases Emphatic phrases are used for emphasis and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The teacher , indeed , is making  a significant impact on her students and inspiring them to reach their full potential. The manager , certainly , is leading  the team to success with innovative ideas and effective strategies. The organization , undoubtedly , was making  a difference in the community, providing support and resources to those in need. The artist , truly , is capturing  the essence of the moment in her breathtaking paintings that reflect her emotions. The project , absolutely , is moving  forward as planned, with all deadlines being met efficiently. 13. By Explanatory Phrases Explanatory phrases provide further clarification about the subject and can effectively separate it from the verb. Examples : The athlete , who trained hard and dedicated countless hours , is competing  in the finals and hoping to win the championship. The scientist , whose research is groundbreaking and has the potential to change lives , was presenting  her findings at the conference. The chef , known for his culinary skills and innovative dishes , is preparing  a special meal for the guests attending the event. The student , who consistently works hard and seeks help when needed , is improving  her grades significantly as a result of her dedication. The writer , recognized for her creativity and storytelling prowess , was drafting  a new novel that explores complex human emotions. 14. By Summary Phrases Summary phrases condense the main idea and can serve to separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The team , in summary , is on track to meet its goals and is working efficiently to achieve them. The results , in conclusion , were reflecting  the hard work put in by everyone involved in the project. The findings , to summarize , are highlighting  key issues that need immediate attention and action from the stakeholders. The analysis , overall , is providing  valuable insights into the problem and potential solutions. The data , as a result , was indicating  a significant trend that could lead to important developments in the field. 15. By Conditional Phrases Conditional phrases express hypothetical situations and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The project , if completed on time and within budget , is exceeding  expectations and will set a new standard in the industry. The team , unless they work together and communicate effectively , will face  difficulties in achieving their goals. The proposal , if accepted by the board , is promising significant improvements in operational efficiency. The students , should they need help with their studies , are encouraged  to ask questions and seek assistance from their teachers. The plans , if approved , were paving  the way for new opportunities and innovations in the community. 16. By Resultative Phrases Resultative phrases indicate outcomes or effects and can effectively separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The presentation , as a result of thorough preparation and extensive research , is impressing  everyone and receiving positive feedback. The students , having studied diligently throughout the semester , were performing  exceptionally well in their exams. The company , after implementing new strategies and receiving valuable feedback , is experiencing  growth in both sales and customer satisfaction. The team , having won the match and achieved their goals , is celebrating  their victory with a well-deserved party. The initiative , resulting from community support and engagement , is gaining  momentum and attracting more volunteers every day. 17. By Clarifying Phrases Clarifying phrases are used to provide further details and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The athlete , to clarify his training regimen and dedication , is training  for the upcoming competition with intense focus. The teacher , in other words , was explaining  the concept thoroughly, ensuring all students understood before moving on. The proposal , to be clear about its objectives and outcomes , is focused  on sustainability and community engagement. The research , let me explain the methodology used , was conducted over several months  to ensure accuracy. The plan , to elaborate on its features and benefits , is designed to enhance collaboration among team members. 18. By Interrupters Interrupters include additional thoughts or commentary and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The students , you know , are eager  to learn and are actively participating in class discussions. The team , in fact , was working  late last night to finalize their project ahead of the deadline. The workers , I believe , are making  progress on the project and are committed to meeting their targets. The report , as you can see from the data presented , is highlighting  important issues that need addressing. The children , let me tell you , were playing  joyfully in the park, completely absorbed in their games. 19. By Clarifying Examples Clarifying examples provide specific illustrations or instances that can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The city council , for instance , is proposing  new zoning laws to accommodate the growing population and improve urban planning. The study , such as the recent research on renewable energy , is highlighting  the importance of sustainable practices for future generations. The organization , including various local businesses , is working together to promote community events and support economic growth. The participants , like those in the previous program , were sharing  their insights on how to improve the initiative. The program , including workshops and seminars , is designed to enhance professional development for all employees. 20. By Quoting Sources Quoting sources provides authoritative support or evidence and can effectively separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The professor , according to the latest research , is advocating for new teaching methods that enhance student engagement. The report , as stated by the researchers , is suggesting significant changes in policy to improve public health outcomes. The expert , in a recent interview , was explaining  the implications of climate change on global ecosystems. The article , citing various studies , is arguing  for the benefits of a balanced diet and regular exercise. The analysis , drawing from historical data , was demonstrating the correlation between education and economic growth. 21. By Comparing Phrases Comparative phrases highlight similarities or differences and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The new policy , compared to the previous regulations , is providing  more flexibility for employees and encouraging work-life balance. The results , when examined alongside past data , were indicating a positive trend in customer satisfaction. The program , as opposed to traditional methods , is focusing on experiential learning to enhance student retention. The research , unlike earlier studies , was revealing  new insights into the behavior of consumers in the digital age. The athletes , compared to last year , are improving  their performances significantly, showing great dedication. 22. By Conditional Clauses Conditional clauses express conditions that can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The project , if successfully implemented , is expected  to transform the local economy and create new job opportunities. The organization , unless it receives additional funding , is struggling  to maintain its current programs and services. The team , should they win this match , will advance  to the finals and compete for the championship. The findings , if validated by further research , could change the approach to treating certain medical conditions. The students , if they follow the guidelines provided , are likely to achieve their academic goals and perform well in exams. 23. By Summarizing Outcomes Summarizing outcomes encapsulates the main results or effects and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The initiative , as a result of community involvement , is producing  positive changes and fostering a sense of belonging among residents. The campaign , after extensive outreach and education , is increasing  awareness about environmental conservation. The research findings , in summary , were indicating significant progress in understanding the impacts of pollution on health. The workshop , which focused on skill development , was enhancing participants' abilities and boosting their confidence. The collaboration , resulting from various stakeholders coming together , is yielding  beneficial outcomes for the project. 24. By Clarifying Roles Clarifying roles gives insight into the functions or responsibilities involved and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The team , with each member assigned specific tasks , is collaborating  effectively to meet the project deadlines. The committee , composed of experts in various fields , is reviewing  the proposals to ensure they meet the required standards. The participants , who have different backgrounds and experiences , are contributing  unique perspectives to the discussion. The organization , tasked with implementing new policies , was working  diligently to ensure a smooth transition. The volunteers , whose roles include coordination and outreach , are helping  to promote the event and encourage community involvement. 25. By Elaborative Phrases Elaborative phrases provide additional details and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The project , with its extensive research and innovative approach , is aiming  to address significant societal challenges effectively. The program , focusing on personal development and skill enhancement , is designed  to prepare participants for future opportunities. The strategy , which involves collaboration between different departments , is enhancing  overall efficiency and effectiveness in operations. The exhibition , showcasing various artistic expressions and cultural themes , is attracting  a diverse audience and promoting community engagement. The initiative , aiming to foster inclusion and diversity , is positively impacting  the organization's culture and employee morale. 26. By Expanding Ideas Expanding ideas provides further insights or arguments and can effectively separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The report , which outlines the current market trends and consumer preferences , is serving  as a guide for strategic planning. The analysis , which includes data from multiple sources , is revealing  patterns that suggest significant shifts in consumer behavior. The curriculum , designed to promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills , is preparing  students for real-world challenges. The organization , which aims to provide support for underprivileged communities , is actively seeking  donations and volunteers to expand its reach. The conference , featuring various keynote speakers and workshops , is offering  valuable insights into the future of the industry. 27. By Clarifying Differences Clarifying differences highlights contrasts and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The approach , in contrast to previous methods , is focusing on holistic strategies that consider the well-being of individuals. The results , unlike earlier studies , are suggesting  a new direction for research and practice in the field. The initiative , contrary to popular belief , is working  effectively to reduce waste and promote recycling within the community. The findings , as opposed to traditional theories , are challenging  established norms and prompting further investigation. The program , differing from its predecessors , is emphasizing collaborative learning and real-world applications of knowledge. 28. By Indicating Specificity Indicating specificity provides particular details and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The report , specifically addressing recent trends in technology , is highlighting  key factors that will shape the future of the industry. The team , focused on quality assurance , is implementing rigorous testing procedures to ensure product reliability. The project , notably designed to improve local infrastructure , is receiving  positive feedback from the community. The analysis , particularly regarding consumer preferences , is helping  businesses tailor their marketing strategies effectively. The strategy , especially in light of recent developments , is aimed  at enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. 29. By Emphasizing Points Emphasizing points highlights important aspects and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The project , above all , is demonstrating  the power of community involvement in achieving meaningful change. The findings , most importantly , are underscoring  the need for immediate action to address environmental issues. The initiative , notably , is setting  a precedent for future collaborations and community-driven projects. The team , especially in the face of challenges , is showing resilience and commitment to their goals. The study , crucially , is pointing  to the significance of early intervention in improving outcomes for at-risk populations. 30. By Indicating Conclusion Indicating conclusions summarizes the main points and can separate the subject from the verb. Examples : The research , in conclusion , is suggesting  that holistic approaches to health can lead to better outcomes for patients. The findings , to sum up , were indicating  a clear need for reform in educational practices to enhance student learning. The initiative , as a final point , is proving  that collaboration can yield substantial benefits for communities. The analysis , to conclude , is highlighting  the critical role of stakeholder engagement in successful project implementation. The report , ultimately , is affirming  the importance of continuous evaluation to ensure effectiveness in policies and programs.

Please click on the following link- Subject-Verb Agreement all Rules and Practice

1. Some people fail in school but end up being successful in life. Why do you think that is the case? What is the most important thing to succeed in life? Reasons for success despite school failure: Different learning styles : Traditional education may not suit everyone; some thrive in practical environments (e.g., entrepreneurs). Resilience and determination : Life challenges can build character and drive, leading to success (e.g., J.K. Rowling faced rejection before her success). Social skills : Strong interpersonal skills can lead to networking opportunities, crucial for career success (e.g., salespeople). Real-world experience : Gaining skills through work or hobbies can outweigh academic performance (e.g., successful artists). Most important factor for success: Adaptability : Ability to learn and adjust to changing circumstances. Passion : Motivation and enthusiasm for a chosen path. Work ethic : Commitment and perseverance often lead to achievement. Networking : Building relationships can open doors to opportunities. 2. Some people think that ambition is essential for success. To what extent do you agree? Agree: Drives individuals to set and achieve goals : Ambitious people often have clear objectives (e.g., CEOs). Pushes for continuous improvement : Ambition motivates personal and professional growth (e.g., athletes). Fosters resilience : Ambitious individuals often overcome challenges (e.g., inventors). Disagree: Can lead to burnout : Excessive ambition may result in stress and health issues (e.g., overworked professionals). Neglect of personal relationships : Focusing solely on ambition can lead to loneliness (e.g., isolated executives). Other traits matter : Skills like emotional intelligence and teamwork are crucial for success (e.g., managers). 3. The first impression you have of a person is the best way to judge a person. Do you agree? Agree: Initial perceptions often influence future interactions : First impressions can set the tone for relationships (e.g., job interviews). Body language and appearance communicate confidence : These can impact how someone is perceived (e.g., public speakers). People often make quick judgments  based on stereotypes (e.g., professional attire in business). Disagree: First impressions can be misleading : People may act differently in unfamiliar situations (e.g., shy individuals appearing unfriendly). Requires deeper understanding : True character is revealed over time (e.g., personal growth stories). Cultural differences : Norms may vary, leading to misinterpretations (e.g., gestures in different cultures). 4. Some people enjoy change in life, while other people try to avoid it. What are the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches? Advantages of embracing change: Opportunities for growth : Change can lead to new experiences and learning (e.g., relocating for a job). Adaptability : Flexible individuals can handle life’s uncertainties better (e.g., entrepreneurs). Disadvantages of embracing change: Stress and anxiety : Rapid change can be overwhelming (e.g., adapting to a new workplace). Loss of stability : Frequent changes can disrupt routines (e.g., moving schools). Advantages of avoiding change: Stability and security : Predictable routines can lead to comfort (e.g., long-term relationships). Focus on deepening existing skills : Specialization can lead to expertise (e.g., long-term employees). Disadvantages of avoiding change: Missed opportunities : Sticking to comfort zones can limit personal and professional growth (e.g., career stagnation). Inability to adapt : Resistance to change can lead to difficulties when change is inevitable (e.g., outdated skills). 5. People were happier in previous generations compared to now. To what extent do you agree? Agree: Simpler lifestyles : Less technology led to more face-to-face interactions and community ties (e.g., neighborly support). Stronger family values : Families often spent more time together, leading to closer relationships (e.g., family gatherings). Less pressure from social media : Fewer comparisons and expectations created less stress (e.g., less anxiety). Disagree: Access to better healthcare : Advances in medicine improve quality of life and longevity (e.g., vaccinations). Greater opportunities : Modern society offers diverse career paths and education (e.g., online learning). Increased awareness : Today’s society is more aware of mental health issues, leading to better support systems. 6. Some people think that teenagers are happier than adults, but others do not agree. Discuss both sides and give your opinion. Teenagers are happier: Fewer responsibilities : Less pressure from work and family (e.g., carefree social life). Friendships : Strong peer connections can lead to fulfillment (e.g., group activities). Exploration : Opportunities for self-discovery and new experiences (e.g., travel and hobbies). Adults are happier: Financial independence : Adults often have more control over their lives (e.g., career choices). Personal relationships : Long-term relationships and families can provide deep emotional support (e.g., parenting). Life experience : Adults may have a better perspective on happiness and fulfillment (e.g., knowing what truly matters). 7. Nowadays, celebrities are more famous for their glamour and wealth than for their achievements, and this sets a bad example for young people. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Agree: Focus on superficial values : Emphasis on appearance and wealth can distort values (e.g., social media influencers). Influences youth : Young people may prioritize fame over substance (e.g., aspiring to be influencers). Neglect of true achievements : Important contributions may be overshadowed (e.g., scientists, educators). Disagree: Diverse celebrity roles : Some celebrities actively promote positive messages and achievements (e.g., philanthropists). Inspiration : Celebrities can motivate youth to pursue their passions (e.g., athletes overcoming adversity). Cultural shifts : Awareness of real issues is growing, leading to positive role models (e.g., activists). 8. Some celebrities feel that the media violates their personal space and shares their private life publicly, while others feel it is just part of being famous. What is your opinion? Media violation: Right to privacy : Everyone deserves personal space, regardless of fame (e.g., intrusive paparazzi). Mental health impact : Constant scrutiny can lead to anxiety and stress (e.g., celebrity breakdowns). Boundaries : Celebrities should have control over their personal narratives (e.g., consent in media portrayal). Part of being famous: Public interest : Fans are curious about celebrities' lives, leading to media coverage (e.g., reality shows). Career implications : Being in the spotlight can lead to more opportunities (e.g., endorsements). Expectation of transparency : Celebrities often share aspects of their lives willingly (e.g., social media posts). 9. The way someone dresses speaks volumes about their personality. To what extent do you agree? Agree: First impressions : Clothing can influence perceptions of professionalism or creativity (e.g., formal vs. casual attire). Cultural expression : Fashion choices often reflect cultural backgrounds and values (e.g., traditional clothing). Mood representation : People may dress based on their feelings or intentions (e.g., bright colors for positivity). Disagree: Not definitive : Clothing choices may not accurately reflect personality (e.g., someone dressing conservatively but being adventurous). Economic factors : Financial constraints can limit clothing options, not reflecting true personality (e.g., thrifted clothes). Individuality : Personal style varies widely, and assumptions based on dress can be misleading (e.g., alternative fashion). 10. With an increasing population communicating via the internet and text messaging, face-to-face communication will become a thing of the past. To what extent do you agree? Agree: Convenience of digital communication : Allows instant messaging and global connectivity (e.g., video calls). Changing social norms : Younger generations may prefer digital interactions over in-person meetings (e.g., social media interactions). Pandemic effects : COVID-19 accelerated the shift to remote communication (e.g., virtual events). Disagree: Importance of personal connections : Face-to-face interactions build deeper relationships (e.g., family gatherings). Non-verbal cues : In-person communication allows for better understanding through body language (e.g., gestures). Cultural significance : Many cultures value in-person interactions for celebrations and rituals (e.g., weddings). 11. More and more businesses, as well as individuals, are choosing to communicate either professionally or socially using technology rather than being face to face. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using technology for communication. Advantages: Efficiency : Quick exchanges and easy access to information (e.g., emails). Global reach : Connect with people regardless of geographical barriers (e.g., international teams). Flexibility : Work from anywhere, enhancing work-life balance (e.g., remote work). Disadvantages: Lack of personal connection : Reduced emotional depth in interactions (e.g., misunderstandings via text). Digital fatigue : Overreliance on technology can lead to burnout (e.g., video call exhaustion). Security risks : Increased potential for data breaches and privacy concerns (e.g., hacking incidents). 12. Many young children have unsupervised access to the internet and are using the internet to socialize with others. This can lead to a number of dangerous situations which can be threatening for children. What problems do children face when going online without parental supervision? How can these problems be solved? Problems: Cyberbullying : Increased risk of harassment and negative interactions (e.g., harmful comments). Exposure to inappropriate content : Access to explicit materials or harmful ideologies (e.g., violence). Online predators : Vulnerability to exploitation and manipulation by strangers (e.g., grooming). Solutions: Parental controls : Implement tools to restrict access to harmful content (e.g., filtering software). Education : Teach children about online safety and responsible internet use (e.g., awareness programs). Open communication : Encourage discussions about online experiences and challenges (e.g., regular check-ins). 13. Some people think that being able to communicate with others online is breaking down geographical barriers and enabling people, who would normally never have the chance to meet, to communicate. What are the advantages of international communication online? Are there any disadvantages to this? Advantages: Global connectivity : Facilitates friendships and collaborations across cultures (e.g., global business partnerships). Cultural exchange : Promotes understanding and appreciation of diverse perspectives (e.g., international forums). Access to information : Provides access to knowledge and resources from around the world (e.g., online courses). Support networks : Enables individuals in isolated locations to connect with like-minded people (e.g., mental health support groups). Disadvantages: Cultural misunderstandings : Miscommunication can occur due to differences in customs and language (e.g., offensive phrases). Privacy concerns : Increased risk of personal information being shared or misused (e.g., cyberbullying). Isolation from local communities : Overreliance on online connections may lead to neglect of face-to-face relationships (e.g., loneliness). Misinformation : Rapid sharing of false information can lead to confusion and fear (e.g., health misinformation). 14. With the development of online communication, people will never be alone and will always be able to make new friends. To what extent do you agree? Agree: Easy access to social networks : Online platforms facilitate meeting new people with similar interests (e.g., forums, social media). Global friendships : Ability to connect with individuals from different cultures and backgrounds (e.g., international pen pals). Support communities : Online groups can provide emotional support and camaraderie (e.g., hobby clubs, mental health forums). Disagree: Superficial connections : Online friendships may lack depth and intimacy compared to in-person relationships (e.g., digital friendships). Mental health impact : Increased online interactions may lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation in the real world (e.g., fear of missing out). Quality over quantity : Having many online connections does not guarantee meaningful relationships (e.g., social media followers). 15. Communication through text messaging and other instant forms of online communication is short and basic. Some people think this will be the death of grammar and spelling. Do you agree or disagree? Agree: Decline in formal language : Frequent use of abbreviations and emojis may lead to a decrease in proper grammar and spelling (e.g., "LOL," "brb"). Influence on writing skills : Overreliance on text messaging can result in poor writing habits (e.g., careless emails). Lack of structure : Informal communication can weaken the understanding of formal language conventions (e.g., academic writing). Disagree: Adaptation of language : Language naturally evolves, and new forms of communication can coexist with traditional grammar (e.g., the rise of digital slang). Increased literacy : Online communication encourages reading and writing, especially among younger generations (e.g., social media posts). Contextual usage : People can switch between informal and formal communication depending on the context (e.g., texting friends vs. writing a report). 16. Some people think that intelligence is innate, while others think that we can improve our intelligence through learning. Discuss both sides and give your opinion. Innate Intelligence: Genetic factors : Research indicates that genetics play a significant role in determining intelligence (e.g., studies on twins). Natural abilities : Some individuals may have a natural aptitude for certain subjects (e.g., math or music). Limitations on development : Not everyone has equal access to educational opportunities, which can hinder growth (e.g., socioeconomic barriers). Intelligence through Learning: Growth mindset : Belief that abilities can be developed through effort and learning (e.g., Carol Dweck's research). Impact of education : Structured learning and experience can enhance cognitive skills (e.g., critical thinking). Lifelong learning : Continued education and exposure to new information can expand knowledge and skills (e.g., adult education programs). Opinion:  Both aspects contribute to intelligence. While genetic predispositions may influence initial capabilities, continuous learning and experience can significantly enhance intelligence over time. 17. Our personalities are predetermined as a result of our genes before we are born and there is nothing that can be done to alter our character traits. To what extent do you agree? Agree: Genetic influence : Studies suggest that genetics play a crucial role in personality development (e.g., heritability studies). Consistency over time : Certain traits, such as introversion or extroversion, tend to remain stable throughout life (e.g., personality assessments). Limited control : Significant life experiences may not drastically alter core personality traits (e.g., fundamental temperament). Disagree: Environmental factors : Upbringing, culture, and life experiences can shape and modify personality (e.g., parenting styles). Personal growth : Individuals can actively work on their character traits and develop new skills (e.g., self-help strategies). Psychological interventions : Therapy and counseling can lead to meaningful changes in personality and behavior (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy). Opinion:  While genetics may play a role in personality, environmental factors and personal experiences significantly influence character development, allowing for growth and change. 18. Many management interviews are based on assessing not only a person’s level of experience and knowledge but also their personality. Is leadership an innate skill? What other characteristics do companies look for in a manager? Leadership as an Innate Skill: Natural charisma : Some individuals possess a natural ability to inspire and lead others (e.g., influential leaders). Intuitive decision-making : Certain people may have a knack for making effective decisions in high-pressure situations (e.g., crisis management). Learned Leadership: Training and experience : Leadership skills can be developed through education and practical experience (e.g., leadership programs). Adaptability : Effective leaders learn to adjust their styles based on team dynamics and challenges (e.g., situational leadership). Other Characteristics Sought by Companies: Communication skills : Ability to convey ideas clearly and effectively (e.g., presenting to stakeholders). Empathy and emotional intelligence : Understanding team members' feelings and needs (e.g., supportive management). Problem-solving skills : Capability to address challenges and find solutions (e.g., strategic planning). Team-building abilities : Fostering collaboration and cohesion within the team (e.g., organizing team-building activities). 19. Some people think that women are generally more peaceful than men as their characters are naturally more nurturing than aggressive. To what extent do you agree with this? Agree: Nurturing qualities : Societal norms often encourage women to be caregivers and empathetic (e.g., roles in family and community). Conflict resolution : Women may be more inclined to seek peaceful solutions and collaboration in conflicts (e.g., mediating disputes). Research support : Studies indicate that women tend to score higher on measures of agreeableness (e.g., personality assessments). Disagree: Stereotypes : Such generalizations can overlook individual differences and experiences (e.g., aggressive women in leadership). Cultural influences : Gender roles vary across cultures, affecting behavior and conflict styles (e.g., cultural expectations). Context-dependent : Peacefulness can depend on situational factors rather than being inherently tied to gender (e.g., competitive environments). 20. Some people think our first impression of someone is important, while others think we should not judge another person so quickly and should take our time to know them better. Discuss both sides and give your opinion. Importance of First Impressions: Instant assessments : First impressions are often made quickly and can set the tone for future interactions (e.g., job interviews). Non-verbal cues : Body language and appearance significantly influence perceptions (e.g., dressing professionally). Stereotyping : Initial judgments can be based on societal stereotypes, which may affect future interactions (e.g., biases). Need for Deeper Understanding: Misleading initial perceptions : People may behave differently in unfamiliar situations, leading to inaccurate judgments (e.g., shyness mistaken for aloofness). Time reveals true character : Building relationships takes time, allowing individuals to show their true selves (e.g., friendships). Cultural differences : First impressions can vary widely across cultures, leading to misunderstandings (e.g., greeting customs). Opinion:  While first impressions can influence initial perceptions, it’s essential to approach individuals with an open mind and allow time for deeper understanding, as true character often emerges over time.

1. In some countries, a few people earn extremely high salaries. Some people think that this is good for a country, while others believe that the government should control salaries and limit the amount people can earn. Good for the country: Encourages talent  by offering financial rewards for hard work (e.g., tech CEOs earning millions). High earners pay higher taxes , benefiting public services (e.g., progressive tax systems). Attracts top talent  from around the world, boosting innovation (e.g., Silicon Valley). Investments and philanthropy  from wealthy individuals can improve society (e.g., Bill Gates' philanthropy). Trickles down to the economy , with wealthy individuals spending more. Control salaries: Reduces inequality , preventing the rich from becoming too powerful (e.g., Sweden’s salary caps). Avoids social unrest  caused by large wealth gaps. Ensures fair distribution of wealth , benefiting more people (e.g., income redistribution in welfare states). Helps small businesses compete , preventing monopolies. Public sector salaries  should be regulated to avoid waste of public funds. 2. More and more business meetings are taking place online. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this trend? Advantages: Saves time and costs  associated with travel (e.g., no flights needed). Flexible scheduling  allows for global collaboration. Environmental benefits  due to reduced carbon emissions from business travel. Increases productivity , as employees spend less time commuting. Access to a broader pool of talent , as people can attend from anywhere. Disadvantages: Lack of personal interaction  can hinder relationship-building. Technical issues  like internet outages or poor connections (e.g., dropped calls). Security risks  when sensitive information is shared online. Less effective for certain discussions , such as negotiations or brainstorming sessions. Fatigue from excessive screen time , leading to lower engagement. 3. Due to the development and rapid expansion of supermarkets in some countries, many small, local businesses are unable to compete. Some people think that the closure of local businesses will bring about the death of local communities. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Agree: Loss of community identity , as local businesses often reflect local culture (e.g., traditional bakeries). Reduction in social interaction , as small shops serve as meeting points for residents. Economic decline  in local areas, as money is funneled to large chains (e.g., Walmart effect). Local producers suffer , reducing access to locally-made products. Monopolization of the market , limiting consumer choice and quality. Disagree: Supermarkets offer convenience  and lower prices for consumers (e.g., bulk purchasing). Employment opportunities  created in larger stores. Local businesses can adapt  by focusing on niche markets or unique products (e.g., organic food stores). Globalization benefits  consumers by offering a wide variety of products. Efficient supply chains  mean fewer shortages of essential items. 4. Companies should provide sports and social facilities for local communities. To what extent do you agree? Agree: Promotes employee well-being , leading to higher productivity. Builds a positive company image , fostering goodwill with the community. Encourages healthy lifestyles , reducing public healthcare costs. Enhances team bonding  and morale within the company (e.g., company sports teams). CSR initiatives  can improve a company's reputation and attract talent. Disagree: Costly for companies , which may not benefit directly from these investments. Government responsibility  to provide such facilities, not private corporations. Not all companies can afford it , especially small businesses. Potential underuse  of facilities if not integrated into daily work schedules. Employees may prefer other benefits , like higher salaries or remote work options. 5. If the product is good and meets consumer needs, then advertising is unnecessary. To what extent do you agree? Agree: Word-of-mouth  can be more effective than paid ads (e.g., viral product recommendations). Quality products speak for themselves , earning customer loyalty without heavy promotion. Advertising costs are high , and savings could be better spent on product development. Social media  allows consumers to promote products naturally without the need for ads. Disagree: Advertising creates brand awareness , helping new products reach the market. Even great products need visibility  in a competitive market (e.g., tech gadgets). Educates consumers  on product features and benefits. Increases sales , as constant exposure keeps products top of mind. Competing brands advertise , so not doing so could lead to loss of market share. 6. Large businesses have big budgets for marketing and promotion and as a result, people gravitate towards buying their products. What problems does this cause? What could be done to encourage people to buy local products? Problems: Overshadows small businesses , making it hard for them to compete. Consumer choice limited  to large brands, reducing variety in the market. Promotes consumerism , encouraging people to buy unnecessary products. Monopolization , where a few brands dominate the market (e.g., fast food chains). Erosion of local culture , as local products are replaced by global brands. Encouraging local products: Government subsidies or tax breaks  for small businesses. Public campaigns  highlighting the benefits of buying local (e.g., "Buy Local" campaigns). Farmers' markets and local trade fairs  to increase visibility of local producers. Partnerships with large retailers , allowing local products to be sold in big stores. Education on sustainability , making people aware of the environmental benefits of supporting local businesses. 7. Some countries encourage foreign companies to open in their country. Many people think that the government should focus on encouraging local business rather than foreign businesses. To what extent do you agree? Agree: Boosts local economies  through job creation and investment (e.g., manufacturing plants). Encourages local innovation  as competition with foreign companies can drive improvements. Preserves local culture  and identity by supporting homegrown businesses. Reduces dependency  on foreign companies, enhancing economic stability. Stimulates community development , as local businesses are more likely to reinvest in their communities. Disagree: Foreign companies bring expertise  and advanced technology that can benefit local industries. Increases consumer choices , providing access to products that may not be available locally. Attracts foreign investment , which can lead to infrastructure improvements. Creates a global market , allowing local businesses to expand internationally. Diverse economy  with both local and foreign companies leads to greater resilience. 8. An increasing number of people are buying what they need online. What are the advantages and disadvantages for both individuals and companies to shopping online? Advantages for individuals: Convenience  of shopping anytime, anywhere (e.g., 24/7 access). Wider selection  of products than local stores can offer. Price comparison  made easier, helping consumers find better deals. Home delivery  saves time and effort. Disadvantages for individuals: Inability to physically inspect products , leading to dissatisfaction. Shipping costs  can add to the price of purchases. Increased risk of fraud , particularly with online payments. Potential for impulse buying , leading to financial issues. Advantages for companies: Lower overhead costs  compared to physical stores (e.g., no rent). Access to a global market , increasing sales opportunities. Data collection on consumer behavior , enabling better-targeted marketing. Disadvantages for companies: Intense competition  from numerous online retailers. Logistics challenges  associated with shipping and returns. Need for significant online marketing  to attract customers. Customer service issues  can arise from online interactions. 9. Marketing and promotion is the key to a successful business. To what extent do you agree? Agree: Increases visibility , making products known to potential customers (e.g., social media campaigns). Helps build brand identity , distinguishing a business from its competitors. Drives sales , as effective marketing can convert interest into purchases. Engages customers , creating loyalty through ongoing communication (e.g., newsletters). Adaptable strategies  can respond to market trends and consumer behavior. Disagree: Quality products and services  are essential for long-term success (e.g., customer satisfaction). Strong customer relationships  can be more valuable than marketing efforts. Operational efficiency and innovation  can also drive success without heavy marketing. Reputation  built on customer experience is crucial (e.g., word-of-mouth). Reliance on marketing  may lead to neglecting product improvement. 10. The performance of staff can have a significant impact on the success of a company. What can companies do to increase staff productivity? Training and Development: Regular training programs  to enhance skills and knowledge (e.g., workshops). Mentorship opportunities  to guide employees' career development. Cross-training  employees to promote flexibility and adaptability. Work Environment: Create a positive workplace culture  that promotes teamwork and morale. Provide ergonomic workspaces  to improve comfort and reduce fatigue. Encourage open communication  between staff and management. Incentives and Rewards: Implement performance-based bonuses  to motivate employees. Offer flexible work schedules  to accommodate work-life balance. Recognize and celebrate achievements , boosting morale. Technology and Tools: Invest in productivity tools and software  to streamline workflows (e.g., project management tools). Encourage remote work  where feasible, improving job satisfaction. Use data analytics  to track performance and identify areas for improvement. 11. Some companies have uniforms for their staff which must be worn at all times. What are the advantages for a company of having a uniform? Are there any benefits of having a uniform for the staff? Advantages for the company: Promotes brand identity , as uniforms can reinforce company branding (e.g., logos). Creates a professional image , instilling confidence in customers. Reduces clothing competition  among employees, fostering equality. Enhances team spirit , as wearing the same outfit can unify staff. Streamlines dress code , making it easier for employees to choose what to wear. Benefits for the staff: Saves time and effort  in choosing outfits for work. Instills pride  in being part of the company. Improves safety  in certain industries (e.g., high-visibility clothing for construction workers). Encourages a sense of belonging , contributing to workplace morale. Facilitates easier identification  for customers seeking assistance. 12. In many countries, it is common for families to own and run their own business. Some people think this is the best way to run a business, while others consider this a potential source of problems. What is your opinion? Best way to run a business: Strong commitment  from family members can drive success. Trust and loyalty  often lead to better decision-making. Long-term vision  and planning for future generations. Flexibility in operations , allowing quick adaptation to changes. Community ties , as local businesses often have strong local support. Potential sources of problems: Emotional conflicts  can interfere with business decisions. Limited perspectives , as family members may not bring diverse ideas. Difficulty in succession planning , leading to uncertainty in the future. Risk of nepotism , potentially leading to poor hiring choices. Financial strain on family  if the business struggles. 13. Some people think that when recruiting, companies should aim to take on people who are innovative and able to work independently, while others consider they should recruit people who are able to work in a team and follow instructions. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Innovative and independent workers: Drive innovation , bringing new ideas and solutions. Adaptable , able to thrive in fast-changing environments. Encourage creative problem-solving , leading to competitive advantages. Less micromanagement  needed, allowing for greater autonomy. Team-oriented workers: Foster collaboration , essential for project success. Effective communication skills  lead to smoother operations. Easier integration  into existing company culture and processes. Encourage knowledge sharing , enhancing overall team performance. 14. Some people think that the only way to have success in business is to have a unique product. What factors, do you think, influence the success of a company? Unique Product: Differentiates from competitors , attracting customers. Addresses specific consumer needs  that are not met by existing products. Builds a strong brand identity , as unique products can generate buzz. Other Factors: Customer service , creating a positive experience that retains customers. Effective marketing strategies , ensuring products reach the right audience. Operational efficiency , managing costs and resources effectively. Financial management , ensuring profitability and sustainability. Market research , understanding consumer trends and adapting accordingly. 15. Small businesses should avoid recruiting young women who do not have their own family in order to avoid paying maternity leave later on. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Agree: Reduces financial burden  on small businesses, particularly those with limited budgets. Lower risk of staff turnover , ensuring stability in the workforce. Prevents potential disruptions  in business operations due to maternity leaves. Disagree: Discrimination  against women could lead to legal issues and damage the company’s reputation. Diverse perspectives  from women enhance creativity and innovation. Retention of talented staff , as many women can contribute significantly to the company. Maternity leave is a legal right , and denying opportunities could hurt the workforce. Supportive policies  can attract a wider talent pool and improve company culture. 16. Sales companies should recruit people who are hungry for money as they will make the most dedicated workers. Do you think money is the driving force behind hard work? What factors should be taken into consideration when recruiting staff for sales positions? Agree: Financial incentives motivate performance , pushing individuals to achieve targets. Money-oriented individuals  often show greater commitment to sales goals. Competitive nature  can lead to higher sales figures and revenue. Disagree: Intrinsic motivation , such as passion for the product, can lead to better customer interactions. Building long-term relationships  is vital for sustained sales success. High employee turnover  due to financial focus can harm company culture. Job satisfaction  and personal growth are also crucial for retention. Factors to consider: Communication skills , as they are essential for effective sales. Cultural fit  within the company and alignment with values. Adaptability and resilience  in a challenging sales environment. Track record of previous success , not just financial motivation.

Basic Rules of Completing Sentences Rule 1: It is time + for + person + to + verb (present form) Explanation : This structure indicates that it is the right moment for someone to begin or do a certain action. It emphasizes urgency or necessity. Incomplete Sentences : It is time for me to __________. It is time for the children to __________. It is time for us to __________. It is time for the team to __________. It is time for her to __________. Complete Sentences : It is time for me to start my homework . It is time for the children to go to bed . It is time for us to leave for school . It is time for the team to begin the match . It is time for her to finish her project . Rule 2: It is time + subject + verb (past form) Explanation : This construction expresses that something should have been done already or suggests that it is overdue. It implies that the action has not yet occurred but should have. Incomplete Sentences : It is time we __________. It is time she __________. It is time they __________. It is time we __________. It is time he __________. Complete Sentences : It is time we went to the store . It is time she finished her homework . It is time they took a break . It is time we cleaned the house . It is time he started his job . Rule 3: Present Indefinite + as if/as though + past indefinite Explanation : This structure is used to describe a situation where someone acts or speaks as if something else is true, despite it not being the case. It creates a comparison between present actions and past events. Incomplete Sentences : He tells the story as if he __________. She behaves as though she __________. They act as if they __________. He speaks as though he __________. She runs as if she __________. Complete Sentences : He tells the story as if he knew it well . She behaves as though she owns the place . They act as if they were the only ones here . He speaks as though he understood everything . She runs as if she were training for a marathon . Rule 4: Past Indefinite + as if/as though + past perfect Explanation : This structure is used when referring to a past action that someone behaves as if it had already occurred. It compares a past situation to another past event. Incomplete Sentences : He told the story as if he __________. She acted as though I __________. They spoke as if they __________. He replied as though he __________. She walked as if she __________. Complete Sentences : He told the story as if he had known it all along . She acted as though I had never spoken . They spoke as if they had been there before . He replied as though he had heard that question . She walked as if she had already won the race . Rule 5: If + Present Indefinite + future indefinite tense Explanation : This conditional structure is used to express a possible situation in the present that will lead to a result in the future. The first part (the condition) is in the present tense, and the second part (the result) is in the future tense. Incomplete Sentences : If it rains, we __________. If he wants, I __________. If you play in the rain, you __________. If she studies hard, she __________. If they finish early, they __________. Complete Sentences : If it rains, we shall not go . If he wants, I shall help him . If you play in the rain, you will catch a cold . If she studies hard, she will pass the exam . If they finish early, they will celebrate . Rule 6: If + Past Indefinite + would/could + verb (present form) Explanation : This structure indicates a hypothetical situation in the past that didn’t happen. It shows what would occur if the past condition were true. Incomplete Sentences : If he came, I __________. If they wanted, we __________. If I had a bicycle, I __________. If she visited, they __________. If you joined us, we __________. Complete Sentences : If he came, I would go . If they wanted, we would help them . If I had a bicycle, I would ride it every day . If she visited, they would be happy . If you joined us, we would have more fun . Rule 7: If + Past Perfect + would have/could have + verb (past participle form) Explanation : This structure reflects a condition that did not happen in the past, leading to a different result than expected. It conveys regret or missed opportunities. Incomplete Sentences : If I had seen him, I __________. If they had started earlier, they __________. If she had tried, she __________. If we had known, we __________. If he had helped, I __________. Complete Sentences : If I had seen him, I could have told him the news . If they had started earlier, they could have caught the train . If she had tried, she would have succeeded . If we had known, we would have gone together . If he had helped, I would have finished faster . Rule 8: Had + verb + past participle form + would have/could have + verb (past participle form) Explanation : This structure is a variation of Rule 7, focusing on the condition that did not happen in the past and the result that would have occurred because of it. Incomplete Sentences : Had I seen him, I __________. Had he wanted, they __________. Had I possessed a vast property, I __________. Had she studied harder, she __________. Had we planned better, we __________. Complete Sentences : Had I seen him, I would have given him the news . Had he wanted, they would have helped him . Had I possessed a vast property, I would have established a college . Had she studied harder, she would have passed the exam . Had we planned better, we would have succeeded in our project . Rule 9: If + Subject + were + would + verb (present form) Explanation : This structure expresses a hypothetical situation that is contrary to reality, often used to discuss dreams or wishes. It implies that the subject is not what is mentioned. Incomplete Sentences : If I were a king, I __________. If she were here, she __________. If they were rich, they __________. If he were taller, he __________. If I were you, I __________. Complete Sentences : If I were a king, I could help the poor . If she were here, she would support the team . If they were rich, they would travel the world . If he were taller, he would play basketball . If I were you, I would study more . Rule 10: Present/Future Indefinite Tense + when/after + present perfect Explanation : This structure indicates that one action will occur after another action is completed. The first part is in the present or future tense, while the second part is in the present perfect tense. Incomplete Sentences : You can go to sleep when you __________. I will call you after I __________. They will leave when they __________. She can join us after she __________. We will eat when the food __________. Complete Sentences : You can go to sleep when you have finished your homework . I will call you after I have arrived home . They will leave when they have packed their bags . She can join us after she has completed her project . We will eat when the food has been served . Rule 11: Would that/ I wish + were + … Explanation : This structure expresses a strong desire for something to be true, often about hypothetical situations or unreal conditions. It reflects wishes about the present or future. Incomplete Sentences : I wish I __________. Would that he __________. I wish it __________. Would that she __________. I wish they __________. Complete Sentences : I wish I were a king . Would that he were alive today . I wish it were sunny outside . Would that she could join us for dinner . I wish they were here to celebrate . Rule 12: Would you mind + verb(ing) + …? Explanation : This polite structure is used to make requests. It asks if someone would be willing to do something, often in a courteous manner. Incomplete Sentences : Would you mind __________? Would you mind __________? Would you mind __________? Would you mind __________? Would you mind __________? Complete Sentences : Would you mind taking a cup of tea ? Would you mind opening the door ? Would you mind helping me with my homework ? Would you mind turning down the music ? Would you mind passing me the salt ? Rule 13: It is time + to + verb (present form) + … Explanation : This structure indicates that it is the appropriate moment to perform a certain action, often used to suggest a change or a need to do something immediately. Incomplete Sentences : It is time to __________. It is time to __________. It is time to __________. It is time to __________. It is time to __________. Complete Sentences : It is time to start the meeting . It is time to leave the house . It is time to prepare for the exam . It is time to call my friend . It is time to go shopping . Rule 14: …so much/many + … + that + subject + can/cannot + … Explanation : This structure shows a cause-and-effect relationship. It emphasizes that there is a large quantity of something, which leads to a particular outcome. Incomplete Sentences : You have so much __________ that you __________. There are so many __________ that I __________. He has so much __________ that he __________. She received so many __________ that she __________. They have so much __________ that we __________. Complete Sentences : You have so much intelligence that you can get a job . There are so many problems that I cannot solve them . He has so much money that he can buy a new car . She received so many gifts that she couldn’t carry them . They have so much time that we can relax . Rule 15: …too + adjective + to + verb (present form) Explanation : This structure indicates that something is excessively described by the adjective, which prevents the action from being performed. It suggests a limitation. Incomplete Sentences : The man is too __________ to __________. She is too __________ to __________. The book is too __________ to __________. The task is too __________ to __________. The weather is too __________ to __________. Complete Sentences : The man is too old to work . She is too tired to study . The book is too difficult to read . The task is too hard to complete . The weather is too cold to play outside . Rule 16: …too + adjective/adverb + for + personal object + to + verb (present form) Explanation : This structure shows that something is overly described by the adjective or adverb, making it difficult or impossible for a specific person to do the action. Incomplete Sentences : The load is too __________ for me to __________. The problem is too __________ for him to __________. The exam was too __________ for them to __________. The road is too __________ for us to __________. The task is too __________ for her to __________. Complete Sentences : The load is too heavy for me to carry . The problem is too hard for him to solve . The exam was too challenging for them to pass . The road is too narrow for us to drive on . The task is too complicated for her to understand . Rule 17: …so + adjective/adverb + that + subject + cannot/could not + verb (present form) Explanation : This structure indicates that something is excessively described by the adjective or adverb, which results in an inability to perform an action. Incomplete Sentences : The man was so __________ that he __________. The music was so __________ that we __________. She was so __________ that she __________. The movie was so __________ that they __________. The food was so __________ that I __________. Complete Sentences : The man was so ill that he could not move . The music was so loud that we could not hear each other . She was so busy that she could not answer the phone . The movie was so boring that they fell asleep . The food was so spicy that I could not eat it . Rule 18: …so that + subject + can/could/may/might + verb (present form) Explanation : This structure expresses purpose, indicating that one action is done in order to achieve another action. It highlights the reason for doing something. Incomplete Sentences : The boy studies hard so that he __________. We save money so that we __________. She exercises regularly so that she __________. He works overtime so that he __________. They practice daily so that they __________. Complete Sentences : The boy studies hard so that he can pass his exams . We save money so that we can go on vacation . She exercises regularly so that she can stay fit . He works overtime so that he can pay his bills . They practice daily so that they can improve their skills . Rule 19: …in order that + subject + can/could/may/might + verb (present form) Explanation : This structure also expresses purpose, similar to "so that." It shows that an action is taken to allow another action to happen. Incomplete Sentences : He went to the store in order that he __________. I saved some money in order that I __________. They arrived early in order that they __________. She studies hard in order that she __________. We work together in order that we __________. Complete Sentences : He went to the store in order that he could buy groceries . I saved some money in order that I could buy a new phone . They arrived early in order that they could get good seats . She studies hard in order that she may get good grades . We work together in order that we might complete the project on time . Rule 20: …lest + subject + should + verb (present form) Explanation : This structure expresses a precaution or worry that something undesirable might happen. It is used to indicate a reason to avoid a particular action. Incomplete Sentences : He ran away lest he __________. I studied hard lest I __________. She left early lest she __________. They saved money lest they __________. We kept quiet lest we __________. Complete Sentences : He ran away lest he should be seen . I studied hard lest I should fail the exam . She left early lest she should miss the bus . They saved money lest they should run out of funds . We kept quiet lest we should disturb the meeting . Rule 21: …would rather/sooner + verb + than + verb/noun Explanation : This structure expresses a preference for one action over another. It indicates that the speaker would prefer to do something instead of something else. Incomplete Sentences : I would rather __________ than __________. She would sooner __________ than __________. He would rather __________ than __________. They would rather __________ than __________. We would sooner __________ than __________. Complete Sentences : I would rather stay home than go out . She would sooner eat pizza than burgers . He would rather read a book than watch TV . They would rather play soccer than basketball . We would sooner travel by train than by bus . Rule 22: …had better + verb (present form) + … Explanation : This structure suggests a recommendation or advice. It indicates that it is in the best interest of the subject to perform a specific action. Incomplete Sentences : I had better __________. You had better __________. He had better __________. She had better __________. They had better __________. Complete Sentences : I had better finish my homework . You had better leave the house now . He had better call his parents . She had better prepare for the meeting . They had better check the weather . Rule 23: …how + to + verb (present form) + ….. Explanation : This structure is used to inquire about the method or technique of performing an action. It expresses a lack of knowledge or curiosity about how to do something. Incomplete Sentences : He doesn’t know how to __________. They knew how to __________. Do you know how to __________? I wonder how to __________. She asked how to __________. Complete Sentences : He doesn’t know how to play cricket . They knew how to speak French . Do you know how to cook pasta ? I wonder how to solve this problem . She asked how to get to the station . Rule 24: Without + verb(ing) + (meaningful negative sentence). Explanation : This structure indicates that something is not possible or cannot happen if a certain action is not taken. It shows a dependence on the action mentioned. Incomplete Sentences : Without __________, you cannot __________. Without __________, we cannot __________. Without __________, he cannot __________. Without __________, they will not __________. Without __________, she cannot __________. Complete Sentences : Without reading more, you cannot pass . Without taking physical exercise, we cannot keep our body fit . Without practicing daily, he cannot improve . Without planning ahead, they will not succeed . Without eating healthy food, she cannot stay fit . Rule 25: By + verb(ing) + (meaningful affirmative sentence). Explanation : This structure indicates the means or method by which something is achieved. It shows that one action leads to another positive result. Incomplete Sentences : By __________, we can __________. By __________, you can __________. By __________, they will __________. By __________, she can __________. By __________, he will __________. Complete Sentences : By reading more, we can learn more . By drinking clean water, you can keep your body fit . By practicing regularly, they will improve their skills . By working hard, she can achieve her goals . By exercising daily, he will stay healthy . Rule 26: …provided/provided that/providing that/if + (meaningful sentence). Explanation : This structure indicates a condition that must be met for something to happen. It is similar to saying "if" but often emphasizes a specific condition. Incomplete Sentences : I will agree to go provided that __________. He will succeed provided that __________. We will leave if __________. She will help you provided that __________. They will attend the meeting if __________. Complete Sentences : I will agree to go provided that my expenses are paid . He will succeed provided that he works hard . We will leave if the rain stops . She will help you provided that you ask nicely . They will attend the meeting if they are available . Rule 27: …since/as/because + (meaningful sentence). Explanation : This structure provides a reason or explanation for an action or situation. It indicates a cause-and-effect relationship. Incomplete Sentences : As he __________, he was __________. Everybody loves him because __________. Crops did not grow well since __________. She was late because __________. He is happy as __________. Complete Sentences : As he behaved roughly, he was punished . Everybody loves him because he is honest . Crops did not grow well since there was drought . She was late because she missed the bus . He is happy as he passed the exam . Rule 28: …though/although/in spite of/despite of + (alternative meaningful sentence). Explanation : This structure is used to express contrast between two ideas. It indicates that one situation exists despite another situation that could prevent it. Incomplete Sentences : Though he __________, he __________. In spite of __________, she __________. Although it __________, they __________. Despite his __________, he __________. Though they __________, we __________. Complete Sentences : Though he is poor, he is honest . In spite of his poverty, she helps the poor . Although it was raining, they went for a walk . Despite his illness, he went to work . Though they were tired, we continued the journey . Rule 29: …unless/if…not + (meaningful affirmative sentence). Explanation : This structure expresses a negative condition that must be avoided for something else to happen. It indicates that an action is necessary for a positive outcome. Incomplete Sentences : Unless you __________, you will __________. If he does not __________, they will __________. Unless she __________, we cannot __________. If they do not __________, he will __________. Unless I __________, you will not __________. Complete Sentences : Unless you read attentively, you will fail . If he does not study hard, they will not pass . Unless she practices, we cannot win . If they do not arrive on time, he will leave . Unless I ask for help, you will not know . Rule 30: …instead of/in lieu of + (meaningful word or sentence). Explanation : This structure indicates a substitution, where one thing is replaced with another. It emphasizes the choice made to take an alternative action. Incomplete Sentences : Instead of __________, he __________. She bought __________ instead of __________. They chose __________ in lieu of __________. He did __________ instead of __________. We opted for __________ instead of __________. Complete Sentences : Instead of going out, he stayed home . She bought a dress instead of a shirt . They chose to walk in lieu of taking a taxi . He did the dishes instead of watching TV . We opted for coffee instead of tea . Rule 31: …because of/on account of/owing to/due to + (meaningful word or sentence) Explanation : These phrases are used to indicate the reason for something. They explain why a particular situation exists or an action occurs. Incomplete Sentences : Everybody loves him because of __________. On account of __________, he could not attend. The writer dared not drive due to __________. They canceled the event owing to __________. She was late because of __________. Complete Sentences : Everybody loves him because of his honesty . On account of his illness, he could not go to college . The writer dared not drive due to the fog . They canceled the event owing to the heavy rain . She was late because of traffic jams . Rule 32: …no sooner…than/scarcely had…when/hardly had…when + past indefinite tense Explanation : This structure expresses that one event happened immediately after another. It highlights the quick succession of events. Incomplete Sentences : No sooner had __________ than __________. Scarcely had __________ when __________. Hardly had __________ when __________. No sooner had __________ than __________. Scarcely had __________ when __________. Complete Sentences : No sooner had I gone out than he came . Scarcely had we reached the station when the train left . Hardly had he reached the college when the examination began . No sooner had they arrived than the show started . Scarcely had she finished her meal when the phone rang . Rule 33: …let alone + (meaningful word or phrase) Explanation : This phrase is used to indicate that if something is not true or possible, then something else is even less likely to be true or possible. It emphasizes a greater degree of difficulty. Incomplete Sentences : He cannot pass in __________, let alone __________. I cannot swim __________, let alone __________. The old farmer cannot visit __________, let alone __________. She cannot afford __________, let alone __________. They cannot understand __________, let alone __________. Complete Sentences : He cannot pass in the third division, let alone the first division . I cannot swim a kilometer, let alone ten kilometers . The old farmer cannot visit a small town, let alone a big town . She cannot afford a new car, let alone a house . They cannot understand the basic concepts, let alone advanced theories . Rule 34: …the place + where + (meaningful affirmative sentence) Explanation : This structure is used to specify a location associated with a particular event or fact. It highlights the significance of a place in relation to the subject. Incomplete Sentences : Jessore is the place where __________. A railway station is the place where __________. Paris is the city where __________. This is the park where __________. The library is the place where __________. Complete Sentences : Jessore is the place where he was born . A railway station is the place where trains stop . Paris is the city where the UNESCO headquarters is located . This is the park where we often play football . The library is the place where students study . Rule 35: …the time/year/day + when + (meaningful affirmative sentence) Explanation : This structure specifies a particular time, day, or year associated with an event. It emphasizes the importance of the temporal context. Incomplete Sentences : Saturday is the day when __________. 1971 is the year when __________. 10 P.M. is the time when __________. Friday is the day when __________. 2020 is the year when __________. Complete Sentences : Saturday is the day when the week begins . 1971 is the year when Bangladesh became independent . 10 P.M. is the time when we go to bed . Friday is the day when we have our family gatherings . 2020 is the year when the pandemic began . Rule 36: …that + (meaningful sentence) Explanation : This structure is used to introduce a clause that provides additional information or a statement. It connects two related ideas. Incomplete Sentences : I know that __________. He said that __________. She believes that __________. They hope that __________. We understand that __________. Complete Sentences : I know that he is a doctor . He said that my address is Jessore . She believes that honesty is the best policy . They hope that the weather will improve . We understand that hard work pays off . Rule 37: …feel, suppose, imagine, discover, know, judge, assume + to be + adjective Explanation : This structure is used to express a belief or assumption about a subject. It indicates how the speaker perceives the subject. Incomplete Sentences : We assumed him to be __________. He was judged to be __________. I know him to be __________. They imagine her to be __________. She feels him to be __________. Complete Sentences : We assumed him to be innocent . He was judged to be guilty . I know him to be honest . They imagine her to be a great leader . She feels him to be a trustworthy friend . Rule 38: …as long as + (meaningful sentence) Explanation : This structure indicates a condition that must be met for something else to happen. It suggests that one situation will continue as long as another condition remains true. Incomplete Sentences : Wait here as long as __________. We can play as long as __________. He will stay as long as __________. You can go out as long as __________. She will help you as long as __________. Complete Sentences : Wait here as long as it rains . We can play as long as there is daylight . He will stay as long as you need him . You can go out as long as you finish your homework . She will help you as long as you ask politely . Rule 39: …till/until + (meaningful affirmative sentence) Explanation : This structure indicates a time frame that must be met for something to happen. It emphasizes the point at which an action will stop or change. Incomplete Sentences : Wait until __________. She will stay till __________. We cannot leave until __________. He will study till __________. They will work until __________. Complete Sentences : Wait until I come back . She will stay till the meeting ends . We cannot leave until the rain stops . He will study till midnight . They will work until the project is finished . Rule 40: …in case + (meaningful sentence) Explanation : This structure indicates a precaution taken to prepare for a possible event or situation. It emphasizes readiness for a specific circumstance. Incomplete Sentences : I will come tomorrow in case __________. He will carry an umbrella in case __________. We should prepare in case __________. She will call in case __________. They will wait in case __________. Complete Sentences : I will come tomorrow in case he wants me . He will carry an umbrella in case it rains . We should prepare in case the weather changes . She will call in case there are any updates . They will wait in case the bus is delayed .

How to Write Summary Strategies: 1.    Read the given text very carefully. (at least 2 times) 2.    Write only the key points in your own words. 3.    Don’t add any information from outside. 4.    Don’t use direct speech in summary. 5.    Usually, examples and explanation are not written in summary. 6.    Summary must be written in one paragraph. 7.    Use impersonal tone in summary (don’t use I , we, you….) 8.    Write as many words as mentioned in the question; if number of words is not mentioned write one-third of the main passage. PROSE SUMMARY WORKSEET-5.1 with Answer Unseen Comprehension 01 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Man is a social being. He needs other people's company to lead his life smoothly. But some people prefer to live alone because they think human society is full of problems and sufferings, quarrels, ill-feelings, jealousy, enmity, etc. So, once upon a time a young man named Majnu decided to live by himself on an island far away from the locality. He sailed for the island by boat with necessary equipment’s. On reaching there he built a little hut with wood, bamboo and reeds. "Now I'm the solitary king of this island!" said the man to himself. He used to catch fish from the river for survival. He was passing his time happily in the midst of loneliness and abundance. But after a few days he realized that it is awfully boring to - live on fishes only. Moreover, the toughest job for him was to make fire and cook foods. One day he became seriously ill. He suffered a lot since there was nobody to treat and take care of him. When he came round, he went to the mainland to have a wife so that she could prepare his foods and make his life easier. Together they also cultivated the island for crops, vegetables and fruits. Then children were born to them, and the man found himself again in a family.   So the idea of living alone is not apt for human race. People need food, shelter, companions and cooperation. They need to help each other. And if they live in a family or community, their needs can be fulfilled. Hence living in society can make people good and happy citizens. Answer: The passage highlights how humans are social beings who need the company of others to lead their lives smoothly. However, some individuals prefer to live alone due to the problems and sufferings associated with human society. The story of Majnu, a man who decided to live alone on an island, illustrates the challenges he faced, including boredom, difficulty in finding food and cooking, and suffering from illness with no one to care for him. Ultimately, he realized the importance of companionship and family, and went back to the mainland to find a wife and start a family. Living in a society allows individuals to fulfill their needs for food, shelter, companionship, and cooperation, and can make them good and happy citizens. Unseen Comprehension 02 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. The National Memorial at Savar is a symbol of the nation's respect for the martyrs of the War of Liberation. It is built with concrete, but made of blood. It stands 150 feet tall, but every martyr it stands for stands so much taller. It is an achievement the dimensions of which can be measured, but it stands for an achievement which is immeasurable. It stands upright for the millions of martyrs who laid down their lives so that we may stand upright, in honour and dignity, amongst the nations of the world. Most prominently visible is the 150 feet tower that stands on a base measuring 130 feet wide. There is actually a series of 7 towers that rise by stages to a height of 150 feet. The foundation was laid on the first anniversary of the Victory Day. There is actually  a plan to build a huge complex in several phases. The entire complex will cover an area of 126 acres. The plan of this complex includes a mosque, a library and a museum. The relics of the Liberation War will be kept in the museum. They will ever remind our countrymen and all who would come to visit the museum of the valiant struggle and supreme sacrifices of a freedom loving people. Here also will be a clear warning to all oppressors that the weapons of freedom need not be very big, and that oppression will always be defeated. The will of people prevails, for man is born to be free. The most moving sight of the complex is the several graves of the martyred freedom fighters close to the tower. Standing in front of the graves we bow down our heads in respect, as the towers soar up symbolizing the loftiness of, their spirit. Answer: The National Memorial at Savar is a towering tribute to the martyrs of the War of Liberation. The 150 feet tall, 130 feet wide concrete structure represents the immeasurable achievements of those who sacrificed their lives for their country. The memorial consists of a series of 7 towers, and plans are in place to build a complex that includes a mosque, library, and museum to showcase the relics of the war. The graves of the freedom fighters, located near the tower, serve as a poignant reminder of their bravery and sacrifice. The memorial stands as a warning to oppressors that freedom will always prevail. Unseen Comprehension 03 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Happiness is the symbol of satisfaction and gratification. Happiness lies at the root of all splendid performances. However, everybody wishes to be happy on earth. Happiness is a very relative matter. Happiness is a state of mental condition that makes a man satisfied with his incomes, findings and activities. However, happiness can't be perceived by adopting any kind of illegal policy that is harmful to other's happiness. There is no denying the fact that happiness is the vibration of our heart, soul and mind that assists us to sleep a sound sleep with romantic dreams. One should be satisfied with what one has and what one gets. If one hankers after more, the anxiety to achieve more destroys one's peace of mind. Some people of the society are envious of other's wealth. One can enjoy self-sufficiency by utilizing what one has. The more one gets, the more one wants. But one has to develop the mentality to be pleased with little. Happiness does not consist in things, but in thoughts of contentment. In the real sense of the term, no man can get happiness without being honest and contented. It is our interest to be honest so that we may get happiness. All those who seem to be happy in the world just feel satisfied with their ownselves. Happiness makes everything different. It makes everybody calm and quiet. Answer: The passage discusses the concept of happiness and how it is relative. Happiness is a state of mental satisfaction that cannot be achieved through harmful or illegal means. It is important to be satisfied with what one has and to cultivate contentment, as the desire for more can lead to anxiety and a lack of peace. True happiness comes from being honest and content with oneself, and it makes everything feel different and brings calmness. Unseen Comprehension 04 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Listening, speaking, reading and writing are the four skills which should be developed separately by a person wishing to bring about full command over a language. But, in Bangladesh, the courses followed in different levels put emphasis on 'writing' and 'reading', whereas 'speaking' and listening' do not receive even a minimum focus. Of course, everybody knows that every language is basically spoken. If one cannot produce sentences verbally, it is known that his/her language learning has not been completed. It is true that all the prescribed texts contain instructions encouraging the students to hold conversation in English on a wide variety of topics. But the interesting fact is that the students need not face any test which can fathom their ability to speak or listen. So, the absence of test or evaluating verbal competence is thus directly responsible for poor speaking and listening skills of the students. But in our practical life the importance of good working knowledge is not unknown to us. So, in this context the government has introduced the communicative process in which all these four skills will get equal importance or emphasis. Distribution of marks has been made judiciously so that the plan undertaken can be fully realized and successful. Moreover with this end in view, the teachers are being specially trained. It is hoped that in course of time we will get a nation having a good command over this language. Answer The article discusses the importance of developing all four language skills - listening, speaking, reading, and writing - to have full command over a language. However, in Bangladesh, the emphasis is given only to reading and writing, and speaking and listening skills are neglected. The article argues that without assessing a student's ability to speak or listen, poor speaking and listening skills will persist. The government has introduced a communicative process that gives equal importance to all four skills and is training teachers to achieve success in developing these skills in students. Unseen Comprehension 05 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Change is life, change is progress, change is culture and civilization, while stagnation is the arrest of development and nothing but decay, death and destruction. Nothing great in this world is static; everything noble is dynamic. True it is in all walks and spheres of life. Evolution and revolution is the law of nature, it is the root of all progress, all formation and all development. Time has always been on the move and there are ups and downs, rises and falls of human civilization, human culture and there is man's test and zest, inclinations and motives, liking and disliking. Monotony is distaste; variety is the spice of life, change is life and its zest, its interest its meanings. In human institutions rise and fall happen and old order and discipline, old rules and regulations, old system and process—everything yields to new and surrenders to new conditions and demands. If there were no change, our life would be dull, dreary and meaningless. Our life is liveable, romantic and desirable only because of change and alternation, modification and revision, newness and nobility. And of this change of taste and zest, motives and inclinations, we have seen kingdoms and democratic state, capitalism and socialism, nationalism and internationalism. To speak bluntly, the secret of a nation's strength rests basically on its capacity for change and readjustment. Here we should not forget to note that there have been radical changes and gradual changes in the history of civilization. In either case of violent or smooth change human civilization may be beset with dangers and difficulties, odds and disadvantages but the laws of life and nature continue working, nothing remains in its state. In short, the old ideas and old values of life become weakened and disintegrated. With the progress of time new ideas and new values of life, no matter social, political, cultural, religions, emerge out of the debris of the old. Summary: Answer:  The passage emphasizes the importance of change in all aspects of life, as it is essential for progress, culture and civilization. Stagnation leads to decay, death and destruction, and everything noble is dynamic. The law of nature is evolution and revolution, and human institutions must adapt to new conditions and demands. Change is necessary for a meaningful and desirable life. The strength of a nation is based on its capacity for change and readjustment. The emergence of new ideas and values is inevitable with the passage of time, as old ones become weakened and disintegrated.   Unseen Comprehension 06 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Newspaper is the people's parliament. The newspaper plays a vital role in modem civilization. It is said to be the mirror of the world. We must have the habit of reading newspaper daily. It helps us acquire general knowledge which is essential for our education. Nobody can keep contact with the outside world without reading newspaper. Mere bookish knowledge is not sufficient in the struggle of life. A man who does not read the newspaper daily, is like a frog in a narrow well. Being ignorant of current topics, he cannot take part in the talks and discussions of an enlightened society and he seems like a fish out of water in it. The newspaper is a dainty in a dish of varieties; such as the news of current affairs, trade and commerce, films and sports etc. Moreover, the views of scholars on different subjects are discussed. All these have some educative values and we must have the habit of reading newspapers regularly as it is a blessing of modem civilization. But one should bear in mind that sometimes newspapers bear comments of diverse nature and interests by the reporters and critics from various angles. We should not be blindly influenced by these comments but should keep an open mind to the facts and problems. Summary: This passage emphasizes the important role that newspapers play in modern society, serving as a vital source of information and a mirror of the world. It argues that reading newspapers on a daily basis is essential for acquiring general knowledge and keeping in touch with the outside world. The author cautions readers to be aware of the diverse nature and interests of the comments made by reporters and critics, and to keep an open mind to the facts and problems presented in the newspaper. Reading newspapers regularly is a blessing of modern civilization, and is necessary for participation in enlightened discussions and an educated society.   Unseen Comprehension 07 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Facebook is a directory of photos and basic information of its users; their profile and information of their product. There are different types of Facebook for different types of people. Facebook is the most popular and most largely used social networking service with over one billion active users. FacebOok expands relation among people around the world. Facebook was first founded by Mark Zuckerberg along with his roommates and classmates of Harvard University. Later on, its network expanded to many other colleges and universities. More later on, its network expanded up to school level. Any student over 18 years can become a registered user of Facebook. Though Facebook gives entertainment to student-users and helps them know one another, it has now become a curse for the students. Students spend much of their valuable time in Facebook neglecting their studies. In the United States, Facebook has turned into a national obsession encouraging narcissism. Facebook has both uses and abuses. Its merits in the field of friends-making, connecting people, chaffing, job-seeking and business expanding cannot be denied. The use of Facebook is expanding because one can use Facebook paying a very little to internet service provider. Another reason is that it helps us to make us public to the world's people most importantly. A user can avail "Privacy Protection Measure if he/she desires so. In spite of all these, the demerits of Facebook in derailing teenagers and even the adult cannot also be denied. It is now almost equally used and abused. We should take all possible steps so that this blessing does not turn into a curse. Summary: The passage discusses the social networking service Facebook, which provides a directory of user profiles and product information. With over one billion active users, it has expanded relations among people worldwide and is popular among students as a means of entertainment and networking. However, excessive use of Facebook can lead to neglect of studies and has become a national obsession in the United States, encouraging narcissism. Although it has benefits such as connecting people, job-seeking, and business expansion, it can also have negative effects on teenagers and adults. Despite privacy protection measures, Facebook is both used and abused, and steps should be taken to prevent its use from becoming a curse. Unseen Comprehension 08 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. The importance of learning English cannot be denied and exaggerated. English which is called a lingua franca is an international language. As modem world is a global village, the people are closely related to one another for different purposes like business, diplomatic correspondence, tourism, higher education and so on. Job and employment opportunities in the international markets require English-knowing persons. Even in our homeland we cannot compete for a good job. Unless we know English. We cannot think of higher studies without English because all the books of all courses and the reference books are either written in English or translated into this language. Even if we want to become a postman, a telephone operator, a nurse, a pharmacist; a waiter or a receptionist in a hotel, we cannot do without English. We need it to become a pilot, a banker, a technician, a businessman, a secretary in a big company. As modem world is a digitalized village and our nation is a member of the village, we cannot do without English. The international organizations located in a country where English is not the first language, need English-knowing personnel. It is learnt from world statistics that about 350 million people speak English as a first language while about 300 million use it as a second language. English is also used as official or semi-official language in more than sixty countries. Today there are many migrants working abroad who need to know English for their job purposes. Besides, the best universities of the world give you the best career opportunities which you cannot have without learning English. Hence, it may be concluded by circumstances of the progressive world. Summary: The passage highlights the significance of learning English, which is an international language and a lingua franca. The use of English is essential for various purposes such as business, tourism, education, and job opportunities in international markets. The importance of English in various professions, including postman, nurse, pilot, and banker, is also emphasized. Moreover, English is required for working in international organizations and studying in the world's top universities. The passage concludes that learning English is crucial in the context of the progressive world.   Unseen Comprehension 9 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. In order to know whether a nation is rich or poor, developed or underdeveloped one does not need to count the number of its palatial buildings and monuments or the number of those people who enjoy a high standard of living. It is enough to count the number of literate people. The rate of literacy or illiteracy in a wintry determines whether it is rich or poor, developed or underdeveloped. The higher rate of illiteracy in o country-, the greater will be the extent of poverty and backwardness. Illiteracy is a curse. It is the root cause of ignorance which frustrates all development efforts of the Government and the community. No development effort can Winded unless illiteracy is eradicated. Educating the tailcoat in a country like Bangladesh with so vast population undoubtedly a gigantic task. No individual community or organization, not even the Government is capable of solving this huge problem single handedly . It is the social responsibility of all the literate people, men and women, to make some concentrated efforts to remove illiteracy from society. Summary: The number of literate people in a nation determines whether it is rich or poor, developed or underdeveloped. Illiteracy frustrates all development efforts, making it a curse and root cause of poverty and backwardness. Educating the vast population of Bangladesh is a huge task that cannot be solved by a single individual, community, or organization, including the government. Therefore, it is the social responsibility of all literate individuals, men, and women, to make concerted efforts to eradicate illiteracy from society.   Unseen Comprehension 10 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Severe moral degradation is a crucial problem of mankind which is seriously affecting the peaceful and meaningful living of human beings. In society, morality is the main source of development of the heavenly qualities like love, affection, heavenly feelings, respect and appreciation for others. It is moral values and institutions which ensure establishment of social peace, order and justice. There is no denying the fact that morality is the best virtue of mankind at any individual, social and global level. Without attaching the essence of morality, a fruitful, honest and durable democratic, socio-economic, administrative and judicial institution can never be dreamt of. Social evils and vices, in most cases, occur mainly due to human activities devoid of moral senses. So, it is necessary to develop moral awareness and conscience among the world's people irrespective of colour, religion and nationality. Arranging seminars and symposiums at different levels of society to motivate and encourage the people of all strata to accelerate moral uplift from their respective families to social levels. Summary: Morality is essential for peaceful and meaningful living. Without it, social evils occur, and institutions cannot be honest and durable. Moral awareness and conscience should be developed irrespective of colour, religion, and nationality. Seminars and symposiums can motivate and encourage people to accelerate moral uplift. Unseen Comprehension 11   Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. A freedom fighter is honoured in all lands and in all times, because he fights for a noble cause which is the freedom of the motherland. Freedom is the birth right of man, but sometimes this right is denied to a nation by foreign rulers. As a result, armed conflict takes place between the freedom loving people and the occupation forces. Sometimes the    war continues for years and if the people are united and determined the freedom fighters win and the country achieves independence. The people of Bangladesh fought a glorious War of Independence against the Pakistani occupation forces in 1971. In this great war the Bengali members of the armed forces, the students and the people from all walks of life took part. They fought for long nine months and defeated the well trained Pakistani forces. Bangladesh became a free country. The people who fought against the Pakistani army and the people who take part in the war are called the freedom fighters. Many of the freedom fighters sacrificed their lives for the cause of the motherland. We are indebted to these patriots for our freedom. The freedom fighters are the golden sons of Bangladesh and her pride. The people will cherish the memory of the valiant sons till the end of Bangladesh or the world. Summary: A freedom fighter is honored for fighting for their country's independence, as freedom is the birthright of man. The people of Bangladesh fought a glorious War of Independence against the Pakistani occupation forces in 1971, where Bengali members of the armed forces, students, and people from all walks of life took part. After nine months of fighting, Bangladesh became an independent country. These people are called freedom fighters, and many sacrificed their lives. The freedom fighters are the pride of Bangladesh, and their memory will be cherished forever.   Unseen Comprehension 12 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. There are a good number of reasons why students in Bangladesh fail in English. That English is a foreign language is the main reason. In other words, students have no good feeling with English. Very few of them are earnest in learning. What the students seek is to cross the stairs of examinations. To most of them learning is unpleasant and examination is fearful. Secondly, teaching a foreign language becomes very difficult when the learners are not mentally keen to the subject. In that situation, a teacher of English can hardly find out a technique suitable to all. They fail to motivate learners that they must master the four skills of language and that there is no easy way of learning a foreign language. In short, they fail to make language learning interesting. The most important matter is that the text books in different classes are not harmonious with the stages and the standards of the learners. In the college level, the topics are not suitable for the world that teenagers belong to. Finally, the motto of the questions in the public examination induces cramming rather than learning the language. The faulty motto of the question persuades the students to run after the so called touch and pass system. It is high time, we did something to save the students from the disgrace of being unsuccessful. Summary: Students in Bangladesh struggle to learn English for a variety of reasons. First, English is a foreign language that many students do not have a good feeling about. Many are only interested in passing exams and do not have a genuine desire to learn. Second, teaching a foreign language becomes difficult when students are not mentally engaged with the subject. Teachers struggle to motivate students to master the four language skills and make language learning interesting. Textbooks are not always appropriate for students' stages and standards, and the public examination system encourages cramming instead of real learning. Something needs to be done to help students succeed in learning English.   Unseen Comprehension 13 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 60 to 70 words. The Olympic Games went on in Greek and Roman times. But in 394 AD the Roman Emperor stopped the games forever. For 1500 years no games were held again. Towards the end of nineteenth century a Frenchman called Baron Pierre de Couberten suggested that the ancient Olympic Games should be revived. But their purpose would be different. They would be held as a contest not among the Greeks but among the nations of the world. He hoped that athletes and sportsmen meeting every four years and competing against one another would make themselves friendly to one another. His suggestion was not immediately accepted. He and his supporters tried for years to hold the games. At last they succeeded and the first modem Olympic Games were held in 1896 in Athens, the capital city of Greece because the original site at Olympia was no longer suitable. Summary: The ancient Olympic Games, which had been held in Greece and Rome, were stopped in 394 AD by the Roman Emperor and were not held again for 1500 years. In the late 19th century, Baron Pierre de Couberten proposed to revive the ancient Olympic Games as a competition among nations of the world to promote friendly relationships between athletes and sportsmen. After years of effort, the first modern Olympic Games were held in 1896 in Athens because the original site in Olympia was unsuitable.   Unseen Comprehension 14 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Internet and social media have changed the public concept of communication. Social media, largely-known as social networks, eased the way and frequency of communications among the people in the world. Social networking websites such as Facebook, Google+ or Twitter are tvildly popular among the people of all ages now-a-days. Social network services are web-based and hence, provide ways for the users to interact through the Internet. Social websites make it possible to connect people sharing interests and activities across the borders and thus have turned the world into a global village, where the users of these networks are interconnected. These websites are gaining popularity with every passing day as most of these are free to use. Users do not have to pay anything to log in and to use these websites and get to know other people. The users only have to pay a little to the intemet service providers to use these websites. The users, through their personal profiles can present themselves before the world and advertise for themselves without any cost. By doing these, they can open the doors of opportunities for them. The users can even upload their pictures, multimedia contents and modify and update their profiles which was almost impossible just a couple of years back. They can also express their opinion or views on their profiles through blog posts with secured profile features. The users can decide who will be watching their profiles and who won't and what information will be shared with any of the visitors. With these unique features, these websites have become most popular destination of the modern world. Summary: Social media, such as Facebook, Google+, and Twitter, have become widely popular, creating a global village where users are interconnected. These web-based services allow users to interact through the internet and connect with people who share their interests and activities across borders. Social websites are free to use, allowing users to present themselves, advertise, upload multimedia content, and express opinions through blog posts with secured profile features. Users have control over who can see their profiles and what information is shared, making social media the most popular destination for modern communication. Unseen Comprehension 15 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Greenhouse effect is an alarming phenomenon for our environment. It occurs because of the production of carbon dioxide in our environment. Its amount is increasing day by day. The main cause of it is the burning of fossil fuels. Since the end of the 19th century industrial activities increased rapidly giving rise to many factories. These factories required energy, which was produced through the combustion of coal. Besides coal, other sources of energy such as mineral oil and natural gas were also burnt to heat the house, move cars and airplanes or to produce electricity. Nowadays, about 85 million barrels of crude oil are burnt daily. Every time a fossil raw material is burnt, it releases carbon dioxide into the air. Besides burning fossil fuels, we are leading the earth towards deforestation through cutting down trees. Trees absorb significant amount of carbon dioxide from the air and deliver oxygen instead which in turns, helps us survive. Although we can't control the cosmological movement of the earth or the change in the environment, we can control the greenhouse effect by reducing the emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Summary: The greenhouse effect is caused by the production of carbon dioxide, which has been increasing due to burning fossil fuels since the industrial revolution. Other sources of energy, such as mineral oil and natural gas, are also burned, releasing carbon dioxide into the air. Deforestation is also contributing to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The amount of carbon dioxide can be reduced by controlling its emission into the air, and preserving trees which absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Unseen Comprehension 16 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Knowledge leads to goodness and happiness. It dissuades the learners from temptation and enables him to choose between the good and the bad. The value of ethical training is thus clearly stressed. Fear of God is the beginning of wisdom and everything else. Hence all laws and theories of morals are rooted in the saying of God as recorded in the Holy book. The believers are called upon to limit ad act according to the life and deeds of the great men. The same authority plays a predominant part in all ethics Sun upon theology and religion. All the ways of life -are naked out. Moral life is determined on the authoritative teaching and perceptions of the great men and other saints S whom divine knowledge was revealed. Revival of science throws light upon the prescribed moral training of the youth. These are dictated in minute details about the habit of sitting , taking meal, sleeping, serving teachers etc. Trainees must avoid gluttony, must acquire proper posture of walking, reading and sleeping in proper way in the social context. The learners have to be submissive, disciplined and obedient to the teachers and to the elders. Even the way of talking and paying respect to elders has to be practiced. In fact a disciplinary concept determines the sale of morality. It has its weakness too. The disciplinary concepts make customs and examples, take the place of scientific analysis. Customary uses become very important in all individuals life. One should perform actions accordance with the recorded dictates. However, the fixed models and practices of life make education more stereotype, conservative and less adjustable. Summary: The passage emphasizes the importance of knowledge and ethical training in leading a good and happy life. The role of religion and great men in shaping moral values is also highlighted. The text stresses the significance of discipline and obedience to teachers and elders, and provides detailed guidelines for proper behavior and habits. However, the text warns against the potential drawbacks of a disciplinary approach, which may lead to a rigid and inflexible educational system.   Unseen Comprehension 17 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. You might have heard the name of Shahid Titumir. He was a national hero. He was born in the district of 24 Paragons of undivided Bengal. Then the British were the rulers of this country. At that time the Muslims of Bengal_were very poor. They had lost the spirit of independence. The English were very cruel. They oppressed the poor peasants of Bengal. Titumir loved his country. He loved the poor people, also. He wanted to fight for freedom. Titumir visited holy Mecca. Returning home, he tried to raise the Islamic spirit in the mind of the sleeping people. He tried to bring unity among them. Within a short time, he had a large number of followers. He decided to raise an army and fight against the English. He built a strong Bamboo Fort.' The English ruler heard about Titumir. They sent a police force against him. He defeated the police force in a great battle. Then the English ruler sent a regular army from Calcutta. A terrible battle took place outside the Bamboo Fort. Titumir's peasant army could not stand before the English army. They were defeated. Titumir and his followers died for the freedom of their motherland. (200 words). Summary: Shahid Titumir, a national hero, was born in 24 Paragons of undivided Bengal when the British were the rulers. The Muslims of Bengal were oppressed, and Titumir wanted to fight for freedom. After visiting Mecca, he tried to raise the Islamic spirit and bring unity among the people. He built a strong Bamboo Fort and formed an army to fight against the English. He defeated a police force but was ultimately defeated in a terrible battle against the English army from Calcutta. Titumir and his followers died for the freedom of their motherland.   Unseen Comprehension 18 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. To succeed in life we must have some good qualities in us. These are ability, determination, sincerity and willingness to work hard. Any shortcoming of the above virtues will spoil our aims and objects of life. So, to attain success in life we should cultivate the above good qualities in us. Our life is a prolonged test examination. Success in this examination absolutely depends on hard work. By dint of hard work we can overcome all the impediments and hindrances on our way to success. To succeed in life strong determination is of great importance because strong determination inspires us to work hard. Again success in life depends on how we make the best use of our time, energy and money. Time is the most valuable factor in our life. Without making the best use of time, we will not be able to complete our works in our short span of life. Time once lost is lost forever. Energy is the life force behind all endeavours. It is fugitive like time and money. So, when we are in possession of it, we should make the best use of it. Money is another vital factor in achieving success in life. To execute any scheme of life we need money. Today we may have money but the day after tomorrow we may not have it. So, definite planning for using money to attain the cherished goal is highly necessary. Anything contrary to it will lead us to the path of sorrows and sufferings. If we succeed in life, we will be happy. Our parents, relatives and friends will be happy and also feel proud of us. Summary: Success in life requires good qualities such as ability, determination, sincerity, and hard work. Shortcomings in these virtues can hinder one's aims and objectives. Success depends on hard work, strong determination, making the best use of time, energy, and money, and definite planning for using money to achieve one's goals. If successful, one will be happy and make their parents, relatives, and friends proud. Unseen Comprehension 19 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Newspaper is the people's parliament. The newspaper plays a vital role in modem civilization. It is said to be the mirror of the world. We must have the habit of reading newspaper daily. It helps us acquire general knowledge which is essential for our education. Nobody can keep contact with the outside world without reading newspaper. Mere bookish knowledge is insufficient in the struggle of life. A man who does not read the newspaper daily, is like a frog in a narrow well. Being ignorant of current topics, he can not take part in the talks and discussions .of the enlightened society and it seems like a fish out of water in it. The newspaper is a dainty in a dish of varieties, such as the news of current affairs, trade and commerce, films, games and sports etc. Moreover, the views of scholars on different subjects are discussed. All these have some educative values and we must have the habit of reading newspapers regularly as it is blessing of modem science. But one should bear in mind 1 that sometimes newspapers bear comments of diverse nature and interests by the reporters and critics from various angles. We should not be blindly influenced by these comments but should keep an open mind to the facts and problems.   Summary: Newspapers play a crucial role in modern society, acting as a mirror of the world and providing essential general knowledge. Reading the newspaper daily is necessary to keep in touch with the outside world and take part in discussions of the enlightened society. The newspaper covers a variety of topics including current affairs, trade and commerce, films, games, sports, and scholarly views, all of which have educational value. However, readers should be mindful of diverse comments and opinions from reporters and critics and keep an open mind to the facts and problems presented. Unseen Comprehension 20 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Our earth is a green place where we have been sent to do our specific work. But what are we doing as the best creatures of Almighty? We are blindly running after material wealth. William Wordsworth many years ago said to us about it, "Material wealth is a sordid boon to which we have given our hearts away". Living in the earth, we are destroying the basic elements of it. As a result, we have been facing the adverse environmental condition with the progress of industrialization. Our climate is changing rapidly. It is undergoing a significant change. The world temperature is increasing. Global warming is caused because the amount of carbon dioxide is increasing. On the other hand, Scientists have reported that the polar ice caps are melting. According to climatologists, greenhouse effect is the main cause of global warming. In fact, greenhouse effect is the gradual warming of the air surrounding the earth being trapped by environmental pollution., This is exemplified by the destruction and burring down tropicah rain forests, by traffic that clogs up city streets, by the rapid growth of industry, the use of chlorofluoro carbon (CFCS) in packaging and manufacturing commercial products, the use of detergents and so on. The oceans, rivers and watery places are affected because of human waste, industrial waste, oil seeping etc. Marine lives are also destroying for the same cause. We are using fossil fuel (oil, coal) and producing carbon dioxide. Obviously, humans are generating more and more greenhouse gases and destroying animals, plants cruelly. From the prediction of climatologists, we carne to know that midway through the next century, temperatures may have risen by as much as 4 degree centigrade. This could catastrophically reduce mankind's ability to grow food, destroy or severely damage wild life, raise sea levels and thereby flood coastal areas farmland. Bangladesh is a !! victim of global warming because the southern part of the country may go under water.   Summary: The passage highlights how humans are destroying the environment and causing adverse climate change due to their pursuit of material wealth. Greenhouse gases from industrialization, use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and pollution are causing global warming and melting of polar ice caps. The destruction of marine life and water pollution is also contributing to environmental degradation. The author warns that if temperatures continue to rise, it could lead to catastrophic consequences such as the destruction of crops, wildlife, and flooding of coastal areas. Bangladesh is cited as a country that could be severely impacted by global warming. Unseen Comprehension 21 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Bangladesh is often called a land of natural beauties. She is Nature's darling child. On no other country of the world has Nature bestowed so much beauty as on Bangladesh. Her beauties consist in bounty and variety. Bangladesh is a playground of Nature. Her tropical climate brings for her abundance of sunshine, on one hand, and plenty of clouds and rain, on the other hand. There is always the play of light and shade in the land. She enjoys the pleasure of   sunny weather, luxury of cololurs and throws an appeal of an unending ocean of greenery. Her green fields overflowing with golden crops, the spotless blue and cloudy sky, her moonlit and pitchy dark night- all these present scenes romantic charm and beauty. Then come the beauties of the river scenes of Bangladesh. The banks of the rivers present an unbroken view of a variety of sights which enchant the eyes. The grand spectacle of the river on a moonlit night is simply bewitching. In Bangladesh six seasons in their distinctive roles come in procession. In summer, heat is intense but there are gifts of delitious fruits. In the rainy season floods occur but it is the season which is at the root of all verdure and greenery. In autumn, there are the play of hide and seek among the clouds, the blue sky and the enchanting moonlight at night. Last of all, spring presents variety of colours. No one can deny that Bangladesh is a matchless beauty spot in the world., Summary: The passage describes Bangladesh as a country of natural beauty with its tropical climate, abundance of sunshine, rain and greenery. It is a land of six seasons that bring distinct roles and beauty, from the intense heat of summer and floods during the rainy season to the play of hide and seek among clouds in autumn and the colorful spring. The author mentions the enchanting scenes of the river banks that present a variety of sights and the grand spectacle of the river on a moonlit night. Bangladesh is considered a matchless beauty spot in the world due to its natural bounty and variety Unseen Comprehension 22 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. . Food adulteration has become a great concern now. Different steps are being taken to prevent food adulteration. Rally, discussions, social movement etc. are being launched to create awareness among the mass people for preventing food adulteration and for saving human lives in building a healthier nation. Very often we can see anti-adulteration campaign in different kinds of media. Government officials, public representatives, representatives of different socio¬cultural, political and professional organizations, N.G.Os, women and -human rights activists, adolescents, civil society members, teachers, students and the elite participate in the rallies and campaigns against food adulteration. People are concerned of the availability of adulterated and chemical poison mixed baby foods, vegetables, fish, meat, fruits, hotel and packed foods, adulterated and date expired life saving medicines and other food stuffs in the local markets. If people consume these adulterated food for a long time, they will certainly suffer from hepatitis, kidney and liver diseases, heart ailments and cardiac failures, paralysis, cancer, pancreas ailments and also from _many other diseases. To prevent food adulteration, the government should strictly implement the consumers right act, conduct frequent anti-adulteration drives, completely ban the selling of adulterated foods mixed with poisonous fonnalin, carbide, DDT and other poisonous chemicals. The government should also ban false advertisements that attract the consumers to purchase adulterated foods. The government should make the concerned authorities active to ensure the desired standard of food. Otherwise, we will face a great health hazard in future.   Summary: Food adulteration is a major concern as it poses serious health risks, and to prevent it, various steps are being taken including rallies, discussions, and social movements to create awareness among people. Government officials, NGOs, and various organizations participate in anti-adulteration campaigns. Adulterated foods like baby foods, vegetables, fish, meat, and packed foods can cause various diseases. The government should strictly implement the consumers' right act, conduct frequent anti-adulteration drives, ban selling of adulterated foods, and false advertisements to ensure food standards. Otherwise, it will lead to serious health hazards. Unseen Comprehension 23 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. May Day or International Workers Day is observed on May 1 all over the world. It commemorates the historic struggle and sacrifice of the working people throughout the world. It is a public holiday and is recognized in most of the countries of the world. All the privileges workers enjoy today a minimum wage, Safety laws and eight hour working day came due to the sacrifice of the workers in 1886. The event of May Day took place on May 3, 1886. When police fired into a crowd of strikers at the McComic Harvesi Machine Company, Chicago who were demanding an eigh hour workday. One striker was killed instantly, wounding five or six others and injuring an undetermined number Before that event, at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and the USA, people in factories had to work lasting up to fourteer or even more hours a day. The events of May Day 1886 is a reminder that worker will continue to be exploited until they stand up and speal out to gain better working conditions, better pay and belle lives. Summary: May Day is celebrated on May 1 worldwide to commemorate the historic struggle of working people for better working conditions, pay and lives. The event began in 1886 when police fired at workers demanding an eight-hour workday, killing one and injuring many. It is a reminder that workers' exploitation will continue unless they speak out.   Unseen Comprehension 24 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. Patriotism is a noble virtue. It inspires a man to do everything just and fair for the well being and betterment of the country. It is the quality that impels a man to sacrifice his own interest, comfort, pleasure and' even his life for sake of his country. Patriotic zeal makes a man dutiful, energetic and enthusiastic. He obeys the law, pays taxes and thinks for the country. Patriotism teaches a man fellow-feelings, fraternity and love and sympathy for the countrymen. A patriot is also praised and honoured by his countrymen. On the other hand, an unpatriotic man is an ignoble person. He is self-centered. He engages all his time in achieving his mean end. He causes harm to the country by his unyielding and reckless activities. Hels.an enemy to  the liberty and sovereignty of the country: He feels no I scruple to plot against the country. He gets his return in the same way. He may have high titles, immense wealth, high social prestige and noble birth. But despite his worldly achievements, he remains a worthless person. His power and pelf fail to bring him'any glory. Because during his lifetime such a man is never honoured by any body. Rather he is despised because of his perfidy. No minstrel ever sings for him. Such a man dies a double death. During his I lifetime he possesses a dead soul and he remains completely forgotten by the people. This is his first death. Then comes the natural demise. After expiring his body mixes with the vile dust from which it sprang. Nobody remembers him or shows any honour to him. Nobody shed tears for him. He sinks into oblivion. Summary: Patriotism is a virtuous quality that motivates individuals to work for the betterment of their country. It inspires people to make sacrifices and put the country's interests above their own. Patriotic individuals obey the law, pay taxes, and have love and sympathy for their fellow countrymen. They are praised and honored by their fellow citizens. Conversely, unpatriotic individuals are selfish and engage in harmful activities that undermine the country's liberty and sovereignty. Despite their wealth and status, they are despised and forgotten by people. Patriotism, therefore, is a noble quality that brings glory to an individual's life, while a lack of it results in a worthless existence.   Unseen Comprehension 25 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. What is terrorism? Terrorism can be defined as the use of threat or violence. With a view to creating fear or panic in a society, to attacking on dethroning a government and bring about a political change. It is also defined as the use of the method of terror for achieving political objectives. Terrorism may be of various kinds. It may be state v terrorism on terrorism by different political parties,organizations, groups on individuals. It may be over on cover. Nowadays, terrorism has spread out very rapidly throughout the world. The peace of the world is at stake because of terrorism. It generally flourishes in undemocratic societies. The present phase of international terrorism has been the outcome of prolonged oppression and injustices to many communities and even nations by the ruling classes and government in many countries, Some of the terrorist outfits also make use of religion as an ideology to justify violence. Democratic states could solve the problems of terrorism by solving the problems of government and solving problems of the people. Terrorism is not an ideology or a political agendum. It is a method or instrumentality. The world rejects and condemns all those who use the instrumentalities of terror, whatever their proclaimed ideologies and goals are. The United Nations Declaration of Measures to Eliminate Terrorism Condemns all acts methods and practices of terrorism as criminal and unjustifiable whatever the consideration of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethic, religious or other nature that may be invoked to justify them. The world leaders should do all to curb terrorism and make this world a peaceful abode for mankind. Summary: Terrorism is the use of threat or violence for the purpose of creating fear or panic to achieve political objectives, such as attacking or overthrowing a government. It can be carried out by various entities such as states, political parties, organizations, groups or individuals. Terrorism has spread rapidly throughout the world and poses a threat to global peace. It often arises due to prolonged oppression and injustices in undemocratic societies. Terrorism is not an ideology but a method, and the United Nations condemns all acts of terrorism as criminal and unjustifiable. To combat terrorism, leaders should address the root causes of oppression and injustice to make the world a peaceful place. Unseen Comprehension 26 Read the passage and write a summary in no more than 90 to 100 words. The International Mother Language Day has been observed every year since February 2000 to promote cultural diversity and multilingualism. It is a red-letter day in our national history. The date represents the day in 1952 when students from different educational institutions demonstrated for recognition of their language, Bangla, as one of the two national languages of the then Pakistan. They were shot by police in Dhaka near High Court for violating section 144. The streets of Dhaka University were stained with the blood of Barkat, Rafique, Salam, Jobbar and others. The following day strike paralyzed the whole of East Pakistan. At last the Pakistani rulers were compelled to accept Bangla as one of the state languages of Pakistan. The UNESCO has proclaimed February 21st as the International Mother Language Day to be observed globally in recognition of the sacrifices of the martyrs. It is our great achievement. The proposal to recognize 21st February as the International Mother Language Day was put forward for consideration to the general assembly of UNESCO by a Canadian Organization. At first it was rejected as some western countries opposed to this proposal. This proposal has again been put forward for consideration by the Education Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh to the 30th general assembly of UNESCO in November ' 1999. After a procrastination, the proposal was passed unanimously. However, the recognition of the day as the International Mother Language Day by UNESCO has I upheld our prestige all over the world and we celebrated the recognition nationally on 8th December 1999. Summary: International Mother Language Day is observed every year since February 2000 to promote cultural diversity and multilingualism. This day is significant because it represents the day in 1952 when students in Dhaka demonstrated for recognition of their language, Bangla, as one of the two national languages of Pakistan. This led to a violent clash with the police, and several students were killed. After this incident, Bangla was recognized as one of the state languages of Pakistan. The UNESCO proclaimed February 21st as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the sacrifices of the martyrs, and this day is now observed globally.

Most Important Summaries for SSC Examination How to Write Summary Strategies: 1.    Read the given text very carefully. (at least 2 times) 2.    Write only the key points in your own words. 3.    Don’t add any information from outside. 4.    Don’t use direct speech in summary. 5.    Usually, examples and explanation are not written in summary. 6.    Summary must be written in one paragraph. 7.    Use impersonal tone in summary (don’t use I , we, you….) 8.    Write as many words as mentioned in the question; if number of words is not mentioned write one-third of the main passage. Summary Worksheet-4.2 Write the summary of the following passages: 1.      PASSAGE - RB-2009 The best way of knowing a man is to know what company he keeps. A thief associates with a thief and a saint with a saint. Righteousness can have no fellowship with unrighteousness. Light have no connection with darkness and a believer with an infidel. Fire and water have a natural affinity to their own kind and a natural aversion for each other. Water is attracted by water and two drops merged together will readily become one but when fire and water meet together they destroy each other. Tigers and deer, serpents and mongooses, lambs and wolves, lions and whales never voluntarily associate with each other. Men of similar tastes and habits unite with one another and become friends. Therefore, a man's character, taste and temper may be fairly changed by the company he keeps. If a good man mixes with those who are bad or wicked, he is sure to lose his character. Whereas, if a bad man comes in contact with the good and the virtuous, he will soon be one of them. It should, therefore, be the earnest endeavour of everyone to choose a good company. It is the company on which the structure of a man's character is built. 2.      PASSAGE - JB-2009, SB-2011, RB-2011 Money cannot buy happiness. Money is a must for our life. But it is not the thing that necessarily brings happiness. Happiness is absolutely a psychological matter. It is the name of a feeling. It means the contentment of the mind. He who is satisfied with what he gets and content with what he has, is really happy. Happiness cannot be purchased with money. No doubt money has got something to do with happiness but it cannot give us perfect happiness. So we see the richest men in our society are not the happiest men. They lead a life full of cares and anxieties and pass sleepless nights. On the other hand, there is a large number of poor people who are happy and enjoy a sound sleep. The man who is honest and virtuous, though not rich , does not suffer from the anguish of the soul. His conscience does not torment him. Hence money cannot ensure happiness. It is only moral and spiritual development that gives us happiness. 3.      PASSAGE - Dinj.B-2009 There are a good number of reasons why students in Bangladesh fail in English. The main reason is that English is not their native language. In other words, students have no good feelings with English. Very few of them are earnest in learning English. Most of the students in our country learn English to pass the examination. So to them learning English is unpleasant and examination is fearful. Teaching English as a foreign language becomes very difficult when the learners are not mentally keen to the subject. The most important matter is that the text books in different classes are not harmonious with the stages and the standard of the learners. Finally, those who set questions in the public examinations are not familiar with the modern methods of language testing. The questions they set induce cramming rather than learning the language. 4.      PASSAGE- BB-2009 Patriotism means love for one's own country and its people. It is a powerful sentiment and is wholly unselfish and noble. A true patriot is a great asset for the nation. His idealism gives him courage and strength. It inspires a man to sacrifice even his own life for the sake of freedom and honour of his country. By being patriot one can bring prosperity for one's country and remove the sufferings of the people. But a false and parochial patriotism is dangerous. It may teach us to hate the people of other countries. It often leads a nation to war and sufferings. Patriotism is good but it must not supersede the feeling of universal love for all humanity. 5.      PASSAGE – BB-2010 A man may usually be known by the books he reads. as well as by the company he keeps; for there is companionship of books as well as of men. One should always keep the best company, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it yesterday was and it will never change. It does not turn its back upon us in time of adversity or distress. It always remains with us with the same kindness, instructs us in youth and comforts and consoles us in old age.   6.      PASSAGE –CB - 2010, Ctg-2010, DB-2007 People say, "Health is wealth". Health is the soundness of mind and body. A healthy man or woman has a sound body as well as sound mind. Without having one it is very difficult to have the other. To build up your health and to maintain it, you have to do certain things. For your physical health at first you have to eat proper food i.e. a balanced diet. Without eating a balanced diet you cannot remain healthy. Secondly, you have to drink clean water. Without drinking clean water you cannot keep in good health because it controls the heat of the body and keeps the blood healthy. Again you have to take rest and sleep properly. Besides these, you have to take regular physical exercise. Regular physical exercise keeps a man physically fit and Keeps him free from diseases. For your mental health you have to control your emotions. Without controlling it, you cannot enjoy good mental health. Above all, you have to have patience and respect for other people's feelings. 7.      PASSAGE- JB-2010, CB-2007 The secret of success in life lies in the proper use of time. Many of us forget that every moment is valuable. Life is short but art is long. Time is uncertain and we do not know when we shall die. During this limited and uncertain period. we have to do a lot of things. So if we waste our precious time in idleness, we reduce the time of our important work. As a result, success becomes difficult to achieve. We can achieve success only by using every moment of our time properly. Time once lost is lost for ever. The boy who is unmindful to his lessons will realize his faults later on. He will certainly realize that he has lost the opportunity to make him learned. The young man who is afraid of work and loses his time in idleness, is sure to find himself a burden to himself and to others. If a man is active and punctual, he will find enough time for doing everything. The busiest man has. in fact- the greatest amount of leisure because he does his work regularly and does not put off anything for tomorrow. History tells us that all the great men in the world have achieved success by making proper use of time. 8.      PASSAGE- Dinj.B-2010, CB-2009; RB-2008, JB-2008, Ctg.- 2007 Education is the process by which our mind/develops through formal learning at an institution like a school. college or university. It is mental and intellectual training which provides opportunities of growth and helps to overcome obstacles to progress. Again, the purpose of education is to enlighten the individual and develop his/her capacity to the limit. It is also the business of education to train individuals to make the right choices to go ahead. It ennobles our mind and refines our sensibility. It also broadens our outlook and helps us become aware of our rights and responsibilities. 9.      PASSAGE-2 BB-2008 Good manners form an important part of our education. Our education remains incomplete if we do not learn good manners. In our behaviour with others, we must show proper respect to them. We should have a sense of propriety in our conduct with others. We should show respect to our superiors and affection to our inferiors and equals. These are necessary for a cultured and disciplined society. Again, good manners cost us nothing but earn everything. Childhood is the best time to acquire good manners and school and home are the best places to acquire it. Though good breeding and good manners do not mean the same thing, yet good breeding helps men acquire good manners. The importance of good manners is very imperative in our life. Good manners win love and respect of others. In fact, every one in our society likes the man of good manners. He is really a gentle man in the true sense of the term. 10.  PASSAGE- SB-2008, CB-2011 Sincerity is a great virtue. It is the root of success of all our endeavours. One can go a long way if one does anything with sincerity. The rich people are sincere in their work and so they are capable of making anything a success. It is the key to success. The people who not sincere in their words and deeds can never shine in life. Most of the poor people in our society are not sincere and as such they lag behind. If they would know the benefit of sincerity, they would make the best use of it. Sincerity is like a tonic which stimulates us to perform our jobs properly. If anybody does not do his work properly, he will never get any good output from it. So. we should be sincere in every walk of life. Sincerity also implies the quality of punctuality, dutifulness and honesty. The people of our country are not still aware of the importance of sincerity. As a result, they are becoming dull and inactive day by day and blaming their lot. It is we who are responsible for poor condition. If we are aware of this fact, we can easily be overcome our misfortune. 11.  PASSAGE- JB-2007 Sports area popular form of entertainment. Many international sporting events are organised from time to time. Most of the events are sponsored by multinational manufacturing companies and business firms. They pay for the sports events in exchange for the right to advertise their products during those events. These events are telecast worldwide by satellite and people all over the world watch them live. As a result, the sponsors' products get media coverage and thus give the companies international recognition. This is only the commercial aspect of international sports but there are other aspects too. The sports venue becomes a meeting place of people from different countries. When people of different nations get together on the occasion of international sporting events they come closer to each other sharing views, opinions and friendship. This opportunity creates sense of brotherhood, and a spirit of mutual co­operation among them. Moreover, getting acquainted with different cultures helps to break down prejudice and broaden outlook. If globalization has anything to do with the development of international relationship, then sports can certainly contribute largely to this. 12.  PASSAGE - DB-2009 Money is what money does. It is the means of leading worldly life. We can lead our life well by earning money. Shortage of money makes our life deplorable and lamentable. We cannot lead our life properly in want of money. Parents, brothers, sisters, wives, friends may neglect one in want of money. One's wife and children may be separated from one another owing to scarcity of money. It is the symbol of unity. But earning money is not easy for all. Ability as well as skill is required to earn money. Money is also the symbol of fall and downfall. Our peace and prosperity depend on proper utilization of money. Spending money through illegal way can lead us to the path of destruction and downfall. So we need to be aware of spending money. Hoek ever. the importance of money cannot be over-stated in the true sense of the term in our practical and pragmatic life. 13.  PASSAGE- SB-2010. DB-2011 Man is mortal. To every man death must be sooner or later. But it matters little if a man lives a few years more or less than another. Our life is not measured by months on years. It is truly measured by our deeds and actions. The people who live only for their own interest, die unhonoured and are not remembered after their death. But those who sacrifice their lives to the service of mankind, live in the hearts of men even after their death. Though they do not live in the midst of living men, they are remembered for ever by all. So we should do good deeds for the benefit of mankind. 14.  PASSAGE- DB-2010 Traffic jam is a common affair in the big cities in our country. This problem is the result of rapid growth of population and the increasing number of vehicles. Most often this problem Occurs in the congested areas where the roads are very narrow. Overtaking tendency also causes traffic jam. Some drivers do not obey the traffic rules. They drive the vehicles carelessly. Traffic jam causes great sufferings to the ambulance carrying patients. Office goers and school going children also suffer a lot due to traffic jam. However, this problem can be solved by imposing traffic rules strictly. Spacious roads should be constructed. Sufficient traffic police should be posted at important points of the highways. Unlicensed vehicles should be removed from the roads. All drivers and pedestrians should be made aware of traffic rules. If all these measures are taken, traffic jam can be solved to a great extent. 15.  PASSAGE - RB — 2010 Everyone has heard of Solomon, the king of the Jews. He was famous all over the world for his wealth and magnificence and especially for his wisdom. The queen of Sheba had heard much about the grandeur of Solomon's court and the world wide reputation of his learning and wisdom. Hearing the name and fame of Solomon, the queen wanted to test his wisdom. The queen went to Solomon's court. She took with her garlands - one of real roses and the other of artificial roses. But both of the garlands looked quite alike. The queen placed them on the table and said, "Oh wise king, please took at the garlands. Tell me, which one is of the real roses." Solomon thought for a time. It was very difficult to identify the real rose: just then he saw some bees humming out side the window. King Solomon asked somebody to open the window. As soon as the window opened, the bees came in and sat on the real flowers. The king then pointed to the real garland. The queen was surprised and went away admiring the king's great wisdom. 16.  PASSAGE - DB-2008, BB-2011 Newspapers play a vital role in modern civilization. It publishes important news and views of home and abroad. A student must have the habit of reading newspapers everyday. Mere bookish knowledge is not sufficient in this competitive world. A newspaper helps one enrich his general knowledge and makes him aware of the burning issues of both inside and outside the country. A man who does not read newspapers is like a frog in a narrow well. Being ignorant of the current affairs, he cannot take part in the talks and discussions in an enlightened society and thus he feels like a fish out of water. Newspapers highlight news of various interests and views of important personalities. All these have an educative value. Sometimes there are false and partial reports in the newspaper. We should accept the good reports and avoid the bad ones. 17.  PASSAGE- Ctg.B-2009 Air is one of the most important elements in our environment. No creature can live without air. It is called the life-giving force. But this air sometimes gets polluted and becomes a threat to our life. By inhaling polluted air we become sick. Air is polluted in various ways. The most common agent that pollutes air is smoke. Smoke of all kinds pollutes air. Man makes fire for cooking food, burning refuse, melting pitch, etc. Thus they create smoke which mixes with air and pollutes it. Railway engines, mills and factories, buses, cars, trucks, steamers, launches and automobiles use coal, petrol and diesel to make energy. When these are burnt they create smoke and air gets polluted. The most serious air pollution occurs in big industrial areas where there are many big mills and factories. Again air pollution happens in big cities where many buses, trucks and cars ply along the streets every day. With a view to ensuring a healthier and happier life for all, we must keep air free from pollution. By abstaining from making smoke or at least minimizing its production we can control air pollution to some extent. Above all, it is our strong civic sense that can act as the vanguard against air pollution. 18.  PASSAGE-18 Illiteracy is a great curse in Bangladesh. Most of the people in our country are illiterate. They cannot even read and write. There are many reasons behind illiteracy. Poverty is the main cause of it. Majority of our people live below the poverty line. They cannot manage three meals a day. let alone send their children to school. Though some of the guardians send their children to schools, yet their children leave schools before completing primary education. Lack of social awareness is another cause of it. Most of our people are not aware of their children's education. However, this tendency is also changing. Besides these, in some rural areas. girls are forbidden to go to school. We hope the government as well as the educated people of our country should come forward and work together to solve this problem. 19.  PASSAGE-19 A flower is a symbol of beauty and purity. Its beauty and sweet smell attract us all. There is ,hardly any man but loves flowers. As most of the people in our country are poor, they can't buy flowers in spite of having a great attraction for them. Only a particular section of people buy flowers on some occasions. But this attitude is changing day by day. Now-a-days many flower shops are seen in the towns and cities and many people cultivate flowers and sell them. It indicates that the sense of beauty and attraction for flowers are increasing. People now decorate their houses with flowers to enhance their beauty. They also present flowers to their beloved persons and lovers on various occasions. At present flower exhibitions and fairs are held in different towns and cities. The cultivation of flowers is becoming popular day by day in our country. Many people have taken it as their profession. So, we hope that the day is not far when the cultivation of flowers will turn into a good profitable business. Summary Worksheet-4.2 with Answer Important Summaries from Board Question PASSAGE - RB-2009 The best way of knowing a man is to know what company he keeps. A thief associates with a thief and a saint with a saint. Righteousness can have no fellowship with unrighteousness. Light have no connection with darkness and a believer with an infidel. Fire and water have a natural affinity to their own kind and a natural aversion for each other. Water is attracted by water and two drops merged together will readily become one but when fire and water meet together they destroy each other. Tigers and deer, serpents and mongooses, lambs and wolves, lions and whales never voluntarily associate with each other. Men of similar tastes and habits unite with one another and become friends. Therefore, a man's character, taste and temper may be fairly changed by the company he keeps. If a good man mixes with those who are bad or wicked, he is sure to lose his character. Whereas, if a bad man comes in contact with the good and the virtuous, he will soon be one of them. It should, therefore, be the earnest endeavour of everyone to choose a good company. It is the company on which the structure of a man's character is built. Summary: A man is known by the company he keeps. He is greatly influenced by them. A bad man ma-- turn into a good one if he mixes with a good man. Similarly, a good man may turn into a bad one if he mixes with a bad man. Our pleasure and happiness depends on the good choice of companions. The wrong choice of our companions brings us sorrows and sufferings. So everybody should be careful in choosing his company. Advanced Summary: The passage emphasizes the profound influence that one's companions have on their character and behavior. It draws parallels between various natural phenomena and human relationships to underscore the idea that individuals are shaped by the company they keep. It suggests that associating with virtuous individuals can elevate one's character, while mingling with the morally corrupt can degrade it. The passage concludes by urging individuals to be discerning in selecting their companions, as their happiness and moral standing depend on it PASSAGE - JB-2009, SB-2011, RB-2011 Money cannot buy happiness. Money is a must for our life. But it is not the thing that necessarily brings happiness. Happiness is absolutely a psychological matter. It is the name of a feeling. It means the contentment of the mind. He who is satisfied with what he gets and content with what he has, is really happy. Happiness cannot be purchased with money. No doubt money has got something to do with happiness but it cannot give us perfect happiness. So we see the richest men in our society are not the happiest men. They lead a life full of cares and anxieties and pass sleepless nights. On the other hand, there is a large number of poor people who are happy and enjoy a sound sleep. The man who is honest and virtuous, though not rich , does not suffer from the anguish of the soul. His conscience does not torment him. Hence money cannot ensure happiness. It is only moral and spiritual development that gives us happiness. Advanced: Summary: While money is essential for life, it alone cannot buy happiness. True happiness stems from contentment, which is a psychological state independent of wealth. The wealthiest individuals often endure stress and sleepless nights, while many poor people find solace and rest. Moral and spiritual development, rather than material wealth, is the key to genuine happiness. PASSAGE - Dinj.B-2009 There are a good number of reasons why students in Bangladesh fail in English. The main reason is that English is not their native language. In other words, students have no good feelings with English. Very few of them are earnest in learning English. Most of the students in our country learn English to pass the examination. So to them learning English is unpleasant and examination is fearful. Teaching English as a foreign language becomes very difficult when the learners are not mentally keen to the subject. The most important matter is that the text books in different classes are not harmonious with the stages and the standard of the learners. Finally, those who set questions in the public examinations are not familiar with the modern methods of language testing. The questions they set induce cramming rather than learning the language. Summary: As English is not our mother tongue, the students of our country are often averse to learn it. Moreover, both our textbooks and public examination systems are not suitable. The students prefer cramming to pass the examinations rather than learning English. As a result., they remain week in English and ultimately they cut a sorry figure in English. Advanced: Summary: Students in Bangladesh often struggle with English due to several factors. Firstly, since English is not their native language, many students lack enthusiasm for learning it. They primarily study English to pass exams, making the learning process unpleasant and exams intimidating. Additionally, the textbooks and examination systems are not aligned with the students' abilities and standards, further hindering their progress. Furthermore, the examination questions prioritize memorization over understanding, perpetuating the cycle of weak English skills. Consequently, students consistently perform poorly in English. PASSAGE- BB-2009 Patriotism means love for one's own country and its people. It is a powerful sentiment and is wholly unselfish and noble. A true patriot is a great asset for the nation. His idealism gives him courage and strength. It inspires a man to sacrifice even his own life for the sake of freedom and honour of his country. By being patriot one can bring prosperity for one's country and remove the sufferings of the people. But a false and parochial patriotism is dangerous. It may teach us to hate the people of other countries. It often leads a nation to war and sufferings. Patriotism is good but it must not supersede the feeling of universal love for all humanity. Summary: Patriotism is a noble virtue. It inspires a man to sacrifice his life for the cause of his country. A true patriot always works selflessly for the betterment of his country. However, narrow patriotism is often dangerous as it leads to war and conflicts. So everybody should try to be a real patriot. Advanced: Summary: Patriotism is depicted as a noble virtue, characterized by love for one's country and its people. True patriots exhibit selflessness and courage, willing even to sacrifice their lives for the nation's freedom and honor. Their idealism serves as a driving force for national prosperity and the alleviation of suffering. However, the passage warns against false and narrow patriotism, which fosters hatred towards other nations and can lead to conflict and suffering. Instead, it advocates for a patriotism rooted in universal love for all humanity, emphasizing the importance of genuine devotion to one's country without disregarding the interconnectedness of the world. PASSAGE – BB-2010 A man may usually be known by the books he reads. as well as by the company he keeps; for there is companionship of books as well as of men. One should always keep the best company, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it yesterday was and it will never change. It does not turn its back upon us in time of adversity or distress. It always remains with us with the same kindness, instructs us in youth and comforts and consoles us in old age. Summary: Books are our best and constant friends. A man is best known by the books he reads and by the company he keeps. A good book never leaves us in times of adversity and distress. It always remains with us and instructs us in youth and consoles in old age.   Advanced: Summary: Books are described as enduring companions that reflect the character of the reader. Just as one's choice of friends reflects their nature, the selection of books one reads is equally revealing. Good books offer unwavering support throughout life's challenges, remaining steadfast and providing guidance in youth while offering solace in old age. PASSAGE –CB - 2010, Ctg-2010, DB-2007 People say, "Health is wealth". Health is the soundness of mind and body. A healthy man or woman has a sound body as well as sound mind. Without having one it is very difficult to have the other. To build up your health and to maintain it, you have to do certain things. For your physical health at first you have to eat proper food i.e. a balanced diet. Without eating a balanced diet you cannot remain healthy. Secondly, you have to drink clean water. Without drinking clean water you cannot keep in good health because it controls the heat of the body and keeps the blood healthy. Again you have to take rest and sleep properly. Besides these, you have to take regular physical exercise. Regular physical exercise keeps a man physically fit and Keeps him free from diseases. For your mental health you have to control your emotions. Without controlling it, you cannot enjoy good mental health. Above all, you have to have patience and respect for other people's feelings. Summary: Health is the most valuable wealth of a man. The soundness of body and mind is called health. To keep our body physically sound. we have to eat proper food i.e. a balanced diet, drink pure water, and take rest and sleep properly. Besides these. we have to take regular physical exercise. To keep our body mentally sound we should control our emotions and should have patience and respect for other people's feelings. Advanced: Summary: The passage emphasizes the importance of health, stating that it is the most valuable asset. It defines health as the soundness of both body and mind. To maintain physical health, one must consume a balanced diet, drink clean water, get adequate rest, and engage in regular exercise. Mental health is maintained by controlling emotions and showing patience and respect for others' feelings. Overall, the passage underscores the significance of health as essential for a fulfilling life. PASSAGE- JB-2010, CB-2007 The secret of success in life lies in the proper use of time. Many of us forget that every moment is valuable. Life is short but art is long. Time is uncertain and we do not know when we shall die. During this limited and uncertain period. we have to do a lot of things. So if we waste our precious time in idleness, we reduce the time of our important work. As a result, success becomes difficult to achieve. We can achieve success only by using every moment of our time properly. Time once lost is lost for ever. The boy who is unmindful to his lessons will realize his faults later on. He will certainly realize that he has lost the opportunity to make him learned. The young man who is afraid of work and loses his time in idleness, is sure to find himself a burden to himself and to others. If a man is active and punctual, he will find enough time for doing everything. The busiest man has. in fact- the greatest amount of leisure because he does his work regularly and does not put off anything for tomorrow. History tells us that all the great men in the world have achieved success by making proper use of time. Summary: Every moment of our life is valuable. By making proper use of time, we can succeed in life. If we waste our valuable time we will suffer in the long run. On the other hand, a man who is active and punctual, will reach the zenith of success. All great men in the world have achieved success by making proper use of time. So, every one of us should make the proper use of time. Advanced: Summary: The passage emphasizes the importance of using time wisely to achieve success in life. It highlights that every moment is valuable and should not be wasted in idleness. Those who are active and punctual find ample time to accomplish tasks and ultimately succeed. The passage concludes by stating that all great individuals in history attained success by utilizing their time effectively, encouraging readers to do the same. PASSAGE- Dinj.B-2010, CB-2009; RB-2008, JB-2008, Ctg.- 2007 Education is the process by which our mind/develops through formal learning at an institution like a school. college or university. It is mental and intellectual training which provides opportunities of growth and helps to overcome obstacles to progress. Again, the purpose of education is to enlighten the individual and develop his/her capacity to the limit. It is also the business of education to train individuals to make the right choices to go ahead. It ennobles our mind and refines our sensibility. It also broadens our outlook and helps us become aware of our rights and responsibilities. Summary: Education is a continuous process of learning. It enlightens our mind and removes the darkness of ignorance. It enables us to go ahead with a wider out look. It teaches us to distinguish right and wrong. Besides these, education helps us to overcome all hindrances that stand on the way to our progress and prosperity. Advanced: Summary: Education, exemplified by formal learning in institutions like schools, colleges, or universities, fosters mental and intellectual growth, enabling individuals to overcome obstacles and make informed choices. Its purpose is to enlighten, develop capacity, refine sensibility, broaden outlook, and instill awareness of rights and responsibilities. Overall, education is a continuous journey that empowers individuals to navigate life with clarity and wisdom. PASSAGE-2 BB-2008 Good manners form an important part of our education. Our education remains incomplete if we do not learn good manners. In our behaviour with others, we must show proper respect to them. We should have a sense of propriety in our conduct with others. We should show respect to our superiors and affection to our inferiors and equals. These are necessary fora cultured and disciplined society. Again, good manners cost us nothing but earn everything. Childhood is the best time to acquire good manners and school and home are the best places to acquire it. Though good breeding and good manners do not mean the same thing, yet good breeding helps men acquire good manners. The importance of good manners is very imperative in our life. Good manners win love and respect of others. In fact, every one in our society likes the man of good manners. He is really a gentle man in the true sense of the term. Summary: Good manners are the integral part of education. Education remains imperfect ~k ithout this quality. A man of good manners wins the heart of others. We can maintain good relations with others through good manners. Childhood is the best time to acquire good manners. So we should cultivate this habit from the very beginning of our life. We should also remember that good manners cost us nothing but give us everything. Advanced: Summary: Good manners are the integral part of education. Education remains imperfect ~k ithout this quality. A man of good manners wins the heart of others. We can maintain good relations with others through good manners. Childhood is the best time to acquire good manners. So we should cultivate this habit from the very beginning of our life. We should also remember that good manners cost us nothing but give us everything. PASSAGE- SB-2008, CB-2011 Sincerity is a great virtue. It is the root of success of all our endeavours. One can go a long way if one does anything with sincerity. The rich people are sincere in their work and so they are capable of making anything a success. It is the key to success. The people who not sincere in their words and deeds can never shine in life. Most of the poor people in our society are not sincere and as such they lag behind. If they would know the benefit of sincerity, they would make the best use of it. Sincerity is like a tonic which stimulates us to perform our jobs properly. If anybody does not do his work properly, he will never get any good output from it. So. we should be sincere in every walk of life. Sincerity also implies the quality of punctuality, dutifulness and honesty. The people of our country are not still aware of the importance of sincerity. As a result, they are becoming dull and inactive day by day and blaming their lot. It is we who are responsible for poor condition. If we are aware of this fact, we can easily be overcome our misfortune. Summary: Sincerity is considered to be key to success in all our endeavours. Success in life depends largely on our sincerity in our words and deeds. A man can reach the pinnacle of glory by virtue of this quality. Sometimes, we blame our fate for our failure: but this is not true. We can change our lot by working hard with sincerity. Sincerity also implies the quality of punctuality, dutifulness and honesty. We should remember that no effort goes in vain. Advanced: Summary: Sincerity is extolled as a fundamental virtue that underpins success in all endeavors. It is deemed the cornerstone of achievement, with the rich attributed as exemplars of its power. Conversely, those lacking sincerity are portrayed as destined for mediocrity, often correlating with poverty. The passage advocates for a societal awakening to the value of sincerity, asserting that its benefits extend beyond individual success to encompass broader societal progress. The narrative emphasizes the importance of sincerity in fostering punctuality, dutifulness, and honesty, qualities essential for personal and collective advancement. Ultimately, the passage urges readers to recognize the transformative potential of sincerity and to take responsibility for their circumstances by embracing its principles. PASSAGE- JB-2007 Sports area popular form of entertainment. Many international sporting events are organised from time to time. Most of the events are sponsored by multinational manufacturing companies and business firms. They pay for the sports events in exchange for the right to advertise their products during those events. These events are telecast worldwide by satellite and people all over the world watch them live. As a result, the sponsors' products get media coverage and thus give the companies international recognition. This is only the commercial aspect of international sports but there are other aspects too. The sports venue becomes a meeting place of people from different countries. When people of different nations get together on the occasion of international sporting events they come closer to each other sharing views, opinions and friendship. This opportunity creates sense of brotherhood, and a spirit of mutual co­operation among them. Moreover, getting acquainted with different cultures helps to break down prejudice and broaden outlook. If globalization has anything to do with the development of international relationship, then sports can certainly contribute largely to this. Summary: Sports play a vital role in improving relations among different nations of the world. When the people of different countries get together on the occasions of international sports, they come closer to each other. This helps them exchange their views and strengthen co­operation and friendship among them. This paves the way for better understanding, mutual co­operation among the nations. Besides these, the multinational companies and business firms sponsoring sports get the opportunity of advertising their products all over the world. Advanced: Summary: International sports serve as a significant platform for fostering relations among nations. Sponsored by multinational companies, these events offer global exposure through media coverage, enhancing the sponsors' international recognition. Beyond commercial benefits, they facilitate cultural exchange and camaraderie among people from diverse backgrounds. This interaction cultivates a sense of brotherhood, promotes mutual cooperation, and fosters understanding between nations, contributing to global harmony and the advancement of international relations. PASSAGE - DB-2009 Money is what money does. It is the means of leading worldly life. We can lead our life well by earning money. Shortage of money makes our life deplorable and lamentable. We cannot lead our life properly in want of money. Parents, brothers, sisters, wives, friends may neglect one in want of money. One's wife and children may be separated from one another owing to scarcity of money. It is the symbol of unity. But earning money is not easy for all. Ability as well as skill is required to earn money. Money is also the symbol of fall and downfall. Our peace and prosperity depend on proper utilization of money. Spending money through illegal way can lead us to the path of destruction and downfall. So we need to be aware of spending money. Hoek ever. the importance of money cannot be over-stated in the true sense of the term in our practical and pragmatic life. Summary: We can't ignore the importance of money in our life. To execute any scheme of life we need money. It determines our worldly peace and prosperity. Today we have money and the day after tomorrow we may not have It- So in order to succeed in life, proper use of money is imperative. Otherwise it will bring sorrows and sufferings for us. Advanced: Summary:  Money plays a crucial role in our lives, enabling us to lead a comfortable existence. Its absence can lead to various hardships, including neglect from loved ones and separation of family members. Earning money requires both ability and skill, and its misuse can result in ruin. Thus, it's essential to use money wisely to ensure peace and prosperity. Failure to do so can lead to sorrow and suffering. PASSAGE- SB-2010. DB-2011 Man is mortal. To every man death must be sooner or later. But it matters little if a man lives a few years more or less than another. Our life is not measured by months on years. It is truly measured by our deeds and actions. The people who live only for their own interest, die unhonoured and are not remembered after their death. But those who sacrifice their lives to the service of mankind, live in the hearts of men even after their death. Though they do not live in the midst of living men, they are remembered for ever by all. So we should do good deeds for the benefit of mankind. Summary: The worth of one's life depends not on the number of years one lives but on the number of good deeds one does. A man may live a long life but if he does not do any good deed. It is no life at all since nobody remembers him after his death.On the other hand, a man may die young. but if he remembered by all after his death. Advanced: Summary: The passage emphasizes that the value of a person's life is not determined by the length of time they live, but rather by the quality of their actions and deeds. While some may live long lives without contributing positively to society, others who sacrifice themselves for the betterment of humanity are revered even after death. Thus, it advocates for a focus on performing good deeds for the benefit of mankind rather than merely existing for a certain number of years. PASSAGE- DB-2010 Traffic jam is a common affair in the big cities in our country. This problem is the result of rapid growth of population and the increasing number of vehicles. Most often this problem Occurs in the congested areas where the roads are very narrow. Overtaking tendency also causes traffic jam. Some drivers do not obey the traffic rules. They drive the vehicles carelessly. Traffic jam causes great sufferings to the ambulance carrying patients. Office goers and school going children also suffer a lot due to traffic jam. However, this problem can be solved by imposing traffic rules strictly. Spacious roads should be constructed. Sufficient traffic police should be posted at important points of the highways. Unlicensed vehicles should be removed from the roads. All drivers and pedestrians should be made aware of traffic rules. If all these measures are taken, traffic jam can be solved to a great extent. Summary: Traffic congestion plagues urban areas due to population growth and increasing vehicle numbers, particularly in congested zones with narrow roads. Reckless driving exacerbates the issue, causing inconvenience and posing risks to emergency services and commuters. To tackle this problem, a comprehensive strategy is needed. This includes enforcing traffic laws rigorously, expanding road infrastructure, increasing traffic police presence, removing unlicensed vehicles, and promoting public awareness of traffic rules. These measures aim to alleviate congestion and ensure safer, smoother urban mobility. PASSAGE - RB — 2010 Everyone has heard of Solomon, the king of the Jews. He was famous all over the world for his wealth and magnificence and especially for his wisdom. The queen of Sheba had heard much about the grandeur of Solomon's court and the world wide reputation of his learning and wisdom. Hearing the name and fame of Solomon, the queen wanted to test his wisdom. The queen went to Solomon's court. She took with her garlands - one of real roses and the other of artificial roses. But both of the garlands looked quite alike. The queen placed them on the table and said, "Oh wise king, please took at the garlands. Tell me, which one is of the real roses." Solomon thought for a time. It was very difficult to identify the real rose: just then he saw some bees humming out side the window. King Solomon asked somebody to open the window. As soon as the window opened, the bees came in and sat on the real flowers. The king then pointed to the real garland. The queen was surprised and went away admiring the king's great wisdom. Summary: King Solomon was famous for his wealth and wisdom. Hearing his fame and name, the Queen of Sheba came with two garlands one of real roses and the other of artificial roses with a view to judging his wisdom. The king became perplexed for the time being to identify the garland of real roses. Seeing some bees humming on the outside, Solomon let the bees Borne in. At once the bees came in and sat on the real roses. This is how he showed his wisdom Summary: King Solomon, renowned for his wealth and wisdom, faced a test from the Queen of Sheba, who presented him with two garlands—one of real roses and the other of artificial ones—to determine his wisdom. Initially perplexed, Solomon observed bees outside and had a window opened, allowing the bees to settle on the real roses, thereby revealing their authenticity and demonstrating his wisdom to the queen. PASSAGE - DB-2008, BB-2011 Newspapers play a vital role in modern civilization. It publishes important news and views of home and abroad. A student must have the habit of reading newspapers everyday. Mere bookish knowledge is not sufficient in this competitive world. A newspaper helps one enrich his general knowledge and makes him aware of the burning issues of both inside and outside the country. A man who does not read newspapers is like a frog in a narrow well. Being ignorant of the current affairs, he cannot take part in the talks and discussions in an enlightened society and thus he feels like a fish out of water. Newspapers highlight news of various interests and views of important personalities. All these have an educative value. Sometimes there are false and partial reports in the newspaper. We should accept the good reports and avoid the bad ones. Summary: Without reading newspapers, we can't know about news and views of home and abroad. It is called the store house of knowledge. Confinement to bookish knowledge deprives us of the ever-widening knowledge of the world. To keep pace with the current trend and to make us fit for the competitive world, we cannot but read newspapers. Thus newspapers are the important parts of modern society. Summary: The passage emphasizes the indispensable role of newspapers in modern society, stressing the importance of reading them daily. It argues that newspapers provide crucial information and perspectives from both home and abroad, enriching one's general knowledge and awareness of current affairs. Without this habit, individuals risk isolation from societal discourse and find themselves ill-prepared for the competitive world. While acknowledging the occasional presence of false or biased reports, the passage encourages readers to discern between reliable and unreliable sources. Overall, newspapers serve as vital repositories of knowledge, essential for navigating the complexities of contemporary life. PASSAGE- Ctg.B-2009 Air is one of the most important elements in our environment. No creature can live without air. It is called the life-giving force. But this air sometimes gets polluted and becomes a threat to our life. By inhaling polluted air we become sick. Air is polluted in various ways. The most common agent that pollutes air is smoke. Smoke of all kinds pollutes air. Man makes fire for cooking food, burning refuse, melting pitch, etc. Thus they create smoke which mixes with air and pollutes it. Railway engines, mills and factories, buses, cars, trucks, steamers, launches and automobiles use coal, petrol and diesel to make energy. When these are burnt they create smoke and air gets polluted. The most serious air pollution occurs in big industrial areas where there are many big mills and factories. Again air pollution happens in big cities where many buses, trucks and cars ply along the streets every day. With a view to ensuring a healthier and happier life for all, we must keep air free from pollution. By abstaining from making smoke or at least minimizing its production we can control air pollution to some extent. Above all, it is our strong civic sense that can act as the vanguard against air pollution. Summary:  No man can live without air. It is essential for the existence of life. But we are polluting air in many ways and gradually endangering our life. The main cause of air pollution is smoke. Mills, factories and motor vehicles are responsible for polluting air. Big cities and industrial areas are badly affected by it. Everyday, a good many people are becoming sick by inhaling polluted air. By preventing air pollution we can ensure a healthier and happier life. Summary: Air is essential for life, but it is increasingly polluted, primarily due to smoke from various sources such as cooking fires, industrial processes, and transportation. This pollution is particularly severe in big cities and industrial areas, posing a threat to human health. Preventing air pollution is crucial for ensuring a healthier and happier life for everyone. PASSAGE-18 Illiteracy is a great curse in Bangladesh. Most of the people in our country are illiterate. They cannot even read and write. There are many reasons behind illiteracy. Poverty is the main cause of it. Majority of our people live below the poverty line. They cannot manage three meals a day. let alone send their children to school. Though some of the guardians send their children to schools, yet their children leave schools before completing primary education. Lack of social awareness is another cause of it. Most of our people are not aware of their children's education. However, this tendency is also changing. Besides these, in some rural areas. girls are forbidden to go to school. We hope the government as well as the educated people of our country should come forward and work together to solve this problem. Summary: Illiteracy is a great curse in Bangladesh. Poverty is the main cause it. Most of the people cannot send their children to school because of poverty. Unawareness is another cause of illiteracy in rural areas. Illiteracy retards the progress of a nation. To get rid of this problem, the government as well as the educated people of the society should come forward to eradicate illiteracy. Summary: Illiteracy poses a significant challenge in Bangladesh, predominantly due to poverty which prevents many from affording education for their children. Additionally, lack of social awareness, particularly in rural areas where girls are often prohibited from attending school, exacerbates the issue. It hampers national progress. To address this, concerted efforts from both the government and educated individuals are essential to eradicate illiteracy. PASSAGE-19 A flower is a symbol of beauty and purity. Its beauty and sweet smell attract us all. There is ,hardly any man but loves flowers. As most of the people in our country are poor, they can't buy flowers in spite of having a great attraction for them. Only a particular section of people buy flowers on some occasions. But this attitude is changing day by day. Now-a-days many flower shops are seen in the towns and cities and many people cultivate flowers and sell them. It indicates that the sense of beauty and attraction for flowers are increasing. People now decorate their houses with flowers to enhance their beauty. They also present flowers to their beloved persons and lovers on various occasions. At present flower exhibitions and fairs are held in different towns and cities. The cultivation of flowers is becoming popular day by day in our country. Many people have taken it as their profession. So, we hope that the day is not far when the cultivation of flowers will turn into a good profitable business. Summary: A flower is a symbol of beauty, love and purity. There is no man but loves flowers. On various occasions, people offer flowers to their friends and near and dear ones as a token of love. affection and honour. They decorate their houses with flowers to enrich their beauty. The cultivation of flowers in our country is increasing day by day for their growing demand. Soon it will create job opportunities for our many unemployed youths. Summary: Flowers symbolize beauty, love, and purity, captivating everyone with their beauty and fragrance. Despite many people in the country being unable to afford them, the popularity of flowers is growing. More flower shops are opening, and flower cultivation is becoming a profession for many. People decorate their homes with flowers and offer them as tokens of love and affection on various occasions. With the increasing demand, flower cultivation is expected to create job opportunities for the unemployed youth.

Most Important Summaries for HSC Examination How to Write Summary Strategies: 1.    Read the given text very carefully. (at least 2 times) 2.    Write only the key points in your own words. 3.    Don’t add any information from outside. 4.    Don’t use direct speech in summary. 5.    Usually, examples and explanation are not written in summary. 6.    Summary must be written in one paragraph. 7.    Use impersonal tone in summary (don’t use I , we, you….) 8.    Write as many words as mentioned in the question; if number of words is not mentioned write one-third of the main passage. Summary Worksheet-4.2 Write the summary of the following passages: 1.      PASSAGE - RB-2009 The best way of knowing a man is to know what company he keeps. A thief associates with a thief and a saint with a saint. Righteousness can have no fellowship with unrighteousness. Light have no connection with darkness and a believer with an infidel. Fire and water have a natural affinity to their own kind and a natural aversion for each other. Water is attracted by water and two drops merged together will readily become one but when fire and water meet together they destroy each other. Tigers and deer, serpents and mongooses, lambs and wolves, lions and whales never voluntarily associate with each other. Men of similar tastes and habits unite with one another and become friends. Therefore, a man's character, taste and temper may be fairly changed by the company he keeps. If a good man mixes with those who are bad or wicked, he is sure to lose his character. Whereas, if a bad man comes in contact with the good and the virtuous, he will soon be one of them. It should, therefore, be the earnest endeavour of everyone to choose a good company. It is the company on which the structure of a man's character is built. 2.      PASSAGE - JB-2009, SB-2011, RB-2011 Money cannot buy happiness. Money is a must for our life. But it is not the thing that necessarily brings happiness. Happiness is absolutely a psychological matter. It is the name of a feeling. It means the contentment of the mind. He who is satisfied with what he gets and content with what he has, is really happy. Happiness cannot be purchased with money. No doubt money has got something to do with happiness but it cannot give us perfect happiness. So we see the richest men in our society are not the happiest men. They lead a life full of cares and anxieties and pass sleepless nights. On the other hand, there is a large number of poor people who are happy and enjoy a sound sleep. The man who is honest and virtuous, though not rich , does not suffer from the anguish of the soul. His conscience does not torment him. Hence money cannot ensure happiness. It is only moral and spiritual development that gives us happiness. 3.      PASSAGE - Dinj.B-2009 There are a good number of reasons why students in Bangladesh fail in English. The main reason is that English is not their native language. In other words, students have no good feelings with English. Very few of them are earnest in learning English. Most of the students in our country learn English to pass the examination. So to them learning English is unpleasant and examination is fearful. Teaching English as a foreign language becomes very difficult when the learners are not mentally keen to the subject. The most important matter is that the text books in different classes are not harmonious with the stages and the standard of the learners. Finally, those who set questions in the public examinations are not familiar with the modern methods of language testing. The questions they set induce cramming rather than learning the language. 4.      PASSAGE- BB-2009 Patriotism means love for one's own country and its people. It is a powerful sentiment and is wholly unselfish and noble. A true patriot is a great asset for the nation. His idealism gives him courage and strength. It inspires a man to sacrifice even his own life for the sake of freedom and honour of his country. By being patriot one can bring prosperity for one's country and remove the sufferings of the people. But a false and parochial patriotism is dangerous. It may teach us to hate the people of other countries. It often leads a nation to war and sufferings. Patriotism is good but it must not supersede the feeling of universal love for all humanity. 5.      PASSAGE – BB-2010 A man may usually be known by the books he reads. as well as by the company he keeps; for there is companionship of books as well as of men. One should always keep the best company, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it yesterday was and it will never change. It does not turn its back upon us in time of adversity or distress. It always remains with us with the same kindness, instructs us in youth and comforts and consoles us in old age.   6.      PASSAGE –CB - 2010, Ctg-2010, DB-2007 People say, "Health is wealth". Health is the soundness of mind and body. A healthy man or woman has a sound body as well as sound mind. Without having one it is very difficult to have the other. To build up your health and to maintain it, you have to do certain things. For your physical health at first you have to eat proper food i.e. a balanced diet. Without eating a balanced diet you cannot remain healthy. Secondly, you have to drink clean water. Without drinking clean water you cannot keep in good health because it controls the heat of the body and keeps the blood healthy. Again you have to take rest and sleep properly. Besides these, you have to take regular physical exercise. Regular physical exercise keeps a man physically fit and Keeps him free from diseases. For your mental health you have to control your emotions. Without controlling it, you cannot enjoy good mental health. Above all, you have to have patience and respect for other people's feelings. 7.      PASSAGE- JB-2010, CB-2007 The secret of success in life lies in the proper use of time. Many of us forget that every moment is valuable. Life is short but art is long. Time is uncertain and we do not know when we shall die. During this limited and uncertain period. we have to do a lot of things. So if we waste our precious time in idleness, we reduce the time of our important work. As a result, success becomes difficult to achieve. We can achieve success only by using every moment of our time properly. Time once lost is lost for ever. The boy who is unmindful to his lessons will realize his faults later on. He will certainly realize that he has lost the opportunity to make him learned. The young man who is afraid of work and loses his time in idleness, is sure to find himself a burden to himself and to others. If a man is active and punctual, he will find enough time for doing everything. The busiest man has. in fact- the greatest amount of leisure because he does his work regularly and does not put off anything for tomorrow. History tells us that all the great men in the world have achieved success by making proper use of time. 8.      PASSAGE- Dinj.B-2010, CB-2009; RB-2008, JB-2008, Ctg.- 2007 Education is the process by which our mind/develops through formal learning at an institution like a school. college or university. It is mental and intellectual training which provides opportunities of growth and helps to overcome obstacles to progress. Again, the purpose of education is to enlighten the individual and develop his/her capacity to the limit. It is also the business of education to train individuals to make the right choices to go ahead. It ennobles our mind and refines our sensibility. It also broadens our outlook and helps us become aware of our rights and responsibilities. 9.      PASSAGE-2 BB-2008 Good manners form an important part of our education. Our education remains incomplete if we do not learn good manners. In our behaviour with others, we must show proper respect to them. We should have a sense of propriety in our conduct with others. We should show respect to our superiors and affection to our inferiors and equals. These are necessary for a cultured and disciplined society. Again, good manners cost us nothing but earn everything. Childhood is the best time to acquire good manners and school and home are the best places to acquire it. Though good breeding and good manners do not mean the same thing, yet good breeding helps men acquire good manners. The importance of good manners is very imperative in our life. Good manners win love and respect of others. In fact, every one in our society likes the man of good manners. He is really a gentle man in the true sense of the term. 10.  PASSAGE- SB-2008, CB-2011 Sincerity is a great virtue. It is the root of success of all our endeavours. One can go a long way if one does anything with sincerity. The rich people are sincere in their work and so they are capable of making anything a success. It is the key to success. The people who not sincere in their words and deeds can never shine in life. Most of the poor people in our society are not sincere and as such they lag behind. If they would know the benefit of sincerity, they would make the best use of it. Sincerity is like a tonic which stimulates us to perform our jobs properly. If anybody does not do his work properly, he will never get any good output from it. So. we should be sincere in every walk of life. Sincerity also implies the quality of punctuality, dutifulness and honesty. The people of our country are not still aware of the importance of sincerity. As a result, they are becoming dull and inactive day by day and blaming their lot. It is we who are responsible for poor condition. If we are aware of this fact, we can easily be overcome our misfortune. 11.  PASSAGE- JB-2007 Sports area popular form of entertainment. Many international sporting events are organised from time to time. Most of the events are sponsored by multinational manufacturing companies and business firms. They pay for the sports events in exchange for the right to advertise their products during those events. These events are telecast worldwide by satellite and people all over the world watch them live. As a result, the sponsors' products get media coverage and thus give the companies international recognition. This is only the commercial aspect of international sports but there are other aspects too. The sports venue becomes a meeting place of people from different countries. When people of different nations get together on the occasion of international sporting events they come closer to each other sharing views, opinions and friendship. This opportunity creates sense of brotherhood, and a spirit of mutual co­operation among them. Moreover, getting acquainted with different cultures helps to break down prejudice and broaden outlook. If globalization has anything to do with the development of international relationship, then sports can certainly contribute largely to this. 12.  PASSAGE - DB-2009 Money is what money does. It is the means of leading worldly life. We can lead our life well by earning money. Shortage of money makes our life deplorable and lamentable. We cannot lead our life properly in want of money. Parents, brothers, sisters, wives, friends may neglect one in want of money. One's wife and children may be separated from one another owing to scarcity of money. It is the symbol of unity. But earning money is not easy for all. Ability as well as skill is required to earn money. Money is also the symbol of fall and downfall. Our peace and prosperity depend on proper utilization of money. Spending money through illegal way can lead us to the path of destruction and downfall. So we need to be aware of spending money. Hoek ever. the importance of money cannot be over-stated in the true sense of the term in our practical and pragmatic life. 13.  PASSAGE- SB-2010. DB-2011 Man is mortal. To every man death must be sooner or later. But it matters little if a man lives a few years more or less than another. Our life is not measured by months on years. It is truly measured by our deeds and actions. The people who live only for their own interest, die unhonoured and are not remembered after their death. But those who sacrifice their lives to the service of mankind, live in the hearts of men even after their death. Though they do not live in the midst of living men, they are remembered for ever by all. So we should do good deeds for the benefit of mankind. 14.  PASSAGE- DB-2010 Traffic jam is a common affair in the big cities in our country. This problem is the result of rapid growth of population and the increasing number of vehicles. Most often this problem Occurs in the congested areas where the roads are very narrow. Overtaking tendency also causes traffic jam. Some drivers do not obey the traffic rules. They drive the vehicles carelessly. Traffic jam causes great sufferings to the ambulance carrying patients. Office goers and school going children also suffer a lot due to traffic jam. However, this problem can be solved by imposing traffic rules strictly. Spacious roads should be constructed. Sufficient traffic police should be posted at important points of the highways. Unlicensed vehicles should be removed from the roads. All drivers and pedestrians should be made aware of traffic rules. If all these measures are taken, traffic jam can be solved to a great extent. 15.  PASSAGE - RB — 2010 Everyone has heard of Solomon, the king of the Jews. He was famous all over the world for his wealth and magnificence and especially for his wisdom. The queen of Sheba had heard much about the grandeur of Solomon's court and the world wide reputation of his learning and wisdom. Hearing the name and fame of Solomon, the queen wanted to test his wisdom. The queen went to Solomon's court. She took with her garlands - one of real roses and the other of artificial roses. But both of the garlands looked quite alike. The queen placed them on the table and said, "Oh wise king, please took at the garlands. Tell me, which one is of the real roses." Solomon thought for a time. It was very difficult to identify the real rose: just then he saw some bees humming out side the window. King Solomon asked somebody to open the window. As soon as the window opened, the bees came in and sat on the real flowers. The king then pointed to the real garland. The queen was surprised and went away admiring the king's great wisdom. 16.  PASSAGE - DB-2008, BB-2011 Newspapers play a vital role in modern civilization. It publishes important news and views of home and abroad. A student must have the habit of reading newspapers everyday. Mere bookish knowledge is not sufficient in this competitive world. A newspaper helps one enrich his general knowledge and makes him aware of the burning issues of both inside and outside the country. A man who does not read newspapers is like a frog in a narrow well. Being ignorant of the current affairs, he cannot take part in the talks and discussions in an enlightened society and thus he feels like a fish out of water. Newspapers highlight news of various interests and views of important personalities. All these have an educative value. Sometimes there are false and partial reports in the newspaper. We should accept the good reports and avoid the bad ones. 17.  PASSAGE- Ctg.B-2009 Air is one of the most important elements in our environment. No creature can live without air. It is called the life-giving force. But this air sometimes gets polluted and becomes a threat to our life. By inhaling polluted air we become sick. Air is polluted in various ways. The most common agent that pollutes air is smoke. Smoke of all kinds pollutes air. Man makes fire for cooking food, burning refuse, melting pitch, etc. Thus they create smoke which mixes with air and pollutes it. Railway engines, mills and factories, buses, cars, trucks, steamers, launches and automobiles use coal, petrol and diesel to make energy. When these are burnt they create smoke and air gets polluted. The most serious air pollution occurs in big industrial areas where there are many big mills and factories. Again air pollution happens in big cities where many buses, trucks and cars ply along the streets every day. With a view to ensuring a healthier and happier life for all, we must keep air free from pollution. By abstaining from making smoke or at least minimizing its production we can control air pollution to some extent. Above all, it is our strong civic sense that can act as the vanguard against air pollution. 18.  PASSAGE-18 Illiteracy is a great curse in Bangladesh. Most of the people in our country are illiterate. They cannot even read and write. There are many reasons behind illiteracy. Poverty is the main cause of it. Majority of our people live below the poverty line. They cannot manage three meals a day. let alone send their children to school. Though some of the guardians send their children to schools, yet their children leave schools before completing primary education. Lack of social awareness is another cause of it. Most of our people are not aware of their children's education. However, this tendency is also changing. Besides these, in some rural areas. girls are forbidden to go to school. We hope the government as well as the educated people of our country should come forward and work together to solve this problem. 19.  PASSAGE-19 A flower is a symbol of beauty and purity. Its beauty and sweet smell attract us all. There is ,hardly any man but loves flowers. As most of the people in our country are poor, they can't buy flowers in spite of having a great attraction for them. Only a particular section of people buy flowers on some occasions. But this attitude is changing day by day. Now-a-days many flower shops are seen in the towns and cities and many people cultivate flowers and sell them. It indicates that the sense of beauty and attraction for flowers are increasing. People now decorate their houses with flowers to enhance their beauty. They also present flowers to their beloved persons and lovers on various occasions. At present flower exhibitions and fairs are held in different towns and cities. The cultivation of flowers is becoming popular day by day in our country. Many people have taken it as their profession. So, we hope that the day is not far when the cultivation of flowers will turn into a good profitable business. Summary Worksheet-4.2 with Answer Important Summaries from Board Question PASSAGE - RB-2009 The best way of knowing a man is to know what company he keeps. A thief associates with a thief and a saint with a saint. Righteousness can have no fellowship with unrighteousness. Light have no connection with darkness and a believer with an infidel. Fire and water have a natural affinity to their own kind and a natural aversion for each other. Water is attracted by water and two drops merged together will readily become one but when fire and water meet together they destroy each other. Tigers and deer, serpents and mongooses, lambs and wolves, lions and whales never voluntarily associate with each other. Men of similar tastes and habits unite with one another and become friends. Therefore, a man's character, taste and temper may be fairly changed by the company he keeps. If a good man mixes with those who are bad or wicked, he is sure to lose his character. Whereas, if a bad man comes in contact with the good and the virtuous, he will soon be one of them. It should, therefore, be the earnest endeavour of everyone to choose a good company. It is the company on which the structure of a man's character is built. Summary: A man is known by the company he keeps. He is greatly influenced by them. A bad man ma-- turn into a good one if he mixes with a good man. Similarly, a good man may turn into a bad one if he mixes with a bad man. Our pleasure and happiness depends on the good choice of companions. The wrong choice of our companions brings us sorrows and sufferings. So everybody should be careful in choosing his company. Advanced Summary: The passage emphasizes the profound influence that one's companions have on their character and behavior. It draws parallels between various natural phenomena and human relationships to underscore the idea that individuals are shaped by the company they keep. It suggests that associating with virtuous individuals can elevate one's character, while mingling with the morally corrupt can degrade it. The passage concludes by urging individuals to be discerning in selecting their companions, as their happiness and moral standing depend on it PASSAGE - JB-2009, SB-2011, RB-2011 Money cannot buy happiness. Money is a must for our life. But it is not the thing that necessarily brings happiness. Happiness is absolutely a psychological matter. It is the name of a feeling. It means the contentment of the mind. He who is satisfied with what he gets and content with what he has, is really happy. Happiness cannot be purchased with money. No doubt money has got something to do with happiness but it cannot give us perfect happiness. So we see the richest men in our society are not the happiest men. They lead a life full of cares and anxieties and pass sleepless nights. On the other hand, there is a large number of poor people who are happy and enjoy a sound sleep. The man who is honest and virtuous, though not rich , does not suffer from the anguish of the soul. His conscience does not torment him. Hence money cannot ensure happiness. It is only moral and spiritual development that gives us happiness. Advanced: Summary: While money is essential for life, it alone cannot buy happiness. True happiness stems from contentment, which is a psychological state independent of wealth. The wealthiest individuals often endure stress and sleepless nights, while many poor people find solace and rest. Moral and spiritual development, rather than material wealth, is the key to genuine happiness. PASSAGE - Dinj.B-2009 There are a good number of reasons why students in Bangladesh fail in English. The main reason is that English is not their native language. In other words, students have no good feelings with English. Very few of them are earnest in learning English. Most of the students in our country learn English to pass the examination. So to them learning English is unpleasant and examination is fearful. Teaching English as a foreign language becomes very difficult when the learners are not mentally keen to the subject. The most important matter is that the text books in different classes are not harmonious with the stages and the standard of the learners. Finally, those who set questions in the public examinations are not familiar with the modern methods of language testing. The questions they set induce cramming rather than learning the language. Summary: As English is not our mother tongue, the students of our country are often averse to learn it. Moreover, both our textbooks and public examination systems are not suitable. The students prefer cramming to pass the examinations rather than learning English. As a result., they remain week in English and ultimately they cut a sorry figure in English. Advanced: Summary: Students in Bangladesh often struggle with English due to several factors. Firstly, since English is not their native language, many students lack enthusiasm for learning it. They primarily study English to pass exams, making the learning process unpleasant and exams intimidating. Additionally, the textbooks and examination systems are not aligned with the students' abilities and standards, further hindering their progress. Furthermore, the examination questions prioritize memorization over understanding, perpetuating the cycle of weak English skills. Consequently, students consistently perform poorly in English. PASSAGE- BB-2009 Patriotism means love for one's own country and its people. It is a powerful sentiment and is wholly unselfish and noble. A true patriot is a great asset for the nation. His idealism gives him courage and strength. It inspires a man to sacrifice even his own life for the sake of freedom and honour of his country. By being patriot one can bring prosperity for one's country and remove the sufferings of the people. But a false and parochial patriotism is dangerous. It may teach us to hate the people of other countries. It often leads a nation to war and sufferings. Patriotism is good but it must not supersede the feeling of universal love for all humanity. Summary: Patriotism is a noble virtue. It inspires a man to sacrifice his life for the cause of his country. A true patriot always works selflessly for the betterment of his country. However, narrow patriotism is often dangerous as it leads to war and conflicts. So everybody should try to be a real patriot. Advanced: Summary: Patriotism is depicted as a noble virtue, characterized by love for one's country and its people. True patriots exhibit selflessness and courage, willing even to sacrifice their lives for the nation's freedom and honor. Their idealism serves as a driving force for national prosperity and the alleviation of suffering. However, the passage warns against false and narrow patriotism, which fosters hatred towards other nations and can lead to conflict and suffering. Instead, it advocates for a patriotism rooted in universal love for all humanity, emphasizing the importance of genuine devotion to one's country without disregarding the interconnectedness of the world. PASSAGE – BB-2010 A man may usually be known by the books he reads. as well as by the company he keeps; for there is companionship of books as well as of men. One should always keep the best company, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it yesterday was and it will never change. It does not turn its back upon us in time of adversity or distress. It always remains with us with the same kindness, instructs us in youth and comforts and consoles us in old age. Summary: Books are our best and constant friends. A man is best known by the books he reads and by the company he keeps. A good book never leaves us in times of adversity and distress. It always remains with us and instructs us in youth and consoles in old age.   Advanced: Summary: Books are described as enduring companions that reflect the character of the reader. Just as one's choice of friends reflects their nature, the selection of books one reads is equally revealing. Good books offer unwavering support throughout life's challenges, remaining steadfast and providing guidance in youth while offering solace in old age. PASSAGE –CB - 2010, Ctg-2010, DB-2007 People say, "Health is wealth". Health is the soundness of mind and body. A healthy man or woman has a sound body as well as sound mind. Without having one it is very difficult to have the other. To build up your health and to maintain it, you have to do certain things. For your physical health at first you have to eat proper food i.e. a balanced diet. Without eating a balanced diet you cannot remain healthy. Secondly, you have to drink clean water. Without drinking clean water you cannot keep in good health because it controls the heat of the body and keeps the blood healthy. Again you have to take rest and sleep properly. Besides these, you have to take regular physical exercise. Regular physical exercise keeps a man physically fit and Keeps him free from diseases. For your mental health you have to control your emotions. Without controlling it, you cannot enjoy good mental health. Above all, you have to have patience and respect for other people's feelings. Summary: Health is the most valuable wealth of a man. The soundness of body and mind is called health. To keep our body physically sound. we have to eat proper food i.e. a balanced diet, drink pure water, and take rest and sleep properly. Besides these. we have to take regular physical exercise. To keep our body mentally sound we should control our emotions and should have patience and respect for other people's feelings. Advanced: Summary: The passage emphasizes the importance of health, stating that it is the most valuable asset. It defines health as the soundness of both body and mind. To maintain physical health, one must consume a balanced diet, drink clean water, get adequate rest, and engage in regular exercise. Mental health is maintained by controlling emotions and showing patience and respect for others' feelings. Overall, the passage underscores the significance of health as essential for a fulfilling life. PASSAGE- JB-2010, CB-2007 The secret of success in life lies in the proper use of time. Many of us forget that every moment is valuable. Life is short but art is long. Time is uncertain and we do not know when we shall die. During this limited and uncertain period. we have to do a lot of things. So if we waste our precious time in idleness, we reduce the time of our important work. As a result, success becomes difficult to achieve. We can achieve success only by using every moment of our time properly. Time once lost is lost for ever. The boy who is unmindful to his lessons will realize his faults later on. He will certainly realize that he has lost the opportunity to make him learned. The young man who is afraid of work and loses his time in idleness, is sure to find himself a burden to himself and to others. If a man is active and punctual, he will find enough time for doing everything. The busiest man has. in fact- the greatest amount of leisure because he does his work regularly and does not put off anything for tomorrow. History tells us that all the great men in the world have achieved success by making proper use of time. Summary: Every moment of our life is valuable. By making proper use of time, we can succeed in life. If we waste our valuable time we will suffer in the long run. On the other hand, a man who is active and punctual, will reach the zenith of success. All great men in the world have achieved success by making proper use of time. So, every one of us should make the proper use of time. Advanced: Summary: The passage emphasizes the importance of using time wisely to achieve success in life. It highlights that every moment is valuable and should not be wasted in idleness. Those who are active and punctual find ample time to accomplish tasks and ultimately succeed. The passage concludes by stating that all great individuals in history attained success by utilizing their time effectively, encouraging readers to do the same. PASSAGE- Dinj.B-2010, CB-2009; RB-2008, JB-2008, Ctg.- 2007 Education is the process by which our mind/develops through formal learning at an institution like a school. college or university. It is mental and intellectual training which provides opportunities of growth and helps to overcome obstacles to progress. Again, the purpose of education is to enlighten the individual and develop his/her capacity to the limit. It is also the business of education to train individuals to make the right choices to go ahead. It ennobles our mind and refines our sensibility. It also broadens our outlook and helps us become aware of our rights and responsibilities. Summary: Education is a continuous process of learning. It enlightens our mind and removes the darkness of ignorance. It enables us to go ahead with a wider out look. It teaches us to distinguish right and wrong. Besides these, education helps us to overcome all hindrances that stand on the way to our progress and prosperity. Advanced: Summary: Education, exemplified by formal learning in institutions like schools, colleges, or universities, fosters mental and intellectual growth, enabling individuals to overcome obstacles and make informed choices. Its purpose is to enlighten, develop capacity, refine sensibility, broaden outlook, and instill awareness of rights and responsibilities. Overall, education is a continuous journey that empowers individuals to navigate life with clarity and wisdom. PASSAGE-2 BB-2008 Good manners form an important part of our education. Our education remains incomplete if we do not learn good manners. In our behaviour with others, we must show proper respect to them. We should have a sense of propriety in our conduct with others. We should show respect to our superiors and affection to our inferiors and equals. These are necessary fora cultured and disciplined society. Again, good manners cost us nothing but earn everything. Childhood is the best time to acquire good manners and school and home are the best places to acquire it. Though good breeding and good manners do not mean the same thing, yet good breeding helps men acquire good manners. The importance of good manners is very imperative in our life. Good manners win love and respect of others. In fact, every one in our society likes the man of good manners. He is really a gentle man in the true sense of the term. Summary: Good manners are the integral part of education. Education remains imperfect ~k ithout this quality. A man of good manners wins the heart of others. We can maintain good relations with others through good manners. Childhood is the best time to acquire good manners. So we should cultivate this habit from the very beginning of our life. We should also remember that good manners cost us nothing but give us everything. Advanced: Summary: Good manners are the integral part of education. Education remains imperfect ~k ithout this quality. A man of good manners wins the heart of others. We can maintain good relations with others through good manners. Childhood is the best time to acquire good manners. So we should cultivate this habit from the very beginning of our life. We should also remember that good manners cost us nothing but give us everything. PASSAGE- SB-2008, CB-2011 Sincerity is a great virtue. It is the root of success of all our endeavours. One can go a long way if one does anything with sincerity. The rich people are sincere in their work and so they are capable of making anything a success. It is the key to success. The people who not sincere in their words and deeds can never shine in life. Most of the poor people in our society are not sincere and as such they lag behind. If they would know the benefit of sincerity, they would make the best use of it. Sincerity is like a tonic which stimulates us to perform our jobs properly. If anybody does not do his work properly, he will never get any good output from it. So. we should be sincere in every walk of life. Sincerity also implies the quality of punctuality, dutifulness and honesty. The people of our country are not still aware of the importance of sincerity. As a result, they are becoming dull and inactive day by day and blaming their lot. It is we who are responsible for poor condition. If we are aware of this fact, we can easily be overcome our misfortune. Summary: Sincerity is considered to be key to success in all our endeavours. Success in life depends largely on our sincerity in our words and deeds. A man can reach the pinnacle of glory by virtue of this quality. Sometimes, we blame our fate for our failure: but this is not true. We can change our lot by working hard with sincerity. Sincerity also implies the quality of punctuality, dutifulness and honesty. We should remember that no effort goes in vain. Advanced: Summary: Sincerity is extolled as a fundamental virtue that underpins success in all endeavors. It is deemed the cornerstone of achievement, with the rich attributed as exemplars of its power. Conversely, those lacking sincerity are portrayed as destined for mediocrity, often correlating with poverty. The passage advocates for a societal awakening to the value of sincerity, asserting that its benefits extend beyond individual success to encompass broader societal progress. The narrative emphasizes the importance of sincerity in fostering punctuality, dutifulness, and honesty, qualities essential for personal and collective advancement. Ultimately, the passage urges readers to recognize the transformative potential of sincerity and to take responsibility for their circumstances by embracing its principles. PASSAGE- JB-2007 Sports area popular form of entertainment. Many international sporting events are organised from time to time. Most of the events are sponsored by multinational manufacturing companies and business firms. They pay for the sports events in exchange for the right to advertise their products during those events. These events are telecast worldwide by satellite and people all over the world watch them live. As a result, the sponsors' products get media coverage and thus give the companies international recognition. This is only the commercial aspect of international sports but there are other aspects too. The sports venue becomes a meeting place of people from different countries. When people of different nations get together on the occasion of international sporting events they come closer to each other sharing views, opinions and friendship. This opportunity creates sense of brotherhood, and a spirit of mutual co­operation among them. Moreover, getting acquainted with different cultures helps to break down prejudice and broaden outlook. If globalization has anything to do with the development of international relationship, then sports can certainly contribute largely to this. Summary: Sports play a vital role in improving relations among different nations of the world. When the people of different countries get together on the occasions of international sports, they come closer to each other. This helps them exchange their views and strengthen co­operation and friendship among them. This paves the way for better understanding, mutual co­operation among the nations. Besides these, the multinational companies and business firms sponsoring sports get the opportunity of advertising their products all over the world. Advanced: Summary: International sports serve as a significant platform for fostering relations among nations. Sponsored by multinational companies, these events offer global exposure through media coverage, enhancing the sponsors' international recognition. Beyond commercial benefits, they facilitate cultural exchange and camaraderie among people from diverse backgrounds. This interaction cultivates a sense of brotherhood, promotes mutual cooperation, and fosters understanding between nations, contributing to global harmony and the advancement of international relations. PASSAGE - DB-2009 Money is what money does. It is the means of leading worldly life. We can lead our life well by earning money. Shortage of money makes our life deplorable and lamentable. We cannot lead our life properly in want of money. Parents, brothers, sisters, wives, friends may neglect one in want of money. One's wife and children may be separated from one another owing to scarcity of money. It is the symbol of unity. But earning money is not easy for all. Ability as well as skill is required to earn money. Money is also the symbol of fall and downfall. Our peace and prosperity depend on proper utilization of money. Spending money through illegal way can lead us to the path of destruction and downfall. So we need to be aware of spending money. Hoek ever. the importance of money cannot be over-stated in the true sense of the term in our practical and pragmatic life. Summary: We can't ignore the importance of money in our life. To execute any scheme of life we need money. It determines our worldly peace and prosperity. Today we have money and the day after tomorrow we may not have It- So in order to succeed in life, proper use of money is imperative. Otherwise it will bring sorrows and sufferings for us. Advanced: Summary:  Money plays a crucial role in our lives, enabling us to lead a comfortable existence. Its absence can lead to various hardships, including neglect from loved ones and separation of family members. Earning money requires both ability and skill, and its misuse can result in ruin. Thus, it's essential to use money wisely to ensure peace and prosperity. Failure to do so can lead to sorrow and suffering. PASSAGE- SB-2010. DB-2011 Man is mortal. To every man death must be sooner or later. But it matters little if a man lives a few years more or less than another. Our life is not measured by months on years. It is truly measured by our deeds and actions. The people who live only for their own interest, die unhonoured and are not remembered after their death. But those who sacrifice their lives to the service of mankind, live in the hearts of men even after their death. Though they do not live in the midst of living men, they are remembered for ever by all. So we should do good deeds for the benefit of mankind. Summary: The worth of one's life depends not on the number of years one lives but on the number of good deeds one does. A man may live a long life but if he does not do any good deed. It is no life at all since nobody remembers him after his death.On the other hand, a man may die young. but if he remembered by all after his death. Advanced: Summary: The passage emphasizes that the value of a person's life is not determined by the length of time they live, but rather by the quality of their actions and deeds. While some may live long lives without contributing positively to society, others who sacrifice themselves for the betterment of humanity are revered even after death. Thus, it advocates for a focus on performing good deeds for the benefit of mankind rather than merely existing for a certain number of years. PASSAGE- DB-2010 Traffic jam is a common affair in the big cities in our country. This problem is the result of rapid growth of population and the increasing number of vehicles. Most often this problem Occurs in the congested areas where the roads are very narrow. Overtaking tendency also causes traffic jam. Some drivers do not obey the traffic rules. They drive the vehicles carelessly. Traffic jam causes great sufferings to the ambulance carrying patients. Office goers and school going children also suffer a lot due to traffic jam. However, this problem can be solved by imposing traffic rules strictly. Spacious roads should be constructed. Sufficient traffic police should be posted at important points of the highways. Unlicensed vehicles should be removed from the roads. All drivers and pedestrians should be made aware of traffic rules. If all these measures are taken, traffic jam can be solved to a great extent. Summary: Traffic congestion plagues urban areas due to population growth and increasing vehicle numbers, particularly in congested zones with narrow roads. Reckless driving exacerbates the issue, causing inconvenience and posing risks to emergency services and commuters. To tackle this problem, a comprehensive strategy is needed. This includes enforcing traffic laws rigorously, expanding road infrastructure, increasing traffic police presence, removing unlicensed vehicles, and promoting public awareness of traffic rules. These measures aim to alleviate congestion and ensure safer, smoother urban mobility. PASSAGE - RB — 2010 Everyone has heard of Solomon, the king of the Jews. He was famous all over the world for his wealth and magnificence and especially for his wisdom. The queen of Sheba had heard much about the grandeur of Solomon's court and the world wide reputation of his learning and wisdom. Hearing the name and fame of Solomon, the queen wanted to test his wisdom. The queen went to Solomon's court. She took with her garlands - one of real roses and the other of artificial roses. But both of the garlands looked quite alike. The queen placed them on the table and said, "Oh wise king, please took at the garlands. Tell me, which one is of the real roses." Solomon thought for a time. It was very difficult to identify the real rose: just then he saw some bees humming out side the window. King Solomon asked somebody to open the window. As soon as the window opened, the bees came in and sat on the real flowers. The king then pointed to the real garland. The queen was surprised and went away admiring the king's great wisdom. Summary: King Solomon was famous for his wealth and wisdom. Hearing his fame and name, the Queen of Sheba came with two garlands one of real roses and the other of artificial roses with a view to judging his wisdom. The king became perplexed for the time being to identify the garland of real roses. Seeing some bees humming on the outside, Solomon let the bees Borne in. At once the bees came in and sat on the real roses. This is how he showed his wisdom Summary: King Solomon, renowned for his wealth and wisdom, faced a test from the Queen of Sheba, who presented him with two garlands—one of real roses and the other of artificial ones—to determine his wisdom. Initially perplexed, Solomon observed bees outside and had a window opened, allowing the bees to settle on the real roses, thereby revealing their authenticity and demonstrating his wisdom to the queen. PASSAGE - DB-2008, BB-2011 Newspapers play a vital role in modern civilization. It publishes important news and views of home and abroad. A student must have the habit of reading newspapers everyday. Mere bookish knowledge is not sufficient in this competitive world. A newspaper helps one enrich his general knowledge and makes him aware of the burning issues of both inside and outside the country. A man who does not read newspapers is like a frog in a narrow well. Being ignorant of the current affairs, he cannot take part in the talks and discussions in an enlightened society and thus he feels like a fish out of water. Newspapers highlight news of various interests and views of important personalities. All these have an educative value. Sometimes there are false and partial reports in the newspaper. We should accept the good reports and avoid the bad ones. Summary: Without reading newspapers, we can't know about news and views of home and abroad. It is called the store house of knowledge. Confinement to bookish knowledge deprives us of the ever-widening knowledge of the world. To keep pace with the current trend and to make us fit for the competitive world, we cannot but read newspapers. Thus newspapers are the important parts of modern society. Summary: The passage emphasizes the indispensable role of newspapers in modern society, stressing the importance of reading them daily. It argues that newspapers provide crucial information and perspectives from both home and abroad, enriching one's general knowledge and awareness of current affairs. Without this habit, individuals risk isolation from societal discourse and find themselves ill-prepared for the competitive world. While acknowledging the occasional presence of false or biased reports, the passage encourages readers to discern between reliable and unreliable sources. Overall, newspapers serve as vital repositories of knowledge, essential for navigating the complexities of contemporary life. PASSAGE- Ctg.B-2009 Air is one of the most important elements in our environment. No creature can live without air. It is called the life-giving force. But this air sometimes gets polluted and becomes a threat to our life. By inhaling polluted air we become sick. Air is polluted in various ways. The most common agent that pollutes air is smoke. Smoke of all kinds pollutes air. Man makes fire for cooking food, burning refuse, melting pitch, etc. Thus they create smoke which mixes with air and pollutes it. Railway engines, mills and factories, buses, cars, trucks, steamers, launches and automobiles use coal, petrol and diesel to make energy. When these are burnt they create smoke and air gets polluted. The most serious air pollution occurs in big industrial areas where there are many big mills and factories. Again air pollution happens in big cities where many buses, trucks and cars ply along the streets every day. With a view to ensuring a healthier and happier life for all, we must keep air free from pollution. By abstaining from making smoke or at least minimizing its production we can control air pollution to some extent. Above all, it is our strong civic sense that can act as the vanguard against air pollution. Summary:  No man can live without air. It is essential for the existence of life. But we are polluting air in many ways and gradually endangering our life. The main cause of air pollution is smoke. Mills, factories and motor vehicles are responsible for polluting air. Big cities and industrial areas are badly affected by it. Everyday, a good many people are becoming sick by inhaling polluted air. By preventing air pollution we can ensure a healthier and happier life. Summary: Air is essential for life, but it is increasingly polluted, primarily due to smoke from various sources such as cooking fires, industrial processes, and transportation. This pollution is particularly severe in big cities and industrial areas, posing a threat to human health. Preventing air pollution is crucial for ensuring a healthier and happier life for everyone. PASSAGE-18 Illiteracy is a great curse in Bangladesh. Most of the people in our country are illiterate. They cannot even read and write. There are many reasons behind illiteracy. Poverty is the main cause of it. Majority of our people live below the poverty line. They cannot manage three meals a day. let alone send their children to school. Though some of the guardians send their children to schools, yet their children leave schools before completing primary education. Lack of social awareness is another cause of it. Most of our people are not aware of their children's education. However, this tendency is also changing. Besides these, in some rural areas. girls are forbidden to go to school. We hope the government as well as the educated people of our country should come forward and work together to solve this problem. Summary: Illiteracy is a great curse in Bangladesh. Poverty is the main cause it. Most of the people cannot send their children to school because of poverty. Unawareness is another cause of illiteracy in rural areas. Illiteracy retards the progress of a nation. To get rid of this problem, the government as well as the educated people of the society should come forward to eradicate illiteracy. Summary: Illiteracy poses a significant challenge in Bangladesh, predominantly due to poverty which prevents many from affording education for their children. Additionally, lack of social awareness, particularly in rural areas where girls are often prohibited from attending school, exacerbates the issue. It hampers national progress. To address this, concerted efforts from both the government and educated individuals are essential to eradicate illiteracy. PASSAGE-19 A flower is a symbol of beauty and purity. Its beauty and sweet smell attract us all. There is ,hardly any man but loves flowers. As most of the people in our country are poor, they can't buy flowers in spite of having a great attraction for them. Only a particular section of people buy flowers on some occasions. But this attitude is changing day by day. Now-a-days many flower shops are seen in the towns and cities and many people cultivate flowers and sell them. It indicates that the sense of beauty and attraction for flowers are increasing. People now decorate their houses with flowers to enhance their beauty. They also present flowers to their beloved persons and lovers on various occasions. At present flower exhibitions and fairs are held in different towns and cities. The cultivation of flowers is becoming popular day by day in our country. Many people have taken it as their profession. So, we hope that the day is not far when the cultivation of flowers will turn into a good profitable business. Summary: A flower is a symbol of beauty, love and purity. There is no man but loves flowers. On various occasions, people offer flowers to their friends and near and dear ones as a token of love. affection and honour. They decorate their houses with flowers to enrich their beauty. The cultivation of flowers in our country is increasing day by day for their growing demand. Soon it will create job opportunities for our many unemployed youths. Summary: Flowers symbolize beauty, love, and purity, captivating everyone with their beauty and fragrance. Despite many people in the country being unable to afford them, the popularity of flowers is growing. More flower shops are opening, and flower cultivation is becoming a profession for many. People decorate their homes with flowers and offer them as tokens of love and affection on various occasions. With the increasing demand, flower cultivation is expected to create job opportunities for the unemployed youth.

Important Proverbs for Completing Sentences Exercise Complete the following proverbs- A bad workman blames __________. A bird in hand is worth __________. A burnt child __________. A friend in need is __________. A friend to all is __________. A hungry man is __________. A journey of a thousand miles __________. A little knowledge is __________. A man is known by __________. A man’s home is __________. A penny saved is __________. A rolling stone gathers __________. A small leak will sink __________. A stitch in time saves __________. A thing of beauty is __________. All that glitters is __________. All’s well that __________. As long as you sow, you __________. Better late than __________. Better to be alone than __________. Beggars can’t be __________. Blood is thicker than __________. Charity begins at __________. Courtesy costs __________. Cut your coat according to __________. Diligence is the mother of __________. Don’t count your chickens __________. Don’t judge a book by __________. Eat to live but don’t __________. Every cloud has a __________. Experience is the best __________. Fools rush in where __________. Give credit where credit __________. Give him an inch and __________. God helps those who __________. Great talkers are little __________. Health is better than __________. He who dares, __________. Hope is __________. Hunger is the best __________. Ignorance is __________. If you buy cheaply, __________. Let bygones be __________. Look before you __________. Money cannot buy __________. Nothing ventured, __________. Out of sight, __________. Practice makes __________. Prevention is better than __________. Silence gives __________. Slow and steady __________. Something is better than __________. Spare the rod and __________. Strike while the __________. The more you know, __________. The pen is mightier than __________. There is no smoke without __________. Too many cooks spoil __________. Unity is __________. Waste not, __________. Where there’s a will, __________. You can lead a horse to __________. Answer List of Proverb-1 English Proverb Bengali Sentence Easy English Meaning A bad workman quarrels with his tools নাচতে না জানলে উঠান বাঁকা A poor worker blames his tools. A bolt from the blue বিনা মেঘে বজ্রপাত A surprise event. A burnt child dreads the fire ঘরপোড়া গরু সিঁদুরে মেঘ দেখে ডরায় A hurt person fears the same pain. A cat loves fish but is loath to wet her feet ধরি মাছ না ছুই পানি Some want things but avoid effort. A fool to others, himself a sage গায়ে না মেরে আপরি মোড়ল Some act wise but are foolish. A friend in need is a friend indeed অসময়ের বন্ধুই প্রকৃত বন্ধু। A true friend helps when needed. A guilty mind is always suspicious ঠাকুর ঘরে কেরে, অমি কলা খাই না। A guilty person feels paranoid. A little learning is a dangerous thing অল্প বিদ্যা ভয়ংকরী Small knowledge can be risky. A prophet is not honoured in his own country গেঁয়ো যোগী ভিখ পায় না Good people are often unappreciated. A rogue is deaf to all good চোরা না শুনে ধর্মের কাহিনী A bad person ignores good advice. A stitch in time saves nine সময়ের এক ফোঁড় অসময়ের দশ ফোঁড়। Fixing problems early helps a lot. A tree is known by its fruits গাছ তার ফলে পরিচয়। You can tell by the results. All that glitters is not gold চকচক করলেই সোনা হয় না। Not everything shiny is valuable. All’s well that ends well শেষ রক্ষাই রক্ষা A good ending makes everything okay. An interested witness is no witness চোরের সাক্ষি মাত্তাল A biased witness is useless. As you sow, so you reap যেমন কর্ম তেমন ফল Your actions determine your results. Barking dogs seldom bite যত গর্জে তত বর্ষে না। Loud threats often don't act. Beggars must not be choosers ভিক্ষার চাল কারা আর আকার Those in need should accept what they get. Better an empty house than a bad tenant দুষ্ট গরুর চেয়ে শূন্য গোয়াল ভাল It's better to have nothing than trouble. Between scylla and charybdis/Between the devil and the deep sea পানিতে কুমির, ডাঙ্গার বাঘ Choosing between two dangers. Birds of the same feather flock together চোরে চোরে মাসতুতো ভাই Similar people stick together. Black will take no other hue কয়লা ধুইলেও ময়লা ছাড়ে না Bad things stay bad no matter what. Blessings are not valued till they are gone দাঁত থাকতে দাঁতের মর্যাদা বুঝা যায় না You don't appreciate things until you lose them. Brothers will part ভাই ভাই ঠাঁই ঠাঁই Siblings may drift apart. Cheap goods are dear in the long run সস্তার তিন অবস্থা Cheap things can cost more later. Constant dripping wears out the stone ঘষতে ঘষতে পাথরও ক্ষয় হয় Small actions can lead to big changes. Crying in the wilderness অরন্যে রোদন Complaining without anyone listening. Cut your coat according to your cloth আয় বুঝে ব্যয় কর Spend according to your income. Dangers often come where danger is feared যেখানে বাঘের ভয় সেখানে রাত হয় Fear can attract danger. Do not live above your means আয়ের অধিক ব্যয় করো না। Don’t spend more than you earn. Empty vessels sound much আসারের তর্জন গর্জন সার The loudest people often know the least. Even death is preferable to bondage অধীনতা অপেক্ষা মৃত্যু শ্রেয় Freedom is better than life in chains. Every dog is a lion at home আপন গায়ে কুকুর রাজা Everyone is strong at home. Every man for himself চাচা আপনা বাঁচা Everyone looks out for themselves. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business ভাগের মা গঙ্গা পায় না। No one cares about others' issues. Example is better than precept উপদেশের চেয়ে দৃষ্টান্ত ভালো। Actions speak louder than words. Extravagant hopes lead to complete disappointment ডোল ভরা আশা আর কুলো ভরা ছাই। High hopes can lead to big letdowns. Faults are thick where love is thin যাকে দেখতে না পারি তার চলন বাঁকা Where there's little love, faults are common. Fine words butter no parsnips মিষ্টি কথায় চিড়ে ভিজে না Sweet talk won't solve problems. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread মোগল পাঠান হল ফারসী পরে তাঁতী Careless people take risks wisely. Give him an inch, and he will take an ell বসতে পেলে শুতে চায় If you give a little, they will take a lot. Give me roast meat and beat me with the spit পেটে খেলে পিঠে সয় Accept good and bad together. Given the one, the other will follow কান টানলে মাথা আসে If you give one thing, others will come. Good wine needs no bush চেনা বামুনের পৈতার দরকার হয় না। Good things don’t need praise. Grasp all, lose all অতি লোভে তাঁতি নষ্ট Greed can lead to losing everything. Great/big boast, small roast ফ্যান দিয়ে ভাত খায়, গল্প করে লই Those who brag often achieve little. Habit is the second nature কুকুরের পেটে ঘি মজে না। What you do often becomes natural. Harm hatch, harm catch পরের মন্দ করতে গেলে নিজের মন্দ আগে ফলে Hurting others can hurt yourself first. He is wicked to the backbone সে হাড়ে হাড়ে দুষ্ট He is very bad inside. He runs with the hare and hunts with the hound সে বড়ের ঘরের মাসি কনের ঘড়ের পিসি He supports both sides for his benefit. Honesty is the best policy সততাই সর্বোৎকৃষ্ট পন্থা। Being honest is always the best choice. If at first try you don’t succeed, try, try again! একবার না পারিলে দেখ শতবার Keep trying until you succeed. ill got, ill spent পাপেঁর ধন প্রায়শ্চিত্তে যায় Bad money leads to bad spending. Interest is sweeter than principal আসলের চেয়ে সুদ মিষ্টি The extra money (interest) is nice. It is a pity, he is good for nothing যার কোন গুণ নাই তার কপালে আগুন It’s sad when someone has no value. It is hard to sit at Rome and strike with the Pope কুমিরের সঙ্গে বিবাদ করে জলে বাস It’s hard to argue with the powerful. It takes two to make a quarrel এক হাতে তালি বাজে না Both sides are needed for a fight. Keep the shop, and the shop will keep thee যাকে রাখ সেই রাখে Take care of your business, and it will take care of you. Knowledge is power জ্ঞানই শক্তি। Knowing things gives you strength. Let by-gones be by-gones গতস্য শোচনা নাস্তি Forget the past and move on. Like father, like son যেমন বাপ তেমন ব্যাটা Children often resemble their parents. Look before you leap ভাবিয়া করিও কাজ Think before you act. Make hay while the sun shines ঝোপ বুঝে কোপ মারা Take advantage of good opportunities. Man proposes but God disposes মানুষ ভাবে এক হয় আর এক। People plan, but fate decides. Many a little makes a mickle দশের লাঠি একের বোঝা Small things add up to big results. Many men, many minds নানা মুনির নানা মত Different people have different opinions. Might is right জোর যার মুলূক তার The powerful decide what is right. Misfortune never comes alone বিপদ কখনও একা আসে না। Problems often come in groups. Money begets money টাকায় টাকা আনে। Money leads to more money. Morning shows the day উঠন্ত মুলো পতনেই চেনা যায় The start of something shows how it will go. Much cry, little wool মধ্যরতে লঘুক্রিয়া Lots of noise but little action. Necessity knows no law অভাবে স্বভাব নষ্ট Needs can break rules. Necessity never makes a bargain প্রয়োজন কখনও সমঝোতা করে না Need doesn’t allow for deals. English Proverb Bengali Sentence Easy English Meaning No man can serve two masters দুই প্রভুর সে লোক সেবা করতে পারে না You can't please two people at once. No news is good news খবর না হলে তা ভালো খবর No news often means nothing bad. Nothing ventured, nothing gained কিছু না করলে কিছু হবে না You must try to get something. Out of sight, out of mind চোখের বাইরে, মন থেকে দূরে If you don’t see it, you forget it. Once bitten, twice shy একবার কামড়ালে বারবার ভয় করে After a bad experience, you become careful. One swallow does not make a summer এক swallow গ্রীষ্ম হয় না One good thing doesn’t mean everything is good. Penny wise, pound foolish পয়সার হিসাব করে টাকা খোয়া যায় Saving small amounts can lead to big losses. Pleasant is the use of a thing, when it is well used একটি বস্তু ব্যবহারে ভালো লাগা Using something well makes it enjoyable. Practice makes perfect অভ্যাসে perfection আসে Doing something a lot makes you better. Rome was not built in a day রোম এক দিনে গড়া হয়নি Big achievements take time. Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me লাঠি আর পাথর আমার হাড় ভাঙবে, কিন্তু কথা আমাকে আঘাত করবে না Words can’t hurt you. The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree আপেল গাছ থেকে অনেক দূরে পড়ে না Children are like their parents. The early bird catches the worm সকালে ওঠা পাখি কৃমি পায় Being early helps you get opportunities. The grass is always greener on the other side অন্য পাড়ায় ঘাস সবসময় বেশি সুন্দর People often want what others have. The more, the merrier সংখ্যা যত বেশি, আনন্দ তত বেশি More people can mean more fun. The pen is mightier than the sword কলম তরবারির চেয়ে শক্তিশালী Writing can be more powerful than violence. The proof of the pudding is in the eating পুডিংয়ের পরীক্ষার ফল খেতে হবে You must try something to know its quality. There’s no place like home বাড়ির মত আর কোন জায়গা নেই Home is the best place. There’s no smoke without fire আগুন ছাড়া ধোঁয়া হয় না If there are rumors, there is some truth. Time and tide wait for no man সময় আর ঢেউ কারো জন্য অপেক্ষা করে না Time doesn’t wait for anyone. To err is human, to forgive divine ভুল করা মানুষের স্বভাব, ক্ষমা করা ঈশ্বরীয় Everyone makes mistakes; forgiving is great. Too many cooks spoil the broth অনেক শেফের কারণে রান্না নষ্ট হয় Too many people can ruin a project. Two heads are better than one দুই মাথা এক মাথার চেয়ে ভাল Working together is better. When in Rome, do as the Romans do রোমে গেলে রোমানদের মতো চলা উচিত Follow local customs when visiting. Where there’s a will, there’s a way ইচ্ছে থাকলে উপায় হয় If you want something, you will find a way. You can’t have your cake and eat it too একসঙ্গে দুইটি কিছুর সুবিধা নেওয়া যায় না You can’t enjoy both sides of something. List of Proverb-02 English Proverb Bengali Sentence Easy English Meaning A bad workman always blames his tools খারাপ শ্রমিক সবসময় তার সরঞ্জামকে দোষ দেয় A poor worker blames his tools. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush হাতে পাখি, ঝোঁপে দুটি পাখির সমান It’s better to have something secure than risk it for more. A burnt child dreads fire পুড়ে যাওয়া শিশু আগুনকে ভয় পায় A bad experience makes you careful. A friend in need is a friend indeed প্রয়োজনের সময় বন্ধুই আসল বন্ধু A true friend helps you when you need it. A friend to all is a friend to none সকলের জন্য বন্ধু, কারোর জন্য বন্ধু নয় If you try to please everyone, you help no one. A hungry man is an angry man ক্ষুধার্ত মানুষ রাগী A hungry person can be upset easily. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step হাজার মাইলের যাত্রা একটি পদক্ষেপ দিয়ে শুরু হয় Big tasks start with small steps. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing অল্প জ্ঞান বিপজ্জনক Knowing little can lead to problems. A man is known by the company he keeps মানুষ তার বন্ধুদের দ্বারা চেনা যায় You are judged by who you spend time with. A man’s home is his castle একজন মানুষের বাড়ি তার দুর্গ Home is a safe place for everyone. A penny saved is a penny gained সঞ্চিত পয়সা অর্জিত পয়সা Saving money is as good as earning it. A rolling stone gathers no moss চলন্ত পাথরের উপর মস জন্মায় না Moving people don’t settle down. A small leak will sink a great ship একটি ছোট ফুটো একটি বড় জাহাজ ডুবায় Small problems can lead to big failures. A stitch in time saves nine সময়মত একটি সেলাই নয়টি সেলাই বাঁচায় Fixing problems early saves more work later. A thing of beauty is a joy forever সুন্দর জিনিস চিরকাল আনন্দ দেয় Beautiful things make you happy forever. All that glitters is not gold যে সবকিছু চকচক করছে তা সোনা নয় Not everything shiny is valuable. All’s well that ends well শেষ ভালো হলে সব ভালো If the ending is good, everything is good. As long as you sow, so you shall reap তুমি যতটা বুনো, ততটাই পাবে You get what you put in. As soon as a man is born, he begins to die যখন একজন মানুষ জন্মায়, তখন সে মরতে শুরু করে Life starts with the end in mind. Better late than never দেরিতে হলেও কিছু করাই ভালো It's good to do something late than not do it at all. Better to be alone than in bad company খারাপ সঙ্গের চেয়ে একা থাকা ভালো It’s better to be alone than with bad friends. Better to die with honor than live with shame/dishonor লজ্জায় বাঁচার চেয়ে সম্মানে মারা যাওয়া ভালো Dying with honor is better than living in shame. Beggars can’t be choosers ভিক্ষুকরা পছন্দ করতে পারে না Those in need can’t be picky. Blood is thicker than water রক্ত জল থেকে ঘন Family ties are stronger than friendships. Charity begins at home দান বাড়িতে শুরু হয় Take care of your family first. Courtesy costs nothing সৌজন্য বিনামূল্যে Being polite doesn’t cost anything. Cowards die many deaths কাপুরুষরা বহু বার মরে Fearful people suffer a lot. Cut your coat according to your cloth তোমার কাপড় অনুযায়ী কোঁচো কাটো Live within your means. Diligence is the mother of good fortune অধ্যবসায় হলো সফলতার জননী Hard work leads to success. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched ডিম ফুটার আগেই মুরগি গুনো না Don’t assume something will happen before it does. Don’t judge a book by its cover বইয়ের কভারের দ্বারা তা বিচার করো না Don’t judge something by its appearance. Eat to live but don’t live to eat বাঁচার জন্য খাও, খাওয়ার জন্য বাঁচো না Eat for health, not just for pleasure. Every cloud has a silver lining প্রতিটি মেঘের একটিমাত্র রূপালী দিক থাকে Every bad situation has some good. Experience is the best teacher অভিজ্ঞতা হলো সেরা শিক্ষক Learning comes from doing. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread যেখানে দেবদূতরা ভয় পায়, সেখানে বোকা মানুষ দ্রুত যায় Only foolish people act without thinking. Fear of death is worse than death itself মৃত্যুর ভয়, মৃত্যুর চেয়ে খারাপ Fearing death can be worse than dying. Give credit where credit is due যাকে প্রাপ্য, তাকে প্রশংসা দিন Praise those who deserve it. Give him an inch and he’ll want a yard এক ইঞ্চি দিলে সে এক গজ চাইবে If you give someone a little, they will want more. God helps those who help themselves ঈশ্বর তাদের সাহায্য করেন যারা নিজেদের সাহায্য করেন Help yourself, and God will help you. Grasp all, lose all সবকিছু ধরলে সব হারাবে Trying to get everything can lead to losing everything. Great talkers are little doers বড় কথা বলার লোকরা কম কাজ করে Those who talk a lot often do little. Health is better than wealth স্বাস্থ্য ধন থেকে ভালো Being healthy is more important than being rich. He who dares, wins যিনি সাহসী, তিনি জিতে Those who take risks can succeed. Hope is life আশা হলো জীবন Hope keeps you alive. Hunger is the best spice ক্ষুধা হলো সেরা মশলা Being hungry makes food taste better. Ignorance is bliss অজ্ঞতা আনন্দ Not knowing can make you happier. Ignorance of the law excuses no man আইনের অজ্ঞতা কারো জন্যও ক্ষমা নয় Not knowing the law doesn’t protect you. If you buy cheaply, you pay dearly সস্তায় কিনলে, দাম বেশি দিতে হবে Cheap things often cost more later. It takes two to make a quarrel ঝগড়ার জন্য দুইজন লাগে Both sides are needed to fight. Let bygones be bygones অতীতকে অতীত হতে দাও Forget the past and move on. Look before you leap লাফ দেওয়ার আগে দেখো Think before you act. Love conquers all ভালোবাসা সবকিছুকে জয় করে Love can overcome any challenge. Make hay while the sun shines সূর্য বেরালে পাট তোলো Take advantage of good times. Money cannot buy happiness টাকা সুখ কিনতে পারে না Happiness comes from within, not from money. Money is the root of all evil টাকা সব খারাপের মূল Money can lead to bad actions. Never give advice unless asked জিজ্ঞেস না করলে কখনো পরামর্শ দিও না Only give advice if someone asks. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today আজকের কাজ কালকের জন্য রেখো না Do your tasks now, not later. Necessity is the mother of invention প্রয়োজনই উদ্ভাবনের জননী Need inspires new ideas. No pain, no gain কষ্ট ছাড়া কিছু পাওয়া যায় না You must work hard to achieve something. No rose is without a thorn কোন গোলাপ কাঁটা ছাড়া নয় Every good thing has some problems. Nothing comes free/there is no free lunch কিছুই বিনামূল্যে আসে না Everything has a cost. Nothing ventured, nothing gained কিছু না করলে কিছু হবে না You must try to gain something. One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter একজনের সন্ত্রাসী, আরেকজনের মুক্তিযোদ্ধা Perspectives on actions differ. Out of sight, out of mind চোখের বাইরে, মন থেকে দূরে If you don’t see it, you forget it. Practice makes perfect অভ্যাসে perfection আসে Doing something a lot makes you better. Prevention is better than cure প্রতিরোধ চিকিৎসার চেয়ে ভালো It’s better to stop problems before they start. Rome was not built in a day রোম এক দিনে গড়া হয়নি Big achievements take time. Self-trust is the first secret of success আত্মবিশ্বাস হলো সফলতার প্রথম গোপন Believing in yourself is key to success. Silence gives consent চুপ থাকলে সম্মতি দেয় Not speaking can mean you agree. Slow and steady wins the race ধীরে এবং স্থির হলে জিতে যাবো Steady effort leads to success. Something is better than nothing কিছু একটিও কিছু না হওয়ার চেয়ে ভালো Having something is better than nothing. Spare the rod and spoil the child প্রহার না করলে শিশু নষ্ট হয় Not disciplining kids can harm them. Stolen fruit is the sweetest চুরি করা ফল সবচেয়ে মিষ্টি Forbidden things seem more appealing. Strike while the iron is hot যখন লোহার উত্তাপ থাকে, তখন কাজ করো Take action at the right time. The eyes are the window of the soul চোখ হলো আত্মার জানালা Your eyes show your feelings. The more you get, the more you want যা কিছু পাবে, তা আরো চাওয়ার ইচ্ছা বাড়ে Wanting increases with more gains. The more you know, the more you know you don’t know যত বেশি জানবে, তত বেশি জানতে হবে Knowledge reveals more questions. The pen is mightier than the sword কলম তরবারির চেয়ে শক্তিশালী Writing can be more powerful than violence. There is no smoke without a fire আগুন ছাড়া ধোঁয়া হয় না Rumors often have some truth. Time and tide wait for none সময় আর ঢেউ কারো জন্য অপেক্ষা করে না Time doesn’t wait for anyone. Too many cooks spoil the broth অনেক শেফের কারণে রান্না নষ্ট হয় Too many people can ruin a project. Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown মুকুট পরে থাকলে মাথা অস্থির থাকে Leadership brings stress. Unity is strength একতা হলো শক্তি Together, we are stronger. What is learnt in the cradle lasts to the tomb শিশু অবস্থায় যা শেখা, তা সমাধি পর্যন্ত থাকে Early lessons stay for life. Waste not, want not অপচয় করো না, অভাব হবে না Don’t waste, and you won’t lack. Where there’s a will, there’s a way ইচ্ছা থাকলে উপায় হয় If you want something, you will find a way. You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make him drink তুমি একটি ঘোড়াকে পানির কাছে নিয়ে যেতে পার, কিন্তু তাকে পান করতে বাধ্য করতে পারবে না You can show someone something, but you can’t force them to accept it. Sentence Completion Exercise -Answers A bad workman blames his tools . A bird in hand is worth two in the bush . A burnt child dreads fire . A friend in need is a friend indeed . A friend to all is a friend to none . A hungry man is an angry man . A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step . A little knowledge is a dangerous thing . A man is known by the company he keeps . A man’s home is his castle . A penny saved is a penny gained . A rolling stone gathers no moss . A small leak will sink a great ship . A stitch in time saves nine . A thing of beauty is a joy forever . All that glitters is not gold . All’s well that ends well . As long as you sow, you shall reap . Better late than never . Better to be alone than in bad company . Beggars can’t be choosers . Blood is thicker than water . Charity begins at home . Courtesy costs nothing . Cut your coat according to your cloth . Diligence is the mother of good fortune . Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched . Don’t judge a book by its cover . Eat to live but don’t live to eat . Every cloud has a silver lining . Experience is the best teacher . Fools rush in where angels fear to tread . Give credit where credit is due . Give him an inch and he’ll want a yard . God helps those who help themselves . Great talkers are little doers . Health is better than wealth . He who dares, wins . Hope is life . Hunger is the best spice . Ignorance is bliss . If you buy cheaply, you pay dearly . Let bygones be bygones . Look before you leap . Money cannot buy happiness . Nothing ventured, nothing gained . Out of sight, out of mind . Practice makes perfect . Prevention is better than cure . Silence gives consent . Slow and steady wins the race . Something is better than nothing . Spare the rod and spoil the child . Strike while the iron is hot . The more you know, the more you want . The pen is mightier than the sword . There is no smoke without a fire . Too many cooks spoil the broth . Unity is strength . Waste not, want not . Where there’s a will, there’s a way . You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make him drink .

HSC EXAMINATION-2025 ENGLISH 2ND PAPER Part A-Grammar Question No 1 Gap Filling Activities without Clues (for prepositions) Question No 2 Gap Filling Activities with Clues (use of special words/phrases) Question No 3 Completing Sentences (with clauses/phrases) Question No 4 Use of Verbs (right form of verbs and subject-verb agreement asper context) Question No 5 Narrative Style (direct to indirect and vice-versa) Question No 6 Use of Modifiers Question No 7 Use of Sentence Connectors Question No 8 Use of Synonym and Antonym Question No 9 Punctuation Part B- Writing FORMAL LETTERS/EMAILS For permission to arrange a freshers' reception For full free studentship, For setting up a Debating Club' in your college/ English Debating Club For setting up 'English Language Club'/'Language Club/ English Speaking Club' For setting up a gymnasium in college campus For providing / installing sound system/loud speaker in the large classrooms For installing internet connection in your library For increasing library books and other library facilities For permission to stage a drama in the college auditorium To the UNO for arranging a vaccination program against COVID-19 For changing an elective subject For improving / increasing computer lab facilities For improving sports room facilities For prohibiting cell phone in the class room For querying the procedure of library membership For proposing a business idea or project to help the poor students For permission to arrange a vaccination campaign COVID-19 For a seat in the college hostel To set up a literary club For a transfer certificate For opening a relief camp for the flood affected people. Complaint against the insufficient water supply in your locality To DC/ Union Council Chairman/ UNO for relief and medical aid for flood affected people To Union Parishad Chairman/ Mayor for repairing a-road in your area To Chairman for constructing a bridge in your area To DC/ Superintendent of Police for taking steps against the anti- social activities in your area For arranging extra classes on English for weak students To the Editor of an English daily for recent price hike in Bangladesh For complaining about the missing goods To the principal to arrange a science fair in the college campus . EMAILS To the Admission Section asking about admission procedure for overseas students To the organizer seeking detailed information about the seminar on 'language study, To the manager of the travel agency to cancel the booked ticket To friend to invite for joining your birthday party Listing Paragraphs Gen-Z Internet /The Uses and Abuses of/Internet/Merits and Demerits of Internet International Mother Language Day Impact of Facebook on Our Young Generation/ Merits and Demerits of Facebook/ Uses and Abuses of Facebook/ Facebook/ Advantages and Disadvantages of Facebook A Book Fair/Ekushey Book Fair Tree Plantation/ Afforestation Discipline Our National Flag Mobile Phone /The Uses and Abuses of Mobile Phone Students and Social Service Your First Day at College Childhood Memories A College Canteen Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Father of Our Nation Digital Bangladesh Female Education/ Importance Female Education Gender Discrimination/ Ways of Gender Equity The Padma Multipurpose Bridge / Importance of the Padma Bridge Qualities of an Ideal Student/Duties of Students Brain Drain Street Hawker Celebration of Pahela Baishakh Necessity of Education on Becoming the Warrior of Light/ Necessity of Education Bangladesh/ Your Country Liberation War of Bangladesh- Importance of Games and Sports Unemployment Problem in Bangladesh Metro Rail/ Dhaka Metro Rail Water Pollution Smart Bangladesh Your Future Plan of Life Importance of Reading Newspaper Qualities of a Good Citizen Rohingya Repatriation Compare and Contrast/ Cause and Effect Paragraph Comparing and Contrasting Technical Education and General Education Offline and Online Classes/ Online Class and Traditional Class Life before and after Digitalization in Bangladesh Cyber Bullying and its Causes and Effects on an Individual The Causes and Effects of Moral Degradation of Young Generation Price Hike/ Price Hike of Daily Commodities/ Causes of Recent Price Hike The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health Life of the Young before and after Getting Used to Social Networks The Reason and Result of Environment Pollution Sound Pollution Advantages and Disadvantages of City Life Entertainment in Rural and Urban Areas of Bangladesh Impact of Social Media on Our Life Dowry System Global Warming Unemployment Problem in Bangladesh/ Problems and Prospects of Employment Causes and Effects of Climate Change/Climate Change Is a Threat to Our Survival on Earth/ Impact of Climate Change/ Climate Change Causes and and Effects effects of Road o ad Accident in Bangladesh Causes and Results of Greenhouse Effects High School Comparing and Contrasting Life and College Life Environment pollution Dangers of Drug Addiction/ Drug Addiction/ Causes and Effects of Drug Addiction Early Marriage in Bangladesh The Natural Calamities Food Adulteration Showing Its Causes and Effects Positive and Negative Impacts of Facebook/ Uses and Abuses of Facebook/ Advantages and Disadvantages of Facebook The Natural Calamities in Bangladesh Uses and Abuses of Satellite TV Channels Causes and Effects of deforestation/ Indiscriminate Cutting of Trees Country Life and City Life/ Country vs City Life Country Life and Rural Life Comparing and Contrasting Democracy and Autocracy Comparing and Contrasting the Nuclear Family Life and Hostel Life Comparing ring and Contrasting Family and Extended Family Comparing and Contrasting Fast Food and Home-cooked Food Causes of Corruption in Bangladesh and How to Remove It

Simile, Metaphor, Imagery Introduction Language is a powerful tool that allows us to express our thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Among the many techniques writers and speakers use to create vivid and engaging descriptions, similes , metaphors , and imagery  stand out as particularly effective. These literary devices help us convey complex ideas in simple terms, enabling us to connect with our audience on a deeper level. Similes  draw comparisons between two unlike things using words like "like" or "as," making descriptions relatable and easy to visualize. For instance, saying someone is "as brave as a lion" helps us quickly understand their courage. On the other hand, metaphors  take a more direct approach by stating that one thing is  another. This bold technique can create powerful images and evoke strong emotions. When we say, "Life is a rollercoaster," we capture the unpredictable nature of life’s ups and downs in just a few words. Imagery , meanwhile, brings our senses into play. It uses descriptive language that paints a picture in our minds, appealing to sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell. When we read about the "scent of fresh rain mingling with blooming flowers," we can almost experience the freshness and beauty being described. Together, these devices enrich our language, making it more expressive and engaging. By exploring similes, metaphors, and imagery, we can better appreciate the artistry of language and enhance our own communication skills. 1. Simile Definition: A simile  is a comparison between two different things using the words "like"  or "as" . It helps show how two things that are not alike share a similar quality. Explanation: A simile connects two ideas or objects to show how they are similar. It’s like saying, "This thing is similar to that thing." The words "like"  and "as"  are used to make this connection clear. Examples: "Her eyes are as bright as stars." (Her eyes are being compared to stars, showing that her eyes are very bright.) "He was running like the wind." (This means he was running very fast, like the wind that moves quickly.) "The cake is as sweet as sugar." (The cake is very sweet, just like sugar.) "The baby is sleeping like a log." (The baby is sleeping very deeply and peacefully, like a log that doesn’t move.) Additional Notes: Similes  make descriptions more vivid and easier to imagine. When you say someone is "as brave as a lion,"  you immediately think of someone very courageous. Similes  are often used in everyday language because they are easy to understand. For example, we might say, "She is as busy as a bee"  to describe someone who is working very hard. 2. Metaphor Definition: A metaphor  is a comparison between two things without using "like"  or "as."  Instead, it directly says that one thing is  another thing, even though it’s not literally true. Explanation: A metaphor states that one thing is  something else to show they share similar qualities. Unlike similes, metaphors don’t use "like" or "as." They make the connection stronger by saying that the two things are the same in some way, even if they aren’t. Examples: "Life is a rollercoaster." (Life is compared to a rollercoaster, meaning it has ups and downs, just like a rollercoaster ride.) "His heart is a stone." (This means he has no feelings or emotions, just like a stone is hard and cold.) "The world is a stage." (The world is compared to a stage, meaning everyone is playing a part in life like actors on a stage.) "Time is a thief." (This means time takes things away from us, like how a thief steals.) Additional Notes: Metaphors  are used to make descriptions more powerful. They create strong images in the reader’s mind. For example, saying "She is a shining star"  gives the idea that someone is bright, successful, or outstanding. Metaphors are more indirect than similes, so they can be harder to recognize. But once you understand the meaning, they make the description more imaginative. 3. Imagery Definition: Imagery  is the use of descriptive language that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell). It helps you imagine or "see" what is happening in your mind. Explanation: Imagery uses words to paint a picture in your mind or to help you experience something with your senses. Writers use imagery to make their descriptions more vivid and real. It can help you imagine what something looks like, sounds like, tastes like, feels like, or smells like. Examples: Sight (visual imagery):"The golden sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky with shades of pink and orange." (This helps you see  the beautiful colors of the sunset.) Sound (auditory imagery):"The leaves rustled softly in the wind, and birds chirped in the distance." (This helps you hear  the peaceful sounds of nature.) Smell (olfactory imagery):"The scent of fresh rain mixed with the sweet fragrance of flowers filled the air." (This helps you smell  the rain and flowers.) Taste (gustatory imagery):"The warm apple pie tasted sweet and tangy, with a hint of cinnamon." (This helps you taste  the flavors of the pie.) Touch (tactile imagery):"The rough bark of the tree scratched against her skin as she climbed." (This helps you feel  the texture of the tree’s bark.) Additional Notes: Imagery  is a very common tool used by writers to make scenes and experiences more relatable and interesting for the reader. When you read good imagery, it feels like you are there, seeing, hearing, or feeling everything that is described. Imagery can be found in all types of writing, from poems and stories to everyday conversations. For example, if someone says, "The soup was hot and spicy, burning my tongue,"  they are using imagery to help you imagine the taste and feeling of the soup. Detailed Examples of Each: Simile Example: "The kitten’s fur is as soft as cotton." (You can imagine how soft the kitten’s fur feels because it is compared to cotton, which is also very soft.) Metaphor Example: "He has a heart of gold." (This means the person is very kind and generous. His heart is not literally made of gold, but it shows that he has good qualities like gold is valuable.) Imagery Example: "The fresh bread, warm from the oven, filled the kitchen with a rich, buttery smell." (This sentence uses imagery to make you imagine the smell and warmth of the fresh bread.) Summary: Simile : Compares two things using "like"  or "as." Example: "Her voice is as sweet as honey." Metaphor : Compares two things without using "like" or "as." It says one thing is  another. Example: "The classroom was a zoo." Imagery : Descriptive language that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, smell). Example: "The flowers in the garden were bright red and yellow, swaying gently in the breeze." Exercises: Worksheet-1 Instructions: For each sentence, determine if it contains a: Simile  (comparison using "as" or "like") Metaphor  (direct comparison without "as" or "like") Imagery  (language that appeals to the senses) Sentences: The sky was as blue as the ocean. His hands were ice after playing outside in the snow. The flowers smelled sweet, like candy. Her eyes sparkled like diamonds. The wind was a wild beast, howling through the trees. The blanket was as soft as a cloud. His stomach growled like a hungry bear. The sun shone brightly, warming the entire beach. Time is money. The kitten was as fluffy as cotton. The rain tapped gently on the window, soothing and peaceful. She sings like an angel. The night sky was a blanket of stars. His smile was as wide as the ocean. The chocolate melted in her mouth, rich and creamy. Her heart is a locked door, guarded and protected. The fire crackled and popped, sending warmth throughout the room. The car roared down the road like a lion. The baby’s skin was as smooth as silk. His eyes were the deep sea, filled with mystery. Answer Key: Simile : "The sky was as blue as the ocean." Metaphor : "His hands were ice after playing outside in the snow." Simile : "The flowers smelled sweet, like candy." Simile : "Her eyes sparkled like diamonds." Metaphor : "The wind was a wild beast, howling through the trees." Simile : "The blanket was as soft as a cloud." Simile : "His stomach growled like a hungry bear." Imagery : "The sun shone brightly, warming the entire beach." Metaphor : "Time is money." Simile : "The kitten was as fluffy as cotton." Imagery : "The rain tapped gently on the window, soothing and peaceful." Simile : "She sings like an angel." Metaphor : "The night sky was a blanket of stars." Simile : "His smile was as wide as the ocean." Imagery : "The chocolate melted in her mouth, rich and creamy." Metaphor : "Her heart is a locked door, guarded and protected." Imagery : "The fire crackled and popped, sending warmth throughout the room." Simile : "The car roared down the road like a lion." Simile : "The baby’s skin was as smooth as silk." Metaphor : "His eyes were the deep sea, filled with mystery." Worksheet-2 Identify whether each sentence contains a simile , metaphor , or imagery . Instructions: For each sentence, decide if it is a: Simile  (comparison using "as" or "like") Metaphor  (direct comparison without "as" or "like") Imagery  (language that appeals to the senses) Sentences: The car is as fast as a cheetah. The flowers smell sweet in the morning breeze. His smile was as bright as the sun. The sky was a deep blue ocean. The cake tasted as good as chocolate. Her hair is silk, smooth and soft. The baby’s cry was as loud as a siren. The air was filled with the scent of fresh bread. The pillow is as soft as a feather. The clouds were cotton balls in the sky. The music was as soothing as a lullaby. The water in the lake was crystal clear. His voice was like thunder, loud and booming. The sand felt warm between her toes. The snow was as white as sugar. Her eyes sparkled like stars in the night. The dog barked like a small alarm clock. The soup was hot, warming me from the inside. The moon was a silver coin in the dark sky. His hands were as cold as ice. The rain fell softly on the roof, tapping gently. The chocolate bar melted in her mouth like butter. The wind was as strong as a giant. The leaves crunched under her shoes as she walked. The room was as quiet as a library. His feet were bricks after the long run. The waves crashed like lions on the shore. The roses smelled as fresh as the morning dew. The kitten’s fur was as soft as cotton. The forest was alive with the sounds of birds and rustling leaves. Answer Key: Simile : "The car is as fast as a cheetah." Imagery : "The flowers smell sweet in the morning breeze." Simile : "His smile was as bright as the sun." Metaphor : "The sky was a deep blue ocean." Simile : "The cake tasted as good as chocolate." Metaphor : "Her hair is silk, smooth and soft." Simile : "The baby’s cry was as loud as a siren." Imagery : "The air was filled with the scent of fresh bread." Simile : "The pillow is as soft as a feather." Metaphor : "The clouds were cotton balls in the sky." Simile : "The music was as soothing as a lullaby." Imagery : "The water in the lake was crystal clear." Simile : "His voice was like thunder, loud and booming." Imagery : "The sand felt warm between her toes." Simile : "The snow was as white as sugar." Simile : "Her eyes sparkled like stars in the night." Simile : "The dog barked like a small alarm clock." Imagery : "The soup was hot, warming me from the inside." Metaphor : "The moon was a silver coin in the dark sky." Simile : "His hands were as cold as ice." Imagery : "The rain fell softly on the roof, tapping gently." Simile : "The chocolate bar melted in her mouth like butter." Simile : "The wind was as strong as a giant." Imagery : "The leaves crunched under her shoes as she walked." Simile : "The room was as quiet as a library." Metaphor : "His feet were bricks after the long run." Simile : "The waves crashed like lions on the shore." Simile : "The roses smelled as fresh as the morning dew." Simile : "The kitten’s fur was as soft as cotton." Imagery : "The forest was alive with the sounds of birds and rustling leaves." Worksheet-3 Read each sentence and determine whether it contains a simile , metaphor , or imagery . Instructions: For each sentence, identify if it contains a: Simile  (comparison using "as" or "like") Metaphor  (direct comparison without "as" or "like") Imagery  (language that appeals to the senses) Sentences: The wind whispered through the trees, carrying the scent of pine. Her smile was as bright as the morning sun. His words were a sharp knife, cutting through the silence. The moon hung like a lantern in the dark sky. The classroom buzzed like a hive of bees. Her laughter echoed in the room, warm and inviting. The city was a jungle, with danger lurking around every corner. The perfume smelled like fresh roses in the spring. His mind was a whirlwind of thoughts, spinning faster and faster. The waves crashed against the rocks, their white foam spraying in the air. She was as graceful as a swan gliding across the water. The stars were diamonds scattered across the night sky. The cake tasted like a burst of sunshine. His heart was a locked door, impossible to open. The forest floor was soft beneath her feet, moss cushioning every step. The mountain stood like a silent giant, watching over the valley. His face was as red as a tomato. The smell of fresh bread filled the bakery, warm and comforting. The clouds were cotton balls floating lazily across the sky. Her eyes sparkled like stars in the night. The river flowed like a ribbon, winding through the valley. His voice was thunderous, booming through the hall. The snow crunched beneath their boots as they walked through the forest. Life is a roller coaster, full of ups and downs. Her skin was as smooth as silk. The sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky in shades of orange and pink. The night was a blanket, covering the world in darkness. The coffee was as bitter as medicine. The leaves rustled in the breeze, their dry edges crackling. His determination was iron, unbreakable and steadfast. Answer Key: Imagery : "The wind whispered through the trees, carrying the scent of pine." Simile : "Her smile was as bright as the morning sun." Metaphor : "His words were a sharp knife, cutting through the silence." Simile : "The moon hung like a lantern in the dark sky." Simile : "The classroom buzzed like a hive of bees." Imagery : "Her laughter echoed in the room, warm and inviting." Metaphor : "The city was a jungle, with danger lurking around every corner." Simile : "The perfume smelled like fresh roses in the spring." Metaphor : "His mind was a whirlwind of thoughts, spinning faster and faster." Imagery : "The waves crashed against the rocks, their white foam spraying in the air." Simile : "She was as graceful as a swan gliding across the water." Metaphor : "The stars were diamonds scattered across the night sky." Simile : "The cake tasted like a burst of sunshine." Metaphor : "His heart was a locked door, impossible to open." Imagery : "The forest floor was soft beneath her feet, moss cushioning every step." Simile : "The mountain stood like a silent giant, watching over the valley." Simile : "His face was as red as a tomato." Imagery : "The smell of fresh bread filled the bakery, warm and comforting." Metaphor : "The clouds were cotton balls floating lazily across the sky." Simile : "Her eyes sparkled like stars in the night." Simile : "The river flowed like a ribbon, winding through the valley." Metaphor : "His voice was thunderous, booming through the hall." Imagery : "The snow crunched beneath their boots as they walked through the forest." Metaphor : "Life is a roller coaster, full of ups and downs." Simile : "Her skin was as smooth as silk." Imagery : "The sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky in shades of orange and pink." Metaphor : "The night was a blanket, covering the world in darkness." Simile : "The coffee was as bitter as medicine." Imagery : "The leaves rustled in the breeze, their dry edges crackling." Metaphor : "His determination was iron, unbreakable and steadfast." Worksheet-4 Identify whether each sentence contains a simile , metaphor , or imagery . Instructions: For each sentence, decide whether it is: Simile  (comparison using "as" or "like") Metaphor  (direct comparison without "as" or "like") Imagery  (language that appeals to the senses) Sentences: Her hair was as black as coal. The cake tasted like heaven. The sun was a golden coin hanging in the sky. The wind was as cold as ice. The cat’s fur felt like velvet. The classroom was a circus, filled with noise. The flowers smelled like fresh spring air. His heart was a rock, unmoved by emotion. The river sparkled in the sunlight, clear and refreshing. Her skin was as soft as silk. The storm roared like a lion. The moon was a giant pearl in the night sky. The air was thick with the scent of rain and earth. The snow was as white as a sheet. Her eyes shone like stars. The house was a castle, towering over the trees. The coffee tasted bitter, like burnt toast. His voice was a deep rumble, vibrating through the room. The grass was as green as emeralds. The children’s laughter was like the sound of bells. Her hands were ice, freezing to the touch. The ocean waves crashed like thunder. The bread smelled fresh and warm, straight from the oven. The stars were tiny diamonds scattered across the sky. His legs were as weak as jelly after the long run. The dog barked like an alarm clock, loud and constant. The blanket wrapped around her like a warm hug. The rain fell in sheets, drenching everything in sight. The butterfly’s wings were as delicate as tissue paper. His mind was a maze, filled with confusion. Answer Key: Simile : "Her hair was as black as coal." Simile : "The cake tasted like heaven." Metaphor : "The sun was a golden coin hanging in the sky." Simile : "The wind was as cold as ice." Simile : "The cat’s fur felt like velvet." Metaphor : "The classroom was a circus, filled with noise." Simile : "The flowers smelled like fresh spring air." Metaphor : "His heart was a rock, unmoved by emotion." Imagery : "The river sparkled in the sunlight, clear and refreshing." Simile : "Her skin was as soft as silk." Simile : "The storm roared like a lion." Metaphor : "The moon was a giant pearl in the night sky." Imagery : "The air was thick with the scent of rain and earth." Simile : "The snow was as white as a sheet." Simile : "Her eyes shone like stars." Metaphor : "The house was a castle, towering over the trees." Simile : "The coffee tasted bitter, like burnt toast." Metaphor : "His voice was a deep rumble, vibrating through the room." Simile : "The grass was as green as emeralds." Simile : "The children’s laughter was like the sound of bells." Metaphor : "Her hands were ice, freezing to the touch." Simile : "The ocean waves crashed like thunder." Imagery : "The bread smelled fresh and warm, straight from the oven." Metaphor : "The stars were tiny diamonds scattered across the sky." Simile : "His legs were as weak as jelly after the long run." Simile : "The dog barked like an alarm clock, loud and constant." Simile : "The blanket wrapped around her like a warm hug." Imagery : "The rain fell in sheets, drenching everything in sight." Simile : "The butterfly’s wings were as delicate as tissue paper." Metaphor : "His mind was a maze, filled with confusion." Worksheet-5 Identify whether each sentence contains a simile , metaphor , or imagery . Instructions: For each sentence, decide if it is a: Simile  (comparison using "as" or "like") Metaphor  (direct comparison without "as" or "like") Imagery  (language that appeals to the senses) Sentences: The fog wrapped around the city like a thick blanket of secrets. His temper flared, a volcano waiting to erupt. The forest was alive with the sounds of birds and rustling leaves. Her voice was as smooth as honey, calming everyone who listened. The fireflies flickered in the dusk, like tiny stars in the night air. His mind was a prison, trapping him in his own thoughts. The distant thunder growled like an angry beast, ready to strike. The smell of fresh rain on dry earth filled the air. The city was a labyrinth of streets, winding endlessly without direction. Her words cut deeper than a blade, sharp and precise. The waterfall cascaded down the rocks, its sound like music to the soul. His laughter rang out, loud and contagious, filling the room with joy. The night sky stretched above like a vast ocean of darkness. His ambition was a fire, burning brighter every day. The snow crunched beneath her feet, leaving a trail behind. The stars blinked in the distance, as if whispering ancient secrets. Her heart was a fragile glass vase, ready to shatter with the slightest touch. The air was thick and heavy, like a damp towel pressed against the skin. His words were arrows, aimed at her insecurities. The trees swayed in the wind, their branches dancing to nature’s song. The sun burned through the haze, a molten disc in the sky. The path ahead twisted like a serpent, leading them into the unknown. His thoughts were a tangled web, impossible to escape. The scent of lavender filled the room, soft and comforting. Her expression was stone-cold, unreadable and distant. The clouds gathered like an army preparing for battle. His movements were as quick and graceful as a panther stalking its prey. The silence in the room was as thick as fog, heavy and suffocating. The waves roared like lions, crashing against the cliffs with fury. Her emotions swirled inside her like a storm, uncontrollable and fierce. Answer Key: Simile : "The fog wrapped around the city like a thick blanket of secrets." Metaphor : "His temper flared, a volcano waiting to erupt." Imagery : "The forest was alive with the sounds of birds and rustling leaves." Simile : "Her voice was as smooth as honey, calming everyone who listened." Simile : "The fireflies flickered in the dusk, like tiny stars in the night air." Metaphor : "His mind was a prison, trapping him in his own thoughts." Simile : "The distant thunder growled like an angry beast, ready to strike." Imagery : "The smell of fresh rain on dry earth filled the air." Metaphor : "The city was a labyrinth of streets, winding endlessly without direction." Metaphor : "Her words cut deeper than a blade, sharp and precise." Simile : "The waterfall cascaded down the rocks, its sound like music to the soul." Imagery : "His laughter rang out, loud and contagious, filling the room with joy." Simile : "The night sky stretched above like a vast ocean of darkness." Metaphor : "His ambition was a fire, burning brighter every day." Imagery : "The snow crunched beneath her feet, leaving a trail behind." Imagery : "The stars blinked in the distance, as if whispering ancient secrets." Metaphor : "Her heart was a fragile glass vase, ready to shatter with the slightest touch." Simile : "The air was thick and heavy, like a damp towel pressed against the skin." Metaphor : "His words were arrows, aimed at her insecurities." Imagery : "The trees swayed in the wind, their branches dancing to nature’s song." Metaphor : "The sun burned through the haze, a molten disc in the sky." Simile : "The path ahead twisted like a serpent, leading them into the unknown." Metaphor : "His thoughts were a tangled web, impossible to escape." Imagery : "The scent of lavender filled the room, soft and comforting." Metaphor : "Her expression was stone-cold, unreadable and distant." Simile : "The clouds gathered like an army preparing for battle." Simile : "His movements were as quick and graceful as a panther stalking its prey." Simile : "The silence in the room was as thick as fog, heavy and suffocating." Simile : "The waves roared like lions, crashing against the cliffs with fury." Simile : "Her emotions swirled inside her like a storm, uncontrollable and fierce." In Bangla উপমা, রূপক এবং চিত্রকলার ভূমিকা ভাষা একটি শক্তিশালী হাতিয়ার যা আমাদের চিন্তাভাবনা, অনুভূতি এবং অভিজ্ঞতা প্রকাশ করতে দেয়। লেখক এবং বক্তারা প্রাণবন্ত এবং আকর্ষক বর্ণনা তৈরি করতে যে অনেক কৌশল ব্যবহার করেন, তার মধ্যে উপমা, রূপক এবং চিত্রকল্প বিশেষভাবে কার্যকরী। এই সাহিত্যিক ডিভাইসগুলি আমাদেরকে সহজ ভাষায় জটিল ধারণাগুলি প্রকাশ করতে সাহায্য করে, আমাদের শ্রোতাদের সাথে গভীর স্তরে সংযোগ করতে সক্ষম করে। উপমাগুলি "লাইক" বা "যেমন" শব্দগুলি ব্যবহার করে দুটি অসদৃশ জিনিসের মধ্যে তুলনা করে, বর্ণনাগুলিকে সম্পর্কযুক্ত এবং সহজে কল্পনা করা যায়। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, কাউকে "সিংহের মতো সাহসী" বলা আমাদের দ্রুত তাদের সাহস বুঝতে সাহায্য করে। অন্যদিকে, রূপকগুলি এক জিনিস অন্য জিনিস বলে আরও সরাসরি পদ্ধতি গ্রহণ করে। এই সাহসী কৌশলটি শক্তিশালী ছবি তৈরি করতে পারে এবং শক্তিশালী আবেগ জাগিয়ে তুলতে পারে। যখন আমরা বলি, "জীবন একটি রোলারকোস্টার," আমরা জীবনের উত্থান-পতনের অপ্রত্যাশিত প্রকৃতিকে মাত্র কয়েকটি শব্দে ক্যাপচার করি। চিত্রকল্প, এদিকে, আমাদের ইন্দ্রিয়গুলিকে খেলার মধ্যে নিয়ে আসে। এটি বর্ণনামূলক ভাষা ব্যবহার করে যা আমাদের মনের মধ্যে একটি ছবি আঁকে, যা দৃষ্টি, শব্দ, স্বাদ, স্পর্শ এবং গন্ধে আবেদন করে। যখন আমরা "ফুল ফুলের সাথে মিশে থাকা তাজা বৃষ্টির ঘ্রাণ" সম্পর্কে পড়ি, তখন আমরা প্রায় তাজাতা এবং সৌন্দর্য বর্ণনা করা অনুভব করতে পারি। একসাথে, এই ডিভাইসগুলি আমাদের ভাষাকে সমৃদ্ধ করে, এটিকে আরও অভিব্যক্তিপূর্ণ এবং আকর্ষক করে তোলে৷ উপমা, রূপক এবং চিত্রাবলী অন্বেষণ করে, আমরা ভাষার শৈল্পিকতার আরও ভালভাবে প্রশংসা করতে পারি এবং আমাদের নিজস্ব যোগাযোগ দক্ষতা উন্নত করতে পারি।

All Rules and List of Modifiers A modifier is a word or phrase used before or after a noun to provide additional information about it. These words or groups of words help to describe or specify the subject, verb, object, complement, or other modifiers in a sentence. The most common types of modifiers are adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, while adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs. Additionally, nouns can also be used as modifiers of other nouns. Modifiers can be categorized into two main types: premodifiers and postmodifiers. Premodifiers: Premodifiers are words or phrases that precede the word they modify. Adjective:  An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.Example: "He is an honest man."In this sentence, "honest" is an adjective modifying the noun "man." Present Participle:  Formed by adding "-ing" to the base form of a verb, present participles describe ongoing actions or states.Example: "A barking dog seldom bites."Here, "barking" is a present participle modifying the noun "dog." Past Participle:  Formed by adding "-d" or "-ed" to the base form of a verb, past participles describe completed actions or states.Example: "I want written proof.""Written" is a past participle modifying the noun "proof." Noun Adjective:  When an adjective modifies the first of two nouns.Example: "This is a busy railway station.""Busy" is an adjective modifying the noun "railway station." Determiner:  These words specify the word they modify and include articles, demonstratives, possessives, numerals, and quantifiers.Example: "The red car.""The" is a determiner specifying the noun "car." Intensifiers:  Words that emphasize the degree or extent of another word.Example: "She is very intelligent.""Very" is an intensifier modifying the adjective "intelligent." Postmodifiers: Postmodifiers are words or phrases that follow the word they modify. Infinitive Phrase:  Consists of the word "to" followed by a verb in its base form along with any accompanying words.Example: "My plan to go abroad was cancelled.""To go abroad" is an infinitive phrase modifying the noun "plan." Present Participle:  Similar to premodifiers, present participles describe ongoing actions or states.Example: "I saw him working in the field.""Working" is a present participle modifying the pronoun "him." Past Participle:  Describes completed actions or states.Example: "The application written by me has been granted.""Written by me" is a past participle phrase modifying the noun "application." Prepositional Phrase:  Consists of a preposition followed by a noun phrase.Example: "The book on the table is mine.""On the table" is a prepositional phrase modifying the noun "book." Appositives:  When two nouns sit together and the second noun describes the first.Example: "Osama, captain of class Ten, is a dutiful boy.""Captain of class Ten" is an appositive modifying the noun "Osama." Adjective:  A single adjective modifying a noun.Example: "The work is something difficult.""Difficult" is an adjective modifying the noun "work." Adverb:  Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.Example: "The man behind is my teacher.""Behind" is an adverb modifying the noun "man." Relative Clause:  Provides additional information about someone or something.Example: "I know the man who came here.""Who came here" is a relative clause modifying the noun "man." List of Modifiers: a) Adjective  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  Adjectives are words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns by providing more information about their qualities, characteristics, or attributes. Examples: Red  apple b) Adverb  (use an intensifier) Definition:  Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Intensifiers are a type of adverb that amplifies or strengthens the meaning of another word. Examples: He ran very  quickly. c) Demonstrative pronoun  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  Demonstrative pronouns point to a specific thing or things and can function as adjectives when they modify nouns. Examples: This  book d) Quantifier  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  Quantifiers are words or phrases used before a noun to indicate quantity or amount. Examples: Many  people e) Possessive pronoun  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  Possessive pronouns indicate ownership or possession and can function as adjectives when they modify nouns. Examples: My  car f) Noun-adjective  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  In a noun-adjective phrase, a noun functions as an adjective to modify another noun. Examples: School  bus g) Adverb  (pre-modify the verb) Definition:  Adverbs modify verbs, indicating manner, place, time, frequency, degree, or circumstance. Examples: He quickly  ran. h) Infinitive phrase  (post-modify the verb) Definition:  An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive verb form preceded by "to" and can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Examples: He likes to play the guitar . i) Participle  (post-modify the verb) Definition:  Participles are verb forms used as adjectives to modify nouns or pronouns. Examples: The falling  leaves covered the ground. j) Gerund  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  A gerund is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun. Examples: Swimming  is my favorite sport. k) Noun phrase  (pre-modify the noun phrase) Definition:  A noun phrase consists of a noun and other words that modify or describe it. Examples: A pair of  shoes l) Participle  (post-modify the noun) Definition:  Participles are verb forms used as adjectives to modify nouns or pronouns, appearing after the noun they modify. Examples: The child, startled  by the noise, began to cry. m) Adjective  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  Adjectives modify or describe nouns or pronouns by providing more information about their qualities, characteristics, or attributes. Examples: Blue  sky n) Adverb  (post-modify the verb) Definition:  Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, typically expressing manner, place, time, frequency, degree, or circumstance. Examples: She ran quickly . o) Adverbial  (post-modify the verb) Definition:  Adverbials are words or phrases functioning as adverbs to modify a verb, expressing manner, place, time, frequency, degree, or circumstance. Examples: He waited in the car . p) Appositive  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames or explains another noun right beside it. Examples: My friend Jack  is coming over. q) Present participle phrase  (post-modify the verb) Definition:  A present participle phrase contains the present participle of a verb and functions to show that the action it describes is simultaneous with the action of the main verb. Examples: She walked down the street, smiling at everyone . r) Past participle  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  A past participle is a verb form used in forming certain tenses and as an adjective. Examples: The broken  vase s) Intensifier  (pre-modify the adjective) Definition:  An intensifier is a word or affix that emphasizes or strengthens the meaning of an adjective or adverb. Examples: Very  happy t) Post-modify the verb with an infinitive Definition:  A structure where an infinitive follows the main verb, providing additional information about the action. Examples: He decided to go for a run . u) Prepositional phrase  (pre-modify the verb) Definition:  A phrase consisting of a preposition and its object, modifying the verb. Examples: He waited by the door . v) Nouns  (pre-modify the noun) Definition:  Words representing a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: Car  engine w) Adverbial phrase  (post-modify the verb) Definition:  A group of two or more words functioning as an adverb, typically answering questions such as how, when, where, why, or to what degree. Examples: He waited until the sun set . Pre-Modifiers Pre-modifiers in English grammar are words or phrases that come before the head of a noun phrase and provide additional information about it. They serve to modify or describe the noun in some way, providing more detail or specificity. Here's a comprehensive list of pre-modifiers along with explanations and examples: 1. Articles: Definite Article:  "the" Example: The  cat, the  book Indefinite Articles:  "a" and "an" Example: A  cat, an  apple 2. Demonstratives: This, That, These, Those Example: This  book, That  car, These  pens, Those  shoes 3. Possessive Adjectives: My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their Example: My  car, Your  house, His  book, Her  cat 4. Quantifiers: Some, Any, Many, Much, Few, Several, All, Every Example: Some  apples, Many  books, Few  people 5. Numbers: Cardinal Numbers:  One, Two, Three, etc. Example: Three  dogs, Seven  days Ordinal Numbers:  First, Second, Third, etc. Example: First  place, Third  attempt 6. Adjectives: Descriptive Adjectives:  beautiful, tall, smart, etc. Example: Beautiful  flowers, Tall  building, Smart  student Comparative Adjectives:  taller, smarter, more beautiful, etc. Example: Taller  man, More beautiful  garden Superlative Adjectives:  tallest, smartest, most beautiful, etc. Example: Tallest  tree, Smartest  student, Most beautiful  sunset 7. Participles: Present Participle:  (-ing form of the verb) Example: Running  water, Flying  birds Past Participle:  (usually ends in -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n) Example: Broken  window, Written  letter, Cooked  meal 8. Possessive Nouns: Noun + 's' Example: John's  car, Mary's  house 9. Nouns: Common Nouns:  dog, book, table, etc. Example: School  bag, Car  key Proper Nouns:  names of specific people, places, or things Example: London  bridge, John 's car 10. Determiners: A, An, The Example: A  dog, An  apple, The  book This, That, These, Those Example: This  car, That  house, These  pens, Those  trees 11. Adverbs: Adverbs of Quantity:  much, little, enough, etc. Example: Much  developed, Little  hot, Enough cold 12. Prepositional Phrases: Of Phrase:  consisting of "of" + noun/noun phrase Example: The  owner of the  house, A  bag of  apples In Phrase:  consisting of "in" + noun/noun phrase Example: A  box in  the corner, A  man in  the car 13. Interrogative Words: Which, What, Whose Example: Which  book, What  time, Whose  car 14. Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers: Cardinal Numbers:  one, two, three, etc. Example: Three  books, Seven  pens Ordinal Numbers:  first, second, third, etc. Example: First  place, Second  attempt Post-modifiers Post-modifiers in English grammar are words or phrases that come after the head of a noun phrase and provide additional information about it. They serve to modify or describe the noun in some way, adding detail, specificity, or qualification. Here's a comprehensive list of post-modifiers along with explanations and examples: 1. Relative Clauses: Defining Relative Clauses:  These clauses are necessary for understanding the noun they modify. Example 1: The car that is parked outside  belongs to John. Example 2: The house where she lives  is beautiful. Example 3: The person who won the award  is my neighbor. Example 4: The book that you recommended  was excellent. Example 5: The restaurant where we ate  was fantastic. Example 6: The project that we completed last week  was challenging. Non-defining Relative Clauses:  These clauses provide additional, non-essential information about the noun. Example 1: My friend Sarah, who is a doctor , lives in London. Example 2: The car, which was a gift from her parents , is parked outside. Example 3: The CEO, who recently retired , was highly respected. Example 4: The painting, which was created by a famous artist , sold for millions. Example 5: The party, which lasted until midnight , was a great success. Example 6: The movie, which received critical acclaim , won several awards. 2. Participial Phrases: Present Participles:  These phrases use the "-ing" form of the verb to provide additional information about the noun. Example 1: The girl wearing a red dress  is my sister. Example 2: The man sitting on the bench  is reading a book. Example 3: The dog running in the park  belongs to my neighbor. Example 4: The house decorated with lights  looked festive. Example 5: The children playing in the yard  are having fun. Example 6: The woman walking her dog  greeted us with a smile. Past Participles:  These phrases use the past participle form of the verb to add descriptive details to the noun. Example 1: The cake made by my mom  was delicious. Example 2: The letter written by John  was heartfelt. Example 3: The song performed by the choir  brought tears to my eyes. Example 4: The building constructed in the 1800s  is a historical landmark. Example 5: The document signed by the president  is now law. Example 6: The painting created by Picasso  is worth millions. 3. Prepositional Phrases: Of Phrase:  These phrases begin with the preposition "of" followed by a noun, indicating possession, association, or origin. Example 1: The color of the sky  was breathtaking. Example 2: The title of the book  caught my attention. Example 3: The owner of the restaurant  greeted us warmly. Example 4: The smell of the flowers  filled the room. Example 5: The taste of the cake  was heavenly. Example 6: The sound of the waves  was soothing. In Phrase:  These phrases begin with the preposition "in" followed by a noun, providing location, time, or manner. Example 1: The woman in the red dress  caught everyone's attention. Example 2: The cat in the box  looked cozy. Example 3: The man in the corner  was reading a newspaper. Example 4: The children in the playground  were laughing. Example 5: The flowers in the garden  are blooming. Example 6: The boat in the harbor  is ready to sail. 4. Relative Clauses Introduced by Wh-words: Where Clauses:  These clauses provide information about place. Example 1: The town where I grew up  has changed a lot. Example 2: The house where they got married  is now a museum. Example 3: The school where she teaches  is renowned. Example 4: The park where we had a picnic  was beautiful. Example 5: The beach where we went swimming  was crowded. Example 6: The city where he was born  is in Europe. When Clauses:  These clauses provide information about time. Example 1: The day when we met  was unforgettable. Example 2: The moment when he proposed  was magical. Example 3: The year when they graduated  was challenging. Example 4: The time when she won the award  changed her life. Example 5: The era when they lived  was tumultuous. Example 6: The season when the flowers bloom  is spring. Why Clauses:  These clauses provide information about reason. Example 1: The reason why he left  remains unknown. Example 2: The explanation why she resigned  surprised everyone. Example 3: The cause why they failed  was lack of preparation. Example 4: The motive why he helped  was kindness. Example 5: The purpose why they traveled  was to explore. Example 6: The factor why it happened  is still debated. 5. Appositive Phrases: Appositive Nouns:  These phrases rename or further identify the noun. Example 1: My friend Sarah, a talented artist , painted a beautiful mural. Example 2: The car, a vintage Volkswagen , caught my eye. Example 3: The book, a bestseller worldwide , has been translated into many languages. Example 4: The city, a bustling metropolis , never sleeps. Example 5: The actor, an Academy Award winner , starred in the film. Example 6: The professor, a renowned scholar , taught the course. Appositive Phrases:  These phrases provide additional descriptive information about the noun. Example 1: The novel, a masterpiece of literature , captivated readers. Example 2: The restaurant, known for its gourmet cuisine , is always busy. Example 3: The painting, created by a famous artist , sold for a record price. Example 4: The building, an architectural marvel , attracts tourists from around the world. Example 5: The event, celebrated annually , draws crowds of spectators. Example 6: The company, founded in the 19th century , has a long history. 6. Adjective Clauses: Adjective Clauses:  These clauses function like adjectives, providing descriptive information about the noun they modify. Example 1: The woman who lives next door  is a doctor. Example 2: The car that she bought last month  is parked outside. Example 3: The project that we completed last week  was challenging. Example 4: The book that you recommended  was excellent. Example 5: The house where they grew up  is now for sale. Example 6: The movie that we watched last night  was entertaining. 7. Adverbial Phrases and Clauses: Adverbial Phrases:  These phrases function as adverbs, providing additional information about the action or verb. Example 1: He slept soundly, under the stars . Example 2: She smiled warmly, with gratitude . Example 3: They laughed loudly, at the joke . Example 4: The dog barked fiercely, in defense . Example 5: They sang joyfully, in harmony . Example 6: She spoke softly, with compassion . Adverbial Clauses:  These clauses function as adverbs, providing information about time, place, manner, condition, or reason. Example 1: She left because she had an early meeting . Example 2: They arrived after the concert had ended . Example 3: He studied hard so that he could pass the exam . Example 4: They went swimming while the sun was shining . Example 5: She smiled as if nothing had happened . Example 6: He left wherever he pleased . 8. Infinitive Phrases: Infinitive Phrases:  These phrases use the base form of the verb (infinitive) to provide additional information. Example 1: He gave her a book to read during her vacation . Example 2: She brought a cake to share with her colleagues . Example 3: They went to the park to enjoy the sunshine . Example 4: He made a decision to pursue his dreams . Example 5: She saved money to buy a new car . Example 6: They stopped to admire the view . 9. Noun Clauses: Noun Clauses:  These clauses function as nouns, often serving as the subject or object of a verb. Example 1: Her belief that honesty is the best policy  is admirable. Example 2: The fact that he lied  surprised everyone. Example 3: His claim that he was innocent  was met with skepticism. Example 4: The idea that we should take action  is important. Example 5: Their hope that the situation would improve  kept them going. Example 6: The rumor that they were dating  spread quickly. 10. Gerund Phrases: Gerund Phrases:  These phrases use the -ing form of the verb (gerund) as a noun. Example 1: His hobby of collecting stamps  keeps him busy. Example 2: She enjoys the activity of swimming . Example 3: Their love of traveling  takes them to new places. Example 4: The sound of children playing  is delightful. Example 5: He is interested in the art of cooking . Example 6: The joy of learning new things  is priceless. 11. Adjectives: Descriptive Adjectives:  These single adjectives provide additional descriptive information about the noun. Example 1: The girl wore a dress red  in color. Example 2: The house was located on a street quiet  at night. Example 3: The man had a smile warm  and inviting. Example 4: She admired the flowers vibrant  in color. Example 5: The sky turned a shade beautiful  at sunset. Example 6: The music was melodious  and soothing. Relative Adjectives:  These adjectives specify or identify the noun in relation to another noun. Example 1: The book discusses topics relevant  to the course. Example 2: The laptop has features similar  to those of a desktop computer. Example 3: He offered a solution suitable  for the problem. Example 4: The dress was made from materials recycled  from old garments. Example 5: The article addressed issues pertinent  to the community. Example 6: They shared stories common  among their childhood friends. 12. Numerals: Cardinal Numbers:  These numerals indicate quantity or order. Example 1: She received a scholarship for her first  year of college. Example 2: They bought a house with three  bedrooms. Example 3: The event attracted a thousand  attendees. Example 4: He finished second  in the competition. Example 5: The company celebrated its fifth  anniversary. Example 6: She scored eighty  percent in the exam. Ordinal Numbers:  These numerals indicate position or rank. Example 1: He won first  place in the race. Example 2: She finished second  in the competition. Example 3: The book is the third  edition of the series. Example 4: He was elected fourth  in line for the presidency. Example 5: They celebrated their fifth  wedding anniversary. Example 6: The team ranked sixth  in the league. 13. Possessive Nouns: Possessive Nouns:  These nouns indicate ownership or possession. Example 1: John's car is parked across the street . Example 2: The cat's toys were scattered around the room . Example 3: She admired her friend's dress from afar . Example 4: The company's profits increased over the years . Example 5: The dog's bark echoed through the neighborhood . Example 6: His grandmother's recipes are passed down through generations . 14. Particles: Particles:  These small words modify the meaning of a verb or adjective. Example 1: The house is located up the hill . Example 2: She looked through the window . Example 3: They walked across the bridge . Example 4: The bird flew over the rainbow . Example 5: He jumped into the pool . Example 6: The book fell off the shelf . 15. Adverbs: Adverbs:  These single adverbs provide additional information about the verb or adjective. Example 1: The dog barked loudly  in the yard. Example 2: She smiled happily  at the news. Example 3: He spoke softly  to avoid waking the baby. Example 4: They danced gracefully  across the stage. Example 5: The sun shines brightly  in the sky. Example 6: She sang beautifully  at the concert. 16. Determiners: Definite Articles:  These determiners specify a particular noun. Example 1: The cat on the fence  is mine. Example 2: The book on the table  belongs to Sarah. Example 3: The car in the garage  needs repairs. Example 4: The tree by the road  is huge. Example 5: The movie at the cinema  is sold out. Example 6: The dog in the yard  is barking loudly. Indefinite Articles:  These determiners indicate a non-specific noun. Example 1: A cat in the garden  caught a mouse. Example 2: An apple on the tree  fell to the ground. Example 3: A car in the parking lot  was stolen. Example 4: A book on the shelf  caught her eye. Example 5: A movie at the theater  was playing. Example 6: A dog in the park  chased its tail. 17. Possessive Pronouns: Possessive Pronouns:  These pronouns indicate ownership without the need for a noun. Example 1: The house is mine . Example 2: The car is yours . Example 3: The book is his . Example 4: The cat is hers . Example 5: The keys are ours . Example 6: The toys are theirs . 18. Expletives: Expletives:  These words fill syntactic positions without adding much meaning. Example 1: There is a cat in the garden . Example 2: There are books on the shelf . Example 3: It is raining outside . Example 4: It seems quiet in the house . Example 5: There lies the solution to our problem . Example 6: It appears peaceful at the beach . 19. Demonstratives: Demonstratives:  These words indicate specific items or ideas. Example 1: This cat on the sofa  is playful. Example 2: That book on the desk  is mine. Example 3: These cars in the parking lot  are for sale. Example 4: Those flowers by the window  are beautiful. Example 5: This movie at the cinema  is a comedy. Example 6: That dog in the yard  is barking loudly. 20. Interrogatives: Interrogatives:  These words are used to ask questions. Example 1: Who is at the door ? Example 2: What is on the table ? Example 3: Where are the keys to the car ? Example 4: When is the movie at the theater ? Example 5: Why is the cat in the garden ? Example 6: How did the dog get in the yard ? Modifiers Exercises with Advanced Rules

Revised Syllabus for HSC Examination 2025 (According to Revised Syllabus 2023) Subject: English 2nd Paper Subject Code: 108 Subject: English Revised Syllabus for HSC Examination 2024 due to Covid-19 Pandemic Paper: II Subject code: 108 Full marks: 100 Title Learning outcome Content No of classes require d Serial of classes Comment The Sentence Describe a process (speaking, writing) narrate incidents and events in a logical sequence (speaking, writing) types of sentences, affirmative, negative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, simple, complex, compound) modifier, sentence connectors, punctuation, conditionals, questions (WH-words and action verb), statement question, tag question 10 1st ,2nd, 3 rd, 4th 5th, 6th, 7th 8th.9th,10th   Word formation speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) synonym and antonyms, compound 4 11th,12th, 13th,14th   The Phrases speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) noun phrase, prepositional phrase, verb phrase, adjective Phrase, infinitive phrase 6 15th,16th ,17th,18th, 19th,20th   The Clause speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) read, understand and follow authentic texts and signs i.e. main clause, subordinate clause, coordinate clause, noun clause, adjective clause adverbial 8 21st.22nd. 23rd,24th, 25th,26th, 27th,28th     instructions, directions, signposts and notices (reading, listening)         Use of Nouns speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) countable uncountable , abstract , common 3 29th,30th, 31st   Use of Pronouns speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) pronoun referencing 3 32nd,33rd, 34th   Use of Preposition speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) selected by the teacher 5 35th,36th, 37th,38th, 39th   Subject -verb Agreement Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) selected by the teacher 5 40th,41st, 42nd,43rd, 44th,   Study of verbs speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) regular and irregular verbs • Be verbs • finite verbs, non-finite verbs • transitive and intransitive verbs • infinitives, gerund, participles • modals 5 45th,46th, 47th,48th, 49th,   Use of Tenses speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) selected by the teacher 10 50th 51st,52nd, 53rd,54th, 55th,56th ,57th,58t h,59th   Adverb and Adverbials speak, read, and write English accurately in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) selected by the teacher 6 60th,61st, 62nd,63rd, 64th,65th,   Direct and Indirect speak, read, and write English accurately selected by the teacher 5 66th,67th,   Speech Special Uses in all aspects of communication. (speaking, reading, writing) read, understand and follow authentic texts and signs i.e. instructions, directions, signposts and notices (reading, listening)     68th,69th, 70th,   Composition •        write formal, informal, academic, professional and other genres of texts e.g. descriptive, narrative, argumentative (writing) •        use references in writing and making bibliography (reading, writing) mechanics of writings: topic selection, brainstorming, outlining, writing topic sentence, developing ideas, maintaining cohesion, coherence, writing conclusions etc. • Types of paragraphs (paragraph writing by listing, narration, comparison and contrast, cause and effect) • Descriptive, narrative, persuasive/argumentative, imaginative and creative writing (such as telling/completing stories) Academic writing: taking notes, analysing graphs and charts, summary writing, referencing and making a bibliography 5 71st,72nd, 73rd,74th, 75th   Total number of classes 75 Marks Distribution for HSC English 2nd paper (For the year 2024) Subject Code - 108   Test Item/s Marks   Part A: Grammar (60 marks)   1 Gap filling activities without clues (for prepositions) .5x10=05 2 Gap filling activities with clues (special uses: was born, have to/has to, would rather, had better, let alone, as soon as, what’s...like, what does...look like, introductory ‘there’ or ‘it’) 0.5x10=05 3 Completing sentences (with clauses/ phrases) 10x1= 10 4 Use of verbs (right form of verbs and subject-verb agreement as per context) 0.5x14=7 5 Narrative style (direct to indirect and vice versa) 7 6 Use of modifiers 0.5x10=5 7 Use of sentence connectors 0.5x14=7 8 Use of synonym and antonym 0.5x14=7 9 Punctuation 0.5x14=7   Part-B: Composition (40 marks)   10 Formal letter writing/Gmail 10 11 Writing paragraph (by listing/ description) within 200 words 15 12 Writing paragraph (comparison and contrast/ cause and effect) within 200 words. 15 Revised Syllabus for HSC Examination 2025 (According to Revised Syllabus 2023) Subject: English 1st Paper Subject Code: 107 Revised Syllabus for HSC Examination 2024 due to Covid-19 Pandemic Subject: English        Paper: 1st       Subject Code: 107                                                                 Full Marks: 100 Unit number and title Learning outcomes Mentioned in the Curriculum Topic Lesson No. and Lesson Title No. of classes required Serial of classes Comment Unit: One People or Institutions Making History •      Follow lectures and take notes •      Read and understand, authentic text •      Narrate events and incidents in logical sequence •      Listening for specific information Lesson 1: The Unforgettable History 3 1st, 2nd & 3rd   Lesson 2: Nelson Mandela, from Apartheid Fighter to President 3 4th, 5th & 6th   Lesson 3: Two Women 3 7th, 8th & 9th   Unit: Two Education and Life •      Participate in conversation and discussion and debates •      Carry out study/survey/project, write reports and present the findings orally and in writing Lesson: 1 Why Education 3 10th, 11th & 12th   Lesson: 2 The Parrot’s Tale 3 13th , 14th & 15th   Lesson: 3 Civic Engagement 3 16th, 17th & 18th   Lesson: 4 A Warrior of Light 2 19th & 20st   Unit: Three Dreams •      Read, understand, interpret, critically appreciate poems •      Participate in conversation and debate Lesson 1: What is a Dream? 2 21st & 22nd   Lesson: 2 Dream Poems 2 23rd & 24th   Lesson: 3 I Have a Dream 2 25th & 26th     Unit: Four Youthful Achievers •      Read, understand, enjoy, interpret and critically appreciate stories, short plays, poems and other literary pieces •      Read, understand and critically appreciate nonfiction works •      Write formal, informal, academic, professional and other genres of texts e.g. descriptive, narrative, argumentative Lesson 1: Sheikh Kamal: Life of an Achiever 2 27th & 28th   Lesson 2: Affectionate, Lively and Always Smiling Sheikh Kamal 2 29th & 30th   Lesson 3: Brojen Das: On Conquering the English Channel 2 31st & 32nd   Lesson 4: Scaling a Mountain Peak 2 33rd& 34th   Lesson 5: The Unbeaten Girls 3 35 th, 36th & 37th   Unit: Five Relationships •      Read, understand, enjoy, interpret and critically appreciate stories, short plays, poems and other literary pieces •      Participate in conversations, discussions and debates •      Follow and give instruction and respond accordingly in social situation •      Speak, read and write English accurately in all aspects of communication Lesson: 1 Family Relationship 1 38th   Lesson: 2 Love and Friendship 2 39th & 40th   Lesson: 3 A Mother in Mannville 4 41st, 42nd, 43rd & 44th   Unit: Six Adolescence • Write academic, formal argumentative text Lesson:1 The Storm and Stress of Adolescence 3 45th, 46th & 47th   Lesson: 2 3 48th, 49th & 50th       •      Read, understand, describe and interpret graphs •      Read, enjoy and critically analyze poem •      Listening for specific information Adolescence and some (Related) problems in Bangladesh       Lesson 2: Adolescence and some (Related) Problems in Bangladesh 3 51st, 52nd & 53rd   Lesson: 3 Why Does a Child Hate School? 2 54th & 55th   Lesson: 4 The Story of Shipli 3 56th, 57th& 58th   Lesson: 5 Say 'No’ to bullying 4 59th, 60th, 61st & 62nd   Unit: Seven Lifestyle •      Describe people, places and different cultures •      Read, describe and interpret maps, charts, graphs etc. •      Read and tell stories Lesson 1: Manners Around the World   63rd , 64th & 65th   Lesson 2: Etiquette Netiquette   66th & 67th   Lesson 3: Food Trends   68th & 69th   Lesson 4: Fitness   70th & 71st   Lesson 5: Spending   72nd & 73rd   Unit: Eight Human Rights •      Read, tell and analyse •      Argumentative writing •      Read, understand and follow authentic text, signs, instruction, directions, signpost and notice Lesson: 1 Are We Aware of These Rights-1 2 74th & 75th   Lesson: 2 Are We Aware of These Rights-2 3 76th, 77th & 78th         Lesson: 3 Rights to Health and Education 1 79th   Lesson: 4 Amerigo, A Street Child 3 80th, 81st & 82nd   Unit:Eleven Tours and Travels •      Follow lectures and take notes •      Read, understand and critically appreciate nonfiction works Lesson: 1 Travelling to a Village in Bangladesh 3 83rd, 84th, 85th   Lesson: 2 Arriving in the Orient 3 86th, 87th & 88th   Lesson: 3 Eco-tourism 3 89th, 90th & 91st   Total Number of Classes              91 Marks Distribution for HSC English 1st paper(For the year 2024) Subject Code-107 Test item Marks Part 1: Reading (60 Marks)   Multiple choice questions .5x10 = 05 Short answer questions 3x5 =      15 Information transfer/flow chart 1x5 =     05 Summary writing 1x 10 = 10 Cloze test with clues (unseen) .5x 10 = 05 Cloze test without clues (unseen) 1x 10 = 10 Rearranging (unseen) 10 Part 2: Guided Writing (40 Marks)   Interpreting graph/chart 15 Story Writing 15 Informal letter 10 Total-      100

Sylhet Board-2023 Sub Code 1 0 8 Time : 3 hours English (Compulsory) 2nd Paper Total Marks : 100 [According to the Syllabus of 2023] [N.B. The figures in the right margin indicate full marks.] Part A : Grammar (60 Marks) 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable preposition: 0.5x10=5 Corruption is a curse (a) — a nation. It is a great hindrance (b) — the development. (c) -- corrupted people, a nation will surely suffer (d) — the long run. Corrupted people are hated (e) -- all. The common mass have no good feeling (f) -- them. They are devoid (g) — honesty and purity. They don't abide (h) -- the social rules. Morality doesn't have any impact (i) — these criminals. They bring no sweet fruit for their land and so it is high time we stood (j)— them unitedly. 2. Complete the sentences with the suitable phrases/words given in the box: 0.5x10=5 :there was born ; what does... look like as soon as let alone had better would rather what's it like . have to (a) Anika can't afford a bus ticket, — air ticket. (b) It may rain today. You -- reach home earlier. (c) -- is many years since we first met. How time does fly! (d) As his brother met an accident, he needs to go to hospital possible. (e) We — develop our view about hartal and strike. Let's change our destructive culture. . (f) — have been remarkable changes in the behaviour of our young generation. (g) Maria Manda is a promising footballer of our country. She —in a remote village, Kalsindur. (h) — having integrity in one's character? It is the best quality of a man. (i) He is very poor but honest. He -- starve than cheat anybody. (j) — a squirrel --? 3. Complete the following sentences with suitable phrases or clauses: lx10-10 (a) Most of the rivers are getting polluted day by day. It is high time —. (b) Milk is rich in food values. We should take milk every day so that --. (c) Mr. John is very interested in tourism. He wants to visit Bangladesh with a view to —. (d) I like to play cricket in my leisure time. When I get a chance, (e) No nation can develop without education. So, it is rightly said that (f) Mina really sings well. If she gets opportunity, (g) He was a petty clerk. But he behaved as though —. (h) The weather of that night was very rough. I would have met you provided (i) Bangladesh is a small country. Though it has a small area, --. (j) English is an international language. There is not a country in the world where 4. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct form of verbs as per subject and context: 0.5x 14=7 It is natural that a man cannot (a) — (live) alone. He always (b) -- (need) a company. He has to (c) -- (express) his thought and ideas, (d) — (think) of others while the others (e) — (be) of the same needs. He (0 -- (have) also the need of others for (g) — (ensure) their safety and comfort. So, he is bound (h) — (live) with others (i) — (make) an institution and it (j) — (call) society. Society (k) — (be) the first organization which (l) --- (make) by our primitive ancestors. They (m) — (be) the first to contribute to (n) — (deyelop) the civilization. 5. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches: 7 Mr. Kalam said to the bank manager, "May I get in, sir?" "Yes, come in," said the bank manager. Mr. Kalam said, "I want to open a bank account." The manager said, "What type of account will you open?" "I want to open a savings account", said Mr. Kalam. "Please go to the front desk. The officer will help you:" "Thank you very much," Mr. Kalam said. 6. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: Drug addiction among the young generation has become a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) concern. Drug is mainly used as medicine (b) — (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) diseases and an excess of taking drug for no disease is called drug addiction. It has grasped the young generation (c) -- (post-modify the verb). They take drugs to forget (d) .— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) sadness. (e) — (pre-modify the noun) people take drugs (f) — (use adverb to post-modify the verb). Drug addiction causes (g) — (pre-modify the noun) harm to human body. (h) — (use a participle) them aware, we can remove this curse from our society. All concerned should take initiatives (i) — (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) it. The criminals should be punished with an (j) — (use a noun adjective) hand. 7. Use appropriate connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage: 0.5x14=7 Bangladesh is a free and sovereign country. (a) — it was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. In 1971 it became independent (b) — started its journey as a free nation. (c) — the journey was not smooth at all. On 7 March, 1971 (d) — Bangabandhu delivered his speech, the common mass got united (e) — started their preparation for a war. The Pakistani forces started mass killing (f) — killed about 30 lakh innocent people. They thought (g) — they could suppress the Bangalees within a few days. (h) — the brave sons of our land proved them wrong. (i) — the freedom fighters didn't have modern weapons in their hand, they were the real patriots and courageous. (j) —, after few months they became successful in their mission. (k) — the long waited date came (l) — the Bangalees got their victory on 16 December, 1971. (m) — we are the citizens of a free land (n) — marching forward to the way of lasting development very quickly. 8. Read the passage and then write the antonym or synonym of the words as directed: 0.5x14=7 Facebook is a very popular social networking site with over eight hundred million users. But it has both positive and negative effects on its users. We can keep in touch with our friends and relatives. It is the best means to stay connected with people. Facebook helps us make friendship even with unknown people. On the other hand, it is very easy for cyber bullies to thrive. They can harass any one. Besides, teenagers are spending too much time on it. (a) Popular (antonym); (b) effects (synonym); (c) touch (synonym); (d) friends (antonym); (e) means (synonym); (f) connected (antonym); (g) help (synonym); (h) make (synonym); (i) unknown (antonym); (j) easy (antonym); (k) thrive (synonym); (I) harass (synonym); (m) teenager (antonym); (n) spend (synonym). 9. Use the necessary punctuation marks in the following text. Rewrite the text correcting the errors and make capitalization if necessary: 0.5x14=7 Ratan said to his father I want to go outside for some time. Why it is not the suitable time for going out. I need to meet my friend Shimul. Now it is 8 PM. You should not waste time doing this type of activities father replied. Ill come back before 9 0 clock said Ratan. "This is the last time I think," father said. Part B: Composition (40 Marks) 10. Suppose, you are Alindo Hasan, a student of Oxford College. Write an application to the principal of your college for opening a relief camp for the flood affected people. 10 11. Write a paragraph on "The Padma Bridge". (200 words) 15 12. Write a paragraph on "Road Accidents in Bangladesh" showing its causes and effects. (200 words) 15 Key to   Sylhet Board-2023 1. (a) for/to; (b) to; (c) For (d) in; (e) by; (f) for; (g) of; (h) by; (i) on; 0) against. 2. (a) let alone; (b) had better; (c) It; (d) as soon as; (e) have to; (f) There; (g) was born; (h) What's it like; (i). would rather; j) What doe's ... look like. 3. (a) It is high time we took necessary steps to protect these rivers from pollution. (b) We should take milk every day so that we can ensure our good health. (c) He wants to visit Bangladesh with a view to enjoying the natural beauty of the country. (d) When I get a chance, I go to the field to play cricket with my friends. (e) So, it is rightly said that education is the backbone of a nation. (f) If she gets opportunity, she can be a great singer. (g) But he behaved as though he had been the boss/owner of the company. (h) I would have met you provided the weather had been good. (i) Though it has a small area, it has a vast population/ it is densely populated. j) There is not a country in the world where English is not used as a medium of communication. 4. (a) live; (b) needs; (c) express; (d) think; (e) are; (f) has; (g) ensuring; (h) to live; (i) making; 0) is called; (k) is; (1) was made; (m) were; (n) developing. 5. Mr. Kalam politely asked the bank manager if he (K) might get in. Replying positively, the manager told him (K) to go in. Mr. Kalam told him that he (K) wanted to open a bank account. Hearing this, the manager asked him (K) what type of account he (K) would open. Mr. Kalam replied that he (K) wanted to open a savings account. Then the manager told him (K) to go to the front desk and added that the officer would help him (K). Finally, Mr. Kalam thanked the manager very much. 6. (a) major/serious/great; (b) to cure/ to treat; (c) seriously/dangerously/badly/greatly; (d) their; (e) These/Young; (0 willingly/ consciously; (g) serious/severe/much; (h) Making; (i) to eradicate/to prevent/to stop; j) iron. 7. (a) Previously/Earlier; (b) and; (c) However/But; (d) as soon as/ when; (e) and; (f) that/and/which; (g) that; (h) Surprisingly/But; (i) Although/Though; (j)'As a result/Consequently/Luckily/ Fortunately; (k) Finally/At last; (l) and/ when; (in) At present/Now; (n) and. 8. (a) unpopular/unknown; (b) consequences/impacts; (c) contact/relation; (d) enemies/foes; (e) way/ medium; (f) isolated/detached; (g) assist/facilitate; (h) build/establish; (i) known/familiar; 0) hard/difficult; (k) advance/ grow/proliferate; (1) tease/disturb/ annoy; (m) adults/aged; (n) waste/ pass/ consume. 9. Ratan said to his father, "I want to go outside for some time." Why? It is not the suitable time for going out it is." "I need to meet my friend, Shimul." "Now, it is 8 p.m. You should not waste time doing this type of activities," father replied. "I'll come-back before 9 o'clock," said Ratan. "This is the last time, I think," father said.

RAJSHAHI Board – 2016 English Second Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2016] Subject Code: 108 Time––3 hours; Full marks––100 [N. B. ––The figures in the right margin indicate full marks. Answer all the questions.] Part A––Grammar  : Marks–60 1. Fill in the blanks in the following text with articles (a/ an/ the) as necessary. Some of the blanks may not require an article. Put a cross (×) in those blanks :-  0⋅5×10 = 5 Every student wants to do better in (a) — examination. But it is not (b) — easy work. (c) — student has to do something for this. From (d) — very beginning he must be serious. He should read (e) — texts again and again. He must not memorize (f) — answer without knowing the meaning. He must not make notes from (g) — common source. he should have a good (h) — command over English. By doing all these things (i) — student can hope to make a good (j) — result. English 2nd Paper Board Question 2. Complete the text with suitable prepositions :  0⋅5×10 = 5 Once an English and a Bengalee gentlemen were travelling (a) — the same train and they were in the same compartment. The Englishman was very proud (b) — himself because he was an Englishman. He looked (c) — upon the Bengalee gentleman who, however, took no notice (d) — it and went to sleep (e) — peace. As soon as the Bengalee gentleman was asleep, the Englishman picked (f) — the gentleman’s shoes and threw them (g) — the window and went to sleep. When the Bengalee gentleman woke up, he looked for his shoes and understood it. Then he took the Englishman’s long coat (h) — the wall and threw it outside the window and returned (i) — bed laughingly. Next morning the Englishman became startled and shouted, ‘Where’s my coat gone?’ “Your coat has gone to fetch my shoes,” said the gentleman (j) — a smile. The Bengalee gentleman was Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee. 3. Complete the sentences with suitable phrases/ words given in the box.  0⋅5×10 = 5 had better was born would rather as soon as let alone in order to has to as if whenever there (a) The students were making a noise in the class. But — the teacher entered the class they kept quiet. (b) It was a hot summer day. A crow felt very thirsty. So it was flying here and there — find water. (c) Panna was a criminal. So he was always on his toes. — he saw the police, he hid himself. (d) The man is so weak that he cannot walk. He cannot walk even a kilometer — five kilometers. (e) — is a nice kitchen garden just behind our house. So we can get fresh vegetables from there. (f) I am too tired to talk. I can no longer give you company. You — leave me and let me take rest. (g) Though I am poor, I hate begging. Begging is most disreputable. I — die than beg. (h) Michale Madhusudan Dutt was a popular Bengali poet. He — in a sophisticated Hindu family, but he took Christianity when he was young. (i) My friend Ratul talks — he were a millionaire. But he comes of an impoverished family. Moreover, he is good for nothing. (j) Rana is a meritorious student. He is the first boy in our class. He — study hard and work more to maintain his position in the class. 4. Complete the sentences using suitable clauses/ phrases :  0⋅5×10 = 5 (a) Industry is the key to success. If you work hard, —. (b) Corruption is the main hindrance to development. It is high time —. (c) Abdul is an H.S.C candidate. he is studying hard lest —. (d) There are a good number of reasons why —. That English is a foreign language is the main reason. (e) Bird fly in the sky. I wish —. (f) No sooner had we reached there than —. Unless we went there earlier, we would miss the beginning of the programme. (g) It is not good —. A man is known by the company he keeps. (h) Dulal Sheikh is a quack. He behaves as if —. (i) It is very cold outside. You had better —. (j) My childhood was full of joys and happiness. Would that —. 5. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct form of verbs as per subject and context. 0⋅5×10 = 5 Once there (a) — (live) an idle king. He (b) — (not undergo) physical labour. As a result, he (c) — (get) bulky and could not move from one place to another. He (d) — (call) in a doctor. The doctor (e) — (be) clever and wise. he did not (f) — (prescribe) any medicine for the king. He asked the king to buy a club and (g) — (move) it in the air till his hands (h) — (get) moistened. The king started (i) — (follow) — the prescription. Thus, the king (j) — (relieve) of his problem. 6. Read the text and change the sentences as directed :  1 × 5 = 5 (a) Cricket is a very exciting game. (Make it exclamatory) (b) People of all ages enjoy this game. (Make it passive) (c) At present cricket is the most popular game in our country. (Make it comparative) (d) Though cricket is a costly game, people of all classes enjoy playing it. (Make it simple) (e) Bangladesh is a test playing country but its standard is not high (Make it complex). 7. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.  5 “Have you cut your nails short?” The teacher said to Maruf. “No, I’ve forgotten, Sir,” said Maruf. “That’s very bad. You must be more careful about neatness and cleanliness. By doing so, you can prevent diarrhoea and some other diseases too,” said the teacher. 8. Identify the unclear pronoun references in the following paragraph. Where necessary, rewrite the sentence so that all pronoun references are clear.  1 × 5  =  5 Salam and Salma are siblings. They read in a local primary school. Salam is in class five whereas her sister, Salma, reads in class three. They go to school together. Sometimes they take rickshaw because it is five kilometers away from his home. Today, she is going to school with her father because her brother, Salam is sick. He is taking medicine and bed rest. 9. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces :  0⋅5×10 = 5 It was a hot (a) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) day. A (b) — (pre-modify the noun) crow flew all over the fields looking for water. For a long time, she could not find any water. She felt (c) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) weak, almost giving up hope. Suddenly, she saw a water jug below her. She flew (d) — (post-modify the verb) to see if there was any water inside. Yes, she could see some water inside the jug. The crow tried (e) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Sadly, she found that the neck of the jug was too narrow. Then she tried to push the jug down for the water to flow out. But she found (f) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) jug too heavy. the crow thought (g) — (use a phrase to post-modify the verb) what to do. (h) — (use a participle to pre-modify the verb), she saw some pebbles nearby, she (i) — (pre-modify the verb) had a good idea. She started picking up the pebbles one by one, dropping each into the jug. As more and more pebbles filled the jug, the water level kept rising. Soon it was high (j) — (post-modify the adjective) for the crow the drink. The crow quenched its thirst and flew away. 10. Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage :  0⋅5×10 = 5 (a) — I was walking along the road the other day, I happened to notice a small brown leather purse lying on the pavement. I picked it up and opened it to see (b) — I could find out the owner’s name. There was nothing indside. It (c) — some small change and a rather old photograph — a picture of a woman and a young girl about twelve years old who looked like the woman’s daughter. I put the photograph back (d) — took the purse to the Police station. (e) — I handed it to the sergeant in charge. Before I left, the sergeant made a note of my name and address in case the owner of the purse wanted to write and thank me. That evening I went to have dinner with an uncle and aunt of mine. They had also invited another person, a young woman, (f) — there would be four people at table. The young woman’s face was familiar (g) — I could not remember where I had seen it. I was quite sure (h) — we had not met before. (i) Conversation, however, the young woman happened to mark that she had lost her purse that afternoon. I at once remembered where I had seen her face. She was the young woman in the photograph (j) — she was now much older. 11. Read the passage and write the antonyms and synonym of the words as directed below :  0⋅5×10=5 Books are men’s best friends in life. You may have many good friends; but you do not find them when you need them. They may not always come to you with sympathy. Some may prove true or some may prove false and do you much harm. But books are always ready to be your side. Some books will make you laugh some others will give you much pleasure. Again some books will bring new knowledge and ideas. They are your ever friends throughout your life. (a) friend (antonym); (b) need (antonym); (c) sympathy (synonym); (d) prove (synonym); (e) false (antonym); (f) harm (antonym); (g) laugh (antonym); (h) pleasure (synonym); (i) bring (synonym0; (j) idea (synonym). English 2nd Paper Board Question 12. There are ten errors in the use of punctuation marks in the following text. Rewrite the text correcting the errors :  0⋅5×10 = 5 Husband : Cant you cook food properly Wife : I cook food properly the problem is with you Husband : Really these food are crap they taste pathetic. Wife : I spend time in the kitchen from morning till afternoon. I work hard. I take care of two children at home. What do you do? Husband : I work hard and earn money that you spend lavishly. Wife : How dare you say that Husband : Well that is the truth Part−B : Composition (Marks-40)English 2nd Paper Board Question 13.  Suppose, your younger brother is going to participate in a debate competition. Read the following e-mail sent by him and write a reply to it. 8 From : Zakir < zakir@gmail.com To : < sagor@yahoo.com > Cc : Subject : Information about creative questions. Dear brother You’ll be glad to know that I’m going to participate in a debate competition that will be held at our college auditorium next week. The topic of the debate is “Creative question pattern makes students dependent more on guides than text books.” I will debate against this statement. But I’m really worried about this, as I can’t collect any information. Please, help me. I want to be the winner in the competition. Please send me necessary information in opposition of the mentioned topic. Thanking you. Zakir 14.  Suppose, you are the District Correspondent of a National English Daily published form Dhaka. You have just covered a report on price hike of day to day commodities in your area.  Write a news report of about 120 words. Give a title to your report.  8 15.  Write a paragraph showing causes and effects of road accident in Bangladesh. Use 100–150 words. 10 16.  Is female education essential for social development? Give reasons for your answer. Write at least 200 words but don’t exceed 250 words. 14 Key Rajshahi  Board [According to the Syllabus of 2016 English Second Paper Part-A                 1.            (a) the (b) an (c) A (d) the (e) the ffl the (g) a (h) x (1) a 0) x                 2.            (a) in / by (b) of (c) down (d) of (e) in (0 up (g) through/out of (h) from (i) to with                 3.            (a) as soon as (b) in order to (c) Whenever (d) let alone (e) there ffl had better (g) would rather (h) was born (i) as if 0) has to                 4.            (a) If you work hard, you will succeed. (b) It is high time we stood against corruption. (c) He is studying hard lest he should fail in the exam. (d) There are a good number of reasons why the students in Bangladesh fail in, English. (e) I wish I were a bird. (1) No sooner had we reached there than the program began. (g) It is not good to be with bad company. (h) He behaves as if he were a good doctor. (i) You had better stay inside. 0) Would that I were a child againl                 5.            (a) lived (b) did not undergo (c) got (d) called (e) was (f) prescribe (g) move (h) got (i) to follow / following 0) got relieved /was relieved          (a) What an exciting game cricket isl (b) This game is enjoyed by people of all ages. (c) At present cricket is more popular than all other games in our country. (d) In spite of its being a costly game, people of all classes enjoy playing cricket. (e) Though Bangladesh is a test playing country, its standard is not high. 7. The teacher asked Maruf if he (M) had cut his (M) nails short. Maruf replied in the negative and respectfully said that he (M) had forgotten. The teacher said that that was very bad. He (T) told him (M) that he (M) had to be more careful about neatness and cleanliness. He (T) added that by doing so, he (M) could prevent diarrhoea and some other diseases too.   8. Salam and Salma are siblings. They read in a local primary school.- Salam is in class five whereas his  sister, Salma-, reads in class three. They go to school together. Sometimes they take rickshaw because their school is five kilometers away from their home. Today, Salma is going to school with her father because her brother, Salam is sick. Salam is taking medicine and bed rest. 9.(a) summer (b) thirsty (c) very (d) there/quickly (e) to push her head into the jug /to drink (water) (f) that (g) for a while /a lot (h) looking around (i) suddenly j) enough 10. (a) As / While (b) If / Whether (c) except (d) and (e) Then (f) so (g) but (h) that (i) In course of j) though 11. (a) enemy/foe (b) abjure / despise (c) care compassion (d) appear/turn out (e) true (f) benefit (g) cry (h) delight (i) supply j) view/concept 12. Husband :            Can't you cook food properly? Wife :     I cook food properly. The problem is with you. Husband:              Really! These foods are crap. They taste pathetic. Wife :     I spend time in the kitchen from morning till afternoon. I work hard. I take care of two children at home. What do you do? Husband  :            I work hard and. earn money that you spend lavishly. Wife :     How dare you say that? Husband:              Well, that is the truth.

DINAJPUR BOARD – 2016 English Second Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2016] Subject Code: 108 Time––3 hours; Full marks––100 [N. B. ––The figures in the right margin indicate full marks. Answer all the questions.] Part−A : Grammar (Marks-60) 1. Fill in the blanks in the following text with articles (a/ an/ the) as necessary. Some of the blanks may not require an article. Put a cross (×) in those blanks.  0⋅5×10 = 5 (a) — morning walk is a good habit for all classes of people. It is (b) — simple exercise and good for health and (c) — mentality. In the morning (d) — air is fresh and free from any kind of noise and pollution. This pure (e) — environment makes an effect on (f) — walker’s health and mind. When (g) — man enjoys (h) — beauties and solemnity of (i) — nature in (f) — morning. 2. Complete the text with suitable prepositions :  0⋅5×10 = 5 Greenhouse effect is the gradual warming (a) — the air surrounding the earth as a result of heat being trapped (b) — environment pollution. This is exemplified (c) — the destruction and burning (d) — of tropical rain forests. (e) — traffic that clogs (f) — city streets, (g) — the rapid growth of industry, the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (h) — packaging and manufacturing commercial products, the use of detergents like washing (i) — liquids and so (j) —. 3. Complete the sentences with suitable phrases/ words given in the box.  0⋅5×10 = 5 had better there have to would rather let alone as if it what’s it like was born as soon as (a) Motin’s father is a low paid service holder. He has no ability to buy a bi-cycle for his son — a motor bike. (b) I’ve never travelled by air, — in the sky? (c) Let’s go to the cinema, — is not worth waiting any longer. (d) I am tired. I — stay at home than go outside. (e) You look very anxious. And you cannot continue your study any longer. You — take rest. (f) I am surprised to hear his speeches. He speaks — he knew the ins and outs of the incident. (g) Salam feels pain in his chest. He — go back to the hospital for a scan next week. (h) Tagore — in 1861. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913. (i) — is no fish here. It is a swimming pool. (j) I went there to meet with him. — I saw him, I rushed to talk to him. 4. Complete the sentences using suitable clauses/ phrases :  0⋅5×10 = 5 (a) I think you are not punctual in studies. Be punctual lest—. (b) I’ve missed the 8 O’clock train. Do you know when —? (c) The thief stole my watch and I saw it. As soon as I saw him —. (d) Though he was late, —. (e) As he is unwilling to work, he cannot get rid of poverty. He must work if —. (f) I usually avoid —. It is boring to drive now. (g) As it is a difficult task, —. He is very skilled in doing such work. (h) Whenever I go to visit the, factory, I —. He must account for his absence. (i) The film ended very fantastically. If you enjoyed the film, —. (j) There are many obstacles in our way to success. We must work hard so that —. 5. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct form of verbs as per subject and context. 0⋅5×10 = 5 Many events of great importance (a) — (take) place during the last century. Significant advances (b) — (make) in the field of science and technology. Many European colonies (c) — (gain) independence. The movement for democracy (d) — (become) prominent in many parts of the world. Two World Wars (e) — (break) out in this century. It also (f) — (witness) the misuse of atomic energy. Two cities of Japan were completely (g) — (destroy) as a result of the dropping of atom bombs. However, the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation (h) — (become) a momentous event. After a bloody war of nine months Bangladesh (i) — (bear). Now we (j) — (hold) our heads high in the community of nations. 6. Read the text and change the sentences as directed :  1 × 5 = 5 (a) Anger is nothing but a vice. (Interrogative) (b) It is compared to flame. It begets only the worst. (Negative) (c) So we should control it for our sake. (Passive) (d) He who is taken by anger causes a lot of troubles. (Simple) (e) Realising it we should try to be emotionally balanced. (Compound) 7. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.  5 “Have you saved something for future?” said the rich man. “No,” said the cobbler. “I am happy with the present and think little about tomorrow.” “No, that would not do,” said the rich man. “I like to see you above want. Have this money and keep it.” 8. Identify the unclear pronoun references in the following paragraph. Where necessary, rewrite the sentence so that all pronoun references are clear.  1 × 5 = 5 Travelling is a part of education. These means going from place to place. One can enhance knowledge by going from place to place. Thus gives one the opportunity to see the unseen and know the unknown. Some people are averse to travelling. This limits his vision. However, by travelling different parts of the world, my knowledge may be enriched. 9. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces :  0⋅5×10 = 5 Water is a (a) (pre modify the noun) substance. It has no colour of (b) (possessive to pre modify) own. The (c) (determiner to pre modify the noun) name of water is life. By drinking water, we can quench (d) (possessive to pre modify the noun) thirst. Thus we can survive on earth. But (e) (pre modify the noun) water is life killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer from disease like the diarrhoea, typhoid etc. We may (f) (pre modify the verb) face (g) (pre modify the noun) death by drinking such type of water. We are responsible for (h) (noun adjective to pre modify the noun) pollution. Waste materials from mills and factories are thrown here and there. Farmers use fertilizers and insecticides in their land. During the rainy season, they are mixed with ponds and rivers. Besides, latrines (i) (participle to post modify the noun) on ponds and rivers cause water pollution. (j) (pre modify the noun) awareness should be raised to stop water pollution. 10. Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage :  0⋅5×10 = 5 Honesty is a noble virtue. The man (a) — possesses this rare quality is the happiest man on earth. To be honest, a man should have trustworthiness (b) — nobody trusts a liar. A liar may prosper for the time being. (c) — ultimately he goes to the dogs. (d) — we should be honest. It is said that honesty is the best policy (e) — dishonesty is the sign of downfall. God helps those who are honest. (f) — dishonest people are cursed. Childhood is the best time (g) — children should be taught honesty. It is seen that children follow their parents (h) — parents should be honest. (i) — children should be allowed to mix with those friends who are honest (j) — they can mould their characters. 11. Read the passage and write the antonyms and synonym of the words as directed below : 0⋅5×10 = 5 Grass is a vegetation consisting of short plants with long narrow leaves. The grass family contains some 9000 species. including both terrestrial and acquatic species. No other plant family has been so successful in colonising a broad range of habitats across the globe. Most grasses have unconspicuous flowers that the wind pollinated. Certain species are cultivated as food crops. Others are employed in horticulture. (a) consist (synonym); (b) narrow (antonym); (c) include (antonym); (d) acquatic (synonym); (e) successful (synonym) (f) broad (antonym); (g) habitat (synonym); (h) unconspicuous (synonym). (i) certain (antonym). (j) employed (synonym). 12. There are some errors in the use of punctuation marks in the following text. Rewrite the text correcting the errors :  0⋅5×10 = 5 how is your father rana said mr karim he is very well thank you replied rana i am glad to hear that he is in good health said mr karim. Part−B : Composition (Marks-40)English 2nd Paper Board Question 13.  Write an application to the principal of your college for setting up a  “Computer Lab” in your college.  8 14. Write a report on “The Miserable Conditions of the Slum Dwellers”.  8 15.  Write a short paragraph on  “Climate Change”  following descriptive technique .  10 16.  Write a composition on  “Student and Social Service”.  14 Key Dinajpur Board According to the Syllabus of 2016 Second Paper Part-A 1.            (a) x (b) a (c)x (d) x (e) x (f) the (g) a (h) the (i) x 0) the I               (a) of (b) by (c) by (d) down (e) by (f) up (g) by (h) in (i) up 0) on 3.            (a) let alone (b) what's it like (c) it (d) would rather (e) had better (f) as if (g) has to (h) was born (i) There 0) As soon as 4.            (a) Be punctual lest you should fail in the examination. (b) Do you know when the next train is scheduled? (c) As soon as I saw him, I went after him. (d) Though he was late, he worked seriously. (e) He must work if he wants to change his lot., (f)           I usually avoid driving. (g) As it is a difficult tnsk, the company relies on him for doing the task. (h) Whenever I go to visit the factory, I find him absent. (i) If you enjoyed the film, please write down a review. 0) We must work hard so that we can overcome them. 5.            (a) took (b) were made (c) gained (d) became (e) broke (f) has witnessed (g) destroyed (h) became (i) was born 0) can hold (a) Is anger anything but a vice? (b) It begets nothing but the worst. (c) So it should be controlled for our sake. (d) An angry man causes a lot of troubles. (e) We should realise it and try to be emotionally balanced. 7. The rich man asked the cobbler if he (c) had saved something for future. The cobbler replied in the negative that he was happy with the present and thought little about the next day. The rich man said in the negative that it would not do. He (r) added that he (r) liked to see him (c) above want. He (r) also said to have that money and keep it. 8. Travelling is a part of education. It / Travelling means going from place to place. One can enhance knowledge by going from place to place. Travelling gives one the opportunity to see the unseen and know the unknown. Some people are averse to travelling. This aversion limits their vision. However, by travelling different parts of the world, one's /our knowledge may be enriched. 9. ' (a) liquid (b) its (c) other (d) our (e) polluted (f) even (g) unexpected (h) water (i) built / standing j) Mass / Public 10. (a) who (b) because (c) But (d) So (e) Whereas (f) Moreover (g) when (h) So (i) Besides (j) Thus 11. (a) constitute (b) large/wide/spacious (c) exclude (d) water born (e) prosperous / flourishing (f) narrow (g) accommodation (h) unclear (i) uncertain 0) appointed 12. "How is your father, Rana?" said Mr. Karim. "He is very well. Thank you", replied Rana. "I am glad to hear that he is in good health", said Mr. Karim.

JESSORE BOARD – 2016 English Second Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2016] Subject Code: 108 Time––3 hours; Full marks––100 [N. B. ––The figures in the right margin indicate full marks. Answer all the questions.] JESSORE BOARD Part−A : Grammar (Marks-60) 1. Fill in the blanks in the following text with articles (a/ an/ the) as necessary. Some of the blanks may not require an article. Put cross (×) in those blanks.  0⋅5×10 = 5 Literacy as (a) — skill was first institutionalized in Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt and China soon after (b) — art of writing was invented. Education then was not for (c) — general people but (d) — privilege for (e) — chosen (f) — few who took on strategic roles in (g) — running of (h) — state and in religion. In Greece, education became more widespread in about the 5th century BC. (i) — Greeks, however, sent only their (j) — male children to school. 2. Complete the text with suitable prepositions :  0⋅5×10 = 5 A teacher is an architect (a) — a nation. He plays an important role (b) — building up and educated nation. He dispels the darkness (c) — ignorance (d) — the lot of a nation. He is an actor, so to speak. He has to suit his act according (e) — the need of his audience which is his class. He is a clear speaker (f) — good. strong and pleasing voice which is (g) — his control. He does not sit motionless (h) — his class. Everybody has something valuable (i) — him. A good teacher discovers the treasure hidden inside each student. He also wants the students happy and for this he keeps them busy. A good teacher never hankers (j) — money. 3. Complete the sentences with suitable phrases/ words given in the box.  0⋅5×10 = 5 but for used to was born no sooner had had better as if it what do you mean has to what’s the matter (a) Shamsur Rahman — in Dhaka in 1929. He is famous both as a poet and a novelist. (b) — Diamond jumped upon the table than the lighted candle fell on the papers. It caused a great damage to Newton’s research works. (c) You — apply to the principal of your college for granting you a stipend. He will surely see on it. (d) Thomas Alva Edison was very inquisitive in his childhood. He — do many harmful activities. However, he made a lot of inventions. (e) One evening I returned home groaning with a bad headache. My mother asked me, “— with you? Why do you look so pale?” (f) — your timely intervention, I would have been assaulted by them. I was just a victim of circumstances. (g) —? how can a rope bite a man? It is quite unbelievable. (h) He tells the matter — he knew it. Actually, he is quite ignorant of it. (i) — is a good idea to walk in the morning. Morning walk is very healthful. (j) A good citizen — perform a lot of things. These things will enable him to become a true patriot. 4. Complete the sentences using suitable clauses/ phrases :  0⋅5×10 = 5 (a) Geometry is very much confusing to Zillur. He practices geometry a lot so that —. (b) I could not recognize you at first. It was five years since we —. (c) Sanjida was writing quite well in the exam when suddenly she —. As a result, she could not finish the exam with satisfaction. (d) Don’t worry. I — after I have finished my study. (e) Fateen was really in a great danger. He came to you with a view to — from you, but you disappointed him. (f) Sujon was very weak, but he had to carry a big box. The box was too heavy for —. (g) The farmers of our country are very poor, but they can work hard. If the bank gives them loan on easy term, they —. (h) Load-shedding occurs because we cannot produce adequate electricity. It is high time we —. (i) I requested him to join me in playing cricket. He joined me —. (j) He tried his best to get the job but he could not get it. Had he got the job, he would —. English 2nd Paper Board Question 5. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct form of verbs as per subject and context. 0⋅5×10 = 5 Idle brain is devil’s workshop. If we (a) — (waste) our time in idleness, all sorts of evil thoughts will crowd our brain. Idle persons who (b) — (kill) their time are burdens of society. They (c) — (sit) idle and cherish no high ideal and lofty ambition in life. They (d) — (not support) themselves. They (e) — (lead) an unhappy life and (f) — (suffer) in the long run. There should be time for reading, for reading, for office or other work, time for physical exercise, time for recreation and time for prayer. This (g) — (indicate) that we should do everything at the right moment. We (h) — (lead) a healthy and prosperous life only when we (i) — (follow) the routine which we (j) — (make) for our guidance. 6. Read the text and change the sentences as directed :  0.5 × 10 = 5 Most of the people in (a) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. In fact, it is an (b) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a (c) — (pre-modify the noun) village. So, if you know English (d) — (post modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) — (use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without the knowledge of English with proper understanding, you cannot complete (g) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English in the process of higher education. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) — (use a noun-adjective) development. In short, if you do not have a good command of English, you will suffer (i) — (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase/ Adverbial) of your life. So, don’t waste your time and try to learn English (j) — (post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today. 7. Change the narrative style by using indirect speeches.  5 I told the rickshaw puller that he had carried me a longway. Then I asked him how much I should pay him. I further asked him if fifty taka would do. He replied that anything was all right. 8. Identify the unclear pronoun references in the following paragraph. Where necessary, rewrite the sentence so that all pronoun references are clear.  1 × 5 = 5 One summer day, becoming very thirsty, a lion and a boar came at the same moment to a small well to drink. Those fiercely quarrelled which of them should drink first, and were soon engaged in a mortal fighting. On this stopping on a sudden to take breath for renewal of the fighting, it saw some vultures waiting in the distance to feast on the one which should fall first. They at once stopped the quarrel, saying. “That is better for us to make friends than to become the food of crows or vultures, as will certainly happen if ourselves are disabled.” 9. Transform the sentences as directed :-  5 ×1 = 5 (a) Helal refused the money. (Negative) (b) Nasir earnestly desires to see her once. (Exclamatory) (c) The house which I live in at present is comfortable. (Simple) (d) He delivered a speech and everybody admired it. (Simple) (e) It disturbed him but he did not know the reason. (Complex) 10. Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage :  0⋅5×10 = 5 Time and tide wait for none. (a) — no one can stop the onward march of time. (b) —, we should not waste a single moment in vain. (c) —, we should make proper use of every single moment of our life. (d) —, the students should understand the value of time. It is a matter of great regret that some of the students pass away their valuable time in Facebook. (e) —, they kill their time. (f) —, they cannot prepare their lessons well. (g) — they always have a poor preparation for the examination. (h) — they cannot do well in the examination. (i) — , they do not stop wasting time. (j) —, they continue to waste their time using Cell phone and Facebook till it is too late for them. 11. Read the passage and write the antonyms and synonym of the words as directed below :  0⋅5×10=5 Democracy is the system of government which allows freedom of speech, religious and political opinion. It means fair and equal treatment for the citizens without social class division. In fact, in a democratic country people elect their representatives who work for the people. Free and fair election is the pre-condition for democracy. In a democratic country, people enjoy the rights of food, cloth, shelter, education, medical treatment and other facilities. (a) allow (synonym) (b) freedom (synonym) (c) opinion (synonym) (d) fair (antonym) (e) equal (antonym) (f) division (antonym) (g) elect (synonym) (h) system (synonym) (i) treatment (synonym) (j) facility (synonym). 12. There are ten errors in the use of capitalization and punctuation marks in the following text. Re-write the text correcting the errors :  0⋅5×10 = 5 Nazmul : Excuse me where is the nearest hospital Arafat : Its about 2 kilometers from here You will have to hire a taxi You can also go by bus Nazmul : I see Is there a bus station near here Arafat : Thank you. Nazmul : Dont mention it Part−B : Composition (Marks-40)English 2nd Paper Board Question 13. Write an e-mail to the Admission Section of Oxford University asking them about admission procedure for overseas students.  8 14.  Suppose, you are a reporter of an English Daily. You have observed that ‘Facebook’ is influencing both positively and negatively on our young generation. Now write a report on ‘Impact of Facebook on Young Generation’. 8 15.  Write a paragraph mentioning the qualities and duties of  “An Ideal Student” . Use 100-150 words. 10 16.  Drug is an essential element of human life. But abuse of drugs has devastating impact on life. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer and show the ways of saving us from the dangers of drug. Write at least 200 words but don’t exceed 250 words. 14 Key Jashore Board According to the Syllabus of 2016 English Second Paper Part-A                 1.            (a) a (b) the (c) the (d) a (e) the (fl x (g) the (h) the (i) The 0) x                 2.            (a) of (b) in/for (c) of (d) from (e) to (f) with (g) under/within/in (h) before/in/in front of (i) in/within j) after                 3.            (a) was born (b) No sooner had (c) had better (d) used to (e) What's the matter (fl But for (g) What do you mean (h) as if (i) It 0) has to 4. (a) He practises geometry a lot so that he can do better in geometry. (b) It was five years since we had met last. (c) Sanjida was writing quite well in the exam when suddenly, she felt a bad heddache. will (d) I        help you after I have finished my study. (e) He came to you with a view to getting some help from you, -but you disappointed him. The box was too heavy for him to carry. (g) If the bank gives them loan on easy term, they can produce good crops. (h) It is high time we stopped misuse of electricity. (i) He joined me after he had finished his homework. 0) Had he got the job, he would have been very happy.                 5.            (a) waste (b) kill (c) sit (d) cannot support (e) lead ffl suffer (g) indicates (h) can lead (i) follow 0) make                 6.            (a) our (b) international (c) global (d) well (e) the ffl language (g) your (h) career (i) in the later part/in the long run 0) attentively/ effectively /accurately , 7. "You have carried me a long way," I said to the rickshaw puller. "How much should I pay you? Fifty Taka?" "Anything is all right", said the rickshaw puller. EL On a summer day, becoming very thirsty, a lion and a boar came at the same moment to a small well to drink. The lion and the boar/Those two animals/They  fiercely quarrelled which of them should drink first, and were soon engaged in a mortal fighting. On their  stopping on a sudden to take breath for renewal of the fighting, they saw some vultures waiting in the distance to feast on the one which should fall first. They at once stopped the quarrel, saying: "It is better for us to make friends than to become the food of crows or vultures, as will certainly happen if we are disabled."  9.  (a) Helal did not  take/accept the money. (b) How earnestly Nasir desires to see her once! (c) At present, I live in a comfortable house. (d) Everybody admired his speech. (e) Though it disturbed him, he did not know the reason. /He did not know what disturbed him. 10. (a) In fact (b) So (c) Rather (d) Therefore (e) Even ffl Asa matter of fact (g) Hence (h) As a result (i) but 0) Finally/Eventually 11. (a) permit (b) liberty (c) view (d) unfair (e) unequal (f) union (g) designate (h) method (i) cure /medication 0) opportunity 12. Nazmul Excuse me. Where is the nearest hospital? Arafat   It's about 2 kilometers from here. You will have to hire a taxi. You can also go by bus. Nazmul I see. Is there a bus station near here? Arafat   Yes,, there is a bus stop at the comer.. Nazmul Thank you. Arafat   Don't mention it.

Revised Syllabus for HSC Examination 2025 (According to Revised Syllabus 2023) Subject: English 1st Paper Subject Code: 107 Revised Syllabus for HSC Examination 2024 due to Covid-19 Pandemic Subject: English        Paper: 1st       Subject Code: 107                                                                 Full Marks: 100 Marks Distribution for HSC English 1st paper (For the year 2025) Subject Code-107 Test item Marks Part 1: Reading (60 Marks)   Multiple choice questions .5x10 = 05 Short answer questions 3x5 =      15 Information transfer/flow chart 1x5 =     05 Summary writing 1x 10 = 10 Cloze test with clues (unseen) .5x 10 = 05 Cloze test without clues (unseen) 1x 10 = 10 Rearranging (unseen) 10 Part 2: Guided Writing (40 Marks)   Interpreting graph/chart 15 Story Writing 15 Informal letter 10 Total-      100

Arguments Based on Text Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows.        5 Abir: I’ve been hearing about human trafficking in Bangladesh. What is it? Lily: Human trafficking is when people are illegally traded for exploitation, like forced labor or prostitution. It’s a big problem here. Abir: How does it happen? Lily: Traffickers lure people with false promises of jobs or a better life, then exploit them. Abir: Who is most at risk? Lily: People from poor backgrounds, with little education, and marginalized communities, especially women and children. Abir: What’s being done to stop it? Lily: The government and organizations are working on stricter laws, better enforcement, and raising awareness. There are also shelters and support for victims. Abir: Are there still challenges? Lily: Yes, corruption, lack of resources, and low awareness make it hard to combat trafficking fully. Abir: Thanks for explaining, Lily. Lily: You’re welcome, Abir. It’s important to know about these issues. Now, give your opinions whether you agree or disagree with the statement ‘The government and organizations are not doing anything to combat human trafficking.’ Answer: The government and organizations are not doing anything to combat human trafficking. I disagree with this statement. Governments and organizations are taking important steps to fight human trafficking, although the problem still exists. Firstly, many countries, including Bangladesh, have introduced stricter laws to punish traffickers. These laws help prevent human trafficking and protect victims. Governments are also trying to improve law enforcement, so that police and officials can better catch traffickers and stop their activities. Additionally, organizations and charities are playing a crucial role by raising awareness about human trafficking. They educate people, especially in rural areas, about the dangers of false promises made by traffickers. This knowledge helps potential victims avoid becoming trapped in trafficking networks. These organizations also provide shelters and support services for those who have been trafficked, helping them recover and reintegrate into society. However, despite these efforts, challenges like corruption, lack of resources, and low public awareness still make it hard to completely stop human trafficking. More needs to be done to address these issues, but it is not accurate to say that governments and organizations are doing nothing. Their efforts are an essential part of the fight against this serious crime, and with continued work, further progress can be made. 2. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Sana: I’ve heard that deforestation is a big problem. What is deforestation? Mira: Deforestation is when people cut down large areas of trees, usually to clear land for farming, building, or logging. It’s happening a lot in many parts of the world. Sana: Why is it a problem? Mira: Trees help the environment by cleaning the air and providing habitats for animals. When forests are destroyed, animals lose their homes, and it also makes global warming worse. Sana: Why do people cut down so many trees if it’s harmful? Mira: Sometimes, people cut trees for economic reasons. Farmers need land to grow crops, and companies want wood for products. Unfortunately, they don’t always think about the long-term damage to the environment. Sana: What’s being done to stop deforestation? Mira: Some governments are creating laws to protect forests and encourage replanting. Environmental groups are also working to raise awareness and promote sustainable practices. Sana: Are there still problems? Mira: Yes, deforestation continues because of weak enforcement, corruption, and a lack of awareness in some places. Sana: Thanks for explaining, Mira. Mira: No problem, Sana. It’s important for everyone to understand this issue. Now, give your opinion about the statement: 'People do not care about deforestation.' I disagree with this statement. Many people, organizations, and governments care deeply about deforestation and its harmful effects on the environment. First, governments in many countries are creating laws to protect forests. These laws help prevent people from cutting down too many trees and encourage replanting. Some governments also work with companies to make sure they follow rules for sustainable logging and farming. Second, environmental groups and organizations are working hard to raise awareness about the dangers of deforestation. They educate people about how deforestation leads to climate change, loss of wildlife, and the destruction of natural habitats. These organizations also promote the importance of replanting trees to restore forests. In some cases, they even start projects to plant new trees and protect endangered areas. Finally, many individuals also care about deforestation. People are becoming more aware of the environment and choosing to support companies that use sustainable practices. Some people even participate in tree-planting activities to help restore forests. However, it is true that deforestation is still happening in many places because of weak enforcement and economic pressure. Farmers need land, and companies want wood, which causes deforestation. But this does not mean that people do not care. Many efforts are being made to stop deforestation, and these actions show that people are concerned about protecting the environment. 3. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Zara: I’ve heard that plastic pollution is becoming a big problem. What is plastic pollution? Nina: Plastic pollution is when plastic waste, like bags, bottles, and packaging, ends up in the environment, especially in oceans and rivers. It harms wildlife and pollutes our planet. Zara: Why is plastic pollution so dangerous? Nina: Plastic takes hundreds of years to break down, so it stays in the environment for a long time. Animals can mistake it for food, and when they eat it, it harms or kills them. Plastic also releases harmful chemicals into the soil and water. Zara: Why do people still use so much plastic if it’s harmful? Nina: It’s cheap, convenient, and used in many products. Many people don’t think about the long-term damage when they use plastic. Zara: What’s being done to reduce plastic pollution? Nina: Some governments are banning single-use plastics like bags and straws. Companies are trying to use more eco-friendly packaging, and environmental groups are raising awareness about recycling and reducing plastic use. Zara: Are there still challenges? Nina: Yes, plastic is still widely used, and recycling rates are low in many places. Many people are unaware of how much damage plastic pollution causes. Zara: Thanks for sharing, Nina. Nina: You’re welcome, Zara. It’s a global issue that everyone should understand. Now, give your opinion on the statement: ‘Nothing is being done to reduce plastic pollution.’ I disagree with the statement. Many steps are being taken to reduce plastic pollution. Governments are banning single-use plastics, like plastic bags and straws, to reduce waste. Some companies are switching to eco-friendly materials in their packaging, which helps reduce plastic use. Environmental organizations are also working to educate people about recycling and the dangers of plastic pollution. They encourage people to use less plastic and to recycle more. Even though plastic is still widely used, and some places have low recycling rates, progress is being made. Many people are becoming more aware of the problem and are taking action to solve it. 4. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Ayaan: I’ve been hearing a lot about climate change. What exactly is it? Mira: Climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth’s temperature and weather patterns. It’s mainly caused by human activities, like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which increase greenhouse gases. Ayaan: Why is climate change a problem? Mira: It leads to extreme weather events like floods, heatwaves, and rising sea levels. It also harms wildlife and ecosystems. People living in low-lying areas or places with extreme weather are especially affected. Ayaan: What can we do to stop it? Mira: Governments are setting goals to reduce carbon emissions, and some are switching to renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. Individuals can help too by reducing energy use, recycling, and supporting eco-friendly practices. Ayaan: Are there still challenges in fighting climate change? Mira: Yes, many countries are still dependent on fossil fuels, and some industries resist change because switching to green energy is expensive. Also, not everyone is aware of the urgency of the issue. Ayaan: Thanks for explaining it, Mira. Mira: You’re welcome, Ayaan. It’s an important topic everyone should learn about. Now, give your opinion on the statement: ‘People are not doing anything to address climate change.’ I disagree with this statement. Many people, governments, and organizations are working hard to address climate change. Governments are setting targets to reduce carbon emissions and investing in renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. These actions help to lower the amount of harmful gases that contribute to climate change. Additionally, many individuals are becoming more aware of the issue. They are changing their habits, like using energy-efficient appliances, recycling, and supporting companies that use eco-friendly practices. Environmental organizations are also playing a big role in educating people about the dangers of climate change and encouraging them to take action. While there are still challenges, such as the high cost of switching to renewable energy and reliance on fossil fuels, it is clear that efforts are being made to fight climate change. 5. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Ravi: I keep hearing about the water crisis. What is it? Sara: A water crisis happens when there is not enough clean water for people to use. It’s a big problem in many countries where people don’t have access to safe drinking water. Ravi: Why is there not enough water? Sara: There are several reasons. Some places don’t get enough rainfall, and in others, pollution makes water unsafe to drink. Also, people waste water in their daily lives, which makes the problem worse. Ravi: What is being done to solve the water crisis? Sara: Governments and organizations are building systems to clean and store water. They are also educating people about the importance of saving water. In some countries, water-saving technology is being introduced to reduce wastage. Ravi: Is the problem getting better? Sara: In some places, yes. But in others, the crisis is still very serious because of climate change, pollution, and poor infrastructure. More needs to be done. Ravi: Thanks for the information, Sara. Sara: Anytime, Ravi. We all need to care about this issue. Now, explain whether you think enough is being done to solve the water crisis. In my opinion, not enough is being done to solve the water crisis. Although some governments and organizations are taking steps to improve water access, like building better systems to clean and store water, the crisis remains serious in many parts of the world. More efforts are needed to ensure that everyone has access to clean drinking water. Many people still waste water in their daily lives, and this worsens the problem. Governments need to invest more in educating people about the importance of saving water and using water-saving technology. Also, more action is needed to reduce pollution and fix poor infrastructure that causes water shortages. While there are some positive steps, such as building clean water systems, the global water crisis requires greater attention and effort to truly improve the situation. 6. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Alex: I’ve been hearing about endangered species. What does that mean? Rita: Endangered species are animals or plants that are at risk of becoming extinct. This means that if we don’t help protect them, they might disappear forever. Alex: Why are so many species endangered? Rita: There are several reasons. Habitat loss due to deforestation and pollution is one of the biggest problems. Also, illegal hunting and climate change are making it harder for these species to survive. Alex: What’s being done to protect endangered species? Rita: Governments have created protected areas like national parks to preserve natural habitats. Some laws are in place to stop illegal hunting, and environmental groups work on breeding programs to save species from extinction. Alex: Is it enough to stop species from going extinct? Rita: In some cases, these efforts help, but many species are still in danger because of challenges like lack of funding and enforcement of laws. Alex: Thanks for sharing, Rita. Rita: No problem, Alex. It’s something we all need to be aware of. Now, explain what more can be done to protect endangered species. In my opinion, more can be done to protect endangered species. While some governments have made efforts by creating national parks and passing laws, stronger enforcement of these laws is needed. Illegal hunting and habitat destruction are still major problems, and without proper enforcement, these efforts will not be effective. Additionally, more funding is needed for conservation projects. Governments and organizations should invest in breeding programs, wildlife sanctuaries, and research to better understand how to protect these species. Educating people about the importance of preserving wildlife is also crucial. If people understand how their actions affect animals, they might be more careful about protecting their habitats. Overall, while steps have been taken, stronger efforts are necessary to fully protect endangered species and prevent their extinction. 7. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Jia: I’ve heard a lot about renewable energy lately. What is it exactly? Tom: Renewable energy comes from natural sources like the sun, wind, and water, which can be replenished. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy doesn’t run out or harm the environment as much. Jia: Why is renewable energy so important? Tom: It helps reduce pollution and slows down climate change. Fossil fuels, like coal and oil, release harmful gases into the air, but renewable energy doesn’t. It’s cleaner and better for the planet. Jia: What’s being done to use more renewable energy? Tom: Governments are investing in solar and wind power projects, and many companies are switching to renewable energy for their operations. Some countries are even setting goals to get most of their energy from renewable sources. Jia: Are there any challenges with using renewable energy? Tom: Yes, some forms of renewable energy are expensive to set up, and not all places have the resources, like enough sunshine or wind, to use them. But technology is improving, and prices are coming down. Jia: Thanks for explaining, Tom. Tom: Anytime, Jia. It’s important for the future of our planet. Now, explain whether you think renewable energy is the best solution to climate change. I believe renewable energy is one of the best solutions to climate change. Using clean energy sources like solar, wind, and water helps reduce pollution, which is a major cause of global warming. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy doesn’t release harmful gases into the air, making it a safer option for the environment. Although renewable energy has some challenges, such as high costs and the need for certain resources, technology is improving, and the prices are becoming more affordable. Governments and companies are also investing in renewable energy, which shows that it has great potential. While renewable energy may not solve all climate change problems on its own, it is an important step in reducing the damage caused by fossil fuels. With more innovation and global cooperation, renewable energy can play a major role in protecting our planet for future generations. 8. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Lina: I’ve been hearing a lot about urbanization. What does that mean? Sam: Urbanization is when more people move from rural areas to cities. It leads to the growth of cities and can cause changes in how people live, work, and interact with their environment. Lina: Why are so many people moving to cities? Sam: People often move to cities for better job opportunities, education, and healthcare. Cities usually have more services and infrastructure, which attracts people from smaller towns and rural areas. Lina: Are there any problems with urbanization? Sam: Yes, rapid urbanization can cause problems like overcrowding, pollution, and lack of housing. It also puts pressure on public services like transportation and health facilities. Lina: What’s being done to manage these problems? Sam: Some governments are trying to improve infrastructure and plan better for growing populations. They are also promoting development in rural areas to reduce the need for people to move to cities. Lina: Thanks for the information, Sam. Sam: You’re welcome, Lina. It’s a complex issue. Now, explain whether you think urbanization is a positive or negative trend. In my opinion, urbanization has both positive and negative aspects. On the positive side, it offers better access to jobs, education, and healthcare. When people move to cities, they often have more opportunities for personal and professional growth. Cities also provide better infrastructure and services compared to rural areas, which can improve the quality of life for many people. However, there are negative aspects of urbanization too. Rapid growth in cities can lead to overcrowding, traffic congestion, and pollution. It can also put pressure on housing, making it harder for people to find affordable homes. Public services like healthcare and transportation can become overwhelmed as more people move to urban areas. In conclusion, while urbanization brings many benefits, it is important for governments to plan carefully to avoid the problems that come with rapid city growth. 9. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Emma: I’ve been hearing a lot about the benefits of a plant-based diet. What does that mean? Leo: A plant-based diet focuses on eating mostly fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds, while reducing or eliminating animal products like meat and dairy. Emma: What are the benefits of eating this way? Leo: There are many benefits. A plant-based diet can improve health by lowering the risk of chronic diseases, like heart disease and diabetes. It can also help with weight management and improve digestion. Emma: Are there any downsides to a plant-based diet? Leo: Yes, some people might find it hard to get enough protein or certain vitamins, like B12, without proper planning. It can also be challenging to find plant-based options in some areas. Emma: How can people make the switch to a plant-based diet? Leo: They can start by gradually adding more plant-based foods to their meals and exploring new recipes. Education about nutrition is important too, so they know how to get all the nutrients they need. Emma: Thanks for the insight, Leo. Leo: Anytime, Emma. It’s a topic worth discussing. Now, discuss whether you believe a plant-based diet is better than an omnivorous diet. In my opinion, a plant-based diet has many advantages over an omnivorous diet, but it ultimately depends on individual needs and preferences. A plant-based diet is generally healthier because it emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, which are rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. This can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. However, an omnivorous diet can provide essential nutrients, including protein and certain vitamins, that might be harder to obtain on a plant-based diet. For some people, especially those with specific health needs or lifestyles, a balanced omnivorous diet may be more practical. That said, many people can thrive on a plant-based diet with proper planning and education about nutrition. Ultimately, the best choice depends on personal health goals, lifestyle, and ethical considerations. Both diets can be healthy if they are well-balanced and thoughtfully planned. 10. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Nina: I’ve been reading about the impact of social media on society. What do you think about it? David: Social media has both positive and negative effects. It connects people and allows for the sharing of ideas, but it can also lead to issues like misinformation and cyberbullying. Nina: What are some positive aspects of social media? David: One major benefit is that it helps people stay connected, especially with friends and family who live far away. It also provides a platform for awareness about social issues and can support movements for change. Nina: What about the negatives? David: Misinformation spreads quickly on social media, which can confuse people and influence opinions based on false information. Additionally, the pressure to present a perfect image online can lead to mental health issues, especially among young people. Nina: How can we minimize the negative impacts? David: Education is key. People need to learn how to identify credible sources and think critically about the information they see. Promoting positive online behavior can also help reduce bullying and negativity. Nina: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, David. David: You’re welcome, Nina. It’s an important discussion. Now, explain whether you believe social media does more harm than good. In my opinion, social media does more good than harm, but it is essential to address its negative aspects. The positive effects of social media, such as connecting people across distances and raising awareness about important issues, are significant. Many social movements, like those for climate change and social justice, have gained momentum through social media platforms, helping to create a more informed society. However, the challenges of misinformation and mental health issues cannot be ignored. These problems can have serious consequences and affect individuals and communities. Therefore, it is crucial to promote digital literacy, teaching people how to critically evaluate information and engage positively online. Overall, while social media has its downsides, its potential to foster connection and drive social change makes it a valuable tool. By working to mitigate its negative effects, we can enhance its positive impact on society. 11. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Mark: I’ve been thinking about the rise of remote work. What are your thoughts on it? Sophie: Remote work has become very popular, especially after the pandemic. It offers flexibility and can improve work-life balance, but there are challenges too. Mark: What are some benefits of remote work? Sophie: One big advantage is the flexibility it provides. People can create their own schedules and work from anywhere. This can save time and money on commuting and allow for a better balance between personal and professional life. Mark: Are there any downsides? Sophie: Yes, some people miss the social interaction of being in an office. Remote work can also lead to feelings of isolation. Additionally, not everyone has a suitable home environment for working, which can affect productivity. Mark: How can companies support remote workers? Sophie: Companies can provide resources for setting up home offices and encourage regular check-ins to maintain communication. They can also organize virtual team-building activities to foster connection among employees. Mark: Thanks for sharing your perspective, Sophie. Sophie: No problem, Mark. It’s an interesting topic. Now, discuss whether you believe remote work is a sustainable long-term solution for the workforce. In my opinion, remote work can be a sustainable long-term solution for many industries, but it may not be suitable for everyone. The flexibility and work-life balance it offers can lead to increased job satisfaction and productivity for many employees. As technology improves, tools for communication and collaboration continue to advance, making remote work more effective. However, the sustainability of remote work depends on addressing its challenges. Companies must find ways to foster teamwork and connection among remote employees to prevent feelings of isolation. Additionally, not all jobs can be done remotely, particularly those that require physical presence, such as in healthcare or manufacturing. Ultimately, a hybrid model that combines remote work with in-office days may be the best solution. This approach allows employees to enjoy the benefits of both environments while maintaining social connections and collaboration. By adapting to the needs of their workforce, companies can create a more sustainable and productive work environment in the long run. 12. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Elena: I’ve been hearing a lot about the impact of technology on education. What do you think? Raj: Technology has transformed education in many ways, making learning more accessible and engaging, but it also has some drawbacks. Elena: What are some positive effects of technology in education? Raj: One major benefit is that students can access a wealth of information online, which allows for self-directed learning. Online courses and educational apps make it easier for people to learn at their own pace. Additionally, technology can enhance classroom experiences through interactive tools and resources. Elena: Are there any negatives to using technology in education? Raj: Yes, one concern is that students may become overly reliant on technology, which can hinder critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Also, not all students have equal access to technology, which can widen the educational gap between different socioeconomic groups. Elena: How can schools address these issues? Raj: Schools should provide training for teachers to effectively integrate technology into their lessons. They also need to ensure that all students have access to the necessary tools, whether through funding or community programs, to create an equitable learning environment. Elena: Thanks for your insights, Raj. Raj: You’re welcome, Elena. It’s an important discussion. Now, explain whether you believe technology improves or hinders education overall. In my opinion, technology generally improves education, but it is important to be mindful of its limitations. The access to vast information and innovative learning tools can enhance students' educational experiences and foster a more engaging environment. Online resources and interactive platforms provide opportunities for personalized learning, helping students understand subjects better and at their own pace. However, the potential for over-reliance on technology is a valid concern. Students may struggle with critical thinking and problem-solving if they depend too much on digital tools for answers. Additionally, disparities in access to technology can create inequalities among students, which can hinder the overall effectiveness of educational advancements. To maximize the benefits of technology in education, schools need to implement balanced approaches that combine traditional learning methods with digital resources. By training teachers and ensuring equal access to technology, we can create an inclusive and effective educational environment that leverages the strengths of technology while addressing its challenges. 13. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Carlos: I’ve been thinking about the influence of fast fashion on the environment. What’s your take on it? Lily: Fast fashion is a major issue. It promotes the rapid production of cheap clothing, which leads to a lot of waste and environmental harm. Carlos: What are the environmental impacts of fast fashion? Lily: The industry consumes vast amounts of water and energy, and it generates a lot of waste. Many clothes are made from synthetic materials that don’t biodegrade, leading to pollution in landfills. Additionally, the production processes often involve harmful chemicals that can damage ecosystems. Carlos: Are there any benefits to fast fashion? Lily: While it offers affordable clothing options and allows people to express their style, the social and environmental costs often outweigh these benefits. The rapid turnover of trends can encourage overconsumption, which isn’t sustainable. Carlos: How can consumers make a difference? Lily: Consumers can choose to buy from sustainable brands, reduce their consumption, and recycle or donate clothes they no longer wear. Supporting local businesses can also help reduce the environmental impact of clothing production. Carlos: Thanks for your perspective, Lily. Lily: You’re welcome, Carlos. It’s a crucial topic to discuss. Now, discuss whether you believe fast fashion is a necessary part of modern society or if it should be reduced. In my opinion, fast fashion should be reduced significantly rather than accepted as a necessary part of modern society. While it offers affordable clothing and caters to the desire for trendy styles, the negative impacts on the environment and society are too significant to ignore. The overproduction of cheap clothing leads to immense waste and pollution, which contributes to climate change and harms ecosystems. Moreover, fast fashion often exploits workers in developing countries, where labor conditions can be poor and wages low. This raises ethical concerns about the true cost of cheap clothing. Instead of continuing down this path, society should promote more sustainable practices. This includes encouraging consumers to make thoughtful purchasing decisions and supporting brands that prioritize ethical production and environmental responsibility. By shifting towards a more sustainable fashion industry, we can address the environmental challenges we face while still allowing individuals to express their style in a responsible way. 14. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Samira: I’ve been reading about the benefits of using public transportation. What do you think? Tom: Public transportation has many advantages, but it also has its challenges. Samira: What are some benefits of using public transit? Tom: One major benefit is that it reduces traffic congestion and lowers pollution levels. When more people use buses and trains, there are fewer cars on the road, which helps the environment. Public transit is also often cheaper than owning a car. Samira: Are there any downsides to public transportation? Tom: Yes, one downside is that it can be less convenient than driving a personal vehicle. Public transit may not be available in all areas, and schedules can be limited. Additionally, some people may find it uncomfortable or crowded. Samira: How can cities improve public transportation? Tom: Cities can invest in expanding transit systems and making them more efficient. Enhancing service frequency, improving cleanliness, and ensuring safety can encourage more people to use public transportation. Education about the benefits of public transit is also important. Samira: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Tom. Tom: You’re welcome, Samira. It’s an important issue to consider. Now, discuss whether you believe public transportation should be prioritized over personal vehicle use. In my opinion, public transportation should be prioritized over personal vehicle use, especially in urban areas. The environmental benefits of reducing traffic congestion and lowering greenhouse gas emissions are significant. Public transit systems can help decrease the number of cars on the road, leading to cleaner air and a smaller carbon footprint. Moreover, public transportation is often more cost-effective for individuals compared to owning and maintaining a car. It can save people money on fuel, insurance, and parking. Additionally, investing in public transit can improve accessibility for those who may not have the means to own a vehicle, thus promoting social equity. While there are challenges associated with public transit, such as limited coverage and potential discomfort, these issues can be addressed through thoughtful planning and investment. By prioritizing public transportation, cities can create more sustainable, efficient, and inclusive environments, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for all residents. 15. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Maya: I’ve been thinking about the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in our lives. What do you think? Jake: AI has the potential to improve many aspects of our lives, but it also raises some important concerns. Maya: What are some benefits of using AI? Jake: One major benefit is increased efficiency. AI can automate repetitive tasks, allowing people to focus on more creative and complex work. It can also improve decision-making by analyzing large amounts of data quickly. Maya: Are there any risks associated with AI? Jake: Yes, one significant risk is job displacement. As AI takes over certain tasks, some workers may find their jobs at risk. There are also concerns about privacy and the potential for biased algorithms that could reinforce existing inequalities. Maya: How can we address these challenges? Jake: It’s important to invest in education and training programs to help workers adapt to a changing job market. Additionally, developing ethical guidelines for AI use can help mitigate issues related to privacy and bias. Maya: Thanks for sharing your insights, Jake. Jake: You’re welcome, Maya. It’s a fascinating topic. Now, discuss whether you believe the benefits of AI outweigh the risks. In my opinion, the benefits of AI generally outweigh the risks, but careful management is essential. AI has the potential to significantly enhance productivity and innovation across various sectors, from healthcare to transportation. By automating mundane tasks, AI allows humans to concentrate on more meaningful and creative work, which can lead to greater job satisfaction and economic growth. However, the risks associated with AI, such as job displacement and privacy concerns, cannot be overlooked. To maximize the benefits while minimizing the risks, it is crucial to implement robust training and reskilling programs for workers affected by automation. Additionally, establishing ethical guidelines for AI development can help address issues like bias and privacy violations. Ultimately, if we can navigate these challenges effectively, AI can be a powerful tool for positive change in society. By fostering a collaborative relationship between technology and humanity, we can harness AI's potential while ensuring that its impact is equitable and beneficial for all. 16. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Julia: I’ve been thinking about the impact of tourism on local cultures. What’s your view on this? Daniel: Tourism can have both positive and negative effects on local cultures. Julia: What are some positive effects of tourism? Daniel: One benefit is that tourism can promote cultural exchange. Visitors bring new ideas and perspectives, which can enrich local communities. Additionally, tourism can provide economic support, helping to preserve cultural heritage sites and traditions. Julia: Are there any downsides to tourism? Daniel: Yes, one downside is that it can lead to cultural commodification. When local traditions are turned into tourist attractions, they may lose their authenticity. Moreover, large numbers of tourists can overwhelm local resources and disrupt daily life for residents. Julia: How can communities manage tourism more effectively? Daniel: Communities can implement sustainable tourism practices that focus on preserving local culture while benefiting from visitors. This includes setting limits on tourist numbers, promoting responsible travel, and involving local people in decision-making processes. Julia: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Daniel. Daniel: You’re welcome, Julia. It’s an important conversation to have. Now, discuss whether you believe tourism is beneficial or harmful to local cultures overall. In my opinion, tourism can be both beneficial and harmful to local cultures, but its positive aspects can be maximized through careful management. On the positive side, tourism encourages cultural exchange and provides financial support for local communities. This can help maintain traditions and protect cultural heritage sites, fostering pride among local residents. However, the potential for cultural commodification is a serious concern. When traditions are modified to please tourists, they may lose their original meaning and significance. Additionally, the influx of visitors can strain local resources and lead to conflicts between tourists and residents. To ensure that tourism benefits rather than harms local cultures, it is essential for communities to adopt sustainable practices. By limiting the number of tourists and promoting responsible travel, local cultures can be preserved while still reaping the economic benefits of tourism. With thoughtful planning and community involvement, tourism can enhance rather than erode the richness of local cultures. 17. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Aisha: I’ve been thinking about the effects of screen time on children. What do you think about it? Liam: Screen time has both advantages and disadvantages for kids, and it’s important to find a balance. Aisha: What are some benefits of screen time for children? Liam: One benefit is that educational programs and apps can support learning in fun and interactive ways. They can help children develop skills like problem-solving and critical thinking. Additionally, screens can connect kids with peers and family, especially when in-person interactions are limited. Aisha: What about the downsides? Liam: The downsides include reduced physical activity, which can lead to health issues like obesity. Excessive screen time can also impact sleep quality and social skills, as children may spend less time interacting face-to-face with others. Aisha: How can parents manage their children’s screen time effectively? Liam: Parents can set clear rules about how much time children can spend on screens and encourage breaks. It’s also important to choose high-quality content and participate in screen activities together to enhance the learning experience. Aisha: Thanks for sharing your perspective, Liam. Liam: You’re welcome, Aisha. It’s an important topic for parents. Now, discuss whether you believe screen time is harmful or beneficial for children overall. In my opinion, screen time can be both harmful and beneficial for children, but the key is moderation and quality of content. On the positive side, screens can offer valuable educational resources that engage children and support their learning. Interactive apps and programs can help develop essential skills in an entertaining way, fostering a love for learning. However, the potential harms of excessive screen time are significant. Increased screen exposure can lead to physical inactivity, sleep disturbances, and hindered social skills. Children who spend too much time in front of screens may miss opportunities for important face-to-face interactions and outdoor play. To maximize the benefits of screen time while minimizing its negative effects, parents should focus on setting limits and choosing quality content. By encouraging balanced screen use that includes educational activities and social interaction, children can enjoy the advantages of technology without falling victim to its drawbacks. Ultimately, a thoughtful approach to screen time can create a healthier environment for children to grow and learn. 18. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Nina: I’ve been thinking about the rise of plant-based diets. What’s your opinion on this trend? Alex: Plant-based diets have become popular, and they offer both benefits and challenges. Nina: What are some benefits of adopting a plant-based diet? Alex: One major benefit is improved health. Plant-based diets are rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, which can lower the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes. Additionally, they can be more environmentally sustainable, as raising animals for food has a significant carbon footprint. Nina: Are there any downsides to a plant-based diet? Alex: Yes, some people may find it difficult to get enough protein or certain nutrients, like vitamin B12, which is primarily found in animal products. Additionally, eating out or finding convenient options can be challenging in areas with limited plant-based choices. Nina: How can people successfully transition to a plant-based diet? Alex: Education is key. People can start by gradually incorporating more plant-based meals into their diet and exploring new recipes. Meal planning and preparation can also help ensure they get all the nutrients they need. Nina: Thanks for your insights, Alex. Alex: You’re welcome, Nina. It’s an important topic to consider. Now, discuss whether you believe a plant-based diet is a healthier choice than an omnivorous diet overall. In my opinion, a plant-based diet is generally a healthier choice than an omnivorous diet, but it depends on how each diet is implemented. Plant-based diets tend to be rich in essential nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants, which can promote better health and lower the risk of chronic diseases. Many studies suggest that individuals following plant-based diets have lower rates of obesity, heart disease, and diabetes compared to those who consume more animal products. However, an omnivorous diet can also be healthy if it includes a balanced mix of whole foods, such as lean meats, fish, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. The challenge is that omnivorous diets can lead to higher consumption of processed foods, which can negatively impact health. Ultimately, the key to a healthy diet, whether plant-based or omnivorous, lies in the quality of the food choices made. A well-planned plant-based diet can provide numerous health benefits, but it requires attention to nutritional balance. By focusing on whole, nutrient-dense foods, individuals can optimize their health, regardless of the diet they choose. 19. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Sarah: I’ve been thinking about the use of technology in education. What do you think about it? Ethan: Technology can be a great tool for education, but it also has its drawbacks. Sarah: What are some advantages of using technology in schools? Ethan: One major advantage is that technology makes learning more engaging. Interactive tools and online resources can help students understand complex concepts better. It also allows for personalized learning, where students can learn at their own pace. Sarah: Are there any disadvantages to relying on technology in education? Ethan: Yes, one significant downside is the potential for distractions. With so many apps and websites available, students may find it hard to focus on their studies. Additionally, not all students have equal access to technology, which can create disparities in learning opportunities. Sarah: How can schools balance the use of technology in education? Ethan: Schools can implement guidelines for technology use in the classroom and provide training for teachers. It's also essential to ensure that all students have access to necessary resources to create an equitable learning environment. Sarah: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Ethan. Ethan: You’re welcome, Sarah. It’s a vital topic to discuss. Now, discuss whether you believe technology enhances or hinders the learning experience overall. In my opinion, technology generally enhances the learning experience, but it must be used thoughtfully. The interactive nature of digital tools can make lessons more engaging and help students grasp difficult subjects more easily. Technology also allows for personalized learning experiences, catering to individual students’ needs and learning styles. However, the risks of distraction and unequal access cannot be ignored. Students may struggle to stay focused with constant notifications and online distractions. Moreover, the digital divide can prevent some students from fully participating in tech-based learning, leading to inequities in education. To maximize the benefits of technology in education, schools should establish clear guidelines for its use and provide training for teachers to integrate it effectively into their teaching. Ensuring all students have access to the necessary tools is crucial for creating a fair learning environment. By adopting a balanced approach, we can leverage technology to enrich education while addressing its potential drawbacks. 20. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Oliver: I’ve been reading about the impact of social media on society. What do you think about it? Chloe: Social media has both positive and negative effects, and it’s important to consider both sides. Oliver: What are some benefits of social media? Chloe: One significant benefit is that it allows people to connect with others across the globe. It can foster relationships, support networks, and community engagement. Additionally, social media can be a powerful platform for raising awareness about important social issues. Oliver: Are there any drawbacks to social media? Chloe: Yes, one major drawback is the potential for misinformation. False information can spread rapidly, leading to confusion and mistrust. Social media can also contribute to mental health issues, as constant comparison with others may lead to feelings of inadequacy. Oliver: How can users navigate these challenges effectively? Chloe: Users should be critical of the information they consume and share. Fact-checking before sharing content is essential. Additionally, setting boundaries for social media use can help maintain a healthy relationship with it. Oliver: Thanks for your insights, Chloe. Chloe: You’re welcome, Oliver. It’s an important topic to discuss. Now, discuss whether you believe social media is more beneficial or harmful to society overall. In my opinion, social media can be more beneficial than harmful to society, but its positive impact relies on responsible use. The ability to connect with others, share experiences, and build communities is invaluable. Social media has empowered many movements for social change, allowing individuals to raise awareness and mobilize support for various causes. However, the risks associated with misinformation and mental health issues are significant. The rapid spread of false information can create confusion and division within society. Additionally, the pressure to present a perfect image online can lead to anxiety and low self-esteem among users. To harness the benefits of social media while minimizing its drawbacks, individuals must be educated about critical media literacy. Encouraging responsible sharing and promoting awareness about mental health can create a healthier social media environment. Ultimately, when used wisely, social media has the potential to enhance communication and foster positive change in society. 21. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Emma: I’ve been thinking about the impact of remote work on employees. What’s your opinion on it? Ryan: Remote work has its pros and cons, and it can significantly affect employees’ lives. Emma: What are some advantages of working remotely? Ryan: One major advantage is flexibility. Employees can create their own schedules and work from anywhere, which can improve work-life balance. Remote work can also save time and money by eliminating commutes. Emma: Are there any disadvantages to remote work? Ryan: Yes, one downside is the potential for isolation. Without regular in-person interactions, employees may feel disconnected from their teams. Additionally, it can be challenging to separate work from personal life, leading to burnout. Emma: How can companies support their remote employees effectively? Ryan: Companies can foster a sense of community by encouraging regular virtual meetings and team-building activities. Providing resources for mental health and promoting clear boundaries between work and personal time are also important. Emma: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Ryan. Ryan: You’re welcome, Emma. It’s an important issue for many workers today. Now, discuss whether you believe remote work is a positive or negative change for employees overall. In my opinion, remote work is a positive change for employees, but it requires careful management to address its challenges. The flexibility that remote work offers can significantly enhance employees’ work-life balance, allowing them to manage personal responsibilities more effectively. This can lead to increased job satisfaction and productivity, as employees can work in environments that suit them best. However, the potential downsides, such as feelings of isolation and difficulty in separating work from personal life, are significant concerns. Companies must recognize these challenges and take proactive steps to support their remote employees. This includes fostering team cohesion through regular virtual check-ins and providing mental health resources. By creating a supportive remote work environment, companies can leverage the benefits of this work model while minimizing its drawbacks. Overall, when implemented thoughtfully, remote work can lead to a healthier, more productive workforce. 22. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Lila: I’ve been thinking about the rise of electric cars. What’s your view on this trend? Mark: Electric cars have many advantages, but there are also some challenges to consider. Lila: What are some benefits of driving electric cars? Mark: One significant benefit is that they produce no tailpipe emissions, which helps reduce air pollution and combat climate change. Electric cars can also be more cost-effective in the long run, as they typically have lower maintenance and fuel costs compared to gasoline vehicles. Lila: Are there any downsides to electric cars? Mark: Yes, one major downside is the current limitations in charging infrastructure. In many areas, finding a charging station can be difficult. Additionally, the initial cost of electric cars can be higher than traditional vehicles, which may deter some buyers. Lila: How can these challenges be addressed? Mark: Governments and private companies can invest in expanding charging networks and offer incentives for purchasing electric cars. Improving battery technology to increase range and decrease costs will also help make electric vehicles more accessible. Lila: Thanks for sharing your insights, Mark. Mark: You’re welcome, Lila. It’s an important topic for the future of transportation. Now, discuss whether you believe the shift to electric cars is beneficial or detrimental to society overall. In my opinion, the shift to electric cars is overwhelmingly beneficial to society, particularly in terms of environmental impact. By reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing air pollution, electric vehicles (EVs) play a crucial role in addressing climate change and improving public health. As more people adopt electric cars, we can expect significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, leading to cleaner air and a healthier planet. However, the challenges associated with electric cars, such as charging infrastructure and upfront costs, are real concerns that need to be addressed. Without adequate charging stations, the convenience of electric vehicles can diminish, which may hinder widespread adoption. Additionally, the initial price point can be a barrier for many potential buyers. To maximize the benefits of this transition, it’s essential for governments and businesses to work together to improve infrastructure and provide incentives for consumers. By investing in technology and making electric vehicles more affordable, we can ensure a smoother transition that benefits both the environment and society as a whole. Overall, the shift to electric cars represents a critical step toward a sustainable future. 23. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Jason: I’ve been thinking about the importance of arts education in schools. What do you think? Maya: Arts education is crucial, but it often gets overlooked in favor of other subjects. Jason: What are some benefits of having arts education in schools? Maya: One major benefit is that it fosters creativity and self-expression. Engaging in the arts can also improve students’ emotional well-being and provide a healthy outlet for stress. Additionally, arts education can enhance critical thinking skills and collaboration among students. Jason: Are there any downsides to focusing on arts education? Maya: One downside is that funding for arts programs is often limited. Schools may prioritize core subjects like math and science, which can lead to cuts in arts programs. This can limit students’ access to valuable learning experiences. Jason: How can schools better support arts education? Maya: Schools can advocate for increased funding and integrate arts into the overall curriculum. Encouraging partnerships with local artists and organizations can also help provide resources and opportunities for students. Jason: Thanks for your insights, Maya. Maya: You’re welcome, Jason. It’s an important topic for the development of students. Now, discuss whether you believe arts education should be prioritized over other subjects in schools. In my opinion, arts education should be prioritized alongside other subjects in schools, rather than being seen as secondary. While core subjects like math and science are undoubtedly important for academic and career success, the skills developed through arts education are equally valuable. Arts education fosters creativity, innovation, and emotional intelligence—qualities that are essential in today’s diverse and rapidly changing world. Moreover, the arts provide a unique avenue for self-expression and cultural understanding. In a global society, being able to appreciate and engage with different forms of art can enhance empathy and communication among students. Neglecting arts education can limit students' opportunities to develop these important skills and may stifle their creativity. However, this does not mean that arts education should completely overshadow core subjects. Instead, a balanced approach that values all areas of learning is essential. By integrating arts education into the broader curriculum and providing adequate resources, schools can create well-rounded individuals who are equipped to thrive in various aspects of life. Prioritizing arts education is not just about fostering talent; it’s about nurturing the whole student. 24. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Sophie: I’ve been thinking about the impact of fast food on health. What are your thoughts? Tom: Fast food has both pros and cons, and it’s important to weigh them carefully. Sophie: What are some advantages of fast food? Tom: One major advantage is convenience. Fast food is quick and accessible, making it a popular choice for busy people. It can also be relatively inexpensive, which appeals to many families. Sophie: Are there any significant disadvantages to fast food? Tom: Yes, the biggest disadvantage is its negative impact on health. Fast food is often high in calories, unhealthy fats, sugar, and sodium, which can lead to obesity, heart disease, and other health issues. Additionally, frequent consumption can create poor eating habits. Sophie: How can people make healthier choices when it comes to fast food? Tom: People can opt for smaller portions or choose healthier menu items, such as salads or grilled options. It's also important to be mindful of how often fast food is consumed and to balance it with home-cooked meals. Sophie: Thanks for sharing your insights, Tom. Tom: You’re welcome, Sophie. It’s a relevant issue for many people today. Now, discuss whether you believe fast food is a necessary part of modern life or something that should be minimized. In my opinion, fast food is a necessary part of modern life, but it should be minimized due to its health impacts. The convenience of fast food fits well with today’s fast-paced lifestyle, allowing people to save time and effort, especially for those with busy schedules. It provides an easy solution for meals on the go, which can be particularly useful for working individuals or families. However, the health consequences of regularly consuming fast food cannot be ignored. The high levels of unhealthy ingredients can lead to significant health problems, making it essential to limit consumption. Instead of completely eliminating fast food, individuals should aim for moderation and be mindful of their choices when eating out. To strike a balance, it's important to incorporate home-cooked meals into one’s diet, which allows for healthier ingredients and cooking methods. Fast food can serve as an occasional convenience rather than a staple. By prioritizing nutrition while still recognizing the role of fast food in modern life, people can maintain a healthier lifestyle without sacrificing convenience. 25. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Liam: I’ve been thinking about the effects of globalization on local economies. What do you think? Ava: Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on local economies, and it’s essential to consider both sides. Liam: What are some benefits of globalization for local economies? Ava: One significant benefit is increased access to international markets. Local businesses can expand their reach and find new customers beyond their borders. This can lead to economic growth and job creation. Additionally, globalization can bring in foreign investment, which can help develop infrastructure and services. Liam: Are there any downsides to globalization? Ava: Yes, one major downside is that it can lead to local businesses struggling to compete with large multinational corporations. This can result in job losses and a decline in traditional industries. Furthermore, globalization may contribute to income inequality, as the benefits are not always evenly distributed. Liam: How can communities manage the effects of globalization? Ava: Communities can support local businesses by promoting “buy local” initiatives and creating policies that protect small enterprises. Investing in education and skills training can also help workers adapt to changes in the job market. Liam: Thanks for your insights, Ava. Ava: You’re welcome, Liam. It’s an important topic for many communities. Now, discuss whether you believe globalization is more beneficial or harmful to local economies overall. In my opinion, globalization is more beneficial to local economies, but it must be managed carefully to address its challenges. The opportunities that come with globalization—such as access to international markets and foreign investment—can drive economic growth and innovation. Local businesses can expand their operations and create jobs, which benefits the community as a whole. However, the negative effects, such as competition from multinational corporations and increased income inequality, are significant concerns that need to be addressed. To ensure that the benefits of globalization are widely shared, communities should implement policies that protect and support local businesses. This includes promoting local products and investing in skills training to prepare the workforce for a changing economy. By fostering a balance between embracing globalization and protecting local interests, communities can enjoy the advantages of a global economy while minimizing its drawbacks. Overall, globalization has the potential to enhance local economies if approached with a focus on inclusivity and sustainability. 26. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Jake: I’ve been considering the role of renewable energy in our future. What are your thoughts? Maya: Renewable energy is essential, but it also comes with challenges that need attention. Jake: What are some benefits of using renewable energy sources? Maya: One major benefit is that renewable energy reduces dependence on fossil fuels, which helps lower greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Sources like solar and wind power are also sustainable, meaning they won’t run out, unlike oil or coal. Jake: Are there any disadvantages to transitioning to renewable energy? Maya: Yes, one significant downside is the initial investment cost. Setting up renewable energy infrastructure, like solar panels and wind turbines, can be expensive. Additionally, renewable energy sources can be less reliable than fossil fuels, as they depend on weather conditions. Jake: How can we address these challenges? Maya: Governments can provide incentives and subsidies to reduce the cost of renewable energy installations. Investing in energy storage technology can also help make renewable energy more reliable by storing excess energy for use during low production times. Jake: Thanks for sharing your perspective, Maya. Maya: You’re welcome, Jake. It’s an important issue for our future. Now, discuss whether you believe transitioning to renewable energy is essential for a sustainable future or if it has significant drawbacks that need to be considered. In my opinion, transitioning to renewable energy is essential for a sustainable future, despite the challenges it presents. The environmental benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change are critical for the well-being of our planet. As fossil fuels contribute significantly to global warming, shifting to renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydropower is crucial for a healthier environment. While the initial costs and reliability issues are valid concerns, they should not deter us from pursuing renewable energy. Technological advancements are continuously improving the efficiency and affordability of renewable energy systems. Moreover, investing in infrastructure and energy storage solutions can address reliability challenges, making renewables a more viable option. The long-term benefits of renewable energy, including job creation in new industries and decreased air pollution, far outweigh the drawbacks. By prioritizing renewable energy development, we can create a sustainable energy future that not only protects the environment but also promotes economic growth and social equity. Overall, the transition to renewable energy is not just beneficial; it is necessary for a sustainable future. 27. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Ella: I’ve been thinking about the impact of tourism on local cultures. What do you think? Noah: Tourism has both positive and negative effects on local cultures, and it’s important to consider both sides. Ella: What are some benefits of tourism for local cultures? Noah: One major benefit is that tourism can promote cultural exchange. It allows locals to share their traditions and heritage with visitors, which can foster understanding and appreciation. Additionally, tourism can boost the local economy, providing funds that can be used to preserve cultural sites and practices. Ella: Are there any significant downsides to tourism? Noah: Yes, one significant downside is that tourism can lead to cultural commodification. This means that local traditions and practices may be altered or simplified to attract tourists, which can dilute their authenticity. Furthermore, high tourist traffic can put a strain on local resources and infrastructure. Ella: How can communities balance tourism with cultural preservation? Noah: Communities can implement sustainable tourism practices that prioritize local culture and ensure that tourism benefits the community. This can include setting limits on the number of visitors to sensitive areas and providing education for tourists about respecting local customs. Ella: Thanks for your insights, Noah. Noah: You’re welcome, Ella. It’s an important topic for many places around the world. Now, discuss whether you believe tourism is more beneficial or harmful to local cultures overall. In my opinion, tourism can be more beneficial to local cultures if managed properly, but it does come with significant challenges. The opportunity for cultural exchange and economic support from tourism can enhance local traditions and help communities thrive. When tourists engage with local customs, it can lead to greater appreciation and preservation of those cultures. However, the risks of cultural commodification and resource strain cannot be ignored. If tourism is not managed sustainably, local practices may be altered merely for the sake of attracting visitors, which can lead to a loss of authenticity. Additionally, excessive tourism can overwhelm communities, leading to environmental degradation and diminishing the quality of life for residents. To maximize the benefits of tourism while minimizing its negative impacts, communities must adopt sustainable practices that prioritize cultural integrity and environmental protection. By involving local voices in tourism development and educating visitors on respectful engagement, it is possible to create a tourism model that enriches local cultures rather than undermines them. Ultimately, with thoughtful planning and community involvement, tourism can be a force for good. 28. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Olivia: I’ve been thinking about the impact of technology on education. What are your thoughts? Lucas: Technology has changed education significantly, and it brings both advantages and disadvantages. Olivia: What are some benefits of using technology in education? Lucas: One major benefit is that technology makes learning more accessible. Students can access a wealth of information online and use various tools that enhance their learning experience. Additionally, technology can cater to different learning styles, allowing for personalized education. Olivia: Are there any downsides to relying too much on technology in education? Lucas: Yes, one downside is that it can lead to decreased face-to-face interaction. Students might miss out on developing important social skills if they spend too much time on screens. Also, there is the issue of unequal access to technology, which can create a digital divide between students from different backgrounds. Olivia: How can schools address these challenges? Lucas: Schools can provide training for teachers to effectively integrate technology into their teaching while promoting balance. Ensuring that all students have access to the necessary technology and resources is also crucial for equity in education. Olivia: Thanks for sharing your insights, Lucas. Lucas: You’re welcome, Olivia. It’s a vital topic for the future of learning. Now, discuss whether you believe technology in education is more beneficial or harmful overall. In my opinion, technology in education is more beneficial overall, but it needs to be used wisely to mitigate its drawbacks. The accessibility that technology provides is a game-changer for many students, allowing them to explore resources and tools that can enhance their learning experience. With online courses and digital materials, education becomes more flexible and personalized, catering to individual needs. However, the potential downsides, such as reduced face-to-face interaction and the digital divide, are significant issues that must be addressed. It's essential for schools to strike a balance between using technology and fostering social skills through in-person interactions. Additionally, ensuring equitable access to technology is crucial for all students to benefit from these advancements. By implementing effective strategies that prioritize both technology and interpersonal skills, educators can create a rich learning environment that prepares students for the future. Overall, when integrated thoughtfully, technology can greatly enhance the educational experience and empower students in their learning journeys. 29. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Lara: I’ve been thinking about the role of social media in our lives. What’s your opinion on it? Ethan: Social media has both positive and negative impacts, and it's important to look at both sides. Lara: What are some benefits of social media? Ethan: One significant benefit is that it connects people across the globe. Friends and family can stay in touch easily, regardless of distance. Social media also provides a platform for sharing information and raising awareness about important issues. Lara: Are there any downsides to social media? Ethan: Yes, one major downside is that it can lead to misinformation and the spread of false information. Additionally, excessive use of social media can negatively affect mental health, leading to issues like anxiety and depression, especially among young people. Lara: How can people use social media more responsibly? Ethan: People can verify information before sharing it and limit their time spent on social media to avoid burnout. Encouraging positive interactions and focusing on meaningful connections can also help enhance the experience. Lara: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Ethan. Ethan: You’re welcome, Lara. It’s an important topic in today’s society. Now, discuss whether you believe social media is more beneficial or harmful to society overall. In my opinion, social media is more beneficial to society, but it requires responsible use to minimize its negative effects. The ability to connect with others and share information has transformed how we communicate and engage with the world. Social media allows for quick updates and fosters community support, which can be incredibly valuable during crises or for raising awareness about important social issues. However, the potential for misinformation and the impact on mental health are serious concerns that need addressing. Users must be critical of the content they consume and share, and education about digital literacy is essential for all ages. Additionally, while social media can facilitate connections, it’s important to maintain a balance with real-life interactions to support mental well-being. By promoting responsible use and focusing on positive interactions, social media can serve as a powerful tool for good in society. Ultimately, its benefits outweigh the drawbacks when users are educated and mindful of their engagement. 30. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Maya: I’ve been thinking about the effects of remote work on employees. What do you think? Sam: Remote work has both advantages and disadvantages, and it’s important to explore both sides. Maya: What are some benefits of remote work? Sam: One significant benefit is flexibility. Employees can create their own schedules and work from anywhere, which can lead to better work-life balance. Additionally, remote work can reduce commuting time and costs, making it more convenient for many people. Maya: Are there any downsides to remote work? Sam: Yes, one major downside is the potential for isolation. Working from home can make it difficult to connect with colleagues, which may affect teamwork and collaboration. Furthermore, some employees might struggle with distractions at home, leading to decreased productivity. Maya: How can companies support remote workers? Sam: Companies can implement regular check-ins to foster communication and connection among team members. Offering resources for home office setups can also help improve productivity and comfort for remote workers. Maya: Thanks for sharing your insights, Sam. Sam: You’re welcome, Maya. It’s an important topic in today’s work environment. Now, discuss whether you believe remote work is more beneficial or harmful to employees overall. In my opinion, remote work is more beneficial for employees, especially when implemented thoughtfully. The flexibility it offers can significantly enhance work-life balance, allowing employees to manage their time better and reduce stress associated with long commutes. This flexibility often leads to increased job satisfaction and can improve overall productivity. However, the challenges of isolation and potential distractions at home are real concerns that need to be addressed. Companies should actively work to create a sense of community among remote workers through regular virtual meetings and team-building activities. Providing resources for a productive home office environment is also crucial. By focusing on communication and support, organizations can help remote employees thrive. Ultimately, when managed effectively, the benefits of remote work—such as flexibility and improved quality of life—outweigh the drawbacks. This approach can lead to a more engaged and motivated workforce. 31. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Alex: I’ve been thinking about the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in our lives. What are your thoughts? Sara: AI has both advantages and disadvantages, and it’s important to consider both aspects. Alex: What are some benefits of using AI? Sara: One major benefit is that AI can improve efficiency and productivity in various industries. It can automate repetitive tasks, allowing humans to focus on more complex and creative work. Additionally, AI can analyze vast amounts of data quickly, providing valuable insights for decision-making. Alex: Are there any downsides to the rise of AI? Sara: Yes, one significant downside is the potential for job displacement. As AI takes over certain tasks, many jobs may become obsolete, leading to unemployment in some sectors. There are also concerns about privacy and ethical issues related to AI decision-making. Alex: How can society address these challenges? Sara: Society can invest in education and training programs to help workers transition into new roles that require different skills. Establishing regulations around AI use can also help protect privacy and ensure ethical practices. Alex: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Sara. Sara: You’re welcome, Alex. It’s an important topic for the future. Now, discuss whether you believe the benefits of artificial intelligence outweigh the potential drawbacks. In my opinion, the benefits of artificial intelligence outweigh the potential drawbacks, but careful management is crucial. AI has the power to revolutionize industries by increasing efficiency and driving innovation. By automating repetitive tasks, it allows workers to focus on higher-level responsibilities, which can lead to more creativity and job satisfaction. However, the concerns about job displacement and ethical implications are valid and must be addressed. To mitigate these challenges, society should prioritize reskilling and upskilling programs that prepare the workforce for the changes brought by AI. Additionally, implementing regulations that ensure transparency and accountability in AI systems is essential to safeguard privacy and ethical standards. Overall, while there are challenges associated with AI, its potential to enhance productivity and foster innovation makes it a powerful tool for progress. By proactively addressing the risks, we can harness AI’s benefits while minimizing its negative impacts, ultimately creating a better future for all. 32. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Ryan: I’ve been thinking about the impact of climate change on our planet. What are your thoughts? Emily: Climate change is a pressing issue that has both serious consequences and opportunities for change. Ryan: What are some of the major effects of climate change? Emily: One significant effect is the increase in extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires. These events can cause severe damage to ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities. Additionally, rising sea levels threaten coastal areas, leading to displacement of populations. Ryan: Are there any positive aspects to addressing climate change? Emily: Yes, addressing climate change can lead to innovation and economic growth. Transitioning to renewable energy sources creates jobs and can reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Furthermore, it can encourage sustainable practices that benefit both the environment and the economy. Ryan: How can individuals contribute to fighting climate change? Emily: Individuals can reduce their carbon footprint by using public transport, conserving energy, and supporting sustainable products. Advocacy for policies that promote environmental protection is also crucial. Ryan: Thanks for sharing your insights, Emily. Emily: You’re welcome, Ryan. It’s an important issue for our future. Now, discuss whether you believe the challenges of climate change are more significant than the opportunities for positive change. In my opinion, while the challenges of climate change are serious and concerning, the opportunities for positive change are equally significant and should not be overlooked. The alarming impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather and rising sea levels, pose immediate threats to our environment and livelihoods. However, these challenges can also serve as catalysts for innovation and action. Addressing climate change offers a chance to invest in renewable energy and sustainable practices that not only mitigate environmental harm but also drive economic growth. The shift towards cleaner energy sources can create millions of jobs and foster technological advancements. Furthermore, the urgency of climate change has sparked global movements and increased awareness, prompting individuals, communities, and governments to take action. This collective effort can lead to meaningful change and a more sustainable future. Ultimately, while the challenges of climate change are daunting, they present an opportunity for society to come together and create positive solutions. By focusing on both the risks and the potential for progress, we can work towards a healthier planet for future generations. 33. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Sophia: I’ve been thinking about the influence of fast food on our health. What do you think? Liam: Fast food has both benefits and drawbacks, and it’s important to explore both sides. Sophia: What are some advantages of fast food? Liam: One major advantage is convenience. Fast food is quick and easily accessible, making it a popular choice for busy people. It can also be affordable, allowing individuals and families to eat without spending a lot of money. Sophia: Are there significant downsides to fast food? Liam: Yes, one major downside is its impact on health. Fast food is often high in unhealthy fats, sugars, and sodium, which can lead to obesity, heart disease, and other health issues. Additionally, frequent consumption of fast food can contribute to poor nutrition. Sophia: How can individuals make healthier choices when it comes to fast food? Liam: Individuals can opt for healthier menu items, like salads or grilled options, and be mindful of portion sizes. Planning meals ahead of time and cooking at home can also help reduce reliance on fast food. Sophia: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Liam. Liam: You’re welcome, Sophia. It’s an important topic for many people today. Now, discuss whether you believe the benefits of fast food outweigh the health risks it poses. In my opinion, while fast food offers certain benefits, such as convenience and affordability, the health risks it poses are more significant and concerning. The quick access to meals can be appealing for busy lifestyles, but this convenience often comes at the cost of nutrition. Fast food is typically high in unhealthy ingredients, contributing to serious health issues like obesity and heart disease. Moreover, the long-term effects of consuming fast food can lead to a cycle of poor dietary habits that are difficult to break. While individuals can make healthier choices from fast food menus, the options are often limited compared to home-cooked meals, which can provide better nutrition. Ultimately, the health risks associated with fast food consumption are substantial, and they overshadow the convenience it offers. To promote better health outcomes, individuals should prioritize cooking at home and making informed dietary choices. While fast food can fit into an occasional meal plan, it should not be a staple in our diets. The focus should be on developing healthier eating habits that contribute to overall well-being. 34. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Mia: I’ve been thinking about the impact of online learning on education. What are your thoughts? Jake: Online learning has both advantages and disadvantages that we should consider. Mia: What are some benefits of online learning? Jake: One significant benefit is flexibility. Students can learn at their own pace and schedule, making it easier to balance other responsibilities. Online learning also provides access to a wider range of courses and resources, which can enhance educational opportunities. Mia: Are there any drawbacks to online learning? Jake: Yes, one major drawback is the lack of face-to-face interaction. This can make it harder for students to build relationships with teachers and peers, which are important for collaboration and support. Additionally, some students may struggle with self-discipline and motivation when learning independently. Mia: How can educators improve the online learning experience? Jake: Educators can incorporate interactive elements, such as discussions and group projects, to foster engagement. Providing regular feedback and support can also help keep students motivated and connected. Mia: Thanks for sharing your insights, Jake. Jake: You’re welcome, Mia. It’s a crucial topic in today’s education system. Now, discuss whether you believe the benefits of online learning outweigh its challenges. In my opinion, the benefits of online learning generally outweigh its challenges, especially when it is implemented effectively. The flexibility that online learning provides is a significant advantage, allowing students to tailor their education to fit their individual needs and schedules. This can lead to greater satisfaction and engagement in their studies. However, the challenges, such as limited interaction and the need for self-discipline, are important considerations. While these issues can impact the learning experience, they can be addressed through thoughtful course design and active teaching strategies. By incorporating collaborative activities and providing support, educators can create a more engaging online environment. Moreover, the increased access to diverse courses and educational resources can greatly enhance learning opportunities for students who might not have these options in traditional settings. Online learning can also prepare students for a future where digital literacy is essential. Overall, while there are challenges associated with online learning, its potential to offer flexible, diverse, and accessible education makes it a valuable approach. With the right strategies in place, the benefits can significantly outweigh the drawbacks, leading to positive educational outcomes. 35. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Ella: I’ve been thinking about the impact of social media on mental health. What do you think? Max: Social media has both positive and negative effects on mental health that are worth discussing. Ella: What are some benefits of social media? Max: One major benefit is that it can foster connections. People can stay in touch with friends and family, especially those who live far away. It also provides a platform for support groups and communities where individuals can share their experiences and find encouragement. Ella: Are there any downsides to using social media? Max: Yes, one significant downside is the potential for comparison and envy. Seeing curated highlights of others’ lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Additionally, excessive use of social media can contribute to anxiety and depression, especially among younger users. Ella: How can people use social media in a healthier way? Max: People can set limits on their social media usage and be mindful of the content they consume. Following positive and uplifting accounts can also help create a more supportive online environment. Ella: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Max. Max: You’re welcome, Ella. It’s an important topic in today’s society. Now, discuss whether you believe the positive effects of social media on mental health outweigh the negative ones. In my opinion, the positive effects of social media on mental health can outweigh the negative ones, but it largely depends on how individuals engage with it. Social media can create a sense of community and belonging, especially for those who may feel isolated in their offline lives. This supportive network can be invaluable for mental well-being, providing a space for sharing experiences and finding solidarity. However, the negative impacts, such as comparison and anxiety, are serious concerns that cannot be ignored. To mitigate these risks, users need to be proactive in curating their social media feeds and limiting their time online. By following accounts that promote positivity and well-being, individuals can enhance their social media experience. Overall, while the potential for negative effects exists, the positive aspects of social media—such as connection and support—can significantly benefit mental health if approached mindfully. By focusing on constructive interactions and community building, social media can be a powerful tool for enhancing mental well-being. 36. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Nina: I’ve been thinking about the impact of globalization on local cultures. What do you think? Omar: Globalization has both positive and negative effects on local cultures, and it’s important to explore both sides. Nina: What are some benefits of globalization? Omar: One major benefit is that globalization promotes cultural exchange. It allows people to learn about and appreciate different cultures, which can lead to greater understanding and tolerance. Additionally, it can boost economies by creating new markets for local products. Nina: Are there any drawbacks to globalization? Omar: Yes, one significant drawback is the risk of cultural homogenization. As global brands and media dominate, local customs and traditions may be overshadowed or lost. This can lead to a decline in cultural diversity and identity. Nina: How can communities protect their local cultures in a globalized world? Omar: Communities can promote and celebrate their cultural heritage through festivals, education, and supporting local artisans. Encouraging the use of native languages and traditional practices can also help preserve cultural identity. Nina: Thanks for sharing your insights, Omar. Omar: You’re welcome, Nina. It’s an important topic in today’s interconnected world. Now, discuss whether you believe the benefits of globalization outweigh the negative effects on local cultures. In my opinion, while globalization presents certain benefits, its negative effects on local cultures are more concerning and should be addressed. The cultural exchange facilitated by globalization can foster understanding and appreciation among different peoples, but this positive aspect often comes at the cost of local traditions and identities. The risk of cultural homogenization is significant, as global brands and media can overshadow unique local practices. This loss of cultural diversity diminishes the richness of human experience and threatens the survival of many traditions. When local cultures are replaced by a more dominant global culture, communities may lose their sense of identity and heritage. To counteract these challenges, it is crucial for communities to actively promote and protect their cultural practices. By investing in cultural education, supporting local artists, and celebrating traditional events, communities can preserve their unique identities while still engaging with the globalized world. Ultimately, the negative effects of globalization on local cultures are substantial, and while some benefits exist, they should not come at the expense of cultural diversity. Protecting and valuing local cultures is essential for maintaining the richness and variety of human expression in our increasingly interconnected world. 37. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Jasmine: I’ve been thinking about the impact of technology on education. What do you think? Ethan: Technology has both advantages and disadvantages in education that are important to consider. Jasmine: What are some benefits of using technology in education? Ethan: One major benefit is that technology enhances learning experiences. It provides access to a wealth of resources, such as online courses, videos, and interactive tools, which can cater to different learning styles. Additionally, it allows for greater collaboration among students through online platforms. Jasmine: Are there any downsides to relying on technology in education? Ethan: Yes, one significant downside is the digital divide. Not all students have equal access to technology, which can create inequalities in learning opportunities. Furthermore, excessive screen time can lead to distractions and negatively impact students' attention spans. Jasmine: How can educators address these challenges? Ethan: Educators can ensure that technology is used as a tool to enhance learning rather than replace traditional methods. Providing training for both teachers and students on effective technology use can help maximize its benefits while minimizing drawbacks. Jasmine: Thanks for sharing your insights, Ethan. Ethan: You’re welcome, Jasmine. It’s an important topic in today’s education landscape. Now, discuss whether you believe the benefits of technology in education outweigh the challenges it poses. In my opinion, the benefits of technology in education generally outweigh the challenges, but it requires careful implementation. Technology enhances the learning experience by providing diverse resources and promoting collaboration among students. The ability to access information online allows for a more personalized and engaging educational experience that can cater to different learning styles. However, the challenges, such as the digital divide and potential distractions, are significant and must be addressed. Not all students have equal access to devices and the internet, which can lead to inequalities in education. Additionally, reliance on technology can sometimes hinder students’ focus and retention of information. To maximize the benefits of technology while minimizing its drawbacks, educators should strive for a balanced approach. Integrating technology with traditional teaching methods can help create a comprehensive learning environment. Furthermore, schools and communities should work to provide equitable access to technology for all students. Overall, while there are challenges associated with technology in education, its potential to enrich learning experiences and foster engagement makes it a valuable tool. With thoughtful implementation, the benefits can indeed outweigh the challenges, leading to improved educational outcomes for all students. 38. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Lila: I’ve been thinking about the impact of renewable energy on the environment. What do you think? Carlos: Renewable energy has both advantages and disadvantages that we should consider. Lila: What are some benefits of using renewable energy? Carlos: One major benefit is that renewable energy sources, like solar and wind, are much cleaner than fossil fuels. They produce little to no greenhouse gas emissions, which helps combat climate change. Additionally, renewable energy can reduce our dependence on imported fuels, promoting energy independence. Lila: Are there any downsides to renewable energy? Carlos: Yes, one significant downside is the initial cost of setting up renewable energy systems. Solar panels and wind turbines can be expensive to install, which can be a barrier for some communities. There can also be environmental impacts, such as land use changes or harm to local wildlife. Lila: How can we address these challenges? Carlos: Governments can provide incentives, such as tax credits and grants, to make renewable energy more affordable. Investing in research and development can also help reduce costs and improve technology. Lila: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Carlos. Carlos: You’re welcome, Lila. It’s an important issue for our future. Now, discuss whether you believe the benefits of renewable energy outweigh the disadvantages. In my opinion, the benefits of renewable energy outweigh the disadvantages, particularly when considering the long-term environmental impacts. The significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is crucial for addressing climate change, which poses a serious threat to our planet. By transitioning to cleaner energy sources, we can improve air quality and promote a healthier environment for future generations. While the initial costs of renewable energy systems can be high, these expenses are decreasing as technology advances and economies of scale are realized. Furthermore, the long-term savings on energy bills and the reduced need for fossil fuel imports can provide economic benefits over time. The environmental impacts associated with renewable energy projects, such as land use and wildlife effects, should be carefully managed through planning and regulation. With proper measures in place, these challenges can be minimized. Ultimately, the potential of renewable energy to create a sustainable and cleaner future makes its benefits far more significant than the drawbacks. By investing in renewable energy, we not only protect the environment but also pave the way for economic growth and energy independence. 39. Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Sophie: I’ve been thinking about the effects of video games on children. What do you think? Liam: Video games have both positive and negative effects on children that are worth discussing. Sophie: What are some benefits of playing video games? Liam: One major benefit is that video games can improve cognitive skills, such as problem-solving and critical thinking. Many games require players to strategize and make quick decisions, which can enhance their mental abilities. Additionally, video games can foster social connections through multiplayer features, allowing children to collaborate and communicate with peers. Sophie: Are there any downsides to video game use? Liam: Yes, one significant downside is the potential for addiction. Excessive gaming can lead to negative impacts on a child’s physical health, social skills, and academic performance. Furthermore, some games may contain violent content, which can influence behavior and desensitize children to aggression. Sophie: How can parents help manage their children's gaming habits? Liam: Parents can set limits on screen time and encourage a balance between gaming and other activities. Engaging with children in their gaming experiences can also provide opportunities for discussion about content and behavior. Sophie: Thanks for sharing your thoughts, Liam. Liam: You’re welcome, Sophie. It’s an important topic for many families today. Now, discuss whether you believe the positive effects of video games on children outweigh the negative effects. In my opinion, the positive effects of video games on children can outweigh the negative effects if managed appropriately. Video games can serve as valuable tools for developing cognitive skills and enhancing social interactions. Many games challenge players to think critically, solve complex problems, and work collaboratively with others, which can be beneficial for their overall development. However, the concerns about addiction and exposure to violent content are significant and should not be ignored. Excessive gaming can lead to unhealthy habits, and parents need to be vigilant about the types of games their children play. By setting reasonable limits on gaming time and encouraging a variety of activities, parents can help mitigate these risks. Moreover, the gaming industry is increasingly recognizing the importance of creating games with positive content and educational value. As this trend continues, the potential for video games to contribute positively to children's learning and development will grow. Ultimately, with responsible management, the benefits of video games can significantly outweigh the drawbacks, providing enriching experiences that promote both cognitive and social skills. Encouraging a balanced approach will allow children to enjoy the advantages of gaming while minimizing its negative effects.

How to Write a Compare-and-Contrast Essay A compare and contrast essay  is a type of academic writing in which a student examines two or more subjects and looks at how they are similar and different. To compare means to focus on the similarities between the subjects, while to contrast means to focus on their differences. The subjects being compared are often in the same category, but they have distinct differences. For example, you can compare and contrast two movies, two universities, or even two cars. A good compare and contrast essay  focuses on a central point, explaining why the comparison matters and what we can learn from it. This central idea, or thesis , must provide a clear and meaningful comparison. When writing your thesis, think about the main theme of your essay and brainstorm ideas to ensure your thesis is strong. These essays are very common in colleges and universities. Professors often assign them to encourage students to develop their analytical and comparative skills. Writing these essays helps students become better at noticing details and making thoughtful observations. It also trains them to set up a frame of reference , which means identifying a key idea or context that links the subjects being compared. Compare and contrast essays push students to make meaningful arguments about the subjects they are discussing. How to Begin a Compare and Contrast Essay: Brainstorming Ideas Now that you know what a compare and contrast essay is, the first step is to organize your thoughts. Start by grabbing a piece of paper and dividing it into two columns: one for similarities  and one for differences . Write down the most obvious and important things that come to mind first. Then, try to think more creatively about the subjects and look at them from different perspectives. This step can help you notice things you didn’t see at first. If you learn best visually, making a Venn diagram  could be very helpful. To create one, draw two circles that overlap slightly. In the overlapping part, list the similarities between the two subjects. In the non-overlapping parts, list the differences. For instance, if you are comparing oranges and apples, you would note that oranges have thick skin, are originally from India, and are tropical fruits. These facts go in the non-overlapping part of the circle for oranges. On the other hand, apples have thin skin, originate from Turkey or Kazakhstan, and grow in moderate to subtropical climates. These facts go in the non-overlapping part of the circle for apples. In the middle, you can write that both are fruits, can be juiced, and grow on trees. This type of diagram helps you clearly organize the similarities and differences and see them all at once, making it easier to figure out what to write about. Another way to brainstorm for a compare and contrast essay is to create a two-column list , one for each subject. In this format, you write the same characteristic for both subjects at the same time. For example, under "cost," you might write that a motorcycle is cheaper than a car, then directly compare that fact to the cost of a car. This method makes it easier to write because you already have your comparisons and contrasts lined up.   Common Mistakes to Avoid One common mistake students make is simply listing all the similarities and differences. While it’s important to list these things, your essay should go further by analyzing  these points. You should explain what the similarities and differences mean, and why they are important. Your essay should look at the connections  between the subjects, not just the surface-level facts. Compare and Contrast Essay Structure There are two main ways to structure a compare and contrast essay. You can use either the block method  or the point-by-point method . Another method is also less frequently used which is called Similarities and Differences Method Block Method In the block method , you write about all the information for the first subject in one block or section. You explain its characteristics, details, and main points. Then, you do the same thing for the second subject. This method is often easier because you deal with each subject separately, and the reader does the comparing on their own. Point-by-point Method In the point-by-point method , you discuss one aspect of both subjects at the same time. For instance, you compare how both subjects handle a certain issue, and then move on to another point. This method requires more analysis, as you need to compare and contrast the two subjects directly, point by point. Each method has its pros and cons. The block method is simpler, as you only need to focus on one subject at a time. However, it might not show the connections between the two subjects as clearly as the point-by-point method. The point-by-point method makes it easier for the reader to see the comparisons, but it requires more effort from the writer to ensure the essay flows smoothly.   Similarities and differences The third option is quite similar to the alternating approach, with each subject being discussed side by side in the same paragraph. However, the paragraphs aren’t divided by different topics, but instead by what the subjects have in common and what they don’t.  This method works best if you want to focus on a particular similarity or difference between your subjects, or if you want to build up to a powerful conclusion or reveal at the end.      Compare and Contrast Essay Example Outline Point-by-Point Method Example   Introduction Introduce the topic State your thesis (Example thesis: Cars and motorcycles make for excellent means of transportation, but a good choice depends on the person’s lifestyle, finances, and the city they live in.)   Body Paragraph 1 - Lifestyle Topic 1: Motorcycles are easier to store and use. Topic 2: Cars offer more comfort and require more skills to drive. Body Paragraph 2 - Finances Topic 1: Motorcycles are much cheaper to buy and maintain. Topic 2: Cars are expensive, both to buy and to fix. Body Paragraph 3 - City Topic 1: Motorcycles are more dangerous in big cities but perfect for narrow streets. Topic 2: Cars are safer for long distances and large cities. Conclusion Summarize your main points.   Block Method Example Introduction Introduce the topic and state your thesis. (Example thesis: Cars and motorcycles make for excellent means of transportation, but a good choice depends on the person’s lifestyle, finances, and the city they live in.) Body Paragraph 1 - Motorcycles Discuss how motorcycles affect lifestyle, finances, and city life. Body Paragraph 2 - Cars Discuss how cars affect lifestyle, finances, and city life. Conclusion Sum up the comparisons and explain why they matter.   Similarities and Differences You discuss all the similarities between your subjects and then all the differences, or vice versa (differences first and then similarities). Introduction Introduce the topic State your thesis (Example thesis: Cars and motorcycles make for excellent means of transportation, but a good choice depends on the person’s lifestyle, finances, and the city they live in.)   Body Paragraph 1 - Similarities Body Paragraph 2 - Differences Conclusion - Summarize your main points. Using Transitions in Compare and Contrast Essays To make your essay flow better, use transition words . These words help the reader follow your argument. When comparing, you can use words like “similarly,” “also,” and “likewise.” When contrasting, you can use phrases like “on the other hand,” “in contrast,” or “whereas.” Providing Evidence In any essay, including compare and contrast essays, it’s important to provide evidence. Use personal experiences, books, scholarly articles, or real-life examples to support your arguments. For example, if you are comparing online learning and attending college on campus, you can share your personal experiences with both.   The writing process for compare-and-contrast essays Want to know how to write a compare-and-contrast essay step by step? The writing process is the same as all essay writing, although adapted specifically for drawing comparisons: 1    Brainstorming  — As mentioned above,  brainstorming  should involve listing all the similarities and difficulties; creating a Venn diagram is a useful method.  2    Preparation  — Looking at your brainstorming lists, decide which structuring method would best get your point across: block, alternating, or similarities/differences.  3    Drafting  — Here you write your  rough draft ; this is the longest and toughest phase.  4    Revising  — Does the structure you’ve chosen work? With the first draft finished, you can more easily identify any areas that need to be fixed, revised, or rewritten from scratch.  5    Proofreading  — Finally, you want to make sure you corrected all the spelling and grammatical mistakes in your draft. With a writing assistant like Grammarly, this phase is a breeze.  If you want to learn more about this process, read our comprehensive  guide on essay writing , which better explains the details.    Final Tips for Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay Use strong transitions  to make your writing smoother. Clarify concepts  that the reader might not know. Proofread  your work to avoid mistakes. Ask someone else to read your essay to catch things you might have missed.  Examples 1. Point-by-Point Method Motorcycle vs. Cars: A Comparison Motorcycles and cars are both popular forms of transportation, but they have different impacts on a person’s lifestyle, finances, and how they are used in cities. Choosing between a motorcycle and a car depends on a person’s needs and the environment they live in. Cars and motorcycles are both great transportation options, but the better choice depends on factors like how they affect daily life, cost, and where they are used. Body Paragraph 1 – Lifestyle Motorcycles affect a person’s lifestyle less than cars. Motorcycles are smaller, making them easier to store, especially in places with limited space. They are also easier to learn and use, meaning a person can quickly become a skilled rider. In contrast, cars  have a bigger impact on daily life. Many people see cars as more than just vehicles—they are often viewed as a second home. However, it takes longer to learn how to drive a car properly and safely. Body Paragraph 2 – Finances When it comes to cost, cars are much more expensive than motorcycles. A motorcycle can be purchased for as little as $300, making it a very affordable option. Motorcycles also have fewer parts, which makes them easier and cheaper to repair. On the other hand, cars  come with higher costs. Repairs and services for cars can be expensive, and cars consume more gas than motorcycles, increasing their running costs. Body Paragraph 3 – City Cars are often a better option for bigger cities with wide roads. Motorcycles can be more dangerous in large cities with heavy traffic, but they are very convenient in cities with narrow streets, such as Rome. Cars , however, are generally more comfortable for navigating big cities and are better suited for long-distance travel outside the city. Conclusion In conclusion, both motorcycles and cars have their benefits and drawbacks. Motorcycles are more affordable and easier to use, while cars offer more comfort and safety, especially in big cities. The best choice depends on lifestyle, budget, and location. 2.    Block Method Motorcycle vs. Cars: A Comparison Motorcycles and cars are two common forms of transportation, but they serve different purposes and impact a person's life in distinct ways. Choosing between the two depends on how they affect one's lifestyle, finances, and ease of use in different city environments. Both motorcycles and cars are effective transportation options, but the right choice depends on personal needs and circumstances, including lifestyle, cost, and location. Body Paragraph 1 – Motorcycles Motorcycles offer a simpler and less intrusive impact on lifestyle. They are small, making them easy to store, especially in places with limited space like apartments or crowded urban areas. Additionally, motorcycles are easy to learn to ride, allowing new riders to quickly adapt. Financially, motorcycles are much cheaper than cars, with good options available for as little as $300. They also have fewer parts, which means they are easier and less costly to maintain. In city life, motorcycles can be a convenient option for navigating narrow streets, especially in cities like Rome. However, they can be more dangerous in large cities with heavy traffic, where accidents are more likely. Body Paragraph 2 – Cars Cars have a bigger impact on lifestyle compared to motorcycles. They are often seen as more than just transportation, with many people treating their car as a second home. Learning to drive a car can take more time, but cars provide greater comfort and convenience, especially for families. When it comes to finances, cars are far more expensive. Not only do they cost more to purchase, but they also require more fuel and are costly to repair when something breaks. However, in larger cities with wide roads, cars are much safer and more comfortable to drive. Cars are also better suited for traveling longer distances and offer more convenience for trips outside the city. Conclusion In summary, motorcycles and cars both offer valuable benefits, but each comes with trade-offs. Motorcycles are affordable and easier to manage, while cars offer greater comfort and safety in bigger cities. Ultimately, the best choice depends on an individual's lifestyle, financial situation, and where they plan to use their vehicle. 3.     Similarities and Differences Motorcycle vs. Cars: A Comparison Motorcycles and cars are both popular modes of transportation, but they offer unique advantages and challenges depending on personal preferences and circumstances. When comparing them, it’s important to look at how they affect lifestyle, finances, and suitability for city life. While both motorcycles and cars serve as effective means of transportation, they differ in terms of cost, convenience, and safety, yet share certain similarities in their purpose and utility. Similarities Despite their differences, motorcycles and cars share some similarities. Both serve as essential forms of transportation, offering mobility and freedom to travel wherever needed. Whether used for short commutes or long-distance travel, both vehicles can be highly functional depending on the user’s lifestyle. Additionally, both motorcycles and cars can be used in urban and rural areas, depending on the infrastructure available. Differences Motorcycles and cars have several key differences. In terms of lifestyle, motorcycles are smaller, easier to store, and simpler to learn to ride. They don’t take up much space and are more suitable for individuals who live in smaller homes or apartments. Cars, on the other hand, play a bigger role in the owner’s life, often acting as a second home with space for family and personal items. Learning to drive a car requires more time and effort. Financially, motorcycles are much more affordable. A good motorcycle can cost as little as $300, and they have fewer parts, which makes them cheaper and easier to fix. Cars are significantly more expensive, both to purchase and maintain, and they consume more fuel than motorcycles. In terms of city life, motorcycles are more agile and can navigate narrow streets easily, like those found in cities such as Rome. However, they can be more dangerous in larger cities with heavy traffic. Cars, while bulkier, are safer in big cities with wide roads and provide more comfort, especially when traveling outside urban areas. Conclusion Motorcycles and cars cater to different needs and preferences, with motorcycles being more affordable and easier to manage, while cars offer greater comfort and safety, especially in larger cities. However, both are important modes of transportation, and the choice between the two ultimately depends on the individual's financial situation, lifestyle, and location.

Please click on the following link- Conditional Sentence all Rules and Practice Some Extra Exercises with Answer: Conditional Sentences Type I Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I. If the weather (improve)  ______, we (have)  ______ a picnic this weekend. If she (not finish)  ______ her thesis on time, she (not graduate)  ______ this year. If the company (expand)  ______ its operations, it (create)  ______ more jobs. If you (not attend)  ______ the meeting, you (miss)  ______ important updates. If I (not receive)  ______ a promotion, I (consider)  ______ other job offers. If they (offer)  ______ a better deal, more customers (choose)  ______ their service. If the conference (be)  ______ successful, they (plan)  ______ another one next year. If he (train)  ______ consistently, he (become)  ______ a top athlete. If our team (win)  ______ the championship, we (celebrate)  ______ together. If she (ask)  ______ for help, I (assist)  ______ her with her project. Conditional Sentences Type II Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II. If I (know)  ______ the answer, I (share)  ______ it with you. If they (offer)  ______ me the position, I (accept)  ______ it without hesitation. If he (speak)  ______ French fluently, he (apply)  ______ for the job in Paris. If she (be)  ______ more organized, she (manage)  ______ her time better. If we (have)  ______ more resources, we (complete)  ______ the project ahead of schedule. If they (not insist)  ______ on their terms, negotiations (go)  ______ more smoothly. If I (be)  ______ the president, I (implement)  ______ policies to support education. If you (see)  ______ her today, please (remind)  ______ her about the meeting. If he (not worry)  ______ so much, he (perform)  ______ better in interviews. If we (not run)  ______ into traffic, we (arrive)  ______ on time. Conditional Sentences Type III Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III. If they (attend)  ______ the seminar, they (gain)  ______ valuable insights. If she (realize)  ______ the importance of the project earlier, she (not overlook)  ______ critical details. If I (know)  ______ you were in town, I (invite)  ______ you to dinner. If we (not forget)  ______ our tickets, we (see)  ______ the concert. If he (study)  ______ harder in college, he (have)  ______ a better job now. If they (provide)  ______ the necessary information, we (complete)  ______ the analysis sooner. If you (not miss)  ______ the train, you (arrive)  ______ in time for the meeting. If I (have)  ______ known about the issue, I (address)  ______ it immediately. If she (not break)  ______ her leg, she (participate)  ______ in the marathon. If we (take)  ______ a different route, we (avoid)  ______ the traffic jam. Conditional Sentences Type I, II or III Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II, or III). If I (be)  ______ more experienced, I would have (apply)  ______ for the leadership role. If we (not lose)  ______ the last game, we would (be)  ______ in the finals. If the manager (approve)  ______ the budget, we (start)  ______ the new project. If she (attend)  ______ the workshop last week, she would have (learn)  ______ valuable skills. If you (invest)  ______ in that startup, you might have (make)  ______ a fortune by now. If I (not be)  ______ so busy yesterday, I would have (join)  ______ you for lunch. If they (continue)  ______ to innovate, they (lead)  ______ the market. If I (know)  ______ about the event earlier, I would have (arrange)  ______ my schedule differently. If you (practice)  ______ regularly, you would (improve)  ______ significantly. If we (not receive)  ______ the grant, we would have (abandon)  ______ the research. Answers Conditional Sentences Type I If the weather improves , we will have  a picnic this weekend. If she does not finish  her thesis on time, she will not graduate  this year. If the company expands  its operations, it will create  more jobs. If you do not attend  the meeting, you will miss  important updates. If I do not receive  a promotion, I will consider  other job offers. If they offer  a better deal, more customers will choose  their service. If the conference is  successful, they will plan  another one next year. If he trains  consistently, he will become  a top athlete. If our team wins  the championship, we will celebrate  together. If she asks  for help, I will assist  her with her project. Conditional Sentences Type II If I knew  the answer, I would share  it with you. If they offered  me the position, I would accept  it without hesitation. If he spoke  French fluently, he would apply  for the job in Paris. If she were  more organized, she would manage  her time better. If we had  more resources, we would complete  the project ahead of schedule. If they did not insist  on their terms, negotiations would go  more smoothly. If I were  the president, I would implement  policies to support education. If you saw  her today, please remind  her about the meeting. If he did not worry  so much, he would perform  better in interviews. If we did not run  into traffic, we would arrive  on time. Conditional Sentences Type III If they had attended  the seminar, they would have gained  valuable insights. If she had realized  the importance of the project earlier, she would not have overlooked  critical details. If I had known  you were in town, I would have invited  you to dinner. If we had not forgotten  our tickets, we would have seen  the concert. If he had studied  harder in college, he would have had  a better job now. If they had provided  the necessary information, we would have completed  the analysis sooner. If you had not missed  the train, you would have arrived  in time for the meeting. If I had known  about the issue, I would have addressed  it immediately. If she had not broken  her leg, she would have participated  in the marathon. If we had taken  a different route, we would have avoided  the traffic jam. Conditional Sentences Type I, II or III If I were  more experienced, I would have applied  for the leadership role. If we had not lost  the last game, we would be  in the finals. If the manager approves  the budget, we will start  the new project. If she had attended  the workshop last week, she would have learned  valuable skills. If you had invested  in that startup, you might have made  a fortune by now. If I had not been  so busy yesterday, I would have joined  you for lunch. If they continue  to innovate, they will lead  the market. If I had known  about the event earlier, I would have arranged  my schedule differently. If you practiced  regularly, you would improve  significantly. If we had not received  the grant, we would have abandoned  the research. Conditional Sentences with Inversion and Other Conditional Words Complete the sentences using inversion or other conditional expressions (such as "unless," "provided that," "as long as," "in case," "should," etc.). Had  they known about the changes, they (adjust)  ______ their plans. Were  she to ask for help, I (be)  ______ happy to assist. You can borrow my car as long as  you (return)  ______ it by tomorrow. Should  it snow this weekend, we (stay)  ______ indoors. Had  he studied the material, he (pass)  ______ the test. Unless  you (submit)  ______ your application on time, you will not be considered. Were  we to start earlier, we (arrive)  ______ before noon. I would travel more often provided that  I (have)  ______ the time. Should  they require assistance, they (call)  ______ me. Had  I realized the importance, I (act)  ______ differently. You will succeed as long as  you (work)  ______ hard. Were  he to reconsider, he (find)  ______ better options. Unless  we (leave)  ______ now, we will miss the train. I would have gone to the party in case  I (know)  ______ you were attending. Were  she more diligent, she (achieve)  ______ her goals sooner. Provided that  it (not rain)  ______, we will have a picnic. Should  you encounter any issues, please (let)  ______ me know. Had  they informed us earlier, we (prepare)  ______ better. You will enjoy the movie as long as  you (not expect)  ______ too much. Were  it not for his guidance, I (struggle)  ______ with this project. Unless  you (follow)  ______ the instructions, the device will not work. Should  you decide to join us, we (be)  ______ thrilled. Had  we anticipated the delays, we (leave)  ______ sooner. You can go out provided that  you (finish)  ______ your homework. Were  they to propose a different plan, we (consider)  ______ it seriously. In case  you (forget)  ______ your keys, I will bring a spare. Had  she known about the deadline, she (submit)  ______ her work on time. You will excel as long as  you (stay)  ______ motivated. Should  they accept the offer, we (move)  ______ forward quickly. Were  I given a chance, I (speak)  ______ at the conference. Unless  it (be)  ______ urgent, please wait until tomorrow. I would have taken the job if  it (pay)  ______ better. Were  he to visit London, he (see)  ______ many interesting sites. Provided that  you (complete)  ______ the tasks, you will pass the course. Should  it be necessary, we (implement)  ______ the changes immediately. Had  they been more prepared, they (perform)  ______ better in the competition. You will find the book enjoyable as long as  you (appreciate)  ______ historical fiction. Were  she to travel abroad, she (experience)  ______ new cultures. Unless  you (apply)  ______ for the scholarship, you won’t get funding. Should  I see him at the event, I (invite)  ______ him to dinner. Had  we considered other options, we (choose)  ______ differently. You can stay out late provided that  you (call)  ______ me when you arrive home. Were  I more skilled, I (attempt)  ______ the difficult task. Unless  it (be)  ______ a problem, I will proceed with my plan. I would have attended the seminar if  I (know)  ______ about it earlier. Should  they request additional information, I (provide)  ______ it promptly. Had  she taken the advice, she (avoid)  ______ the mistake. You can join the team as long as  you (meet)  ______ the requirements. Were  they to ask for feedback, I (offer)  ______ my suggestions. In case  of an emergency, please (contact)  ______ the authorities immediately. Answers Had  they known about the changes, they would have adjusted  their plans. Were  she to ask for help, I would be  happy to assist. You can borrow my car as long as  you return  it by tomorrow. Should  it snow this weekend, we will stay  indoors. Had  he studied the material, he would have passed  the test. Unless  you submit  your application on time, you will not be considered. Were  we to start earlier, we would arrive  before noon. I would travel more often provided that  I had  the time. Should  they require assistance, they will call  me. Had  I realized the importance, I would have acted  differently. You will succeed as long as  you work  hard. Were  he to reconsider, he would find  better options. Unless  we leave  now, we will miss the train. I would have gone to the party in case  I had known  you were attending. Were  she more diligent, she would achieve  her goals sooner. Provided that  it does not rain , we will have a picnic. Should  you encounter any issues, please let  me know. Had  they informed us earlier, we would have prepared  better. You will enjoy the movie as long as  you do not expect  too much. Were  it not for his guidance, I would struggle  with this project. Unless  you follow  the instructions, the device will not work. Should  you decide to join us, we would be  thrilled. Had  we anticipated the delays, we would have left  sooner. You can go out provided that  you finish  your homework. Were  they to propose a different plan, we would consider  it seriously. In case  you forget  your keys, I will bring a spare. Had  she known about the deadline, she would have submitted  her work on time. You will excel as long as  you stay  motivated. Should  they accept the offer, we will move  forward quickly. Were  I given a chance, I would speak  at the conference. Unless  it is  urgent, please wait until tomorrow. I would have taken the job if  it paid  better. Were  he to visit London, he would see  many interesting sites. Provided that  you complete  the tasks, you will pass the course. Should  it be necessary, we will implement  the changes immediately. Had  they been more prepared, they would have performed  better in the competition. You will find the book enjoyable as long as  you appreciate  historical fiction. Were  she to travel abroad, she would experience  new cultures. Unless  you apply  for the scholarship, you won’t get funding. Should  I see him at the event, I will invite  him to dinner. Had  we considered other options, we would have chosen  differently. You can stay out late provided that  you call  me when you arrive home. Were  I more skilled, I would attempt  the difficult task. Unless  it is  a problem, I will proceed with my plan. I would have attended the seminar if  I had known  about it earlier. Should  they request additional information, I will provide  it promptly. Had  she taken the advice, she would have avoided  the mistake. You can join the team as long as  you meet  the requirements. Were  they to ask for feedback, I would offer  my suggestions. In case  of an emergency, please contact  the authorities immediately.

Annual Assessment 2024 Subject: English Class: 9 Assessment guidelines for conducting annual examinations 2024 for the secondary level education institutions 1)     The annual assessment of classes 6, 7, 8, and 9 will be done through written examinations based on the National Curriculum 2022 of NCTB. 2)     The annual assessment format for the classes 6, 7, 8, and 9 will comprise both summative and continuous assessment. 3)     Out of 100 marks allocated for the assessment of each subject the summative assessment will carry 70% weightage while the continuous assessment will carry the rest 30%. 4)     For each subject, the annual summative assessment will be carried out through a written examination of 100 marks. The marks obtained out of 100 marks written examination will be converted to 70 marks and, these marks will be combined with the marks obtained from the continuous assessment having 30 marks to calculate the subject-wise result out of a total of 100 marks. 5)     a) The continuous assessment as outlined in the subject-wise guidelines must be completed in each education institution before the annual examination. b) All records of students’ performances in the continuous assessment must be gathered and stored properly. The subject wise guidelines for conducting continuous assessments must be followed properly. 6)     The total time allocated for conducting the summative examination including the objective part will be 3 hours. 7)     The subject teachers will develop the question papers for the subjects they teach following the sample questions provided by the Ministry of Education for conducting annual examination while ensuring due level of confidentiality. 8)     The Heads of concerned institutions in collaboration with the subject teachers will take required measures for conducting annual examinations and ensure due level of confidentiality. 9)     Teachers who develop the questions/test items are also responsible for providing the sample answers to the open ended and/or more subjective type test task. 10)  The schools will provide answer scripts for students to write their answers in the summative examinations. However, no separate OMR sheets/answer scripts will be provided for the objective items. Students will have to write the answers to the objective items in their answer scripts. 11)  Assessments for the specialised subjects under Madrasah and Vocational steams will be held in the same method as they were conducted before. 12)  Assessments of all subjects of class 10 will be held in the same method as they were conducted before. Subject-wise guideline for conducting annual summative assessments for the academic year 2024 Subject: English Class: 9 (a)    Guidelines for developing questions 1.      Questions should be based on the competencies/skills and knowledge focused in the experiences of the NCTB textbooks as prescribed by the syllabus outlined in this guideline. 2.      Questions on reading and grammar must be set from the unseen texts which should similar to the relevant texts given in the textbooks in terms of level of difficulty, genre and style. 3.      Tasks for writing part need to be set considering the type of writing students have done in the classroom. However, no writing tasks/topics should be copied from the textbook while setting questions. 4.      Question setters need to provide the sample answers and rubrics for marking the essay type/open ended writing tasks. (b)      Syllabus for annual examination 2024 Experience Title Pages 6 The Art of Expressing Comparisons 53-60 8 Imaginations 69-78 9 A Journey through Explanatory Texts 79-82 (c)      Assessment format Learners will be assessed on both continuous and summative assessments. However, the formative and summative parts of assessment will carry the weightage as shown below- Continuous Summative 30% 70% (d)      Continuous assessment: Task type and marks distribution Teachers must give prior notifications to students explaining the details of when and how the continuous assessments will be conducted. Teachers must select the mentioned items for CA from the given syllabus. The concerned teachers also have to keep a record of students’ performances in various Continuous Assessment tasks and compile the final grades for the Continuous Assessment part obtained by each student by the end of the year. Name of Items/Tasks Marks allocated Home work: As specified by the teacher 10 Classwork (individual or group works, completing tables/charts/flowcharts etc. as given in the relevant Experiences (see the syllabus in section B) of the textbook 10 Project work/Assignments as specified in the relevant Experiences (see the syllabus in section B) of the textbook 10 Total 30 (e) Summative assessment: Task type and marks distribution Type of Examination: Written Full Marks: 100 Skills/Competencies covered Type of Test Tasks/Items Number of Items Total marks Reading (35 marks) Test items will be based on 3 unseen passages MCQ 5 1x5 =    5 Short answer questions 5 2x5=   10 Matching 5 1x5=     5 Arguments 5 5x1=     5 Completing table   2x5 = 10 Appreciating Poetry (30 marks) Items will be based on one unseen poem Short answer questions 3 2x5=   10 Identifying and explaining literary figures (metaphor, simile and imagery) 1 2x5=   10 Writing expressions (Interpreting themes/ideas) 6 10x1=10 Writing (35 marks) Writing paragraph 1 10x1= 10 Writing compare-contrast essay 1 15x1= 15 Writing explanatory texts 1 2x5=   10 Total   100 N.B. Question setters may include alternative items of similar nature and level of difficulty to give options for the candidates to choose from. Thus candidates will have the flexibility to choose any one out of the three tasks. (f)     Sample question for the written test as per the prescribed format Sample Question Annual Summative Assessment-2024 Sample Question Subject: English Grade: Nine Time: 3 hours                                                                           Marks: 100 Part A: Reading 1.       Read the passage carefully and complete the activities that follow: Being an exemplary citizen entails actively contributing to the welfare of one's community and nation. It transcends mere adherence to laws; it involves a conscious effort to foster positive change and promote the common good. A cornerstone of responsible citizenship is participation in the democratic process, particularly through voting. By casting a ballot, citizens exercise their power to influence the selection of leaders who will shape policies and governance for the benefit of society. Furthermore, law-abiding behaviour and the timely payment of taxes are vital duties. These contributions fund essential public services, such as the construction of educational institutions, infrastructure, and healthcare facilities, which are the backbone of a thriving society. Environmental stewardship is another critical aspect of good citizenship. This includes conserving natural resources, maintaining cleanliness in public spaces, and advocating for sustainable practices like recycling. By respecting diverse cultures and beliefs, good citizens foster a more inclusive and harmonious society, where mutual understanding and cooperation prevail. Moreover, civic responsibility extends to aiding others in the community. This can be demonstrated through volunteerism, assisting those in need, or supporting local businesses. Engaged citizens recognize the value of education and take steps to promote lifelong learning, both for themselves and for others, understanding that an informed populace is essential for societal progress. Lastly, maintaining one's health and well-being is a civic duty that cannot be overlooked. A healthy citizenry contributes to the overall vitality of the community. This responsibility involves adopting healthy eating habits, staying physically active, and managing stress effectively. By prioritizing these aspects, citizens ensure that they are capable of contributing positively to society, thereby enhancing the quality of life for everyone within the community. A. Choose the best answer from the alternatives. a)      What does being an exemplary citizen primarily involve? i.          Following all laws strictly ii.          Contributing to the welfare of the community and nation iii.          Paying taxes on time iv.          Voting in every election b)      According to the passage, what is considered a cornerstone of responsible citizenship? i.          Environmental conservation ii.          Participation in the democratic process iii.          Maintaining personal health iv.          Supporting local businesses c)      How do citizens influence the selection of leaders, as mentioned in the passage? i.          By participating in community service ii.          By casting a ballot in elections iii.          By paying taxes iv.          By attending public meetings d)      How do good citizens contribute to a more inclusive society? i.          By voting in every election ii.          By paying taxes regularly iii.          By respecting diverse cultures and beliefs iv.          By participating in debates e)      Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a responsibility of an exemplary citizen? i.          Participating in the democratic process ii.          Conserving natural resources iii.          Adopting healthy eating habits iv.          Traveling frequently B.      Write answers to the following questions.                                               2X5=10 i)       What are the vital duties mentioned in the passage that support public services? ii)    Why is participation in the democratic process important for responsible citizenship? iii)      How does the passage define the ultimate impact of responsible citizenship? iv)      What is the role of education in responsible citizenship? v)      How does respecting diverse cultures and beliefs contribute to society? C.      Below is a table with two columns. In the left column are words from the passage, and in the right column are definitions. Match each word with the correct definition by writing the corresponding letter in the space provided.                                                                                                1X5=5 Column A (Word) Column B (Definition) Exemplary An important quality or feature on which a particular thing depends or is based. Cornerstone Publicly supporting or recommending a particular cause or policy. Inclusive The responsible management and care of something Advocating Serving as a desirable model; representing the best of its kind. Stewardship Open to everyone, regardless of differences such as race, religion 2.      Read the following conversation and complete the activity that follows. Abir: I’ve been hearing about human trafficking in Bangladesh. What is it? Lily: Human trafficking is when people are illegally traded for exploitation, like forced labor or prostitution. It’s a big problem here. Abir: How does it happen? Lily: Traffickers lure people with false promises of jobs or a better life, then exploit them. Abir: Who is most at risk? Lily: People from poor backgrounds, with little education, and marginalized communities, especially women and children. Abir: What’s being done to stop it? Lily: The government and organizations are working on stricter laws, better enforcement, and raising awareness. There are also shelters and support for victims. Abir: Are there still challenges? Lily: Yes, corruption, lack of resources, and low awareness make it hard to combat trafficking fully. Abir: Thanks for explaining, Lily. Lily: You’re welcome, Abir. It’s important to know about these issues. Now, give your opinions whether you agree or disagree with the statement ‘The government and organizations are not doing anything to combat human trafficking.’ 3.      Read the following text on cybercrime. Then complete the activities that follow. Cybercrime is a growing concern, involving illegal activities conducted online or using computers. Common types include hacking, identity theft, and online fraud. These crimes can cause significant harm to individuals and organizations, leading to financial loss and data breaches. Awareness is crucial to prevent cybercrime. People should use strong passwords, avoid sharing personal information online, and be cautious of suspicious emails and links. The government and organizations in Bangladesh are working to implement robust cyber security measures and educate the public about safe online practices. Complete the following table writing effect and preventive measures in respective columns. 2x5=10 Cause Effect Preventive Measures Hacking     Identity Theft     Online Fraud     Phishing     Malware attacks     Part B: Appreciating Poetry 4.      Read the following poem and do the activities that follow. A Bird on The Wire Leonard Cohen Like a bird on the wire Like a drunk in a midnight choir I have tried in my way to be free Like a worm on a hook Like a knight from some old fashioned book I have saved all my ribbons for thee If I, if I have been unkind I hope that you can just let it go by If I, if I have been untrue I hope you know it was never to you Oh, like a baby, stillborn Like a beast with his horn I have torn everyone who reached out for me But I swear by this song And by all that I have done wrong I will make it all up to thee a)       Answer the following questions.                                                                2x5=10 i.        What is the significance of metaphor ‘Like a bird on the wire’ in the poem? ii.      How does the poet explore the theme of regret in the poem? iii.       What role does the imagery play in conveying the poem’s theme? iv.       How does the poem reflect poet’s personal experiences? v.       How does the poem reflect on the nature of human relationship? b)     Read the poem again, and identify 3 metaphors and 2 similes used in the poem. Then explain the purpose of their uses.    2x5 =10 c)       Read the poem again and express your feelings.                                              10 Part C: Writing [For questions 5-7 learners should strictly follow the textbook to develop their writing on different issues.] 5.      You know that the cultural heritage holds profound significance, reflecting a country's rich history, diverse traditions, and national identity. Think of the cultural heritage of your locality/district/country which has special values. Now write a paragraph on “The Significance of the Cultural Heritage of Bangladesh” 10 By paying attention to the following features, you can write the paragraph which will be clear, well-organized, and effective in conveying your ideas: •       Your paragraph should start with the topic sentence. •       The paragraph should focus on a single idea or theme. •       The paragraph should flow logically from one idea to the next. •       Include specific details rather than vague or general statements. 6.       The Venn diagram below shows some similarities, some dissimilarities and some common features between the garment sector and the IT sector of Bangladesh. Now write an essay describing the Venn diagram in not more than 250 words.                    15 You should follow the instructions below: •       Start with an engaging sentence to grab the reader’s attention. •       Use 3 Body Paragraphs: •       Use specific examples, facts, and quotes to support your points. •       Briefly recap the main points of comparison and contrast you covered in the body paragraphs. IT sector Garment sector 7.      Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up following grid. One is done for you. Insects have a special way of breathing that is different from humans. Instead of lungs, insects use tiny tubes called tracheae to take in oxygen. These tubes are spread throughout their bodies and open to the outside through small holes called spiracles. When air entersthrough the spiracles, it travels through the tracheae and reaches the insect's cells directly. This allows insects to get the oxygen they need without using blood to transport it like humans do. The system is efficient for their small size, helping them survive in different environments. Elements of an Explanatory Text Examples in the Text General statement (what is being explained) Insects have a special way of breathing.                     (g) Rubrics for marking items 5-6 Rubrics for marking item no 5: Writing a paragraph CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Title, topic sentence and concluding sentence Title, topic sentence and concluding sentence are written properly Title is ok but the topic sentence and concluding sentence are not clear with their purposes Title is ok but the topic sentence and concluding sentence are not clear with their purposes, and text contains errors. One of these is missing (title, topic sentence, concluding sentence)   6 4 3 2 Body Ideas are expressed in a clear and organized fashion. It is easy to figure out what it is about. Cohesive devices are used properly. Ideas are expressed in a pretty clear manner but the organization could have been better. Cohesive devices are used properly. Ideas are somewhat organized, but are not very clear. It takes more than one reading to figure out what it is about. The paragraph seems to be a collection of unrelated sentences. It is very difficult to figure out what it is about. Rubrics for marking item no 6: Writing an Essay Category 3 2 1 Introduction Well written with a clear thesis statement Written with a weak thesis statement Written with an unclear thesis statement Body paragraph-1 Written clearly (Point of comparison-1) and sentences are well organized (use of cohesive devices, choices of words, etc.) Written clearly (Point of comparison-1) and sentences are not well organized (use of cohesive devices, choices of words, etc.) Not written clearly (Point of comparison-1) and sentences are not well organized (use of cohesive devices, choices of words, etc.) Body paragraph-2 Written clearly (Point of comparison-2) and sentences are well organized (use of cohesive devices, choices of words, etc.) Written clearly (Point of comparison-2) and sentences are not well organized (use of cohesive devices, choices of words, etc.) Not written clearly (Point of comparison-2) and sentences are not well organized (use of cohesive devices, choices of words, etc.) Body paragraph-3 Written clearly (Point of comparison-3) and sentences are well organized (use of cohesive devices, choices of words, etc.) Written clearly (Point of comparison-3) and sentences are not well organized (use of cohesive devices, choices of words, etc.) Not written clearly (Point of comparison-3) and sentences are not well organized (use of cohesive devices, choices of words, etc.) Conclusion Restated the thesis statement clearly and provided opinions. Did not restate the thesis statement clearly or did not provide opinions Did not restate the thesis statement clearly and did not provide opinions

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