READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Tea and the Industrial Revolution    Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 iv The time and place of the Industrial Revolution Paragraph A, Last lines In paragraph A, the author poses the questions: “Why did this particular Big Bang—the world-changing birth of industry—happen in Britain? And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?” These questions hint at the place and time of the Industrial Revolution. 2 viii Conditions required for industrialisation Paragraph B, Lines 1-2 Paragraph B mentions, “There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen.” The writer lists factors such as technology, power, cheap labour, easy transportation, market-driven economy, and political system as the required conditions for the Industrial Revolution. 3 vii Two keys to Britain’s industrial revolution Paragraph C, Lines 1-2 In paragraph C, the writer explains that tea and beer, because of their antiseptic properties, helped Britain avoid water-borne diseases like dysentery, making them key factors in urban communities flourishing during the revolution. 4 i The search for the reasons for an increase in population Paragraph D, Lines 1-4 In paragraph D, the writer mentions Macfarlane’s search for reasons behind the population increase in Britain between 1650 and 1740, followed by a sudden population growth after that period. 5 vi Changes in drinking habits in Britain Paragraph E, Lines 7-11 Paragraph E discusses how the tax on malt led people to turn to water and gin instead of beer, causing a rise in the mortality rate, which later dropped again. This illustrates changes in drinking habits and their effect on the death rate. 6 ix Comparisons with Japan lead to the answer Paragraph F, Lines 1-6 Paragraph F compares Japan and Britain, discussing how water-borne diseases affected populations differently in both countries. The comparison helped Macfarlane uncover the role of tea in Britain’s history. 7 ii Industrialisation and the fear of unemployment Paragraph G, Lines 3-5 In paragraph G, the writer mentions how fear of unemployment led people to oppose industrialization, particularly labor-saving devices like animals, which were thought to threaten jobs. 8 NOT GIVEN China’s transport system was not suitable for industry in the 18th century Not referenced Though China is mentioned in paragraphs B and F, there is no information about China’s transport system in the text, so this statement is not given. 9 TRUE Tea and beer both helped to prevent dysentery in Britain Paragraph C, Lines 2-4 In paragraph C, the writer mentions that tea and beer, due to their antiseptic properties, helped prevent dysentery, especially in urban communities. 10 FALSE Roy Porter disagrees with Professor Macfarlane’s findings Paragraph C, Last lines The text states that Roy Porter supported Macfarlane’s findings, directly contradicting the idea that he disagreed. 11 FALSE After 1740, there was a reduction in population in Britain Paragraph D, Lines 3-4 The text states that after 1740, Britain experienced a burst in population growth, not a reduction. 12 NOT GIVEN People in Britain used to make beer at home Not referenced The text mentions beer consumption but does not provide information about whether people in Britain made beer at home. 13 TRUE The tax on malt indirectly caused a rise in the death rate Paragraph E, Lines 7-11 Paragraph E explains that the tax on malt led the poor to turn to water and gin instead of beer, which caused a rise in the mortality rate.     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Gifted children and learning   Question No. Answer Explanation Keywords for the Answer Explanation of Answer Question 14 A The domestic background greatly influences gifted children, as per Freeman's study. influence, domestic background, gifted child In paragraph A, the author mentions the importance of ‘home educational provision’ and ‘reported verbal interactions with parents, number of books and activities in their home etc.’ These suggest the influence of a gifted child's home background. Question 15 D Giving too much guidance reduces a gifted learner's autonomy, as stated in paragraph D. what can be lost, learners given, too much guidance In paragraph D, the author says that teachers who overdirect diminish the learners’ autonomy. Question 16 F Anxiety, represented as fear, has a damaging effect on curiosity and scientific advancement. effects, anxiety In paragraph F, the author mentions how fear can limit curiosity and hinder problem-solving. Question 17 D These techniques are found to be beneficial for socially-disadvantaged children. techniques, socially-disadvantaged children In paragraph D, new methods like child-initiated learning and ability-peer tutoring help children from deprived areas. Question 18 B Shore and Kanevsky’s research supports the idea that less time is needed for gifted pupils who produce accurate work. less time, exercises, gifted pupils, produce accurate work In paragraph C, Shore and Kanevsky’s research states that if gifted pupils make fewer errors, less time should be spent on exercises. Question 19 D Simonton highlights self-reliance as key to reaching high levels of expertise. self-reliance, valuable tool, reach, goals In paragraph E, Simonton’s research concludes that independence contributes more to success than intellectual skills for highly gifted individuals. Question 20 E Boekaerts suggests gifted children can channel their emotions to enhance their learning. channel feelings, assist learning In paragraph G, Boekaerts' review shows that gifted children use emotional forces to control their environment and improve learning. Question 21 A Freeman indicates that close relatives’ support, especially parents, is crucial for the gifted child’s success. benefits, support from close relatives In paragraph A, Freeman discusses how the support from parents (close relatives) influences gifted children’s educational success. Question 22 C Elshout’s findings imply that success comes from deep knowledge in a specific domain. learn, considerable amount, about their subject In paragraph E, Elshout’s research shows that individuals who know more about a subject are more successful. Question 23 books, activities The availability of books and activities at home is linked to children’s IQ. connection, children’s IQ, at home In paragraph A, the author talks about the positive relationship between children’s IQ scores and the availability of books and activities at home. Question 24 internal regulation Average-ability children lack internal regulation, requiring more guidance from teachers. average ability, more direction, they do not have In paragraph B, the author mentions that average-ability children need more external guidance due to a lack of internal regulation. Question 25 emotional awareness Metacognition involves understanding learning strategies and being aware of emotions related to learning. Metacognition, children understanding, learning strategies, developing In paragraph B, metacognition includes emotional awareness, alongside learning strategies. Question 26 spoon-feeding ‘Spoon-feeding’ is linked to high performance in tests, as per paragraph D. rely on, produce impressive grades, tests In paragraph D, the author discusses the effect of ‘spoon-feeding’ on producing impressive results in class tests.      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Museums of fine art and Their public Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation Question 27 B novels, mass production Paragraph 2, lines 5-10 The writer explains that technological developments allow novels to be mass-produced, so people don’t need to visit museums for original manuscripts. Question 28 H novels, underlying ideas Paragraph 2, lines 13-16 The writer emphasizes that readers focus on the meaning of words in novels rather than the physical appearance of the text. Question 29 L artists, instruct, copies, assistants Paragraph 3 The writer states that artists in the 16th century were happy to assign reproduction tasks to their workshop apprentices (assistants). Question 30 G excellent replication, surface relief, size Paragraph 3 The writer discusses how modern reprographic techniques allow faithful replication of the surface relief and size of the original painting. Question 31 D promote, original works, public Paragraph 5 The writer suggests that promoting original works may not be in the best interest of the public, as it limits their experience of art. Question 32 C London’s National Gallery, worthlessness Paragraph 6 The writer uses the example of the National Gallery to show how it can make visitors feel 'worthless' due to the material value of art. Question 33 D unwilling, criticize, no importance Paragraph 7 The writer explains that viewers are deterred from criticizing works of art because they feel their opinions will not alter the value of the artworks. Question 34 A displacement effect, diverse, environment Paragraph 8 The writer describes the 'displacement effect,' where diverse artworks are placed in environments for which they were not originally created. Question 35 D painting, prescribed time, no clear start Paragraph 9 The writer contrasts paintings with other art forms, explaining that paintings do not have a prescribed time or clear place to begin and end viewing. Question 36 NOT GIVEN art history, meaning of art, media Paragraph 10 The text discusses art historians focusing on the meaning of art but does not specify whether art history should focus on using various media. Question 37 NO art historians, conflict, art museums Paragraph 10, lines 5-6 The text mentions that the approach of art historians and art museums is in harmony, not in conflict. Question 38 YES express opinions, encouraged Last paragraph The writer advocates for giving museum visitors confidence to express their opinions about art, enhancing their experience. Question 39 NOT GIVEN reproductions, high quality Last paragraph The text mentions reproductions but does not specify whether fine art reproductions should be sold based on their quality. Question 40 NO future, power, encourage Last paragraph The writer suggests that those in power are unlikely to encourage more people to enjoy art, as it may be too much to ask.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. The impact of climate change on butterflies in Britain Number of Question Question Keywords of the Question Answer Location with Line Number in the Paragraph Explanation 1 Forty years ago, there were fewer butterflies in Britain than at present. forty years ago, fewer, butterflies, Britain FALSE Paragraph 1, Lines 1–2 The passage states that populations of two-thirds of butterfly species have declined  over the past 40 years, meaning there were more  butterflies in the past. 2 Caterpillars are eaten by a number of different predators. caterpillars, eaten, predators TRUE Paragraph 1, Lines 5–6 The passage mentions that caterpillars serve as prey for birds, bats, and other small mammals, confirming that multiple predators consume them. 3 ‘Phenology’ is a term used to describe a creature’s ability to alter the location of a lifecycle event. Phenology, lifecycle event, location FALSE Paragraph 2, Lines 7–8 The passage defines phenology  as the timing of lifecycle events, not changing their location . 4 Some species of butterfly have a reduced lifespan due to spring temperature increases. butterflies, reduced lifespan, spring temperature NOT GIVEN N/A The passage discusses temperature effects on reproduction and phenology but does not state that butterfly lifespans are reduced. 5 There is a clear reason for the adaptations that butterflies are making to climate change. clear reason, adaptations, climate change FALSE Paragraph 3, Lines 5–7 The passage states that the reason is still unknown  and that a study is trying to find the answer. 6 The data used in the study was taken from the work of amateur butterfly watchers. data, study, amateur butterfly watchers TRUE Paragraph 4, Lines 1–2 The passage states that the study used records from butterfly enthusiasts who observe species in their free time. 7 The Small Blue lives in large ___. Small Blue, lives, large colonies Paragraph 6, Line 6 The passage describes Small Blue colonies as "up to a hundred strong," confirming that they live in large colonies. 8 The Small Blue first appears at the start of ___. Small Blue, first appears, start of spring Paragraph 6, Lines 5–6 The passage states that Small Blue butterflies develop early in spring , allowing later generations to emerge. 9 The High Brown Fritillary is considered to be more __ than other species. High Brown Fritillary, considered, more endangered Paragraph 7, Line 4 The passage describes the High Brown Fritillary as "Britain’s most endangered butterfly." 10 The High Brown Fritillary’s caterpillars occupy a limited range of ___. High Brown Fritillary, caterpillars, limited range habitats Paragraph 7, Lines 5–6 The passage states that the species is restricted to coppiced woodland and limestone pavement habitats . 11 The Silver-studded Blue is already able to reproduce twice a year in warm areas of ___. Silver-studded Blue, reproduce, warm areas Europe Paragraph 8, Lines 2–3 The passage states that in continental Europe , this species can already have two generations per year. 12 The White Admiral is found in ___ areas of England. White Admiral, found, areas of England southern Paragraph 9, Line 2 The passage specifies that the White Admiral is found in southern England . 13 Both climate change and the ___ of the caterpillar are possible reasons for the White Admiral’s decline. White Admiral, reasons, decline, caterpillar diet Paragraph 9, Lines 3–4 The passage states that the White Admiral's decline may be due to climate change  and the caterpillar's diet  (which is solely honeysuckle). READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Deep-sea mining No. Question Keywords Answer Location with Line Number Explanation 14 Reference to the rapidly increasing need for one raw material in the transport industry Increasing need, raw material, transport industry C Lines 5-7 in Paragraph C The paragraph states that demand for metals like cobalt (used in electric car batteries) is soaring. 15 A rough estimate of the area of the Earth covered by the oceans Estimate, area, Earth, oceans F Line 1 in Paragraph F The paragraph states that oceans occupy around 70% of the planet. 16 How a particular underwater habitat, where minerals and organisms co-exist, is formed Underwater habitat, minerals, organisms, formed E Lines 1-3 in Paragraph E The paragraph describes how hydrothermal vents are created when seawater meets volcanic magma. 17 Reference to the fact that the countries of the world have yet to agree on rules for the exploration of the seabed Countries, agree, rules, seabed D Lines 2-4 in Paragraph D The paragraph mentions that the global regulatory framework is not yet drafted. 18 A move away from the exploration of heavily mined reserves on land is a good idea Move away, land reserves, good idea D Lines 2-4 in Paragraph F Mike Johnston argues that deep-sea mining makes sense due to land resource depletion. 19 The negative effects of undersea exploration on local areas and their inhabitants are being ignored Negative effects, undersea exploration, ignored B Lines 2-4 in Paragraph D The authors argue that environmental and social impacts are disregarded. 20 There are more worthwhile things to extract from the sea than minerals Worthwhile, extract, more than minerals A Lines 3-5 in Paragraph A Mat Upton emphasizes the potential of new antibiotics rather than minerals. 21 No other form of human exploration will have such a destructive impact on marine life as deep-sea mining Destructive impact, marine life, deep-sea mining E Lines 5-6 in Paragraph F Verena Tunnicliffe states that deep-sea mining will be the greatest assault on marine ecosystems. 22 More is known about outer space than about what lies beneath the oceans More known, outer space, beneath oceans B Lines 5-7 in Paragraph D The authors state that the deep sea is less understood than the Moon, Mars, and Venus. 23 There is one marine life habitat where experts agree mining should not take place Marine habitat, no mining, experts agree C Lines 5-7 in Paragraph E Dr. Jon Copley states that hydrothermal vents should not be mined. 24 Mining corporations believe that the mineral resources lying under the sea may be superior to those found in the earth. They also say that these can be removed without producing much _______ Mining corporations, superior resources, little production waste Lines 7-9 in Paragraph C The passage mentions that deep-sea mining could yield superior ore with little, if any, waste. 25 The extraction is often done by adapting the _______ that has already been used to work on land. Extraction, adapting, already used on land machinery Lines 9-11 in Paragraph C The passage states that mining companies use converted machinery from terrestrial mining. 26 However, concerned groups strongly believe that _______ is necessary due to the possible number of unidentified consequences. Concerned groups, necessary, unidentified consequences caution Lines 3-5 in Paragraph D The paragraph mentions that environmental and legal groups urge caution due to unknown impacts. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The Unselfish Gene No. Question Keywords Answer Location with Line Number Explanation 27 What is the writer doing in the first paragraph? Writer, first paragraph, human nature C Lines 1-5 in Paragraph 1 The writer describes a common belief that humans are selfish, ruthless, and motivated by self-interest. 28 What point is made about Richard Dawkins’ book The Selfish Gene ? Dawkins, The Selfish Gene , point made C Lines 1-3 in Paragraph 2 The book was popular because its ideas aligned with the competitive mindset of the late 20th century. 29 What does the writer suggest about the prehistoric era in the fourth paragraph? Prehistoric era, resources, population B Lines 2-4 in Paragraph 4 The writer argues that population density was low, making competition for resources unlikely. 30 The writer refers to Bruce Knauft’s work as support for the idea that Bruce Knauft, support, idea A Lines 1-3 in Paragraph 5 Knauft's research suggests early societies were egalitarian, contradicting the idea that selfishness is innate. 31 Bruce Knauft’s research shows that contemporary hunter-gatherer societies tend to exhibit a high level of _______ in all areas of life. Hunter-gatherer, exhibit, high level egalitarianism Lines 1-2 in Paragraph 5 Knauft states that these societies practice extreme egalitarianism. 32 These societies also employ strategies to prevent differences in _______ occurring. Strategies, prevent differences status Lines 4-6 in Paragraph 6 The !Kung prevent disparities in status by ensuring possessions are shared. 33 The !Kung follow a custom whereby the credit for one person’s success at _______ is given to another member of the group. !Kung, credit, success hunting Lines 6-7 in Paragraph 6 The !Kung swap arrows, and credit for a kill goes to the owner of the arrow, not the hunter. 34 Individuals who behave in a _______ manner are punished by being excluded from the group. Behavior, punishment, excluded domineering Lines 7-8 in Paragraph 6 Domineering individuals are ostracized from the group. 35 Women have a considerable amount of _______ in choices regarding work and marriage. Women, choices, work, marriage autonomy Lines 8-9 in Paragraph 6 Women have autonomy in choosing marriage partners and work. 36 Some anthropologists are mistaken about the point when the number of societies such as the !Kung began to decline. Anthropologists, mistaken, !Kung decline NOT GIVEN Not explicitly mentioned The passage does not discuss whether anthropologists were mistaken about when such societies declined. 37 Humans who developed warlike traits in prehistory would have had an advantage over those who did not. Prehistory, warlike traits, advantage NO Lines 3-5 in Paragraph 7 The writer argues that aggression was not advantageous since selfish individuals were ostracized. 38 Being peaceful and cooperative is a natural way for people to behave. Peaceful, cooperative, natural behavior YES Lines 1-3 in Paragraph 8 The writer suggests that cooperation and altruism were dominant human traits for thousands of years. 39 Negative traits are more apparent in some modern cultures than in others. Negative traits, modern cultures, differences NOT GIVEN Not explicitly mentioned The passage does not compare the prevalence of negative traits in different modern cultures. 40 Animal research has failed to reveal a link between changes in the environment and the emergence of aggressive tendencies. Animal research, environment, aggression NO Lines 3-5 in Paragraph 9 The passage states that primates become more aggressive when their natural habitats are disrupted.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. The development of the London underground railway Q Answer Keywords Location Text 1 population 1800s, London's, population, astonishing rate Paragraph 1, Line 1 "In the first half of the 1800s, London’s population grew at an astonishing rate." 2 suburbs idea, relocate, slums, suburbs Paragraph 2, Lines 4-5 "His idea was to relocate the poor workers who lived in the inner-city slums to newly constructed suburbs." 3 businessmen Pearson's, ideas, support, businessmen Paragraph 2, Line 6 "Pearson’s ideas gained support amongst some businessmen." 4 funding organisation, difficulty, raising, funding Paragraph 3, Lines 4-5 "The organization had difficulty in raising the funding for such a radical and expensive scheme." 5 press least, critical articles, printed, press Paragraph 3, Line 5 "not least because of the critical articles printed by the press." 6 soil two-metre-deep, soil, tunnel, rebuilt Paragraph 4, Lines 8-9 "A two-metre-deep layer of soil was laid on top of the tunnel and the road above rebuilt." 7 FALSE Metropolitan, line, opened, first underground railway Paragraph 5, Lines 1-2 "The Metropolitan line, which opened on 10 January 1863, was the world’s first underground railway." 8 NOT GIVEN - - - 9 TRUE smoke and fumes, problem, ventilation shafts, tunnels Paragraph 6, Lines 6-7 "However, smoke and fumes remained a problem, even though ventilation shafts were added to the tunnels." 10 TRUE cut and cover, construction, option, capital Paragraph 7, Line 4 "The 'cut and cover' method of construction was not an option in this part of the capital." 11 FALSE carriages, narrow, tiny windows, roof Paragraph 8, Lines 6-7 "The carriages were narrow and had tiny windows just below the roof." 12 FALSE City & South London Railway, technical, achievement, profit Paragraph 8, Lines 9-10 "Although the City & South London Railway was a great technical achievement, it did not make a profit." 13 NOT GIVEN - - -   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Stadiums: past, present and future Number of Question Question Keywords of the Question Answer Location with Line Number in the Paragraph Explanation 14 A mention of negative attitudes towards stadium building projects negative attitudes, stadium building A Section A (Lines 4-6) "Today, however, stadiums are regarded with growing scepticism. Construction costs can soar above £1 billion, and stadiums finished for major events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup have notably fallen into disuse and disrepair." This highlights the concerns regarding the costs and sustainability of modern stadiums. 15 Figures demonstrating the environmental benefits of a certain stadium environmental benefits, figures F Section F (Lines 9-12) "Kaohsiung Stadium... has 8,844 photovoltaic panels producing up to 1.14 GWh of electricity annually. This reduces the annual output of carbon dioxide by 660 tons and supplies up to 80 percent of the surrounding area when the stadium is not in use." These figures show how the stadium contributes to sustainability. 16 Examples of the wide range of facilities available at some new stadiums facilities, new stadiums E Section E (Lines 4-8) "There’s a growing trend for stadiums to be equipped with public spaces and services that serve a function beyond sport, such as hotels, retail outlets, conference centres, restaurants and bars, children’s playgrounds and green space." This illustrates the multi-purpose use of modern stadiums. 17 Reference to the disadvantages of the stadiums built during a certain era disadvantages, certain era D Section D (Lines 4-6) "Many such stadiums are situated in suburban areas, designed for sporting use only and surrounded by parking lots. These factors mean that they may not be as accessible to the general public, require more energy to run and contribute to urban heat." This explains why 20th-century stadiums were less sustainable and less integrated into urban environments.   Q Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 18 Fortress Romans, four towers, fifth century paragraph B, line 3 Built by the Romans in 90 AD, it became a fortress with four towers after the fifth century. 19 Bullfights 19th century, converted, arena, staging paragraph B, line 5 During the 19th century, it was converted back into an arena for the staging of bullfights. 20 Opera endured, centuries, considered, prime site paragraph B, 2nd last line It has endured the centuries and is currently considered one of the world's prime sites for opera. 21 Salt building, middle ages, houses, depot, prison paragraph C, line 3-4 Filled with buildings from the Middle Ages until the 19th century, variously used as houses, a salt depot, and a prison. 22 Shops ruins, amphitheatre, various, residences, embedded, public square paragraph C, last 2 lines Ruins of the amphitheatre remain embedded in the various shops and residences surrounding the public square. 23 C stadium, suburban, sporting, parking lots paragraph D, line 4-5 Many such stadiums are situated in suburban areas, designed for sporting use only and surrounded by parking lots. 24 D flexibility, stadiums, developed paragraph D, line 2-3 But some of the flexibility was lost at the beginning of the 20th century as stadiums were developed using new products. 25 B electricity, network, digital, communications paragraph F, lines 1-3 Electricity supply network that uses digital communications technology. 26 E stadiums, ideal, large surface, photovoltaic paragraph F, line 4-5 Stadiums are ideal for these purposes because their canopies have a large surface area for fitting photovoltaic panels.     READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . To catch a king Q Answer Keywords Keyword Location Text 27 H executed by the Parliamentarians Paragraph 1, Line 2 After his father was executed by the Parliamentarians  in 1649, the young Charles II sacrificed one of the very principles his father had died for and did a deal with the Scots. 28 J crowned King of Scots Paragraph 1, Line 3 After his father was slain by Parliamentarians in 1649, the young Charles II made a bargain with the Scots, adopting Presbyterianism* as the national religion in exchange for being proclaimed King of Scots . 29 F penniless and defeated Charles Paragraph 1, Last Line Over the next six weeks, he evaded the Parliamentarians by a series of heart-pounding near escapes until taking shelter in France. For the next nine years, the defeated and bankrupt Charles  traveled across Europe with just a small handful of devoted followers. 30 B personal recollections, six weeks, fugitive Paragraph 2, Line 1 The king gave him a detailed account of his personal memories . For six weeks he had been on the run across two three-hour sessions. 31 D personal recollections, six weeks, fugitive Paragraph 2, Line 1 The king gave him a detailed account of his personal memories . For six weeks he had been on the run across two three-hour sessions. 32 NOT GIVEN trustworthy Not Given A visit with the author and diarist Samuel Pepys was requested by the 50-year-old Charles II many years later, upon his return to the throne. He wanted to be sure that no one would ever forget this most unusual occurrence, so he asked Pepys to write down his narrative. 33 NO personal recollections, fugitive Paragraph 2, Line 1 Over two three-hour sittings, the king related to him in great detail his personal recollections  of the six weeks he had spent as a fugitive . 34 NO story to paper, never forgotten Paragraph 2, Line 2 His intention when asking Pepys to commit his story to paper  was to ensure that this most extraordinary episode was never forgotten . 35 YES story to paper, never forgotten Paragraph 2, Line 2 His intention when asking Pepys to commit his story to paper  was to ensure that this most extraordinary episode was never forgotten . 36 B To Catch a King, King Charles II Paragraph 1, Line 1 Charles Spencer’s latest book, To Catch a King , tells us the story of the hunt for King Charles II . 37 C personal recollections, fugitive Paragraph 2, Line 1 Over two three-hour sittings, the king related to him in great detail his personal recollections  of the six weeks he had spent as a fugitive . 38 A emotional tension Paragraph 4, Line 2 Charles’s friend Henry Wilmot to adopt disguise on the grounds that it was beneath his dignity – and the emotional tension  when the secret of the king’s presence was cautiously revealed to his supporters. 39 B perfect person, new generation Paragraph 6, Line 1 Charles Spencer is the perfect person to pass the story on to a new generation . 40 D area, doesn’t quite hit the mark Last paragraph, Line 1 This is the one area  where the book **doesn’t quite hit the mark

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Archaeologists discover evidence of prehistoric island settlers Number of Question Question Keywords of the Question Answer Location with Line Number in the Paragraph Explanation 1 Archaeological research had taken place on the island of Obi before the arrival of Ceri Shipton and his colleagues. archaeological research, Obi, before, Ceri Shipton FALSE Paragraph 1, Line 2 The passage does not mention any prior archaeological research on Obi before Shipton and his team arrived. 2 At the Kelo sites, the researchers found the first clam shell axes ever to be discovered in the region. Kelo sites, clam shell axes, first discovered FALSE Paragraph 4, Line 4 The passage mentions that similar clam shell axes were found elsewhere, including on the nearby island of Gebe, before they were found on Obi. 3 The size of Obi today is less than it was 18,000 years ago. size of Obi, today, less, 18,000 years ago TRUE Paragraph 6, Line 1 The text clearly states that Obi was much larger 18,000 years ago, covering what is now the separate island of Bisa and several small islands. 4 A change in the climate around 11,700 years ago had a greater impact on Obi than on the surrounding islands. climate change, 11,700 years ago, impact on Obi NOT GIVEN Not explicitly mentioned The text does not compare the impact of climate change on Obi versus surrounding islands, so this information is not given. 5 The researchers believe there is a connection between warmer, wetter weather and a change in the material used to make axes. connection, climate change, axes material TRUE Paragraph 7, Line 1 The researchers link the change to stone axes appearing around 11,700 years ago, as a response to warmer and wetter conditions. 6 Shipton’s team were surprised to find evidence of the Obi islanders’ hunting practices. Shipton’s team, surprised, hunting practices NOT GIVEN Not explicitly mentioned There is no mention of Shipton’s team being surprised by evidence of the islanders’ hunting practices. 7 It is thought that the Kelo shelters were occupied continuously until about 1,000 years ago. Kelo shelters, occupied continuously, 1,000 years ago FALSE Paragraph 9, Line 1 The passage states that the Kelo shelters were abandoned about 8,000 years ago and re-occupied around 1,000 years ago, implying they were not continuously occupied. 8 Complete the notes below: Excavations of rock shelters inside __________ near the village of Kelo revealed: Excavations, rock shelters, near Kelo caves Paragraph 4, Line 1 The excavations took place in caves near the village of Kelo. 9 Axes made out of __________, dating from around 11,700 years ago. Axes, material, 11,700 years ago stone Paragraph 7, Line 2 The axes were made from stone, as opposed to clam shells, around 11,700 years ago. 10 __________ of an animal: evidence of what ancient islanders ate. Evidence, animal, ancient islanders’ diet bones Paragraph 8, Line 1 The bones of the Rothschild’s cuscus were found, providing evidence of what the islanders ate. 11 Evidence of travel between islands: – __________: a material that is not found naturally on Obi. Evidence, travel, material, not found on Obi obsidian Paragraph 8, Line 2 Obsidian, a volcanic glass, was found, which must have been brought over from another island, as there is no known source on Obi. 12 It is thought that from 8,000 years ago, Obi islanders: – may have switched from hunting to fishing. – had __________ as well as items made out of metal. Obi islanders, 8,000 years ago, pottery, metal items pottery Paragraph 9, Line 3 From 8,000 years ago, Obi islanders had pottery as well as items made from metal. 13 It is thought that from 8,000 years ago, Obi islanders: – probably took part in the production and sale of __________. Obi islanders, 8,000 years ago, production, sale, __________ spices Paragraph 9, Line 5 The final phase of occupation likely involved the trade in spices, according to the passage. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The global importance of wetlands Number of Question Question Keywords of the question Answer Location with Line Number in the paragraph Explanation 14 Reference to the need to ensure that inhabitants of wetland regions continue to benefit from them inhabitants, benefit, wetland regions G Paragraph G, Line 7-10 The passage discusses that local people should be involved in wetland planning and decision-making, ensuring they benefit from wetlands. 15 The proportion of wetlands which have already been lost proportion, wetlands, lost A Paragraph A, Line 2-3 The passage states that half of the world’s wetlands have disappeared since 1990. 16 Reference to the idea that people are beginning to appreciate the value of wetlands value, appreciation, wetlands H Paragraph H, Line 4-6 McCartney mentions that awareness of the importance of wetlands is growing, even if degradation continues. 17 Mention of the cultural significance of wetlands cultural significance, wetlands B Paragraph B, Line 1-2 The passage notes wetlands' cultural, historical, and religious value to many communities. 18 Peatlands which have been drained begin to release ………… instead of storing it peatlands, drained, release, instead carbon Paragraph D, Line 4 Drained peatlands become net carbon emitters instead of storing carbon, according to Silvius. 19 Once peatland areas have been cleared, ………… are more likely to occur cleared, peatland, more likely, occur fires Paragraph E, Line 5-6 Silvius explains that peatland clearance increases the risk of forest fires. 20 Clearing peatland forests to make way for oil palm plantations destroys the ………… of the local environment clearing, peatland, oil palm, destroys biodiversity Paragraph D, Line 6 Silvius mentions that clearing peatland forests destroys biodiversity. 21 Water is drained out of peatlands through the ………… which are created by logging companies water, drained, peatlands, created ditches Paragraph E, Line 2 The passage describes how logging companies create ditches to drain peatlands for cultivation. 22 Draining peatlands leads to ………… : a serious problem which can eventually result in coastal flooding and land loss draining, peatlands, serious problem subsidence Paragraph E, Line 7-8 Silvius explains that draining peatlands causes subsidence, which leads to coastal flooding and land loss. 23 Communities living in wetland regions must be included in discussions about the future of these areas wetland regions, communities, included A Paragraph G, Line 7-10 McCartney emphasizes the need for local people to be involved in wetland planning. 24 Official policies towards wetlands vary from one nation to the next policies, wetlands, vary, nations C Paragraph H, Line 1-3 Silvius points out that different governments have different priorities regarding wetland restoration. 25 People cause harm to wetlands without having any intention to do so harm, wetlands, intention D Paragraph F, Line 4-6 Tickner mentions that people usually don’t intentionally harm wetlands, but do so while making a living. 26 Initiatives to reserve environmental damage need to be complex initiatives, environmental damage, complex B Paragraph C, Line 6-7 Van Eijk suggests that restoring wetland forests may not be about money, but involves more comprehensive projects. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Is the era of artificial speech translation upon us? Number of Question Question Keywords of the Question Answer Location with Line Number in the Paragraph Explanation 27 What does the reader learn about the conversation in the first paragraph? conversation, first paragraph, challenging D Paragraph 1, Lines 4–8 The writer describes difficulties in understanding due to noise, distance, and poor connection, showing challenges for both speakers. 28 What assists the electronic translator during lectures at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology? electronic translator, lectures, assists A Paragraph 3, Lines 2–5 The repeated content of lectures makes translation easier, as lecturers say similar things each year. 29 When referring to The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy , the writer suggests that Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy , artificial speech translation, surprising C Paragraph 4, Lines 5–7 The writer compares the Babel fish to past technological dreams that have now become reality, implying that artificial speech translation was an expected development. 30 What does the writer say about sharing earpieces? sharing, earpieces, writer says B Paragraph 6, Lines 3–6 The CEO of Waverly Labs states that people feel uncomfortable sharing earpieces, and the writer notes that this was expected. 31 Speech translation methods are developing fast in Japan speech translation, Japan, developing fast C Paragraph 7, Lines 1–3 The writer highlights Japan’s progress in voice translation but states that systems are still far from perfect. 32 TV interviews that use translation voiceover methods are successful TV interviews, translation, successful E Paragraph 7, Lines 4–6 The writer suggests that simultaneous translation is effective, just like TV interviews where a translator’s voice plays over the speaker’s. 33 Future translation systems should address people appropriately future translation, address people, appropriately F Paragraph 8, Lines 1–4 The passage discusses the need for systems to recognize social norms and proper forms of address. 34 Users may be able to maintain their local customs users, maintain, local customs B Paragraph 8, Lines 5–7 The passage suggests that etiquette-sensitive translation could help preserve cultural traditions. 35 Language translation systems will be seen as very useful throughout the academic and professional worlds. language translation, useful, academic and professional NO Paragraph 5, Lines 3–5 The passage states that professionals are less patient with translation delays, implying limitations in usefulness. 36 The overall value of automated translation to family life is yet to be shown. automated translation, family life, value YES Paragraph 9, Lines 2–4 The passage says it is uncertain whether translation will help family relationships, meaning the value is unproven. 37 Automated translation could make life more difficult for immigrant families. automated translation, difficult, immigrant families NO Paragraph 9, Lines 4–6 The passage suggests translation could help  immigrant families, especially in bridging language gaps between generations. 38 Visual aspects of language translation are being considered by scientists. visual aspects, translation, scientists NOT GIVEN N/A The passage does not mention research into visual elements of translation. 39 International scientists have found English easier to translate into other languages than Latin. scientists, English, easier, Latin NOT GIVEN N/A The passage states that scientists use English as a lingua franca  but does not compare translation difficulty with Latin. 40 As far as language is concerned, there is a difference between people’s social and practical needs. language, difference, social vs practical needs YES Paragraph 10, Lines 4–6 The passage states that while translation reduces the need for a common language, the social value  of sharing one will persist.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 . How tennis rackets have changed Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location with Line Number Explanation 1 People had expected Andy Murray to become the world’s top tennis player for at least five years before 2016. expected, Andy Murray, top tennis player FALSE Paragraph 1, Lines 2-4 The text mentions that Murray was considered a talented outsider before 2011, not someone expected to be the top player for five years. 2 The change that Andy Murray made to his rackets attracted a lot of attention. change, Andy Murray, rackets, attention FALSE Paragraph 2, Lines 3-5 The text says the change was "subtle" and "passed more or less unnoticed." 3 Most of the world’s top players take a professional racket stringer on tour with them. top players, professional racket stringer, on tour NOT GIVEN Not directly mentioned There is no specific mention of most top players taking a professional racket stringer on tour. 4 Mike and Bob Bryan use rackets that are light in comparison to the majority of rackets. Mike and Bob Bryan, rackets, light, majority FALSE Paragraph 4, Lines 3-4 The text mentions that their rackets weigh more than the average model. 5 Werner Fischer played with a spaghetti-strung racket that he designed himself. Werner Fischer, spaghetti-strung racket, designed himself NOT GIVEN Not directly mentioned It’s not stated that Fischer designed the racket himself, only that he played with it. 6 The weather can affect how professional players adjust the strings on their rackets. weather, affect, adjust strings, professional players TRUE Paragraph 6, Line 5 The text mentions that professional players change strings depending on various factors, including climatic conditions. 7 It was believed that the change Pete Sampras made to his rackets contributed to his strong serve. Pete Sampras, change, rackets, strong serve TRUE Paragraph 7, Lines 1-2 It’s stated that Pete Sampras’s added lead weights contributed to his serving power. 8 Mike and Bob Bryan made changes to the types of _____ used on their racket frames. Mike and Bob Bryan, racket frames, changes paint Paragraph 4, Lines 2-3 They made changes to the types of paint used on their racket frames. 9 Players were not allowed to use the spaghetti-strung racket because of the amount of _____ it created. spaghetti-strung racket, allowed, amount topspin Paragraph 5, Lines 1-2 The spaghetti-strung racket generated so much topspin that it was banned. 10 Changes to rackets can be regarded as being as important as players’ diets or the _____ they do. changes, rackets, important, diets, _____ training Paragraph 5, Lines 3-4 The text compares racket modifications to nutrition or training in importance. 11 All rackets used to have natural strings made from the _____ of animals. rackets, natural strings, animals intestines/gut Paragraph 6, Line 2 The text mentions natural gut strings made from the outer layer of sheep or cow intestines. 12 Pete Sampras had metal _____ put into the frames of his rackets. Pete Sampras, metal, frames, rackets weights Paragraph 7, Line 1 It mentions that Pete Sampras added metal lead weights to his rackets. 13 Gonçalo Oliveira changed the _____ on his racket handles. Gonçalo Oliveira, changed, racket handles grips Paragraph 7, Line 3 It mentions that Gonçalo Oliveira replaced the original grips of his rackets. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The pirates of the ancient Mediterranean Question Number Keywords Answer Location with Line Number in the Paragraph Explanation 14 Denial, involvement, piracy D Paragraph D, Line 19-21 The king of Alashiya denies any involvement with the Lukka pirates and assures the Pharaoh of punishment for any pirates involved. 15 Campaign, eradicate, piracy G Paragraph G, Line 28-35 Pompey’s campaign to eliminate piracy is explained, including the division of the Mediterranean into 13 districts. 16 States, make use, pirates C Paragraph C, Line 16-19 States used pirates' services in wartime, employing them to serve in the first wave of attack. 17 Today’s view, pirates A Paragraph A, Line 3-5 The common image of pirates today is of adventurers in the Caribbean, as opposed to ancient Mediterranean pirates. 18 Encourage, return, piracy G Paragraph G, Line 32-35 Pirates were offered land as an incentive to stop piracy and settle as farmers instead. 19 Sailing vessels, close to land B Paragraph B, Line 7-9 In ancient times, sailing vessels had to stay near the coast due to the lack of technology for long-distance travel. 20 & 21 Inhabitants, Mediterranean, piracy B, D Paragraph B, Line 10-14, Paragraph D, Line 19-21 B: Locals knew the area so well that they could avoid capture. D: They depended on the sea for their livelihood more than on farming. 22 & 23 Piracy, ancient Greece, officials C, E Paragraph E, Line 22-27 C: Important Greek officials were known to occasionally engage in piracy. E: Ancient Greek texts such as the Iliad and Odyssey show a favorable view of piracy. 24 Grain, piracy, Rome grain Paragraph F, Line 21-23 The pirates' attacks on grain ships were critical because grain was essential for the Roman population. 25 Action, calls, pirates punishment Paragraph F, Line 23-25 Calls for punishment of pirates arose after attacks on Roman grain ships, which were vital for the empire. 26 Pirates, ransom ransom Paragraph F, Line 26-28 Pirates demanded ransom for prominent Roman dignitaries, including Julius Caesar, whom they captured. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The persistence and peril of misinformation Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 27 What point does the writer make about misinformation in the first paragraph? Misinformation, spread D Paragraph 1 The writer explains that misinformation may spread for various reasons, such as gaining advantage, motivating others, or accidentally sharing false information. 28 What does the writer say about the role of technology? Technology, solution A Paragraph 2 The writer states that technology might, over time, offer a solution to misinformation, utilizing the same patterns of mass communication that spread it. 29 What is the writer doing in the fourth paragraph? Misinformation, contemporary issues C Paragraph 4 The writer outlines key issues with misinformation today, such as people's tendency to believe it initially, lack of preemptive blocking in media, and the resource-intensive effort needed to correct it. 30 What point does the writer make about regulation in the USA? Regulation, misinformation D Paragraph 5 The writer explains that regulation does not prevent misinformation from appearing in the media, as agencies like the FDA focus on post hoc detection rather than preemptive censorship. 31 Complete the summary: people encounter misinformation Misinformation, encounter G Paragraph 6 The writer mentions "frequent exposure" as a key aspect of encountering misinformation. 32 Complete the summary: Descartes and Spinoza's views Descartes, Spinoza J Paragraph 6 The writer contrasts Descartes’ and Spinoza’s theories on how people engage with information, presenting their "different ideas." 33 Complete the summary: verification and acceptance of misinformation Verification, acceptance H Paragraph 6 The writer explains that a "distinct mental operation" is involved in verifying or rejecting information after initially accepting it. 34 Complete the summary: research supporting Spinoza's theory Spinoza, research B Paragraph 6 The writer notes that recent research provides "additional evidence" for Spinoza’s theory, showing that people accept information as true initially before later labeling it. 35 Complete the summary: time before labeling misinformation as true or false Misinformation, labeling E Paragraph 6 The writer mentions that people accept misinformation as true, even if only for a "short period," before labeling it true or false. 36 Complete the summary: where resources for skepticism are located Skepticism, resources C Paragraph 6 The writer states that skepticism resources and encoding resources are in "different locations" in the brain. 37 Campaigns designed to correct misinformation will fail if people cannot understand them. Campaigns, understanding YES Paragraph 7 The writer asserts that for corrective campaigns to be effective, people must understand the messages. 38 Attempts to teach elementary school students about misinformation have been opposed. Elementary school, opposition NOT GIVEN No reference No mention of opposition to teaching elementary school students about misinformation is made in the passage. 39 It may be possible to overcome the problem of misinformation in a relatively short period. Misinformation, solution NO Last paragraph The writer explains that overcoming misinformation will require long-term, coordinated efforts, not a quick solution. 40 The need to keep up with new information is hugely exaggerated in today’s world. New information, exaggeration NOT GIVEN No reference The passage does not discuss whether the need to keep up with new information is exaggerated.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Why we need to protect polar bears Q Answer Keywords Location Text 1 FALSE build-up of fat, health problems First paragraph, third line "One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimetres of fat underneath their skin. Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease. Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences." 2 FALSE study, compared different groups Second paragraph "Liu and his colleagues compared the genes (genetic structure) of polar bears with brown bears (closest relative)." 3 NOT GIVEN Liu and colleagues, first researchers Not Given Not Given 4 TRUE control levels, 'bad' cholesterol, genetic means Second paragraph, fourth line "It is found by Liu and his colleagues that polar bears had a certain kind of gene (APoB) that reduced levels of bad cholesterol." 5 TRUE survive, six months, without food Third paragraph, sixth line "Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs. This process results in about six months of fasting (without food), where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting (reducing) their own calcium and calorie reserves." 6 FALSE weak bones, came out of dens Third paragraph, last line; fourth paragraph, third line "Despite the loss of calcium and calorie, the bones of female polar bears remain strong and dense." / "When they came out, there was no significant bone density loss." 7 TRUE mechanism for increasing bone density, used by people Fourth paragraph, last line "Many bedridden (bedridden:- unable to walk or move/ confined to bed) humans can get benefit from polar bears' bone remodeling mechanism." 8 violent bears, unintelligent Fifth paragraph, fourth line "Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent." 9 tool branch, Tennoji Zoo Fifth paragraph, sixth line "A male bear called GoGo in Tennoji Zoo, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment." 10 meat knock down, meat Fifth paragraph, seventh line "The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge (dislodge:- knock down) a piece of meat hung out of his reach." 11 photographer platform, wild polar bear Fifth paragraph, last line "A calculated move by a male bear involved running and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform four metres high." 12 game conscious manipulation, objects, activity Sixth paragraph, second line "For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game." 13 frustration movements, disappointed when hunting Seventh paragraph, first line "As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to hit out at ice and snow - seemingly out of frustration - when they have just missed out on a kill."    READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 .   The Step Pyramid of Djoser   Q Answer Keywords Location Text 14 iv - FALSE evolution of pyramid form 'A' paragraph, fourth line "The evolution of the pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries. However, there is no question that, as far as Egypt is concerned, it began with one monument to one king designed by one brilliant architect: the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara." 15 vii - TRUE changing design, burial structures 'B' paragraph, first line "Prior to Djoser's reign, tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick." / "Djoser's main official, whose name was Imhotep, conceived of building a taller, more impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Step Pyramid." 16 ii - TRUE difficult task, builders, weight of stones 'C' paragraph, sixth line "The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument breaking up." 17 v - TRUE overview, external buildings and areas 'D' paragraph, second line "The complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests. It covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters high." 18 i - TRUE areas and artifacts within the pyramid 'E' paragraph, first line "The burial chamber of the tomb, where the king's body was laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of the pyramid, surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off them to discourage robbers." 19 viii - TRUE incredible experience, few remains 'F' paragraph, second line "Djoser's grave goods, and even his body, were stolen at some point in the past and all archaeologists found were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves." 20 vi - TRUE pyramid design copied by others 'G' paragraph, fifth line "The Step Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture and became the archetype (archetype:- an original which has been imitated) which all other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow." 21 city size of complex 'D' paragraph, second line "The complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt …." 22 priests accommodation 'D' paragraph, second line "....and living quarters for the priests." 23 trench encircled the wall 'D' paragraph, sixth line "the entire wall was then ringed (encircled) by trench …." 24 location finding the real entrance 'D' paragraph, eighth line "If someone wished to enter, he or she would have needed to know in advance how to find the location of the true opening in the wall." 25 B - TRUE disagreement about length of reign 'B' paragraph, last three lines "Djoser is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule, owing to the number and size of the monuments he built." 26 D - TRUE few possessions found in tomb 'F' paragraph, third line from end "all archaeologists found were a small number of his valuables overlooked by thieves."        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The future of work   Q Answer Keywords Location Text 27 B - 3-14% first paragraph First paragraph, first line "3-14% of the global workforce will need to switch to a different occupation within the next 10-15 years, and all workers will need to adapt as their occupations evolve alongside increasingly capable machines." 28 D - changes in knowledge economy second paragraph Second paragraph, first line "Dr Stella Pachidi from Cambridge Judge Business School believes that some of the most fundamental changes are happening as a result of the 'algorithmication' of jobs that are dependent on data rather than on production – the so-called knowledge economy." 29 C - incorrect data seventh paragraph Seventh paragraph "It is said that workers feed algorithms with incorrect data to achieve their targets." 30 D - methods to handle changes in job market twelfth paragraph Twelfth paragraph, continue to 13th paragraph, until 3rd line "In his recently published research, Ewan McGaughey discusses strategies for managing the impact of automation and artificial intelligence on work and leisure." 31 G - information 'algorithmication' of jobs Second paragraph, first line "Dr Stella Pachidi from Cambridge Judge Business School believes that some of the most fundamental changes are happening as a result of the 'algorithmication' of jobs that are dependent on data rather than on production – the so-called knowledge economy." 32 E - reliance, instructions observation at telecommunications company Sixth paragraph, second line "In cases like this, Pachidi believes, a short-sighted view begins to creep into working practices whereby workers learn through the 'algorithm's eyes' and become dependent on its instructions." 33 C - intuition prevention of experimentation Sixth paragraph, fourth line "Alternative explorations – where experimentation and human instinct lead to progress and new ideas – are effectively discouraged." 34 F - confidence increasing understanding of AI decision-making Eighth paragraph, first line "It's scenarios like these that many researchers are working to avoid. Their objective is to make AI technologies more trustworthy and transparent, so that organisations and individuals understand how AI decisions are made." 35 B greater automation, lower employment Tenth paragraph "Taking 50 out of 100 jobs by robots does not mean we are left with 50 jobs. The number of jobs will increase." 36 A reasons for AI appeal to businesses Third paragraph, first line "In many cases, they can outperform humans, says Pachidi. Organisations are attracted to using algorithms because they want to make choices based on what they consider is 'perfect information,' as well as to reduce costs and enhance productivity." 37 C AI's potential parallels with major cultural shifts Twelfth paragraph "From the perspective of the question, the meaning of this paragraph is that in the past, change could cause redundancy (unemployment because of no work). So AI, automation and robotics can cause unemployment corresponding (parallel) to the past (history)." 38 A awareness of problems caused by AI Eighth paragraph, third line "We need to make sure we fully understand the dilemmas that this new world raises regarding expertise, occupational boundaries and control." 39 B less conventional career paths Ninth paragraph, second line "'The traditional trajectory of full-time education followed by full-time work followed by a pensioned retirement is a thing of the past,' says Low. Instead, he envisages a multistage employment life; one where retraining happens across the life course, and where multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages." 40 C measures for adequately paid work for everyone Second last paragraph, third line | "McGaughey's findings are a call to arms to leaders of organizations, governments, and banks to pre-empt the coming changes with bold new policies that guarantee full employment, fair incomes (adequately paid work), and a thriving economic democracy."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The White Horse of Uffington Question Number Answer Key Words Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 1 TRUE geoglyphs, located, area First paragraph, second line "There are 56 hill figures scattered around England, with the vast majority on the chalk downlands of the country’s southern counties." 2 NOT GIVEN geoglyphs, shape of a horse N/A N/A 3 TRUE Uffington White Horse, recent dating, mistaken about its age Second paragraph, second line "The White Horse has recently been re-dated and shown to be even older than its previously assigned ancient pre-Roman Iron Age date." 4 FALSE historians, origins, Long Man of Wilmington Second paragraph, third line "More controversial is the date of the enigmatic Long Man of Wilmington is Sussex. While many historians are convinced the figure is prehistoric, others believe that it was the work of an artistic monk from a nearby priory and was created between the 11th and 15th centuries." 5 FALSE geoglyphs, created, white chalk Third paragraph, first line "The method of cutting these huge figures was simply to remove the overlying grass to reveal the gleaming white chalk below." 6 TRUE geoglyphs, no longer visible Third paragraph, fourth line to 6th line "One reason that the vast majority of hill figures have disappeared is that………." 7 TRUE geoglyphs, shape altered over time Third paragraph, 6th line "Furthermore, Over hundreds of years the outline the outlines would sometimes change…." 8 NOT GIVEN fame, Uffington White Horse, size N/A N/A 9 Ridgeway Uffington White Horse, ancient road Fourth paragraph, third line "The horse is situated 2.5 km from Uffington village on a steep slope close to the Late Bronze Age (c. 7th century BCE) hillfort of Uffington Castle and below the Ridgeway, a long-distance Neolithic track." 10 documents Uffington White Horse, first reference, White Horse Hill Sixth paragraph, first line "The earliest evidence of a horse at Uffington is from the 1070s CE when ‘White Horse Hill’ is mentioned in documents from the nearby…." 11 soil Uffington White Horse, analysis, surrounding Seventh paragraph, first line "However,… testing was carried out…..on soil from two of the lower layers of the horse’s body, and from another cut near the base. The result was a date for the horse’s construction…….. a Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age origin." 12 fertility Uffington White Horse, representation, goddess Epona Eighth paragraph, fourth line "Some researchers see the horse as representing the Celtic horse goddess Epona, who was worshipped as a protector of horses, and her associations with fertility." 13 Rhiannon Uffington White Horse, representation, Welsh goddess Eighth paragraph, ninth line "It is possible that the carving represents a goddess in native mythology, such as Rhiannon, described in later Welsh mythology as a beautiful woman dressed in gold and riding a white horse."    READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . I contain multitudes   Question Number Answer Key Words Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 14 D writer, microbes, existence longer than human race First paragraph, first line "Microbes, most of them bacteria, have populated this planet since long before animal life developed and they will outlive us." 15 C second paragraph, writer impressed, average individual, more microbial cells than human ones Second paragraph, third line "What is amazing is that while the number of human cells in the average person is about 30 trillion, the number of microbial ones is higher – about 39 trillion." 16 A fifth paragraph, writer doing, explaining how a discovery was made Fifth paragraph, third line "Using microscopes of his own design that could magnify up to 270 times, he examined a drop of water from a nearby lake and found it teeming with tiny creatures he called ‘animalcules’." 17 G summary, beneficial effect, small number, lead to Sixth paragraph, first line "Yong’s book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance, pointing out that while fewer than one hundred species of bacteria bring disease, many thousands more play a vital role in maintaining our health." 18 B summary, accept, relationship with microbes, based on Sixth paragraph, sixth line "Instead we should realize we have a symbiotic relationship, that can be mutually beneficial or mutually destructive." 19 H summary, poor, overuse of antibiotics Seventh paragraph, fifth line "Our obsession with hygiene, our overuse of antibiotics and our unhealthy, low-fibre diets are disrupting the bacterial balance….." 20 E summary, excessive focus, upsetting the bacterial balance Seventh paragraph, fifth line "Our obsession with hygiene, our overuse of antibiotics and our unhealthy, low-fibre diets are disrupting the bacterial balance….." 21 YES antibacterial products in the home, fails to have desired effect Eighth paragraph, first line "There are studies indicating that the excessive use of household detergents and antibacterial products actually destroys the microbes that normally keep the more dangerous germs at bay." 22 NO ensure children come into contact with few bacteria as possible Eighth paragraph, third line "Other studies show that keeping a dog as a pet gives children early exposure to a diverse range of bacteria, which may help protect them against allergies later." 23 Not Given Yong's book, case studies N/A N/A 24 YES case study, bacteria prevent squid from being attacked, limited appeal Last paragraph, first line to 4th line "Among the less appealing case studies……..Another is about squid that carry luminescent bacteria …." 25 NOT GIVEN efforts to control dengue fever, surprisingly successful N/A N/A 26 NO microbes put inside walls of hospital wards, reduce risk of infection Last paragraph, eighth line "In the future, our ability to manipulate microbes means we could construct buildings with useful microbes built into their wall to fight off infections."        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . How to make wise decisions   Question Number Answer Key Words Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 27 B writer, first paragraph, assumption about wisdom First paragraph, first line from end "Although the truly wise may seem few ……, given the right context" 28 C second paragraph, Igor Grossmann, ability to make wise decisions, importance of influences Second paragraph, first line "It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined," says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann…" 29 B third paragraph, Grossmann, level of wisdom, different circumstances Third paragraph, fifth line "Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others." 30 D fifth paragraph, described, recommended strategy, help people reason wisely Fifth paragraph, 3rd line to the end of the paragraph "Research suggests that when……….related to wise decisions." 31 D summary, important, degree, knowledge Fourth paragraph, second line "One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our knowledge…" 32 A summary, take into account, not the same as our own Fourth paragraph, last line "along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs" 33 C summary, take a broad, situation Fifth paragraph, 3rd line "and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand." 34 F summary, regard scenarios, objectivity Fifth paragraph, first line to 3rd line "Grossmann and his colleagues have also found……giving advice to a friend." 35 G summary, avoiding first-person perspective, focus more on, moral ideals Fifth paragraph, 4th line "when we adopt a third person, 'Observer' viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality." 36 FALSE job prospects experiment, participants choose perspectives Seventh paragraph, 4th line "Participants in the group assigned………. in the control group." 37 NOT GIVEN couples experiment, participants aware of study topic N/A N/A 38 NOT GIVEN couples experiment, length of relationships impact results N/A N/A 39 TRUE both experiments, participants with detached viewpoint make wiser decisions Seventh and eighth paragraphs, fourth line "Participants in the group assigned to the 'distant observer' role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning …." and "Couples in the 'other's eyes' condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning …" 40 TRUE Grossmann, person's wisdom, determined by intelligence to a limited extent Last paragraph, first line "We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits, but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence …."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Bats to the rescue   Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q1 False Madagascar's forests, destroyed, insects Paragraph 1 "Madagascar’s forests are being converted to agricultural land at a rate of one percent every year... And a key reason for this destruction is that insect pests are destroying vast quantities of what is grown by local subsistence farmers, leading them to clear forest to create new paddy fields." Q2 False Loss of habitat, insectivorous bats, Madagascar Paragraph 1 "In fact, some of the island’s insectivorous bats  are currently thriving and this has important implications for farmers and conservationists alike." Q3 Not Given Ricardo Rocha, studies, bats - - Q4 True Habitat modification, indigenous bats, useful to farmers Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4 "Bats comprise roughly one-fifth of all mammal species in Madagascar... Co-leading an international team of scientists, Rocha found that several species of indigenous bats are taking advantage of habitat modification  to hunt insects swarming above the country’s rice fields." Q5 Not Given Malagasy mouse-eared bat, common, indigenous bats, Madagascar - - Q6 True Bats, feed, paddy swarming caterpillars, grass webworms Paragraph 4 "We found that six species of bat are preying on rice pests, including the paddy swarming caterpillar  and grass webworm ." Q7 droppings - Paragraph 7 "They next used DNA barcoding techniques to analyse droppings  collected from bats at the different sites." Q8 coffee - Paragraph 8 "The bats were consuming pests of other crops, including the black twig borer (which infests coffee plants ), the sugarcane cicada, the macadamia nut-borer, and the sober tabby (a pest of citrus fruit)." Q9 mosquitoes - Paragraph 10 "Rocha and his team found evidence that Malagasy bats feed not just on crop pests but also on mosquitoes  – carriers of malaria, Rift Valley fever virus and elephantiasis – as well as blackflies, which spread river blindness." Q10 protein - Paragraph 11 "Rocha points out that the relationship is complicated. When food is scarce, bats become a crucial source of protein  for local people." Q11 unclean - Paragraph 11 "And as well as roosting in trees, the bats sometimes roost in buildings, but are not welcomed there because they make them unclean ." Q12 culture - Paragraph 11 "At the same time, however, they are associated with sacred caves and the ancestors, so they can be viewed as beings between worlds, which makes them very significant in the culture  of the people." Q13 houses - Paragraph 11 "Rocha says, ‘With the right help, we hope that farmers can promote this mutually beneficial relationship by installing bat houses .’"   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Does education fuel economic growth?   Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q14 research to focus on individuals with a fairly consistent income need, research, individuals, consistent income paragraph E, lines 2-5 "This involves following the lives of different people with the same level of wealth over a period of time. If wealth is constant(consistent income), it is possible to discover(to focus) whether education was, for example, linked to the cultivation of new crops, or to the adoption of industrial innovations like sewing machines." Q15 sources the database has been compiled from examples, sources, database paragraph A, lines 3-6 "It includes court records, guild ledgers, parish registers, village censuses, tax lists and – the most recent addition – 9,000 handwritten inventories listing over a million personal possessions belonging to ordinary women and men across three centuries." Q16 one individual's refusal to obey an order account, individual, refusal, obey, order paragraph D, lines 3-6 "The database also reveals the case of Juliana Schweickherdt, a 50-year-old spinster living in the small Black Forest community of Wildberg, reprimanded in 1752 by the local weavers’ guild for ‘weaving cloth and combing wool, counter to the guild ordinance(community regulations)." Q17 region suited for research on the link between education and economic growth reference, region, research, education, economic growth paragraph F "German-speaking central Europe" and "the relationship(=link) between education and economic growth is far from straightforward(=not easy to understand)." Q18 items included in a list of personal possessions examples, list, personal possessions paragraph C, lines 2-6 "From badger skins to Bibles, sewing machines to scarlet bodices – the villagers’ entire worldly goods are included. Inventories of agricultural equipment and craft tools reveal economic activities; ownership of books and education-related objects like pens and slates suggests how people learned." Q19 descendants database, compiled, descendants paragraph D "The database that Ogilvie and her team have compiled" and "descendants – across 300 years" Q20 sermon Ana Regina and Magdalena Riethmiillerin, reprimanded, reading books in church paragraph D "Ana Regina and Magdalena Riethmiillerin, who were chastised in 1707 for reading books in church instead of listening to the sermon." Q21 fine Juliana Schweickherdt, guild reprimand, weaving cloth and combing wool paragraph D "she was summoned before the guild court and told (to pay a fine=as a punishment)." Q22 skills guilds, prevent, skilled people from working paragraph D "Cases like this illustrate how the guilds could prevent even the simplest industrial innovation, prevented people from using their skills." Q23 B,E (B: Literacy rates in Germany between 1600 and 1900 were very good; E: Economic growth can help to improve literacy rates.) literacy rates, Germany, good, economic growth Section B, F "Between 1600 and 1900, Germany and Scandinavia had excellent literacy rates" (Section B) and "even though there is plenty of evidence that growth increases education" (Section F)   Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q25 B,D (B: Guilds were opposed to people moving to an area for work; D: Guilds opposed practices that threatened their control over a trade.) guilds, opposed, people moving, control over trade Section F "In villages throughout the region, guilds blocked labour migration" (Section F) and "local guilds and merchant associations were extremely powerful and legislated against anything that undermined their monopolies" (Section F) Q26 B,D (B: Guilds blocked labour migration; D: Guilds legislated against practices that threatened their monopolies.) guilds, blocked, labour migration, legislated against, monopolies Section F "In villages throughout the region, guilds blocked labour migration" (Section F) and "local guilds and merchant associations were extremely powerful and legislated against anything that undermined their monopolies" (Section F)      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Timur Gareyev – blindfold chess champion   Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q27 D earlier examples, blindfold chess Paragraph D (line 1) "blindfold chess seems to call for superhuman skill. But displays of the feat go back centuries." Q28 E blindfold chess involves Paragraph E (lines 2-4) "The nature of the game is to run through possible moves in the mind to see how they play out. From this, regular players develop a memory for the patterns the pieces make, the defences and attacks." Q29 F Gareyev's skill, limited to chess Paragraph F "We didn't find anything other than playing chess that he seems to be supremely gifted at." Q30 H Gareyev's skill, interest to scientists Paragraph B "But Gareyev's prowess has drawn interest from beyond the chess-playing community. In the hope of understanding how he and others like him can perform such mental feats, researchers at the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA) called him in for tests." Q31 B Gareyev's priorities Paragraph H "The most important part of blindfold chess for me is that I have found the one thing that I can fully dedicate myself to." Q32 E last part of a game, difficult Paragraph E "But the ends of games are taxing too, as exhaustion sets in. When Gareyev is tired, his recall can get patchy. He sometimes makes moves based on only a fragmented memory of the pieces' positions." Q33 FALSE forthcoming games, participants blindfolded Paragraph A "While his challengers will play the games as normal, Gareyev himself will be blindfolded." Q34 NOT GIVEN Gareyev, won competitions in BASE jumping Paragraph A No information provided about Gareyev winning competitions in BASE jumping. Q35 NOT GIVEN UCLA, first university to research blindfold chess players Paragraph B No information provided about UCLA being the first university to research blindfold chess players. Q36 TRUE Good chess players, able to play blindfold chess Paragraph B "The ability to play a game of chess with your eyes closed is not a far reach for most accomplished players." Q37 Memory - Paragraph F (line 1) "The researchers started by testing Gareyev's memory." Q38 Numbers - Paragraph F (lines 2-3) "For example, he was required to recall a string of numbers in order and also in reverse order." Q39 Communication - Paragraph F (lines 9-10) "Although his performance was normal, scans showed an unusual amount of communication within the areas of Gareyev's brain that are concerned with..." Q40 Visual - Paragraph G (lines 3-4) "Initial results suggest that the areas of his brain that process visual images – such as chess boards – may have stronger links to other brain regions, and so be more powerful than normal."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Roman shipbuilding and navigation Question Number Answer Key Words Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 1 FALSE Romans, shipbuilding skills, Greeks, Egyptians First paragraph, third line "The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians." 2 NOT GIVEN skilled craftsmen, mortise and tenon method of fixing planks N/A N/A 3 FALSE later practice, Mediterranean shipbuilders, building hull before frame Second paragraph, seventh line "Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull …." 4 TRUE Romans, Mediterranean Sea, Mare Nostrum, dominated its use Third paragraph, second-last line "Eventually, Rome’s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning ‘our sea’." 5 TRUE rowers, Roman army Fourth paragraph, fourth line from end "It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military." 6 Lightweight summary, warships, designed, moved quickly Third paragraph, first line "Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy." 7 Bronze summary, battering ram, attacking, damaging, timber, oars, enemy ships Third paragraph, fourth line "They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels." 8 Levels summary, warships, 'trireme', rowers, three different Fourth paragraph, first line "The 'trireme' was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels,…" 9 Hull summary, merchant ships, broad, lay far below surface of sea Fifth paragraph, second line "They had a wider hull, …… Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, ….." 10 Triangular summary, both square and sails Fifth paragraph, fifth line "They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow." 11 Music summary, merchant ships, warships, ensure rowers moved oars at same time Fifth paragraph, second-last line "In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this." 12 Grain summary, agricultural goods, transported, merchant ships, two main ports in Italy Sixth paragraph, first line "The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials …… and agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt’s Nile valley)." 13 Towboats summary, ships pulled to shore Sixth paragraph, third-last line "Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay."    READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Climate change reveals ancient artefacts in Norway’s glaciers     Question Number Answer Key Words Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 14 D explanation, weapons, left behind, mountains D paragraph, third line "Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home." 15 C reference, physical difficulties, archaeological expedition C paragraph's 2nd part's first line, C paragraph's 3rd part's first line "The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases, so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1,400 metres. Fieldwork is hard work- hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost." 16 F explanation, less food, available F paragraph's 2nd part's last three lines "A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, …" 17 H reference, possibility, future archaeological discoveries H paragraph, second-last line "That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artefacts from retreating ice in years to come." 18 G examples, items traded G paragraph, from fifth line "And growing Norwegian …… would have created a booming demand for hides to fight off the cold, as well as antlers to make useful things like combs." 19 B reference, pressure, archaeologists, work quickly B paragraph's 2nd part's first 2 lines "With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artefacts, preserve them and study them." 20 Microorganisms/micro-organisms summary, little protection, decay quickly B paragraph, second line "This is because unless they’re protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend not to last long." 21 Reindeer summary, trade routes, mountains, gathered, summer months C paragraph, fourth line "Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months …….. In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes …." 22 Insects summary, gathered, summer months, avoid being attacked, lower grounds C paragraph, fourth line "Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, …." 23 B discoveries, Barrett's team, hunters, mountains, extreme cold F paragraph, sixth line "But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold, …" 24 C discoveries, Barrett's team, number of artefacts, certain time periods, relatively low E paragraph, forth line "They found that some periods had produced lots of artefacts, which indicates that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times. But there were few or no signs of activity during other periods." 25 A Viking Age, hunters, increased demand, goods G paragraph, fifth line "And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hides to fight off the cold, as well as antlers to make useful things like combs. Business must have been good for hunters." 26 C Viking Age, Vikings, ships, transport goods G paragraph, third line | "Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods traveled on overland routes, .."        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Plant ‘thermometer’ triggers springtime growth by measuring night-time heat   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 27 NOT GIVEN thermometer molecule, surprise Not Given N/A 28 TRUE agricultural production, 2050, missed D paragraph, fourth line "It is estimated that agricultural yields will need to double by 2050, but climate change is a major threat to achieving this." 29 TRUE wheat, rice, rise in temperatures D paragraph, fifth line "Key crops such as wheat and rice are sensitive to high temperatures. Thermal stress reduces crop yields by around 10% of every one degree increase in temperature." 30 NOT GIVEN crops, less water Not Given N/A 31 FALSE plants, sunlight, shade, grow faster E paragraph, second line "During the day, sunlight activates the molecules, slowing down growth. If a plant finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly inactivated – enabling it to grow faster to find sunlight again." 32 FALSE phytochromes, change state, day, night E paragraph's 1st part, second-last line "’Light-driven changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, in less than a second,’ says Wigge. At night, however, it’s a different story. Instead of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the molecules gradually change from their active to inactive state." 33 H specialists, research findings H paragraph, seventh line "’Cambridge is uniquely well-positioned...... Into the field" 34 D potential benefit, research findings D paragraph, 8th line "’Discovering the molecules that allow plants to sense temperature has the potential to accelerate the breeding of crops resilient to thermal stress and climate change." 35 G scientific support, traditional saying G paragraph, third line "In fact, the discovery of the dual role of phytochromes provides the science behind a well-known rhyme long used to predict the coming season: oak before ash we’ll have a splash, ash before oak we’re in for a soak." 36 C people, plans, plant behavior C paragraph, first line "Farmers and gardeners have known for hundreds of years how responsive plants are to temperature: warm winters cause many trees and flowers to bud early, something humans have long used to predict weather and harvest times for the coming year." 37 A research reported A paragraph's 2nd part, first line "The new findings, published in the journal Science, show that phytochromes ...." 38 Warm (winter) daffodils, flower early, response G paragraph, first line "Other species, such as daffodils, have considerable temperature sensitivity, and can flower months in advance during a warm winter." 39 Summer ash trees, come into leaf before oak trees, weather G paragraph, eighth line "A warmer spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a hot summer will result in oak leafing before ash. …….. a colder summer is likely to be a rain-soaked one." 40 Mustard plant(s) / mustard research carried out, species H paragraph, second line "The work was done in a model system, using a mustard plant called Arabidopsis, ..."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. The thylacine Q Answer Keywords Location Text Q1 carnivorous looked like a dog, series of stripes, diet 1st and 2nd paragraph 1st paragraph: Resembling a dog, the thylacine had dark brown stripes over its back, beginning at the rear of the body and extending onto the tail. 2nd paragraph: In terms of feeding, it was exclusively carnivorous , eating an entirely carnivorous  diet (2nd paragraph, 3rd and 4th line). Q2 scent probably depended mainly on 2nd paragraph, line 6,7 During long-distance chases (=when hunting), thylacines were likely to have relied more on(= depended) scent  than any other sense (2nd paragraph, line 6,7). Q3 pouch young spent first months of life paragraph 3, line 3 & 4 Newborns crawled into the pouch  on the belly of their mother, and attached themselves to one of the four teats, remaining there for up to three months (paragraph 3, line 3 & 4). Q4 fossil last evidence in mainland Australia paragraph 7, line 1,2 The most recent, well-dated occurrence of a thylacine on the mainland is a carbon-dated fossil  from Murray Cave in Western Australia, which is around 3,100 years old (paragraph 7, line 1,2). Q5 habitat reduction in habitat and available sources of food paragraph 5 It is likely that various other factors also contributed to the decline and eventual extinction of the species. These include competition with wild dogs introduced by European settlers, loss of habitat  (reduction in habitat) along with the disappearance of prey species (=reduction in .. and available sources of food) (paragraph 5). Q6 True Significant numbers of thylacines were killed by humans from the 1830s onwards paragraph 5 The decline of thylacines, which began in the 1830s and continued for a century, is generally attributed to the relentless efforts of sheep farmers and bounty hunters** with shotguns (paragraph 5). Q7 False Several thylacines were born in zoos during the late 1800s paragraph 6 There was only one successful attempt to breed a thylacine in captivity(=zoo), at Melbourne Zoo in 1899. This was despite the large numbers that went through some zoos (paragraph 6). Q8 Not Given John Gould’s prediction about the thylacine surprised some biologists paragraph 6 The famous naturalist John Gould foresaw(=prediction) the thylacine’s demise when he published his Mammals of Australia between 1848 and 1863, writing, ‘The numbers of this singular animal will speedily diminish, extermination will have its full sway, and it will then, like the wolf of England and Scotland, be recorded as an animal of the past.’ NO information about feeling surprised (paragraph 6).   Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q9 False In the early 1900s, many scientists became worried about the possible extinction of the thylacine paragraph 7 However, there seems to have been little public pressure to preserve the thylacine, nor was much concern expressed by scientists at the decline(extinction) of this species in the decades that followed (paragraph 7). Q10 Not Given T. T. Flynn’s proposal to rehome(find new home) captive(in case) thylacines on an island proved to be impractical paragraph 7 Notable exception was T.T. Flynn, Professor of Biology at the University of Tasmania. In 1914, he was sufficiently concerned about the scarcity of the thylacine to suggest that some should be captured and placed on a small island(rehome). But there is no information about “proved to be impractical or not” (paragraph 7, line 3 and 4). Q11 False There were still reasonable numbers of thylacines in existence when a piece of legislation protecting the species during their breeding season was passed paragraph 7 But it was not until 1929, with the species on the very edge(small/minor) of extinction, that Tasmania’s Animals and Birds Protection Board passed a motion protecting thylacines only for the month of December, which was thought to be their prime breeding season (paragraph 7, line 4, 5, and 6). Q12 True From 1930 to 1936, the only known living thylacines were all in captivity paragraph 7 The last known wild thylacine to be killed was shot by a farmer in the north-east of Tasmania in 1930, leaving just captive specimens. Official protection of the species by the Tasmanian government was introduced in July 1936 (paragraph 7, line 8). Q13 Not Given Attempts to find living thylacines are now rarely made paragraph 8 There have been numerous expeditions and searches for the thylacine over the years, none of which has produced definitive evidence that thylacines still exist. The species was declared extinct by the Tasmanian government in 1986. No information whether these attempts are now made or not (paragraph 8).   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Palm Oil Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q14 Deforestation is reduced Range of potential environmental advantages of oil palm tree cultivation Paragraph F, L1-3 "Oil palm plantations produce at least four and potentially up to ten times more oil per hectare than soybean, rapeseed, sunflower or other competing oils. (By this environmental benefit). Deforestation is reduced." Q15 The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) Organization controlling the environmental impact of palm oil production Paragraph G, L1 "The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)" Q16 Palm oil is consumed in various products globally Widespread global use of palm oil Paragraph A, L3-5 "Palm oil is an edible oil derived from the fruit of the African oil palm tree, and is currently the most consumed vegetable oil in the world." Q17 Bird's nest fern Species benefiting the ecosystem of oil palm plantations Paragraph H, L1 "New research at Ellwood’s lab hints at one plant which might make all the difference. The bird’s nest fern (Asplenium nidus) grows.." Q18 Rapid expansion of the palm oil industry Figures illustrating the rapid expansion of the palm oil industry Paragraph B, L9-11 "From a mere two million tonnes of palm oil being produced annually globally 50 years ago, there are now around 60 million tonnes produced every single year..." Q19 Vital role in lifting people out of poverty Economic justification for not opposing the palm oil industry Paragraph E, L1-2 "One response to the boycott movement has been the argument for the vital role palm oil plays in lifting many millions of people in the developing world out of poverty." Q20 Endangered species such as Sumatran orangutan Creatures affected by the establishment of oil palm plantations Paragraph C, L1-3 "Endangered species – most famously the Sumatran orangutan, but also rhinos, elephants, tigers, and numerous other fauna – have suffered from the unstoppable spread of oil palm plantations." Q23 Solid Advantage of palm oil for manufacturers Paragraph A, L4-5 "One advantage of palm oil for manufacturers is that it stays solid even when not refrigerated." Q24 Sumatran orangutan Animal suffering from habitat loss due to oil palm plantations Paragraph C, L2-3 "Endangered species – most famously the Sumatran orangutan..." Q25 Carbon stocks RSPO criterion for sustainable palm oil certification Paragraph G, L5-6 "The RSPO insists upon... regular assessment of carbon stocks, among other criteria." Q26 Biodiversity Potential restoration of biodiversity in oil palm plantation areas Paragraph H, L5-8 "Reintroducing the bird’s nest fern into oil palm plantations could potentially allow these areas to recover their biodiversity..."      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan’s Skyscrapers Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q27 A original explanation Paragraph 1, L6-7 "is a compilation of chapters commenting (not explain) on different aspects of New York’s urban development." Q28 B potential problem Paragraph 3, L6-7 "no skyscraper interested in performing “slum clearance’” which is the main problem" Q29 C too specialized Paragraph 4, L2-3 "it is probably more technical (too specialized) than would be preferred by a general audience (readers)." Q30 D limited appeal Paragraph 8, L2-3 "Chapter eight contains (some parts) lengthy discussions of urban economic theory that may serve as a distraction (limited appeal) to readers primarily interested (limited people)." Q31 C nature of research Paragraph 9, L2-3 "The data work that went into these estimations is particularly impressive" Q32 No lacks interest Paragraph 2, L1-2 "fascinating account of how the New York landscape in 1609" Q33 Yes prepares the reader Paragraph 3 "Both chapters are informative and well researched and set the stage for the economic analysis that comes later in the book." Q34 Not Given lack of amenities - - Q35 No concentrate around the harbour Paragraph 4 "Most of these enclaves were located on the least valuable land, between the industries located on the waterfront and the wealthy neighborhoods bordering Central Park." Q36 H absence of skyscrapers Paragraph 7, L1-3 "Chapter seven tackles the 'bedrock myth,' the assumption that the absence of bedrock close to the surface between Downtown and Midtown New York does not explain why skyscrapers are absent from (for skyscrapers not being built between the two urban centers)." Q37 D not prohibitively high Paragraph 7, L3-4 "Barr argues that while deeper bedrock does increase foundation costs, these costs were neither prohibitively high." Q38 I overall cost Paragraph 7, L4-5 "nor were they large compared to the overall cost of building a skyscraper (total expenditure)." Q39 B how foundations are built Paragraph 7, L5-6 "What I enjoyed the most about this chapter was Barr’s discussion of how foundations are actually built." Q40 F associated risks Paragraph 7, last 2 lines "technological history discusses not only how caissons work but also the dangers involved (associated risks). The chapter is well researched but relatively easy to understand."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Roman tunnels Label the Diagrams The Persian Qanat Method Question Answer Keywords Location Text 1 posts tunneling, direct First paragraph, 3rd line "They introduced the qanat method of tunnel construction, which consisted of placing posts  over a hill in a straight line, to ensure that the tunnel kept to its route." 2 canal water runs, local people First paragraph, 7th line "Once the tunnel was completed, it allowed water to flow from top of a hillside down towards a canal , which supplied water for human use." 3 ventilation vertical shafts, remove earth First paragraph, 6th line "The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts, which also provided ventilation ." 4 lid made of wood or stone Second paragraph, 3rd line "The shafts were equipped with handholds and footholds to help those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid ." 5 weight attached to plumb line Second paragraph, 5th line "Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft and made sure that the weight  at the end of it hung in the centre of the shaft." 6 climbing handholds and footholds Second paragraph, 3rd line "The shafts were equipped with handholds and footholds  to help those climbing  in and out of them." 7 FALSE counter-excavation method, replaced, 6th century BCE Third paragraph, first 3 lines "It was used to cut through high mountains when the qanat method was not practical alternative." 8 NOT GIVEN experienced builders, counter-excavation method Not Given N/A 9 FALSE problem, Saldae aqueduct system, ancient book Third paragraph, last four lines "Inscription was written on the side of 428-meter tunnel that describes how two teams of builders missed each other in the mountain." 10 TRUE mistake, builders, Saldae aqueduct system, two parts of the tunnel failed to meet Third paragraph, second-last line "Teams of builders missed each other in the mountain and how the later construction of a lateral link between both corridors corrected the initial error." 11 gold Dolaucothi mines, Wales, extract Fourth paragraph, 6th line "Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold  can still be found at Dolaucothi mines in Wales." 12 (the) architect('s) (name) patron, carved, tunnel Last paragraph, 11th line "Most tunnels had inscriptions showing the names of patrons who ordered construction and sometimes the name of the architect ." 13     (the) harbour / harbor        READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Changes in reading habits     Question Answer Keywords Location Text 14 A - Our use of technology is having a hidden effect on us writer's main point, first paragraph First paragraph, lines 4 to 6 "The meaning of these lines is that neuronal circuit related to our reading ability is changing without everyone’s knowledge." 15 B - We should pay attention to what might be lost when innovation occurs Sherry Turkle, main point, innovation Third paragraph, line 2 to 5 "We do not err as a society when we innovate but when we ignore what we disrupt or diminish while innovating." 16 D - Some brain circuits adjust to whatever is required of them writer's point, fourth paragraph Fourth paragraph, line 2 to 6 "It will adapt to that environment’s requirements" 17 B - has influenced what they select to read Mark Edmundson, attitude of college students Fifth paragraph, line 3 to 5 "In these lines, Mark Edmundson said the students have attitude of no patience to read longer, denser, and more difficult text so they avoid (not select) classic literature of 19th and 20th century." 18 D - worrying Studies on digital screen use, trends Sixth paragraph, first two lines "Troubling trends" 19 H - thorough technique to find out, each group's understanding Sixth paragraph, line 6 and 7 "Result indicated that who read on print were superior in their comprehension" 20 F - hard finding the order of information, recall Sixth paragraph, line 6 to 8 "Result indicated that students who read on print were superior in their comprehension to screen-reading peers, particularly in their ability to sequence detail and reconstruct the plot in chronological order." 21 B - isolated tending to read, words and phrases Seventh paragraph, line 3 to 4 "Many readers now use a pattern when reading in which they sample the first line and the word-spot through rest of the text." 22 C - emotional superficial understanding, content of material Seventh paragraph, last 2 lines "In other words, we don’t have time to grasp complexity, to understand another’s feelings." 23 Yes medium we use to read, affect our choice of reading content Eighth paragraph, line 3 & 4 "It is about how all we have begun to read on various mediums and how that changes not only what we read, but also purposes for which we read." 24 No Some age groups, lose complex reading skills Eighth paragraph, line 4 & 5 "Nor is it only about the young. The subtle atrophy of critical analysis and empathy effects us all equally." 25 Not Given False information, widespread in today's digital era Eighth paragraph, line 5 to 8 "due to a lot of information, we go to familiar (known) information which is unchecked and receive and require no analysis." 26 Yes opportunities to rectify problems, technology presenting Last paragraph, line 3 & 4 "We possess both the science and the technology to identify and redress the changes how we read before they become entrenched."        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 27 iii - The superiority of AI projections over those made by humans Section A, AI predictions Section A, first part, second part's first line "AI is almost always better at forecasting than we are." 28 vi - Widespread distrust of an AI innovation Section B, distrust of Watson Section B, first part, line 6 to 9, second part, lines 1 & 2 "If Watson gives opinion about treatment that doctors already know, then doctors do not see it with much value. If Watson recommends something opposite of expert’s opinion, doctors think Watson is not smart enough." 29 ii - Reasons why we have more faith in human judgement than in AI Section C, trust in humans Section C, lines 1 to 5 "we trust in human more because we understand how others think and our trust on them was right so we feel safe. But we do not know much about AI, so we do not faith them." 30 i - An increasing divergence of attitudes towards AI Section D, divergence in attitudes Section D, second part, 3rd & 4th line "As AI is represented more and more in media and entertainment, it could lead to society split between those who benefit and those who reject it." 31 vii - Encouraging openness about how AI functions Section E, openness about algorithms Section E, second part "showing more about how algorithms work and for what they work will improve the trust in AI." 32 v - The advantages of involving users in AI processes Section F, involving users in decision-making Section F, first line "Allowing people’s control over AI decision-making could also improve trust." 33 C - highlighting the existence of a problem Section A, lack of confidence in AI predictions Section A, second part, line 2 & 3 "The problem is the lack of confidence in AI predictions." 34 B - its complexity makes them feel they are at a disadvantage Section C, reluctance to accept AI Section C, first part, last three lines "A sense of losing control is the disadvantage that the writer talked about. Complexity makes them feel at a disadvantage." 35 A - It leads the public to be mistrustful of AI Section C, media's impact on trust Section C, second part, lines 3 to 5 "Embarrassing AI failures receive a disproportionate amount of media attention, emphasizing the massage that we cannot rely on technology." 36 No Subjective depictions of AI in sci-fi films Section D, first part, lines 3 to 7 "optimists became more extreme in their enthusiasm for AI and skeptics became even more guarded." 37 Not Given Portrayals of AI in media and entertainment Section D No information given about whether portrayals will become more positive. 38 Yes Rejection of the possibilities of AI Section D, rejection's effect on people's lives Section D, second part, last 2 lines 39 No Familiarity with AI Section E, impact of familiarity on attitude Section E, first part, lines 2 to 4 40 Yes AI applications that users can modify Section F, users modifying algorithms Section F, first part, lines 3 & 4

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   NUTMEG – A VALUABLE SPICE READING    Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 oval leaves, shape Paragraph 1, Lines 3-4 The passage states, “The tree is thickly branched with dense foliage of tough, dark green oval leaves.” This means the shape of the nutmeg tree’s leaves is oval. 2 husk surrounds the fruit, breaks open, ripe Paragraph 1, Lines 5-6 The passage states, “The fruit is encased in a fleshy husk. When the fruit is ripe, this husk splits into two halves along a ridge running the length of the fruit.” Here, encased in = surrounded by, and splits into two halves = breaks open. 3 seed used to produce, spice nutmeg Paragraph 1, Lines 6-9 The passage states, “Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed… These are the sources of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former being produced from the dried seed.” The word “former” refers to the seed, meaning the spice nutmeg is made from the seed. 4 mace covering, known as the aril, used to produce Paragraph 1, Lines 6-9 The passage states, “These are the sources of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former being produced from the dried seed and the latter from the aril.” Here, the latter refers to mace, meaning the aril is used to produce mace. 5 FALSE Middle Ages, most Europeans, knew, where, nutmeg, grown Paragraph 2, Lines 1-5 The passage states, “The Arabs were the exclusive importers of the spice to Europe… but they never revealed the exact location of the source.” This suggests that most Europeans did not know where nutmeg was grown. 6 NOT GIVEN VOC, world’s first, major trading company Paragraph 4 The passage states that the VOC became the world’s richest commercial operation by 1617, but it does not say whether it was the world’s first major trading company. 7 TRUE Treaty of Breda, Dutch, control, all the islands, nutmeg grew Paragraph 5, Lines 11-17 The passage states, “After the Treaty of Breda… the Dutch now had a monopoly over the nutmeg trade.” This suggests the Dutch gained control of all nutmeg-producing islands. 8 Arabs Middle Ages, Nutmeg, brought to Europe, by Paragraph 2, Lines 1-3 The passage states, “Throughout this period, the Arabs were the exclusive importers of the spice to Europe.” This means nutmeg was brought to Europe by the Arabs. 9 plague 17th Century, Demand, grew, believed, effective against, disease Paragraph 4, Lines 4-6 The passage states, “Thousands of people across Europe were dying of the plague… they decided nutmeg held the cure.” This means nutmeg was believed to be effective against the plague. 10 lime 17th Century, the Dutch, put, on nutmeg, to avoid, being cultivated Paragraph 5, Lines 7-9 The passage states, “All exported nutmeg was covered with lime to make sure there was no chance a fertile seed could be grown elsewhere.” This means the Dutch put lime on nutmeg to prevent cultivation outside the islands. 11 Run 17th Century, the Dutch, finally obtained, the island, from the British Paragraph 5, Lines 9-15 The passage states, “The Treaty of Breda… If the British would give them the island of Run… The British agreed.” This means the Dutch finally obtained the island of Run. 12 Mauritius Late 18th Century, 1770, nutmeg plants, secretly taken to Paragraph 6, Line 1 The passage states, “In 1770, a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre successfully smuggled nutmeg plants to safety in Mauritius.” Here, smuggled = secretly taken. 13 tsunami Late 18th Century, 1778, half, Banda Islands’ nutmeg plantations, destroyed by a Paragraph 6, Lines 3-4 The passage states, “In 1778, a volcanic eruption in the Banda region caused a tsunami that wiped out half the nutmeg groves.” This means the plantations were destroyed by a tsunami. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Driverless cars     Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text/Explanation 14 C reference to the amount of time, average car spends, 90 percent Paragraph C - Line no. 3 "At present, the average car spends more than 90 percent of its life parked ." The average car spends a significant amount of time parked. 15 B several advantages, Another aim, free the time, other purposes Paragraph B - Line no. 5 "Another aim is to free the time people spend driving for other purposes ." One of the aims of automation is to free up time that people spend driving for other activities. 16 E Specialized vehicles, choosing the most appropriate, exceptional journeys Paragraph E - Line no. "of individuals. Specialized vehicles may then be available for exceptional journeys , such as going on a family camping trip or helping a son or daughter move to university." Specialized vehicles can be used for exceptional journeys and specific purposes. 17 G an estimate of how long, many challenges, probably be conquered within the next 10 years Paragraph G - Line no. 1 "It’s clear that there are many challenges that need to be addressed but, through robust and targeted research, these can most probably be conquered within the next 10 years ." Despite the challenges, it is likely that these challenges will be overcome in the next 10 years. 18 D driverless cars may have no effect, vehicles manufactured, faster rate of turnover, vehicle production will not necessarily decrease Paragraph D - Line no. 9 "that vehicles’ average annual mileage double as a result. As a consequence, each vehicle would be used more intensively and might need replacing sooner. This faster rate of turnover may mean that vehicle production will not necessarily decrease ." The increased usage and faster turnover of vehicles may not lead to a decrease in vehicle production. 19 human error 90 percent of road collisions involve human error as a contributory factor Paragraph - Line no. "There are many ... more than 90 percent of road collisions involve human error as a contributory factor, and it is the primary cause in the vast majority." Human error is a major factor in the majority of road collisions. 20 car-sharing Automation means that initiatives for car-sharing  become much more viable Paragraph C - Line no. 3 "Automation means that initiatives for car-sharing  become much more viable, particularly in urban areas with significant travel demand." Automation enables the possibility of car-sharing initiatives, especially in urban areas. 21 ownership vehicles might reduce vehicle ownership  by 43 percent Paragraph D - Line no. 6 "Modeling work by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute suggests automated vehicles might reduce vehicle ownership by 43 percent." Automated vehicles could potentially reduce the number of vehicles owned by individuals. 22 mileage that vehicles’ average annual mileage  double as a result Paragraph D - Line no. 8 "that vehicles’ average annual mileage  double as a result. As a consequence, each vehicle would be used more intensively and might need replacing sooner." The average annual mileage of vehicles would increase, leading to more intensive usage and potentially shorter lifespan. 23 C responsible for safe Paragraph B - Line no. 5 "If the vehicle can do some or all of the driving, it may be possible to be productive, to socialize, or simply to relax while Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text/Explanation 23 C responsible for safe Paragraph B - Line no. 5 "If the vehicle can do some or all of the driving, it may be possible to be productive, to socialize, or simply to relax while automation systems have responsibility for safe ." With automation systems taking responsibility for safe driving, individuals can engage in other activities such as being productive or relaxing. 24 D challenged by existing mobility models, able to enjoy significantly greater travel autonomy Paragraph B - Line no. 6 "control of the vehicle. If the vehicle can do the driving, those who are challenged by existing mobility models  – such as older or disabled travelers – may be able to enjoy significantly greater travel autonomy ." Automated vehicles can provide greater travel autonomy for individuals who face challenges with existing mobility options. 25 A technical difficulties in ensuring that the vehicle works reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather, and road situations Paragraph F - Line no. 1 "There are a number of hurdles to overcome in delivering automated vehicles to our roads. These include the technical difficulties in ensuring that the vehicle works reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather, and road situations  it might encounter." One of the challenges is ensuring the reliable functioning of automated vehicles in various traffic, weather, and road conditions. 26 E societal changes that may be required for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as being a valuable part of the mobility landscape Paragraph F - Line no. "the societal changes  that may be required for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as being a valuable part of the mobility landscape." The successful integration of automated vehicles into the mobility landscape requires societal changes and building trust and acceptance among communities.        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 .   What is exploration?   Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text/Explanation 27 A New York, undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe, last nomadic Penan maintain their existence Paragraph 1 - Line no. 5 "This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last nomadic Penan maintain their existence in the depleted forests of Borneo, and a visitor negotiate the subways of New York." The writer refers to visitors in New York to illustrate how the questing nature of humans has aided in their global spread and the survival of certain communities. 28 C Peculiar breed Paragraph 2 - Line no. 1 "Over the years, we’ve come to think of explorers as a peculiar breed – different from the rest of us, different from those of us who are merely ‘well travelled’, even; and perhaps there is a type of person more suited to seeking out the new, a type of caveman more inclined to risk venturing out...." The writer views explorers as a peculiar breed of individuals, distinct from those who are well-traveled. 29 C Suggest the desires and fears of his characters Paragraph 3 - Line no. 1 "Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters. He is delving into matters." The description of Egdon Heath in Thomas Hardy's novels is used to suggest the desires and fears of the characters in the story. 30 D as if the process of discovery is now on the decline Paragraph 4 - Line no. 2 "another problem: the word ‘explorer’ has become associated with a past era. We think.....century – as if the process of discovery is now on the decline, though the truth is that we have named only one and a half million of this." The reference to 'a golden age' suggests that the perception of exploration is associated with a past era and that the process of discovery is believed to be declining. 31 A tends to reflect the field of endeavor of each pioneer Paragraph 6 - Line no. 1 "Each definition is slightly different – and tends to reflect the field of endeavor  of each pioneer." The writer argues that each definition of exploration varies slightly and reflects the specific field of endeavor of the respective pioneer. 32 B fresh interpretation, well-traveled route, readers new insights Last Paragraph - Last line "and this is what interests me: how a fresh interpretation, even of a well-traveled route , can give its readers new insights." The writer is interested in how a fresh interpretation of a well-traveled route can provide readers with new insights. 33 E belongs to an era of unmechanized travel now lost to the rest of us, told me Paragraph 5 - Line no. 7 "Wilfred Thesiger, who crossed Arabia’s Empty Quarter in 1946, and belongs to an era of unmechanized travel  now lost to the rest of us, told me, ‘If I’d gone across by camel when I could have gone by car, it would have been a stunt.’" The statement belongs to Wilfred Thesiger, who represents an era of unmechanized travel that is no longer experienced by most people. 34 A Peter Fleming talks of the moment, explorer returns to the existence   Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text/Explanation 34 A Peter Fleming talks of the moment, explorer returns to the existence he has left behind with his loved ones Paragraph 3 - Line no. 4 "Explorer and travel writer Peter Fleming talks of the moment when the explorer returns to the existence he has left behind with his loved ones. The traveler ........ with a place in the minds of certain people’." Peter Fleming discusses the moment when an explorer returns to the life they had left behind, including their relationships with loved ones. 35 D remote so-called ‘tribal’ peoples, some far-off world Paragraph 5 - Line no. 5 "Then Robin Hanbury-Tenison, a campaigner on behalf of remote so-called ‘tribal’ peoples, said, ‘A traveler simply records information about some far-off world, and reports back, but an explorer changes the world.’" Robin Hanbury-Tenison highlights that while a traveler records information about distant places, an explorer has the power to bring about change in the world. 36 E bringing back information from a remote place regardless of any great self-discovery Paragraph 5 - Line no. 9 "To him, exploration meant bringing back information from a remote place regardless of any great self-discovery." The speaker's perspective is that exploration involves gathering information from remote locations, without necessarily focusing on personal self-discovery. 37 B An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done before – and also done something scientifically useful Paragraph 5 - Line no. 1 "Ran Fiennes, dubbed the ‘greatest living explorer’, said, ‘An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done before – and also done something scientifically useful.’" According to Ran Fiennes, an explorer is an individual who accomplishes something unprecedented by any human and also contributes to scientific knowledge. 38 unique large number, expeditions Last Paragraph - Line no. 2 "I’ve done a great many expeditions and each one was unique." The word "unique" is used to describe the individuality of each expedition the writer has undertaken, despite having participated in a large number of them. 39 uncontacted / isolated isolated groups Last Paragraph - Line no. 2 "I’ve lived for months alone with isolated groups of people all around the world, even two ‘uncontacted tribes’." The writer mentions living with isolated groups of people, including "uncontacted tribes," emphasizing their isolation and lack of contact with the outside world. 40 surface how the land surface of our planet lies Last Paragraph - Line no. 6 "We know how the land surface of our planet lies; exploration of it is now down to the details – the habits of microbes, say, or the grazing behavior of buffalo." The writer refers to the surface of the land on our planet, highlighting that exploration has shifted to focusing on specific details such as microbial habits or buffalo grazing behavior.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   COULD URBAN ENGINEERS LEARN FROM DANCE? Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 B Appealing way, using dance, writer not proposing Paragraph B The writer mentions that dance might provide answers but clarifies that they are not suggesting everyone should dance to work, despite its benefits. 2 C Example, contrast, past and present approaches, building Paragraph C The writer contrasts medieval builders, who adapted construction based on materials and conditions, with modern designers who rely on media technologies. 3 F An objective, both dance and engineering Paragraph F Engineering and choreography share the goal of designing movement patterns within spatial limitations. 4 D Unforeseen problem, arising from, ignoring the climate Paragraph D Street cafés were designed without considering the climate, leading to operational issues in hot weather. 5 E Why, measures, intended to help people, reversed Paragraph E Designs that seem logical in models appear counter-intuitive when applied in real-life experiences, leading to reversals. 6 A How, transport has, impact, human lives Paragraph A The way people travel affects their health, social lives, work accessibility, and the air quality. 7 Safety Guard rails, introduced, British roads, improve, pedestrians Paragraph E Guard rails were introduced as an engineering solution to pedestrian safety. 8 Traffic Guard rails, ensuring movement, not disrupted Paragraph E The design prioritizes the smooth flow of traffic. 9 Carriageway Pedestrians, led to access points, cross one at a time Paragraph E Pedestrians cross in two stages, one for each carriageway. 10 Mobile Unintended effect, psychological difficulties, less, people Paragraph E Guard rails create psychological barriers, affecting those who are the least mobile. 11 Dangerous Another result, some people, cross the road, way Paragraph E Some people take dangerous crossings to avoid guard rails. 12 Communities Guard rails, separate Paragraph E Guard rails divide communities, making it harder to cross roads. 13 Healthy More difficult, introduce, forms of transport Paragraph E Guard rails reduce opportunities for healthy transport options. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 .   SHOULD WE TRY TO BRING EXTINCT SPECIES BACK TO LIFE?     Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text/Explanation 14 F extinct animals, merely threatened, disappearance Paragraph F - Line 5 "While the prospect of bringing extinct animals back to life might capture imaginations, it is, of course, far easier to try to save an existing species which is merely threatened with extinction." The passage mentions that it is more feasible and practical to focus on preserving species that are currently threatened rather than attempting to revive extinct animals. 15 A cloning technology, DNA, extinct animals Paragraph A - Line 5 "The basic premise involves using cloning technology to turn the DNA of extinct animals into a fertilized embryo, which is carried... before being born as." The passage explains the concept of using cloning technology to reproduce extinct animals by utilizing their DNA and developing fertilized embryos. 16 D disappearance, key species, suffered Paragraph D - Line 6 "Since the disappearance of this key species, ecosystems in the eastern US have suffered, as the lack of disturbance caused... stagnant and therefore." The passage highlights how the extinction of a particular species has led to negative consequences for ecosystems, resulting in stagnant conditions and ecosystem deterioration. 17 A came to an end, passenger pigeon Paragraph A - Line 3 "Sadly, the passenger pigeon's existence came to an end on 1 September 1914." The passage states the specific date when the passenger pigeon species became extinct. 18 E genetic trait, possible, to survive Paragraph E - Line 2 "By pinpointing which genetic traits made it possible for mammoths to survive the..." The passage discusses the importance of identifying genetic traits that enabled mammoths to survive and adapt in their environment. 19 E heat loss, tundra, reducing Paragraph E - Line 9 "Necessary adaptations would include smaller ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all for the purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra, and all traits." The passage mentions specific adaptations, such as smaller ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, which are aimed at minimizing heat loss in the tundra habitat. 20 E smaller, ear Paragraph E - Line 9 "Necessary adaptations would include smaller ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all for the purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra, and all traits." The passage highlights the adaptation of smaller ears as a measure to reduce heat loss in the tundra environment. 21 E insulating fat Paragraph E - Line 9 "Necessary adaptations would include smaller ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all for the purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra, and all traits." The passage emphasizes the importance of additional insulating fat as an adaptation to reduce heat loss in the tundra habitat. 22 E encourages grass growth, mitigate emissions, reduce temperature Paragraph E - Line 9 "and knock down trees, which encourages grass growth. This grass growth would reduce temperature, and mitigate emissions from melting permafrost." The passage explains how encouraging grass growth by knocking down trees can help reduce temperature and mitigate emissions resulting from melting permafrost. 23 B Thylacines would have prevented, The return of thylacines to Tasmania Paragraph B - Line 4 "explains Michael Archer of the University of New South Wales... The return of thylacines to Tasmania could help to ensure that devils are never again subjected to risks of this kind." Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text/Explanation 23 B Thylacines would have prevented, The return of thylacines to Tasmania Paragraph B - Line 4 "explains Michael Archer of the University of New South Wales... The return of thylacines to Tasmania could help to ensure that devils are never again subjected to risks of this kind." The passage suggests that reintroducing thylacines to Tasmania could prevent the spread of a facial tumor syndrome among Tasmanian devils, thus improving their health and protecting them from risks. 24 C concentrate, emerging technology, various species went extinct Paragraph F - Line 5 "She prefers to focus the debate on how this emerging technology could be used to fully understand why various species went extinct in the first place." The passage highlights the importance of concentrating on the causes of species extinction and using emerging technology to gain a better understanding of the factors contributing to their disappearance. 25 A brought back from extinction, species to thrive, habitat, re-establish Paragraph D "according to Novak, a hybridized band-tailed pigeon, with the added nesting habits of a passenger pigeon, could, in theory, re-establish that forest disturbance, thereby creating a habitat necessary for a great many other native species to thrive." The passage suggests that bringing back a species from extinction, such as a hybridized band-tailed pigeon with characteristics of a passenger pigeon, could have a beneficial impact on the vegetation and create a habitat for other native species to thrive. 26 C preserving biodiversity, not enough Paragraph F "she continues. 'We know that what we are doing today is not enough." The passage states that current efforts to preserve biodiversity are insufficient, indicating the need for additional measures to address the issue effectively.        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 .   HAVING A LAUGH     Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text/Explanation 27 A human emotions and expressions, psychological scientists, studying human psychology Paragraph 1 - Line 3 "Like other human emotions and expressions, laughter and humor provide psychological scientists with rich resources for studying human psychology, ranging from the development of language to the neuroscience of social perception." The writer emphasizes that laughter is a significant aspect of human emotions and expressions, which provides valuable insights for psychological scientists studying human psychology. 28 A unpredictable laughter, laugh tracks, social situation, crowded theatre Paragraph 2 - Line 2 "US sound engineer Charley Douglass hated dealing with the unpredictable laughter of live audiences, so started recording his own ‘laugh tracks’. These were intended to help people at home feel like they were in a social situation, such as a crowded theatre." The writer suggests that Charley Douglass, a sound engineer, recorded "laugh tracks" to replicate the experience of being in a social situation, such as a crowded theatre, where unpredictable laughter occurs. 29 B Santa Cruz study, particularly significant, 24 diverse societies Paragraph 3 - Line 3 "biologists then played these recordings to listeners from 24 diverse societies, from indigenous tribes in New Guinea to city-dwellers in India and Europe. On average, the results were remarkably consistent: worldwide, people’s guesses were correct approximately 60% of the time." The Santa Cruz study is considered particularly significant because it involved listeners from 24 diverse societies, and the results consistently showed that people's guesses about laughter were correct around 60% of the time. 30 B high-status individuals produced more dominant laughs, fewer submissive laughs, low-status individuals Paragraph 4 - Line 8 "Analysis revealed that, as expected, high-status individuals produced more dominant laughs and fewer submissive laughs relative to the low-status individuals. Meanwhile, low-status individuals were more likely to produce more." The San Diego study found that high-status individuals tend to produce more dominant laughs and fewer submissive laughs compared to low-status individuals. 31 D high-status individuals, produced their natural dominant laugh, submissive one Paragraph 5 - Line 9 "low-status individuals may achieve higher status in the eyes of others.’ However, high-status individuals were rated as high-status whether they produced their natural dominant laugh or tried to do a submissive one." The results of the San Diego study suggest that low-status individuals may improve their status in the eyes of others, but high-status individuals were still perceived as high-status regardless of whether they produced their natural dominant laugh or attempted a submissive one. 32 F humor, contentment, neutral feelings Paragraph 6 - Line 8 "the students then were randomly assigned to watch a video clip eliciting either humor, contentment, or neutral feelings." In the study, students were randomly assigned to watch video clips that evoked humor, contentment, or neutral feelings. 33 H Mr. Bean video Paragraph 7 "Students who had watched the Mr. Bean video ended up spending significantly more time working on the task." Students who watched the Mr. Bean video dedicated a considerably longer time to working on the task compared to other groups. 34 C humorous video, tedious task Paragraph 8 "Again, participants who watched the humorous video spent significantly more time working on this tedious task and completed more questions correctly than did the students in either of the other Q Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text/Explanation 34 C humorous video, tedious task Paragraph 8 "Again, participants who watched the humorous video spent significantly more time working on this tedious task and completed more questions correctly than did the students in either of the other groups." Participants who watched the humorous video dedicated more time to working on the tedious task and achieved higher accuracy in answering questions compared to students in the other groups. 35 D humour, relieve stress Paragraph 9 - Line 1 "Although humour has been found to help relieve stress and facilitate social relationships, traditional view." The passage suggests that humor has been proven to assist in relieving stress and fostering social connections. 36 E energising, stimulating Paragraph 9 "suggest that humour is not only enjoyable but more importantly, energising." The findings indicate that humor is not solely enjoyable but also has an energizing effect. 37 NOT GIVEN Participants, Santa Cruz study, identifying, strangers Paragraph 3 - Line 5 "In one study conducted in 2016, samples of laughter from pairs of individuals who were either friends or strangers were recorded in Santa Cruz, California, and locations in India and Europe. Participants were asked whether they thought the people laughing were friends or strangers. On average, the results were remarkably consistent: worldwide, people’s guesses were correct approximately 60% of the time." The passage does not provide information about the accuracy of identifying the laughs of friends compared to strangers in the Santa Cruz study, so the answer is "NOT GIVEN." 38 YES San Diego study, predictions, judgments, high-status members Paragraph 4 - Line 9 "In their study, participants observed a series of interactions between a fraternity group and two high-status members, older student took a turn at being teased by the others, involving the use of mildly insulting nicknames. Analysis revealed that, as expected, high-status individuals produced more dominant laughs and fewer submissive laughs relative to the low-status individuals." The researchers' predictions regarding the behavior of high-status individuals in the San Diego study were correct, as the high-status individuals produced more dominant laughs and fewer submissive laughs, aligning with their expectations. 39 NO Australian National University study, fixed amount of time, allowed to quit the task Paragraph 7 - Line 4 "Some watched a clip of the BBC comedy Mr. Bean, while others saw a clip from a travel documentary. The software was programmed such that it was nearly impossible to achieve 10 consecutive correct answers. Participants were allowed to quit the task at any point." In the Australian National University study, participants were permitted to quit the task at any point, so they were not given a fixed amount of time to complete the task focusing on employee profiles. 40 NO Cheng and Wang’s conclusions, distract them from the accomplishment of task goals Last Paragraph - Line 1 "that may distract them from the accomplishment of task goals,’ Cheng and Wang conclude." Cheng and Wang's conclusions do not align with established notions regarding task performance, as they emphasize that certain factors can divert individuals' attention from achieving task goals. Therefore, the answer is "NO."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Henry Moore (1898-1986) The British sculptor Henry Moore was a leading figure in the 20th-century art world    Question Answer Keywords Location Text 1 True he complied, father’s wish Paragraph 1 - Line no. 4 After leaving school, Moore hoped to become a sculptor, but instead, he complied with his father’s wish that he train as a schoolteacher. 2 False first year, drawing Paragraph 2 - Line no. 1 After the war, Moore enrolled at the Leeds School of Art, where he studied for two years. In his first year, he spent most of his time drawing. 3 Not given 4 True London museums, ancient sculptures, During these visits, power, and beauty Paragraph 3 - Line no. 1 Alongside ............. Moore visited many of the London museums, particularly the British Museum, which had a wide-ranging collection of ancient sculptures. During these visits, he discovered the power and beauty of ancient Egyptians. 5 Not given 6 False no other stone sculpture possessed Paragraph 4 - Line no. 4 Moore became fascinated with this stone sculpture, which he thought had power and originality that no other stone sculpture possessed. He himself started carving a variety of. 7 True The aim of the group was, modern art and architecture Paragraph 5 - Line no. 1 Moore’s exceptional .............................. called Unit One. The aim of the group was to convince the English public of the merits of the emerging international movement in modern art and architecture. 8 resignation resignation from the Royal College, urged to offer Paragraph 6 - Line no. 4 In 1931, .................. figure. There were calls for his resignation from the Royal College, 9 materials a shortage of materials Paragraph 8 - Line no. 2 A shortage of materials forced him to focus on drawing. 10 miners series of sketches Paragraph 8 - Line no. 5 In 1942, he returned to Castleford to make a series of sketches of the miners who worked there. 11 family depicting, produce a sculpture Paragraph 9 - Line no. 1 In 1944, Harlow, a town near London, offered Moore a commission for a sculpture depicting a family. 12 collectors Moore’s work became available to collectors Paragraph 9 - Line no. 5 In this way, Moore’s work became available to collectors all over the world. The boost to his income enabled him to.......demanded. 13 income a boost to his income Paragraph 9 - Line no. 6 In this way, Moore’s work became available to collectors all over the world. The boost to his income enabled him to.......demanded. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 .   The Desolenator: producing clean water   Question Heading Keywords Location Text 14 iii William Janssen, basic rooftop solar heating systems, developed that basic idea Paragraph 1 - Line no. 1 "Traveling around Thailand in the 1990s, William Janssen was impressed with the basic rooftop solar heating systems that were on many homes, where energy from the sun was absorbed by a plate and then used to heat water for domestic use. Two decades later Janssen developed that basic idea he saw in Southeast Asia into a portable device that uses the power from the sun to purify water" 15 vi mobile desalination, from different places Paragraph B - Line no. 1 "The Desolenator operates as a mobile desalination unit that can take water from different places, such as the sea, rivers, boreholes, and rain, and purify it for ...................... only water source available" 16 v just sunlight Paragraph C - Line no. 3 "Its main selling point is that, unlike standard desalination techniques, it doesn’t require a generated power supply: just sunlight" 17 x two-thirds, world’s population Paragraph D - Line no. 1 "A recent analysis found that at least two-thirds of the world’s population lives with severe water scarcity for at least a month every year" 18 iv wide variety of users Paragraph E - Line no. 1 "The device is aimed at a wide variety of users" 19 viii venture, social mission Paragraph F - Line no. 1 "Prices will vary according to where it is bought (Q19), We are a venture with a social mission" 20 i £340,000 in funding so far Paragraph G - Line no. 1 "The company itself is based at Imperial College London, although Janssen, its chief executive, still lives in the UAE. It has raised £340,000 in funding so far. Within two years, he says, the company aims to be ........." Question Fill in the Blank Location Text 21 wheels Paragraph C - Line no. 4 "It measures 120 cm by 90 cm, and it easy to transport, thanks to its two wheels " 22 film Paragraph C - Line no. 5 "Water enters through a pipe and flows as a thin film between a sheet of double glazing and the surface of a solar panel" 23 filter Paragraph C - Line no. 8 "The device has a very simple filter  to trap particles" 24 waste Paragraph C - Line no. 10 "There are two tubes for liquid coming out: one for the waste – salt from seawater, fluoride, etc. – and another for the distilled water" 25 performance Paragraph C - Line no. 11 "The performance  of the unit is shown on an LCD screen" 26 servicing Paragraph C - Line no. 12 "and transmitted to the company which provides services when necessary"        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 .    Why fairy tales are really scary tales   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 27 C In some versions, wolf swallows up the grandmother, while in others, In some stories Paragraph 1 - Line no. 6 "You may think you know the story – but which version? In some versions, the wolf swallows up the grandmother, while in others it locks her in a cupboard. In some stories, Red Riding Hood gets the better of the wolf on her own, while in others a hunter or a woodcutter hears her cries and comes to her rescue." 28 B contain cautionary messages Paragraph 2 - Line no. 1 end "The universal appeal of these tales is frequently attributed to the idea that they contain cautionary messages: in the case of Little Red Riding Hood, to listen to your mother, and avoid talking to strangers." 29 F Now Tehrani has found a way to test these ideas Paragraph 2 - Line no. 10 "That hasn’t stopped anthropologists, folklorists* and other academics devising theories to explain the importance of fairy tales in human society. Now Tehrani has found a way to test these ideas, borrowing a technique from evolutionary biologists." 30 A organisms, biologists, phylogenetic analysis Paragraph 3 - Line no. 1 "To work out the evolutionary history, development and relationships among groups of organisms, biologists compare the characteristics of living species in a process called ‘phylogenetic analysis’. Tehrani has .................... survived longest." 31 E 58 stories recorded from oral traditions Paragraph 4 - Line no. 4 "Checking for variants of these two tales and similar stories from Africa, East Asia and other regions, he ended up with 58 stories recorded from oral traditions." 32 D indeed related Paragraph 4 - Line no. 5 "Once his phylogenetic analysis had established that they were indeed related." 33 F altered over time Paragraph 4 - Line no. 6 "he used the same methods to explore how they have developed and altered over time." 34 B Certain episodes Paragraph 6 - Line no. 2 "However, Tehrani found no significant difference in the rate of evolution of incidents compared with that of characters. ‘Certain episodes are very stable because they are crucial to the story... 35 C possible danger Paragraph 7 - Line no. 2 "‘Studies on hunter-gatherer folk tales suggest that these narratives include really important information about the environment and the possible dangers that may be faced there ...... 36 G eating of the grandmother by the wolf, fear – blood-thirsty and gruesome aspects Paragraph 8 - Line no. 1 "The answer, it would appear, is fear – blood-thirsty and gruesome aspects of the story, such as the eating of the grandmother by the wolf, turned out to be the best-preserved of all." 37 B Red Riding Hood in its many forms Paragraph 4 - Line no. 2 "Tehrani’s analysis focused on Little Red Riding Hood in its many forms, which include another Western fairy tale known as The Wolf and the Kids." 38 D they won’t stick unless they matter Paragraph 9 - Line no. 1 "Jack Zipes at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, is unconvinced by Tehrani’s views on fairy tales. ‘Even if they’re gruesome, they won’t stick unless they matter,’ he says." 39 A it is not always true elsewhere Paragraph 9 - Line no. 5 "the perennial theme .......... often the case in Western versions, it is not always true elsewhere. In Chinese and Japanese versions, often known as The Tiger Grandmother, the villain is a woman, and in both Iran and Nigeria, the victim is a boy." 40 A designed to scare us Paragraph 10 - Line no. 2 "Mathias Clasen at Aarhus ........... and the fact that we seek out entertainment that’s designed to scare us – those are constant,’ he says. Clasen believes that scary stories teach us what it feels like to be afraid without having to experience real danger, and so build up resistance to negative emotions."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The return of the Huarango Question Answer Keywords Location Text 1 water can access, deep, below, surface Paragraph 1 - Line no. 5 "They stretch down 50-80 metres and, as well as sucking up water for the tree, they bring it into . .. .” 2 diet crucial part, local inhabitants’, long time ago Paragraph 2 - Lines no. 2-3 "He believes the huarango was the key to the ancient people’s diet and . .. ..” 3 drought helped, people, survive, periods of Paragraph 2 - Lines no. 3-4 "because it could reach deep water sources, it allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed. . .” 4 erosion prevents, of the soil Paragraph 2 - Lines no. 4-6 "But over the centuries huarango trees were gradually replaced with crops. Cutting down native woodland leads to erosion, as there is nothing to keep the soil in place. . .” 5 desert prevents, land, from becoming Paragraph 2 - Last lines "So, when the huarangos go, the land turns into a desert. … .” 6 its branches/huarango branches/the branches part of tree, traditional use, fuel Paragraph 3 - Line no. 3 "while its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating, . .. .” 7 leaves (and) bark part of tree, traditional use, medicine Paragraph 3 - Lines no. 2-3 "Its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies, . .. .” 8 its trunk/huarango trunk/the trunk part of tree, traditional use, construction Paragraph 3 - Line no. 4 "and its trunk was used to build houses. .. ..” 9 NOT GIVEN local families, told Whaley, traditional uses, huarango products Not found Not found 10 FALSE Farmer Alberto Benevides, now, making a good profit Paragraph 6 - Lines no. 4-5 "His farm is relatively small and doesn’t yet provide him enough with enough to live on, but he hopes this will change. .. . .” 11 TRUE Whaley, needs, co-operation of farmers, help preserve, wildlife Paragraph 7 - Lines no. 4-5 "In the hope of counteracting this, he’s persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on their land. …” 12 FALSE Whaley’s project to succeed, needs to be extended, over a very large area Paragraph 8 - Lines no. 2-4 "It’s not like a rainforest that needs to have this huge expanse. Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here. . . .” 13 NOT GIVEN Whaley, plans, go to Africa, to set up, similar project Paragraph 8 - Lines no. 6-8 "‘If we can do it here, in the most fragile system on Earth, then that’s a real message of hope for lots of places, including Africa, where there is drought and they just can’t afford to wait for rain.”    READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Silbo Gomero – the whistle ‘language’ of the Canary Islands   Question No. Answer Keywords Location Text 14 NOT GIVEN La Gomera, most mountainous, all the Canary Islands 1st paragraph, beginning "La Gomera is one of the Canary Islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa. This small volcanic island is mountainous , with steep rocky slopes and deep, wooded ravines, rising to 1,487 metres at its highest peak." 15 FALSE Silbo, only appropriate, short, simple messages 5th paragraph, lines 4-5 "In daily life they use whistles to communicate short commands , but any Spanish sentence could be whistled." 16 TRUE brain-activity study, silbadores and non-whistlers, produced, different results 6th paragraph, lines 2-7 "Results showed the left temporal lobe of the brain, which is usually associated with spoken language, was engaged during the processing of Silbo. . . . . When the experiments were repeated with non-whistlers, however, activation was observed in all areas of the brain." 17 FALSE The Spanish, introduced Silbo, 15th Century 8th paragraph, first few lines "Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but that indigenous Canary Islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a whistled language when Spain conquered the volcanic islands on the 15th Century." 18 FALSE precise data, available, all of the whistle languages, in existence, today 8th paragraph, lines 5-6 "There are thought to be as many as 70 whistled languages still in use, though only 12 have been described and studied scientifically." 19 TRUE children of Gomera, now learn, Silbo 9th paragraph, line 4 "Since 1999, Silbo Gomero has been taught in all of the island’s elementary schools." 20 words high- and low-frequency tones represent different sounds in Spanish 4th paragraph, lines 1-2 "Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual words recoded into whistles which have high- and low-frequency tones." 21 finger pitch of whistle is controlled using silbador’s 4th paragraph, lines 2-3 "A whistler – or silbador – puts a finger in his or her mouth to increase the whistle’s pitch." 22 direction ________ is changed with a cupped hand 4th paragraph, line 3 "while the other hand can be cupped to adjust the direction of the sound." 23 commands in everyday use for the transmission of brief 5th paragraph, line 4 "In daily life they use whistles to communicate short commands ." 24 fires can relay essential information quickly, e.g. to inform people about 5th paragraph, lines 5-6 "Siblo has proved particularly useful when fires  have occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital." 25 technology future under threat because of new final paragraph, lines 1-3 "But with modern communication technology  now widely available, researchers say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction." 26 award Canaries’ authorities hoping to receive a UNESCO final paragraph, lines 5-7 "In addition, locals are seeking assistance from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 'The local authorities are trying to get an **        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Environmental practices of big businesses   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 27 D (moral standards) many big businesses, prepared to harm, people, the environment, make money, appear to have, no Lines 1-3, paragraph 1 "The environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that for many of us offend our sense of justice..." 28 E (control) lack of, by governments Lines 4-9, paragraph 1 "When government regulation is effective, and when the public is environmentally aware..." 29 F (involvement) lack of public Lines 4-9, paragraph 1 "When government regulation is effective, and when the public is environmentally aware..." 30 H (overfishing) environmental problems, such as Lines 4-9, paragraph 1 "That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas..." 31 B (trees) destruction of Lines 4-9, paragraph 1 "That is still the case today for ... international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land..." 32 C (could be prevented by the action of ordinary people) main idea, third paragraph, environmental damages Paragraph 3 "In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its publications..." 33 D (influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments) fourth paragraph, ways, in which, public can Paragraph 4 "The public can do that by suing businesses for harming them, as happened after the Exxon Valdez disaster..." 34 B (A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law) pressure, exerted by, big businesses, disease BSE Paragraph 5 "For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease known as BSE..." 35 YES the public, should be prepared, fund, good environmental practices Paragraph 6 "I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs..." 36 NOT GIVEN contrast between, moral principles, different businesses Paragraph 6 "My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with moral principles..." 37 NO important, to make, clear distinction, between, acceptable, unacceptable, behaviour Final paragraph, lines 1-3 "To me, the conclusion that the public had the ultimate responsibility for the behavior of even the biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful..." 38 YES the public, successfully influenced, businesses, in the past Final paragraph, lines 3-6 "In the past, businesses have changed when the public came to expect and require different behavior..." 39 NOT GIVEN future, businesses, will show, more concern, for, environment Final paragraph, lines 6-7 "I predict that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices." 40 D (Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause the environment?) best subheading Overall passage The overall idea of the passage is the fact that both big businesses and the general public are to blame for the damage caused in the environment.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The coconut palm    Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Associated Text 1 furniture trunk, 30 metres, making houses Paragraph 2, Line 3 "The coconut palm has a smooth, slender, grey trunk, up to 30 metres tall. This is an important source of timber for building houses, and is increasingly being used as a replacement for endangered hardwoods in the furniture construction industry." 2 sugar flowers, top of trunk, sap, used as drink Paragraph 2, Lines 8-10 "Immature coconut flowers are tightly clustered together among the leaves at the top of the trunk. The flower stems may be tapped for their sap to produce a drink, and the sap can also be reduced by boiling to produce a type of sugar used for cooking." 3 ropes fruits, middle layer (coir fibres) Paragraph 3, Lines 3-5 "The thick fibrous middle layer produces coconut fibre, ‘coir’, which has numerous uses and is particularly important in manufacturing ropes." 4 charcoal inner layer (shell) Paragraph 3, Lines 5-6 "The woody innermost layer, the shell, with its three prominent ‘eyes’ surrounds the seed. An important product obtained from the shell is charcoal, which is widely used." 5 bowls fruits, inner layer (shell), when halved Paragraph 3, Lines 7-8 "When broken in half, the shells are also used as bowls in many parts of Asia." 6 hormones coconut water Paragraph 4, Lines 2-3 "Coconut water is a sweetish liquid, coconut water, which is enjoyed as a drink, but also provides the hormones which encourage other plants to grow more rapidly and produce higher yields." 7 cosmetics fruits, coconut flesh, oil, milk, cooking Paragraph 4, Lines 5-7 "Dried coconut flesh, ‘copra’, is made into coconut oil and coconut milk, which are widely used in cooking in different parts of the world, as well as in cosmetics." 8 dynamite coconut flesh, glycerine, ingredient Paragraph 4, Lines 7-9 "A derivative of coconut fat, glycerine, acquired strategic importance in a quite different sphere, as Alfred Nobel introduced the world to this nitroglycerine-based invention: dynamite." 9 FALSE coconut seeds, shade, to germinate Paragraph 5, Lines 4-6 "Literally cast onto desert island shores with little more sand to grow in and exposed to the full glare of the tropical sun, coconut seeds are able to germinate and root." 10 FALSE probably transported, Asia to America, 16th century Paragraph 6, Lines 4-6 "16th century trade and human migration patterns reveal that Arab traders and European sailors are likely to have moved coconuts from South and Southeast Asia to Africa and then across the Atlantic to east coast of America   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Associated Text 11 NOT GIVEN west coast of America, different type from, east coast Not Given Not Given 12 TRUE all the coconuts, Asia, cultivated varieties Paragraph 6, Lines 10-12 "In Asia, there is a large degree of coconut diversity and evidence of millennia of human use – but there are no relatives growing in the wild." 13 NOT GIVEN cultivated, in different ways, America and the Pacific Not Given Not Given   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . How baby talk gives infant brains a boost   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 14 B (Narián Ramirez-Esparza) individual attention Paragraph D, lines 10-11 "‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-to-one context,’ she adds.” 15 C (Patricia Kuhl) what babies hear, their own efforts to create speech Paragraph F, lines 8-11 "suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words,” says co-author Patricia Kuhl.” 16 A (Mark VanDam) advantage, having two parents, each speaking, different way Paragraph C, lines 10-12 "The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.’" 17 B (Narián Ramirez-Esparza) amount of baby talk, babies hear, how much vocalizing, themselves Paragraph D, lines 7-9 "Those children who listened to a lot of baby talk were talking more than the babies that listened to more adult talk or standard speech,” says Nairán Ramírez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut." 18 recording devices Washington State University, specialized computer programs Paragraph C, lines 2-3 "Mark VanDam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day.” 19 dads tended to modify, ordinary speech, interacting with babies Paragraph C, lines 6-8 "But we found that dads aren’t doing the same thing. Dads didn’t raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.” 20 bridge hypothesis idea known as, more adult type of speech, prepare infants Paragraph C, lines 8-10 "Their role may be rooted in what is called the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they’ll hear in public.” 21 repertoire 'normal' language, other, expands, types of speech Paragraph C, lines 11-12 "The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,’ says VanDam.” 22 (audio-recording) vests University of Connecticut recorded speech and sound, special Paragraph D, line 3 "the University of Connecticut collected thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour day.” 23 vocabulary at the age two, who heard, a lot of baby talk in infancy, much larger Paragraph D, lines 5-7 "And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status.” 24 F change, occurs, babies' brain activity, before, end of first year Paragraph F, lines 7-11 "Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words,’" Question Answer Keywords Location Text 25 A some parents do, before birth Paragraph A, lines 2-4 "Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies.” 26 E babies' preference, sounds that other babies make Paragraph E, lines 5-7 "found that babies seem to like listening to each other rather than to adults – which may be why baby talk is such a universal tool among parents.”          READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 .   Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation? New research sheds light on the disappearance of an ancient society Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 27 C proposed explanations, decline Paragraph C, lines 1-3 "Some have claimed that major glacier-fed rivers changed their course, dramatically affecting the water supply and agriculture; or the city could not cope with an increasing population, they exhausted their resource base, the trading economy broke down or they succumbed to invasion and conflict…." 28 H present-day application, archeological research findings Paragraph H, lines 2-4 "By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as…". 29 A difference, the Harappan Civilization, another culture of the same period Paragraph A, lines 2-3, 5-7 "But their lack of self-imagery – at a time when the Egyptians were carving and painting representations of themselves all over the temples – is only part of the mystery." 30 B description, features, urban design Paragraph B "As population increased, cities were built that had great baths, craft workshops, palaces and halls laid out in distinct sectors. Houses were arranged in blocks, with wide main streets and narrow alleyways, and many had their own wells and drainage systems." 31 D discovery, errors, previous archeologists Paragraph D, lines 7-8 "They realized that any attempt to use the existing data were likely to be fundamentally flawed." 32 shells collection, snails Paragraph E, line 5 "...the researchers gathered shells of Melanoides tuberculate snails from the sediments of an ancient lake…" 33 lake discovered evidence, change, water levels Paragraph E, lines 8-10 "But we have observed that there was an abrupt change about 4,100 years ago, when the amount of evaporation from the lake exceeded the rainfall – indicative of a drought." 34 rainfall less, evaporation, drought Paragraph E, lines 8-10 "But we have observed that there was an abrupt change about 4,100 years ago, when the amount of evaporation from the lake exceeded the rainfall – indicative of a drought." 35 grains Petrie and Singh’s, archeological records, five millennia ago Paragraph G, lines 1-4 "Petrie and Singh’s team is now examining archaeological records and trying to understand details of how people led their lives in the region five millennia ago. They are analysing grains cultivated at the time…" 36 pottery examining objects, links between inhabitants, different parts of the region Paragraph G, lines 6-7 "They are also looking at whether the types of pottery used, and other aspects of their material culture, were distinctive to specific regions or more similar across large areas… ." 37 B (Dr. Rabindanath Singh) changes to environmental conditions, vital Paragraph F, lines 5-8 "Considering the vast area of the Harappan Civilisation with its variable weather systems, it is essential that we obtain more climate data from areas close to the two great cities at Mohenjodaro and Harappa and also from the Indian Punjab." 38 A (Cameron Petrie) previous patterns of behaviour, long-term benefits Paragraph H "By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to   Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 38 A (Cameron Petrie) previous patterns of behaviour, long-term benefits Paragraph H "By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as…" 39 D (David Hodell) rough calculations, water shortage Paragraph E "...We estimate that the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon climate lasted about 200 years before recovering to the previous condition…" 40 A (Cameron Petrie) decline, lacking Paragraph B "There is plenty of archaeological evidence to tell us about the rise of the Harappan Civilization, but relatively little about its fall."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The Secret of Staying Young Answer Keyword Location Explanation 1. Four/4 focused  age  groups, ants Para 3, line 1 Scan for the keywords;  focused,  age  groups=  age  ranges, ants .Now read this line “In the lab,  P. dentata  worker ants typically live for around 140 days. Giraldo  focused  on  ants  at  four   age  ranges : 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120 to 122 days.”Giraldo focused on ants at four  age  ranges, so the  answer  is four. 2. Young how well, ants, looked after Para 4 Scan for the Keywords fin para 4:  how well, ants, looked after= took care.     Now read this line, “Giraldo watched  how well  the  ants   took care  of the  young  of the colony,  .. . ..”Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of the colony. So, the  answer  is:  young 3. food ability, locate, scent trail Para 4, line 2 Scan for the Keywords in para 4:  ability, locate, trail Now read this line, “She compared how well 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants followed the telltale  scent  that the insects usually leave to mark  a trail  to  food .”This means that she studied ants’ ability to locate food using a scent trail. 4. light effect, had on them,   Para 4, line 3 Scan for the keywords in para 4:  effect= respond ,  them= ants. Now read this line, “She tested  how ants responded  to  light  . .. .”She tested  how ants responded  to  light  means she tested the  effect of light  on ants. 5. aggressevely attacked, prey, Para 4 Scan for the keywords in para 4:  attacked, prey .Now read this line, “And when it came to reacting to  prey , the older ants  attacked  the poor fruit fly just as  aggressively  as the young ones did, ..”   She studied how aggressively ants attacked the prey.     6. location comparison,  age , dying, cells, brains Para 5, line 1 Scan for the Keywords in para 5:  comparison,  age  and, dying cells, brains. Now read this line, “Then Giraldo  compared  the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. She saw no major differences with  age , nor was there any  difference  in the  location  of the dying cells, ”She saw no major differences with  age , nor was there any  difference  in the  location  of the dying cells suggests that she compared between the  age  and location of dying cells. 7. neurons synaptic complexes, mushroom bodies Para 5, line 4 Scan for the Keywords in para 5:  synaptic complexes, mushroom bodies .Now read this line, “Ants and other insects  have  structures in their brains called  mushroom bodies , which are  important  for processing information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if ageing affects the density of  synaptic complexes  within these structures – regions where  neurons   come  together.”It is stated that synaptic complexes are regions whereneurons  come  together. 8. chemicals brain, associated, ageing Para 5, line 7 Scan for the keywords in para 5.   Now read this line, “What was more, the old ants didn’t experience any drop in the levels of either   serotonin or dopamine –  brain  chemicals whose decline often  coincides with ageing .”Serotonin and dopamine are two brain chemicals whose decline often coincides (associated) with aging. Thus, the  answer  is “chemicals”. 9. false Pheidole dentata remain Now read this line “Naked mole rats can live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire lives.”Suggesting that,  Pheidole dentata  ants  are not  the only known animals which remain active for almost their whole lives. This is contradiction to question. 10. true Ysabel Giraldo,  first person Now read this line, “ Unlike all previous studies, which only estimated how old the ants were,  her work tracked the ants from the time the pupae became adults, so she knew their exact ages.”Here,  Unlike all previous studies  =  works done by previous scientists  who did not use data about insects’  age , her worked track means Ysabel Giraldo was the first to do so. 11. false Giraldo‟s experiments, predicted Para 4 Now read this line “Giraldo expected the older ants to perform poor but the elderly ants were all  good  caretakers and trail-followers”.Means that She thought that they would perform badly, but they performed well. This is a contradictory statement. 12. not given bees,  age -related decline Para 6 Bees is mentioned in 6th para, but  no clear information  on whether the recent studies of bees used several methods of measuring  age -related decline. 13. true Pheidole dentata ants, laboratory, live Para 7 Scan for the Keywords in para:   7. Now read this line “Out in the wild, the ants probably don’t live for a full 140 days thanks to predator, disease and just being in an  environment  that’s much harsher than the comforts of the lab.”In the wild, the ants probably don’t live for a full 140 days compared to that of in the lab because of disease, predator and  environment  which is harsh in wild.    READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Why  Zoos  are  Good  with Explanation   Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14 B quickly, animal species, die out Para B, First line Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  quickly= sudden, animal species, die out  = extinct .   Now read intensively “Colossal numbers of  species  are becoming  extinct  across the world, and many more are increasingly threatened and therefore risk extinction. Moreover, some of these collapses  have  been sudden, dramatic and unexpected.”The word “sudden” is a synonym for quickly, so the sentence suggests that some animals may become extinct, or die out, quickly. 15 E study animals, captivity,   Para E, line 3 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  study = research,   captivity = animals in  zoos , animals.    Now read intensively “Being able to undertake research on animals in  zoos  where  there is less risk and fewer variables  means real changes can be effected on wild populations.”Here,  there is less risk and fewer variables = reasons why it is preferable So,  zoos   have  many advantages for studying how animals live, act and react.   16 C ways of learning, animals, other than  Para C Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  ways of learning, animals, other than visiting zoo,      Read carefully “… ..  television documentaries  are becoming ever more detailed and impressive,. .” and again this line “ . . .and many  natural history specimens  are on display in museums, . ..  . .”Thus, this paragraph shows two ways of learning about animals other than visiting them in  zoos . 17 A animals in  zoos , healthier Para A, line 3 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  animals in  zoos , healthier. Read intensively, “Animals in  good   zoos   get  a varied and high-quality diet with all the supplements required, and any  illnesses they might  have  will be treated .” Zoos  are healthy places for animals, including a  good  diet and treatment of illnesses. 18 True live , zoo,wild,     Para A, line 1 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  live, zoo, wild.  Now read intensively; “it is perfectly possible for  many species of animals living in  zoos  or wildlife parks to  have  a quality of life as high as, or higher than, in the wild.”Here, a quality of life as high as, or higher than, in the wild means likely to live longer. 19 True species,  zoos , found, wild,   Para B, line 6 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  species,  zoos , no longer be found, wild,   Now read this line “A  good  number of species  only exist in captivity ”.A  good  number of species only exist in captivity implies that these species cannot be found in the wild. 20 Not Given wildlife documentaries, zoo visitors, Para c, line 2 Scan for the keywords in para C.      Television documentaries are becoming ever more detailed and impressive but there is no relation between this and zoo visitor numbers. 21 False zoos , transmitting animals,  Para D, line 1 Keywords for this question:   zoos , transmitting information, about animal s.Now read intensively, “ This was an area where  zoos  used to be lacking . .. ”This was an area where  zoos  used to be lacking, implies that  zoos  were not  good  at this in the past. 22 Not Given studying animals, in  zoos , Para E Paragraph E talks about the role of  zoos  in research. But  we do not find any information  regarding stress in studying animals in the  zoos  or in the wild. 23 & 24 B, D TWO, zoo staff, Para D, line 5 Read this line now, “Many  zoos  also work directly  to educate conservation workers  in other countries, or  send their animal keepers abroad  to contribute their knowledge and skills  to those working in  zoos  and reserves , ”Here, Many  zoos  also work directly to educate conservation workers in other countries means zoo staff can teach conservation workers.Send their animal keepers abroad means that some animal keepers (a type of zoo staff) travel to overseas to  help  other zoo staff. 25 & 26. B, E TWO, beliefs Para F and B, line 3 Read this line in para F, “They are vital not just in terms of  protecting   animals,  but as a means of learning about them to aid those still in the wild, as well as educating and informing the general population about these animals and their world so that they can assist or at  least accept  the need to be more environmentally conscious .”In para B animals  have  been reintroduced into the wild means that animals will be raised in  zoos  before being released into the wild.In para F educating and informing the general population about these animals means  zoos  can increase publicawareness of environmental issues.          READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 .   Ocean Debris/ Marine Trash   Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27 False Rochman, colleagues, marine, debris Para 2, line 3 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  people, research, problem, marine debris .Now read these lines, “plenty of studies  have  sounded alarm bells about the state of  marine debris ” and that “ Rochman  and her colleagues set out to determine how many of those perceived risks are real”.This implies that there has been other research on marine debris before Rochman and her colleagues, and they want to examine these previous studies. 28 Not Given most in danger, ocean birds, Para 3, line 2 We cannot find any such information which shows us of the most affected creatures. 29 False Rochman, already proved, populations, birds Para 3, line 2 Now read this line, “For example, a study could show that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, and go on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out. ‘ But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived threats ,’ Rochman says. ‘ There wasn’t a lot of information ’.”Here, the lines suggest that there wasn’t enough information to prove that populations of some birds would become extinct. 30 True papers, danger, ocean trash, Para 4 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  analysed, papers, danger, ocean trash Now read this line, “Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published through 2013.  Within each paper, they asked what threats scientists had studied – 366 perceived threats in all ”Found 366 perceived threats can be understood that these papers focused on various kinds of danger (threats). 31 Flase research, badly, designed Para 4 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:   research, badly, designed .Now read this line, “ In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash were proven true.   In the remaining cases , the working group found the studies had weaknesses in design and content which affected the validity of their conclusions – they lacked a control group, for example, or used faulty statistics.”Here, remaining cases were fault means that 100-83= 17% fault. So, only 17% of the research analysed by Rochman and her colleagues was badly designed. 32 True find, mussels, plastic . Para 6 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  , find, mussels, plastic .Now read this line, “Strikingly, Rochman says, only one well-designed study failed to find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels ingesting microscopic plastic bits. The plastic moved from the mussels’ stomachs to their bloodstreams, scientists found, and stayed there for weeks – but didn’t seem to stress out the shellfish.”Rochman said this study “failed to find the effect it was looking for”, so clearly it was looking for some effect of the plastic on the mussels. 33 Not Given Para 6 There is no information which shows that some mussels take plastic as a choice of their regular food. 34 large bits, debris, harmful, animals Para 8, line 2 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  bits of debris, harmful to animals .Now read this line, “Most of the dangers also involved  large   pieces of debris  – animals getting entangled in trash, for example, or eating it and severely injuring themselves.” 35 microplastic little  research, synthetic fibres Para 9 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  little  research, synthetic fibres,    Now read this line, “But a lot of ocean debris is ‘ microplastic ’, or pieces smaller than five millimeters. Rochman’s group found  little  research  on the effects of  these  tiny bits”These tiny bits refer to microplastic. 36 Population focused, individual animals, entire Para 10, line 2 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  most of, focused, individual animals, not entire.   Now read this line, “Many studies  have  looked at how plastic affects an  individual animal , or that animal’s tissues or cells,  rather than  whole  populations .” 37 concentrations plastic, lab, always, reflect, ocean Para 10, line 3 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  plastic, lab, not, reflect, ocean Now read this ,”And in the lab, scientists often use higher  concentrations  of plastic than what’s really in the ocean.”This means that the concentrations of plastic used in the lab was different from, and thus did not always correctly reflect, those in the ocean. 38 predators impact, reduction, numbers, species Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  impact, reduction, numbers, species Now read this line, “how deaths in one species could affect that animal’s predators”.Deaths in one species can be understood as a reduction in numbers of that species. 39 disasters possible impact, future, involving oil Para 11 Scan for the keywords and synonyms:  possible impact, future, involving oil,   Now read this line, “We need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions,’ Rochman say, Usually, scientists don’t know exactly how  disasters  such as  a tanker accidentally spilling its whole cargo of oil and polluting huge areas of the ocean  will  affect  the  environment  until after they’ve happened. ”This means that more information related to disasters is needed. 40 A The entire passage concerns Rochman and her study on other prior research on marine debris. She assessed these studies to  answer  the question of whether the situation is as  bad  as they suggested. In other words, Rochman assessed the threat of marine debris mentioned by other researchers.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Cutty Sark: the fastest sailing ship of all time    Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 1 FALSE originally intended, used as passenger ships Paragraph 2, Lines 1-2 "The fastest commercial sailing vessels of all time were the clippers, three-masted ships built to transport goods around the world, although some also took passengers ." 2 FALSE given, name, character in a poem Paragraph 3, Lines 1-3 "Cutty Sark’s unusual name comes from the poem Tam O’Shanter by the Scottish poet Robert Burns. Tam, a farmer, is chased by a witch called Nannie, who is wearing a ‘cutty sark’ – an old Scottish name for a short nightdress." 3 TRUE contract, John Willis and Scott & Linton, favoured Paragraph A, Lines 2-3 "To carry out construction, Willis chose a new shipbuilding firm, Scott & Linton, and ensured that the contract with them put him in a very strong position." 4 TRUE wanted, to be the fastest tea clipper, between the UK and China Paragraph 5, Lines 1-2 "Willis’s company was active in the tea trade between China and Britain, where speed could bring ship owners both profits and prestige, Cutty Sark was designed to make the journey more quickly than any other ship…" 5 FALSE despite storm damage, beat, Thermopylae Paragraph 5, Line 10 "Cutty Sark reached London a week after Thermopylae." 6 TRUE opening, Suez Canal, steam ships, travel, faster than clippers Paragraph 6, Lines 2-6 "...Steam ships reduced the journey time between Britain and China by approximately two months." 7 NOT GIVEN sometimes used, ocean route, to travel, London and China - No information provided in the passage. 8 TRUE Woodget, put, at risk, hitting, iceberg Paragraph 8, Lines 3-4 "And Woodget took her further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs off the southern tip of South America." 9 wool after 1880, carried, main cargo, successful time Paragraph 8, Lines 4-6 "This marked a turnaround and the beginning of the most successful period in Cutty Sark’s working life, transporting wool  from Australia to Britain." 10 navigator captain and, Woodget, very skilled Paragraph 8, Line 1 "The ship’s next captain, Richard Woodget, was an excellent navigator ." 11 gale Ferreira, went, Falmouth, repair damage, had caused Paragraph 10, Line 1 "Badly damaged in a gale  in 1922, she was put into Falmouth harbor in southwest England, for repairs." 12 training Between 1923 and 1954, used for Paragraph 11, Line 1 "Dowman used Cutty Sark as a training  ship..." 13 fire twice been damaged, 21st century Paragraph 11, Lines 3-4 "The ship suffered from fire  in 2007, and again, less seriously, in 2014…"     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . SAVING THE SOIL   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 14 minerals bacteria, microorganisms, plant remains Paragraph B, lines 4-6 "A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants and various minerals." 15 carbon food, antibiotics, storing, effect on the climate Paragraph B, lines 9-11 "Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants, they lock in their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere." 16 water prevent damage, property, infrastructure, holds Paragraph B, lines 11-13 "Soils also store water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs £233 million every year." 17 agriculture main factor, soil degradation, carried out by humans Paragraph C, lines 5-9 "Agriculture is by far the biggest problem …. Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile." 18 C nutrients, unused parts of harvested crops Paragraph C, lines 7-8 "Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile." 19 E Synthetic fertilizers, produced, Haber-Bosch process Paragraph D, lines 3, 6-9 "Chemical fertilisers can release polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that indiscriminate use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself, turning it acidic and salty, and degrading the soil they are supposed to nourish." 20 A mixture developed by Pius Floris Paragraph E, lines 1, 7-10 "One of the people looking for a solution to this problem is Pius Floris, who started out running a tree-care business in the Netherlands, and now advises some of the world’s top soil scientists. When they applied Floris’s mix to the desert-like test plots, a good crop of plants emerged that were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to pierce dirt as hard as rock." 21 D idea of zero net soil degradation Paragraph G, lines 1-7 "We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public... Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of ‘zero net land degradation...'" 22 E one person’s motivation for a soil-improvement project Paragraph E, lines 1-3 "One of the people looking for a solution to this problem is Pius Floris, who started out running a tree-care business in the Netherlands, and now advises some of the world’s top soil scientists." 23 C explanation of how soil stayed healthy before the development of farming Paragraph C, lines 1-3, 7-8 "In the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil... Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile." 24 F examples of different ways of collecting information on soil degradation Paragraph F, lines 6-8 "Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 24 F different ways of collecting information, soil degradation Paragraph F, lines 6-8 "Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil." 25 G suggestion, keeping, some types of soil, safe, near future Paragraph G, lines 2-4 "Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of 'zero net land degradation.'" 26 F difficult, provide an overview, soil degradation Paragraph F, lines 2-4 "To assess our options on a global scale we first need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there, and the problems they face. That’s not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil."            READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Book Review Question Answer Keywords Location Text 27 D reviewer’s attitude, advocates of positive psychology Paragraph 2, line 12 "Those who think in this way are oblivious  to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention." 28 A Aristotle Paragraph 2, lines 6-10 "For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction ." 29 B Davies, Bentham’s suggestion, linking, price of goods Paragraph 4, last few lines "By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham ‘set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century’." Question Answer Keywords Location Text 35 YES The Happiness Industry, discussion, relationship, psychology, economics Paragraph 5, first few lines "The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies." 36 NOT GIVEN difficult to measure, some emotions N/A N/A 37 NO Watson’s ideas, behaviuorism, supported, research, humans, before 1915 Paragraph 5, lines 7-9 "When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he had never even studied a single human being: his research had been confined to experiments on white rats." 38 NOT GIVEN Watson’s ideas, most influential, governments outside America N/A N/A 39 YES need for happiness, linked, industrialisation Paragraph 6, opening sentence "Modern industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours." 40 NO main aim, government, increase, happiness of the population Paragraph 6, lines 2-3 “But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom.”

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Cork    Answers Keywords Location Explanation 1. NOT GIVEN Thickest bark Paragraph 2, line 2 The author mentioned the thick bark of the cork oak treeas a remarkable material and its bark grows up to 20 cm in thickness.This information does not mean that it is the thickest bark of any living tree. 2. FALSE A synthetic cork, the same cellular structure paragraph 2 line 8 The writer mentioned the cellular structure of the bark of the cork oak “the bark of the cork oak has a particular cellular structure – with about 40 million cells per cubic centimeter – that technology has never succeeded in replicating”. ·         technology = scientists ·         never succeeded in replicating=  have  not been able to  make  a copy of the natural cork 3. FALSE Individual, 25 years paragraph 4 line 6 From the planting of a cork sapling to the first harvest takes 25 years, and a gap of approximately a decade must separate harvests from an individual tree. ·         Therefore, the period of 25 years is the period from the planting to the first harvest, while the gap between the first and the second harvest is about 10 years ( a decade) 4. TRUE Stripped, atmospheric conditions​ paragraph 4 line 14 If the bark is stripped on a day when it’s too cold – or when the air is damp – the tree will be damaged. Therefore, the bark should not be stripped in damp atmospheric conditions but in dry . 5. TRUE Only way, remove, by hand​ paragraph 5 line 2 No mechanical means of stripping cork bark has been invented, so the job is done by teams of highly skilled workers. ·         “stripping cork bark” = “remove the bark”. ·         no mechanical means has been invented”=  no use of any machines in removing the bark ·         By hand = done by workers, no mechanical means 6.Taste affect, bottle contents paragraph 6 line 1 Recent years  have  seen the  end  of the virtual monopoly of cork as the material for bottle stoppers, due to ……………..can spoil the  taste  of the product contained in the bottle. The result has been a gradual yet steady move first towards plastic stoppers and, more recently, to aluminum screw caps. ·         Affect = spoil ·         Bottle contents = the product contained in the bottle Moved from cork to plastic and recently to aluminium for not spoiling the taste. 7.Cheaper Produce paragraph 6 line 17 These substitutes are  cheaper  to manufacture. ·         Cheaper= manufacture 8. Convenient Use​ paragraph 6 line 17 These substitutes are cheaper to manufacture and, in the case of screw caps, more  convenient  for the user”. 9. image Suit, quality products paragraph 7 line 3 Firstly, it’s (the cork bottle stopper)  traditional image  is more in keeping with that of the type of high-quality goods with which it has long been associated. ·         The  answer  allows one word only, so it has to be “image”• Products = goods• In keeping with = suit 10.Sustainable  Made from, material Paragraph 7 line 6 Secondly and very  important  cork is a  sustainable  product …. 11.Recycled Paragraph 7 line 6 Secondly – and very importantly – cork is a sustainable product that can be  recycled  without difficulty ·         Easily = without difficulty 12.Biodiversity Cork forests, aid Moreover, cork forests are a resource which supports  local biodiversity , and prevent desertification……………. ·         aids= supports For one word  answer = biodiversity Related Articles ·         Reading Answer of Cork September 4, 2019 ·         Answer of Collecting as a Hobby with Explanation February 25, 2019 13. Desertification. cork forests, stop​ paragraph 7 line 9 Moreover, cork forests are a resource which supports local biodiversity, and prevent  desertification  in the regions ………….. ·         stop = prevent     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Collecting as a Hobby     Answers Keywords Location Explanation 14. Antiques Collecting,  make  money Paragraph 2 line 1 There are the people who collect because they want to  make  money – this could be called an instrumental reason for collecting; that is, collecting as a means to an  end ………“They’ll  look  for, say, antiques that they can buy cheaply and expect to be able to sell at a profit.” He/she used antiques as an example of one object that is able to be collected to  make  money. Therefore, the  answer  is “antiques”.   Because = in order to 15.   Triumph Collectors, feeling, buying and selling Paragraph 2 line 7 But there may well be a psychological element, too – buying cheap and selling dear can give the collector a sense of triumph”. “A sense of” means “a feeling of”. So the  answer  is triumph.• A sense of = a feeling of 16.Information Collectors’ clubs, share Paragraph 3 line 2 Here, ….attending meetings of a group of collectors and exchanging information on items.” We can consider these groups as “collectors’ clubs”. While attending those clubs, they can exchange information on items. But the question requires one word only, so we choose the most  important  word – “information”.• A group of = a club• Exchange = share 17. Contact/meetings  Collectors’ clubs, similar interests. Paragraph 3 line 6 This question still mentions “collectors’ clubs” as in the question above, so we still pay attention to paragraph 3. In the second sentence, we see the phrase “like – minded people”. This phrase has the same meaning as “people who  have  similar interests”. And those clubs bring them into “contact” with other collectors, so the  answer  is “contact”. “Attending meetings” in clubs is oneway in which collectors  come  into contact socially. (Note: you can  make  an adjective by a combination which is Adj + N + Ed, such as Grey-haired,one-eyed, strong-minded and kind-hearted).• Bring = offer• People who  have  similar interests = like – minded people. 18.Hunt/desire      Collecting, life – long, special item.​ Paragraph 3 line 6 We can see another purpose of collecting – it is “the desire to find something special” (= special item). But the author does not mention something like “life-long”, so we  have  to continue reading to find the accurate  answer . Fortunately, in the next sentence, the author writes “Some may spend their whole lives in a hunt for this” (“the whole lives = life – long”). We can understand that the writer wants to say “Collectors sometimes  have  a life-long desire/ spend their whole lives in a hunt for a special item.” The  answer  can be “desire” or “hunt”.• Whole lives = life- long 19. Aimless/empty Searching, prevent their life. Paragraph 4 line 5 The author writes “Some may spend their whole lives in a hunt for this (=the special item referred to in paragraph 3). Psychologically, this can give a purpose to a life that otherwise feels aimless .” “This” means “spend their whole lives in a hunt for a special item”. We can understand “a hunt” = “searching for”. The author claims if they are not searching for a special item, they will feel “aimless”. Therefore, the  answer  is “aimless”. Then, we are told, if the collector finds that special item, they may then “feel empty”, because the search has ended.• A hunt for = searching for 20. Educational Stamp collecting, facts, different countries. Paragraph 5 line 1 This question mentions “stamp collecting” as the main subject, so we  have  to find part of the passage which contains information about this type of collecting – paragraph 5. In this paragraph, the author writes “If you think about collecting postage stamps another potential reason for it – or, perhaps, a result of collecting – is its educational value. Stamp collecting opens a window to other countries, and to the plants, animals, or  famous  people shown on their stamps.” He/ she mentions the educational value of stamp collecting as it “opens a window to other countries” with things shown on their stamps. The  answer  is “educational”. 21. Trainspotting  Male hobby Paragraph 7 line 2 We  have  to find the paragraph mentioning something related to “male”. In paragraph 7, the author mentions “trainspotting” as “a popular form of collecting, particularly among boys and men” (“In the past – and nowadays, too, though to a lesser extent – a popular form of collecting, particularly among boys and men, was trainspotting.”). The  answer  is “Trainspotting”. 22.  Not given The number of, buying dolls, grown. Paragraph 8 line 1 We  have  to find every part of the text about “dolls”. The whole of paragraph 8 is about this topic. But it is about the things which interest doll collectors, but there is no information about the number of people buying dolls. Therefore, the  answer  is Not given. (Note: If you are not sure enough, you can try doing the next question. Since the questions are in order, if you find out the sentence for the  answer  of the next question, then the following sentences will not  have  the  answer  for this question) 23.  False 16th century, made of, wax and porcelain Paragraph 8 line 1 In the same paragraph about dolls: “Similarly, people who collect dolls may go beyond simply enlarging their collection, and develop an interest in the way that dolls are made, or the materials that are used. These  have  changed over the centuries from the wood that was standard in 16th century Europe, through the wax and porcelain of later centuries, to the plastics of today’s dolls.” Therefore, in the 16th century, European dolls were often made of wood. And the wax and porcelain dolls were popular in later centuries, which means the 17th century and the ones after. The  answer  is False. 24. Not given Arranging, by the size, less common Paragraph 9 line 6 We  have  to pay attention to paragraph 9, which contains information about arranging a stamp collection. In this paragraph, the author only mentions the reason why some collectors like to arrange their collection and the types of arrangement. There is no reference to what kind of arrangement is more or less popular. Therefore, the  answer  is Not Given. 25. True Unusual objects, think. Paragraph 10 line 1 The author claims “One reason, conscious or not, for what someone chooses to collect is to show the collector’s individualism”, and gives an example when someone collects something unexpected (which means unusual objects), they may be conveying their belief (which means they want others to think) that they are  interesting  as well. The  answer  is True. 26. True Other hobbies, inspire Paragraph 11 line 4 There is a sentence that is “More than most other hobbies, collecting can be totally engrossing, and can give a strong sense of personal fulfillment.” This means collecting needs all your attention and makes you completely satisfied, while most other hobbies could not do the same (more than most other hobbies). The  answer  is True.            READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . What’s the Purpose of Gaining Knowledge Here is the table with the answers for questions 27-40  in four columns: Question Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27 vi founding, institution, possible majors, course titles Section A Discusses the idea of founding a special institution, possible courses, and course titles. 28 viii attracting students, wrong kind of students, arsonists Section B Mentions the possibility of attracting students interested in starting fires rather than preventing them. 29 ii course title, two meanings, misunderstanding Section C Talks about how the course title "Principles of..." can have two meanings, leading to confusion. 30 iv applying a theory, unexpected context, Kant Section D Discusses the philosopher Kant’s idea that all knowledge is principled, which seems surprising when applied to marketing. 31 iii equal importance, two key issues, means and ends Section E Mentions the balance between "how to achieve X" and "what X is," showing that both are equally important. 32 vii different names, same knowledge, different outcomes Section F Compares a doctor and a murderer, both using the same knowledge but for different purposes. 33 fire science undergraduates, academic requirements, course Section A States that undergraduates who meet academic requirements can enroll in "fire science." 34 investigators course, intended for, prospective Section B Mentions that the course is designed for prospective arson investigators. 35 evidence detecting fire cause, discovering who did it Section B Talks about detecting whether a fire was deliberate and establishing a chain of evidence. 36 prosecution chain of evidence, court, successful case Section B States that evidence helps in the prosecution of arson cases in court. 37 Not Given attract students, difficulty, enrollment issues - No information about difficulties in attracting students is provided. 38 Yes Arson for profit, dangerous, reckless activity Section F Mentions that the same knowledge can be used for personal profit in a destructive way. 39 No Fire science courses, good at the job, expertise Section B States that fire science courses help students become professionals, not just naturally good at the job. 40 No purpose, studies, articulate definition Section F Says students "generalize" the purpose of fire science rather than providing a clear, detailed definition.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The risks agriculture faces in developing countries    Answers Keywords Location Explanation 1.A characteristics, food production P A, line 1 Two things  distinguish  food production  form all other productive activities. ·         only apply= distinguish ·         Two things= two characters 2. B challenges, only, farmers in certain parts of the world P B,line 1 Farmers everywhere face major risks, including …. . .”. Don’t let the everywhere fool you. Go through the next lines. ….However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural .. .. . ..”. ·         Developing countries = certain parts of the world. 3.H difficulties, co-operation between farmers.  paragraph H, lines 7- 8 …that collective action does not  come  as a free  good . It takes time, effort …… ·         co-operation= collective action ·         difficulties= takes time, effort 4.D financial assistance, does not always go to the farmers paragraph E, line 7 E, line 7 has a word ‘subsidies’ which is synonymous with financial assistance. It also says in lines 10 and 11, In fact, studies show that sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich… .. . . ·         that sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor= does not always go to the farmers The statement is made by Rokeya Kabir, Executive Director of Bangladesh Nari Progati Shangha. 5.B benefit, collaborate, as a group para H. Here lines 6 & 7 collective action offers an  important  way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power. ·         strengthen  =  benefit . The statement is made by Sophia Murphy, senior advisor to the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. 6.C financial assistance, standard of living, farmers. paragraph E, line 1  Shenggen Fan………….Public welfare programmes are actually those programmes which supply financial assistance. ·         “address poverty” and “reduce their vulnerability to agriculture shocks” means to “improve the standard of living”. The statement is made by Shennge Fan, Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute. 7.G may be helped, financial input Paragraph  I   line 8 ………….worth more attention  which is synonymous to  “farmers may be helped”.  Also, the part of the sentence in line 7  “consumers invest in local farmers….”    matches with  “financial input by the same individuals who buy from them”. The statement is made by Sonali Bisht, founder and advisor of INHERE, India. 8.B governments, reduce, variation in prices paragraph D, line6 Sophia Murphy, senior advisor to the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy suggested……….. ·         There is a word ‘ government ’. ·         The word  ‘Mitigate’  means ‘ reduce’ . ·         ‘ Wild swings in food prices’  means ‘ variation in prices’ . 9.A improvements to infrastructure, major impact, risk for farmers paragraph D, lines 3, 4, 5 and 6 ………………..argued that governments can ……………. ·         Major impact on risk for farmers =  governments can significantly reduce risk for farmers  (line 4) The statement is made by Kanayo F. Nwanze, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development. 10.D 11.E problems, affect farmers with small farms, developing countries paragraph B line 3 In , you can find the mention of smallholder farmers which means farmers with small farms. There is also a clear mention of developing countries. Now, in line 3 and 4 you will find a phrase adverse  environment  which matches with  answer  D = the effects of changing weather patterns. Also in the opening of paragraph G, the writer states, “… climate change and its consequences for small-scale agriculture”. Here, ‘Small-scale agriculture’ matches with ‘farmers with small farms’. 12.C 13.D recommended, improving, conditions for farmers paragraph H and paragraph I In paragraph H, as we’ve already read that collective actions can be beneficial for farmers. So, this matches with  answer  C where  organizing co-operation ….  is mentioned. In paragraph I, lines 7 and 8 there is a mention of “….community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, ….” So, this matches with  answer  D where we find phrases like  encouraging consumers  and  financial stakes .     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The lost City     Answers Keywords Location Explanation 14. iv Line 4 depicts …… “His  goal  was  to locate …..”. Line 6 states, “….. and Bingham’s  plan was to … … 15. vi  ….. a track had recently been blasted down…….Almost all previous travelers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass across the mountains to rejoin the river………. … .. .  but also therefore never passing through the area around Machu Picchu. ·         Means that before Bingham’s expedition using the recent track, previous travelers had no  idea  that the recent route has existed. 16. viii ……. And Bingham also seems to  have  been  less than keen  on …… “ ·         Means for the time being Bingham also lost his interest in the expedition. 17. v ….. Bingham writes about the approach  in vivid style .” ……… It seemed like  unbelievable dream ….” ·         vivid style + unbelievable dream = dramatic. 18. i His journey entries of the time reveal a much more gradual appreciation of his achievement. ….. rejoined his companions, to whom he seems to  have  said  little  about his discovery. ·         Meaning that Bingham writes in his notebook many things but doesn’t tell his companions much. 19. vii When he came to write the National Geographic magazine article that broke the story to the world in April 1913, …” ·         These lines suggest that Bingham wrote an article on Machu Picchu. 20. iii An  idea  which has gained wide acceptance over the past few years…… ·         wide acceptance  = common belief. 21. TRUE went, South America, search, Inca city paragraph A line 1 Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911. …exploration of the remote hinterland to the west of Cusco, the old capital of the Inca .. .. 22. FALSE particular route, down the Urubamba valley,  paragraph B,line 2 and 3 A track had recently been blasted down….almost all previous travelers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass across the mountains to rejoin the river………. … .. . but also therefore never passing through the area around Machu Picchu.” It clearly means that  before Bingham’s expedition using the recent track , previous travelers had no  idea  that the recent route  have  existed.   23. FALSE   understood, significance, Machu Picchu paragraph E, line 6 and 7 At this stage, Bingham didn’t realize the extent or the importance of the site….” ·         Bingham didn’t realize the extent or the importance= not understood the significance   24. NOT GIVEN returned, in order to, evidence No such information is provided 25. rubber the track, down the Urubamba valley, for transportation paragraph B, line 2 and 3 A track had recently been blasted down… .. .. to enable  rubber to be brought up  by mules from the jungle.” ·         Meaning that the tract was built to enable the passage of rubber. 26. farmer ruins of Machu Picchu, the Urubamba valley, from a paragraph C line 1  Up the nearby hill to see some ruins that a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told them about… It was a local farmer who told Bingham’s team about the ruins.            READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The benefits of being bilingual explained Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27 eye movements Observing, Russian–English, when asked, select certain objects Paragraph B, line 10 ‘Studying’ (line 9) is synonymous with ‘Observing’. The paragraph mentions selecting words like ‘stamp’ or ‘marka’, indicating the study of eye movements . 28 language co-activation both languages, simultaneously, mechanism, known as Paragraph B, lines 6 & 7 The text states that auditory input activates words in both languages, meaning bilinguals engage both languages at the same time. ‘Mechanism’ = ‘phenomenon’, and ‘known as’ = ‘called’. 29 Stroop Task test, called, naming colours Paragraph C, line 7 The name of the test is mentioned as ‘Stroop Task’ , followed by the phrase ‘to name the colour’. 30 conflict management more able to handle, a skill called Paragraph C, lines 6 & 7 The text states that bilingual people perform better on tasks that require conflict management , meaning they are more able to handle such tasks. 31 cognitive control changing strategies, have superior Paragraph C, lines 14-17 The text discusses switching between tasks (changing strategies) and states that bilingual people have better cognitive control . Questions 32-36 (YES/NO/NOT GIVEN) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 32 YES attitudes, have changed, recent years Paragraph A, lines 2-7 The passage states that in the past, bilingualism was viewed negatively, but technology has shown clear benefits, indicating a change in attitudes. 33 NOT GIVEN better than, at guessing correctly, words before finished - The passage discusses word recognition and prediction but does not compare bilinguals and monolinguals in this specific way. 34 NO consistently, name images, faster Paragraph C, lines 2-3 The passage states that bilinguals actually name pictures more slowly , contradicting the question statement. 35 NO brains process single sounds, more efficiently, in all situations Paragraph D The passage states that bilingual and monolingual brain responses are similar without background noise , contradicting the statement. 36 NOT GIVEN Fewer, suffer, brain disease, old age Paragraph F The passage mentions brain disease in old age but does not compare the number of bilingual and monolingual people affected. Questions 37-40 (Identifying Information - Paragraphs A-G) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 37 D example, brains respond, differently, non-verbal auditory input Paragraph D The passage discusses how bilingual and monolingual brains react differently to sound stimuli. 38 G demonstration, bilingual upbringing, benefit, before speaking Paragraph G, lines 1-3 The passage talks about seven-month-old bilingual babies showing cognitive advantages. 39 B description, process, identify words, hear Paragraph B The passage explains how bilinguals recognize words when hearing them. 40 C negative consequences, being bilingual Paragraph C, lines 2-3 The passage states that bilinguals take more time  to name pictures, showing a drawback.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Flying Tortoises    Answers Keywords Location Explanation 1. v     The islands were colonised by one or more tortoises from mainland South America”. “Colonise” can be considered the same as “populate”. 2. iii     This paragraph explains what happened to the tortoises after human arrival, and those are negative impacts for the tortoises such as -taken on board these ships to act as food supplies, they (humans) hunted the tortoises and destroyed their habitat to clear land for agriculture, and so on. 3. viii     This paragraph talks about a tortoise-breeding center with its captive-breeding programme. In 1989, work began on a tortoise breeding centre • Start =  begin • Programme = project• Protect tortoise populations = conservation 4. i     If people wait too long after that point, the tortoises eventually become too large to transport. This means that if the timing is wrong, there is a  big  price to pay or they  have  to face a  big  problem. 5. iv     ……….to work out more ambitious reintroduction. The aim was to use a helicopter to move 300 of the breeding centre’s tortoises to various locations close to Sierra Negra. It means that the plan is a very  big  one. 6. vi     The whole paragraph explains the procedures indicating that the operation was carefully prepared. 7. ii     Eventually, one tiny tortoise  came across  a fully grown giant … 8. pirates   17th Century, small numbers paragraph B line 2-3 From 17th century onwards, pirates took a few on board for food, … … .. ·         a few = small numbers. ·         means that ships were used by pirates, 9. food 1790s, very large numbers  paragraph B line 5& 6 The tortoises were taken on board these ships to act as  food  supplies during long ocean passages. Sometimes, their bodies were processed into high-grade  oil .” ·         Kept for = act as ·         To produce = processed 10. oil 1790s, very large numbers  paragraph B line 5& 6 Sometimes, their bodies were processed into high-grade  oil . 11. settlers hunt, on islands paragraph B, line 9 They hunted the tortoises……”. ·         They= when settlers came to the islands. ·         Here, ‘they’ is referring to settlers. 12. species Habitat destruction, not native Paragraph B, line 10 They also introduced alien species- ranging from …………… 13. eggs  feed on, baby tortoise Paragraph B, line 11 …….that either prey on the eggs and young tortoises… .. ..”. ·         prey on = fed on ·         young tortoises = baby tortoises     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The Intersection of Health Sciences and Geography     Questions 14-19: (Identifying Information) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14 D not all diseases, totally eliminated Paragraph D  (Lines 2-3) The writer mentions diseases like polio are "re-emerging," meaning they haven't been fully eliminated. 15 C physical condition, caused by, human behaviour Paragraph C  (Lines 1-8) The paragraph discusses conditions like asthma and lung problems caused by human activities like driving cars and industrialization. 16 F classifying diseases, how far they extend geographically Paragraph F  (Lines 3-4) The passage talks about categorizing diseases and mapping their spread geographically. 17 G reasons, access to healthcare, vary within a country Paragraph G  (Lines 1-9) The passage explains how healthcare availability differs in regions of a country, with examples of distance to hospitals. 18 D health geography, mixture of different academic fields Paragraph D  (Lines 4-7) The paragraph describes health geography as combining knowledge of geography with the study of health and diseases. 19 B type of area, particular illness is rare Paragraph B  (Lines 6-7) The passage mentions that malaria is rare in high-altitude deserts, indicating that certain areas are less prone to specific illnesses. Questions 20-26: (Completing sentences with ONE WORD ONLY) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 20 vaccinations Certain diseases, disappeared, thanks to Paragraph A  (Lines 1-2) The passage talks about diseases disappearing due to improvements in vaccinations and healthcare. 21 antibiotics because, more contact, losing, usefulness Paragraph A  (Lines 3-6) The passage mentions that with more contact between people, antibiotics are losing their usefulness. 22 mosquitos disease-causing, most likely, found, hot, damp regions Paragraph B  (Lines 3-5) The passage discusses malaria-prone areas where mosquitoes thrive in hot, damp conditions. 23 factories cause, pollution, burn a particular fuel Paragraph C  (Line 6) The passage refers to factories burning coal, contributing to pollution. 24 forests growth of cities, an impact Paragraph C  (Lines 7-8) The passage explains that the growth of cities leads to the cutting down of forests. 25 polio disease, growing, after, eradicated Paragraph D  (Lines 2-3) The passage mentions polio as a disease that is re-emerging after being eradicated. 26 mountain physical barrier, prevent people, reaching a hospital Paragraph G  (Lines 7-9) The passage explains that physical barriers like mountains can prevent people from accessing healthcare facilities.        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Music and the emotions  Answers  Keywords  Location  Explanation 27. dopamine   music, neurons paragraph 2 line 12 The first thing they discovered is that music triggers the production of dopamine— a chemical with a key role in setting people’s moods— by the neurons .. .. . ….. ·         Meaning that the substance which is released by the brain’s neurons is called dopamine. 28. pleasure   two of the parts, are associated  Paragraph 2, Last line As these two regions  have  long been linked with the experience of pleasure,…..”. ·         Two regions = two of the parts ·         Linked with = associated with ·         Experience = feeling 29. caudate observed,   neurons, in the area of the brain, called P3, L 1 What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate— a region of the brain……. ·         observed = found ·         in the area of the brain = a region of the brain 30. anticipatory phase active, just before, participants’ favourite  P3, L3  … . .. .  — were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favourite moments in the music. The researchers call this the ‘anticipatory  phase’…. .. . 31. food activity, associated with, reward stimuli, such as P3, L 3 … .. .in anticipating  food  and other ‘reward’ stimuli—…” ·         anticipating = expectation 32. B emphasise, first paragraph P1, L2,3,4 And yet, even though music says  little , it manages to touch us deeply…………………………………. .sound stirs us at our biological roots. ·         meaning that sound of music touches us very intensely. 33. C view of, Montreal study, second paragraph P2, L2,3 …………. in revealing the precise underpinnings of the potent pleasurable stimulus’ that is music. ·         It means that the Montreal Study has produced some precise data about music and pleasure 34. A Interesting , the results, Montreal Study paragraph 3, line 1 What is rather more significant….. …………………..—were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favourite moments in the music. ·         Meaning that the  interesting  matter is the time of neuron’s response. 35. B Why, refer to, Meyer’s work In paragraph 4 the writer describes in lines 7-9, “This is why composers often introduce a key note in the beginning of a song, spend most of the rest of the piece in the studious avoidance of the pattern, and then finally repeat it only at the  end .” Now, in paragraph 5, the writer talks about Meyer’s work and thus supports what is said in paragraph 4. ….. … . .showing how Beethoven begins with the clear statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern and then, in an ingenious tonal dance, carefully holds off repeating it……. .. .. .. Beethoven saves that chord for the  end . 36. D Leonard Meyer, causes, listener’s  P6, line 4 Meyer argued that the emotions we find in music  come  from the unfolding events of the music itself. ·         itself= internal composition 37. F   Montreal researchers, discovered P3, Line 3 —were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favourite moments in the music. This means that Montreal researchers  have  found that dopamine neuron becomes more active prior to (around 15 seconds before) the participants’ favourite moments in the music. 38. B   Many studies, demonstrated P4, L6 Numerous studies, after all,  have  demonstrated that dopamine neurons quickly adapt to predictable rewards. If we know what’s going to happen next, then we don’t  get  excited. It means neurons’ activity goes down if the results is predictable 39. E   Meyer’s analysis, Beethoven’s music P5, Line 7 What Beethoven does instead is suggest variation in the pattern………………chord for the  end . ·         He delays in giving the specific chord what his listeners expect to hear. 40. C  Earlier theories, suggested Last paragraph, line 2 While the earlier theories of music focused on the way a sound can refer to the real world of images and experiences—…… ·         real world of images and experiences= actual pictures and events.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The history of glass    Answers Keywords Location Explanations 1. obsidian   early humans, sharp P1 L1 From our earliest origins, man has been making use of glass. Historians  have  discovered that a type of natural glass – obsidian – … was first used as tips for spears. ·         Man from our earliest origins = early human ·         Tip = sharp point ·         Make  use of = use 2. spears   early humans, sharp P1 L1 From our earliest origins, man has been making use of glass. Historians  have  discovered that a type of natural glass – obsidian – … was first used as tips for spears. ·         Man from our earliest origins = early human ·         Tip = sharp point ·         Make  use of = use 3. beads   4000 BC, man-made glass paragraph 1, lines 8-11 Archaeologists  have  even found evidence of man-made glass which dates back to 4000 BC; this took the form of glazes used for coating stone beads. ·         Coat = cover ·         the thing that was made of stone was beads. 4. impurities   First century BC, colored paragraph B, lines 3-5 The glass made during this time was highly colored due to the impurities of the raw material. ·         Due to = because of 5. Romans   until 476 AD, only, knew paragraph 2, lines 9-17 The secret of glass making was taken across Europe by the Romans during this century. However, they guarded the skills and technology required to  make  glass very closely, and it was not until their empire collapsed in 476 AD that glass-making knowledge became widespread throughout Europe and the Middle East. ·         they guarded= Romans ·         Glass-making knowledge = how to  make  glass   6. lead   17th century, George Ravenscroft, paragraph 3, Line 5-8 He attempted to counter the effect of clouding that sometimes occurred in blown glass by introducing lead to the raw materials used in the process. ·         He=  George Ravenscroft, ·         Counter= avoid 7. clouding   17th century, George Ravenscroft, paragraph 3, Line 5-8 He attempted to counter the effect of clouding that sometimes occurred in blown glass by introducing lead to the raw materials used in the process. ·         He=  George Ravenscroft, ·         Counter= avoid 8. taxes   Mid-19th century, British glass production paragraph 4, lines 1-6 In Britain, the modern glass industry only really started to develop after the repeal of the Excise Act in 1845. Before that time, heavy taxes had been placed on the amount of glass melted in a glasshouse, and were levied continuously from 1745 to 1845. 9. TRUE   1887,   HM Ashley Paragraph 5, line 4-8 …..owner HM Ashley introduced………. …………..more than three times quicker than any previous production method. ·         more than three times quicker= more than three times fastest than any other 10. FALSE   Michael Owens, fully automated Paragraph 5, line 8-10 ………..founder of the Owens Bottle Machine Company. ·         Founder = owner ·         Michael Owens owned a large US company, he was not hired by them. 11. NOT GIVEN   Nowadays, large international manufacturers — Not mentioned about large international manufactures 12. TRUE   Concern,  environment , leading to paragraph 7, the first few lines …… and with growing consumer concern for green issues, glass bottles and jars are becoming even more popular. ·         the environmental issues =green issues ·         even more popular =increased demand 13. FALSE more expensive, produce recycled glass,  manufactured paragraph 7, lines 6-10 As less energy is needed to melt recycled glass than to melt down raw materials, this also saves fuel and production costs. ·         saves production cost= cheap manufacturing cost     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Bring back the big cats   Answers Keywords Location Explanations 14. D 2006 discovery, animal bone paragraph 1 lines 7 Untill this discovery, the lynx…………..6.000 years ago,…..farming. But the 2006 find, …………. the lynx and the mysterious Llewellyn were in fact one and the same animal. If this is so, it would bring forward the tassel-eared cat’s estimated extinction date by roughly 5,000 years. ·           ·         the extinction of the lynx had happened much later than previously thought. 15. A large predators, third paragraph line 8- 15 of 3rd paragraph. Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggled to survive. ·         creating niches for hundreds of species= bring diversity   16. C British conservation, fourth paragraph Lines 2-5 of paragraph 4 ….w hich has often selected arbitrary  assemblages of plants and animals and sought, at  great  effort and expense, to prevent them from changing… ….tried to preserve the living world as if it were a jar of pickles, letting nothing in and nothing out, keeping nature in a state of arrested development. ·         arbitrary= not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair ·         a jar of pickles= everything in a static state 17. A Protecting, commercial fishing Paragraph 5, line 1, 7 At sea the potential is even greater by ………… …..This policy would also greatly boost catches in the surrounding seas…. These lines suggest that there are some practical benefits of protecting large areas of the sea from commercial fishing 18. C rewilding, other environmental campaigns P6, line 1, 7 rewilding is a rare example of an environmental movement…….. ………….it helps to create a more inspiring vision ·         inpiring= appealing ·         vision= positive message 19. E evidence, lynx, danger P7, line 1 The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people ·         No evidence = no known instance ·         Prey on = put something in danger 20. D reduce the number, populations Lines 7-10 of paragraph 7 It is a specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades, holding back, by intensive browsing, attempts to re-establish forests. It will also winkle out sika deer: an exotic species that is almost impossible for human beings to control, as it hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees. ·         21. F minimal threat, from lynx habitats paragraph 7, lines 14-18, The lynx requires deep cover, and as such presents  little  risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm subsidies, to be kept out of the woods. ·         little  risk = minimal threat 22. A reintroduction, initiatives to return, native paragraph 7 lines 11-13 The attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands. ·         marries well = link efficiently ·         The aim = initiatives ·         Bringing back = return 23. NO  first European country, reintroduce paragraph 8 lines 9-12 The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz Mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places. ·         re-established itself in many more places= not the first one 24. NOT GIVEN large growth, since 1970,  P8, L 14-15 The European population has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000. But there is no discussion whether it has exceeded the expectation of the conservationists. 25. YES changes, agricultural practices, extend, habitat paragraph 8, lines 15-19 As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar, bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and ….. ·         has been able to spread= spread 26. YES apparent, species reintroduction paragraph 8, lines 20-21 ……………….and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it. ·         lucrative= driving money= commercial        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . UK companies need more effective boards of directors Questions 27-33 (Matching Headings) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27 iv responsible authority, blame, problems Paragraph A, lines 6-8 The text mentions who is to blame for the issues, including governments, regulators, central banks, and auditors. 28 ii scrutiny, companies, pressures, directors Paragraph B, lines 2-3 The passage discusses the increased scrutiny on companies and the pressures on directors. 29 vi less involvement, board, addressing important issues Paragraph C, lines 2-3 The text talks about how the board’s involvement in addressing key issues has decreased. 30 viii proposal, solution, professional board Paragraph D, lines 1-4 The passage proposes a solution for large companies through a professional board, with no guarantee of success. 31 vii criticism, boards, long-term matters Paragraph E, lines 1-2 The text states that boards are often criticized for not focusing enough on long-term issues like strategy and sustainability. 32 i disputes, compensation, CEO Paragraph F, lines 1-2 The passage describes ongoing disputes over CEO compensation between investors, management, and board members. 33 iii broaden, perspectives, corporate goals Paragraph G, lines 5-6 The passage suggests that boards need to widen their perspectives and realign corporate goals. Questions 34-37 (YES/NO/NOT GIVEN) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 34 YES scrutiny, boards, increased, economic downturn Paragraph A, lines 4-10 The text confirms that scrutiny of boards increased after the economic downturn, especially following the 2008 crisis. 35 NOT GIVEN banks, mismanaged, greater extent - The text doesn’t compare the mismanagement of banks to other businesses. 36 NO board meetings, debate, full Paragraph B, lines 10-12 The text mentions that board meetings have overloaded agendas, reducing time for full debate. 37 NO committee structure, fully informed Paragraph C, lines 1-2 The passage discusses that committees might make the board less involved in addressing important issues, not more. Questions 38-40 (ONE WORD ONLY) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 38 information non-executive directors, disadvantage, lack of Paragraph D, lines 10-11 Non-executive directors lacked information , preventing them from anticipating the 2008 financial crash. 39 financial emphasis, short-term, considerations Paragraph E, line 3 The passage states that boards focus too much on financial  metrics that are short-term in nature. 40 investors/shareholders pay, accept views Paragraph F The passage talks about boards accepting the views of investors  or shareholders  when it comes to pay.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Crop-growing Skyscrapers    ANSWER KEYWORDS LOCATIONS EXPLANATION 1. tomatoes already grown indoors p2, L3 The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time”. This means that tomatoes, along with other produce,  have  been produced in heated houses (indoors) for a long period of time. = already = not new = in vogue for some time “grown indoors = hothouse production” 2 urban centres/centers Vertical farm p2, L16 “One such proposal is for the “Vertical Farm”. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions. Situated in the heart of urban centres,” Located= situated, so the  answer  is….. urban centres 3 energy methane P4, L17 “Methane” keyword is found in paragraph 4. It says “Although the system would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non-edible parts of plants” so the  answer  is ……………: energy 4 fossil fuel vehicles (  look  for synonym),consumption, cut P4, L20 “It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping” Vehicles = tractors, consumption = use Cut = reduce So the  answer  is ………….. fossil fuels 5 artificial light, disadvantage P5, L3 “A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light” need = require Disadvantage = drawback 6 (stacked) trays One form, planting, not fixed. P6, L3 “One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails” One form = One variation (synonym keywords not exact keywords) 7 (urban) rooftops grown on, towns and cities P7, L14 “Most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops” towns and cities = urban 8 NOT GIVEN recently changed P1, L1-12 Not mention any methods of predicting the earth’s population 9 TRUE Methods for predicting P1, L15-17 Some 15% of that has been laid waste (destruction) by poor management practices (human) 10 FALSE. depend, seasons, produced P4, L3-6 “sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops).’’ That means it never depend on season, it grows year round- all the year. Depend on season = through year round. So information contradict. 11 TRUE climate change P4, L6-8 There would be no weather-related (climate change) crop failures (damage) due to droughts, floods or pests. This line means some corps damage by climate condition like – drought, flood etc. Or, (P3, L19-23) Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons (Climate Change) take their toll each year, destroying (damage) millions of tons of valuable crops. 12 FALSE. fertilizers P4, L9-11 All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers. The statement provides contradictory  idea . 13 TRUE infectious diseases P4, L12-15 The system would greatly reduce (less likely) the incidence (affected) of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface.     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The Falkirk Wheel ANSWER KEYWORD LOCATIONS EXPLANATIONS 14 FALSE has linked, first time P2, L 10-11 Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks – enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered- that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. This has been dismantled in 1933, .. … .” These lines mean that both the canals had been linked before, so this is not the first time. 15 NOT GIVEN opposition, design P3, L1-7 According to paragraph 3, many ideas were submitted for the project but the writer does not show whether anyone opposed the plan that was approved. 16 TRUE put together, location, components P4, L1-9 The various parts of the Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled at Butterley Engineering’s Steelworks in Derbyshire…” put together = assembled, components = parts, manufactured = constructed 17 NOT GIVEN only, by hand P4, L15-21 “Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand-tightened.” So, the writer does mention about bolts being hand-tightened. But, we do not find any information which confirms that it was the only boat with such unique feature. 18 FALSE weight, varies. P5, L4-6 These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats.” It means that the weight is always the same. 19 TRUE construction, monument P7, L3-7 “the Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre  difference  between the two canals, owing to the presence of historically  important  Antonine Wall”. So, we can understand form here that the construction of the Wheel is influenced by the presence of an ancient monument. 20 gates a pair, lifted P6, L4-6 “Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin”. Now, here we find some matches with keywords. a pair of = two lifted = raised * shut out water = seal off from water 21 clamp taken out, rotate P6, L8-11 “A hydraulic clamp ______ , is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn”. taken out = removed, rotate = turn 22 axle drive P6, L12-13 “In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central axle“. means that the hydraulic motors drive the axle by rotating it. 23 cogs different-sized, upright P6, L19-22 “As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width connected by two smaller cogs…..” Here, the writer says that the writer illustrates the gearing system which comprises many cogs of different sizes. So, the word in the blank is cogs. 24 aqueduct moves directly onto P6, L25-29 “When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin”. move onto=pass onto, directly=straight 25 wall beneath, Roman P7, L9-11 “This wall” indicates to the wall built by the Romans in the 2nd century AD 26 locks raise, reach P7, L1-3 “The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by a pair of locks“. So, here it means that the locks actually lifts or raises boat.        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Reducing the effects of climate change Answer Keywords Location Explanations 27. D geo-engineering, earlier natural phenomenon paragraph D, lines 3-4 “The  idea  is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in o 1992, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 C. So, the “earlier natural phenomenon” = “historic volcanic explosions”. based on=modelled on, earlier=historic 28. B successful use, geo-engineering paragraph B lines 1-2 “Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localized scale. For decades, May Day parades in Moscow  have  taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse cloud.’’ We can easily find here the example of a successful use of geo-engineering. 29. A common, definition paragraph A lines 7-8 geo-engineering – a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the  environment .” Here, refers to = means / defines 30. sunshade create, would reduce, light reaching earth paragraph B, line 6 His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth. This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.” tiny = minute, create = form, far above Earth = 1.5 million km above the Earth 31. iron place, the sea paragraph C, line 2 “…. . . and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae – …”. depositing = place, ocean = the sea 32. algae encourage, to form paragraph C, line 2 “…. . . and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae – …”. to stimulate the growth = encourage, to form 33. clouds create, would reduce, paragraph D, line 1, 3 “… .. .. so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming.” create = form, reduce the amount of light reaching Earth = a global dimming, 34. cables fix, strong, Greenland ice sheets paragraph D, line 5 “Scientists  have  also scrutinized whether it’s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea.” strong = reinforced 35. snow allow, reflect, radiation End  of paragraph D “Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Whereas the region’s native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow.” So, planting trees would allow snow to reflect radiation. lose = shed, allow = enable 36. rivers change, direction, to bring End  of paragraph D “Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.” change the direction of = re-route, bring more cold water = increase cold water flow 37. B effects, not long-lasting paragraph E “I think all of us agree that if we were to  end  geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly… . . .. ” This means that once geo-engineering does its job, the effects of it on the planet may  end , too. In other words, “the effects of geo-engineering may not be long-lasting” 38. D worth exploring last paragraph “Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.” worth exploring=shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly 39. C limit paragraph G “To avoid such a scenario, Lunt says Angel’s project would  have  to operate at half strength; all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo- engineering altogether.” limit the effectiveness = operate at half strength 40. A non-fossil-based fuels paragraph E Angel says that his plan is “no substitute for developing renewable energy, the only ‘permanent solution’.” non-fossil-based fuels = renewable energy, cannot be replaced = no substitute for

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Raising the Marry Rose    ANSWER KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATION 1. TRUE doubt, sink paragraph 1, lines 10-16 Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, over-laden and sailing too low in the water, others that she was by undisciplined crew.” vary: means that the accounts on how the ship sank has some doubts. 2. NOT GIVEN only ship, sink, 19 July 1545 paragraph . 1 There is no reference to whether Mary Rose was the only ship that sank in the battle 3. TRUE one side, undamaged, Paragraph no. 2, lines 10-11 Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half, survived intact. “most of=nearly all of, one side of the Mary Rose=the starboard half, undamaged=intact 4. FALSE historical objects, Alexander McKee Paragraph 5, lines 5-9 McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts.” So, these lines indicate that Mckee and his team were not aware that the ship would  have  precious artifacts or valuable historical objects. 5. C search, launched paragraph 4, lines 1-5 The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called ‘Solent Ships’. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks in the Solent, what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose” initiated = launched. 6. B exploration, stopped paragraph 3, lines 13-14 “…. …Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until 1840,The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years.” This means that in 1840, Deane‟s exploration of the Mary Rose site stopped.” So, this means Deane stopped his exploration in 1840. 7. G agreed, the hull, should be raised paragraph 5, lines 17-21 While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available 8. A found by chance paragraph no. 3. line 1-4 Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. “Turned out to be marry rose= by chance” 9. (lifting) frame attached, by wires Last Paragraph, lines 6-7 The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires 10. hydraulic jacks prevent, sucked into mud Last Para, lines 8-10 The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks 11. stabbing guides legs, placed into Last para, lines 22-24 This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the ‘stabbing guides’ of the lifting cradle 12. (lifting) cradle hull, lowered into Last para, lines 18-21 In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle 13. air bags used as, extra protection Last para, lines 3-4 The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with airbags to provide additional cushioning for the hull’s delicate timber framework     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . What destroyed the civilization of Easter Island ANSWERS KEY WORDS LOCATION EXPLANATION 14. ii P1, L8-9 “Modern science – linguistic, archeological, and genetic evidence – has definitely proved the moai builders were Polynesians, ……”. Here, the phrase definitely proved = the fact has no dispute. 15. ix P2, L8-11 “When the islanders (the Rapanui people) cleared the forests for firewood and farming, the forests didn’t grow back. As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds. Soil erosion decreased their crop yields.” All these indicate that the food resources actually decreased or diminished. 16. viii P3, L3-7 “The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction.” Then, the writer supports this  idea  and presented a list of what the moai (the statues) did, for example, competing by building ever bigger figures, laying the moai on wooden sledges, hauling over log rails, clearing land etc. So, the right  answer  for this paragraph has to be how the statues made the situation worse. 17. i P4, L4-8 “… .. . the prehistoric Rapanui were pioneers of sustainable farming.” So, this line indicates that the Rapanui people were the people to innovate some environmental friendly farming methods. The author supports it with previous lines, “.. .. . archaeological excavations indicate that the Rapanui went to heroic efforts to protect the resources of their wind-lashed, infertile fields. They built thousands of circular stone windbreaks and gardened inside them, and used broken volcanic rocks to keep the soil moist”. 18. iv P5, L1-3 “.. .. Hunt and Lipo say, archeological evidence backs up Rapanui folklore… .. ” Here, backs up means support, folklore means local belief. 19. vii p f, L4-12 “Moreover, Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the settler were not wholly responsible for the loss of the island’s trees. . . .” Then, in line 4, he talks about the rats, “.. .. The rats arrived along with the settlers… … .” and in lines 10-11 the writers mentions of the diseases, “.. .. of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had no immunity”. 20. vi P7, 1-5 “… peaceful and ingenious” (lines 1 & 2)., while we find another view that the Rapanui “were reckless destroyers ruining their own  environment  and society.” (lines 2 &3). And the writer agrees with both vision in line 4. “Whichever is the case.. .. .” 21. farming P2, L8-9 When islanders cleared the forests for firewood and farming, the forests didn’t grow back.” 22. canoes P2, L9-10 “As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds.” This means that the islanders failed to construct (build) canoes with which they used to go fishing. 23. birds P2, L9-10 “As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds.” They started eating the birds of the island. 24. wood P 3, L4-5 “Diamond thinks they laid the moai on wooden sledges, hauled over log rails, but that required both a lot of wood and a lot of people.” Here, required = needed, a lot of people = a  great  number of people. 25. B P3, 5, L2-3 In C Diamond said“they (the Rapanui people) laid the moai on wooden sledges; hauled over log rails, but that required both a lot of wood and a lot of people.” However, in paragraph E, Hunt and Lipo opines, and the author writes, “moving the moai required few people and no wood.” So, it can be gathered that Hunt and Lipo’s suggestion differs with Diamond about how the moai were transported. 26. C P5, L1-2 Again, in paragraph C, Diamond believes that the moai (the statues) accelerated the destruction of the island whereas in paragraph F, the writer opines, “Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the settlers were not wholly responsible for the loss of the island’s trees.” So, here, Hunt and Lipo disagree with Diamond’s view about the impact of the moai on Rapanui society.        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Neuroaesthetics ANSWER KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATION 27. C shape-matching test, illustrate P2, L4-6 We certainly do  have  an inclination to follow the crowd. When asked to  make  … . . .. . people often choose a definitively wrong  answer  if they see others doing the same.” This clearly means that the writer gives reference to a shape-matching test with the aim of illustrating human tendency that is influenced by the opinions of others. 28. D Angelina Hawley-Dolan’s findings P3, L7-8 It seems that the viewers can sense the artist’s vision in paintings, even if they can’t explain why.” Therefore, Angelina Hawley-Dolan’s findings point out that people  have  the capacity to recognize the intention behind artwork 29. B results of studies, Pepperell’s pieces P4, L6-7 It would seem that the brain sees these images as puzzles, and the harder it is to decipher the meaning, the more rewarding is the moment of recognition.” This indicates that the results of studies involving Robert Pepperell’s pieces give hint that people find it satisfying to work out what a painting signifies 30. A experiments, suggest, paintings of Mondrian P5, L2-4 .. .. .. eye-tracking studies confirm that they (Mondrian’s) works are meticulously composed, and that simply rotating a piece radically changes the way we view it.” This implies that the paintings of Mondrian are more carefully designed than they seem to be 31. C impact, Impressionist paintings P1, L3-5 The blurred imagery of Impressionist paintings seems to stimulate the brain’s amygdala, for instance. Since the amygdala plays a crucial role in our feelings, that finding might explain why many people find these pieces so moving.” This indicates that Impressionist paintings greatly impact our feelings. Here, emotions = feelings 32. B Alex Forsythe, precise degree, paragraph 7, L1-3 In another experiment, Alex Forsythe of the University of Liverpool analysed the visual intricacy of different pieces of art, and her results suggest that many artists use a key level of detail to please the brain.” Here, the writer means that Alex Forsythe believes many artists furnish their works with the exact scale of visual intricacy or complexity which most appeals to the viewer’s brain. 33. H pleasing works, repeated P 7, L-4-8 What’s more, appealing pieces both abstract and representational, show signs of ‘fractals’ -repeated motifs recurring in different scales. Fractals are common throughout nature, for example, in the shapes of mountain peaks of branches of trees. It is possible that our visual system, which evolved in the  great  outdoors, finds it easier to process such patterns “motifs=patterns=images pleasing=appealing works of art=pieces occur frequently=are common in the natural world=throughout nature 34. NOT GIVEN contradicted, previous beliefs P 7 we find no information regarding any comparison between Forsythe’s findings and any previous beliefs in this paragraph and the following paragraph. 35. YES mirror neurons, art appreciation, further verification This may be down to our brain’s ‘mirror neurons’, which are known to mimic others’ actions. The hypothesis will need to be thoroughly tested…” Here, require further verification = the hypothesis will need to be thoroughly tested 36. NO taste, current artistic trends P 8, in lines 7-9 While the fashion of the time might shape what is currently popular, works that are best adapted to our visual system may be the most likely to linger once the trends of previous generations  have  been forgotten.”So, it is not true that people‟s taste in paintings depends entirely on the current artistic trends of the period. trend of the period=fashion of the time 37. NO precise rules, govern, reactions lines 2-3, p- last It would, however, be foolish to reduce art appreciation to set a set of scientific laws.” Therefore, it can be gathered from the lines, it is not correct that scientists should seek to define the precise rules which govern people’s reactions to works of art. Here, rules = laws, people’s reactions to works of art = art appreciation 38. YES always, cultural context lines 3-4,last p We shouldn’t underestimate the importance of the style of a particular artist, their place in history and the artistic  environment  of their time.” This means that we should consider the cultural context in which an artist worked 39. NOT GIVEN easier, meaning in science, art Last P we find a comparison between art and science, but they are only compared in terms of “looking for systems and decoding meaning so that we can view and appreciate the world in a new way”. There is no comparison in terms of which one’s meaning is easy or difficult. 40. A In this passage, the writer refers to some scientific experiments, theories and knowledge of the way the brain reacts to abstract art. Neuroaesthectics are mentioned in paragraph 1 in the study of past masterpieces and then, in paragraph 2, the writer asks: “Could the same approach also shed light on abstract twentieth-century pieces…? The rest of the article tries to  answer  this question. So, the most appropriate subtitle for this article is some scientific insights into how the brain responds to abstract art. insights=shed light on

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The Story of silk    Answers Keywords Location Explanation 1. tea emperor’s wife P1, line 5 and 14-17 Legend  has  it  that  it  was  Lei  Tzu,  wife  of  the  Yellow Emperor, ruler of China in about 3000 BC, who  discovered  silkworms. It just so happened that while she was  sipping some  tea , one of the  cocoons  that  she had collected  landed  in  the hot tea  and  started to unravel into a fine thread. ·         landed=fell 2. reel P1, L 21-24 She also devised a special  reel  to draw the fibers from the cocoon into a single thread so that they would be strong enough to be woven into fabric. ·         invented=devised ·         pull out=draw…from 3. women only, produce silk P2,L 1-2 Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to  women , and it was they who were responsible for the growing, harvesting and weaving. ·         only=solely 4. royalty only, wear silk P2, line 4-6 Silk  quickly  grew  into  a  symbol  of  status,  and originally, only  royalty  were entitled to  have  clothes made of silk. ·         allowed= entitled ·         wear=  have  clothes 5. currency farmers, taxes P2,L 11-17 Sometime  during  the  Han  Dynasty (206  BC-220AD), silk was so prized that it was also used as unit of  currency . Government officials were paid their salary in silk, and farmers paid their taxes in grain and silk. 6. paper 168 AD,  evidence P2, L 20-23 The earliest  indication  of silk  paper  being used was discovered in the tomb of a noble who is estimated to  have  died around 168 AD. ·         evidence = indication 7. wool Merchants, Silk Road P3, L3-5 “…. now known as the  Silk Road ,  taking silk westward  and  bringing gold, silver  and  wool  to the East. ·         precious metals = gold, silver 8. monks 550 AD,  hide , eggs, canes P4, L10-14 According  to  another  legend,   monks   working  for  the Byzantine  emperor  Justinian  smuggled  silkworm  eggs  to  Constantinople  in  550  AD,  concealed  inside hollow bamboo walking canes. ·         hide =conceal 9. nylon 20th century, man made fibre, cause decline P 5,L 7-8 Then in the  twentieth century, new  man made fibers, such as  nylon , started to be used in what had traditionally been silk products, such as stockings and parachutes.” ·         decline=downfall 10. FALSE gold, most valuable material P3, L 1-8 Demand  for  this  exotic  fabric  eventually  created  the  lucrative trade  route  now  known  as  the  Silk  Road,  taking  silk  westward  and  bringing  gold,  silver  and  wool  to  the East. It was named the Silk Road after its most precious commodity, which was considered to be worth more than gold.   ·         valuable=precious· ·         material=commodity ·         It’s= silk 11. TRUE tradesmen, certain sections P3, Last line Few  merchants  traveled  the  entire  route;  goods  were handled  mostly by  a  series  of  middlemen. “Because of the middleman they didn’t need to travel the whole distance and the goods were transported by one middleman to another” “Few  merchants  traveled  the  entire  route= most tradesmen only went along certain sections” 12. FALSE Byzantines, spread   P4, L4 The Byzantines were  as secretive as the Chinese, however, and for  ………………  Arabs  conquered  Persia,  ………..through  Africa,  Sicily  and  Spain  as  the  Arabs  swept  through  these  lands ” It was the the Arabs, not the Byzantines, who spread the practice of silk production across the West.” 13. NOT GIVEN silk yarn, the majority, exported, Last Paragraph, L 19 .. .. .in more recent decades, China has gradually recaptured its position as the world’s biggest producer and exporter of silk and silk yarn. Not sufficient information.     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Great Migrations Answers Keywords Location Explanation 14. FALSE Local gulls, same way P2, L 1-7 An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle will take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered from a bird- watcher’s boat along the way. While local gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern flies on. ·         While= Connective word to show contradiction meaning that local gulls and migrating arctic terns behave in different ways when offered food. 15. TRUE definitions of migration, vary P3, L 1-3 But  migration  is  a  complex  issue,  and  biologists  define  it differently, depending on what sorts of animals they study. ·         experts=biologists ·         differently= Vary 16. NOT GIVEN few, agree, movement of aphids P4, L 5-10 So can the  movement of aphids , when, ……….to where it started. Nothing mentioned about the agreement by few or many. 17. TRUE Aphids’ journeys, affected, light P5, L 5-10 They   allow  for  the  fact  that,  for  example,  aphids  will  become sensitive to blue  light  (from the sky) when it’s time for takeoff on their  big  journey, and sensitive to yellow  light  (reflected from tender young leaves) when it’s appropriate to land. ·         They= aphids ·         become sensitive= affected 18. FALSE Dingle, migratory behaviors P5 L14 Dingel  argues, is that it focuses,,,,,,, how evolution has produced them all. His aim was not to distinguish between behaviors but above given. 19. G Dingle, migratory routes P1, L 8- 13 The   biologist   Hugh    Dingle    has   identified   five characteristics  that  apply,  in  varying  degrees  and  combinations,  to  all  migrations.  They  are  prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats; they tend to be linear, not zigzaggy. ·         Linear= straight line. 20. C prepare P1, L 13-17 they  (migrations)  involve  special  behaviour  concerning  preparation  (such as overfeeding) and arrival.” This means that to prepare for migration, animals eat more than they need for immediate purposes. ·         eat more than they need=overfeed 21. A during migration, unlikely  P1, L 17-22 And one more: migrating animals maintain an  intense  attractiveness  to  the  greater  mission,  which  keeps  them  undistracted  by  temptations  and undeterred  by  challenges  that  would  turn  animals  aside.”  This  means  that  during migration,  animals  are unlikely to be discouraged by difficulties. ·         difficulties=challenges 22. E Arctic terns, ability P2, L1 An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South  America  to  the  Arctic  circle  will  take  no  notice  of  a  nice  smelly  herring  offered  from  a  bird- watcher‟s boat  along the way. While local  gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern flies on. The arctic tern resists distraction because it is driven at the moment by an instinctive sense of something we humans find admirable: larger purpose.” This means that arctic terns illustrate migrating animals‟ ability to ignore distractions. ·         ignore=resist 23. speed pronghorns, eyesight, avoid predators P6, L23-26 Pronghorn,  dependent  on  distance  vision  and   speed   to  keep safe from predators.” ·         rely on=be dependent on ·         eyesight=vision ·         avoid=keep safe from 24. plains winter home, danger, snow P6,L 19-23 If  they  (pronghorns)  can’t  pass  through  again  in  autumn, escaping south onto those windblown  plains , they are likely to die trying to overwinter in the deep snow. ·         danger= likely to die 25. bottlenecks route, contains three P6, L 13-16 These  pronghorns  are  notable  for  the  in-variance  of  their migration route and the severity of its constriction at three  bottlenecks. 26. corridor/passageway construction, homes, narrow  P6, Last Sentence At  one of the bottlenecks, forested hills rise to form a V, leaving a  corridor  of open ground only about 150 metres wide, filled with private homes. ·         narrow= only about 150 metres wide        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . How the other half thinks: Adventures in mathematical reasoning Question No. Answer Keywords Explanation Location 27 D books, assume, lack of mathematical knowledge The passage refers to books that omit mathematics due to assumed lack of knowledge. Section D 28 B the way, not, typical book, about mathematics The book differs from others by explaining reasoning behind discoveries, unlike typical books on mathematics. Section B 29 G personal examples, being helped, by mathematics Personal examples from a physician and a lawyer highlight how mathematics helped them in their professions. Section G 30 C examples, people, each had abilities, seemed incompatible Examples of people with seemingly incompatible abilities (engineer and artist, opera singer and mathematician, etc.). Section C 31 B different focuses of books, about mathematics Books on mathematics focus on different aspects like lives of mathematicians, applications, and procedures. Section B 32 E contrast, reading this book, reading other kinds of publication The passage contrasts reading this book slowly compared to reading a novel or newspaper. Section E 33 A claim, the whole of the book, accessible, everybody The passage claims that the entire book is accessible to everyone, explaining every step of reasoning. Section A 34 F different categories, intended readers, of this book The passage describes two categories of intended readers: those who enjoyed mathematics and aficionados. Section F 35 beginner some areas, both music and mathematics, suitable for Some areas of both music and mathematics are suitable for beginners. Section A 36 arithmetic sometimes possible, understand, advanced mathematics, using no more than a limited knowledge The passage mentions that advanced mathematics can be understood with a limited knowledge of arithmetic. Section A 37 intuitive the writer, intends to show, mathematics, requires, thinking, analytical skills The passage suggests that mathematics requires both analytical and intuitive thinking. Section C 38 scientists some books, written by, had to leave out, mathematics, central to their theories Some books written by scientists omit mathematics, which is central to their theories. Section D 39 experiments the writer, advises, non-mathematical readers, perform, while reading The writer advises non-mathematical readers to perform experiments while reading. Section E 40 theorems lawyer, found, studying, helped, more than other areas, mathematics, study of law A lawyer found that studying theorems helped more than other areas of mathematics in the study of law. Section G

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Research using twins    Answers Keywords Location Explanation 1. FALSE genetic causes, differences,  young skin P1, lines 8-11 Any  differences between  them – one twin having  younger looking skin , for example – must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun. ·         the differences are because of the  environment , not for genetic causes. 2. NOT GIVEN greater risk, illnesses P2, L7-11 If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity. ·         The sentence starts with ‘if’, which means the writer only compares identical twins with fraternal twins, he doesn’t  make  a comparison between twins and non-twins. 3. NOT GIVEN Bouchard, advertised, newspapers P3, 4 Nowhere in the paragraph we find any reference to  advertisement  in newspapers. 4. TRUE Epigenetic processes, genetic, environmental P6, L4 ….nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to  a recent field called  epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the  environment  and our genes. ·         genetic and environmental processes= nature and nurture 5. A term, distinguish, characteristics P4, L1 The  idea  of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase „nature and nurture‟) ·         invented=coined 6. C epigenetics, increase our knowledge P12, lines 1-3 Reed  adds,  the  latest  work  in  epigenetics  promises  to  take  our understanding even further. ·         study of epigenetics=work in epigenetics ·         increase our knowledge= take our understanding even further 7. B mathematical method, measuring genetic influences P5, L1 Bouchard  and  his  colleagues  used  this  mountain  of  data  to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. ·         Here,  statistical concept = mathematical method 8. A pioneered, research, genetics, twins P 4, L1-4 The   idea   of  using  twins  to  measure  the  influence  of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase “nature and nurture”) ·         pioneered=first suggested 9. B research, lived apart P4, L6-10 …  twin  studies  took  a  surprising  twist  in  the  1980s,  with  the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard‟s lab….” ·         lived apart= been separated at birth 10. D influence, genes, creating internal P 7, L1 Epigenetic  processes  are  chemical  reactions  tied  to  neither nature  nor  nurture  but  representing  what  researchers   have   called  a third  component.  These  reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on of off, to build our bones, brains and all other parts of our bodies. ·         the activity of our genes = how our genetic code is expressed ·         organs = brains and all other parts of our bodies ·         create= build 11. B influence, genes, creating internal P 7, L1 Epigenetic  processes  are  chemical  reactions  tied  to  neither nature  nor  nurture  but  representing  what  researchers   have   called  a third  component.  These  reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on of off, to build our bones, brains and all other parts of our bodies. ·         the activity of our genes = how our genetic code is expressed ·         organs = brains and all other parts of our bodies ·         create= build 12. E uncovering a way, our genes can be affected P9, L 1-5 One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by  revealing  a mechanism by which the  environment  directly  impacts  our genes. ·         impact= affected ·         revealing= uncovering a way 13. F pregnant rat, suffers stress P9, L5-9 Studies  of  animals,  for  example,   have   shown  that  when   a  rat   experiences  stress  during    pregnancy ,  it  can  cause  epigenetic  changes  in  a  fetus   that  lead  to   behavioral  problems  as the rodent grows up     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . An introduction to film sound Answers Keywords Location Explanation 14. B P1, L 1-4 Though  we  might  think  of  film  as  an  essentially  visual experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound. ·         underestimate=overlook 15. A Humphrey Bogart, exemplify P2, L4-10 Often with film characterization, the audience perceives  little  or no  difference  between the character and the actor. Thus, for example,  the actor  Humphrey Bogart  is the character Sam Spade ; film personality and life personality  seem to merge .” ·         merge   = become one Humphrey Bogart is mentioned to exemplify the significance of the actor and the character appears to  have  similar personalities. 16. B P3, L6-12 It  is   interesting   to  note  that  how  dialogue  is  use and the very amount of dialogue used varies widely  among  films.  For  example,  in  the  highly  successful  science-fiction  film  2001,   little   dialogue  was evident, and most of it was  banal    and of  little  intrinsic interest .” ·          banal = dull  or boring 17. D suggest, Bringing Up Baby,  P4, L 1-8 The comedy  Bringing Up Baby , on the other hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the character Katherine Hepburn, but also  the absurdity of the film itself and thus its humor .” The dialogue in the film  Bringing Up Baby  highlights key elements of the film. ·         key elements = the absurdity of the humor of the film   18. C click of a door, realistic sounds P5, L 6-19 Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also  help  to create a particular atmosphere. For example, the ‘click’ of a door being opened may simply serve to  convince  the  audience  that  the  image  portrayed  is  real,  and  the  audience  may  only  subconsciously note the expected sound. However, if the ‘click’ of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mixer may call attention to the ‘click’ with an increase in volume; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.” By using sound mixer realistic sounds can be modified by increasing the sound volume to  make  it more realistic. 19. TRUE audiences, background music P7, L 1 We are probably all familiar with  background music  in films, which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence. background sound or music has become an essential part of films ·         ubiquitous = ever-present 20. TRUE anticipate, development In addition, background music often  foreshadows  a  change in mood. This means the background music can  make  the audience understand what changes are going to happen in a film. ·         anticipate=foreshadow 21. NOT GIVEN more effect, some people than on others       Reference to ‘background music’ and its effects in both paragraphs no. 7 and 8. But we cannot find any comparison as to whether it has more or less effect on some people. 22. TRUE audience,  make  certain connections   P8, L1-2 Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes ·         help =aid ·         audience=viewer ·         make  connections within a film = linking scenes 23. FALSE  audiences, aware, affecting P last, L 6-9 The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted  by only our subconscious minds. ·         subtle =delicate or faint or slight 24. C response, different parts, controlled P2, L1-4 The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects. ·         combined appropriately=mixed and balanced.   25. A feelings, motivation, clear P2, line 1-4 As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well. 26. E seems to be real person, than actor P3, L1-3 When voice textures fit the performer’s physiognomy  and gestures, a whole and very realistic person emerges ·         actor=performer ·         appearance=physiognomy ·         moves=gestures ·         consistent with=fit        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . This marvelous invention Here’s the revised table from questions 27 to 40, in the format you requested: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27 vi language, most important invention Paragraph A In paragraph A, the writer emphasizes that language is the most important invention, stating: “Of all mankind’s manifold creations, language must take pride of place.” and “Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance.” 28 iv incompatible characteristics, paradox Paragraph B In paragraph B, the writer describes language as having both extraordinary sophistication and ingenious simplicity. The paradox of language being mankind’s greatest invention yet never invented is central to the explanation. 29 ii a few sounds, organised to convey meaning Paragraph C Paragraph C discusses how language can convey complex ideas using a limited set of sounds. The writer emphasizes that a few basic sounds can be organized to convey a vast range of meanings. 30 vii universal ability, language Paragraph D Paragraph D explains that language is universal and accessible to everyone, from pre-modern foragers to post-modern philosophers, allowing all humans to connect and communicate effortlessly. 31 i differences between languages, impressiveness Paragraph E In paragraph E, the writer highlights how foreign tongues, with their unique features, demonstrate the wonder of language's design. Differences in languages, like the example of a Turkish word, emphasize language's impressiveness. 32 v absence of sound, meaningful Paragraph F In paragraph F, the writer states that even the absence of sound can be used to convey meaning, highlighting how silence can express something specific and meaningful. 33 E material Paragraph A The writer compares the wheel's impact on material life to the impact of language, indicating that while the wheel has had a major effect, language's impact is far more fundamental. 34 G fundamental Paragraph A The writer explains that language’s impact is fundamental, as everything we have ever achieved depends on language, making it more significant than other inventions like the wheel. 35 B complex Paragraph B Paragraph B emphasizes that language is complex despite being composed of a small number of sounds, describing it as a tool of extraordinary sophistication based on ingenious simplicity. 36 F easy Paragraph D In paragraph D, the writer notes that language appears easy to use because it runs smoothly, but this ease masks the sophisticated processes involved in its construction. 37 NO human beings, present position, without language Paragraph A The writer clearly states that without language, humans could not have reached their current position, directly contradicting the claim that humans might have achieved their present position without language. 38 YES Port-Royal grammarians, did justice Paragraph B The writer refers to the Port-Royal grammarians, describing how they eloquently celebrated the significance of language, suggesting they did justice to its nature. 39 NOT GIVEN complex idea, clearly, sentence Not referenced in the text The text does not provide a direct statement comparing the clarity of expressing a complex idea in a sentence versus a single word, making this information unavailable. 40 YES Sumerians, recording events Paragraph F The writer states that the Sumerians invented writing, enabling the documentation of history, indicating that they were responsible for starting the recording of events.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Stepwells    Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 false ancient stepwells, world Para 2 line 7 Now read this line “Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called  vav ) and Rajasthan (where they are called  baori ), while a few also survive in Delhi.” Implies that they are not all over the world but Gujarat, Rajasthan and Delhi. 2 true functions, water collection Para 2, line 11 Now read this line, “During  their  heyday,  they  (stepwells)  were  places  of gathering of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes.” Then, he continues “Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned  beside  roads  as  resting  places  for  travelers.”  Here other functions are gathering place, worship place, resting place. Which means that stepwells were not only used for collecting water. 3 not given few Delhi, attractive Para 2 Para 2 mentions that “a few also survive in Delhi”.  However, no comparison of the attractiveness of stepwells in Delhi and in other places   is found. 4 not given stone steps Para 3 & Para 4 No paragraph indicates the length of time workers took. 5 true steps, altered, course of a year Para 3, line 6 Now read this line “When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would  have  to be negotiated.” Because of the change in water level, the number of steps one had to climb up and down also changed. Which means the steps altered (changed) according the course of a year. 6 pavilions shade Para4, line 6 Here, shade= shelter.Now read this line “Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that  sheltered visitors from the relentless heat .” Pavilions that sheltered visitors means Pavilions gave shade to visitors. 7 draught climate event, southern Rajasthan Para 5 Now read this line, “southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year  drought  between 1996 and 2004.” Serious climatic event= drought . 8 tourists requent visitors, nowadays, Last para, line 6 Now read this line, “Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north-western India to gaze  in  wonder  at  these  architectural  marvels  from  hundreds   of  years  ago…”  This  means  that nowadays, a huge number of tourists visit India to gaze at these wells. 9 earthquake Rani Ki Vav,   Restored, 1960s, Para 7 Now read this line, “Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an  earthquake  that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.” This means that despite the earthquake in 2001,the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav was still in excellent condition. 10 4 sides Surya Kund, geometrical pattern, Para 8, line 8 Now read this line, “Besides, it is the steps on the  four sides  that create a  geometrical formation .” It is the steps on the four sides that create a geometrical formation (pattern). 11 tank Surya Kund, looks like Para 8, line 4 Now read this line  “It  actually   resembles   a   tank   rather than  a  well,” Resembles a tank means looks like a tank. 12 verandas Chand baori,   dramatic, view of the steps Para 10, last line Now read this line “On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars  overlook   the steps .” The same paragraph has the words like  oldest, deepest, most dramatic. Verandas (which are supported by ornate pillars)  overlook   the steps  means Verandas  provide a view of the steps. 13 underwater Neemrana Ki Baori Para 11, line 4 Now read this line “Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater.” Last two ar     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . European Transport Systems 1990-2010 Answers Keywords Location Explanation 14 viii “The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads saw an increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, … .. . ..”This means that the requirement  for  vehicles  continues  to  rise. 15 iii As  far  as  goods  transport  is  concerned, growth  is  due  to  a  large  extent  to  changes  in  the  European  economy  and  its  system  of  production. Then,  the  author  indicates  that  these  changes  cause  some  production  sites  to  be  relocated  far  away from  the  final  assembly  plant  or  away  from  users  –  perhaps  even hundreds  or  even  thousands  of kilometres away‟.This means that these changes affect the transport distances. So, the correct heading for paragraph B is iii. 16 xi In paragraph C, the author provides many transport statistics, or transport trends, in some countries which  are  “candidates  for  entry  to  the  EU”.   The  trends  include  an  increase  in  road  haulage  and  a decrease in  rail  haulage. These countries are awaiting admission to  become members of the EU.  17 i In paragraph D, after the first line “A new imperative sustainable development- offers an opportunity for adapting the EU’s common  transport  policy.. .. ”, we find the word  objective.  And in the last line we find the time needed to implement the objective “… in 30 years’ time.” Here, Objective = goal, 30 years’ time = long-term Hence, paragraph D is about  fresh and  important  long-term goal . 18. v In  paragraph  E,  it explains that CO2 emissions are projected to rise by 50% by 2020 because of the increase in traffic. The environmental cost of road transport = the environmental effect of road transport 19. x paragraph  G focuses on the first solution which focuses on  road transport solely through pricing. In the short term, this  approach might “curb the growth in road transport”.  Here, charging = pricing , alone = solely, restrict = curb . 20. ii Paragraph H is about the second solution to achieve transport balance. This approach “concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes (better quality of services, logistics, technology.)”. Here, charging=pricing ,improve=increase the efficiency oftransport, methods=transport modes. 21. iv In  paragraph  I,  “the  third  approach  comprises  a  series  of  measures  ranging  from  pricing  to revitalising  alternative  modes  of  transport  and  targeting  investment  in  the  trans-European  network”. This  means  that  the  third  approach  may  change  transport  patterns.  22 true growing, technological developments, Para A Search for the synonyms and Keywords:In this paragraph,“ requirement  =  need ” “ rise  =  grow ” “ information technologies  =  technological developments .”Now read this line “Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and tele services, the requirement for transport continues to rise.”  23 false reduce production costs, closer to customers Para B Now read this line “This  phenomenon  has  been  emphasized by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site  is  hundreds or even  thousands  of  kilometres  away  from  the  final assembly or away from users.”Which means that some industries  are moved much far away  from their relevant customers. 24 Not given prohibitively expensive, countries. Para C The author does not provide any information about the price of these countries‟ cars or indicate whether they are expensive or not. 25 not given Gothenburg , 30 years ago The Gothenburg European Council only appears in paragraph D, but the author does not mention when it was established or how long it has been  in existence. 26 false the  end  of this decade, 739 billion tonnes, Now read this line, “…,  CO2  emissions  from  transport  can  be  expected  to increase by 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes, compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990.So , 739  billion  tonnes  is  the  figure  for  CO2  emissions in 1990, not “by the  end  of this decade”.        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Psychology of innovation Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27. c million-dollar quartet Para 3, line 7 In paragraph 3, the author indicates that while four people in the picture “million-dollar quartet” who  are  Presley,  Cash,  Perkins  and  Lewis  understood  and  believed  in  Phillips’s  ambition  of revolutionising popular music, Roy Orbision who was not in the picture wasn’t inspired by this goal. Therefore, the example of the picture emphasizes the author’s point about “having a shared objective” 28 a discover the DNA code Para 6 Now read this line  “he (James Watson) and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren‟t the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the  answer . The smartest scientist was called  Rosalind  Franklin  who  was  so  intelligent  she  rarely  sought  advice.” This  means  that  unlike Franklin who was too intelligent to need the  help  of others , James Watson and Crick knew they had limitations; therefore, they cooperated with each other and successfully discovered the DNA code. 29 d competitions, cereal packets Para 8 Now read “even something as simple as writing deepens (strengthen=deepen) every individual’s engagement in the  project”. Then,  again “competitions  on  breakfast  cereal  packets”  as  an  example  to support  this  finding. So,  the  example  is  mentioned  to  deepen  every  individual’s  commitment  to an  idea . 30 b important  for employees to Last para, line 4 Now read this line ,”Cialdini says: ‘Leaders should encourage  everyone  to  contribute  and  simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is  important  to making the right decision and will be given full attention.”This means that company owners or employers should provide a view to their employees that they (employees) are also a  big  part of the company and their suggestions are valued. 31 g values, match, more likely to, Para 2, line 5 Now read this line ,”Research shows that the fit between an employee’s values and a company’s values makes  difference  to what contribution they  make  and whether they’re still at the company”.This clearly suggests that the matching or fitting of value has an influence on whether employees stay in their present jobs or not. 32 e time of change Para 4, line 4 Read this, “when things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe.”This line suggests that when there are changes we or people try our best to play safe or avoid risks. 33 a aware, might lose, will often Para 4 Read this line, “studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward”.This means that when people are threatened with a loss or damage, people will take gambles or chances. 34 f dominant boss, liable to Para 9 Now read this line, “crew  members  of  multi pilot  aircraft  exhibit  a  sometimes  deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behavior is not unique to  air  travel,  but  can  happen  in  any  workplace  where  the  leader  is  overbearing.” This  means  that people working under an overbearing boss tend to be more passive. Passive means ignore duties 35 b employees, with few rules Para 10 Now read these lines, “where the only rule was that there were no  rules….. encouraged a free interchange of ideas”This means that employees who work in organisations with few rules are more likely to interchange/ share their ideas. 36 no surroundings, determining creativity para 1, line 3 Now read this line, “There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their  environment  doesn’t  make  them feel at all creative. And there are those who don’t  have  a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully.”This means that the working  environment  or physical surroundings of the workplace does not affect the employees’ creativity. 37 yes potential, creative, para 2, line 11 Now read this line, “although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances.”Here, most people means almost every individualand  have  the potential means can. 38 not given work   best, intelligence Para 7 No mention of whether teamwork gives the best work result when team members are equally intelligent. 39 not given easier, smaller companies, innovative Para 5, line 2 Now read this line “It’s easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each  get  different feedback from different sets of people.”Whether it is easier for smaller companies to be innovative or not is NOT GIVEN. 40 no manager’s approval, more persuasive Para 7, line 8 Now read this line, “Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss’s speech.”It means a colleague or peer’s speech is more persuasive or powerful than a boss.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   William Henry Perkin    1. FALSE Michael Faraday, Perkin‟s ability paragraph 2; line 3 His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher Thomas Hall. “So Thomas Hall was the  first person to recognise  Perkin‟s  ability” 2. NOT GIVEN should enroll paragraph 2; last sentence ………..he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry,  which  he  succeeded  in  entering  in  1853,  at  the   age   of  15. “Nothing given about who encouraged Henry to join the college” 3. FALSE August Wilhelm Hofmann paragraph  3; line 3 At  the  time  of  ………………………  German  chemist  August  Wilhelm  Hofmann.  Perkin‟s  scientific gifts  soon  caught  Hofmann‟s  attention  and,  within  two  years,  he  became  Hofmann‟s  youngest assistant. ” meaning Hofmann employed Perkin as his assistant” 4. True young, discovery, rich and  famous . paragraph  3; line 7 Not long after that,…………….. him both fame and fortune. “meaning that when making the scientific discovery, Perkin was still young, (fame= famous ), (fortune= rich), (breakthrough= discovery)” 5. Not Given quinine, derived, only in South America paragraph 4; line 1 At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is  derived  from  the  bark  of  the  cinchona  tree,  native  to  South  America. “although trees are native to South America, whether they grow only in South America is not mentioned” 6. TRUE drug, coal tar waste product. paragraph 5; line 3 He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. ”attempting to manufacture= hoping to manufacture” 7. NOT GIVEN inspired, Louis Pasteur paragraph 5; line 15 And, proving the truth of the  famous  scientist Louis  Pasteur‟s  words  „chances  favours  only  the  prepared  mind‟,  Perkin  saw  the  potential  of  his unexpected  find. ”whether he was inspired by Louis Pasteur’s discoveries or not is not given” 8. the rich group, purple paragraph 6; line 6 Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at the time, only the rich could afford it. ” historically, the colour purple was associated with the rich” 9. commercial (possibilities) potential, new dye paragraph  7; last sentence But  perhaps  the  most  fascinating  of  all  Perkin‟s reactions   to   his   find   was   his   nearly   instant   recognition   that   the   new   dye   had   commercial possibilities. “immediately understand= instant recognition” 10. mauve finally, name, first colour paragraph  8, 1st sentence Perkin originally named ………………………..known as mauve. ” initaially the dye was named Tyrian which finally became popular as Mauve” 11. Robert Pullar name, person paragraph  8, line 6 He  (Perkin)  asked  advice  of  Scottish  dye  works  owner  Robert  Pullar,  ……………….. relatively  low. ”This  means  that  Perkin  consulted  Robert  Pullar (consulted=asked advice)” 12. France country, fashionable paragraph 9; line 10 The  company  received  a  commercial  boost  from  the  Empress  Eugénie  of France, …………………… Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for  all  the  fashionable  ladies  in  that  country . “that country = France” 13. Malaria disease, researchers, using synthetic dyes paragraph  10; last sentence And,  in  what  would   have  ………………………..research for a vaccine against malaria. ” means that malaria is now being targeted by researchers using sy     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . There Anybody Out There   Answers for “Is There  Anybody  Out There” with explanations Answers Keywords Location Explanation 18. several billion years life expectancy paragraph A; line 12 Since the lifetime of a planet ………….. from zero to several billion years. “life expectancy=lifetime” 17. ii paragraph A Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. “response= reply, should not = degree of appropriateness” 16. i paragraph D An alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance. “looking for radio waves= seeking radio signals” 15.vii paragraph C it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not  have  a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we can  make ,…, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might  have  a life-bearing planet orbiting it “likelihood=best guess” 14. iv Paragraph B There are two assumptions(ground rules) for the search of the ETI 19. radio waves signals, scientists looking for paragraph D; 1st and 2nd sentence An alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to date  have  concentrated onlooking for radio waves. “alien civilization = intelligent civilization, searching for = looking for” 20. searching, radio telescopes paragraph D; line 13 and 14 One part is a targeted search using the world‟s largest radio telescopes…. This ………… is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars “ 21. YES alien,  help  overcome problems paragraph A; last sentence It it even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we haven‟t yet discovered. “Pass on the benefits = able to  help ” 22. YES a life form, resemble humans paragraph B, Second, we  make  a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us…………………. “trying to find= looking for, resembles= pretty well like us” 23. NOT GIVEN Americans and Australians, co-operated Paragraph D The Americans and Australians………”whether they  have  co-operated on joint research projects or not is not mentioned” 24. NO several stars, picked up signals paragraph D; line 8 Until now, there  have  not been any detection from the few hundred stars which  have  been searched. “ have  not been any detection=  have  not picked up” 25. NOT GIVEN criticism, congress paragraph D; line 10 No information is given about the NASA project’s attracting criticism from members of Congress. 26. NO outer space, respond promptly last paragraph; line 1 There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. “respond=reply, promptly=immediately”      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The History of the Tortoise ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATION 27. plants transfer, animals migrate Paragraph 1; last sentence And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could happen. “for the other migration to happen plants  have  to migrate first, before=prior” 28. two processes,  big  changes paragraph 2; 1st sentence Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. “major redesign=  big  changes” 29. gills physical feature, whales lack paragraph 2; line 18 They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. ” (earlier marine incarnation= ancestor), (lack=never developed)” 30. dolphins ichthyosaurs, resembled paragraph 3; line 15 The fossils  look  likedolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. “the fossils= fossils of ichthyosaurs,  look  alike = resemble” 31. Not Given turtles, first animals, back, sea paragraph 2; last sentence However, they are…………their eggs on beaches. ” Whether turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea or not is NOT mentioned” 32. FALSE always difficult, animal lived, remains, incomplete paragraph 3; line 9 You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it‟s obvious. “incomplete= fragments, obvious= not difficult to determine” 33. TRUE ichthyosaurs, habitat, paragraph 3, line 13 and 14 Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossilslook like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water.”So, it is true that the habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains (surely= can be determined, habitat = live in water)” 34. measurements/three measurements 71 species, bones, forelimbs paragraph 4; 1st sentence Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. 35. (triangular) graph recorded on a paragraph 4; line 5 They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. “comparing the information= plot the three measurements against one another, recorded=plot” 36. cluster land tortoises, represented, dense paragraph 4; line 7 All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle. ” dense=tight, towards the top= upper part of the triangle” 37. amphibious same data, other results paragraph 4; There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. “spend time both in water and on land= amphibious, because the word limit is only two” 38. halfway positioned about, up the triangle paragraph 4; line 10 Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the „wet cluster‟ of sea turtles and the „dry cluster‟ of land tortoises. 39. dry-land tortoises position, creatures paragraph 4; 2nd last sentence The bones of P.quenstedti and P.talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises 40. D Last paragraph; 1st line Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. “therefore = most significant/ final, more than once= double”

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Hearing Impairment    Question Answer Keywords Location Text 1 H national policy initiative Beginning of Section H "The New Zealand Government has developed a New Zealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on a wide-ranging consultation process." 2 C global team effort Last lines of Section C "The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms." 3 B reason, growth, classroom noise Section B, beginning "A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers and pupils... . .. . This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which have the potential to be particularly serious for children experiencing auditory function deficit." 4 I suitable, worldwide regulations Last line of Section I "It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future." 5 D medical conditions, children, more at risk, from noise Section D "...hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD)." 6 A estimated proportion, children in New Zealand, auditory problems Last lines of Section A "The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss." 7 two decades hearing loss, schoolchildren, studied in New Zealand Section A, last lines "The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss." 8 crowd (noise) addition to machinery noise, upset, children with autism Section E, lines 9-10 "...Those experiencing these disorders often find sounds such as crowd noise and the noise generated by machinery painful and distressing." 9 invisible (disabilities/disability) hearing problems, schoolchildren, not been diagnosed Paragraph G, last lines "It is probable that many undiagnosed children exist in the education system with ‘invisible’ disabilities." 10 Objective 3 What part, New Zealand Disability Strategy, aims, schoolchildren, equal opportunity Paragraph H "Objective 3 of the New Zealand Disability Strategy is to ‘Provide the Best Education for Disabled People’ by improving education so that all children, youth learners and adult learners will have equal opportunities to learn and develop within their already existing school." 11 A factors, contributing, classroom noise Paragraph B, lines 2-5 "Modern teaching practices, the organisation of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air- conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the teacher’s voice." 12 C factors, contributing, classroom noise Paragraph B, lines 2-5 "Modern teaching practices, the organisation of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air- conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the teacher’s voice." 13 C overall purpose Beginning of the passage "Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole."     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Venus in transit   Question Answer Keywords Location Text/Explanation 14 F different ways, parallax principle, applied Paragraph F "But astronomers labored hard to analyse the results of these expeditions to observe Venus transits. Johann Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally determined a value for the AU based on all these parallax measurements." 15 D event, prevented, transit observation Paragraph D "Ironically, after travelling nearly 50,000 kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last moment, a very dispiriting experience." 16 G potential future discoveries, transit observations Paragraph G "But such transits have paved the way for what might prove to be one of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos – detecting Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars." 17 E physical states, connected, Venus, early astronomical instruments, failed Paragraph E "this showed astronomers that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it impossible to obtain accurate timings." 18 D distance, observations of Venus, accuracy Paragraph F "Johann Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally determined a value for the AU based on all these parallax measurements: 153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate for the time, that is quite close to today’s value of 149,597,870 km." 19 A distance, worked out by comparing observations Paragraph B "He realised that from different latitudes, the passage of the planet across the Sun’s disc would appear to differ. By timing the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams of astronomers could calculate the parallax angle – the apparent difference in position of an astronomical body due to a difference in the observer’s position." 20 B time, around the Sun, distance from the Sun Paragraph C "Johannes Kepler, in the early 17th century, had shown that the distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds, which were easily measurable." 21 C Venus transit, unable, make calculations Paragraph D "The person who deserves most sympathy is the French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil." 22 FALSE Halley, observed, transit, Venus Paragraph C "But there was a problem: transits of Venus, unlike those of Mercury, are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus would cross the face of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 – though he didn’t survive to see either." 23 FALSE Le Gentil, observe, second Venus transit Paragraph D "Ironically, after traveling nearly 50,000 kilometers, his view was clouded out at the last moment, a very dispiriting experience." 24 TRUE shape, distorted, pass in front of the sun Paragraph E "While the early transit timings were as precise as instruments would allow, the measurements were dogged by the ‘black drop’ effect. When Venus begins to cross the Sun’s disc, it looks smeared not circular." 25 NOT GIVEN early astronomers, suspected, atmosphere on Venus, toxic - No information 26 TRUE parallax principle, how far, stars, Earth Paragraph F "The parallax principle can be extended to measure the distances to the stars. If we look at a star in January – when Earth is at one point in its orbit – it will seem to be in a different position from where it appears six month later. Knowing the width of Earth’s orbit, the parallax shift lets astronomers calculate the distance      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation Question 27 C Neuroeconomics, seeks to First paragraph, lines 3-5 The writer states that neuroeconomics explores the brain’s link to success in competitive environments requiring innovation. Here, success = achievements. Question 28 B Iconoclasts, distinctive, because Paragraph 2, lines 1-3 The writer explains that iconoclasts are distinctive because their brains work differently in three specific ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Question 29 D Brain, works efficiently, because Paragraph 3, lines 3-6 The writer states that the brain processes information quickly by relying on past experiences. Here, quickly = in the quickest way, and depends on = draw on. Question 30 C Perception Paragraph 3, last lines The writer explains that perception is a product of the brain rather than just a response to physical stimuli. Question 31 B Iconoclastic thinker Paragraph 4 The writer notes that iconoclasts avoid cognitive traps by working around perceptual shortcuts that affect most people. Question 32 YES Exposure, different events, forces, think differently Paragraph 4, line 1 The writer states that exposing the brain to new experiences forces it to make new judgments, leading to different ways of thinking. Question 33 YES Iconoclasts, usually, receptive, new experiences Paragraph 5, lines 3-4 The writer mentions that successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to engage with fresh and different experiences. Question 34 NOT GIVEN Most people, too shy, try, different things - The passage only states that people avoid certain activities but does not confirm whether shyness is the reason. Question 35 NO Exposure, different events, forces, think differently Paragraph 6, lines 2-3 The writer explains that fear prevents people from thinking like iconoclasts, meaning they must overcome fear first. The statement contradicts the passage. Question 36 NOT GIVEN Iconoclasts, usually, receptive, new experiences - The passage does not discuss whether embarrassment affects openness to new experiences. Question 37 NO Most people, too shy, try, different things Paragraph 6, lines 5-7 The writer states that fear of public speaking is common but not considered a mental disorder, meaning the statement contradicts the passage. Question 38 A Thinking like, successful iconoclast, demanding, because Paragraph 7, lines 1-2, 7-8 The writer explains that successful iconoclasts must sell their ideas using social intelligence and perceptual skills, making the process demanding. Here, rare = demanding. Question 39 B Concept, social brain, useful, iconoclasts, because Paragraph 7, lines 3-7 The writer states that neuroscience reveals how brain circuits help in group decision-making, making the social brain useful for iconoclasts. Question 40 C Iconoclasts, generally, asset, because, way of thinking Last paragraph, lines 1-4 The writer describes how iconoclasts contribute innovation across fields like art, technology, and business, making them valuable assets.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   A chronicle of time keeping    Question Answer Keywords Location Text/Explanation 1 D early, timekeeping, affected by, cold temperatures Paragraph D, Lines 3-7 "Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean; they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and freezing weather of northern Europe." 2 B importance of geography, development, calendar, farming communities Paragraph B "And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year." 3 F origins, pendulum clock Paragraph F, Lines 7-8 "By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient." 4 E simultaneous efforts, different societies, calculate time, uniform hours Paragraph E, Lines 3-7 "in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count...Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock,' or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight." 5 B civil calendar, months, equal in length Paragraph C "the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year." 6 F divided, two equal halves Paragraph E "Eventually, these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight." 7 D new, cabinet shape, timekeeper Paragraph G "It was called the anchor escapement, which was lever-based device shaped like a ship’s anchor...and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock." 8 A calendar, organize public events, work schedules Paragraph 1, Lines 2-3 "the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting." 9 anchor escapement, resembling Paragraph G, Lines 2-3 "It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship’s anchor." 10 wheel escapement, resembling Paragraph G, Lines 3-4 "The motion of a pendulum rocks this device (escapement) so that it catches and releases each tooth of the escape wheel." 11 tooth escapement, resembling Paragraph G, Lines 3-4 "The motion of a pendulum rocks this device (escapement) so that it catches and releases each tooth of the escape wheel." 12 pendulum beats each Paragraph G "Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second..." 13 second beats each Paragraph G "Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second..."     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Air traffic control in the USA   Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 14 ii Aviation disaster prompts action Paragraph A, lines 1-2 "An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States." 15 iii Two coincidental developments Paragraph C, lines 3-5 ".. .. .. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes… ." 16 v An oversimplified view Paragraph D, line 3 ". . .This is a very incomplete part of the picture." 17 iv Setting altitude zones Paragraph E, lines 1-3 "In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground . . ." 18 viii Setting rules to weather conditions Paragraph F, lines 1-2 "In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR)…" 19 vii Defining airspace categories Paragraph G, lines 1-3 "Controlled airspace is divided into several types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A." 20 FALSE FAA, created, jet engine Paragraph A, lines 1-2 "An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)." 21 FALSE ATC, started, after Grand Canyon crash, 1956 Paragraph B, line 1 "Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster." 22 NOT GIVEN Beacons, flashing lights, still used - No information provided. 23 TRUE improvements, radio communication, World War II Paragraph C, lines 1-3 "In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War." 24 TRUE Class F, below 365m, not near airports Paragraph E, lines 2 "Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F." 25 FALSE All, Class E, must use IFR Paragraph G, lines 9-10 "The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR . ." 26 TRUE Class C, an average-sized city Last Paragraph, lines 13-15 "Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively."      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Telepathy Question Answer Keywords Location Text 27 E differing attitudes, agree on paragraph 2, lines 1-5 "Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called ‘ganzfeld experiments’, a German term that means ‘whole field’." 28 B experiences, during, meditation paragraph 2, lines 5-10 "Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve ‘signals’ passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity." 29 A Attitudes to parapsychology, alter drastically final paragraph, lines 4-6 "Answering such questions would transform parapsychology." 30 F Recent autoganzfeld trials, success rates, improve with final paragraph, lines 8-13 "Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy." 31 sender Ganzfeld studies 1982, person acting as paragraph 3, lines 3-6 "In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank." 32 picture/image Ganzfeld studies 1982, person acting as paragraph 3, lines 3-6 "In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank." 33 receiver Ganzfeld studies 1982, person acting as paragraph 3, lines 3-6 "In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank." 34 sensory leakage flaw, positive results could be produced paragraph 4, lines 4-6 "These ranged from ‘sensory leakage’ – where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver – to outright fraud." 35 (outright) fraud flaw, positive results could be produced paragraph 4, lines 4-6 "These ranged from ‘sensory leakage’ – where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver – to outright fraud." 36 computers Autoganzfeld studies 1987, key tasks, limit the amount of paragraph 5 "After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests – an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as random selection of images." 37 human involvement Autoganzfeld studies 1987, key tasks, limit the amount of paragraph 5 "By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results." 38 meta-analysis results, subjected to paragraph 5 "In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a ‘meta-analysis’, a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies." 39 lack of consistency different test results, put down paragraph 6, lines 1-6 "Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld tests." 40 big enough different test results, sample groups were not paragraph 6, lines 1-6 "If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 percent expected by chance, it’s

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Sheet glass manufacturing process    Question No. Answer Keywords Location Text 1 spinning early, method Paragraph 1, Lines 3-6 "The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning." 2 (perfectly) unblemished early, method Paragraph 1, Lines 3-6 "This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a 'fire finish'." 3 labour intensive disadvantages, slow Paragraph 1, Line 6 "However, the process took a long time, and was labour intensive." 4 thickness Ribbon, advantages, produce glass sheets, varying, non-stop process Paragraph 2, Lines 2-4 "The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop." 5 marked disadvantages, 20, rubbed away, machines, expensive Paragraph 2, Lines 4-6 "but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 percent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive." 6 (molten) glass Pilkington's float process Paragraph 4, Lines 2-6 "Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface." 7 (molten) metal/tin Pilkington's float process Paragraph 4, Lines 2-6 "Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface." 8 rollers Pilkington's float process Paragraph 4, Lines 2-6 "Once the glass cooled to 604°C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers." 9 TRUE metal, float process, specific properties Paragraph 3, Lines 5-7 "The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600°C), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500°C). The best metal for the job was tin." 10 NOT GIVEN Pilkington, invested, own money, float plant Not found No information is given about Pilkington investing his own money in the float plant. 11 FALSE first full-scale plant, instant commercial success Paragraph 5 "However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company £100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959." 12 TRUE process, invented by Pilkington, improved Paragraph 6 "The modern Pilkington process includes refining the molten glass, homogenizing it, and feeding it continuously into a melting furnace." Question No. Answer Keywords Location Text 13 TRUE Computers, better, humans, detecting, faults in glass Paragraph 7 "Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws."     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The little ice age   Question No. Answer Keywords Location Text 14 ii relevance, Little Ice Age, current state of global warming Paragraph B, Lines 3-5 "The climate events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming." 15 vii study, thousand years Paragraph D, First sentence "This book is a narrative history of climate shifts during the past ten centuries." 16 ix enough food, productivity from farmland Paragraph E, Last sentence "The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine." 17 iv human impact on the climate Paragraph F "In general, paragraph F deals with how present human civilization is responsible for different types of problems that have affected our climate." 18 C documentation, past weather conditions, limited Paragraph C, Lines 1-2 "Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago..." 19 B documentation, past weather conditions, limited Paragraph C, Lines 4-5 "For the time before records began, we have only ‘proxy records’ reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores..." 20 A Little Ice Age, time of, climatic shifts Paragraph B, Lines 6-7 "The little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century..." 21 H periods, very cold winters, storms Paragraph B, Lines 9-13 "The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds; then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms..." 22 G periods, heavy rain, heat waves Paragraph B, Lines 9-13 "The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds; then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves..." 23 C Europeans, farming, abroad Paragraph F "Global temperature began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others..." 24 C cutting down of trees, affect the climate Paragraph F "Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers’ axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world..." 25 A Europeans, discovered, other lands Paragraph D "Part one describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America." 26 B changes, fishing patterns Paragraph E "Dried cod and herring were already staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperature forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic..."      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The meaning and power of smell Question Answer Keywords Location Text 27 viii relationship between smell and feelings Paragraph A, last lines ". . . The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them." 28 ii role of smell in personal relationship Paragraph B, lines 1-4 "Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. . . . infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent." 29 vi why our sense of smell is not appreciated Paragraph C, first few lines "In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures." 30 i difficulties of talking about smells Paragraph D, first few lines "Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn’t exist." 31 iii future studies into smell Paragraph E, lines 3-5 "Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two – one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air." 32 v interpretation of smells as a factor in defining groups Paragraph F, lines 8-9 "Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures." 33 C our ability to smell is damaged Introduction, last lines "It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being." 34 A shows how we make use of smell without realizing it Paragraph B, last half part "In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people." 35 C rejecting a common belief Paragraph C, lines 1-4 "smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. . . . the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped." 36 D smell is yet to be defined Paragraph E, lines 3-4 "Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two – . . ." 37 clothing can help, recognize, belonging to, husbands and wives Paragraph B "In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people." 38 vocabulary certain linguistic groups, have difficulty, describing smell, lack, appropriate Paragraph D "Odours, unlike colors, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply does not exist." 39 chemicals sense of smell, involve, and do not smell Paragraph E "Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two – one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air." 40 cultures unpleasant, regarded as, not unpleasant in others Paragraph F "Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others."