Q1: How often do you take holidays?A1: I try to squeeze in at least two vacations a year. It's a vital aspect of maintaining a work-life balance and recharging my batteries. Q2: What type of holiday do you prefer – adventurous or relaxing? Why?A2: I'm more inclined towards adventurous holidays. I thrive on the adrenaline rush that activities like hiking or exploring new cultures provide. It adds a dynamic element to my time off. Q3: What do you usually do during your holidays?A3: My holidays are quite diverse. I might embark on a backpacking trip, immerse myself in a cultural experience, or simply unwind on a tranquil beach. It largely depends on the destination and my mood. Q4: How do you plan your holidays?A4: Planning is a mix of meticulous research and spontaneous decisions. I usually outline the key attractions I want to visit but leave room for unexpected discoveries and experiences. Q5: What is your dream holiday destination and why?A5: My dream destination has always been Patagonia in Argentina. The untouched landscapes and the promise of thrilling adventures, such as trekking through the Andes, make it an ultimate bucket-list destination for me. Q6: Do you prefer holidays in your own country or abroad? Why?A6: While exploring my own country offers cultural familiarity, I find the allure of foreign destinations irresistible. The novelty and diversity abroad often bring a sense of excitement and exploration. Q7: What’s the most memorable holiday you've ever had?A7: The most memorable holiday was a road trip through the Scottish Highlands. The breathtaking landscapes, historic castles, and the warmth of the locals created an unforgettable experience. Q8: Are there any traditional holidays you celebrate in your country?A8: Yes, we celebrate a variety of traditional holidays, including festive occasions and cultural events. These holidays often involve family gatherings, traditional foods, and rituals. Q9: How do holidays contribute to a person’s well-being?A9: Holidays are like a reset button for one's well-being. They provide a break from routine, alleviate stress, and offer an opportunity for self-reflection and rejuvenation. Q10: Do you think holidays are essential for maintaining a healthy work-life balance?A10: Absolutely. Holidays are a crucial component of maintaining equilibrium. They prevent burnout, enhance productivity, and contribute to overall mental and physical well-being. Q11: Are there any holiday traditions in your family?A11: In my family, we have a tradition of spending Christmas together, exchanging heartfelt gifts, and indulging in a festive feast. It's a time when the whole family comes together to celebrate. Q12: What factors do you consider when choosing a holiday destination?A12: When choosing a destination, factors like the climate, cultural richness, and the availability of activities play a role. I also consider recommendations from fellow travelers and seek places that align with my interests. Q13: Do you prefer holidays with friends or family? Why?A13: Both have their charm, but I lean towards holidays with friends for the spontaneity and shared adventures. It's an opportunity to create lasting memories and strengthen friendships. Q14: How do you handle unexpected situations during holidays?A14: Flexibility is key. I view unexpected situations as part of the adventure. It's about adapting, finding solutions, and sometimes stumbling upon hidden gems you wouldn't have discovered otherwise. Q15: Is there a holiday destination you wouldn’t want to visit? Why?A15: I'm open to exploring diverse destinations, but I might be hesitant about places associated with political instability or safety concerns. Ensuring a secure and enjoyable experience is a priority when choosing where to travel.

Q1: How often do you offer help to others in your daily life?A1: I make it a point to lend a hand whenever I can. Whether it's assisting a colleague at work or helping a neighbor with chores, I believe in the importance of fostering a supportive community. Q2: In what situations do people commonly seek your help?A2: People often reach out to me for assistance with technology-related issues, given my knack for troubleshooting. I've become the go-to person for friends and family when they encounter any computer or gadget challenges. Q3: Do you think people are more willing to ask for help nowadays? Why or why not?A3: I believe there's been a positive shift in recent times. The stigma around asking for help is diminishing, and people recognize that seeking assistance is a sign of strength, not weakness. It fosters a collaborative and supportive environment. Q4: What kind of help do you usually prefer to receive?A4: Personally, I appreciate practical help, especially when it comes to tackling a specific task or problem. Whether it's brainstorming ideas or handling a hands-on project, concrete assistance tends to be most beneficial. Q5: Have you ever received help from a stranger? Can you share that experience?A5: Yes, I recall a time when I was struggling with a heavy suitcase at the airport, and a kind stranger offered to help me carry it. It was a small gesture, but it made a big difference in lightening the load, both literally and figuratively. Q6: How do you feel when someone offers to help you without you asking?A6: It's genuinely heartwarming. When someone anticipates your needs and lends a hand without prompting, it creates a sense of connection and support. It's a reminder of the kindness that exists within human interactions. Q7: Are there situations where you find it challenging to offer help?A7: I find it challenging when someone is dealing with a deeply personal or emotional issue. In such cases, I strive to be empathetic and supportive, but I also recognize the importance of respecting personal boundaries. Q8: How do you think technology has changed the way people offer help?A8: Technology has made offering help more accessible and instantaneous. Whether through online platforms or messaging apps, people can connect and provide assistance across distances, breaking down geographical barriers. Q9: What are some ways people can help each other in the community?A9: In a community, people can help each other through simple acts of kindness like checking on neighbors, participating in local clean-up initiatives, or contributing to community events. These actions foster a sense of unity and shared responsibility. Q10: How important is it for friends to help each other?A10: It's crucial. Friends play a pivotal role in each other's lives, and offering help strengthens the bonds of friendship. Whether it's providing emotional support during tough times or celebrating successes together, mutual assistance is the essence of lasting friendships. Q11: What do you think are the benefits of volunteering to help others?A11: Volunteering is immensely rewarding. It not only contributes to the well-being of the community but also provides a sense of purpose and fulfillment to the volunteer. It's a two-way street where both the helper and the helped stand to gain. Q12: How do you feel about people who are hesitant to ask for help?A12: I understand that asking for help can be challenging for some, as it requires vulnerability. I believe it's essential to create an environment where seeking assistance is normalized and seen as a strength, not a weakness. Q13: What's the most memorable way someone has helped you in the past?A13: I'll never forget when a friend stepped in to help me organize a surprise birthday party for another friend. Their support and enthusiasm turned a daunting task into a joyful and memorable event. Q14: Can you think of a situation where you couldn't help someone as much as you wanted?A14: Yes, there was a time when a friend was going through a tough emotional phase, and despite my best efforts, I couldn't provide the level of support I wished to. It highlighted the complexity of certain situations. Q15: How can governments encourage citizens to help each other more?A15: Governments can facilitate community engagement through awareness campaigns, creating platforms for volunteering, and recognizing and celebrating acts of kindness. By fostering a culture of mutual support, citizens are more likely to engage in helping each other.

Q1: What does happiness mean to you?A1: Happiness, to me, is like a warm, comforting glow inside. It's that feeling of contentment when everything aligns positively, creating a sense of fulfillment and joy. Q2: How do you usually try to make yourself happy?A2: I try to cultivate happiness through simple pleasures. Whether it's spending time with loved ones, pursuing hobbies, or basking in nature, these activities act as mood lifters for me. Q3: Do you think money can buy happiness? Why or why not?A3: While money can alleviate certain stressors and provide comfort, true happiness, in my opinion, stems from meaningful connections, personal growth, and a sense of purpose—things that extend beyond material wealth. Q4: What activities make you happiest?A4: Engaging in activities that challenge and fulfill me brings the most joy. It could be conquering a new hiking trail, losing myself in a good book, or even the satisfaction of mastering a new skill. Q5: Can happiness be measured?A5: Happiness is subjective, making it challenging to measure quantitatively. It's more about the quality of one's experiences and overall life satisfaction rather than fitting into a specific numerical scale. Q6: How important is it for you to make others around you happy?A6: It's paramount for me. Creating a positive environment and contributing to the happiness of those around me not only fosters stronger relationships but also enhances my own sense of well-being. Q7: Is happiness more important than success in life?A7: In my view, they are interconnected. While success can contribute to happiness, it's essential to define success beyond just professional achievements. A harmonious balance between personal contentment and accomplishments is key. Q8: What role do relationships play in your happiness?A8: Relationships are integral to my happiness. The bond with family and friends provides emotional support, shared experiences, and a sense of belonging that significantly contributes to my overall well-being. Q9: Can external factors, like weather or environment, affect your happiness?A9: Absolutely, external factors can influence mood. A sunny day or being in nature tends to uplift my spirits, while gloomy weather might have a subtle impact. However, internal factors play a more significant role in sustaining happiness. Q10: How do you think technology affects happiness?A10: Technology can be a double-edged sword. While it facilitates connections and provides entertainment, excessive screen time or comparison on social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy, impacting overall happiness. Q11: Do you believe in the pursuit of happiness?A11: Wholeheartedly. The pursuit of happiness is a lifelong journey characterized by personal growth, self-discovery, and the pursuit of activities and relationships that bring genuine joy. Q12: Are there any cultural differences in how people define and pursue happiness?A12: Indeed, cultural nuances significantly shape perspectives on happiness. While some cultures prioritize individual achievement, others emphasize communal harmony and collective well-being as the foundation of happiness. Q13: Can you think of a time when you were overjoyed?A13: Oh, absolutely! One of the moments that stand out was when I achieved a long-sought personal goal. The sheer elation and sense of accomplishment made it a truly memorable experience. Q14: How do you handle situations that threaten your happiness?A14: When faced with challenges, I try to adopt a positive mindset. Whether through mindfulness practices, seeking support, or focusing on solutions, I aim to navigate difficulties without letting them overshadow my overall happiness. Q15: What advice would you give to someone seeking happiness in their life?A15: I would suggest embracing the journey, finding joy in small moments, and prioritizing relationships and experiences over material pursuits. Happiness often lies in the simple and meaningful aspects of life.

Q1: How important are friends in your life?A1: Friends are integral to my life; they are the pillars of support during both joyous and challenging times. Their companionship adds richness and depth to my experiences. Q2: How do you usually spend time with your friends?A2: We often engage in various activities, from exploring new restaurants to embarking on spontaneous road trips. Having shared interests allows us to bond and create lasting memories. Q3: Can you recall a memorable moment with your best friend?A3: One unforgettable moment was when my best friend and I embarked on a backpacking adventure through Southeast Asia. We navigated through unfamiliar territories, creating enduring memories and strengthening our bond. Q4: What qualities do you appreciate in a friend?A4: Genuine friends possess qualities like loyalty, empathy, and a sense of humor. The ability to offer support without judgment and celebrate each other's successes makes a friendship resilient. Q5: How do you make new friends?A5: Making new friends often involves being open to new experiences and engaging in activities where I can meet like-minded individuals. Shared hobbies and mutual interests are powerful catalysts for forming connections. Q6: What role do friends play in your decision-making process?A6: Friends serve as valuable sounding boards in my decision-making process. Their perspectives offer different angles, helping me make more informed choices and avoiding potential pitfalls. Q7: Have you ever had a disagreement with a friend? How did you resolve it?A7: Yes, disagreements are inevitable in any relationship. When they arise, open communication and a willingness to understand each other's viewpoints are key to resolving conflicts and strengthening the friendship. Q8: Do you think people need friends at all stages of life?A8: Absolutely. The need for companionship and emotional support transcends age. Friends play a crucial role in offering perspective, shared experiences, and a sense of belonging throughout life's journey. Q9: How do you maintain long-distance friendships?A9: Technology plays a pivotal role in maintaining long-distance friendships. Regular video calls, messaging, and occasional visits whenever possible help bridge the physical distance and keep the connection strong. Q10: What is the difference between a friend and a best friend for you?A10: While friends are cherished companions, a best friend is someone with whom I share an unparalleled level of trust and understanding. They are the confidantes with whom I can be my authentic self. Q11: Can you think of an idiom or expression related to friendship that you find meaningful?A11: "A friend in need is a friend indeed" resonates deeply with me. It encapsulates the essence of true friendship—being there for each other in times of need, showcasing genuine care and support. Q12: How has your definition of friendship changed over the years?A12: Over the years, my definition of friendship has evolved to include a deeper understanding of the importance of quality over quantity. It's not about the number of friends but the depth of connection. Q13: What advice would you give to someone looking to make new friends?A13: Be open, approachable, and authentic. Attend social events, pursue your interests, and don't be afraid to initiate conversations. True connections often stem from shared passions and genuine interactions. Q14: How do you handle differences in opinions or values with your friends?A14: Respect for diverse opinions is paramount. Engaging in open and respectful dialogue allows us to understand each other's perspectives. It's essential to appreciate differences and find common ground. Q15: In your opinion, what makes a friendship stand the test of time?A15: Trust, communication, and mutual respect are the cornerstones of enduring friendships. Being supportive, celebrating each other's successes, and navigating challenges together create bonds that withstand the test of time.

Q1: How often do you eat out at restaurants?A1: I dine out occasionally, usually on weekends, to savor different cuisines and enjoy the experience of trying new dishes in a restaurant setting. Q2: What type of food do you enjoy the most?A2: I have a penchant for Asian cuisine, particularly Japanese and Thai. The delicate balance of flavors and meticulous presentation in these dishes never fails to captivate my taste buds. Q3: Can you cook? Why or why not?A3: Indeed, I can whip up a decent meal. Cooking allows me to experiment with flavors, and it's a skill I picked up over the years to ensure a healthy and personalized approach to my diet. Q4: Do you prefer home-cooked meals or dining out? Why?A4: While dining out is a delightful experience, I lean towards home-cooked meals for their warmth and the joy of creating something from scratch. It also provides more control over ingredients and nutritional content. Q5: How do you decide what to cook or eat?A5: My decision is often influenced by my mood, the time available, and sometimes by what ingredients are readily available. I enjoy planning meals that balance nutrition and indulgence. Q6: Are there any traditional dishes in your country that you particularly like?A6: Absolutely, I have a soft spot for traditional dishes like [mention a dish] from my country. The rich cultural heritage embedded in these recipes makes them not only delicious but also nostalgic. Q7: Do you think people's eating habits have changed in recent years?A7: Certainly. With the fast-paced lifestyle and globalization, people have diversified their culinary preferences. There's a noticeable shift towards healthier eating habits and a greater awareness of international cuisines. Q8: How important is it for you to have a balanced diet?A8: Maintaining a balanced diet is paramount to me. It ensures I get the necessary nutrients for overall well-being. I believe in the adage "you are what you eat," emphasizing the connection between diet and health. Q9: Are there any foods you dislike? Why?A9: I'm not particularly fond of [mention a specific food], mainly due to its strong aroma and acquired taste. However, I believe in giving every dish a fair chance before forming an opinion. Q10: How often do you try new recipes or types of food?A10: I make it a point to experiment with new recipes at least once a week. It adds a sense of culinary adventure to my routine and broadens my palate. Q11: What's your opinion on fast food?A11: While I indulge in fast food occasionally for its convenience, I am mindful of its impact on health. It's crucial to strike a balance and not make it a staple in one's diet. Q12: Do you think people are more health-conscious about their food choices nowadays?A12: Absolutely, there's a growing awareness of the importance of making healthy food choices. People are more conscious of ingredients, nutritional labels, and opt for balanced meals to support overall well-being. Q13: How do you feel about organic food?A13: I'm a strong advocate for organic food. The idea of consuming produce free from pesticides and additives aligns with my commitment to a healthy lifestyle and environmental sustainability. Q14: Are there any traditional cooking methods in your culture that you follow?A14: In my culture, [mention a traditional cooking method] is a prevalent practice. It imparts unique flavors to dishes and connects us to our culinary heritage. Q15: How do you think technology has affected the way people cook?A15: Technology has revolutionized cooking with innovations like smart appliances and online recipes. It has streamlined processes, making cooking more accessible, efficient, and tailored to individual preferences.

Q1: Do you enjoy drawing? Why or why not?A1: Absolutely, I find drawing to be a therapeutic and expressive activity. It allows me to unleash my creativity and delve into a world where I can visually articulate my thoughts and emotions. Q2: How often do you draw?A2: I try to incorporate drawing into my routine regularly, aiming for at least a few sessions a week. It serves as a delightful escape from the demands of daily life. Q3: What type of things do you like to draw?A3: I have a penchant for drawing landscapes and intricate patterns. I'm drawn to the challenge of capturing the beauty of nature or creating visually engaging designs. Q4: Do you think drawing is an important skill to have? Why or why not?A4: Without a doubt, I believe drawing is a valuable skill. It fosters visual communication, enhances observation skills, and promotes creative problem-solving. These attributes are beneficial in various aspects of life. Q5: Have you ever taken drawing lessons?A5: Yes, I've taken a few drawing classes to refine my techniques and learn new styles. It's always rewarding to receive guidance from experienced instructors and expand my artistic repertoire. Q6: How has drawing influenced your life?A6: Drawing has been a constant source of joy and personal growth. It's a form of self-expression that allows me to communicate complex emotions, and it has provided me with a unique way to unwind and de-stress. Q7: Do you think technology has changed the way people draw?A7: Absolutely. The advent of digital drawing tools and software has revolutionized the art world. It offers artists new possibilities, from intricate digital illustrations to collaborative projects facilitated by online platforms. Q8: Are there any famous artists or drawings that you admire?A8: I deeply admire the works of Vincent van Gogh, particularly his use of color and emotional depth. His Starry Night, for instance, resonates with me on a profound level. Q9: How do you feel when you look at your old drawings?A9: Reviewing my old drawings is like revisiting a visual diary. It brings back memories and emotions associated with each piece. It's a tangible representation of my artistic journey and growth. Q10: What do you think is the hardest thing about drawing?A10: The most challenging aspect of drawing, in my opinion, is achieving precision and capturing the intricate details. It requires patience, practice, and a keen eye for observation. Q11: Have you ever given someone a drawing as a gift?A11: Yes, I've gifted drawings on several occasions. Creating a personalized piece for someone adds a thoughtful touch and allows me to share a part of myself through my art. Q12: How do you think drawing can benefit children?A12: Drawing fosters creativity and improves fine motor skills in children. It encourages them to express themselves visually, enhancing cognitive development and providing an outlet for imagination. Q13: Do you think anyone can learn to draw well?A13: Absolutely. While innate talent can provide a head start, I believe that with dedication, practice, and guidance, anyone can develop the skills to draw well. It's more about effort than inherent ability. Q14: How do you choose the subjects you draw?A14: My choice of subjects often depends on my mood and inspiration. Sometimes it's the beauty of nature, other times it's a reflection of my emotions or a desire to experiment with different styles. Q15: Can drawing be a form of therapy? Why or why not?A15: Certainly. Drawing has therapeutic qualities, providing individuals with a non-verbal outlet to express emotions and alleviate stress. It allows for introspection and can be a powerful tool in promoting mental well-being.

Q1: What is your favorite color and why?A1: My favorite color is azure blue. It resonates with a sense of tranquility and depth, reminiscent of clear skies and serene oceans. This color brings a soothing and peaceful vibe into my surroundings. Q2: How do colors affect your mood?A2: Colors have a profound impact on my mood. Vibrant and warm hues tend to uplift my spirits, while cooler tones, like greens and blues, create a sense of calm and relaxation. It's fascinating how color psychology can influence one's emotional state. Q3: Do you think colors have different meanings in different cultures?A3: Absolutely. Colors often carry cultural significance and symbolism. For instance, while white signifies purity in Western cultures, it represents mourning in some Asian cultures. It's crucial to understand these cultural nuances to avoid misinterpretation. Q4: Are there any colors you wouldn't use to decorate your home? Why or why not?A4: Personally, I would avoid overly bold or garish colors for home decor. I lean towards earthy tones and muted hues as they create a more relaxed and harmonious living environment. It's all about cultivating a space that feels comfortable and inviting. Q5: How do colors influence the way people perceive things, like food or places?A5: Colors play a crucial role in shaping perceptions. Warm colors can enhance the appetite, making food appear more appealing. Similarly, vibrant colors in places evoke energy and excitement, while muted tones convey a sense of sophistication and calmness. Q6: Can you recall a time when the color of something surprised you?A6: Certainly. I vividly remember a sunset where the sky transformed into a myriad of unexpected colors – hues of purple, pink, and orange blending seamlessly. It was a breathtaking moment, defying the conventional expectations of a typical sunset. Q7: Do you think people should follow fashion trends in colors? Why or why not?A7: While staying updated with fashion trends can be fun, blindly following them might not suit everyone's taste. It's essential to embrace colors that resonate with one's personality and enhance individual style rather than adhering strictly to fleeting trends. Q8: Are there any traditional customs in your culture related to specific colors?A8: Yes, in my culture, specific colors are often associated with traditional ceremonies and celebrations. For example, vibrant red is often worn during weddings as a symbol of joy and auspiciousness. Q9: How do you feel about black and white photography compared to color photography?A9: Black and white photography has a timeless and classic appeal, evoking a sense of nostalgia and simplicity. However, color photography adds depth and vibrancy, capturing the richness of the moment. Each has its unique charm, and the choice often depends on the desired emotional impact. Q10: Do you think people's favorite colors change as they grow older?A10: Yes, I believe so. As people mature, their preferences and associations with colors may evolve. What might have been a favorite color in childhood could be replaced by hues that align with their changing tastes, experiences, and personal growth. Q11: Are there any traditional colors associated with festivals or celebrations in your country?A11: Absolutely. In my country, festivals often have specific color themes. For instance, during the Festival of Lights, vibrant colors like gold and red dominate, symbolizing prosperity and the triumph of light over darkness. Q12: How do you feel about bright and bold colors in fashion?A12: Bright and bold colors in fashion can make a powerful statement. They exude confidence and vitality, and when used tastefully, they can create eye-catching and memorable looks. It's all about finding the right balance. Q13: Do you think people prefer different colors for different things, like clothing or home decor?A13: Absolutely. Preferences for colors can vary based on the context. While someone might prefer soothing colors for home decor, they may opt for bolder and more expressive hues in their clothing. It's all about adapting colors to the desired atmosphere and personal style. Q14: How important is color coordination to you in your daily life?A14: Color coordination plays a subtle yet crucial role in my daily life. Whether it's in choosing my outfit, organizing my workspace, or even planning events, I find that harmonious color schemes contribute to a more visually pleasing and organized environment. Q15: Can you recall a memorable experience related to colors, like a special event or a beautiful natural scene?A15: One particularly memorable experience was witnessing the Northern Lights during a trip. The vivid hues of green, purple, and pink dancing across the night sky created a mesmerizing and unforgettable spectacle. It was a breathtaking display of nature's color palette, leaving a lasting impression.

Q1: Do you like any celebrities? Why or why not?A1: Absolutely, I admire several celebrities for their talent and charisma. They serve as sources of inspiration and entertainment, contributing to the cultural landscape. Q2: How do celebrities influence people's behavior?A2: Celebrities wield considerable influence over public opinion. Their actions and endorsements can shape trends, lifestyle choices, and even societal norms, often prompting people to emulate their behavior. Q3: Do you think celebrities have a responsibility to set a good example? Why or why not?A3: Without a doubt, celebrities bear a significant responsibility to set a positive example. Given their visibility, their actions can impact a wide audience, and they should use their platform to promote ethical behavior and social causes. Q4: How do people become celebrities in your country?A4: In my country, people typically become celebrities through achievements in fields such as entertainment, sports, or even social activism. Media recognition and public acclaim play pivotal roles in catapulting individuals to celebrity status. Q5: Have you ever met a celebrity in person? If yes, can you describe the experience?A5: Regrettably, I haven't had the chance to meet a celebrity in person yet. However, I can imagine the excitement and awe that such an encounter would evoke. Q6: How do celebrities impact the fashion industry?A6: Celebrities are trendsetters in the fashion industry. Their choices often dictate what becomes popular, influencing designers and shaping the ever-evolving landscape of fashion. Q7: Do you think celebrities enjoy their privacy? Why or why not?A7: It's challenging for celebrities to fully enjoy privacy due to the constant scrutiny they face from the media and the public. Maintaining a balance between public and private life is a persistent challenge for many celebrities. Q8: What qualities do you think make someone a celebrity?A8: Charisma, talent, and a significant contribution to their respective fields are qualities that can make someone a celebrity. Consistent success and public recognition also contribute to attaining celebrity status. Q9: How do social media platforms impact the popularity of celebrities?A9: Social media platforms have revolutionized celebrity culture, providing direct access for celebrities to connect with fans. The immediacy of these platforms can rapidly elevate or diminish a celebrity's popularity. Q10: Are there any negative aspects to being a celebrity?A10: Indeed, fame comes with its share of challenges. Constant scrutiny, invasion of privacy, and the pressure to maintain a certain image can lead to stress and mental health issues for celebrities. Q11: How do you think the concept of celebrity has changed with the rise of social media?A11: Social media has democratized celebrity status, allowing individuals to attain fame independently of traditional gatekeepers. It has also intensified the scrutiny celebrities face, making fame more accessible but also more challenging to navigate. Q12: Do you think celebrities have a duty to engage in social or political issues?A12: Yes, to a certain extent. Celebrities, with their vast reach, have a unique opportunity to bring attention to social or political issues. However, the sincerity and knowledge with which they engage in such matters are crucial. Q13: How do celebrities contribute to charitable causes?A13: Many celebrities actively contribute to charitable causes through donations, fundraising events, and using their influence to raise awareness. Their involvement often encourages their fan base to support meaningful initiatives. Q14: Do you think celebrities earn too much money? Why or why not?A14: While the earnings of celebrities can be substantial, they often reflect the market demand for their talents. However, a balance between their earnings and contributions to societal welfare is a topic of ongoing discussion. Q15: In your opinion, what makes a celebrity enduringly popular?A15: Enduring popularity is often a result of authenticity, talent, and the ability to evolve with the times. Celebrities who connect with their audience on a personal level and maintain relevance over time tend to enjoy enduring popularity.

Q1: Do you enjoy reading books? Why or why not?A1: Absolutely, I relish delving into books. They serve as a gateway to different worlds, offering not only entertainment but also a profound opportunity for learning and self-reflection. Q2: What type of books do you usually read?A2: I have a penchant for diverse genres. From gripping mysteries that keep me on the edge of my seat to thought-provoking non-fiction that expands my knowledge, I enjoy exploring the vast literary landscape. Q3: How often do you visit bookstores or libraries?A3: I frequent bookstores and libraries regularly, losing myself in the aisles filled with literary treasures. There's a certain serenity in these places that fuels my love for discovering new books. Q4: Are e-books popular in your country? Why or why not?A4: Yes, e-books have gained immense popularity in my country. The convenience of carrying an entire library in a digital device, coupled with the instant accessibility of new releases, has contributed to their widespread adoption. Q5: How do you choose which books to read?A5: My book selection is often eclectic. Recommendations from friends, reviews, and occasionally serendipitous discoveries at bookstores guide my choices. I believe in embracing a variety of perspectives through my reading. Q6: Do you prefer reading fiction or non-fiction books? Why?A6: I appreciate both fiction and non-fiction for different reasons. Fiction transports me to imaginary worlds, while non-fiction provides valuable insights and knowledge. It's a delicate balance that enriches my reading experience. Q7: What was the last book you read, and what did you think of it?A7: The last book I immersed myself in was [Book Title]. It was a captivating novel that skillfully blended historical elements with a gripping narrative. The characters were vividly drawn, and it left a lasting impression on me. Q8: Do you think reading is a popular activity in your country?A8: Despite the digital age, reading remains a popular and cherished activity in my country. Book clubs, literary festivals, and the constant buzz around new releases are testament to the enduring love for reading. Q9: How do you feel about audiobooks compared to traditional books?A9: Audiobooks offer a convenient alternative, especially for those with busy lifestyles. However, I find traditional books, with their tactile appeal and the joy of turning pages, irreplaceable in terms of the immersive reading experience they provide. Q10: What do you think makes a good book?A10: A good book, in my opinion, seamlessly weaves an engaging plot with well-developed characters. It should evoke emotions, provoke thought, or impart knowledge. Ultimately, a good book lingers in the reader's mind long after the last page is turned. Q11: How do you feel about re-reading books?A11: I find great joy in re-reading books that have left a lasting impact. Each re-read offers new insights, and revisiting familiar stories is like reconnecting with old friends. Q12: Have you ever read a book that changed your perspective on something?A12: Certainly, there have been books that fundamentally altered my perspective on various subjects, from societal issues to personal beliefs. This transformative power is one of the reasons I hold reading in such high regard. Q13: What role do libraries play in your community?A13: Libraries serve as invaluable community hubs, fostering a culture of learning and providing a haven for avid readers. They democratize access to knowledge and contribute to the intellectual vibrancy of our community. Q14: How do you think technology has affected reading habits?A14: Technology has both challenged and enhanced reading habits. While e-books and audiobooks offer digital alternatives, technology has also facilitated online book communities, making it easier for readers to share recommendations and engage in literary discussions. Q15: Do you think printed books will become obsolete in the future? Why or why not?A15: While digital formats are on the rise, I don't foresee printed books becoming obsolete. There's a timeless appeal to physical books that transcends technology. The tangible connection readers have with the printed page ensures their enduring presence in the literary landscape.

Q1: Do you enjoy your birthdays? Why or why not?A1: Absolutely, I relish my birthdays. It's an occasion to celebrate life, surrounded by loved ones, and reflect on the achievements and experiences of the past year. Q2: Do you usually celebrate your birthday?A2: Yes, I make it a point to celebrate my birthday every year. Whether it's a small gathering with friends or a more elaborate celebration, marking the day is a way to appreciate life's blessings. Q3: What did you do on your last birthday?A3: On my last birthday, I organized a cozy get-together with close friends at a charming restaurant. We shared laughter, good food, and created lasting memories. Q4: Can you remember a birthday you enjoyed as a child?A4: Certainly, one of my most memorable childhood birthdays was when my parents surprised me with a themed party. It was filled with games, cake, and the joy of being surrounded by my favorite characters. Q5: Do most people celebrate their birthdays with a party in your country?A5: Yes, celebrating birthdays with a party is a common tradition in my country. It's an opportunity for people to come together, express love, and create a festive atmosphere. Q6: Which birthdays are considered important in your country?A6: Milestone birthdays, such as turning 18 or 21, are often considered significant in my country. They mark a transition to adulthood and are celebrated with more elaborate parties or special events. Q7: How do you usually mark the birthdays of your friends or family?A7: I often organize surprise gatherings or plan thoughtful gifts tailored to the individual's interests. It's a way to make them feel special and appreciated on their special day. Q8: In your culture, are there any birthday traditions?A8: Yes, in my culture, it's customary to sing the birthday song, blow out candles on a cake, and make a wish. Additionally, receiving and giving gifts is a cherished part of the celebration. Q9: Do you think birthdays become less important as people get older? Why or why not?A9: While the grandeur of celebrations may lessen with age, I believe birthdays remain important throughout life. They offer a moment of reflection, gratitude, and a chance to connect with loved ones. Q10: How do you feel about surprise birthday parties?A10: I absolutely love surprise birthday parties. The element of unpredictability adds a delightful touch, and it's heartwarming to know that people took the time to organize a celebration in your honor. Q11: Are there any specific gifts people usually give for birthdays in your country?A11: Gift choices vary, but common options include personalized items, gadgets, or experiences like spa days. It's about selecting something thoughtful that aligns with the recipient's preferences. Q12: Do you think it's necessary to give gifts on someone's birthday?A12: While not mandatory, giving gifts on birthdays is a lovely tradition that expresses thoughtfulness and affection. It adds a special touch to the celebration and enhances the joy of the occasion. Q13: How do you feel about birthday cards?A13: I appreciate birthday cards as they carry heartfelt messages and good wishes. They serve as tangible reminders of the warmth and affection shared on that special day. Q14: What's the best birthday gift you've ever received?A14: The best birthday gift I've ever received was a surprise trip to a destination I had always wanted to visit. It was not just a material gift but an unforgettable experience filled with adventure and joy. Q15: In your opinion, what makes a birthday celebration truly special?A15: A truly special birthday celebration involves a combination of meaningful connections, thoughtful gestures, and an atmosphere of love. It's about creating moments that linger in the heart long after the day has passed.

Q1: Do you like animals? Why or why not?A1: Absolutely, I'm an avid animal lover. The bond between humans and animals is unparalleled, and I find the diversity of the animal kingdom fascinating. Q2: Have you ever had a pet?A2: Yes, I've had the pleasure of having a few pets throughout my life. The companionship and unconditional love they provide are truly unparalleled. Q3: What types of animals do people keep as pets in your country?A3: In my country, people commonly keep dogs, cats, and smaller animals like rabbits and hamsters as pets. The choice often depends on individual preferences and living situations. Q4: Are there any wild animals in your country?A4: Yes, my country is home to a variety of wild animals. From majestic elephants to elusive big cats, our wildlife is diverse and plays a crucial role in our ecosystem. Q5: Do you think zoos are good for animals? Why or why not?A5: While zoos provide educational opportunities for the public, there are ethical concerns regarding animal welfare. Efforts should be made to ensure that animals in captivity are provided with a natural and enriching environment. Q6: Have you ever had a close encounter with a wild animal?A6: Fortunately, or perhaps unexpectedly, I once had a close encounter with a curious deer while hiking. It was a mesmerizing and humbling experience. Q7: How do you feel about animal conservation?A7: I believe animal conservation is paramount. It's our responsibility to safeguard endangered species and preserve biodiversity for future generations. Q8: Are there any idioms related to animals in your language?A8: Yes, we have idioms like "raining cats and dogs" to describe heavy rain and "sly as a fox" to denote cunning. These expressions add colorful nuances to our language. Q9: What do you think is the role of animals in people's lives?A9: Animals play multifaceted roles in people's lives, serving as companions, sources of inspiration, and even as therapy animals. The human-animal connection is profound and contributes significantly to our well-being. Q10: How do you feel about using animals for scientific research?A10: It's a delicate balance. While scientific research is crucial for advancing knowledge, ethical considerations must be paramount to ensure that animals are treated humanely and alternatives are explored. Q11: Do you think people should adopt pets rather than buy them? Why or why not?A11: Absolutely, adoption is a compassionate choice. It not only gives a loving home to animals in need but also discourages unethical breeding practices. Q12: Are there any superstitions or beliefs related to animals in your culture?A12: Yes, in my culture, some believe that certain animals bring good luck or bad omens. For instance, seeing a black cat is often associated with superstitions. Q13: What measures do you think should be taken to protect endangered species?A13: Rigorous conservation efforts, stricter anti-poaching laws, and habitat preservation are essential to protect endangered species. International collaboration is also vital to address global conservation challenges. Q14: How do you feel about exotic pets?A14: While the allure of exotic pets is understandable, it raises concerns about the ethical treatment and conservation of these species. It's crucial to prioritize the welfare of the animals over personal desires. Q15: Do you think people's attitudes toward animals have changed over the years?A15: Certainly, there's been a noticeable shift in attitudes towards animals. There's a growing awareness of animal rights and a greater emphasis on ethical treatment, reflecting a positive evolution in our societal values.

Q1: How often do you come across advertisements in your daily life?A1: Advertisements are omnipresent in my daily life. Whether I'm scrolling through social media, watching TV, or even commuting, I encounter a plethora of advertisements vying for my attention. Q2: What types of advertisements do you find most appealing?A2: Personally, I find advertisements that evoke emotions and tell compelling stories to be the most appealing. Those that resonate on a deeper level tend to leave a lasting impression. Q3: Do you think advertisements influence your buying decisions? Why or why not?A3: Undoubtedly, advertisements wield a considerable influence on my buying decisions. The power of persuasive marketing strategies often sways my preferences, especially when they align with my needs and desires. Q4: How have advertising methods changed over the years?A4: Advertising methods have undergone a remarkable transformation. From traditional print and TV ads, we've shifted to a digital era, where targeted online advertising and influencer marketing play a pivotal role in reaching diverse audiences. Q5: Do you think advertisements target specific age groups? Why or why not?A5: Absolutely. Advertisers meticulously tailor their campaigns to target specific age demographics. This targeted approach ensures that the message resonates with the intended audience, maximizing the impact of the advertisement. Q6: What is your opinion on celebrity endorsements in advertisements?A6: I believe celebrity endorsements can be impactful if there's a genuine connection between the celebrity and the product. However, authenticity is key; otherwise, it may come across as mere commercialism. Q7: How do you think advertisements affect society?A7: Advertisements shape societal norms and influence consumer behavior. They reflect and contribute to cultural trends, but there's also the responsibility to ensure that messages are ethical and don't perpetuate harmful stereotypes. Q8: Do you think people pay more attention to online or offline advertisements?A8: In this digital age, online advertisements often command more attention. The interactive nature of digital platforms and the ability to tailor content to individual preferences make online ads more engaging. Q9: Have you ever been misled by an advertisement?A9: There have been instances where exaggerated claims in advertisements led to disappointment upon trying a product. It underscores the importance of ethical advertising practices to build trust with consumers. Q10: How do you feel about the frequency of advertisements on social media?A10: The frequency of advertisements on social media can be overwhelming at times. While they're a necessary part of the platform's revenue model, a balance is crucial to prevent user fatigue and maintain a positive user experience. Q11: Do you think children should be exposed to advertisements? Why or why not?A11: While some exposure is inevitable, there should be restrictions to shield children from manipulative advertising. It's crucial to strike a balance between allowing them to understand marketing and protecting them from potential harm. Q12: What qualities do you think make an advertisement effective?A12: Effectiveness in advertising often hinges on creativity, authenticity, and the ability to resonate with the target audience. A compelling narrative and a clear call-to-action are also crucial components. Q13: How do you feel about product placement in movies or TV shows?A13: Product placement, when seamlessly integrated, can enhance the realism of movies or TV shows. However, it should be done tastefully to avoid appearing forced or disrupting the viewing experience. Q14: Do you think there are any disadvantages to the increasing use of advertisements?A14: The increasing ubiquity of advertisements can lead to information overload and desensitization. Moreover, there's a risk of advertisements perpetuating unrealistic standards and fostering materialistic values. Q15: In your opinion, what makes a memorable advertisement?A15: Memorable advertisements often have a unique concept, a catchy jingle, or a relatable story. The ones that leave a lasting impression are those that manage to evoke emotions or provoke thought.

Q1: Do you enjoy activities near water? Why or why not?A1: Absolutely! I find activities near water incredibly rejuvenating. There's a serene quality to water environments that allows me to unwind and escape the hustle and bustle of daily life. Q2: What water activities have you tried?A2: Over the years, I've delved into a variety of water activities. I've tried kayaking, paddleboarding, and even had the exhilarating experience of jet skiing. Each activity offers a unique perspective and a refreshing connection with nature. Q3: Is water important in your culture?A3: Certainly. Water holds great cultural significance in my heritage. It symbolizes purity, renewal, and often plays a central role in traditional ceremonies and rituals. Q4: Do you think people should learn how to swim? Why or why not?A4: Absolutely, learning to swim is a valuable life skill. It not only enhances personal safety but also opens up opportunities to partake in various water-related activities. It's like giving oneself the freedom to explore and enjoy aquatic environments safely. Q5: How often do you visit places near water?A5: I make it a point to visit water bodies regularly, whether it's a tranquil lake, a flowing river, or the invigorating coastline. These visits provide a welcome escape and serve as a source of inspiration. Q6: What is your favorite water-related activity and why?A6: If I had to pick, I'd say kayaking is my favorite. There's a unique blend of tranquility and adventure as you navigate the waters, and it allows me to immerse myself in the natural beauty surrounding me. Q7: Do you think water activities are suitable for all ages? Why or why not?A7: Absolutely, water activities can be adapted to suit all age groups. From serene boat rides for the elderly to more adventurous pursuits for the younger generation, there's a diverse range of options that cater to different interests and physical abilities. Q8: How do you feel about water pollution?A8: I feel strongly about the detrimental impact of water pollution. It's disheartening to witness the degradation of our water bodies due to human activities. We must collectively take steps to preserve and protect these essential resources. Q9: Have you ever participated in a water-related event or festival?A9: Yes, I've attended a few water-related festivals, particularly those celebrating local maritime traditions. These events not only showcase cultural heritage but also emphasize the importance of respecting and cherishing our water resources. Q10: How do you think being near water affects people's well-being?A10: Being near water has a profound positive effect on well-being. It has a calming influence, reducing stress and promoting mental clarity. Additionally, engaging in water activities often serves as an enjoyable form of exercise, contributing to overall health and happiness.

Q1: Can you describe the place where you currently live? A1: Certainly. I reside in a cozy apartment nestled in the heart of the city. It's a well-appointed space with modern amenities, providing me with both comfort and convenience. Q2: What kind of accommodation do you prefer? A2: I'm inclined towards spacious and well-lit spaces. I appreciate a place that strikes a balance between functionality and aesthetic appeal. It's essential for me to have a homey atmosphere that fosters relaxation after a hectic day. Q3: How long have you been living in your current accommodation? 3: I've been in my current residence for a little over two years now. Moving here was a decision prompted by its proximity to my workplace and the vibrant atmosphere of the neighborhood. Q4: Do you like the decoration in your accommodation? A4: Absolutely. I've taken the time to personalize my space with meaningful decor that reflects my personality. It adds a touch of warmth and individuality to the overall ambiance. Q5: What facilities does your accommodation have? A5: My apartment boasts modern facilities such as a state-of-the-art kitchen, a fitness center within the building, and secure parking. These amenities contribute significantly to a comfortable and convenient living experience. Q6: Have you ever lived in a different kind of accommodation? A6: Yes, I have experienced living in various types of accommodation, from a quaint cottage during a countryside retreat to a high-rise apartment in the bustling urban center. Each had its unique charm. Q7: What do you think makes a perfect accommodation? A7: In my opinion, a perfect accommodation is one that seamlessly integrates comfort, functionality, and an environment that resonates with your lifestyle. It's about finding a balance that complements your daily routines. Q8: What improvements would you make to your current accommodation? A8: I've contemplated making a few aesthetic enhancements, perhaps introducing some art pieces or investing in more ambient lighting. However, overall, I'm quite content with the current setup. Q9: How do you think the type of accommodation people choose reflects their personality?A9: The choice of accommodation often mirrors one's lifestyle and priorities. Someone who values tranquility might opt for a secluded house, while a city enthusiast might prefer a modern apartment in a bustling neighborhood. Q10: What advice would you give to someone looking for accommodation? A10: I would recommend considering factors beyond just the physical space, such as the neighborhood, proximity to essential services, and the overall vibe of the area. It's crucial to find a place that aligns with your lifestyle and daily needs.

Q1: What's the story behind your name? A1: Well, my name, which is Clara, has a familial connection. It was passed down from my great-grandmother, reflecting a tradition of honoring our heritage. The name itself has a timeless quality, and I'm proud to carry on that legacy. Q2: Does your name have any special meaning? A2: Indeed, the name Clara means "bright" or "clear," and it's often associated with qualities like intelligence and clarity. While I don't believe names determine one's destiny, I appreciate the positive connotations associated with mine. Q3: Are there any common nicknames or abbreviations for your name? A3: Not really, my name hasn't spawned many nicknames. People usually call me Clara, and I prefer it that way. It adds a sense of formality, which I find fitting in various situations. Q4: Is your name common in your country? A4: No, it's not extremely common, but you do come across it. It's not as prevalent as some more traditional names, but I appreciate its uniqueness. Q5: If you could change your name, would you? A5: I've never really considered changing my name. It's a significant part of my identity, and I've grown attached to it over the years. I believe names carry a certain energy, and I'm content with mine. Q6: Are there any famous people with the same name as you? A6: Interestingly, yes. There have been a few notable individuals named Clara in history, including Clara Barton, the pioneering nurse, and Clara Schumann, the renowned composer. It's fascinating to share a name with such accomplished figures. Q7: In your culture, do people attach any significance to a person's name? A7: Absolutely, names often carry cultural and familial significance. In my culture, names are chosen not only for their meaning but also with a nod to family history and values. It's a way of preserving our roots. Q8: Do you think names can influence a person's life? A8: While I don't believe a name can dictate one's destiny, it can certainly shape perceptions. A strong, unique name might leave a lasting impression, but ultimately, it's the person's actions and character that define their life. Q9: Are there any customs or traditions related to giving names in your country? A9: Yes, naming ceremonies are quite common in my country. Families often gather to celebrate the arrival of a new member and choose a name that holds cultural or familial significance. It's a joyful occasion that reinforces family bonds. Q10: If you had to explain the meaning of your name to a foreigner, how would you do it?A10: I would describe my name, Clara, as a classic name with a timeless elegance. Its meaning, "bright" or "clear," reflects qualities that resonate with a sense of positivity and clarity, which I find meaningful in my journey through life.

Tense is a grammatical concept in language that refers to the time when an action, event, or state occurs. Tense helps to indicate whether something happened in the past, is happening in the present, or will happen in the future. It's a fundamental aspect of verb conjugation and is used to convey the timing of actions or events within a sentence. The function of tense in a sentence or text serves several key purposes: Indicating Time: Tense helps in conveying the temporal relationship between different actions or events within a sentence. It specifies whether something happened, is happening, or will happen at a particular point in time. Sequencing Events: Tense is essential for showing the chronological order of events, allowing the reader or listener to understand the timeline of a narrative. Contextualizing Actions: Tense provides context and clarity in communication by indicating when an action took place or will take place. This helps in avoiding ambiguity in language. Expressing Habituality: Tense can be used to express habitual actions or routines, making it clear whether an action is a one-time event or a regular occurrence. Conveying Hypothetical Scenarios: Certain tenses, such as the conditional tenses, are used to express hypothetical or unreal situations. Narration and Storytelling: Writers and speakers use tenses to create vivid narratives and to transport the audience into different time frames, making storytelling more engaging. 1. Present Simple: Form: Subject + Base Verb (e.g., I eat, he works). Examples: She sings beautifully. They travel to Europe every summer. Uses: Habits and routines. General truths and facts. Scheduled events in the near future. Commentaries and sports. 2. Present Continuous: Form: Subject + Present Participle (Base Verb + -ing) (e.g., I am eating, he is working). Examples: I am reading a book. She is watching TV. Uses: Actions happening now. Future plans. Temporary actions. Annoyance with "always." 3. Present Perfect: Form: Subject + have/has + Past Participle (e.g., I have eaten, he has worked). Examples: They have visited Paris. She has learned Spanish. Uses: Unspecified time actions in the past. Actions with relevance to the present. Actions that started in the past and continue to the present. 4. Present Perfect Continuous: Form: Subject + have/has been + Present Participle (e.g., I have been eating, he has been working). Examples: I have been studying all day. He has been playing football for an hour. Uses: Emphasizes the duration of ongoing actions. Actions that started in the past and continue to the present. 5. Past Simple: Form: Subject + Past Verb (e.g., I ate, he worked). Examples: She visited the museum yesterday. They finished their homework. Uses: Completed actions in the past. Past habits or routines. Past facts and events. 6. Past Continuous: Form: Subject + Past (Simple) Verb (be) + Present Participle (e.g., I was eating, he was working). Examples: I was sleeping when you called. She was studying all night. Uses: Ongoing actions in the past. Actions happening simultaneously in the past. 7. Past Perfect: Form: Subject + had + Past Participle (e.g., I had eaten, he had worked). Examples: They had already left when I arrived. She had finished her book before the movie started. Uses: Actions completed before another past event. To show a sequence of events in the past. 8. Past Perfect Continuous: Form: Subject + had been + Present Participle (e.g., I had been eating, he had been working). Examples: I had been waiting for an hour before they showed up. She had been practicing the piano all morning. Uses: Emphasizes the duration of actions that occurred before a past event. 9. Future Simple: Form: Subject + will + Base Verb (e.g., I will eat, he will work). Examples: I will call you later. She will come to the party. Uses: Predictions about the future. Spontaneous decisions. Promises and offers. 10. Future Continuous: - Form: Subject + will be + Present Participle (e.g., I will be eating, he will be working). - Examples: 1. At this time tomorrow, I will be flying to Paris. 2. She will be studying for her exam all evening. - Uses: - Actions happening at a specific time in the future. - Planned or expected future actions. 11. Future Perfect: - Form: Subject + will have + Past Participle (e.g., I will have eaten, he will have worked). - Examples: 1. By next week, I will have finished the project. 2. She will have graduated by the time we meet again. - Uses: - Actions that will be completed before a future point in time. 12. Future Perfect Continuous: - Form: Subject + will have been + Present Participle (e.g., I will have been eating, he will have been working). - Examples: 1. By the time you arrive, I will have been waiting for two hours. 2. She will have been studying for the exam for a month when it takes place. - Uses: - Emphasizes the duration of actions that will be completed before a future event. Tables: The first table provides details about each tense, including its name, definition, and structures for affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences with examples. The second table lists tense-indicating words or phrases commonly associated with each tense. Table 1: Tenses with Definitions and Structures Table 2: Tense-Indicating Words or Phrases Exercises WORKSHEET ON ALL TYPES OF TENSES -1.8.1.7.1 1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb form in each sentence: Present Simple: She __________ (eat) breakfast every morning. Present Continuous: They __________ (study) for their exams right now. Present Perfect: I __________ (never visit) that museum before. Present Perfect Continuous: By this time next week, she __________ (work) here for five years. Past Simple: He __________ (travel) to Europe last summer. Past Continuous: While I was cooking dinner, my cat __________ (play) in the living room. Past Perfect: Before I arrived, they __________ (finish) their project. Past Perfect Continuous: By the time he left, he __________ (read) the entire book. Future Simple: She __________ (call) you tomorrow. Future Continuous: At this time next year, they __________ (celebrate) their 25th wedding anniversary. Future Perfect: By the end of this month, I __________ (complete) my coursework. Future Perfect Continuous: Next month, he __________ (practice) the guitar for ten years. 2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb form in the given sentences. Choose the tense that best fits the context. Simple Present: She __________ (teach) English at the local school. Present Continuous: They __________ (study) for their exams at the moment. Present Perfect: I __________ (visit) five different countries in the past year. Present Perfect Continuous: He __________ (work) on that project for six months. Simple Past: We __________ (travel) to Paris last summer. Past Continuous: While I __________ (watch) TV, the phone rang. Past Perfect: By the time we arrived, she __________ (leave) for the day. Past Perfect Continuous: He __________ (practice) the piano for hours before the recital. Simple Future: I promise I __________ (call) you tomorrow. Future Continuous: At this time next week, they __________ (celebrate) their anniversary. Future Perfect: By the end of the month, we __________ (complete) the project. Future Perfect Continuous: By the time you return, I __________ (learn) Spanish for a year. 3. fill-in-the-blanks exercises with the specified tense in brackets: I usually __________ (go) to the gym in the morning. (Present Simple) By the time I get home, they __________ (finish) their dinner. (Future Simple) She __________ (work) at the company for ten years now. (Present Perfect) When I arrived, he __________ (already leave). (Past Perfect) Next weekend, we __________ (camp) in the mountains. (Future Simple) Right now, he __________ (study) for his final exam. (Present Continuous) Last night, they __________ (watch) a movie. (Past Simple) By this time next year, I __________ (learn) Spanish for three years. (Future Perfect Continuous) The children __________ (play) in the park when it started to rain. (Past Continuous) She __________ (never visit) that city before. (Present Perfect) By the time we arrive, the party __________ (already start). (Future Perfect) I promise I __________ (help) you with your project later. (Future Simple) I __________ (live) here since 2010. (Present Perfect) He __________ (cook) dinner when the guests arrived. (Past Simple) This time next week, they __________ (relax) on the beach. (Future Continuous) When I get there, I __________ (already eat) breakfast. (Future Perfect) She __________ (read) the book for two hours now. (Present Perfect Continuous) They __________ (play) soccer every Saturday. (Present Simple) He __________ (visit) his grandparents last weekend. (Past Simple) By this time next month, they __________ (plan) their vacation. (Future Perfect Continuous) While I was at work, she __________ (clean) the entire house. (Past Continuous) I think I __________ (travel) to Paris next summer. (Future Simple) I __________ (not see) that movie yet. (Present Perfect) By the time the movie ends, they __________ (watch) it for three hours. (Future Perfect Continuous) When I met him, he __________ (work) at the same job for ten years. (Past Perfect) We __________ (study) for the test all week. (Present Continuous) She said she __________ (finish) her project by Friday. (Future Simple) He __________ (always want) to visit Japan. (Present Simple) Before he arrived, I __________ (clean) the entire house. (Past Perfect) They __________ (cook) dinner when we get there. (Future Continuous) 4. fill-in-the-blanks exercises that cover a variety of tenses: I __________ (read) that book last week. (Past Simple) By the time she arrives, we __________ (finish) the project. (Future Perfect) He __________ (live) in New York for two years now. (Present Perfect) We __________ (travel) to Europe next summer. (Future Simple) Right now, they __________ (watch) a movie. (Present Continuous) When I got to the party, everyone __________ (dance). (Past Continuous) By the end of the day, I __________ (complete) the report. (Future Simple) She said she __________ (never eat) sushi. (Present Perfect) They __________ (play) soccer every weekend. (Present Simple) I __________ (work) at this company since 2015. (Present Perfect) Last night, he __________ (call) his parents. (Past Simple) By this time next year, we __________ (study) for our final exams. (Future Continuous) She __________ (visit) her grandparents last summer. (Past Simple) When you arrive, I __________ (already finish) cooking. (Future Perfect) We __________ (always go) to the beach in the summer. (Present Simple) He __________ (write) a novel for five years. (Present Perfect Continuous) I think I __________ (take) a break now. (Present Simple) They __________ (travel) around the world last year. (Past Simple) She __________ (not see) that movie yet. (Present Perfect) By this time next month, he __________ (work) here for a year. (Future Perfect Continuous) While I was at the store, he __________ (clean) the house. (Past Continuous) She said she __________ (meet) him before. (Past Simple) He __________ (cook) dinner right now. (Present Continuous) They __________ (always dream) of owning a house by the beach. (Present Perfect) I __________ (wait) for my friend for over an hour. (Present Perfect Continuous) By this time next week, they __________ (have) a baby. (Future Perfect) We __________ (sing) in the choir when we were in school. (Past Simple) When you call, I __________ (already leave) for work. (Future Perfect) He said he __________ (study) for hours. (Past Continuous) I promise I __________ (help) you with your homework later. (Future Simple) 5. fill-in-the-blanks exercises that cover all 12 tenses with various variations: I usually __________ (play) tennis on Sundays. (Present Simple) By this time tomorrow, we __________ (arrive) in Paris. (Future Simple) He __________ (study) English for three years now. (Present Perfect) When I got to the party, everyone __________ (dance) to the music. (Past Continuous) Next week, they __________ (visit) their grandparents. (Future Simple) Right now, she __________ (prepare) dinner for the family. (Present Continuous) Last year, they __________ (go) on a road trip across the country. (Past Simple) By the end of the day, I __________ (finish) my report. (Future Simple) I __________ (travel) to Asia in 2019. (Past Simple) She said she __________ (never eat) sushi. (Present Perfect) We __________ (play) board games every Friday night. (Present Simple) I __________ (live) in this city since 2010. (Present Perfect) When the alarm rang, she __________ (sleep) soundly. (Past Continuous) By this time next year, we __________ (learn) Spanish for two years. (Future Perfect) I think I __________ (take) a break now. (Present Simple) They __________ (watch) the sunrise when I arrived. (Past Continuous) He said he __________ (meet) her before. (Past Simple) They __________ (plan) their wedding for months. (Present Perfect Continuous) While I was at work, she __________ (clean) the entire house. (Past Continuous) She __________ (always dream) of becoming a doctor. (Present Perfect) I promise I __________ (help) you with your project later. (Future Simple) They __________ (ski) in the Swiss Alps last winter. (Past Simple) By this time next month, he __________ (work) here for six months. (Future Perfect Continuous) We __________ (attend) the conference when the earthquake struck. (Past Continuous) He __________ (play) the guitar for two hours now. (Present Perfect Continuous) By the time we arrive, they __________ (already finish) their meal. (Future Perfect) She __________ (always be) a great friend to me. (Present Simple) When you call, I __________ (already leave) for the airport. (Future Perfect) They __________ (build) a new house in the countryside. (Present Continuous) When they arrive, I __________ (read) the entire book. (Future Simple) 6. fill-in-the-blanks exercises covering various tenses: She __________ (paint) a beautiful picture every Sunday. (Present Simple) By this time tomorrow, we __________ (arrive) at the beach. (Future Simple) He __________ (study) at the library all day. (Present Continuous) When I got home, I realized I __________ (lose) my keys. (Past Simple) Next year, they __________ (celebrate) their 25th wedding anniversary. (Future Simple) Right now, she __________ (work) on her novel. (Present Continuous) Last month, they __________ (travel) to Europe. (Past Simple) By the end of the week, I __________ (complete) the project. (Future Simple) I __________ (live) in this city for ten years. (Present Perfect) She said she __________ (never taste) durian fruit. (Present Perfect) We __________ (play) soccer in the park every Saturday. (Present Simple) I __________ (wait) for the bus for 20 minutes. (Present Perfect Continuous) When the phone rang, she __________ (read) a book. (Past Continuous) By this time next year, they __________ (travel) around the world. (Future Continuous) I think I __________ (take) a vacation next month. (Future Simple) They __________ (always argue) about politics. (Present Simple) He said he __________ (meet) the president last week. (Past Simple) They __________ (work) at the company for a decade. (Present Perfect) While I was at the store, she __________ (cook) dinner. (Past Continuous) She __________ (always want) to visit Paris. (Present Simple) I promise I __________ (help) you with the house cleaning. (Future Simple) They __________ (start) their own business last year. (Past Simple) By this time next month, she __________ (write) her novel for two years. (Future Perfect Continuous) We __________ (sing) a beautiful song at the concert last night. (Past Simple) When you arrive, I __________ (already prepare) dinner. (Future Perfect) He __________ (read) a book for two hours now. (Present Perfect Continuous) She __________ (run) a marathon every year. (Present Simple) By the time they return, I __________ (finish) the renovation. (Future Perfect) They __________ (swim) in the lake every summer. (Present Simple) I __________ (travel) to Japan in 2018. (Past Simple) 7. fill-in-the-blanks exercises covering all 12 tenses with various variations and exceptions: She __________ (go) to the gym every day except Sundays. (Present Simple) By this time next year, we __________ (have) a beautiful garden. (Future Simple) He __________ (study) for hours before the exam. (Past Simple) While I __________ (read) a book, he __________ (watch) a movie. (Past Continuous) Next week, they __________ (travel) to Spain for a vacation. (Future Simple) Right now, she __________ (prepare) a delicious dinner. (Present Continuous) By the time I got there, they __________ (already eat) lunch. (Past Perfect) I __________ (live) in this city since 2005. (Present Perfect) She said she __________ (never fly) in an airplane. (Present Perfect) We __________ (play) tennis every Sunday, but not today. (Present Simple) I __________ (wait) for the bus for 20 minutes, and I'm still waiting. (Present Perfect Continuous) When the phone rang, she __________ (read) a book. (Past Continuous) By this time next year, they __________ (travel) to ten different countries. (Future Continuous) I think I __________ (take) a vacation next month, but I'm not sure. (Future Simple) They __________ (always complain) about their jobs. (Present Simple) He said he __________ (meet) the president last week. (Past Simple) They __________ (work) at the same company for ages. (Present Simple) While I was at work, she __________ (bake) a delicious cake. (Past Continuous) She __________ (always dream) of being a singer. (Present Simple) I promise I __________ (help) you with your homework this evening. (Future Simple) They __________ (ski) in the Swiss Alps every winter. (Present Simple) By this time next month, she __________ (write) her book for two years. (Future Perfect Continuous) We __________ (attend) a fantastic concert last night. (Past Simple) When you arrive, I __________ (already clean) the house. (Future Perfect) He __________ (read) a book for two hours now without a break. (Present Perfect Continuous) She __________ (often visit) her grandmother on weekends. (Present Simple) By the time they return, I __________ (finish) the project. (Future Perfect) They __________ (swim) in the lake every summer. (Present Simple) I __________ (travel) to Japan in 2018, and it was an amazing experience. (Past Simple) She __________ (cook) a delicious meal right now. (Present Continuous) They __________ (never eat) fish. (Present Simple) When we arrived, they __________ (already leave). (Past Perfect) We __________ (work) on this project since last year. (Present Perfect) While I was at work, she __________ (paint) the entire living room. (Past Continuous) I __________ (always want) to visit Australia. (Present Simple) I promise I __________ (call) you as soon as I'm free. (Future Simple) They __________ (study) hard for their exams this week. (Present Continuous) By this time next week, they __________ (move) to their new house. (Future Continuous) I __________ (read) this book for a while, and I'm really enjoying it. (Present Perfect Continuous) She __________ (run) marathons occasionally. (Present Simple) 8. fill-in-the-blanks exercises with a different order of tenses: I __________ (read) the newspaper every morning. (Present Simple) They __________ (finish) their dinner when I called. (Past Simple) By this time next year, we __________ (live) in a new house. (Future Simple) Right now, he __________ (watch) a movie. (Present Continuous) He said he __________ (study) for hours before the test. (Past Perfect) She __________ (travel) to Europe three times already. (Present Perfect) When I arrive, they __________ (have) lunch. (Future Perfect) They __________ (swim) in the pool every summer. (Present Simple) I __________ (wait) for her for over an hour. (Present Perfect Continuous) She __________ (always be) kind to everyone. (Present Simple) They __________ (work) on this project for two years now. (Present Perfect) We __________ (cook) a special dinner tonight. (Future Simple) He __________ (usually start) his day with a cup of coffee. (Present Simple) By the time I got there, he __________ (already leave). (Past Perfect) She __________ (run) the marathon last month. (Past Simple) While I __________ (read) a book, she __________ (paint) a picture. (Past Continuous) By this time next week, I __________ (finish) my report. (Future Simple) They __________ (always plan) their vacations in advance. (Present Simple) When you call, I __________ (already have) dinner. (Future Perfect) I promise I __________ (help) you with your homework tomorrow. (Future Simple) We __________ (travel) to Asia last year. (Past Simple) He __________ (work) at the company for a decade. (Present Perfect) She said she __________ (never visit) that museum. (Present Perfect) While I was at work, she __________ (clean) the entire house. (Past Continuous) By this time next month, they __________ (study) for a month. (Future Perfect Continuous) I __________ (take) a break now. (Present Simple) They __________ (always dream) of traveling the world. (Present Simple) He __________ (call) his parents last night. (Past Simple) When I get home, she __________ (cook) dinner. (Future Simple) She __________ (be) a teacher for five years. (Present Perfect) We __________ (attend) the concert last Friday. (Past Simple) By the time they arrive, we __________ (decorate) the house. (Future Perfect) They __________ (play) soccer every Saturday. (Present Simple) He said he __________ (never taste) sushi. (Present Perfect) I __________ (always want) to learn how to play the guitar. (Present Simple) I __________ (run) every morning before work. (Present Simple) We __________ (often go) to the beach during the summer. (Present Simple) She __________ (have) the same car for five years. (Present Perfect) He __________ (read) a book for two hours. (Present Perfect Continuous) By this time next year, they __________ (celebrate) their 25th wedding anniversary. (Future Simple) 9. fill-in-the-blanks exercises with a different order of tenses and entirely new sentences: She __________ (write) a letter every Sunday. (Present Simple) When I met her, she __________ (work) at the hospital for five years. (Past Simple) By this time next week, I __________ (finish) reading this novel. (Future Simple) Right now, they __________ (have) dinner at the restaurant. (Present Continuous) He said he __________ (study) all day yesterday. (Past Continuous) She __________ (travel) to Italy many times before. (Present Perfect) By the time they arrive, I __________ (clean) the entire house. (Future Perfect) We __________ (visit) the museum every summer. (Present Simple) I __________ (wait) for the bus for half an hour. (Present Perfect Continuous) She __________ (always enjoy) playing the piano. (Present Simple) They __________ (work) on the project for two months now. (Present Perfect) I __________ (take) a break right now. (Present Continuous) By this time next year, we __________ (have) our first child. (Future Continuous) He __________ (often visit) his grandparents on weekends. (Present Simple) When you call, I __________ (already have) breakfast. (Future Perfect) They __________ (always talk) loudly during meetings. (Present Simple) She said she __________ (read) the book last night. (Past Simple) They __________ (live) in the same neighborhood for years. (Present Simple) While I was at work, she __________ (paint) a beautiful picture. (Past Continuous) She __________ (always dream) of becoming an astronaut. (Present Simple) I promise I __________ (help) you with your project tomorrow. (Future Simple) They __________ (ski) in the mountains every winter. (Present Simple) By this time next month, she __________ (write) her thesis for two years. (Future Perfect Continuous) We __________ (attend) the concert last night. (Past Simple) I __________ (never eat) seafood. (Present Simple) When I get home, she __________ (cook) dinner. (Future Simple) They __________ (usually go) to the beach in the summer. (Present Simple) He said he __________ (meet) the mayor yesterday. (Past Simple) While I __________ (read) a book, she __________ (listen) to music. (Past Continuous) She __________ (always want) to visit the Grand Canyon. (Present Simple) I __________ (run) every morning before work. (Present Simple) We __________ (often visit) our relatives during the holidays. (Present Simple) She __________ (have) her car for ten years. (Present Perfect) When you call, I __________ (already leave) for the airport. (Future Perfect) They __________ (play) basketball every Saturday. (Present Simple) He __________ (read) a book for two hours without a break. (Present Perfect Continuous) By this time next year, they __________ (celebrate) their 30th anniversary. (Future Simple) She __________ (clean) the house right now. (Present Continuous) They __________ (always argue) about politics. (Present Simple) I __________ (travel) to Paris in 2019. (Past Simple) 10. fill-in-the-blanks exercises with a variety of tenses and different sentences: She __________ (plan) to travel to Italy next summer. (Future Simple) By the time he arrives, she __________ (already prepare) breakfast. (Future Perfect) He __________ (enjoy) the concert last night. (Past Simple) Right now, they __________ (discuss) their plans for the weekend. (Present Continuous) She said she __________ (study) for the test all week. (Past Continuous) They __________ (visit) several countries in the past year. (Present Perfect) By the end of the day, I __________ (finish) this project. (Future Simple) We __________ (usually go) to the beach during the summer. (Present Simple) I __________ (wait) for you at the café for an hour. (Present Perfect Continuous) She __________ (never be) to Asia before. (Present Perfect) They __________ (play) soccer in the park every Saturday. (Present Simple) I __________ (live) in this city for ten years. (Present Perfect) When you call, I __________ (already have) lunch. (Future Perfect) He __________ (often travel) for work. (Present Simple) I __________ (take) a break right now. (Present Continuous) They __________ (always argue) about politics. (Present Simple) She said she __________ (read) that book last night. (Past Simple) We __________ (work) on the project for months. (Present Perfect) While I was at work, she __________ (bake) cookies. (Past Continuous) She __________ (always dream) of visiting Paris. (Present Simple) I promise I __________ (help) you with your homework later. (Future Simple) They __________ (ski) in the mountains every winter. (Present Simple) By this time next month, she __________ (write) her novel for a year. (Future Perfect Continuous) He __________ (attend) the conference last week. (Past Simple) When I arrived, she __________ (already leave). (Past Perfect) She __________ (cook) dinner for us right now. (Present Continuous) They __________ (often go) on road trips. (Present Simple) I __________ (travel) to Japan in 2018. (Past Simple) They __________ (run) a marathon every year. (Present Simple) I __________ (always want) to learn how to play the piano. (Present Simple) We __________ (play) board games every Sunday. (Present Simple) When they call, I __________ (already leave) for work. (Future Perfect) She __________ (run) in the park every morning. (Present Simple) They __________ (sing) a beautiful song at the concert last night. (Past Simple) He __________ (read) a book for two hours straight. (Present Perfect Continuous) They __________ (swim) in the lake every summer. (Present Simple) By this time next year, they __________ (celebrate) their 40th anniversary. (Future Simple) She __________ (clean) the house right now. (Present Continuous) He said he __________ (meet) the president last month. (Past Simple) I __________ (travel) to the beach next week. (Future Simple) Answers of the Exercise WORKSHEET ON ALL TYPES OF TENSES Answer 1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb form in each sentence: Answers: eats are studying have never visited will have been working traveled was playing had finished had been reading will call will be celebrating will have completed will have been practicing 2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb form in the given sentences. Choose the tense that best fits the context. Answers: teaches are studying have visited has been working traveled was watching had left had been practicing will call will be celebrating will have completed will have been learning 3. fill-in-the-blanks exercises with the specified tense in brackets: Answer: go will have finished has worked had already left will camp is studying watched will have been learning were playing has never visited will have already started will help have lived was cooking will be relaxing will have already eaten has been reading play visited will have been planning was cleaning will travel have not seen will have been watching had worked have been studying will finish has always wanted had cleaned will be cooking 4. fill-in-the-blanks exercises that cover a variety of tenses: Answers: read will have finished have lived will travel are watching were dancing will complete has never eaten play have worked called will be studying visited will have already finished always go has been writing will take traveled have not seen will have been working was cleaning had met is cooking have always dreamed have been waiting will have sang will have already left had been studying will help 5. fill-in-the-blanks exercises that cover all 12 tenses with various variations: Answers: play will arrive has studied were dancing will visit is preparing went will finish traveled has never eaten play have lived was sleeping will have learned take were watching had met have been planning was cleaning has always dreamed will help skied will have been working were attending has been playing will have already finished is always will have already left are building will read 6. fill-in-the-blanks exercises covering various tenses: Answers: paints will arrive is studying lost will celebrate is working traveled will complete have lived has never tasted play have been waiting was reading will be traveling will take always argue met have worked was cooking has always wanted will help started will have been writing sang will have already prepared has been reading runs will have finished swim traveled 7. fill-in-the-blanks exercises covering all 12 tenses with various variations and exceptions: Answers: goes will have studied was reading, was watching will travel is preparing had already eaten have lived has never flown play have been waiting was reading will be traveling will take always complain met work was baking has always dreamed will help ski will have been writing attended will have already cleaned has been reading often visits will have finished swim traveled is cooking never eats had already left have been working was painting always wants will call are studying will be moving have been reading runs 8. fill-in-the-blanks exercises with a different order of tenses: Answers: read had finished will live is watching had studied has traveled will have swim have been waiting is always have been working will cook usually starts had already left ran was reading, was painting will finish always plan will already have will help traveled has worked has never visited was cleaning will have been studying will take always dreams called will be cooking has been attended will have decorated play has never tasted always wants run often go has had has been reading will celebrate 9. fill-in-the-blanks exercises with a different order of tenses and entirely new sentences: Answers: writes had worked will have finished are having had studied has traveled will have cleaned visit have been waiting always enjoys have been working am taking will be having often visits will already have had always talk read live was painting has always dreamed will help ski will have been writing attended have never eaten will be cooking usually go met was reading, was listening has always wanted run often visit have had will have already left play has been reading will celebrate is cleaning always argue traveled 10. fill-in-the-blanks exercises with a variety of tenses and different sentences: Answers: is planning will have already prepared enjoyed are discussing had been studying have visited will finish usually go have been waiting has never been play have lived will have already had often travels am taking always argue read have been working was baking has always dreamed will help ski will have been writing attended had already left is cooking often go traveled run always want play will have already left runs sang has been reading swim will celebrate is cleaning met will travel

What is an Infinitive? An infinitive is a type of verb that keeps its basic form and is used in sentences with "to." It serves as an adjective, adverb, or noun. Certain verbs require infinitives to convey a complete meaning, following the structure: … main verb + to + base verb ... Verbs that often team up with infinitives include: agree demand hurry prepare aim fail manage refuse ask hesitate offer want decline hope plan wish Types of Infinitives Understanding different types of infinitives is crucial for using them effectively. Let’s delve into three main types: Full, Bare, and Split Infinitives. Full Infinitive Full infinitives retain the "to" intact, providing a complete meaning. Example: She is happy to help her friends with their homework. Bare Infinitive Bare infinitives drop the "to" and are employed with specific verbs like make, let, help, and hear. Example: He heard the baby cry in the next room. Split Infinitive Split infinitives occur when adverbs insert themselves between "to" and the base verb. Example: She decided to quickly finish her work before lunch. Tense-based Infinitives Further classification based on when the action occurred includes Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect Continuous Infinitives. Continuous Infinitive Continuous infinitives describe actions going on for a specific period. They follow "to + be + present participle (base verb + -ing)." Example: They plan to be working on the project all night. Perfect Infinitive Perfect infinitives refer to actions completed before the current time. They follow "To + have + Past Participle." Example: She hopes to have finished her presentation by tomorrow. Perfect Continuous Infinitive Perfect continuous infinitives indicate an action's continuation. They follow "to + have + been + Present Participle." Example: He appears to have been studying for hours. Other Types of Infinitives Passive Infinitive Passive infinitives shift the focus from the doer to the receiver of the action. They follow "to + be + past participle." Example: The assignment needs to be completed by tomorrow. WH-Infinitive WH-infinitives accompany WH question words and verbs like show, know, ask, etc. Example: She wants to understand how to solve the math problem. Note: "Why" is special and is followed by bare infinitives. Example: Why do you want to leave early? Anaphoric “to” Anaphoric "to" is used when "to" needs repetition for a complete sense in a sentence. Example: It’s challenging for me to sit for 4 long hours, but I have to (sit). Examples of each types of infinitives: Full Infinitive: She is delighted to help her classmates with their studies. It's a pleasure to learn new things every day. He was eager to explore the mysterious cave. I would love to travel the world someday. They are determined to succeed in their business venture. It's essential to maintain a healthy work-life balance. She is excited to attend the upcoming concert. It's important to respect others' opinions. Bare Infinitive: He made her cry with his thoughtless comments. Let me try to fix the broken toy. I heard him sing in the shower this morning. They helped us move the heavy furniture. Make him stop bothering his little sister. Please let me go to the park after finishing my homework. We watched the kids play in the park. He heard her scream when she saw the spider. Split Infinitive: She decided to quickly finish her work before the meeting. He promised to carefully consider all the options. They plan to boldly launch the new product next month. I want to clearly understand the instructions. She offered to discreetly handle the sensitive information. He chose to gracefully accept the award on stage. We aim to successfully complete the project by the deadline. They decided to jointly invest in the startup. Continuous Infinitive: I want to be dancing at the party when you arrive. She plans to be studying abroad next semester. They hope to be exploring new business opportunities. He aspires to be traveling around the world in the coming years. We aim to be working together on this project. The goal is to be improving our community. She dreams to be achieving her fitness goals. They strive to be creating a positive impact on society. Perfect Infinitive: She hopes to have completed her novel by the end of the month. They are glad to have met their fundraising goal. He was lucky to have secured a reservation at the popular restaurant. I feel fortunate to have witnessed such a beautiful sunset. We are pleased to have successfully launched the new website. She is grateful to have been given this opportunity. They are excited to have achieved their long-term objectives. It's satisfying to have seen positive changes in the community. Perfect Continuous Infinitive: The kids seem to have been playing in the backyard for hours. She appears to have been working on her project all night. They are believed to have been studying diligently for the exam. It looks like he to have been waiting for a while. I feel as if I to have been exercising forever. The project seems to have been progressing steadily. She is assumed to have been practicing her skills regularly. It seems to have been raining for most of the day. Passive Infinitive: The decision needs to be made before the end of the day. The report has to be submitted by Friday. The issue seems to be resolved by the IT department. The task appears to be completed by the end of the week. The new policy is expected to be implemented next month. The documents were found to be missing from the file. The project needs to be reviewed before presenting it to the client. The message seemed to be ignored by most of the audience. WH-Infinitive: She asked what to wear for the formal event. He explained how to solve the complex math problem. Let me know when to expect your arrival. They discussed where to go for the summer vacation. I'm uncertain which route to take to avoid traffic. We are considering whom to invite to the party. Please tell us whether to proceed with the plan. They are deciding why to invest in renewable energy. Anaphoric “to”: It's hard for her to sit in one place for 4 long hours, but she has to (sit). I don’t mean to impose, but I’m having to (impose). She doesn’t like to talk out loud very much, but she pretends to (talk). It's challenging for them to stay focused during long meetings, but they need to (stay). He doesn't want to offend anyone, but he ends up having to (offend). It's essential for us to collaborate on this project, but sometimes we're forced to (collaborate). They prefer to work independently, but the situation requires them to (work) in a team. It's crucial to be prepared for the presentation, and they have to (be prepared). Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb (bare infinitive, infinitive, or gerund). Exercise: Fill in the Blanks I enjoy __________ (run) in the morning before work. She asked me __________ (help) her with the project. He made a decision __________ (change) his career path. We need __________ (buy) some groceries on the way home. They suggested __________ (visit) the museum this weekend. My favorite hobby is __________ (read) novels. The teacher allowed us __________ (use) calculators during the exam. She offered __________ (lend) me her umbrella when it started raining. He promised __________ (return) the book by next week. I prefer __________ (walk) instead of taking the bus. Answers: I enjoy running in the morning before work. She asked me to help her with the project. He made a decision to change his career path. We need to buy some groceries on the way home. They suggested visiting the museum this weekend. My favorite hobby is reading novels. The teacher allowed us to use calculators during the exam. She offered to lend me her umbrella when it started raining. He promised to return the book by next week. I prefer walking instead of taking the bus. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb (bare infinitive, infinitive, or gerund). Exercise: Fill in the Blanks She enjoys __________ (sing) in the shower every morning. We decided __________ (take) a trip to the mountains this summer. They suggested __________ (watch) a movie tonight. He doesn't mind __________ (help) with the chores. I prefer __________ (study) in a quiet environment. The children need __________ (go) to bed early. I'm excited __________ (learn) a new language. He advised me __________ (save) money for the future. She offered __________ (pick) me up from the airport. We discussed __________ (start) a book club. My goal is __________ (run) a marathon next year. They decided __________ (visit) the art gallery downtown. I forgot __________ (buy) milk on the way home. He hopes __________ (travel) around the world someday. It's important __________ (eat) a balanced diet. We encouraged him __________ (pursue) his passion. I can't stand __________ (listen) to loud music. She apologized __________ (arrive) late for the meeting. They plan __________ (attend) the concert on Saturday. He offered __________ (drive) us to the airport. I enjoy __________ (cook) new recipes on weekends. She persuaded him __________ (try) a different approach. We need __________ (finish) the project by Friday. He seems __________ (enjoy) playing the guitar. I would like __________ (visit) the famous landmarks in the city. They agreed __________ (meet) at the coffee shop. She admitted __________ (make) a mistake. He can't afford __________ (buy) a new car right now. We avoid __________ (eat) fast food regularly. I look forward __________ (see) you at the event. Answers: She enjoys singing in the shower every morning. We decided to take a trip to the mountains this summer. They suggested watching a movie tonight. He doesn't mind helping with the chores. I prefer studying in a quiet environment. The children need to go to bed early. I'm excited to learn a new language. He advised me to save money for the future. She offered to pick me up from the airport. We discussed starting a book club. My goal is to run a marathon next year. They decided to visit the art gallery downtown. I forgot to buy milk on the way home. He hopes to travel around the world someday. It's important to eat a balanced diet. We encouraged him to pursue his passion. I can't stand listening to loud music. She apologized for arriving late for the meeting. They plan to attend the concert on Saturday. He offered to drive us to the airport. I enjoy cooking new recipes on weekends. She persuaded him to try a different approach. We need to finish the project by Friday. He seems to enjoy playing the guitar. I would like to visit the famous landmarks in the city. They agreed to meet at the coffee shop. She admitted to making a mistake. He can't afford to buy a new car right now. We avoid eating fast food regularly. I look forward to seeing you at the event. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb (bare infinitive, infinitive, or gerund). Exercise: Fill in the Blanks (Advanced) She can't bear __________ (be) misunderstood. We anticipate __________ (face) challenges in the upcoming project. He was determined __________ (win) the championship. I encourage you __________ (pursue) your dreams relentlessly. They debated __________ (implement) new policies in the organization. She is committed __________ (improve) her skills constantly. It's worth __________ (explore) alternative solutions to the problem. I'm considering __________ (take) a sabbatical to travel. We are accustomed __________ (work) under tight deadlines. He hesitated __________ (reveal) the truth about the incident. It's important __________ (understand) the implications of the decision. I am looking forward __________ (attend) the international conference. They are determined __________ (succeed) despite the challenges. She apologized __________ (interrupt) the meeting. We discussed __________ (restructure) the entire department. He admitted __________ (make) a significant error in judgment. It's advisable __________ (seek) professional advice before investing. I appreciate your effort __________ (complete) the project on time. They are prepared __________ (face) the consequences of their actions. She insists on __________ (participate) in the decision-making process. It's crucial __________ (analyze) the data thoroughly before presenting. He avoids __________ (talk) about his personal life in the workplace. We are determined __________ (expand) our business globally. I regret __________ (inform) you that the event has been canceled. They considered __________ (move) to a different city for better opportunities. She is passionate about __________ (create) innovative solutions. It's challenging __________ (balance) work and personal life effectively. He is qualified __________ (lead) the team. I am committed __________ (continuously learn) and grow in my career. We insist on __________ (adhere) to ethical business practices. Answers: She can't bear being misunderstood. We anticipate facing challenges in the upcoming project. He was determined to win the championship. I encourage you to pursue your dreams relentlessly. They debated implementing new policies in the organization. She is committed to improving her skills constantly. It's worth exploring alternative solutions to the problem. I'm considering taking a sabbatical to travel. We are accustomed to working under tight deadlines. He hesitated to reveal the truth about the incident. It's important to understand the implications of the decision. I am looking forward to attending the international conference. They are determined to succeed despite the challenges. She apologized for interrupting the meeting. We discussed restructuring the entire department. He admitted to making a significant error in judgment. It's advisable to seek professional advice before investing. I appreciate your effort to complete the project on time. They are prepared to face the consequences of their actions. She insists on participating in the decision-making process. It's crucial to analyze the data thoroughly before presenting. He avoids talking about his personal life in the workplace. We are determined to expand our business globally. I regret to inform you that the event has been canceled. They considered moving to a different city for better opportunities. She is passionate about creating innovative solutions. It's challenging to balance work and personal life effectively. He is qualified to lead the team. I am committed to continuously learning and growing in my career. We insist on adhering to ethical business practices.

Modal verbs are a category of auxiliary verbs used to express modality, which is the speaker's attitude or the likelihood of the action described by the main verb. Modal verbs do not have a specific tense and are used with the base form of the main verb. Here are the primary modal verbs and their types: When are modal verbs used? Likelihood Some things seem likely to be true but can’t be stated as definite facts. In these cases, you can use the modal verbs should and must to show probability without certainty. Her parents must be overjoyed with her academic achievements. Example: After receiving the scholarship, her parents must be overjoyed with her academic achievements. My younger sister should be finished with her homework by now. Example: Considering her usual study time, my younger sister should be finished with her homework by now. Possibility In a situation when something is possible but not certain, use the modal verb could, may, or might. Judging by the traffic, we might be late to the movie. Example: Looking at the heavy traffic, we might be late to the movie. She may discover a new species during her expedition. Example: Given the unexplored region, she may discover a new species during her expedition. Ability The modal verb can expresses whether the subject of a sentence is able to do something. Likewise, the negative form, cannot or can’t, shows that the subject is unable to do something. He can solve complex mathematical problems effortlessly. Example: With his mathematical skills, he can solve complex problems effortlessly. I can't believe you finished the entire pizza by yourself. Example: Expressing surprise, I can't believe you finished the entire pizza by yourself. Permission If you want to ask permission to do something, start your question with can, may, or could. Traditionally, may is considered more formal and polite usage for permission. May I use your laptop for a moment? Example: Seeking permission, you ask, "May I use your laptop for a moment?" Students, you can start the experiment now. Example: Giving permission, the teacher says, "Students, you can start the experiment now." Request Similarly, if you want to ask someone else to do something, start your question with will, would, can, or could. Would you kindly proofread my essay? Example: Requesting assistance, you ask, "Would you kindly proofread my essay?" Will you pass me the salt, please? Example: Requesting a small favor, you say, "Will you pass me the salt, please?" Suggestion/Advice If you want to recommend a course of action but not command it, you can use the modal verb should. You should explore the historic district when you visit. Example: Offering travel advice, you suggest, "You should explore the historic district when you visit." Students should review the material before the exam. Example: Advising students, the teacher says, "Students should review the material before the exam." Command On the other hand, if you want to command someone, use the modal verbs must, have, or need. You must complete the safety training before operating the machinery. Example: Giving a safety command, the supervisor says, "You must complete the safety training before operating the machinery." Employees need to submit their reports by Friday. Example: Issuing a deadline, the manager says, "Employees need to submit their reports by Friday." Obligation or Necessity Modal verbs can express a necessary action, such as an obligation, duty, or requirement. Everyone has to attend the orientation session. Example: Stating a requirement, the coordinator says, "Everyone has to attend the orientation session." You don’t need to bring your own materials; we provide them. Example: Clarifying a lack of necessity, the organizer says, "You don’t need to bring your own materials; we provide them." Habit To show an ongoing or habitual action—something the subject does regularly—you can use the modal verb would for the past tense and will for the present and future. When I was in college, I would study late into the night. Example: Reflecting on the past, you say, "When I was in college, I would study late into the night." I will practice the piano every day to improve my skills. Example: Expressing a commitment for the future, you say, "I will practice the piano every day to improve my skills." List of Modal Verbs Can: Description: Indicates ability, possibility, or permission. Examples: She can play the piano. Can I use your computer? Could: Description: Past tense of "can," used for past ability, polite requests, or possibilities. Examples: He could swim when he was five. Could you pass me the salt? May: Description: Expresses permission, possibility, or uncertainty. Examples: You may leave the room. It may rain later. Might: Description: Similar to "may," indicating a lesser degree of certainty or a more tentative possibility. Examples: It might snow tomorrow. You might want to consider that option. Shall: Description: Used for offers, suggestions, or in questions with "I" or "we" for the future. Examples: Shall we go for a walk? Shall I help you? Should: Description: Indicates advice, obligation, or expectation. Examples: You should eat more vegetables. You should submit the report by Friday. Will: Description: Expresses future tense, predictions, or willingness. Examples: She will arrive at 3 o'clock. It will rain tomorrow. Would: Description: Used for polite requests, hypothetical situations, or expressing preferences. Examples: Would you please pass the bread? If I had the time, I would travel more. Must: Description: Signifies necessity, obligation, or strong recommendation. Examples: You must complete the assignment. You must read this book; it's excellent. Semi-Modal Verbs: Dare: Description: Can function as a main verb or modal, indicating challenge or a polite inquiry. Examples: She dared him to jump off the cliff. Dare I ask a personal question? Need: Description: Expresses necessity or lack of necessity. Examples: You need not worry; everything will be fine. She has got to leave early. Used to: Description: Describes past habits or states. Examples: We used to go camping every summer. Used he to smoke? Ought to: Description: Similar to "should," indicating moral obligation or desirability. Examples: You ought to be more considerate. Ought we to finish this today? Have (got) to: Description: Similar to "have to," implying obligation or necessity. Examples: I have to finish this task today. She has got to visit the doctor. Supposed to: Description: Implies expectation or requirement. Examples: You are supposed to arrive on time. Are we supposed to bring anything? Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the following modals: can, could, be able to, may, might, shall, should, must, have to, don't have to, need to He has to take his car to be serviced. The brakes are squeaking. Would you please save me a seat at the dinner event. If you are sick, you ________ go to work. You'll infect everyone there. Drivers _______ stop at red lights. You _______ finish the proposal today. You can finish it tomorrow. She ______ hear much better with her new hearing aids. ______ I order us a bottle of wine? Sam ______ pick his daughter up from school. She's taking the bus home. You _____________ smoke here. It's a smoke-free building. You ________ eat so many sweets. They are bad for you. _________ you mind walking a little faster? We're going to be late. I'm sorry. I _______ help you. I don't know how to do it. Answers: shouldn't must don't have to can shall needn't mustn't shouldn't would can't Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal or semi-modal verb from the list provided. Remember to choose the most suitable one based on the context. Modal and Semi-Modal Verbs List: Can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Should, Will, Would, Must, Ought to, Have to, Need to, Dare, Used to, Need, Ought to, Have (got) to, Supposed to She ________ speak Spanish fluently. ______ I borrow your pen, please? They ___________ arrive at the airport by 6 PM. You ___________ complete your homework before going out. ______ we go for a picnic this weekend? He ___________ be at the meeting right now. We ___________ bring gifts to the party. Students ___________ wear a uniform to school. ______ I open the window? It's hot in here. I ___________ finish this report by tomorrow. She ___________ swim when she was a child. ______ you pass me the salt, please? It ___________ rain later, so bring an umbrella. He ___________ read that book; it's a classic. You ___________ apologize for your mistake. You ___________ smoke in this area. They ___________ go to the concert last night. We ___________ consider all options before deciding. She ___________ leave early for her appointment. ______ I ask a personal question? Answers: Can May Will Must Shall Should Ought to Have to Can Need to Could Could Might Should Ought to Must not Used to Should Has got to Dare Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal or semi-modal verb from the list provided. Modal and Semi-Modal Verbs List: Can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Should, Will, Would, Must, Ought to, Have to, Need to, Dare, Used to, Need, Ought to, Have (got) to, Supposed to After years of practice, he ___________ speak several languages fluently. ______ you please lend me a hand with this complex problem? By this time next year, they ___________ complete their research project. Engineers ___________ consider the environmental impact of their designs. ______ we arrange a meeting to discuss the new proposal? The weather forecast suggests it ___________ rain tomorrow. The doctor said I ___________ take the medication regularly. We ___________ wear formal attire to the gala event. ______ I suggest an alternative solution to the problem? In emergencies, you ___________ use the emergency exit. During his prime, he ___________ run a mile in under four minutes. ______ I use your laptop if mine is not working? The political situation ___________ change in the coming months. She ___________ finish her assignment before the deadline. Everyone ___________ evacuate the building immediately. The film director said we ___________ start shooting next week. The old bridge ___________ be unsafe for heavy vehicles. Before making a decision, you ___________ consider all the consequences. He ___________ be at the airport by now; his flight was scheduled to land an hour ago. ______ I ask where you obtained this valuable information? Answers: Can Could Will Should Shall Might Must Have to May Must Could Can Might Must Must Will May Should Should May

Definition and Formation: A. Definition: 1. A gerund is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun. 2. It represents the action or state expressed by the underlying verb. B. Formation: 1. Regular verbs: add "-ing" to the base form (e.g., walk → walking). 2. Irregular verbs: undergo various transformations (e.g., go → going, sing → singing). 1. As Subjects of Sentences: Swimming in the morning is a refreshing way to start the day. Reading classic literature broadens your understanding of different cultures. Running requires a good pair of shoes and proper form. Solving complex puzzles challenges your cognitive abilities. Learning a new instrument demands dedication and practice. 2. As Objects of Verbs: I enjoy cooking new recipes for my family. They avoid making the same mistakes over and over. She imagines traveling to exotic destinations in the future. We appreciate listening to live music performances. He admitted forgetting to complete the assignment. 3. As Objects of Prepositions: She is good at playing the piano in various styles. We are interested in learning about different historical periods. They are committed to working for the betterment of the community. He is passionate about helping those in need. She is worried about losing her job. 4. After Certain Verbs: She started working on the project immediately after the meeting. They consider traveling to different countries for cultural experiences. He enjoys hiking in the mountains during the summer. We can't imagine living without modern technology. The team is dedicated to improving their performance. 5. In the Past and Perfect Gerund Forms: Having finished her work, she decided to take a break. I regret not attending the conference last year. They celebrated their success by throwing a grand party. He left the house without checking if he had his keys. Having visited many countries, she has a broad perspective on global issues. 6. After Certain Adjectives: He is afraid of losing the opportunity to study abroad. She is excited about starting a new chapter in her life. They are worried about falling behind in their coursework. The children were disappointed at missing the school field trip. He is interested in learning about different artistic styles. 7. Expressing Purpose: I went to the store buying some groceries for the week. She went to the park walking her dog to get some fresh air. He spent the evening writing a heartfelt letter to his friend. We traveled to the beach collecting seashells for a school project. She joined the club meeting new people and making friends. 8. After Prepositions: She succeeded in the exam by studying hard every day. They celebrated the victory by dancing in the streets. He calmed his nerves by taking deep breaths. We express our creativity by participating in art workshops. She coped with stress by practicing mindfulness meditation. 9. In Causative Constructions: She had her son cleaning his room before the guests arrived. He got his car fixed after it broke down on the highway. We had the workers painting the office walls over the weekend. She had her dog trained to follow basic commands. They had the plumber fixing the leaky faucet in the kitchen. 10. In Compound Nouns: I enjoy bird watching in the early morning. She's into ice skating and participates in competitions. Jogging is a great way to improve cardiovascular health. He spends his weekends rock climbing in the nearby mountains. Bungee jumping is an exhilarating but daring activity. 11. After Expressions of Time: I spent the afternoon reading a fascinating novel. He wasted his time playing video games instead of studying. They passed the time chatting and sharing stories. She invested her time volunteering at the local animal shelter. We dedicate a portion of our day exercising for physical well-being. 12. In Informal Writing and Speaking: I don't feel like cooking tonight; let's order takeout. They ended up cancelling the event due to bad weather. She admitted borrowing the book without asking. He keeps interrupting the conversation with irrelevant comments. We avoid discussing politics at family gatherings to maintain peace. List of 50 verbs used as gerunds Adapt: The company adapted using new technologies for efficiency. She adapted to the changing circumstances with resilience. Admit: She admitted making a mistake in the report. He reluctantly admitted losing the game. Adore: She adores spending time with her grandchildren. They adore watching the sunrise on the beach. Appreciate: They appreciate being acknowledged for their hard work. She appreciates receiving constructive feedback for personal growth. Avoid: He avoids eating fast food to maintain a healthy diet. We should avoid making hasty decisions. Begin: We began planning the event weeks in advance. She began painting as a hobby when she was young. Consider: We are considering buying a new car. She considered quitting her job to pursue a new career. Continue: He continues practicing the piano every day. They continued working on the project despite the challenges. Delay: They delayed announcing the decision until after the meeting. She delayed responding to the email until she had more information. Discuss: We discussed going on a road trip during the holidays. They discussed changing the venue for the event. Enjoy: She enjoys reading novels in her free time. They enjoy traveling to different countries during the summer. Entertain: We entertain guests by hosting dinner parties. She entertains herself by watching comedy shows. Fancy: She fancies exploring different cuisines when she travels. They fancy trying out the latest gadgets on the market. Finish: I finished writing the essay just before the deadline. They finished decorating the house for the party. Hate: He hates doing chores around the house. She hates waiting in long lines. Imagine: He can't imagine living without his smartphone. I imagine traveling the world someday. Intend: We intend traveling to Europe next summer. She intends studying psychology in college. Like: She likes playing basketball in her free time. He likes listening to music while working. Love: They love watching romantic movies together. I love cooking for my friends and family. Mention: I mentioned considering a career change in the future. They mentioned traveling to Asia for their next vacation. Mind: Do you mind helping me with this task? She doesn't mind waiting for a few minutes. Miss: I miss spending time with my family. They miss living in the countryside. Practice: He practices playing the guitar for an hour every day. They practice speaking English with native speakers. Quit: She quit smoking for the sake of her health. They quit complaining and started taking positive action. Recommend: I recommend starting the day with a nutritious breakfast. They recommend trying new hobbies for personal growth. Regret: She regrets not studying harder for the exam. He regrets not taking the job offer. Resent: She resents being treated unfairly in the workplace. They resent having to work overtime without proper compensation. Resist: It's hard to resist eating chocolate when it's in front of me. He resists procrastination by setting strict deadlines. Risk: She risked investing in the startup despite the uncertainties. They risked trying a new adventure sport during their vacation. Suggest: They suggested going out for dinner. He suggested postponing the meeting until next week. Start: She started learning Spanish last year. They started working on the project early in the morning. Enjoy: She enjoys reading novels in her free time. They enjoy traveling to different countries during the summer. Favor: She favors spending weekends in nature. They favor implementing environmentally friendly practices. Imagine: He imagines creating innovative solutions to global problems. We imagine achieving our goals through hard work and dedication. Quit: She quit smoking for the sake of her health. They quit complaining and started taking positive action. Resist: It's hard to resist eating chocolate when it's in front of me. He resists procrastination by setting strict deadlines. Risk: She risked confronting his fears to pursue his passion. They risked investing in the stock market during uncertain times. Mention: I mentioned considering a career change in the future. They mentioned traveling to Asia for their next vacation. Entertain: We entertain guests by hosting dinner parties. She entertains herself by watching comedy shows. Anticipate: They anticipated facing challenges but were prepared. She anticipated receiving positive feedback for her project. Suggest: He suggested going for a hike as a team-building activity. They suggested adopting a more sustainable lifestyle. Favor: She favors spending weekends in nature. They favor implementing environmentally friendly practices. Encourage: I encourage pursuing your dreams with determination. They encourage adopting healthy habits for overall well-being. Practice: He practices yoga for relaxation and flexibility. She practices public speaking to overcome stage fright. Postpone: They decided to postpone making a decision until the next meeting. She postponed taking a vacation until the busy season was over. Fancy: She fancies exploring different cuisines when she travels. They fancy trying out the latest gadgets on the market. Resent: She resents being treated unfairly in the workplace. They resent having to work overtime without proper compensation. Start: We started implementing the new policies for better efficiency. He started learning photography as a hobby. Appreciate: They appreciate being acknowledged for their hard work. She appreciates receiving constructive feedback for personal growth. Encourage: I encourage pursuing your dreams with determination. They encourage adopting healthy habits for overall well-being. Exercises: Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb provided in parentheses: The professor encouraged his students (explore) ___________ new theories in the field. Maria regrets (not, take) ___________ the opportunity to study abroad during college. The children sat silently, (watch) ___________ their favorite movie on TV. She is considering (learn) ___________ a new language to enhance her career prospects. After (finish) ___________ her degree, Susan decided to take a year off and travel. It's important to (exercise) ___________ regularly for maintaining good health. The manager asked his team (prepare) ___________ a detailed report for the upcoming meeting. The actor, (know) ___________ for his versatility, is rumored (star) ___________ in a blockbuster film next year. I can't believe I forgot (buy) ___________ tickets for the concert. Now it's sold out! The chef plans (introduce) ___________ a new menu featuring exotic ingredients. Answers: exploring not to take watching learning finishing exercise to prepare known; to star to buy to introduce Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb provided in parentheses: The scientist was observed (conduct) ___________ experiments in the laboratory. She advised him (not, procrastinate) ___________ if he wanted to succeed in his endeavors. The novel, (write) ___________ by a renowned author, is said (become) ___________ a classic. The company decided (invest) ___________ in renewable energy sources to reduce its carbon footprint. After years of training, he succeeded in (master) ___________ the difficult art form. The committee discussed the proposal before (reach) ___________ a unanimous decision. The athlete was disqualified for (use) ___________ performance-enhancing substances. He admitted (forge) ___________ his signature on the document. The opportunity (travel) ___________ abroad presented itself unexpectedly. The team is determined (win) ___________ the championship this season. The professor, (know) ___________ for his expertise, offered (assist) ___________ the students with their research. The musician performed, (accompanied) ___________ by a live orchestra. We appreciate your efforts (complete) ___________ the project ahead of schedule. The manager is considering (implement) ___________ new policies to improve efficiency. The hikers, (guide) ___________ by an experienced mountaineer, reached the summit at dawn. He was excited about (attend) ___________ the international conference. The artist spent hours (perfect) ___________ her technique. I look forward to (meet) ___________ you at the conference next week. The students were caught (cheat) ___________ on the exam. The professor encouraged the students (question) ___________ traditional assumptions. The company decided (relocate) ___________ its headquarters to a more strategic location. The detective was skilled at (uncover) ___________ hidden clues. The team celebrated after (win) ___________ the championship. The chef is known for (create) ___________ unique and innovative dishes. She was determined (prove) ___________ her critics wrong. The manager apologized for (arrive) ___________ late to the meeting. The comedian had the audience (laugh) ___________ throughout the entire performance. The government is committed (address) ___________ environmental issues. The project, (delay) ___________ by unforeseen circumstances, finally resumed. He seemed (deep) ___________ in thought, contemplating his next move. Answers: conducting not to procrastinate written; to become to invest mastering reaching using to forge to travel to win known; to assist accompanied completing to implement guided attending perfecting to meet cheating to question to relocate uncovering winning creating to prove for arriving laughing to address delayed deep Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb provided in parentheses: The artist was caught (paint) ___________ a mural on the city wall without permission. I can't imagine (live) ___________ in a city without any green spaces. The politician was accused of (accept) ___________ bribes from lobbyists. The film, (direct) ___________ by a famous director, is expected (release) ___________ next month. We were disappointed (hear) ___________ that the concert had been canceled. The students were excited about (participate) ___________ in the international competition. She was determined (succeed) ___________ in her chosen field despite facing numerous challenges. The chef recommends (try) ___________ the signature dish of the restaurant. The company is considering (expand) ___________ its operations to new markets. After (finish) ___________ her degree, she decided (pursue) ___________ a career in research. He apologized for (interrupt) ___________ the meeting but needed to address an urgent matter. The professor encouraged his students (think) ___________ critically about the complex issues discussed in class. The athletes are looking forward to (compete) ___________ at the international level. The detective was skilled at (analyze) ___________ crime scenes for evidence. The manager was hesitant (approve) ___________ the budget without further clarification. The author is known for (write) ___________ thought-provoking novels that challenge societal norms. The team members were exhausted after (complete) ___________ the arduous expedition. He admitted (make) ___________ a mistake and promised (correct) ___________ it immediately. The students were assigned the task of (research) ___________ the impact of technology on society. The photographer spent hours (capture) ___________ the beauty of the natural landscape. We appreciate your effort (organize) ___________ the charity event. The musician was interrupted while (record) ___________ the new album in the studio. The manager insists on (employees) ___________ a training program to enhance their skills. Despite (face) ___________ numerous setbacks, she remained committed to (achieve) ___________ her goals. The company decided (donate) ___________ a percentage of its profits to charitable causes. Answers: painting living accepting directed; to be released to hear participating to succeed trying expanding finishing; to pursue interrupting to think competing analyzing to approve writing completing making; to correct researching capturing organizing recording employees to undergo facing; achieving to donate Fill in the blanks with the correct form (gerund or infinitive) of the verbs in parentheses. He prefers __________ (work) independently rather than in a team. She offered __________ (help) me with the project. I need __________ (study) for my exams tonight. It's time __________ (make) a decision about your future. I can't stand __________ (listen) to that loud music. My dad taught me __________ (ride) a bike when I was a child. They agreed __________ (meet) at the cafe for lunch. I enjoy __________ (cook) dinner for my friends. We're planning __________ (visit) the museum this weekend. She tends __________ (talk) a lot in social situations. Would you mind __________ (close) the window? It's cold. The teacher advised __________ (review) the lesson before the exam. He promised __________ (call) me as soon as he arrives. I would like __________ (learn) how to play the guitar. They decided __________ (take) a road trip across the country. My goal is __________ (improve) my language skills. She hesitated __________ (tell) him the truth. I hope __________ (find) a good job after graduation. We are considering __________ (buy) a new car. It's important __________ (save) money for the future. I'm looking forward to __________ (see) the new movie. She deserves __________ (win) the award. Do you mind __________ (wait) for a few minutes? He seems __________ (be) upset about something. The doctor advised her __________ (take) vitamins regularly. They are excited __________ (visit) the famous landmarks. We can't afford __________ (eat) out every night. I regret __________ (inform) you that the event has been canceled. I enjoy __________ (read) science fiction novels. The children promised __________ (clean) their rooms before bedtime. Answers: working to help to study to make listening to ride to meet cooking to visit talking to close to review to call to learn to take to improve to tell to find to buy to save to see to win waiting to be to take to visit to eat informing reading to clean

Case in grammar helps us understand how a noun or pronoun is related to other words in a sentence. It shows their role and function in the sentence. Let's explore the main cases in English: Subjective Case: The subjective case is like the star of the show. It's used for the subject of a verb, the one doing the action. Look at this example: He gave her a letter. ("He" is doing the giving, so it's in the subjective case.) Objective Case: The objective case is the team player. It's used for the object of a verb or a preposition, the one receiving the action. Check this out: He saw her with them. ("Her" is the one being seen, and "them" is connected with a preposition, so they're in the objective case.) Possessive Case: The possessive case is all about ownership. It shows that something belongs to someone. Take a look: The dog has eaten the cat's dinner. ("The cat's" tells us the dinner belongs to the cat.) Vocative Case: The vocative case is like calling someone's name. It's used for direct address. Look at this example: Get off the phone, John. ("John" is being directly addressed, and the comma before his name marks him in the vocative case.) Case in table: Details Subjective Case The subjective case refers to the form of a pronoun or noun when it functions as the subject of a sentence. The subject is the person, place, thing, or idea that performs the action or about whom something is said. Let's break down the subjective case in more detail: 1. Pronouns in the Subjective Case: I, you, he, she, it, we, they: Examples: I am going to the store. Here, "I" is the subject of the sentence, indicating who is performing the action of going to the store. You are my best friend. "You" is the subject, indicating who the speaker's best friend is. She is studying for the exam. "She" is the one performing the action of studying. 2. Nouns in the Subjective Case: Nouns in the subjective case are the subjects of sentences. Examples: John runs every morning. (Proper noun) "John" is the one running, serving as the subject of the sentence. Dogs are loyal animals. (Common noun) "Dogs" is the subject, expressing a general characteristic of loyalty. 3. Subjective Case in Questions: Pronouns and nouns still take the subjective case in questions. Examples: Who is at the door? (Pronoun) "Who" is the subject, asking about the person at the door. What caused the problem? (Pronoun) "What" is the subject, inquiring about the cause of the problem. Which student performed exceptionally well? (Noun) "Which student" is the subject, seeking information about academic performance. 4. Using Subjective Case in Compound Subjects: In sentences with compound subjects, each subject retains the subjective case. Examples: Mary and I are working on the project. Both "Mary" and "I" are subjects, jointly involved in working on the project. You and he should come to the meeting. "You" and "he" are both subjects, addressed together in the context of the meeting. 5. Avoiding Misuse of Subjective and Objective Cases: Be cautious when combining subjects and objects in a sentence. Incorrect Example: Him and I are going to the movies. (Correct: He and I are going to the movies.) "He and I" are both subjects, and using the subjective case maintains grammatical correctness. 6. Subjective Pronouns in Comparisons: When used in comparisons, subjective pronouns should be employed. Example: She is as tall as I am. (Not "as tall as me am.") "I am" is the complete phrase, where "I" is the subject of the comparison. 7. Subjective Case with Infinitive Phrases: In sentences with infinitive phrases, the pronoun within the phrase should be in the subjective case. Example: It is important for us to finish the project. "Us" is the subject of the infinitive phrase "to finish the project." 8. Subjective Case vs. Objective Case: The subjective case is used for subjects, while the objective case is used for objects. Subjective: She gave him a book. "She" is the subject, and "him" is the indirect object. Objective: I saw him and her at the park. "Him" and "her" are both objects, as they are the ones seen at the park. 9. Summary: The subjective case is crucial for clearly identifying the subject of a sentence. By using the correct form of pronouns and nouns, you enhance both clarity and grammatical accuracy in your writing. Whether in simple sentences, questions, or complex constructions, maintaining the subjective case is essential for effective communication. Objective Case 1. Objective Case Pronouns: Pronouns in the objective case are used when they function as the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive. Examples: The teacher praised him for his hard work. "Him" is the object of the verb "praised." She is talking to us about the upcoming project. "Us" is the object of the preposition "to." I asked her to join the team. "Her" is the object of the infinitive "to join." 2. Objective Case Nouns: Nouns in the objective case are used as direct or indirect objects in sentences. Examples: Please pass the salt to John. "John" is the indirect object, receiving the action of passing. I saw the cat chasing a mouse. "The cat" is the direct object, receiving the action of seeing. 3. Objective Case in Questions: Pronouns in the objective case are used when they function as the object in a question. Examples: Whom did you invite to the party? "Whom" is the object of the verb "invite." 4. Objective Case in Commands: Objective case pronouns are used in imperative sentences or commands. Example: Give the book to me. "Me" is the object, specifying the recipient of the book. 5. Objective Case with Infinitive Phrases: When a pronoun is part of an infinitive phrase, it should be in the objective case. Example: She asked them to help us with the project. "Us" is the object of the infinitive "to help." 6. Objective Pronouns in Comparisons: Objective pronouns are used in comparisons when they function as the object of a preposition. Example: He is older than her. "Her" is the object of the preposition "than." 7. Using Objective Case in Compound Objects: In sentences with compound objects, each object retains the objective case. Example: I gave him the keys and her the wallet. Both "him" and "her" are objects, receiving different items. 8. Objective Case vs. Subjective Case: While the subjective case is used for subjects, the objective case is used for objects. Subjective: She gave him a book. "She" is the subject, and "him" is the object. Objective: I saw him and her at the park. "Him" and "her" are both objects, as they are the ones seen at the park. 9. Summary: The objective case is essential for identifying the objects in a sentence. Whether it's a pronoun or a noun, using the appropriate case ensures clear communication and grammatical accuracy. Understanding when to use the objective case is crucial for constructing well-formed and effective sentences. Possessive Case 1. Possessive Case Pronouns: Possessive case pronouns show ownership or possession. They include: My, mine Your, yours His Her, hers Its Our, ours Their, theirs Examples: This is my book. "My" indicates possession, showing that the book belongs to the speaker. Is this pen yours? "Yours" shows possession, asking if the pen belongs to the person being addressed. 2. Possessive Case Nouns: Nouns in the possessive case indicate ownership or possession. Examples: John's car is in the parking lot. "John's" indicates that the car belongs to John. The cat chased the dog's tail. "The dog's" shows possession, indicating whose tail is being chased. 3. Possessive Case in Questions: Possessive pronouns are used in questions to inquire about ownership. Example: Whose jacket is this? "Whose" is a possessive pronoun indicating ownership. 4. Possessive Case with Gerunds: Possessive case pronouns are used before gerunds (verbs ending in -ing) to show possession. Example: I appreciate your helping me. "Your" indicates that the act of helping belongs to the person being addressed. 5. Joint Possession: When two or more people share ownership, only the last noun or pronoun takes the possessive form. Example: Bob and Alice's house is beautiful. "Bob and Alice's" indicates that the house belongs to both Bob and Alice. 6. Using Possessive Case in Time Expressions: Possessive case pronouns are used in time expressions to show whose time is being referred to. Example: Is this your first visit to the museum? "Your" indicates the possession of the visit. 7. Possessive Case with Inanimate Objects: Possessive case pronouns can be used with inanimate objects to show a sense of ownership or association. Example: The roof of the car's color is red. "The car's" suggests that the roof's color is associated with the car. 8. Possessive Case vs. Contractions: Possessive case pronouns are often contracted when combined with "is" or "has." Examples: That's my book. (That is my book.) She's his sister. (She is his sister.) It's our anniversary. (It is our anniversary.) 9. Summary: The possessive case is crucial for indicating ownership or association. Whether it's a pronoun or a noun, using the appropriate possessive form ensures clarity and precision in expressing relationships of possession. Understanding when and how to use the possessive case enhances your ability to construct grammatically correct and meaningful sentences. Vocative Case The vocative case is a grammatical case used in some languages to address or call someone directly. It is employed when a speaker is directly addressing a person or group of people. The vocative case is typically marked by changes in form or the addition of specific particles to nouns or pronouns. 1. Nouns in the Vocative Case: In languages that have a vocative case, nouns can change form when used in direct address. Examples: O friend, lend me your ear. (English - informal use) "O friend" is a vocative phrase, directly addressing the friend. Amice, veni huc. (Latin - "Friend, come here.") "Amice" is the vocative form of "friend" in Latin. 2. Vocative Case Pronouns: Similar to nouns, pronouns can take on a specific form when used in the vocative case. Examples: Hey, you, stop! (English - informal use) "Hey, you" is a vocative phrase, directly addressing the person. Mi amice, cur non venis? (Latin - "My friend, why do you not come?") "Mi amice" is the vocative form of "my friend" in Latin. 3. Vocative Particles: Some languages use specific particles or words to indicate direct address. Examples: Oh God, grant us strength. (English) "Oh God" is a vocative phrase using the particle "Oh" to address God. Oui, mon ami, je comprends. (French - "Yes, my friend, I understand.") "Oui, mon ami" is a vocative phrase using "Oui" and "mon ami" to address the friend. 4. Usage in Commands: The vocative case is often used in commands or requests when directly addressing someone. Examples: Children, please be quiet. (English - informal use) "Children" is a vocative phrase, directly addressing the group of children. Amici, auxilium date! (Latin - "Friends, give help!") "Amici" is the vocative form of "friends" in Latin. 5. Vocative Case in Different Languages: The presence and form of the vocative case can vary across languages. Some languages have distinct vocative forms, while others may use the nominative case for direct address. Example: In Latin, "Marcus" (nominative) becomes "Marce" in the vocative when addressing Marcus directly. 6. Vocative Case in Modern English: While Modern English generally lacks a distinct vocative case, informal expressions like "hey," "oh," or "you" can be used for direct address. Examples: Hey, guys, let's go. (Informal use) Oh, dear, where did I put my keys? (Expressing surprise or concern)

In English grammar, gender refers to the classification of nouns and pronouns based on their sexual characteristics. It's a way of categorizing words into different groups according to their association with male or female attributes. This categorization extends beyond just nouns and pronouns to include verbs and adjectives, depending on the gender-related qualities of the words they modify. There are four main types of gender: Masculine Gender: Definition: This gender category includes nouns that represent male entities. Examples: man, king, father, brother, tiger, etc. Usage: The man was waiting outside for his food. My father is driving right now. Feminine Gender: Definition: This gender type comprises nouns representing female entities. Examples: queen, girl, mother, actress, lady, etc. Usage: The girl was waiting for her mother. The queen of England will be leaving her throne soon. Common Gender: Definition: This gender category includes nouns that can represent either male or female entities. The sexual identity of these nouns is not specified. Examples: teacher, cousin, friend, student, etc. Usage: My cousin will visit me on Wednesday. The student is not willing to give the exam. Neuter Gender: Definition: This gender category includes nouns that are neither male nor female; they are inanimate objects. Examples: table, book, pen, bus, etc. Usage: I want a new pen. The school is opening tomorrow. Forming the feminine of nouns with details: 1. By using an entirely different word: 2. By adding a syllable (-ess, -ine, -trix, -a, etc.): Note: In the following, -ess is added after dropping the vowel of the masculine ending! Note: The suffix -ess is the commonest suffix used to form feminine nouns and is the only one currently used in forming a new feminine noun. 3. By placing a word before or after: More Examples:

A determiner is like a helper word that works with a noun to give us more information. It tells us things like who owns something, how much of it there is, or which one we're talking about. Examples: Determiners and Nouns One person is missing from the group. I’ve been stung by a wasp. Determiners vs. Adjectives: Determiners and adjectives both talk about nouns, but they do it in different ways. Determiners are like special helpers, and they are really important for making sense. Adjectives, on the other hand, can describe things but don’t always play such a crucial role. Examples: Determiners vs. Adjectives Calvin cycled his blue bike home from work. Calvin cycled his bike home from work. (Note: If there’s both a determiner and an adjective before a noun, the determiner comes first.) Types of Determiners: 1. Definite and Indefinite Articles: Definite Article "The": "I just saw the movie everyone is talking about." "The" is used to refer to a specific and known movie. "Can you pass me the salt, please?" "The" is used to refer to a specific item (salt) that is known to both the speaker and the listener. Indefinite Articles "A" and "An": "I adopted a dog from the shelter." "A" is used to refer to any dog, not a specific one. "Would you like an apple from the basket?" "An" is used before "apple" because it starts with a vowel sound. 2. Demonstrative Determiners: Demonstrative determiners help point out specific things. "I love this dress, but I'm not sure about that one." "This" refers to a dress close to the speaker, while "that" refers to a more distant one. "Look at these pictures! I took those on vacation." "These" and "those" distinguish between pictures in close proximity and those taken on a different occasion. 3. Possessive Determiners: Possessive determiners indicate ownership. "Sarah is known for her incredible photography skills." "Her" indicates that the skills belong to Sarah. "The company is proud of its innovative approach to technology." "Its" indicates that the approach belongs to the company. 4. Numbers: Numbers provide information about quantity or order. Cardinal Numbers: "I have three cats, and each has its own unique personality." "Three" indicates the quantity of cats. Ordinal Numbers: "She won the first prize in the competition." "First" specifies the order of the prize. 5. Distributive Determiners: Distributive determiners refer to individual or grouped occurrences. "Each student is required to submit his or her own project." "Each" emphasizes individual responsibility. "Half the cookies are chocolate chip, and the other half are oatmeal." "Half" specifies the quantity, and "the other half" emphasizes the remaining portion. 6. Interrogative Determiners: Interrogative determiners help form questions or express curiosity. "Which book is the most interesting to you?" "Which" asks about a specific book from a set of options. "Whose phone is ringing in the next room?" "Whose" inquires about the ownership of the ringing phone. 7. Quantifiers: Quantifiers express quantity. "Several students volunteered to help with the event." "Several" gives an idea of a moderately large number. "I need some advice on planning a trip." "Some" indicates an unspecified but not necessarily small amount. 8. Determiners of Difference: Determiners of difference help distinguish between things. "She prefers other styles of music, not just pop." "Other" suggests different types of music. "Can I have another slice of cake?" "Another" refers to an additional slice, different from the ones consumed earlier. All types of Determiners ( Details) Articles: Definition: Articles are determiners that indicate whether a noun refers to something specific or general. a / an: Description: "A" is used before words that begin with a consonant sound, while "an" is used before words that begin with a vowel sound. Example: I saw a movie yesterday. the: Description: "The" is a definite article used to refer to a specific noun that is unique or known. Example: The Eiffel Tower is in Paris. Demonstratives: Definition: Demonstratives indicate the relative position or proximity of a noun. that / those: Description: "That" refers to a singular noun, while "those" refers to plural nouns, both indicating something farther away. Example: I prefer that book on the shelf. this / these: Description: "This" refers to a singular noun, while "these" refers to plural nouns, both indicating something closer. Example: I like these shoes. Personal Determiners: Definition: Personal determiners are used to refer to specific people or entities. we / us: Description: "We" is used as a subject pronoun, and "us" is used as an object pronoun. Example: We are going to the party. you: Description: "You" is used to refer to the person or people being addressed. Example: Can you pass the salt? them: Description: Used to refer to a group of people in some dialects. Example: I invited them to the gathering. Universal Determiners: Definition: Universal determiners refer to all members of a group. all: Description: Refers to every member of a group. Example: All students must attend the orientation. both: Description: Refers to the entirety of two things. Example: I like both coffee and tea. Distributive Determiners: Definition: Distributive determiners refer to individuals or items separately. each: Description: Refers to every member of a group individually. Example: Each student received a certificate. every: Description: Refers to every member of a group collectively. Example: The library is open every day. Existential Determiners: Definition: Existential determiners indicate the existence of something. any: Description: Refers to an indefinite member of a group. Example: I can help at any time. some: Description: Refers to an indefinite quantity or number. Example: Do you have some free time? Cardinal Numerals: Definition: Cardinal numerals indicate quantity or number. zero, one, two, three, four, five million, etc.: Description: Numerals used to represent specific quantities. Example: There are three apples on the table. Disjunctive Determiners: Definition: Disjunctive determiners present alternatives. either: Description: Indicates a choice between two options. Example: You can choose either option. neither: Description: Indicates the exclusion of both options. Example: I like neither of the colors. Negative Determiners: Definition: Negative determiners indicate absence. no: Description: Indicates the absence of quantity or number. Example: There is no milk in the fridge. none: Description: Indicates the absence of all members. Example: I have none left. Alternative-Additive Determiner: Definition: Alternative-additive determiners introduce additional options. another: Description: Indicates one more of a similar kind. Example: Can I have another piece of cake? Positive Paucal Determiners: Definition: Positive paucal determiners indicate a small, but positive, quantity. a few: Description: Refers to a small number. Example: I have a few friends coming over. a little: Description: Refers to a small amount. Example: Add a little sugar to the tea. several: Description: Refers to more than a few but not many. Example: I read several books over the weekend. Degree Determiners: Definition: Degree determiners indicate the extent of a quality. few / fewer / fewest: Description: Refers to a small number, with comparative and superlative forms. Example: I have few regrets. little / less / least: Description: Refers to a small amount, with comparative and superlative forms. Example: I have little patience. many / more / most: Description: Refers to a large number, with comparative and superlative forms. Example: Most people enjoy music. much / more / most: Description: Refers to a large amount, with comparative and superlative forms. Example: I don't have much time. Sufficiency Determiners: Definition: Sufficiency determiners indicate an adequate amount. enough: Description: Indicates an adequate quantity or degree. Example: I have enough money for the trip. sufficient: Description: Indicates an adequate amount or degree. Example: The evidence is sufficient for the case. Temporal Determiners: Definition: Temporal determiners indicate time. last: Description: Refers to the period just before the present. Example: I saw him last week. next: Description: Refers to the period just after the present. Example: I'll see you next month. Interrogative Determiners: Definition: Interrogative determiners are used in asking questions. what: Description: Used to inquire about something. Example: What is your favorite color? whatever: Description: Used to ask about anything. Example: You can do whatever you like. which: Description: Used to inquire about a choice among alternatives. Example: Which book do you want? whichever: Description: Used to inquire about any choice among alternatives. Example: You can choose whichever movie you want. Marginal Determiners: Definition: Marginal determiners are less commonly used. certain: Description: Indicates a specific thing or things. Example: I heard certain students were rewarded. said: Description: Indicates something previously mentioned. Example: The said article was interesting. various: Description: Indicates a variety or diversity. Example: We visited various places during our trip. Relative Determiners: Definition: Relative determiners introduce relative clauses. what: Description: Used in a relative clause. Example: I didn't understand what he said. whatever: Description: Used in a relative clause. Example: Give me whatever you have. which: Description: Used in a relative clause. Example: Choose which color you like. whichever: Description: Used in a relative clause. Example: Pick whichever day suits you. Compound Determiners: Definition: Compound determiners consist of multiple words. a few, a little: Description: Expresses a small quantity or amount. Example: I need a few more minutes. -body, -one, -thing, & -where: Description: Forms compound determiners referring to people, objects, things, and places. Example: Anybody can join the club. Other Determines: Genitive Pronouns: my, your, his, her, our, their: Indicate possession. Example: This is my car. its: Indicates possession for inanimate objects. Example: The cat licked its paw. whose: Indicates possession when referring to people or things. Example: Do you know whose book this is? one's: Indicates possession in a general sense. Example: Everyone should take care of one's belongings. Nouns: Any genitive noun phrase such as "the cat's," "the cats'," "Geoff's," etc. Predeterminers: half, a third, a quarter, etc.: Indicates a portion or fraction. Example: I ate half of the pizza. such, quite, rather: Adds emphasis to the determiner. Example: She was quite surprised. twice, thrice: Indicates repetition. Example: I checked twice before leaving. both, all: Refers to the entirety of a group. Example: We can eat both dishes. double, triple, quadruple, etc.: Indicates multiplication. Example: The recipe calls for double the amount of sugar. List of Determiners with examples A Few: "I have a few apples left." A Little: "She needs a little help with her homework." All: "He ate all the cookies." An: "She found an interesting book at the library." Another: "Can I have another piece of cake?" Any: "Do you have any plans for the weekend?" Anybody: "Anybody can join the club." Anyone: "Anyone can apply for the scholarship." Anything: "You can ask me anything." Anywhere: "We can go anywhere you'd like." Both: "Both options are acceptable." Certain: "She had certain reservations about the decision." Each: "Each student received a certificate." Either: "You can choose either option." Enough: "We have enough time to finish the project." Every: "Every child deserves a good education." Everybody: "Everybody enjoyed the party." Everyone: "Everyone is welcome to join." Everything: "He packed everything for the trip." Everywhere: "I searched everywhere for my keys." Few: "I have few friends in this city." Fewer: "There are fewer people at the meeting than expected." Fewest: "He has the fewest items on his list." Last: "This is the last piece of cake." Least: "He chose the option that required the least effort." Less: "She has less time to complete the task." Little: "She has little patience for waiting." Many: "There are many books on the shelf." Many a: "Many a student has struggled with this concept." More: "We need more chairs for the guests." Most: "She ate most of the pizza." Much: "There isn't much time left." Neither: "Neither option seems suitable." Next: "Next week, we're going on vacation." No: "No answer was provided." No One: "No one knows the answer." Nobody: "Nobody attended the meeting." None: "None of the suggestions were accepted." Nothing: "There is nothing in the box." Nowhere: "He could find his keys nowhere." Once: "Once upon a time, there was a princess." One: "I need one more piece of information." Said: "Said the wise old owl." Several: "Several students excelled in the exam." Some: "Can I have some of your fries?" Somebody: "Somebody left their umbrella here." Something: "There is something on the table." Somewhere: "I left my keys somewhere in the house." Sufficient: "Sufficient evidence was provided." That: "I want that book on the top shelf." The: "The sun is shining brightly." These: "These are my favorite flowers." This: "This is the best movie I've seen." Those: "Those shoes are on sale." Three: "I have three siblings." Thrice: "He knocked on the door thrice." Twice: "She called me twice yesterday." Two: "I need two tickets for the concert." Us: "The gift is for us." Various: "Various options are available." We: "We are going to the park." What: "What movie did you watch?" Whatever: "You can choose whatever you like." Which: "Tell me which book you want." Whichever: "You can pick whichever dress you prefer." You: "You are my best friend." Zero: "There is zero chance of rain." Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate determiner. I saw __________ movie yesterday, and it was amazing! Can you pass me __________ salt, please? She won __________ first prize in the competition. __________ students volunteered to help with the event. Look at __________ pictures! I took __________ on vacation. I adopted __________ dog from the shelter. __________ moon looks beautiful tonight. I just bought __________ new car, and I love it. Which book is __________ most interesting to you? She prefers __________ styles of music, not just pop. __________ company is proud of __________ innovative approach to technology. __________ elephant approached. __________ elephant was large and gray. __________ winter is a lot milder than __________ winter. __________ people are not to blame. __________ people over there started the fight. I have __________ cats, and each has __________ own unique personality. There are already __________ people waiting for a table at this restaurant. She needs __________ advice on planning a trip. __________ shoe might match your outfit better. Can I have __________ cup of tea? Jesse ate __________ apple and __________ orange. Answers: I saw a movie yesterday, and it was amazing! Can you pass me the salt, please? She won the first prize in the competition. Several students volunteered to help with the event. Look at these pictures! I took those on vacation. I adopted a dog from the shelter. The moon looks beautiful tonight. I just bought a new car, and I love it. Which book is the most interesting to you? She prefers other styles of music, not just pop. The company is proud of its innovative approach to technology. An elephant approached. The elephant was large and gray. This winter is a lot milder than that winter. These people are not to blame. Those people over there started the fight. I have three cats, and each has its own unique personality. There are already several people waiting for a table at this restaurant. She needs some advice on planning a trip. Other shoe might match your outfit better. Can I have another cup of tea? Jesse ate an apple and an orange. Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate determiner. We bought __________ new furniture for __________ living room. Could you please pass me __________ salt from __________ table? __________ sun is shining brightly in __________ sky. I need __________ advice on __________ best way to invest my money. Have you seen __________ movie with __________ actors I told you about? She adopted __________ puppy from __________ animal shelter. __________ team performed well, and they won __________ match. Please choose __________ book from __________ shelf for our book club. __________ students are participating in __________ science fair this year. I found __________ interesting article in __________ newspaper this morning. __________ man you met yesterday is my brother. __________ dozen eggs should be enough for __________ baking. __________ first day of school is always exciting. I wonder which house is __________ one with __________ beautiful garden. __________ few people managed to solve __________ challenging puzzle. Can you recommend __________ good restaurant for __________ dinner tonight? __________ other students have already submitted __________ assignments. He is holding __________ umbrella to shield himself from __________ rain. Let's meet at __________ park near __________ lake. She is known for __________ kindness and __________ generosity. Answers: We bought some new furniture for the living room. Could you please pass me the salt from the table? The sun is shining brightly in the sky. I need some advice on the best way to invest my money. Have you seen a movie with the actors I told you about? She adopted a puppy from an animal shelter. The team performed well, and they won the match. Please choose a book from the shelf for our book club. Several students are participating in the science fair this year. I found an interesting article in the newspaper this morning. The man you met yesterday is my brother. A dozen eggs should be enough for some baking. The first day of school is always exciting. I wonder which house is the one with the beautiful garden. A few people managed to solve the challenging puzzle. Can you recommend a good restaurant for dinner tonight? The other students have already submitted their assignments. He is holding an umbrella to shield himself from the rain. Let's meet at the park near the lake. She is known for her kindness and generosity. Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate determiner from the list. Some sentences may have more than one correct answer. I have ___ appointment at the dentist's office. a) a b) an c) the Look at ___ beautiful sunset over there! a) that b) those c) this d) these We are planning to visit ___ museum this weekend. a) our b) us c) the Do you have ___ plans for the weekend? a) some b) any c) every I saw ___ movie yesterday, and it was fantastic! a) a b) an c) the ___ students in the class must submit their projects by Friday. a) Every b) All c) Some She needs ___ more time to finish her work. a) a few b) a little c) several I don't have ___ patience to wait any longer. a) many b) much c) more ___ people attended the concert last night. a) Few b) A few c) Little Can you pass me ___ salt, please? a) a b) an c) the I need ___ information about the new project. a) a little b) some c) much I'll take ___ blue dress on the rack. a) this b) that c) these d) those She is not interested in ___ of the job offers. a) neither b) either c) both I have ___ appointments today, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. a) a b) an c) the I saw ___ amazing performance at the theater last night. a) an b) the c) this ___ time is running out; we need to make a decision. a) Some b) No c) The There is ___ milk left in the refrigerator. a) any b) some c) a little ___ children in the neighborhood play together. a) Every b) Each c) Some I have ___ reason to doubt his honesty. a) no b) none c) some She wants to adopt ___ puppy from the animal shelter. a) a b) an c) the I need ___ assistance with this difficult task. a) some b) a little c) much I like ___ of the paintings in the art gallery. a) all b) both c) many ___ people can solve this problem on their own. a) Some b) Any c) Every I'll have ___ cup of coffee, please. a) a b) an c) the She doesn't have ___ interest in sports. a) any b) some c) few I visited ___ new restaurant downtown. a) a b) an c) the There are ___ people waiting outside the theater. a) many b) much c) more I have ___ idea what to do next. a) a b) an c) the She will bring ___ dessert to the potluck. a) some b) any c) much ___ books on the shelf are mine. a) Those b) These c) That d) This I don't have ___ time to waste. a) many b) much c) more ___ members of the team are here for the meeting. a) Every b) All c) Some I saw ___ interesting documentary on television last night. a) an b) the c) this She needs ___ help to move the heavy furniture. a) a little b) some c) much There is ___ place like home. a) no b) none c) any I want to adopt ___ cat from the animal shelter. a) a b) an c) the ___ students in the class performed exceptionally well. a) Every b) Each c) Some I don't have ___ interest in politics. a) many b) much c) more I'll take ___ red shoes on display. a) this b) that c) these d) those She is not interested in ___ of the available options. a) neither b) either c) both I have ___ appointments tomorrow, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. a) a b) an c) the I saw ___ incredible performance at the theater last night. a) an b) the c) this ___ time is limited; we need to act quickly. a) Some b) No c) The There is ___ sugar left in the container. a) any b) some c) a little ___ children in the neighborhood play together. a) Every b) Each c) Some I have ___ doubt about his sincerity. a) no b) none c) some She wants to buy ___ new dress for the party. a) a b) an c) the I need ___ advice on how to handle the situation. a) some b) a little c) much I like ___ of the movies in the film festival. a) all b) both c) many ___ man can solve this complex puzzle. a) Some b) Any c) Every Answers: a c a b a b a b a c a a a a b c b a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b a a a a a b a a a a c a b a a a a b Common Errors: Common errors associated with determiners: Missing Article: Incorrect: "I bought car yesterday." Correct: "I bought a car yesterday." Incorrect Article Choice: Incorrect: "I need an advice." Correct: "I need some advice." Using the Indefinite Article with Uncountable Nouns: Incorrect: "I need a water." Correct: "I need some water." Overusing "The": Incorrect: "I saw the interesting movie yesterday." Correct: "I saw an interesting movie yesterday." Using Plural Nouns Without an Article: Incorrect: "I have dogs." Correct: "I have some dogs." Using "Fewer" When "Less" Is Appropriate: Incorrect: "I have fewer time than you." Correct: "I have less time than you." Incorrect Use of Demonstratives: Incorrect: "Can you pass this salt, please?" Correct: "Can you pass the salt, please?" Confusing "Few" and "A Few": Incorrect: "I have few friends." Correct: "I have a few friends." Misplacing Quantifiers: Incorrect: "Many students enjoyed the party, not." Correct: "Many students enjoyed the party, not all." Using Double Negatives Incorrectly: Incorrect: "I don't need no help." Correct: "I don't need any help." Confusing "Each" and "Every": Incorrect: "I visit the gym each day." Correct: "I visit the gym every day." Using "Both" Incorrectly: Incorrect: "Both of my parents doesn't like coffee." Correct: "Both of my parents don't like coffee." Incorrect Use of "Other" and "Another": Incorrect: "I'll have other cup of tea." Correct: "I'll have another cup of tea." Incorrect Use of "Many" and "Much": Incorrect: "I don't have much friends." Correct: "I don't have many friends." Using "This" or "These" to Refer to Distant Objects: Incorrect: "I like this mountains." Correct: "I like those mountains." Misusing Possessive Determiners: Incorrect: "The cat licked it's paw." Correct: "The cat licked its paw." Confusing "Some" and "Any": Incorrect: "I didn't find any interesting books." Correct: "I didn't find any interesting books." Overusing "Any" in Affirmative Sentences: Incorrect: "I'll take any of the desserts." Correct: "I'll take one of the desserts." Using "All" Incorrectly with Plural Nouns: Incorrect: "All people are kind." Correct: "All people are kind." Misusing Interrogative Determiners: Incorrect: "Which height is the Empire State Building?" Correct: "What height is the Empire State Building?" Incorrect Use of "Either" and "Neither": Incorrect: "I don't like either of the options." Correct: "I don't like neither of the options." Using "Some" Instead of "A Few" or "A Little": Incorrect: "I have some friends coming over." Correct: "I have a few friends coming over." Confusing "Few" and "Little": Incorrect: "I have little time for hobbies." Correct: "I have few hobbies." Misplacing "Many" and "Much": Incorrect: "There are much students in the classroom." Correct: "There are many students in the classroom." Misusing "Fewer" and "Less": Incorrect: "I have less friends than you." Correct: "I have fewer friends than you." Using "That" Instead of "Those" for Plural Nouns: Incorrect: "I like that mountains." Correct: "I like those mountains." Incorrect Use of "All" with Uncountable Nouns: Incorrect: "All water in the bottle is gone." Correct: "All the water in the bottle is gone." Using "The" with Uncountable Nouns Generally: Incorrect: "The patience is a virtue." Correct: "Patience is a virtue." Misplacing "Each" and "Every": Incorrect: "She exercises every day for an hour." Correct: "She exercises each day for an hour." Incorrect Use of "The" with Superlatives: Incorrect: "It was the most interesting party I ever attended." Correct: "It was the most interesting party I ever attended." Confusing "Some" and "Any" in Negative Sentences: Incorrect: "I don't have any money." Correct: "I don't have any money." Using "Much" with Countable Nouns: Incorrect: "There is much books on the shelf." Correct: "There are many books on the shelf." Misusing "Few" in Affirmative Sentences: Incorrect: "Few people appreciate classical music." Correct: "Many people appreciate classical music." Incorrect Use of "Any" in Affirmative Sentences: Incorrect: "I'll take any of the desserts." Correct: "I'll take one of the desserts." Confusing "Those" and "Them": Incorrect: "Give me those keys; I need them." Correct: "Give me those keys; I need them." Misusing "Every" and "All" Together: Incorrect: "Every the students passed the exam." Correct: "All the students passed the exam." Incorrect Use of "The" with Plural Countable Nouns Generally: Incorrect: "The apples are delicious." Correct: "Apples are delicious." Using "Some" Instead of "Another": Incorrect: "I want some cup of tea." Correct: "I want another cup of tea." Misplacing "Other" and "Another": Incorrect: "I'll have another fruit; oranges are my favorite." Correct: "I'll have another fruit; oranges are my favorite." Confusing "Which" and "What" in Questions: Incorrect: "Which is your favorite color?" Correct: "What is your favorite color?"

Introductory Subjects: “It” and “There” Overview: In English, we use the words "it" and "there" as dummy subjects when a sentence needs a subject but doesn't have a specific one. Dummy subjects are handy for talking about weather, time, dates, and general situations. Examples of Dummy Subjects: It’s raining. It is six in the morning. It’s Thursday, the first of January. There’s some cake for you on the table. There is always something more important to do than clean your fridge. What is a Dummy Subject? A dummy subject doesn't have its own meaning but fills the subject slot in a sentence. The subject is what or whom the sentence is about. It usually comes before the verb. Examples of Sentences with Dummy Subjects: It is bright and sunny. There isn't a cloud in the sky. It as a Dummy Subject: The word "it" is used as a dummy subject for time, weather, dates, and general situations. It doesn't refer to anything specific but helps complete the sentence. Examples with "It" as Dummy Subject: It’s sunny outside—the perfect day for a picnic. It is 3 a.m., and I’m wide awake. It’s a strange world we live in. Anticipatory It: "It" can be used to refer to a real subject that comes later in the sentence. This is called anticipatory "it." Examples of Anticipatory It: It is important to be happy in your own body. It’s funny how cats like cheese. There as a Dummy Subject: The word "there" is used as a dummy subject to indicate the existence of a situation. It doesn’t refer to something specific but introduces the situation. Examples with "There" as Dummy Subject: There are two ways to solve this problem. Is there anything I can do to help? When to Use Dummy Subjects: Dummy subjects like "it" and "there" are common in English, and avoiding them can make sentences sound odd. They're especially useful when the real subject is not available. Examples of Using Dummy Subjects: Preferred: There is some cake left. Poor: Some cake is left. Caution about Overusing: Using dummy subjects excessively in formal writing can make sentences vague. Identify and revise sentences starting with "it is," "there is," and "there are" to make them more concise. Examples of Overuse and How to Fix: Poor: There were forty research papers that we reviewed. Better: We reviewed forty research papers. Examples from Literature: Here are sentences from literature where dummy subjects "it" and "there" are used to introduce situations. Examples from Literature: "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen." - George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Novel (1949) "There is no story that is not true." - Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (1958) Exercise Insert introductory it or there ___ seems like a good idea to go for a walk. ___ is no easy way to learn a new language quickly. ___ was a beautiful sunset over the horizon. ___ is always something interesting happening in this town. ___ is necessary to stay hydrated during hot weather. ___ are three main reasons why exercise is essential. ___ feels like ages since we last met. ___ should be enough time to finish the project. ___ was a long line at the grocery store today. ___ is vital to respect others' opinions. ___ seems that we forgot to buy milk. ___ takes a lot of courage to speak in public. ___ is clear that the plan needs some adjustments. ___ is no need to worry about the weather tomorrow. ___ is a fantastic view from the top of the mountain. ___ appears to be a misunderstanding between them. ___ might rain later in the afternoon. ___ is never too late to start a new hobby. ___ seems like a good time to take a break. ___ is no excuse for rudeness in any situation. Answers: It There It There It There It There There It It It It There It It It It It There Exercise Insert introductory it or there ___ is a rumor that the company might undergo restructuring. ___ is believed that the team will achieve success this season. ___ seems impossible to fix the old computer. ___ is essential to stay focused during challenging times. ___ is expected that the results will be announced by noon. ___ feels strange to be in a new environment. ___ was in the middle of the night when the phone rang. ___ is common for people to underestimate the power of teamwork. ___ was clear from the beginning that changes were needed. ___ is necessary to address the issue promptly. ___ seems like a waste of time to argue about trivial matters. ___ is doubtful whether the project will be completed on time. ___ is known that she excels in problem-solving. ___ is expected that the conference will attract a large audience. ___ is strange how quickly time passes when you're having fun. ___ is crucial to foster a positive work environment. ___ was at that moment when everything changed. ___ seems that the train will be delayed due to technical issues. ___ was no one at the party who I knew. ___ is advised to double-check the information before presenting it. Answers: There It (anticipatory) It It It (anticipatory) It It It It (anticipatory) It It It It It (anticipatory) It It It It (anticipatory) There It Explanation: There is a rumor that the company might undergo restructuring. (Genuine "there" dummy subject) It is believed that the team will achieve success this season. (Anticipatory "it" referring to the belief) It seems impossible to fix the old computer. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It is essential to stay focused during challenging times. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It is expected that the results will be announced by noon. (Anticipatory "it" indicating the expectation) It feels strange to be in a new environment. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It was in the middle of the night when the phone rang. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It is common for people to underestimate the power of teamwork. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It was clear from the beginning that changes were needed. (Anticipatory "it" indicating clarity) It is necessary to address the issue promptly. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It seems like a waste of time to argue about trivial matters. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It is doubtful whether the project will be completed on time. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It is known that she excels in problem-solving. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It is expected that the conference will attract a large audience. (Anticipatory "it" indicating the expectation) It is strange how quickly time passes when you're having fun. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It is crucial to foster a positive work environment. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It was at that moment when everything changed. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) It seems that the train will be delayed due to technical issues. (Anticipatory "it" indicating a seeming situation) There was no one at the party who I knew. (Genuine "there" dummy subject) It is advised to double-check the information before presenting it. (Genuine "it" dummy subject) Read each sentence carefully and identify any errors in the use of "it" and "there." If there is an error, correct it. It's many ways to improve your productivity at work. There is important to create a positive work environment. It seems a challenging task, but you can accomplish it with dedication. There's a cat on the roof, looking for a way down. It was a surprise when I found out about the unexpected holiday. There's a lot of things that I want to accomplish before turning 30. It is known that exercise contributes to overall well-being. There is many benefits to adopting a healthy lifestyle. It's no easy task to master a new skill in a short period. There are some interesting facts about the history of ancient civilizations. It's raining outside, so don't forget your umbrella. There is a book on the shelf that I recommend reading. It feels like yesterday when we first met. There's no reason to be afraid of trying something new. It is common for people to underestimate the power of kindness. There is a solution to every problem; you just need to find it. It was a mistake to assume that the project would be completed on time. There are several factors that contributes to a healthy lifestyle. It's important to have a positive mindset in challenging situations. There's a beautiful park near my house that I often visit. Answers: It's ➔ There are There is ➔ It is It ➔ It may seem There's ➔ There is It ➔ It was There's ➔ There are It is ➔ It is There is ➔ There are It's ➔ It is There are ➔ There are It's ➔ It is There is ➔ There is It ➔ It has There's ➔ There is It is ➔ It is There is ➔ There is It ➔ It was contributes ➔ contribute It's ➔ It is There's ➔ There is Explanation It's many ways to improve your productivity at work. Correction: There are many ways to improve your productivity at work.Explanation: "There are" is used to indicate the existence of multiple ways. There is important to create a positive work environment. Correction: It is important to create a positive work environment.Explanation: "It is" is used to emphasize the importance of creating a positive work environment. It seems a challenging task, but you can accomplish it with dedication. Correction: It may seem a challenging task, but you can accomplish it with dedication.Explanation: Added "may" to make the sentence more accurate and reflective of perception. There's a cat on the roof, looking for a way down.Correction: There is a cat on the roof, looking for a way down.Explanation: The correction maintains the correct usage of "There is." It was a surprise when I found out about the unexpected holiday.Correction: It was a surprise when I found out about the unexpected holiday.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. There's a lot of things that I want to accomplish before turning 30.Correction: There are a lot of things that I want to accomplish before turning 30.Explanation: "There are" is used for multiple things. It is known that exercise contributes to overall well-being.Correction: It is known that exercise contributes to overall well-being.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. There is many benefits to adopting a healthy lifestyle.Correction: There are many benefits to adopting a healthy lifestyle.Explanation: "There are" is used for multiple benefits. It's no easy task to master a new skill in a short period.Correction: It is no easy task to master a new skill in a short period.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. There are some interesting facts about the history of ancient civilizations.Correction: There are some interesting facts about the history of ancient civilizations.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. It's raining outside, so don't forget your umbrella.Correction: It is raining outside, so don't forget your umbrella.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. There is a book on the shelf that I recommend reading.Correction: There is a book on the shelf that I recommend reading.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. It feels like yesterday when we first met.Correction: It has felt like yesterday since we first met.Explanation: Modified to indicate the ongoing feeling since the time of meeting. There's no reason to be afraid of trying something new.Correction: There is no reason to be afraid of trying something new.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. It is common for people to underestimate the power of kindness.Correction: It is common for people to underestimate the power of kindness.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. There is a solution to every problem; you just need to find it.Correction: There is a solution to every problem; you just need to find it.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. It was a mistake to assume that the project would be completed on time.Correction: It was a mistake to assume that the project would be completed on time.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. There are several factors that contributes to a healthy lifestyle.Correction: There are several factors that contribute to a healthy lifestyle.Explanation: "There are" is used for multiple factors. It's important to have a positive mindset in challenging situations.Correction: It is important to have a positive mindset in challenging situations.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed. There's a beautiful park near my house that I often visit.Correction: There is a beautiful park near my house that I often visit.Explanation: The original sentence is already correct; no changes needed.

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Dhaka-poard-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 20221 Time-2 hours; Full marks-50 [N.B. The figures in the right margin indicate full marks. Answer all the questions.) Read the passage. Then answer the questions below 1 and 2 : May Day or International Workers' Day is observed on May 1 all over the world today to commemorate the historical struggle and sacrifices of the working people to establish an eight-hour workday. It is a public holiday in almost all the countries of the world. Since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and the US, the workers in mills and factories had been working a long shift, fourteen or even more hours a day. On May 1st in 1886, inspired by the trade unions, half of the workers at the McCormick Harvester Company in Chicago went on strike demanding an eight-hour workday. Two days later, a workers' rally was held near the McCormick Harvester Company and about 6000 workers joined it. The rally was addressed by the labour leaders. They urged the workers to stand together, to go on with their struggle and not to give in to their bosses. Just at this moment, some strike breakers started leaving the meeting place. The strikers went down the street to bring them back. Suddenly about 200 policemen attacked them with clubs and revolvers. One striker was killed instantly, five or six others were badly injured. The events of May 1, 1886 are a reminder that workers will continue to be exploited until they stand up and speak out to gain better working conditions, better pay and better lives. 1.      Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives :                                               1x5=5 (a)     The word 'commemorate' in line two means------------- (i) identify (ii) remember (iii) demonstrate (iv) display (b)     The prevailing work hour of the workers had been very ------------  (i) tolerable (ii) short (iii) lengthy (iv) expectable (c)     In the rally, the labour leaders inspired the workers----------- (i) to follow their bosses. (ii) to honour their bosses. (iii) not to surrender to their bosses. (iv) not to disobey their bosses. (d)     Whom does trade union represent? (i) Farmers (ii) Teachers (iii) Workers (iv) Businessmen (e)     During the industrial revolution the workers in mills and factories had a/an-------  (i) favourable environment (ii) satisfactory environment (iii) accordant environment (iv) adverse environment 2. Answer the following questions : —                                                                                         2x4=8 (a)     Why is May Day or International Workers' Day observed now? (b)     When and where did the historic events of May 1st take place? (c)     How did the policemen behave with the workers during their protest? (d)     What inspired the workers joining the protest?_ • 3. Read the following text and fill in each gap with suitable word based on the information of the text :                                                                                                                                0.5x10=5 Bangladesh is now apparently in the grip o all sorts o pollution like air pollution, soil pollution and water pollution. The dwellers of the urban areas are the worst sufferers of such pollution. The indiscriminate industrialisation process in Bangladesh over the past decades has created significant environmental problems. Air pollution comes from a wide variety of sources. In Bangladesh poisonous exhaust from industrial plants, brick kilns, old and poorly — serviced vehicles and dust from roads and construction sites are some of the major sources of air pollution. We can minimise this type of pollution by making less use of motor vehicles and avoiding the use of vehicles older than twenty years. We may also use proper lubricants to lessen the level of emission and pollutants. We can encourage people to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) for fuelling their cars. The government may relocate hazardous industries like brick kilns to areas away  from human habitations. At present, environment pollution                             greatest (a) ------------------------  in Bangladesh. There are various types of pollutions such (b) ---------------------------  air pollution, soil pollution and water pollution. Though it is wide spread, the urban areas are badly (c) ------------------------------------  with it. Unplanned industrialization, wastage (d) ----------------------  mills and factories, faulty vehicles and construction sites are the main (e) -------- ---------  of pollution. To get rid (f) ----------------------  all types of pollutions, some fruitful steps must be (g) -------- --------- . Firstly, to reduce air pollution, faulty and old vehicles must be avoided. On the other (h) ----------------- ----- , we can minimise water and soil pollution by proper management of all (i) -------------------------  of wastage including industrial garbage. Finally, general people must be made (j) ---------------------------  of the adverse consequences of environment pollution. 4.           Match the pints of the sentences in column A, B and C to write four complete sentences :1x4=4 Read the lowing text carefully and—answer the questions no. 5 and 6 : It was Autumn, August 26, 1910. A little girl was born to an Albanian descent, rich catholic merchant's family in a small town called Skopje, Macedonia. She was the youngest of the three siblings and was named Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, who had known that this tiny, little girl would one day become the servant of humanity—would love and serve the poorest of the poor and become the mother of humanity. Yes we are talking about none other than Mother Teresa. At the age of 12, she heard a voice from within her that urged her to spread the love of Christ. She decided that she would be a missionary. At the age of 18 she left her parental home. She then joined an Irish Community of nuns called the Sisters of Loreto, which had missions in India. After a few months of training at the institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Dublin, Mother Teresa came to India. On May 24, 1931, she took her initial vows as a nun. • From 1931 to 1948, Mother Teresa taught Geography and theology at St. Mary's high school in Kolkata. However, the prevailing poverty in Kolkata had a deep impact on Mother Teresa's mind, and in 1948 she received permission from her superiors to leave the convent and devote herself to work among the poorest of the poor in the slums of Kolkata. 5.           Complete the table below with the information from the passage:                                  0.5x6=3 6.Write a summary of the above passage in your own words.                                                   5 Writing Part (Marks-20) 7.Answer the following questions to write a paragraph on "A School Library".                        8 (a) What is a school library? (b) What kinds of books are there in your library? (c) What is the use of your school library? (d) How can you use your school library? 8.Suppose, you are Salam/Salma living at Patenga, Chottogram. Your friend Sumon/Sumona lives at Himchori, Cox's bazar. Recently you have visited his/her house and stayed there for two days. Now, write an e-mail to him/her thanking-his/her family members for their hospitality.                                                                                                                                 7 9.Suppose, you are Ebad and your friend is Rifa. Now, write a dialogue between you and your friend about tree plantation.                                                                                                       5 Cumilla Board-2022 First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Time-2 hours; Full marks-50 "1 (N.B.—The figures in the right margin indicate full marks. Answer all the questions.) Part A—Reading [Test Marks-30] Read the passage, then answer the questions no. 1 and 2 :- "Today there are many jobs where you need English. This is because the world has become smaller. Vast distances are shortened by speedy transports. We can talk to a person thousands of kilometers away on the phone or the Internet. So, we can communicate with the whole world easily. English has made this communication easier. There are many countries in the world with many languages, but to communicate with them, you cannot use all the languages. So you need a common language that you can use with more or less all the people in the world. English is that common language. You can talk to a Chinese toy maker, a French artist, an Arab ambassador or a Korean builder in one language —English. English for us in Bangladesh is all the more important. As we have seen earlier, we are too many people in a small country. So if you learn English, you have the best opportunity to find a good job, both within and outside the country. And that is good news for millions of our unemployed youths." "But Miss, we learh English for 12 or 14 years, yet we do not find good jobs, " says Rumi. She then tells the class about what happened to her brother. "Could you please tell us why?" Rumi asks. "This is a very important question, Rumi. We should learn how to use English both orally and in writing for doing things as needed in our work, such as communicating with others at personal, social, national and international levels. But unfortunately, at the moment we are learning English mainly for our exams," continues Ms Choudhury. "Remember, English can greatly help you become skilled workers." "But where and how can we learn such kind of English, Miss?" asks Ratan. Ms Choudhury ays, "We can learn English both in and outside the classroom. Besides your textbooks, the radio, television, newspapers, magazines, computers and other suppleinentary materials will greatly help you. During our classroom activities, we'll see how we can learn English." 1. Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives :                                                   , 1x5=5 (a)        In the given text- "The world has become smaller" means * (I) The world's area is decreasing (ii) The world has become small (iii) Easy communication systems shorten the distances (iv) The world's land area is getting smaller (b)        An 'ambassador' is ---------- (i) a businessman (ii) an athlete (iii) a banker (iv) an official messenger sent to a foreign country to represent his/her country (c)        The word 'supplementary' used in the text means----------- (i) new (ii) secondary (iii) extra (iv) primary (d)        Which of the following is true? (i) The Internet widens the distances (ii) English is a medium of rapid communication (iii). One can use any language in any country to communicate (iv) English has not made communication easier (e)        The word 'opportunity' stands for------------ (i) opening (ii) chance (iii) offer (iv) oppose 2. Answer the following questions :                                                                                               2x4=8 (a)    Describe briefly the things that have made the present world smaller. (b)    Why is a common language needed in today's world? Write in about 2/3 sentences. (c)    Why is English needed all the more in Bangladesh? (d)    Flow can our youths become a skilled workforce? 3. Read the following text and fill in each gap with a suitable word based on the information of the text:                                                                                                                            0.5x10=5 Air pollution comes from a wide variety of sources. In Bangladesh poisonous exhausts from industrial plants, brick kilns, old or poorly serviced vehicles and dust from roads and construction sites are some of the major sources of air pollution. We can reduce this type of pollution by making less use of motor vehicles and avoiding the use of vehicles older than 20 years. We may also use proper lubricants to leSsen the, level of emission and pollutants. We can encourage people to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) fbr fuelling their cars. The government may relocate hazardous industries like brick kilns to areas away from human habitations. Air is the most important (a) ------------------------  of human environment. Man cannot (b) --------------------  a single moment (c) ---------------  air. But we do not (d) ------------------  that it is we who (e) ------------------  this most vital element. For the (f) ----------------------  of air pollution we should avoid the use of vehicles (g) -- ---------- than 20 years. People can be (h) ---------------  to use CNG or LPG for fuelling their (i) --------------- --. Thus air pollution can be (j) ----------------  to some extent. 4.       Match the Darts of the sentences in Column A. B and C to write four eomnlete sentences 1)64.4 Read the following passage about 'Mother Teresa' and answer the questions no. 5 and 6 : It was late summer, 26 August 1910. A little girl was born to a rich catholic merchants' family of Albanian descent in a small town called Skopje, Macedonia. She was the youngest of the three siblings and was named Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. Who could imagine at the time that this little girl would one day become the mother of humanity, loving and serving the poorest of the poor. Yes, we are talking about none other than Mother Teresa. At the age of 12, she heard a voice from within that urged her to spread the love of Christ. She decided that she would be missionary. At the age of 18, she left her parental home. She then joined an Irish community of nuns called the sisters of Loreto, which had mission in India. After a few months of training at the institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Dublin, Mother Teresa came to India. On may 24, 1931, she took her initial vows as a nun. From 1931 to 1948, Mother Teresa taught geography and theology at St. Mary's High. School in Kolkata (then Calcutta). However, the widespread poverty in Kolkata, had a deep impact on Mother Teresa and in 1948 she received permission from her superiors to leave the convent and devote herself to caring for the poorest of the poor in the slums of Kolkata. 6.            Write a summary of the above passage in your own words. Part B—Writing Test [Marks-201 7.         Answer the following questions to write a paragraph on 'Water Pollution':                               8 (a) Why is water called life? (b) How is water being polluted by humans? (c) How do industrial plants pollute water? (d) What measures should be taken to prevent water pollution? 8.         Suppose, you are Helal/Helen. Your friend Labib/Labiba wanted to know from you about your preparation for the coming S.S.0 examination. Now, write an e-mail to him/her telling about your preparation for the S.S.0 examination. Your friend's e-mail id is inspiration99@ gmail.com.                                                                                                                                  7 9.         Suppose, you are Masum/Masuma. You have a friend named Liton/Luna who does not rise early in the morning. Now, write a dialogue between you and your friend about the importance of early rising.                                                                                                                             5 Rajshashi Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Time-2 hours; Full marks-50 [N.B. The figures in the right margin indicate full marks. Answer all the questions.] Part A—Reading Test [Marks-30] Read the passage and answer the questions 1 and 2 : In the next class Ms. Choudhury tells her students the story of Lipi. The year before last, Lipi, a 14-years old girl was in class nine in a rural school in Rangpur. Lipi is the eldest of five children—three daughters and two sons. Their father is a day labourer working on other people's land and mother is a homemaker and a part-time worker at other people's homes. The parents, particularly the mother, found it real difficult to raise five children on the small income the father could earn. Perhaps that is why Lipi's father wanted to marry her off. But Lipi was not ready to accept what her parents wanted to impose on her. She wanted to pursue her education. Her mother stood by her, though secretly. When her father arranged her marriage with Tara Mia, the only son of a farmer in the same village, she became greatly upset. Tara Mia was a widower-illiterate, but well-off. His father had a few acres of arable land and was influential in the village. The marriage seemed to be inevitable. 1. Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives :                                                    1x5=5 (a)        Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word 'impose'? (i) appear (ii) set (iii) enforce (iv) rely (b)        Lipi had-------------- siblings. (i) two (ii) three (iii) four (iv) five (c)        Which of the following words describes Lipi's father best? (i) jobless (ii) indolent (iii) widower (iv) insolvent (d)        Which of the following best describes Lipi's stand on her marriage? (i),She was much interested in her marriage. (ii) She requested her parents to many her off. (iii) She was not willing to get married. (iv) Her father wanted Lipi to continue her studies. (e)        What is the author's main purpose behind writing the passage? (i) To focus on the life of rural women. (ii) To depict the condition of our rural society. (iii) To show the consequence of early marriage. (iv) To focus on the poor girls' fate in our villages. 2. Answer the following questions :                                                                                              2x4=8 (a)        What do you know about Lipi? (b)        How was the financial condition of Lipi's family? (e) Why was Lipi's father going to marry her off at an early age? (d) Why did Lipi become greatly upset? Read the following text and answer the questions no. 3 and 4 :  Countries of the world rely heavily on petroleum, coal and natural gas for their energy sources. There are two major types of energy sources : renewable and non-renewable. Hydrocarbon or fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy. Reliance on them poses real big problems. First, fossil fuels such as oil, coal, gas etc. are finite energy resources and the world eventually will run out of them. Secondly, they will become too expensive in the coming decades and too damaging for the environment. Thirdly, fossil fuels have direct polluting impacts on earth's environment causing global warming. In contrast, renewable energy sources such as,wind and solar energy are constantly and naturally replenished and never run out. Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight or solar energy can be used for heating and lighting homes, for generating electricity and for other commercial and industrial uses. 3. Fill in each gap with a suitable word based on the information of the text:                           0.5x10=5 People (a) -----------------------  the world are habituated to using two major types of energy sources. They are (b) ---------------------------  as renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewable energy sources are very harmful (c) ---------------  our nature. (d) -------------------------  they are burnt, they produce different types of pollutants which are very (e) --------------------  for our environment. These kinds of energy sources are (0 --------------  With the passage of time they will be (g) ----------------------  and very expensive. They are also (h) -------------  for global warming. (i) --------------------  the other hand, renewable energy sources are very (j) -------------  and environment friendly. 4. Match the parts of sentences given in column 'A"B' and 'C' to write four complete sentences : 1x4=4 5. Read the passage from the text and complete the following table with information from the passage :            0.5x6=3 It was late summer, 26 August 1910. A little girl was born to a rich Catholic merchants' family of Albanian descent in a small town called Skopje, Macedonia. She was the youngest of the three siblings and was named Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. Who could imagine at the time that this little girl would one day become the mother of humanity, loving and serving the poorest of the poor? Yes, we are talking about none other than Mother Teresa. At the age of 12, she heard a voice from within that urged her to spread the love of Christ. She decided that she would be a missionary. At the age of 18 she left her parental home. She then joined an Irish community of nuns called the sisters of Loreto, which had missions in India. After a few months of training at the institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Dublin, Mother Teresa came to India. On May 24, 1931, she took her initial vows as a nun. From 1931 to 1948, Mother Teresa taught geography and theology at St. Mary's High School in Kolkata (then Calcutta). However, the widespread poverty in Kolkata had a deep impact on Mother Teresa and in 1948 she received permission from her superiors to leave the convent and devote herself to caring for the poorest at the poor in the slums of Kolkata. For her contribution to humanity, she was awarded the Noble Peace Prize in 1979. She died at the age of 87, on 5 September. 1997. Biography of Mother Teresa 6. Write a mammary of the above passage in your own words.                                                           5 Part B—Writing [Marks-201 7. Answer the following questions to write a paragraph on 'A Book Fair': (a)  What is a book fair? (b)  What types of books are available in the fair? (c)  How is the environment of the fair? (d)  What is the importance of a book fair? 8. Suppose, you are Samin/Samina living at Rupnagar, Narayangonj. You have a friend named Joy/Joya living at Sonapur, Chattogram: He/She does not read the newspaper daily. Now, write an e-mail to him/her describing the importance of reading newspaper.                            7 9. Suppose, you are Bakul and your friend is Nayon. Now, write a dialogue between you and your friend on the benefits of early rising.                                                                                          5 Jashore Board 2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Time-2 hours; Full marks-50 [N.B."The figures in the right margin indicate full marks.] Part A—Reading Test [Marks-301 Read the passage and answer the questions below nos. 1 and 2 : Humans can neither change the sun's radiation nor the earth's orbit around the sun. But they can control the increase in the amount of green house gases and its effect on the atmosphere. Only during the last hundred years, the carbon dioxide concentration hag' been raised alarmingly in the atmosphere and we humans can be held responsible for this. The main cause of the increase in carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels. Since the end of the 19th century, industrial activities increased rapidly giving rise to many factories. These factories required energy, which was produced through the combustion of coal. Besides coal, other sources of energy such as mineral oil and natural gas were also burned to heat our houses, run cars and airplanes or to produce electricity. Nowadays, about 85 million barrels of crude oil are burned daily. Every time a fossil raw material is burned, it releases carbon dioxide into the air. Therefore, it is clear that more and more greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are being generated worldwide by humans. Moreover, we are strengthening the greenhouse effect by deforestation, which means cutting down trees. Every year enormous areas of forests are destroyed by people to obtain wood and to clear regions for mining and to create pasture. This loss of the forest causes dual problems. Trees that are burned up release large volumes of carbon dioxide gas into the air. On the other hand, as forests absorb a lot of carbon dioxide from the air and deliver Oxygen instead, we also destroy an important storehouse of carbon dioxide when we clear forests. 1.      Choose the correct answer from the alternatives :                                                            1x5=5 (a)        Cutting down trees is called-------------- (i) afforestation (ii) industrialisation (iii) glorification (iv) deforestation (b)        Greenhouse effect is strengthened by-------- (i) Planting trees (ii) afforestation (ill) erosion of soil (iv) destruction of forests (c)        Trees absorb--------- (i) carbon dioxide (ii) Oxygen (iii) methane (iv) Hydrogen (d)        Natural gas is a kind of----------- (i) fossil fuel (ii) toxic substance (iii) harmful gas (iv) crude oil (e)' Who are mainly responsibe for green house effect ------------ (i) wild animals (ii) plants (iii) Humans (iv) acquatic life 2. Answer the following questions :                                                                                               2x4=8 (a)        How does the loss of forests cause dual problems? (b)        What should we do to control the increase of greenhouse gases? (c)         How do forests help us? (d)        Can man influence the climate? How? Read the passage and answer the following questions nos. 3 and 4: May Day or International Workers' Day is observed on May 1 all over the world today to commemorate the historical struggle and sacrifices of the working people to establish an eight-hour workday. It is a public holiday in almost all the countries of the world. Since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and the US, the workers in mills and factories had been working a long shift, fourteen or even more hours a day. On May 1st in 1886, inspired by the trade unions, half of the workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in Chicago went on strike demanding an eight-hour workday. Two days later, a workers rally was held near the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and about 6000 workers joined it. The rally was addressed by the labour leaders. They urged the workers to stand together, to go on with their struggle and not to give into their bosses. At one point of the rally, some strikebreakers started leaving the meeting place. The strikers went down the street to bring them back. Suddenly about 200 policemen attacked them with clubs and revolvers. One striker was killed instantly, five or six others were seriously wounded and many others were injured. The events of May 1, 1886 are a reminder that workers will continue to be exploited until they stand up and speak out to gain better working condition, better pay and better lives. 3. Fill in the blanks with suitable words based on the information of the text:                          0.5x10=5 May Day is a red-letter day in the (a) -----------------  of the working class people all over the (b) ------------- -. This day reminds (c) ------------------  of the valiant struggle of the (d) ---------------  with a view to fulfilling their rightful demands. On this day in 1886, the workers went on (e) ---------------------------  demanding an eight-hour workday. As a part of their (f) -------------------------- , they also brought out a rally. At one point, police fell upon the (g) --------------------------  and attacked them with clubs and revolvers. As a result, one striker was mercilessly (h) ----------------------  and many others were (i) ---------------  badly. Now the day is observed (j) ---------- . 4. Match the parts of sentences in column A, B and C to write four complete sentences.                         1x4=4 Read the passage and answer the questions below it nos. 5 and 6: Steven Paul Jobs (24 February 1955-5 October 2011), most popularly known as Steven Jobs was the Co-founder, Chairman and Chief Executive officer of Apple Inc. He was the pioneer of the personal computer revolution. He was famous for his career in the electronic field of computers and consumers. This became possible through the marketing of Apple Computers. In 1985, Jobs left Apple after losing a power battle with the board of directors. He then founded NeXT, a Computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business market. Apple, however failed to bring up any new operating system during Job's absence. Jobs returned to Apple as an adviser and took control of the company as an interim CEO. By 1998 Jobs brought Apple back to profitability from the verge of bankruptcy. He supervised the development of iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPad. These devices are so simple and user friendly that even a child can operate them. 5. Complete the table below with the information from the passage:                                        0.5x6=3 Steven Jobs 6. Summarize the passage in your own words.                                                                                                 5 Part B--Writing Test [Marks-20] 7. Write a paragraph on 'Early Rising' answering the following questions:                                                      8 (a)                   What do you mean by early rising? (b)                   What facilities can an early riser get? (c)                    How does nature look early in the morning? (d)                   What opportunities does a late riser lose? (e)                    How can you form the habit of early rising? 8. Suppose, you are Rana/Rina of Rangpur and your friend is Moon/Minu who lives in lihulna. Now, write an e-mail to your friend describing the importance of reading newspaper.                           7 9. Write a dialogue between you and your friend about your preparation for the coming examination.                                                                                                                                            5 Sylhet Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Time-2 hours; Full marks-50 [N. B. The figures in the right margin indicate full marks.] Part A—Reading Test [Marks-30] Read the passage. Then answer the questions No. 1 and 2 : LET'S SAVE OUR PLANET! Everyone must play a part in protecting the environment. There are many things you can do on your own everyday to help save the planet. Here are some suggestions. REDUCE! Really, the best thing we can do for the planet is to use its resources properly. Our unplanned activities are mainly responsible for the environmental crisis. Here are some questions you can ask yourself before buying something, "Do I really need this?" or "Is there another product which would do the same thing but is more sustainable?" Or ask the question, "Will this last a long time?" Some other questions may be, "Do I know how this item was made, how it will be used and how it will be disposed of?" REUSE! What do you think of using your own ceramic cup or mug at your school or local club? It means there are no plastic cups to throw away. You can wash it and reuse it everyday. Unfortunately, we are encouraged to buy a new "improved" item even if the one we have can be repaired or reused. When we buy things, we should buy those that are durable; we should use them properly, and have them repaired when necessary. If we practise this, many things will not only last a life-time, but also be passed on for future use. However, if something is truly unuseable for its original purposes, try to be more creative and think of how else it might be used. When you're done with it, think of whethei 'someone else might be able to use it. You can donate some of the things to the poor. You may also sell some of your used items through personal advertisements in a local newspaper or in social media. RECYCLES Rather than throwing an item out when neither you nor anyone else can make use of it, have it recycled. And if recycling is not possible, it is better to send goods to a landfill or have them burned up. Find out what types of materials can be recycled in your area. Clean and sort the materials before putting them out in the bin. Recycling your drink and food cans means there will be less trash in a resource recovery facility or landfill. Moreover, a company can use the old cans to make new ones. 1. Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives                                                      1x5=5 (a)        The word 'recovery' refers to----------- (i) get back (ii) achieve (iii) getting (iv) find (b)        We should try to be more creative and think of--------------- (i) how else it might be used (ii) where it may be used (iii) how it was made (iv) when it is used (c)        Which of the following has the closest meaning of the word 'encouraged'? (i) disheartened (ii) discussed (iii) made interested (iv) barred (d)        What is the purpose of reduce, reuse, recycle? (i) to buy best things (ii) to save the earth (iii) to use things properly (iv) to save the money and energy (e)        If recycling is impossible --------- (i) we should donate it (ii) we should sell it (iii) we should preserve it (iv) we should send it to a landfill or burn up 2. Answer the following questions :                                                                                             2x4=8 (a)        Whom does the author blame for the environmental crisis? (b)        How many questions can you ask yourself before buying the things? (c)         Why is it necessary to save our planet? (d)        Do you think recycling can contribute to the development of our country? How? Read the following text and answer the questions no. 3 and 4 : May Day or International Workers' Day is observed on May 1 all over the world today to commemorate the historical struggle and sacrifices of the working people to establish an eight-hour workday. It is a public holiday in almost all the countries of the world. Since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and the US, the workers in mills and factories had been working a long shift, fourteen or even more hours a day.           . On May 1st in 1886, inspired by the trade unions, half of the workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in Chicago went on strike demanding an eight-hour workday. Two days later, a workers' rally was held near the McCormick Harvester Machine Company and about 6000 workers joined it. The rally was addressed by the labour leaders. They urged the workers to stand together, to go on with their struggle and not to give in to their bosses. At one point of the rally, some strike breakers started leaving the meeting place. The strikers went down the street to bring them back. Suddenly about 200 policemen attacked them with clubs and revolvers. One striker was killed instantly, five or six others were seriously wounded and many others were injured. 'The events of May 1, 1886 are a reminder that workers will continue to be exploited until they stand up I and speak out to gain better working conditions, better pay and better lives. 3.         Fill in each gap with a suitable word based on the information of the text.                    0.5x10=5 The world observes the May Day in (a) -------------------  of the struggle and great (b) -----------------  of the working people on May 1, 1886. For their great struggle and sacrifice workers now can (c) --------------- -----  an eight hours workday. May 1, 1886 has been (d) ---------------------  as a public holiday in (e) -----------  all the countries of the world. The workers had to work (f) -------------------  hours or more a day (g) ----------------  the May 1, 1886. It (h) -----------------  the workers that they cannot get rid of (i) ------------ ---------  if they do not stand up and speak out to gain their (j) -------------------- 4.         Match the parts of sentences given in column      'B' and 'C' to write four complete sentences : 1x4=4 Read the following text and answer the questions no. 5 and 6 : It was late summer, 26 August 1910. A little girl was born to a rich Catholic merchants' family of Albanian descent in a small town called Skopje, Macedonia. She was the youngest of the three siblings and was named Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. Who could imagine at the time that this little girl would one day become the mother of humanity, loving and serving the poorest of the poor. Yes, we are talking about none other than Mother Teresa. At the age of 12, she heard a voice from within that urged her to spread the love of Christ. She decided that she would be a missionary. At the age of 18 she left her parental home. She then joined an Irish community of nuns called the Sisters of Loreto, which had missions in India. After a few months of training at the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Dublin, Mother Teresa came to India. On May 24, 1931, she took her initial vows as a nun. From 1931 to 1948, Mother Teresa taught geography and theology at St. Mary's High School in Kolkata (then Calcutta). However, the widespread poverty in Kolkata had a deep impact on Mother Teresa and in 1948 she received permission from her superiors to leave the convent and devote herself to caring for the poorest of the poor in the slums of Kolkata. 5. Complete the following table with the_information even in the passage:                                             0.5x6=3 6. Write a summary of the above passages your own words.                                                                            5 Part B—Writing Test [Marks 20] 7. Answer the following questions to write a paragraph on "A Village Fair You Experienced".                         8 (a)                     Where and when is a village fair usually held? (b)                     Who come to the fair and why? (c)                     When did you visit a fair and who were with you? (d)                     What did you do there? (e)                     Who enjoyed the most and why? (f)                      What is the role of a village fair in our economy? 8. Imagine, you are Salam/Salma. Robin/Runa is your best friend. You are going for a picnic. Now, write an email to your friend inviting him/her to join the picnic with you using his/her email address. 9. Suppose, you  are Limon/Lima. Your friend Milon/Maliha wants to know about Digital Bangladesh. Now, write, a dialogue between you and your friend about Digital Bangladesh.                  5 Barisal Board-2022 [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Time-2 hours; Full marks-50 [N. B. The figures in the right margin indicate full marks] Part—A: Reading Test [Marks-30] Read the passage below and answer questions no. 1 and 2 : Meherjan lives in a slum on the Sirajgonj Town Protection Embankment. Her polythene-roofed shelter looks like a cage. She is nearly 45 but looks more than her age. In front of her shelter, she is trying to make a fire to cook the day's only meal. Her weak hands tremble as she adds some fallen leaves and straw to the fire. The whispering wind from the river Jamuna makes the fire unsteady. The dancing flames remind Meherjan of the turmoil in her life. Not long ago Meherjan had everything—a family, cultivable land and cattle. The erosion of the Jamuna gradually consumed all her landed property. It finally claimed her only shelter during the last monsoon. It took the river only a day to devour Meher's house, trees, vegetable garden and the bamboo bush. She had a happy family once. Over the years, she lost her husband and her family to diseases that cruel hunger and poverty brought to the family. Now, she is the only one left to live on with the loss and pain. The greedy Jamuna has shattered her dreams and happiness. There are thousand others waiting to share the flame fate like Meherjan. Bangladesh is a land of rivers, some of whose banks overflow or erode during monsoon. Erosion is a harsh reality for the people lix.ring along the river banks. During each monsoon many more villages are threatened by the mighty rivers like the Jamuna, the Padma and the Meghna. It is estimated that river erosion makes at least 100,000 people homeless every year in Bangladesh. In fact, river erosion is one of the main dangers caused by climate change. If we can't take prompt actions to adapt to climate change, there will be thousands of more Meherjans in our towns and villages every year. 1.      Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives :                                               1x5=5 (i)         Meherjan's hands are trembling because------------ (a) she is tired (b) she is exhausted (c) she is frightened (d) she is feeble (ii)        River erosion is the effect of----------- (a) climate change (b) environment pollution (c) natural disaster (d) cyclone (iii)      Before the erosion of the river, Meherjan was----------- (a) well off (b) sad (c) unhappy (d) healthy (iv)       The dancing flames remind Meherjan of the turmoil in her life. Here 'dancing' means-- . (a) jumping (b) unstable (c) glittering (d) bright (v)        River banks erode (a) throughout the year (b) in one season (c) in two seasons (d) in three seasons 2. Answer the following questions :                                                                                             2x4=8 (a)        How was Meherjan's life earlier? (b)        Why are many more villages in the threat of erosion? (c)         Where does Meherjan live? (d)        Why does the writer call the Jamuna greedy? Read the following text and answer questions no. 3 and 4: Fish population is in serious danger from global warming. Climate change is increasing the water temperature in rivers, lakes and seas. This means there is less food and oxygen available for fish. It also means the fish may not grow fully and may have fewer offsprings. Some fishes will become extinct if temperatures rise even by one or two degrees celsius. Climate change increases the presture on fish population. Fishes are one of the world's most valuable biological assets. Forty percent of people in the world eat fish as their main source of protein. If we fail to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we will increase the pressure on fish. As a result, people who depend on fish will suffer from hunger and poverty. 3. Read the above text and fill in each gap with a suitable word based on the information of the text:                                                                                                                                0.5x10=5 Global warming is causing serious threat to fish population. It is climate change which is the cause of the (a) -------------------------------  of water temperature in rivers, lakes and seas. For this reason, available food and oxygen for fish in these water (b) -------------------  will be less than (c) -------------- . For the same reason, the (d) ---------------  of fish may not be full and offspring's may not be (e) ----------------- So the pressure on fish population is (f) ----------------------  due to climate change. Fishes are one of the world's most (g) ----------------  biological assets. The (h) -------------------  of people in the world eating fish as their main source of protein is 40%. In case of our (i) -------------------------  to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the pressure on fish will be increased and coasequently people (j) -----------------------  on fish will suffer from hunger and poverty. 4. Match the parts of the sentences in column A, column B and column C to write four complete sentences:                                                                                                                          1x4=4 Read the passage below and answer questions no. 5 and 6 : May Day or International Workers' Day is observed on May 1 all over the world today to commemorate the historical struggle and sacrifices of the working people to establish an eight-hour workday. It is a public holiday in almost all the countries of the world. Since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and the US, the workers in mills and factories had been working a long shift, fourteen or even more hours a day. On May 1st in 1886, inspired by the trade unions, half of the workers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in Chicago went on strike demanding an eight-hour workday. Two days later, a workers' rally was held near the McCormick Harvester Machine Company and about 6000 workers joined it. The rally was addressed by the labour leaders. They urged the workers to stand together, to go on with their struggle and not to give in to their bosses. At one point of the rally, some strikebreakers started leaving the meeting place. The strikers went down the street to bring them back. Suddenly about 200 policemen attacked them with clubs and revolvers. One striker was killed instantly, five or six others were seriously wounded and many others were injured. The events of May 1, 1886 are a reminder that workers will continue to be exploited until they stand up and speak out to gain better working conditions, better pay and better lives. 5. Complete the following table with information from the passage above.                               0.5x6=3 International Workers' Day 6. Write a summary of the above passage in your own words. Part B—Writing Test [Marks--201 7. Answer the following questions to write a paragraph on 'The life of a Farmer' :                      1x8=8 (a)  Who is a farmer? (b)  When does he start his 'daily work? (c)  How does he lead his life? (d)  What is his contribution to the nation? (e)  How can we improve his condition? 8. Suppose, you are Tomal/Toma. Your father is Abu Sayeed and he lives in the USA. He wants to know about your preparation for the SSC examination. Now, write an e-mail to your father informing him about your preparation for the SSC examination.                                               7 9.             Suppose, you are Monir/Monira, a student of class X. Your friend, Zahid/Zeba wants to know about your aim in life. Now, write a dialogue between you and your friend about your aim in life.                                                                                                                                             5 Chattogram Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Time-2 hours; Full marks--50 [\.B. The figures in the right margin indicate full marks. Answer all the questions.] Part A—Reading Test [Marks-301 Read the passage and answer the questions no. 1 & 2 : Countries of the world rely heavily on petroleum, coal and natural gas for their energy sources. There are two major types of energy sources: renewable and non-renewable. Hydrocarbon 'or fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy. Reliance on them poses real big problems. First, fossil fuels such as oil, coal. gas etc. are finite energy resources and the world eventually will run out of them. Secondly, they will become too expensive in the coming decades and too damaging for the environment. Thirdly, fossil fuels have direct polluting impacts on earth's environment causing global warming. In contrast, renewable energy sources such as, wind, solar energy are constantly and naturally replenished and never run out. Most renewable energy comes from either directly or indirectly from the Sun. Sunlight or solar energy can be used for heating and lighting homes, for generating electricity and for other commercial and industrial uses. The sun's heat drives the wind and this wind energy can be captured with wind turbines to produce electricity. Then the wind and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapour turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured as hydroelectric energy. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. Plants produce biomass which again can be turned into fuels such as fire wood, alcohol, etc. identified as bioenergy. Scientists have identified Hydrogen as another form of renewable energy source. It is the most abundant element in nature. But it does not exist separately as a gas. It is always combined with other elements. Such as with oxygen to make water. Hydrogen, separated from another element can be burned as a fuel to produce electricity. Our Earth's interior contains molten lava which gives off extreme heat. This heat inside the Earth produces steam and hot water which can be tapped as geothermal energy to produce electricity for heating homes etc. Ocean energy comes from several sources. Ocean's force of tide and wave can be used to produce energy. The surface of the ocean gets more heat from the sun than the ocean depths. This temperature difference can be used as energy source too.. 1.      Choose the correct answers from the following alternatives :                                             1x5=5 (a)     The word 'rely' stands for in the passage: (i) Separate (ii) Depend (iii) Combine (iv) Help (b)     What will not eventually run out? (i) Oil (ii) Fossil fuels (iii) Solar power (iv) Petroleum (c)     Hydrogen and Oxygen help to form-------------- (i) fuel (ii) oil (iii) ice (iv) gas (d)     Which energy is not related with the sunlight? (i) Geothermal energy (ii) Wind energy (iii) Hydroelectric energy (iv) Ocean energy (e)     Which is not a renewable energy? (i) Wind energy (ii) Solar energy (iii) Fossil energy (iv) Geothermal energy 2. Answer the following questions:                                                                                                2x4=8 (a)        What is a renewable energy? (b)        Why is a renewable energy more advantageous than a nonrenewable energy? (c)         Why is electric energy necessary for us? (d)        How can the ocean be a source of energy? 3. Read the following text and fill in each gap with a suitable word based on the information of the text: 26 March, our Independence Day, is the biggest state festival. The day is celebrated every year in the country with enthusiasm and fervour. It is national holiday. All offices, educational institutions, shops, and factories remain closed on the day. The day begins with a 31 gun salute. 6. Summarize the above text in your own words.                                                                                  5 Early in the morning the President and the Prime Minister on behalf of the nation place floral wreaths at the National Mausoleum at Savar. Then other leaders, political parties, diplomats, social and cultural organizations, educational institutions and freedom fighters pay homage to the martyrs. People from all walks of life also go there in rallies and processions. There are many cultural programmers throughout the day, highlighting the heroic struggle and sacrifice in 1971. In Bangabandhu National Stadium, school children, scouts and girl guides take part in various displays to entertain thousands of spectators. Educational institutions also organize their individual programmes. Sports meets and tournaments are also organized on the day, including the exciting boat race in the river Buriganga. In the evening, all major public buildings are illuminated with colourful lights. Bangla Academy, Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy and other sociocultural organizations hold cultural functions. Similar functions are also arranged in other places in the countiy. Questions : 26 March is (a) ---------------------  important for the Bengali nation. People celebrate the day every year becoming very (b) ---------------------- . As it is a national holiday, all offices do not remain (c) ---------------  on the day. All the higher officials of the state offer wreaths of (d) ----------------------------  at National Mausoleum at Savar. People (e) ------------------------------  of cast and creed proceed with rallies and processions. People show respect to the heroic figures who (f) ------------------------  their lives in 1971. The audience get (g) ----------------  in Bangabandhu National Stadium by the participants. All the offices' both govt. and non-govt. (h) ------------------ --- flags on their buildings and (i) --------------------------  them with colourful lights. Thus, the whole of the country wears a 0) ------------------  look. 4. Match the parts of the sentences in column A, B and C to write four correct statements: 1x4=4 Read the passage below an answerthe questions no. 5 & 6 : Zainul Abedin was born in Kishoregonj on 29 December, 1914. He spent most of his childhood near the scenic banks of the Brahmaputra river. The river and the open nature inspired him from his early life. The Brahmaputra later appeared in many of his paintings and remained a great source of inspiration throughout his career. As his tribute to the river Brahmaputra, he drew a series of water colour paintings in this regard. This helped him earn Governor's Gold medal in all India Exhibition in 1938. This was the first time when he came under spot light and this award gave Abedin the confidence to create his own visual style. Abedin got admitted to the Government School of Art in Calcutta (Now Government College of Art and Craft, Kolkata, India). Here he learned European academic style for five years. Later he joined the faculty of the same school after his graduation. He was the first muslim student to obtain first class with distinction from the school. In 1951, Zainul went to London to study at Slade School of Art for two years. From the dissatisfaction of oriental style and the limitations of European academic style, he was attracted to realism. After his return from, he started a new style called, Bengali Style. Therefore, he went back to nature, rural life and the daily struggles of men to make art that would be realistic but modern in appearance. 5. Complete the table below with the information from the text.                                                 0.5x6=3 Part B—Writing Test [Marks-20) 7. Answer the following questions to write a paragraph on 'COVID-19'.                                               8 (a) What is 'COVID-19'? (b) What are the symptoms of it? (c)  How does it spread? (d)  What is the treatment of it? (e)  How can we prevent this virus? 8.         Suppose, you are Robin/Jerin and you are living in the hostel far away from your home. Your parents are anxious about your preparation for the forthcoming SSC exam. Now, write an email to pacify them regarding your preparation for the exam.                                                   7 9.         Suppose, you are Tomal/Jesiica. Your friend's father has fallen in a road accident recently. Now, write a dialogue between you and your friend about road accidents and how to prevent it.                                                                                                                                                 5 Dinajpur Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 20221 Time-2 hours; Full marks-50 [N. B. The figures in the right margin indicate full marks.) Part A—Reading Test [Marks-301 Read the passage. Then answer the questions below. Human can neither change the sun's radiation nor the earth's orbit around the sun. But they can control the increase in the amount of green-house gases and its effect on the atmosphere. Only during the last hundred years the carbon dioxide concentration has been raised alarmingly in the atmosphere and we humans can be held responsible for this. The main cause of the increase in carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere.is the burning of fossil fuels. Since the end of the 19th century, industrial activities increased rapidly giving rise to many factories. These factories required energy, which was produced through the combustion of coal% Besides coal, other sources of energy such as mineral oil and natural gas were also burned to heat our houses, run cars and airplanes or to produce electricity. Now-a-days about 85 million barrels of crude oil are burned daily. Every time a fossil raw material is burned, it releases carbon dioxide into the air. Therefore, it is clear that more and more greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are being generated world-wide by humans. Moreover, we are also strengthening the greenhouse effect by deforestation, which means cutting down trees. Every year enormous areas of forests are destroyed by people to obtain wood and to clear regions for mining and to create pasture. This loss of the forest causes dual problems. Trees that are burned up release large volumes of carbon dioxide gas into the air. On the other hand, as forests absorb a lot of carbon dioxide from the air and deliver oxygen instead, we also destroy an important storehouse of carbon dioxide when we clear forests. 1. Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives                                                      1x5=5 (a)        Which of the period describes the beginning of the rapid industrialization? (i) The start of the 19th century (ii) The end of the 18th century (iii) The start of the 18th century (iv) The end of the 19th century. (b)        What are the fossil fuels mentioned in the passage? (i) Coal (ii) Mineral oil (iii) Natural gas (iv) All the above. (c)        The word 'instead' mentioned in the passage means----------- (i) option (ii) choice (iii) as an alternative (iv) preference (d)        Trees transport----------- into the air. , (i) nitrogen (ii) oxygen (iii) hydrogen (iv) all (e)        The word combustion mentioned in the passage means----------- (i) kindling (ii) burning (iii) consummation (iv) flame 2. Answer the following questions : •                                                                                           2x4=8 (a)        Why can humans neither change the sun's radiation nor the earth's orbit around the sun? (b)        Describe how human beings are responsible for the increase in the greenhouse gases. (c)         What do you think the main cause of the increase in carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is? (d)        Why enormous areas of forests are destroyed by the people every year? Describe in brief. 3. Read the following text and fill in each gap with a suitable word based on the information of the text:                                                                                                                          0.5x10=5 "Today there are many jobs where you need English. This is because the world has become smaller. Vast distances are shortened by speedy transports. We can talk to a person thousands of kilometers away on the phone or "the internet. So we can communicate with the whole world easily. English has made this communication easier. There are many countries in the world with many languages, but to communicate with them, you cannot use all the languages. So you need a common language that you can use with more or less all the people in the world. English is that common language. You can talk to a Chinese toy maker, a French artist, an Arab ambassador or a Korean builder in one language—English. English, for us in Bangladesh, is all the more important. As we have seen earlier, we are too many people in a small country. So if'you learn English, you have the best opportunity to find a good job, both within and outside the country. And that is good news for millions of our unemployed youths." Globalization has made the world (a) ----------------------------  and so it requires a (b) ------------------  language for international communication. Now we can (c)-------------------------------- communication with a person thousands of kilometers away on the phone or the Internet. In fact, we can communicate with the whole world with absolute (d) ------------------------ . The lingua franca of the world is (e) --------------------- . English provides us with the (0 -------------------------  to pursue a good job. Being a densely (g) ------------------  country, Bangladesh is (h) --------------------------  with unemployment. Proficiency in (i) --------------------------------  may help (j ------------------ unemployment problem and bring economic development. 4.  Match the parts of sentences given in column A, B and C to write four complete sentences. 1x4=4 Read the following text carefully and answer the questions no. 5' an 6 : 21 February is observed as Shaheed Dibosh every year throughout the country in remembrance of the martyrs of language movement of 1952. The commemoration begins at the early hours of the day with morning songs that recall the supreme sacrifices of our language martyrs. People wear black badges and go to the Shaheed Minar in barefoot processions, singing mourning songs. They place wreaths at the Minar. Many of them visit the graves of the martyrs at Azimpur graveyard and pray for them. They also attend various programmes organized in remembrance of the language martyrs. The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) on 17 November in 1999 proclaimed February 21 as the International Mother Language Day in recognition of the sacrifices of the martyrs for the rightful place of Bangla. The day is now annually observed worldwide to promote awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. 5. Complete the following table with the information from the passage :                                   0.5x6=3 6.Write a summary of the above passage in your own words.                                                               5 Part B—Writing Test [Marks-20] 7.Answer the following questions to write a paragraph on 'Water Pollution'. You should write it in about 150 words :                                                                                                                               8 (a)                What is water pollution? (b)                Why is water called life? (c)                What do you think about the, causes of water pollution? (d)                What are the effects and impacts of water pollution? (e)                What measures should we take to prevent water pollution? 8.Suppose, you are Ayan/Anni. You live in B-3/Gopalpur, Haji Mohammad Mohosin Road, Pabna. Your friend is Farhan/Farhana who is living in 13/B, Purana Palton, Dhaka-1216. Now, write an e-mail to your friend describing a road accident you have recently witnessed in your town. 9. Suppose, you are Shanta and your friend is Taslima. Now, write a dialogue between you and your friend about the merits and demerits of using mobile phone at teen-age.                                     5 Mymensingh Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Time-2 hours; Full marks-50 [N.B. The figures in the right margin indicate full marks.] Part A—Reading Test [Marks-301 Read the passage below and answer the questions no. 1 and 2 : Mother Teresa was moved by the sight of the sick and dying on the streets of Kolkata. She founded a home for the dying destitute and named it 'Nirmal Hriday', meaning 'Pure Heart'. She and her fellow nuns brought the dying people off the streets of Kolkata to this home. They were lovingly looked after and cared for. Since then many men, women and children have been taken from the streets and carried to Nirmol Hriday. These unloved and uncared for people get an opportunity to die in an environment of kindness and love. In their last hours they get human and divine love, and can feel they are also children of God. The Missionaries of Charity try to find jobs for those who survive, or send them to homes where they can live happily for some more years in a caring environment. Regarding commitment to family, Mother Teresa said, "May be in our own family, we have somebody, who is feeling lonely, who is feeling sick, who is feeling worried. Are we there? Are we willing to give until it hurts in order to be with our families, or do we put our interest first? We must remember that love begins at home and we must also remember that future of humanity passes through the family". Mother Teresa's work has been recognised throughout the world and she received a number of awards. These include the Pope John XXIII Peace Prize (1971), the Nehru Prize for Promotion of International Peace & Understanding (1972), the Balzan Prize (1978), the Nobel Peace Prize (1979) and the Bharat Ratna (1980). Mother Teresa died at the age of. 87, on 5 September 1997.The world salutes her for her love and compassion for humanity. She has taught us how to extend our hand towards those who need our love and support irrespective of creed, caste and religion. The picture of Mother Teresa, draped in a white and blue-bordered sari, with a wrinkled face, ever soft eyes and a saintly smile, lives on in our mind. 1.      Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives :                                               1x5=5 (a)        ---------- moved Mother Teresa. (i) The condition of working people on the streets (ii) The condition of dying people in her home (iii) The condition of ailing people on the streets (iv) The condition of sick people in the world (b)        Mother Teresa is a symbol of---------- (i) love and beauty (ii) kindness and honesty (iii) love and kindness (iv) cruelty and jealousy (c)        The word 'divine' means----------- (i) worldly (ii) social (iii) heavenly (iv) personal (d)        Mother Teresa smiled-------- (i) falsely (ii) sacredly (iii) sinfully (iv). impiously (e)        People all over the world have--------- the work of Mother Teresa. (i) appreciated (ii) ignored (iii) depreciated (iv) denied 2. Answer the following questions :                                                                                             2x4=8 (a)        For what purpose did Mother Teresa establish 'Nirmal Hriday'? (b)        Why did Mother Teresa emphasize on family? (c)         What does Mother Teresa teach us? (d)        How did the Missionaries of Charity help the people who survived? Read the following passage and answer questions no. 3 and 4 : "Today there are may jobs where you need English. This is because the world has become smaller. Vast distances are shortened by speedy transports. We can talk to a person thousands of kilometers away on the phone or the Internet. So we can communicate with the whole world easily. English has made this communication easier. There are many countries in the world with many languages, but to communicate with them, you cannot use all the languages. So you need a common language that you can use with more or less all the people in the world. English is that common language. You can talk to a Chinese toy maker, a French, artist, an Arab ambassador or a Korean builder in one language—English. English for us in Bangladesh is all the more important. As we have seen earlier, we are too many people in a small country. So if you learn English, you have the best opportunity to find a good job, both within and outside the country. And that is good news for millions of our unemployed youths." But Miss, we learn English for 12 or 14 years, yet we do not find good jobs," says Rumi. She then tells the class about what happened to her brother. "Could you please tell us why?' Rumi asks. "This is a very important question, Rumi. We should learn how to use English both orally and in writing for doing things as needed in our work, such as communicating with others at personal, social, national and international levels. But unfortunately, at the moment we are learning English mainly for our exams," continues Ms Choudhury. "Remember, English can greatly help you become skilled workers." "But where and how can we learn this kind of English, Miss?" asks Ratan. Ms Choudhury says, "We can learn English. both in and outside the classroom. Besides your text books, the radio, television, newspapers, magazines, computers and other supplementary materials will greatly help you. During our classroom activities, we'll see how we can learn English." 3.      Fill in each gap with a suitable word based on the information of the text: •                   0.5x10=5 Different languages are being (a) --------------------------  in different countries. But a common language is necessary for (b) ----------------  communication. For many (c) ----------------------  English has achieved the prestige (d) ---------------  that common language, So, it is very (e) ----------------------  for 'everyone to learn English. If we want to (f) -------------------  with other countries, there is no (g) ----------------------  of learning English. By learning English, we can easily (h) ----------------------  our unemployment problem. From the very (i) ------------ , a student should keep in mind that he has to learns English not only to (j) -------------- ------  the exams but also to communicate with others. 4. Match the parts of sentences given in column A. column B and column C to make four complete sentences : Read the following text and answer questions no. 5. and 6 : 21 February is observed as Shaheed Dibosh every year throughout the country in remembrance of the martyrs of Language Movement of 1952. The commemoration begins at the early hours of the day with mourning songs that recall the supreme sacrifices of our language martyrs. People wear black badges and go to the Shaheed Minar in barefoot processions, singing mourning songs. They place wreaths at the Minar. Many of them visit the graves of the martyrs at Azimpur graveyard and pray for them. They also attend various programmes organized in remembrance of the language martyrs. The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on 17 November in 1999 proclaimed February 21 as the International Mother Language Day in recognition of the sacrifices of the martyrs for the rightful place of Bangla. The day is now annually observed worldwide to promote awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. 5. Complete the table below with information from the above passage :                                   0.5x6=3 About 21 February 6. Write a summary of the above passage in your own words.                                                            5 Part B—Writing Test [Marks-201 7. Write a paragraph on A Tea Stall by answering the following questions:                                        8 (a)  What is a tea stall? (b)  Where is it seen? (c)  What is sold there along with tea? (d)  How long does it remain open? (e)  Does a tea stall play an important role? If so, how? 8. Suppose, you are Habib/Habiba of Dhaka. You have a friend named Neel/Nila who lives in Jamalpwr. Your elder sister's wedding ceremony is going to be held next week. Now, write an e- mail to your friend inviting him/her to attend the wedding ceremony.                                                7 9. Suppose, you are Shamim/Shamima. Your friend is Rahim/ Rahima. You want to do something good for the people of your locality after your SSC Examination. Now, write a dialogue between you and your friend about your plan that you are going to materialize after the SSC Examination.                                                                                                                   5 Key to Board Questions-2022 Solution To Dhaka Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Part-A 1.       (a) (ii) remember (b) (iii) lengthy (c) (iii) not to surrender to their bosses (d) (iii) Workers (e) (iv) adverse environment 2.       (a) May Day or International Workers' Day is observed now to pay tribute to the historical struggle and sacrifices of the working-class people to establish an eight-hour workday. (b)      The historic events of May 1st took place during the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and the USA. (c)       The policemen behaved with the workers very badly during their protest. All on a sudden, they attacked the workers with clubs and revolvers. One striker died on the spot, five or six others were seriously wounded and many others were badly injured. (d)      The strike of the workers led by the trade unions at the McCormick Harvester Company in Chicago inspired the workers joining the protest. 3.       (a) problems (b) as (c) beset/infested (d) of (e) reasons/causes (f) of (g) taken/adopted (h) hand (i) sorts/kinds/types (j) aware/beware 4.       (a) Air pollution is the most dangerous form of pollution. (b) There are a number of reasons behind this pollution. (c)  Black smoke which is emitted from the vehicles is the main cause of it. (d) Immediate steps must be taken to control this pollution. 5.       (i) Macedonian (ii) was born (iii) Irish Community of nuns called the Sisters of Loreto (iv) 1931 (v) St. Mary's high school in Kolkata (vi) the prevailing poverty in Kolkata 6. Mother Teresa was born on 26 August; 1910 in Macedonia. She was the youngest of the three siblings. She decided to be a nun only at 12. So, at 18, she left her parental home and joined Sisters of Loreto, an Irish Community of nun. Mother Teresa came to India taking training from Dublin. She started her life as a nun in 1931. The prevailing poverty of India made impact on her mind. She devoted herself to work among the poor in the slums of Kolkata in 1948. Cumilla Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Part-A 1.       (a) (iii) Easy communication systems shorten the distances (b) (iv) an official messenger . sent to a foreign country to represent his/her country (c) (iii) extra (d) (ii) English is a medium of rapid communication (e) (ii) chance 2. (a) We can reach the most distant places of the world within a short time with the blessing of modern rapid transport system. We can also communicate with any person of the world using phone or internet. These have made the present world smaller. (b)      People in different countries use different languages. These people have to communicate with the people of other countries but none can understand others. This is why, a common language is needed in today's world, (c)       English is needed all the more in Bangladesh because we have a huge population in a small country. If we learn English, we may have the best opportunity to find a good job, both within and outside the country. (d)      Our youths can become a skilled workforce by learning English properly. 3.      (a) element (b) live/survive (c) without (d) realize/know/think/understand (e) pollute / are polluting/contaminate/are contaminating (I) reduction (g) older (h) encouraged/ inspired (i) cars/vehicles (j) controlled/reduced 4.      (a) Air is an important element of our environment. (b) Without air no living being can survive. (c)  But unfortunately we are polluting air in many ways. (d) So steps should be taken to prevent air pollution. 5.      (i) was born (ii) 1928 (iii) She (iv) at the institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Dublin (v) took initial vow (vi) taught geography and theology 6. Mother Teresa was born on 26 August, 1910 in Macedonia. She was the youngest of the three siblings. She decided to be a nun only at 12. So, at 18, she left her parental home and joined Sisters of Loreto, an Irish Community of nun. Mother Teresa came to India taking training from Dublin. She started her life as a nun in 1931. The prevailing poverty of India made impact on her mind. She devoted herself to work among the poor in the slums of Kolkata in 1948. Solution-To Raishahl Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 20221 Part-A L       (a) (ii) enforce (b) (iii) four (c) (iv) insolvent (d) (iii) She was not willing to get married (e) (ii) To depict the condition of our rural society 2.      (a) I know Lipi is a student of class nine in a rural school in Rangpur. She is 14-years old and the eldest of five children of her parents. (b)      The financial condition of Lipi's family was not good as well as well off because her father was a day labourer and mother was a homemaker. (c)       Lipi's father was going to marry her off at an early age because he could not raise his five children on his small income. (d)      Lipi wanted to pursue her study. But her father arranged her marriage. So, she became greatly upset. 3.    (a) of (b) known (c) for (d) When (e) damaging (f) problems (g) run out/finished (h) responsible (i) On (j) safe/harmless 4.    (a) To generate electricity people of the world are burning a lot of oil, coal and gas everyday. (b)  One day these resources will be finished or run out.                                                  • (c)  But wind and sunlight are unlimited around the world. (d)  For the betterment of us, we should use solar energy as an alternative source. 5.      (i) 1997 (ii) was born (iii) left her parental home (iv) at St. Mary's High School in Kolkata (then Calcutta) (v) Vow as nun (vi) contribution to humanity 6. Mother Teresa was born on 26 August, 1910 in Macedonia. She was the youngest of the three siblings. She decided to be a nun only at 12. So, at 18, she left her parental home and joined Sisters of Loreto, an Irish Community of nun. Mother Teresa came to India taking training from Dublin. She started her life as a nun in 1931. The prevailing poverty of India made impact on her mind. She devoted herself to work among the poor in the slums of Kolkata in 1948. SSC Jashore Board 2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Part-A 1.     (a) (iv) deforestation (b) (iv) destruction of forests (c) (i) carbon dioxide (d) (i) fossil fuel (e) (iii) Humans 2. (a) The loss of forests causes dual problems. One is the releasing of a large volume of carbon dioxide gas into the air by burning down trees. The other is the destruction of an important carbon dioxide storehouse which absorbs a lot of carbon dioxide from the air and delivers oxygen instead of it. (b)      We should control the increasing amount of greenhouse gases by minimizing the burning of fossil fuels. Moreover, we should plant more trees to absorb greenhouse gases. (c)      Forests help us absorbing a lot of carbon dioxide and delivering oxygen. (d)      Yes, man can influence the climate. Human beings are burning coal, mineral oil and natural gas, destroying forests only for their own comfort. These activities are hampering the ecological balance of the environment. Thus they can influence climate. 3.     (a) history (b) world '(c) sacrifices (d) workers (e) strike (f) demand (g) strikers (h) killed (i) injured/wounded (j) worldwide 4. (a) May Day is observed to commemorate the workers' sacrifice in 1886. (b) The day is also called International Workers. Day. (c)  The workers had to work in mills and factories for quite a long time. (d) We enjoy the facilities today because of their struggle and sacrifice. 5.     (i) in 1955 (ii) Apple Inc (iii) in 1998 (iv) iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPad (v) by 1998 (vi) died 6.  Steven Paul Jobs was the co-founder, chairman and chief executive of Apple Inc. He was the pioneer of the personal computer. He had to leave the company in 1985. But the Apple Inc. failed to bring up any new operating system. So, the company incurred great loss. When he returned to the company, it again came back to profitability. He supervised iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPad. He died in 2011. Sylhet Board-2022 English First Riper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Part-A 1.     (a) (i) get back (b) (i) how else it might be used (c) (iii) made interested (d) (ii) to save the earth (e) (iv)we should send it to a landfill or burn up 2 (a) The author blames the users of the society for the environmental crisis. (b)           We can ask ourselves many questions before buying the things. At first I shall ask if it is necessary for me. Then I ask if it is more sustainable. If the answer is in the affirmative, I must buy it. The answer to my question will be the best solution. (c)        Unless the planet is saved, our lives on earth will be totally impossible. We can hardly hope a peaceful and comfortable life without saving the planet. So, it is necessary to save our planet. (d)        Yes, I think recycling can contribute to the development of our country. It is because we can't produce more new things being a poor country. So, if we reuse something it must help in our economic growth. 3.     (a) memory/remembrance (b) sacrifice(s) (c) enjoy (d) declared (e) almost (f) fourteen (g) reminds (h) reminds (i) exploitation (j) rights 4. (a) May Day is known as International Workers Day. (b) The workers had to work fourteen or more hours a day at that time. (c)  They demanded an eight-hour workday and went on strike on 1 May 1886. (d) The police attacked them and so one striker was killed instantly. 5.     (i) serving (ii) Skopje, Macedonia/in a small town called Skopje, Macedonia (iii) joined (iv) Geography (v) Theology (vi) took initial vows as nun 6. Mother Teresa was born on 26 August, 1910 in Macedonia. She was the youngest of the three siblings. She decided to be a nun only at 12. So, at 18, she left her parental home and joined Sisters of Loreto, an Irish Community of nun. Mother Teresa came to India taking training from Dublin. She started her life as a nun in 1931. The prevailing poverty of India made impact on her mind. She devoted herself to work among the poor in the slums of Kolkata in 1948. Solution To Barishal Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022 Part-A 1.      (i) (d) she is feeble (ii) (a) climate change (iii) (a) well off (iv) (b) unstable (v) (b) in one season 2.      (a) Meherjan's life was very good as well as well off earlier. She had everything—a family, cultivable land and cattle. She lost everything due to river erosion. (b)      Bangladesh is a land of rivers, some of whose banks overflow or erode during monsoon. Erosion is a harsh reality for the people living along the river banks. So, many more villages are in the threat of erosion. (c)       Meherjan lives in a slum on the Sirajgonj Town Protection Embankment. She has a polythene-roofed shelter which looks like a cage. (d)      Helpless people like Meherjan lost everything through river erosion. The river Jamuna engulfs everything of the helpless people through river erosion. So, the writer calls the Jamuna greedy. 3.      (a) rise/increase (b) temperature (c) needed/necessary/requirement (d) growth (e) more (I) increasing (g) valuable/expensive (h) number (i) failure (j) depending/relying 4.      (a) Fish is regarded as the main source of protein of about 40% of people in the world. (b) Fish population is under pressure and serious danger due to global warming. (c)  Increasing temperatures will extinct some fishes very soon. (d) People depending on fish will suffer from lack of protein, hunger and poverty. 5.      (i) worked (ii) in Europe and the US (iii) Half of the workers (iv) joined the rally (v) near the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company (vi) About 200 policemen 6. May 1st is known as May Day and is observed all over the world as the international workers day. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, workers had to work up to fourteen or even more hours a day. In 1886, they started a new movement demanding a minimum wage, safety laws and eight-hour workday. On May 3, 1886 police fired into a crowd of strikers, killing at least one, seriously wounding five or six. All the privileges workers enjoy today came about due to their sacrifices. Chattogram Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 20221 Part-A 1.      (a) (ii) Depend (b) (iii) Solar power (c) (iii) ice (d) (i) Geothermal energy (e) (iii) Fossil energy 2. (a) A renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. (b)      A renewable energy is more advantageous than a nonrenewable energy because it will never run out. Moreover, it does not cause global warming. (c)       Electric energy is necessary for us for heating and lighting homes and for commercial and industrial uses. (d)      The ocean with its tide and wave can be a source of energy. 3.      (a) very/so (b) enthusiastic (c) open (d) flowers (e) irrespective (f) sacrificed (g) entertained (h) hoist (i) illuminate (j) festive. 4. (a) We celebrate our independence day with great enthusiasm and fervour. (b) We pay homage to the martyrs by placing wreaths at national mausoleum. (c)  We witness a smartly dressed parade at the national parade ground. (d)  Spectators are entertained with various displays in Bangabandhu Stadium. 5.         (i) the Brahmaputra river (ii) inspired (iii) The river Brahmaputra/water colour paintings (iv) came under spot light (v) the Government School of Art in Calcutta (Now Government College of Art and Craft, Kolkata, India) (vi) ttealism 6.         Zainul Abedin was born in Kishoregonj. The role of Brahmaputra was predominant all through his artistic works. He spent much of his childhood near the scenic beauty of the river Brahmaputra. He learned European academic style at the Government School of Art in Kolkata. He studied at Slade School of Art, London. However, his fascination towards realism soon faded him and he turned to nature, rural life as his themes of art. Solution To Dinajpur Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Part-A 1.. (a) (iv) The end of the 19th century (b) (iv) All the above (c) (iii) as an alternative (d) (ii) oxygen (e) (ii) burning 2. (a) Humans can neither change the sun's radiation nor the earth's orbit around the sun because they are natural phenomena. But man can control the increase in the amount of greenhouse gases and its effect on the atmosphere. (b)      Humans are indiscriminately causing deforestation every year. So, the carbon dioxide concentration has been raised alarmingly in the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide causes greenhouse effects. This is why, human beings are responsible for the increase in the greenhouse gases. (c)       I think the main cause of the increase in carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels like coal, gas, mineral and oil. (d)      Every year enormous areas of forests are destroyed by the people. They do so in order to get wood and to clear regions for mining arid to create pasture. 3.                      (a) smaller (b) common (c) make/do (d) language/way (e) English (0 opportunity/chance (g) populated (h) burdened (i) English (j) our/solving 4.       (a) People need to communicate with others internationally. (b)  They require a common language for the purpose. (c)  English can serve the purpose more effectively than other languages. (d)  Therefore all cannot but learn and use English properly. 5.                           (i) observe/celebrate (ii) annually (iii) the supreme sacrifices of our language martyrs (iv) attend (v) February 21 (vi) on 17 November in 1999 6. February 21 is regarded as martyred day. Now it is a matter of great pleasure and prestige that the UNESCO has declared February 21 as the International Mother Language Day. Now the day is observed globally in recognition of the sacrifices of the martyrs for establishing the rightful place of Bangla. Bangalees are the only people who laid down their lives for the demand of mother tongue. It is surely a great tribute. So, we should uphold the spirit and upgrade our language. Solution To Mymensingh Board-2022 English First Paper [According to the Syllabus of 2022] Part-A L                                   (a) (iii) The condition of ailing people on the streets (b) (iii) love and kindness (c) (iii) heavenly (d) (ii) sacredly (e) (i) appreciated 2.. (a) Mother Teresa established 'Nirmal Hriday' for the sick and dying people lying on the streets of Kolkata to serve them. (b) Love begins at home and the future of humanity passes through the family. So, Mother Teresa emphasized on family. (c) Mother Teresa teaches us-that every man and woman should do something for others. (d) The Missionaries of Charity helped the people who survived by managing jobs for them. 3. (a) spoken/used (b) easy (c) reasons/causes (d) of (e) important / necessary / essential (f) communicate (g) denying (h) solve (i) beginning (j) pass 4. (a) Nowadays we can communicate with a person living anywhere in the world on the ' phone or the internet. (b)    But the language is not the same in all the countries. (c)     To communicate with anyone living anywhere we need a common language and that is English. (d)    One can have an opportunity to get a good job both inside and outside the country by learning English. 5. (i) the importance of Shaheed Dibosh/ the importance of International Mother Language Day (ii) with mourning songs (iii) in barefoot processions (iv) to pray for the language martyrs (v) Various programmes (vi) was proclaimed February 21 as the International Mother Language Day 6. February 21 is regarded as martyred day. Now it is a matter of great pleasure and prestige that the UNESCO has declared February 21 as the International Mother Language Day. Now the day is observed globally in recognition of the sacrifices of the martyrs for establishing the rightful place of Bangla. Bangalees are the only people who laid down - their lives for the demand of mother tongue. It is surely a great tribute. So, we should uphold the spirit and upgrade our language.

Key to SSC English First Paper Board Questions-2023 SSC English 1st Paper Dhaka Board-2023 1. a. iii) nationally; b. ii) President; c. iii) Martyred heroes; d. iii) Eagerness; e. i) independence was announced; f. ii) socio-cultural organization; g. iii) commence; h. ii) reverence; i. iv) national; j. iii) To highlight the celebration of 26 March. 2. (a) 26 March reminds us of the heroic struggle and sacrifice of the freedom fighters in 1971. (b) The nation observes 26 March to commemorate the heroic struggle and sacrifice of the martyrs and. freedom fighters in our War of Liberation as well as to celebrate our independence and victory. (c) 31 gunshots signify the tribute to the martyrs and freedom fighters of the Liberation War on behalf of the nation. It also indicates the beginning of the celebration of Independence Day. (d) The cultural programmes highlight the heroic struggle and sacrifice of our national heroes in 1971. (e) We pay homage to the martyrs by placing floral wreaths at the National Mausoleum located at Savar. From this passage, we become inspired to sacrifice our lives for the cause of the country. We are encouraged to defend the honour and dignity of our motherland at any cost. 3. (a) four; (b) off; (c) works; (d) difficult; (e) run/ maintain. 4. Not included in the syllabus. 5. (i) 'Paradise Lost'; (ii) 1625-32; (iii) Cambridge University; (iv) passed MA; (v) his second wife died; (vi) in 1674. 6. The passage is about John Milton (1608 – 1674) who was one of the famous poets in English Literature. He was born in London. After completing MA from Cambridge University, he continued an unprofessional study at Horton. He married twice, but both of them died early. Though Milton completed his famous work `Paradise Lost' in 1664, it was published in 1667. By that time, he had already become blind. Mymensingh Board-2023 .1. a. iii) share; b. i) minds; C. ii) for our strong invisible bond; d. i) vagabond; e. ii) origin; f. ii) kith and kin; g. iii) a wild hurry to go somewhere; h. iii) To highlight the 'return to entity; i. i) bondage; j. ii) The pull of the roots. 2. (a) People rush for homes during the Eid vacation to meet their family relatives, in-laws or friends. This is nothing but desire to return to the roots. (b) Yes, human beings have roots but the), are not like trees. They are invisible. They lie in human minds. Their families, land of birth, relatives, culture, traditions and surroundings are their roots. (c) During Eid vacation, there is a mad rush to board different transports as many people go to different places almost at the same time. As a result, the transports are overcrowded during Eid vacations, and they sometimes meet. serious accidents. (d) Family and society play a vital role in human life. Without a family and society, a man becomes a non-entity and rootless. So, the role of the family and society is very significant in human life. E) The people who do not have roots are non-entity. They are rootless with no context. As they do not have their own identity, they become devoid of values, humanity, and social responsibilities. They have no destination and feel empty and void. (f) The power of roots refers to the invisible strength of the bond between us and. our family members, in-laws, friends, neighbours or even between us and the land where we were born and grew up. That's why, the invisible power of the bond pulls us to our roots wherever we stay and we always feel that. 3. (a) survive; (b) being; (c) daily; (d) reduction; (e) promote/encourage. 4. Not included in the syllabus. 5. (i) 76; (ii) "A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to the Present Times"; (iii) 1968; (iv) Cambridge University; (v) became a victim of Gehrig's disease; (vi) the prestigious Albert Einstein award. 6. The passage is about Stephen Hawking king (1942 – 2018), the greatest Physicist after Einstein, who was born in England. In hisfamous book, he explained cosmology, and thus, established his reputation as a great scientist. In 1968, he received PhD in Cosmology from Cambridge University. Unfortunately, he was confined to a wheelchair due to Gehrig's disease, but it couldn't stop him from continuing his research till his death. In 1974, Hawking won the prestigious Albert Einstein Award. He was also a Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in Cambridge University since 1979. Cumilla Board-2023 1. a. iv) modern; b. iii) Proficient; c. ii) BAUM; d. i) Place of birth and its surroundings; e. iv) debt; f. iv) they are closely attached to their soil; g. ii) Commitment to the native land; h. iv) believes; i. ii) every; j. iv) should be self-employed. I (a) Obligation to the soil, that isi responsibility to the root made Mainul Islam come back to his village. (b) The specialty of the Islam family is that all of its members are living in their own village and they all have fame in their own fields. . (c) Mr. Mainul Islam and his brothers showed us that they have deep connection to their own roots. Thus, they may be model for us in showing how to be respectful of our own roots. (d) Yes, I do agree that every educated individual should not be a job seeker. It is because education does not prepare a person only to be an officer. An educated person should not only think of his or her own interests but also work for the betterment of his root. (e) Working in his own farm and living with family and friends help Mr Islam lead a pleasing life. (f) By this, Mainul Islam wants to mean that the educational qualifications he and his other family members have could easily help them settle in a city. 3. (a) regarded; b) observe; c) mourning; d) pay/show; e) barefooted. 4. Not included in the syllabus.           1 5. (i) passed his Entrance examination; (ii) the University of Dhaka; (iii) obtained his MA degree; (iv) "Bangla Shahitter Katha"; (v) Sorbonne University, Paris; (vi) on 13 July 1969. 6. The passage is about Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah (1885 – 1969), who was born in West Bengal, India. After completing graduation and post-graduation, he joined Dhaka University as a Professor of Sanskrit and Bengali. He received Doctorate Degree from Sorbonne University, Paris. He is the author of 'Bangla Shahitter Katha', the first well-arranged history of Bengali Literature. After suffering for a long time, this great contributor to Bangla language and literature passed away in Dhaka., Raishahi Board-2023 1. a. iii) some great people laid down their lives to establish Bangla as a State Language; b. iii) Jinnah; c. ii) strong protest; d. iii) 4 years; e. i) status of Bangla as a State Language of Pakistan; f iv) erstwhile Pakistan; g. i) compelled to do that; h, iii) in the eastern part'of Pakistan; i. ii) establish Bangla as a State Language; j. i) final stage. 2. (a) The martyrs sacrificed their lives in 1952 to establish Bangla as a State Language in undivided Pakistan. They believed that language is an essential part of our identity and culture and that no one should be forced to give up their mother tongue. (b) Undivided Pakistan 'refers to the country of Pakistan comprised of the East Pakistan and the West Pakistan. (c) Pakistan government outlawed meetings and rallies in 1952 with a view to, stopping the Language Movement of 1952. (d) As the students brought out a peaceful protest procession defying the government decision, police opened fire and killed Salam, Rafiq, Barkat and Jabbar to stop the protest and the Language Movement as well. (e) The Language Movement of 1952 kindled the sparks of independence among the citizens of the East Pakistan by making them aware of their rights. Thus, the Language Movement is related to the independence of Bangladesh. (f) 21 February is observed annually worldwide as International Mother Language Day to promote linguistic            and      cultural            diversity . and multilingualism. It also commemorates the sacrifices made by the language martyrs in 195' . for their mother language. 3. (a) means/indicates; (b) element; (c) moment; (d) us: (e) polluted. 4. Not included in the syllabus. 5. (i) An American Shipping Company; (ii) sailed from: (iii) on 10 April 1912; (iv) on 15 April 1912; (v) Titanic; (vi) the Atlantic Ocean. 6. In 1912, an American Shipping Company launched the Titanic. It sailed on its . maiden voyage from Southampton, England to New York, the USA. Though the ship was thought to be unsinkable, it sank colliding with a huge iceberg while crossing the Atlantic. At the time of sinking, the passengers got panicked and rushed to the lifeboats. However, the lifeboats could take only the women and the childrep as the number of the boats was limited. Dinaipur Board-2023 1. a. ii) sonnet; b. iii) wish; c. iv) to accept something new; d. ii) Literary; e. iii) formal anger-, f, iv) hardship; g. ii) Since his teenage; h. i) showing strong feelings; i. iii) Meghnad Badh Kabya; j. ii) He lived in Europe fora short period. 2. (a) Madhusudan wanted to grow himself as an Englishman in form and manner from his early age. (b) Madhusudan practiced Christianity in lieu of Hinduism in his middle age. (c) His college inspired him to imitate the English in taste, manners and intellect, because as a precious child with a gift of literary talent, his manifestation to English was excellent and appreciable. Poems and plays written in English reflected his intellectual ability. (e) After coming back to Bengal, Madhusudan realised that his true identity lay in Bengal and his fascination for England and Europe was totally wrong. (f) Madhusudan was a talented writer. He composed poems and plays in English as he wanted- to be an English writer but his works were not appreciated by the Europeans. So, he was frustrated as a writer of English literature. 3. (a) industrialization; (b) generating/producing; (c) increase; (d) dependence/reliance; (e) forests. 4. Not included in the syllabus. 5. (i) 18,386 hectares; (ii) in April 1999; (iii) Maulvibazar and Sylhet; (iv) Barheaded Goose; (v) is known; (vi) a period of 4 to 5 months. 6. The passage is about Hakaluki haor, a significant wetland of Bangladesh, with an area of 18,386 hectares. It supports a rich biodiversity and provides a living for approximately 190,000 people. The government of Bangladesh declared it an Ecologically Critical Area in 1999. Hakaluki haor consists of interconnected beels and jalmahals, forming a complex ecosystem. It is home to various species of migratory waterfowls, . including the endangered Barheaded Goose. Unfortunately, illegal poaching poses a threat to these birds. Furthermore, parts of the haor dry up, providing grazing land for cattle. However, deforestation and lack of conservation efforts have severely impacted the once-thriving swamp forests in the area. Jashore Board-2023 1. a. iv) alone; b. ii) wealthy; c. iii) Destroy; d. ii) River erosion; e. i) cruel impact on people; f. i) the erosion of the Jamuna; g. iii) To describe the effect of river erosion; h. iv) to make loud deep harsh sound; i. iii) climate change; j. ii) exterminated. 2. (a) Meherjan lives in a polythene-roofed shelter in a slum on. the SiraJgorj. Town Protection Embankment. (b) The people who live along the river banks are the worst sufferers of climate change. It is because climate change has increased river erosion. (c) The greedy Jamuna crushed Meherjan's dream and happiness by eating up her landed property, house, trees, vegetable garden and, the bamboo bush. (d) Meherjan lost her home, cultivable land, trees, vegetable garden, and the bamboo bush due to river erosion.            I (e) If we cannot control river erosion, many more people like Meherjan will become homeless every year in Bangladesh. River erosion is a major threat caused by climate change and affects the lives of thousands of people every year. (f) Yes, I agree with the view. It is because climate change is the main reason of river erosion. So, we have to stop polluting the environment first. Then, we have to dredge our rivers and make embankment to adapt to the change. 3. (a) four; (b) off; (c) works; (d) difficult; (e) run/maintain. 4. Not included in the syllabus. 5. (i) Kentucky, the USA; (ii) Gettysburg Address was delivered by Lincoln; (iii) 1861; (iv) America; (v) Ford's Theatre in Washington; (vi) April 14, 1865. 6. The passage is about Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), the 16' president of the USA, who is famous for his Gettysburg Address during the Civil War and for declaring a ban on slavery in America in 1863. He was born in Kentucky, but his family moved to Indiana after his mother's death. He was a captain in the Black Hawk War. He became President in 1861, and then again in 1864. He was killed at Ford's Theatre in Washington on Good Friday. Chattogram Board-2023 1. a. ii) She taught us humanity; b. iv) 1979; c. i) Nirmal Hriday;; d. i) sari; e. iii) peace; f. i) great love; g. iv) both i and ii; h. i) The donating preachers; i, ii) throughout the world; j. i) an environment of peaceful death. 2. (a) I think Mother Teresa won so many awards because of her humanitarian works and commitment to helping the impoverished. (b) Mother Teresa had great love and compassion for humanity. So, she won the Nobel Prize for her humanitarian work. *  I (c) 'Nirmal Hridoy' stands for 'Pure Heart'. Actually, it is a charity home founded by Mother Teresa to shelter the dying destitute of Kolkata. I think, the home is named 'Nirmal Hriday' so that the dying people living in the streets of Kolkata can get an opportunity to die in an environment of kindness and love. (d) Mother Teresa wanted the dying people to feel that they too deserve care and love because they are also the children of God. She believed that everyone is entitled to love, care and shelter regardless of their creed, caste and religion. (e) The things that we have learnt from Mother Teresa are that we should spread the love of God, take care of the poor and the destitute, and work for the,humanity. (f) The world salutes her for her love and compassion for humanity. 3. (a) history; (b) realize/remember; (c) against; (d) revolted/ struggled/ protested; (e) consequence/ result/ outcome. 4. Not included in the syllabus. 5. (i) 1941; (ii) in 1874; (iii) in 1878; (iv) Law; (v) The Gitanjali; (vi) in 1921. 6. The passage is about Rabindranath Tagore (1861 –1941), a poet, a novelist, a dramatist, a philosopher and a musician. He was born in the renowned Tagore family. School life did not attract him much, and so, he was educated at home. However, at 17, he was sent to London to study Law. But he started to study Literature there. Rabindranath started to show his poetic talent very early in his life. In * 1911, he translated his poems of 'The Gitanjali' into English for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1913. In 1914, he was made a knight by the British Government, but he rejected it as a protest against the British atrocities. Rabindranath was also honoured with D.Litt. bN Oxford University. He founded Viswa Bharati in 1921. Svlhet Board-2023 1. a. ii) gun salute; b. iii) at Savar; c. iv) in Bangabandhu Stadium; d. iv) All categories of people; e. ii) light on; f. iii) respect; g. iv) amuse; h. i) represents his/her own country; i. iii) show due respect and gratitude to the martyrs; j. i) To' highlight the celebration of Independence Day. ,2. (a) 26 March reminds us of the heroic struggle andsacrifice of the freedom fighters in 1971. (b) The President, the Prime Minister, diplomats, political parties, social and cultural organizations, freedom fighters and general people pay homage to the martyred freedom fighters. (c) The nation observes 26 March to commemorate the heroic struggle and sacrifice of the martyrs and freedom fighters in our War of Liberation as well as to celebrate our independence and victory. (d) The Independence Day, the biggest state festival, is observed every year in our country with great enthusiasm and fervour. (e) Early in the morning, the President and the Prime Minister on behalf of the nation place floral wreaths at the National Memorial at Savar. (f) A 31 gun salute signifies the tribute to the martyrs and freedom fighters of the Liberation War on behalf of the nation. It also indicates the beginning of the celebration of Independence Day. 3. (a) delivered; (b) put; (c) use/utilization; (d) According; (e) concern. 4. Not included in the syllabus. 5. (i) Princeton; (ii) the Swiss patent, office; (iii) the University of Zurich; (iv) moved to; (v) to work at the institute for advanced study; (vi) in divorce. 6. The passage is about Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955). the greatest scientist of the 20th century, was born in Germany. He obtained Swiss citizenship and worked at the patent office before publishing groundbreaking works in theoretical physics, including the theory cf relativity. Despite his theories being highly controversial, he became a professor at the.Universit% of Berlin and a member of the Prussian Academy of Science. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. With ;the rise of Hitler, Einstein moved to the United States, where he became a citizen and worked at the institute for advanced Study. Einstein married twice, with the first one ending in divorce. Barishal Board-2023 1. a. iii) joy; b. i) without missing a year; c. ii) Bangalee culture and tradition; d. iv) traditional dish;.e. ii) people; E iii) the Fine Arts students of Dhaka University; g. iv) jubilant; h. iii) Joys  and sorrows of contemporary life;. i. iii) Beautify; j. iii) all categories of people. 2. (a) On Pahela Boishakh, people wake up early in the - morning to take part in the festivities. (b) The cultural programme begins with'the sunrise. The programme features renowned artists of the country performing traditional folk songs, classical dances, and -the famous Tagore-song 'Esho-he-Boishakh, Esho Esho', all accompanied by musical instruments. (c) In observance of Pahela Boishakh, newspapers bring out special supplements on this day. (d) The celebration of Pahela Boishakh marks a day of cultural unity for the whole nation irrespective of caste and creed. (e) The traditional attire for women on Pahela Boishakh includes a white saree with red borders and colourful churls and flowers, while men typically wear pajamas and punjabis. (f) Celebration of Pahela Boishakh is an occasion for individuals to reflect on the past and embrace the future with renewed hope and aspiration. It serves as a symbol of cultural harmony and national unity, bringing together people from all walks of life to celebrate the beginning of a new year in traditional style. 3. (a) assigned; (b) successful; (c) took; (d) who; (e) remember. 4. Not included in the syllabus. 5. (i) was born; (ii) on .1 January 190, ; (iii) from the University of Kolkata; (iv) in 1938; (v) received President Award for Pride Performance, Pakistan; (vi) on 13 March 1976. 6. The passage is about Jasimuddin (1903 – 1976), widely known as pollikobi, was born in Faridpur. He completed his graduation and post-graduation in Bangla from the University of Kolkata. He joined the University of Dhaka in 1938 as a Lecturer. In 1944, he resigned and then joined the Department of Information and Broadcasting. He wrote many poems, dramas, novels, memoirs, music, etc. and collected more than 10,000 folk songs. He also received many honours and awards for his literary works.

In grammar, the term "number" refers to the count of a noun or pronoun. It indicates whether we are talking about one thing (singular) or more than one thing (plural). Types of Number: There are two main types: Singular Number: It refers to the count of only one of a noun or pronoun. Examples: pen, table, aunt, father, goose, etc. Plural Number: It refers to the count of more than one of a noun or pronoun. Examples: pens, tables, aunts, fathers, geese, etc. Changing Number: To change the number from singular to plural, we follow certain rules: Rule 1: Add "s" at the end of a singular noun to make it plural. Rule 2: If the singular noun ends with s, sh, ch, x, or z, add "es." Rule 3: When the pronunciation of "ch" is like "k," add only "s" at the end. Rule 4: For words ending in "y" with a consonant before it, replace "y" with "i" and add "es." Rule 5: Replace "f" or "fe" with "v" and add "es." Rule 6: Add "es," "ren," or "ne" at the end for specific words. Rule 7: Add "s" when a word ends in "ful." Rule 8: Some words only require adding "s" at the end. Rule 9: Some nouns have no plural form and are always used in singular. Others are always used in plural form. Rule 10: Some nouns, like government or peasantry, seem singular but are plural in meaning. Rule 11: Conversely, words like physics or politics seem plural but are singular in meaning. Rule 12: Some nouns have the same form in both singular and plural. Rule 13: For pronouns, memorization is key. Rule 14: For letters, numbers, and symbols, use an apostrophe and "s" to indicate plurality.

Medium (singular): A means or method of communication. Example: The internet is a powerful medium for information exchange. Example: The media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion. Species (singular): A group of organisms sharing common characteristics and capable of interbreeding. Example: The cheetah is a fascinating species. Example: There are many endangered species in the rainforest. Fish (singular): An individual aquatic animal with gills and fins. Example: I caught a large fish in the lake. Example: We saw a school of fish swimming in the ocean. Headquarters (singular): The main office or central location of an organization. Example: The company's headquarters are located in New York. Example: The military has established headquarters in various regions. Offspring (singular): The direct descendant or child of a person or animal. Example: The lioness protects her offspring from predators. Example: The offspring of the monarch butterfly go through a metamorphosis. Series (singular): A set of related television or radio programs. Example: I enjoy watching that TV series every week. Example: The artist created a series of paintings inspired by nature. Aircraft (singular): A vehicle designed for air travel, such as an airplane or helicopter. Example: The aircraft took off smoothly from the runway. Example: The military deployed several aircraft for the mission. Bison (singular): A large mammal with a shaggy mane, native to North America. Example: We observed a solitary bison in Yellowstone National Park. Example: A herd of bison grazed peacefully on the prairie. Calf (singular): A young bovine. Example: The farmer's cow gave birth to a healthy calf. Example: He stretched his calves before going for a run. Die (singular): A tool for shaping or forming materials. Example: The metalworker used a die to create intricate patterns. Example: Let's roll the dice and see who goes first. Person (singular): An individual human being. Example: She is a compassionate person. Example: The people gathered in the square for a protest. Foot (singular): The lower extremity of the leg. Example: I hurt my foot while hiking. Example: The athlete has quick feet on the soccer field. Hair (singular): The threads that grow from the skin, especially on the head. Example: She has long, flowing hair. Example: The brush removed loose hairs from the coat. Louse (singular): A small, wingless insect parasitic on humans. Example: Head lice are common among schoolchildren. Example: The infestation was treated to eliminate the lice. Mouse (singular): A small rodent. Example: A mouse scurried across the kitchen floor. Example: The barn had a problem with mice. Ox (singular): A large, domesticated mammal used as a draft animal. Example: The farmer plowed the field with an ox. Example: A team of oxen pulled the heavy load. Personnel (singular): Employees or workforce. Example: The company is hiring new personnel. Example: The people in the office were friendly. Penny (singular): A coin worth one cent. Example: I found a lucky penny on the sidewalk. Example: She saved her pennies in a jar. Scissors (singular): A cutting tool with two blades. Example: Use the scissors to cut the paper. Example: The scissors were kept in the drawer. Shear (singular): To cut or clip with scissors. Example: The hairstylist will shear my hair. Example: The gardener used shears to trim the hedge. Brother (singular): A male sibling. Example: My brother is older than me. Example: She has two brothers. Child (singular): A young human being. Example: Every child deserves a good education. Example: The park was filled with joyful children. Leaf (singular): The flattened structure of a plant. Example: A single leaf fell from the tree. Example: The ground was covered with autumn leaves. Man (singular): An adult male human. Example: The man held the door open for me. Example: The men were working together on the project. Woman (singular): An adult female human. Example: She is a strong and independent woman. Example: The women organized a community event. Alumnus (singular): A male graduate of a school. Example: The alumnus returned for the reunion. Example: The alumni association organizes events. Alumna (singular): A female graduate of a school. Example: She is an accomplished alumna. Example: The alumnae support scholarships. Datum (singular): A single piece of information. Example: Each datum is crucial for the study. Example: The data points were analyzed for trends. Stadium (singular): A large venue for sports or concerts. Example: The stadium can accommodate thousands of spectators. Example: The city has several stadia for various events. Medium (singular): A means or method of communication. Example: The internet is a powerful medium for information exchange. Example: The media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion. Crisis (singular): A time of intense difficulty or danger. Example: The country faced an economic crisis. Example: The organization navigated through several crises. Criterion (singular): A standard or principle used for judgment. Example: The main criterion for selection was experience. Example: The criteria for the competition were clearly defined. Phenomenon (singular): A fact or event that can be observed. Example: The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon. Example: The scientist studied various natural phenomena. Bacterium (singular): A single microscopic organism. Example: The bacterium can be seen under a microscope. Example: Antibiotics are effective against certain bacteria. Curriculum (singular): The subjects comprising a course of study. Example: The school updated its curriculum. Example: The university offers diverse curricula. Appendix (singular): A supplementary material or section. Example: The report includes an appendix with additional data. Example: The book has several appendices for reference. Index (singular): An alphabetical list of topics at the end of a book. Example: The index helps locate specific information in the book. Example: The library catalog has indices for various subjects. Virus (singular): A submicroscopic infectious agent. Example: The virus caused a widespread illness. Example: The researchers studied different viruses in the lab. Radius (singular): The distance from the center to the edge of a circle. Example: The radius of the wheel is crucial for stability. Example: The radii of the circles vary in size. Focus (singular): The center of interest or activity. Example: The focus of the meeting was on new initiatives. Example: The project has several foci that need attention. Stimulus (singular): A thing or event that evokes a specific response. Example: The loud noise served as a stimulus for the reaction. Example: The experiment presented various stimuli to the subjects. Criterion (singular): A standard or principle used for judgment. Example: The main criterion for selection was experience. Example: The criteria for the competition were clearly defined. Analysis (singular): The detailed examination of something. Example: The analysis of the data revealed interesting patterns. Example: The research paper included various analyses. Fungus (singular): A group of spore-producing organisms. Example: The mushroom is a type of fungus. Example: Different fungi play essential roles in ecosystems. Larva (singular): The early, immature form of an insect. Example: The larva transforms into a butterfly. Example: The garden was teeming with larvae. Vertebra (singular): Each of the series of small bones forming the backbone. Example: The vertebra provides support to the spine. Example: The doctor examined the patient's vertebrae. Antenna (singular): A slender, flexible sensory organ on an insect's head. Example: The butterfly uses its antenna to sense the environment. Example: The ants communicate through their antennae. Syllabus (singular): An outline or summary of a course of study. Example: The syllabus provides an overview of the semester. Example: The department revised the syllabi for the upcoming year. Appendix (singular): A supplementary material or section. Example: The report includes an appendix with additional data. Example: The book has several appendices for reference. Formula (singular): A mathematical or chemical expression. Example: The scientist derived a new formula. Example: The textbook contains various formulae for calculations.

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, animal, idea, or more. Here are some examples to help you understand: John is a person. The United States is a place. London is a city. Almighty is an idea. Angels are beings. Iron is a thing or material. Examination is an idea. Virtuousness is a quality. Types of Nouns in English Proper Nouns: A proper noun is the specific name of a person, animal, place, thing, etc. They always begin with a capital letter. Here are some examples: Jack is a person. Dubai is a place. The United Kingdom is a place. Willy is a name. Common Nouns: Common nouns are general words for people, animals, places, things, etc. They do not start with a capital letter unless at the beginning of a sentence. Here are examples: Country is a place. City is a place. Man is a person. King and Queen are titles. Boy and girl are people. Collective Nouns: A collective noun represents a group of people or things. It is a single word that describes a collection. Examples include: Family is a group. Team is a group. Class is a group. Troop is a group. Material Nouns: Material nouns describe the substance or material from which things are made. Examples include: Gold is a material. Iron is a material. Wood is a material. Water is a material. Abstract Nouns: Abstract nouns represent concepts, ideas, or qualities. They often refer to things that cannot be seen or touched. Examples are: Friendship is a concept. Relationship is a concept. Beauty is a quality. Peace is an idea. Read the following sentences and identify the type of noun used. Choose from the five main types of nouns: Proper, Common, Collective, Abstract, or Material Nouns. The Eiffel Tower in Paris is a famous landmark. A flock of birds flew across the sky at sunset. Happiness is essential for a fulfilling life. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. The team celebrated their victory with joy. Time waits for no one. My cat enjoys lounging in the sun. Integrity is a valuable quality in a leader. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth. A pack of wolves howled in the distance. Shepherd's pie is made with minced meat and mashed potatoes. The United Nations plays a crucial role in international diplomacy. The wisdom of elders is often profound. The Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert globally. A parliament of owls gathered on the tree branches. Mount Rushmore features the faces of four U.S. presidents. The concept of justice varies across cultures. The Nile River is the longest river in Africa. A herd of elephants grazed peacefully in the savanna. The Mona Lisa is a famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci. Answers: Proper Noun Collective Noun Abstract Noun Proper Noun Collective Noun Abstract Noun Common Noun Abstract Noun Proper Noun Collective Noun Material Noun Proper Noun Abstract Noun Proper Noun Collective Noun Proper Noun Abstract Noun Proper Noun Collective Noun Proper Noun Read the following sentences and identify the type of noun used, considering both subjective and objective forms. Choose from the five main types of nouns: Proper, Common, Collective, Abstract, or Material Nouns. My friend Jack is an excellent cook. (Subjective) I appreciate the advice you gave me. (Objective) The jury reached a unanimous decision. (Subjective) We visited a museum during our vacation. (Objective) A pride of lions roared in the distance. (Subjective) He bought a new camera for his photography hobby. (Objective) Happiness is contagious. (Subjective) They explored the mysteries of the universe. (Objective) The board of directors made a strategic decision. (Subjective) She received a scholarship for her academic achievements. (Objective) The concept of time is fascinating. (Subjective) I found a solution to the problem. (Objective) A fleet of ships sailed across the horizon. (Subjective) The professor shared his knowledge with the students. (Objective) The Rocky Mountains are a stunning natural wonder. (Subjective) They admired the beauty of the sunset. (Objective) A committee of experts discussed the proposal. (Subjective) I observed the behavior of ants in the garden. (Objective) The Pacific Ocean is known for its vastness. (Subjective) She witnessed an act of kindness in the busy city. (Objective) Answers: Proper Noun (Jack) Abstract Noun (Advice) Collective Noun (Jury) Common Noun (Museum) Collective Noun (Pride) Common Noun (Camera) Abstract Noun (Happiness) Abstract Noun (Mysteries) Collective Noun (Board) Common Noun (Scholarship) Abstract Noun (Concept) Common Noun (Solution) Collective Noun (Fleet) Common Noun (Knowledge) Proper Noun (Rocky Mountains) Abstract Noun (Beauty) Collective Noun (Committee) Common Noun (Behavior) Proper Noun (Pacific Ocean) Common Noun (Act) Read the sentences below and identify the type of noun used, considering both subjective and objective forms. Choose from the five main types of nouns: Proper, Common, Collective, Abstract, or Material Nouns. John is the captain of the soccer team. (Proper, Collective) I enjoy the tranquility of nature. (Abstract, Common) A fleet of cars participated in the race. (Collective, Common) The teacher shared her wisdom with the students. (Proper, Abstract, Collective) They explored the mysteries of science. (Abstract, Common) A parliament of owls resides in the ancient forest. (Collective, Proper) She demonstrated her artistic skills in a painting. (Abstract, Common) The Amazon River is the second-longest river in the world. (Proper, Common) The committee of scientists discussed the results of the experiment. (Collective, Abstract, Common) He received a medal for his bravery. (Common, Abstract) Mount Everest is a challenging peak to climb. (Proper, Common) A group of friends gathered to celebrate the birthday. (Collective, Common) The concept of democracy is crucial for a society. (Abstract, Common) I observed a piece of art at the museum. (Common, Common) The Pacific Ocean is known for its marine life. (Proper, Common) A storm of emotions overwhelmed the actor during the performance. (Collective, Abstract, Common, Common) She demonstrated her culinary skills by preparing a delicious meal. (Abstract, Common, Common) A forest of ancient trees provides a home for a variety of birds. (Collective, Common, Common) The concept of time is both intriguing and complex. (Abstract, Common) A committee of architects designed the new building. (Collective, Common, Common) Answers: Proper Noun (John), Collective Noun (Soccer Team) Abstract Noun (Tranquility), Common Noun (Nature) Collective Noun (Fleet), Common Noun (Race) Proper Noun (Teacher), Abstract Noun (Wisdom), Collective Noun (Students) Abstract Noun (Mysteries), Common Noun (Science) Collective Noun (Parliament), Proper Noun (Ancient Forest) Abstract Noun (Artistic Skills), Common Noun (Painting) Proper Noun (Amazon River), Common Noun (River) Collective Noun (Committee), Abstract Noun (Results), Common Noun (Experiment) Common Noun (Medal), Abstract Noun (Bravery) Proper Noun (Mount Everest), Common Noun (Peak) Collective Noun (Group), Common Noun (Friends), Common Noun (Birthday) Abstract Noun (Concept), Common Noun (Democracy) Common Noun (Piece), Common Noun (Art), Common Noun (Museum) Proper Noun (Pacific Ocean), Common Noun (Marine Life) Collective Noun (Storm), Abstract Noun (Emotions), Common Noun (Actor), Common Noun (Performance) Abstract Noun (Culinary Skills), Common Noun (Meal) Collective Noun (Forest), Common Noun (Trees), Common Noun (Birds) Abstract Noun (Concept), Common Noun (Time) Collective Noun (Committee), Common Noun (Architects), Common Noun (Building)

A phrase is a collection of words working together in a sentence to convey a specific meaning. It does not constitute a complete sentence as it lacks a subject and predicate. Rather, it functions as a cohesive unit, contributing to the overall sense of a sentence. Understanding the Function of a Phrase Phrases serve various linguistic roles and are employed to express diverse meanings within different contexts. Some phrases modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs, while others modify nouns. Additionally, phrases are versatile tools for conveying emotions, articulating intricate ideas, and introducing variety into communication. Different Types of Phrases with New Examples 1. Prepositional Phrases: Prepositional phrases initiate with a preposition and conclude with a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Functioning as adjectives or adverbs, they furnish additional information about the subject or object in a sentence. For instance: The cat under the bed is hiding. The painting on the wall is beautiful. The student with the red backpack is my friend. 2. Verb Phrases: Verb phrases encompass a verb along with its complements, objects, or modifiers. Serving as predicates, they articulate the action or state of being in a sentence. For example: She is composing a letter. They have completed their assignments. We will explore the forest tomorrow. 3. Noun Phrases: Noun phrases function as a noun in a sentence and consist of a noun along with its modifiers, pronouns, or other nouns. For instance: The bright sun in the sky is warm. A clever scientist discovered the cure. The book on the shelf belongs to Sarah. 4. Adjective Phrases: Adjective phrases modify a noun or pronoun and consist of an adjective along with its modifiers or participles. For example: The cat with the fluffy tail is adorable. An old tree with twisted branches stands in the yard. The house with the blue door is for sale. 5. Adverb Phrases: Adverb phrases modify a verb, adjective, or adverb, supplying additional information about the manner, place, or time of the action or state of being. For instance: She sang with joy. The car moved slowly down the street. They played music quite loudly. More Examples Prepositional Phrase Examples: The coffee on the table is hot. The cat under the couch is sleeping. The movie with the funny scenes made me laugh. Verb Phrase Examples: He has been studying for hours. They are planning a surprise. We will visit the museum tomorrow. Noun Phrase Examples: The excited children in the park are playing. A kind person with a big heart helps others. The mountain with snow on top is majestic. Adjective Phrase Examples: The dog with the wagging tail is friendly. A delicious cake with chocolate frosting is tempting. The girl with the sparkling eyes is my sister. Adverb Phrase Examples: He sings with great passion. The birds chirped happily in the morning. She arrived at the party surprisingly early. Type of phrase in each sentence: prepositional, verb, noun, adjective, or adverb. Prepositional Phrase: The cat on the roof is afraid of heights. Verb Phrase: She has been practicing the piano for hours. Noun Phrase: A new student joined our class yesterday. Adjective Phrase: The mountain, with its snow-covered peaks, looked majestic. Adverb Phrase: He sang the song with great enthusiasm. Prepositional Phrase: The keys on the table are for the new car. Verb Phrase: They will be celebrating their anniversary next week. Noun Phrase: The old house at the end of the street is haunted. Adjective Phrase: The girl, wearing a red dress, caught everyone's attention. Adverb Phrase: The athletes ran with incredible speed. Prepositional Phrase: The book on the shelf is my favorite. Verb Phrase: She finished reading the novel last night. Noun Phrase: A black cat crossed our path, bringing good luck. Adjective Phrase: The cake, with layers of chocolate, was delicious. Adverb Phrase: The train arrived at the station surprisingly early. Prepositional Phrase: The flowers in the garden are blooming beautifully. Verb Phrase: They have completed all the assignments. Noun Phrase: The little boy with the red balloon is lost. Adjective Phrase: The scientist, known for groundbreaking research, won the award. Adverb Phrase: The sun sets behind the mountains every evening. Read the following sentences and identify the type of phrase used. Choose from the five main types of phrases: Prepositional, Verb, Noun, Adjective, or Adverb Phrases. In the garden, the flowers with vibrant colors bloomed beautifully. She has been working tirelessly on her project for weeks. The cat on the roof watched the birds in the distance. A mysterious package with no return address arrived this morning. They will be exploring the ancient ruins during their vacation. The old man with a cane walked slowly along the path. With a big smile, she greeted her guests at the door. The book on the shelf is a fascinating mystery novel. The car with the broken headlights is parked in front of the house. The student with a passion for science conducted groundbreaking research. The athlete ran with incredible speed during the competition. In the morning, the sun rises behind the mountains. He is watching a documentary about space exploration. The delicious pizza with extra cheese is my guilty pleasure. With great care, she assembled the delicate puzzle. The birds in the tree chirped happily as the sun set. The mountain with snow on top is a breathtaking sight. She sang with joy during the celebratory concert. A tall building with glass windows dominates the city skyline. The dog in the yard is playing fetch with its owner. Answers: Prepositional Phrase Verb Phrase Noun Phrase Adjective Phrase Verb Phrase Noun Phrase Adverb Phrase Noun Phrase Adjective Phrase Noun Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase Noun Phrase Read the following sentences and identify the type of phrase used. Choose from the five main types of phrases: Prepositional, Verb, Noun, Adjective, or Adverb Phrases. In the classroom, the students eagerly listened to the teacher's instructions. She has been practicing her piano skills diligently every evening. The mysterious castle on the hill captured everyone's imagination. A friend with a good sense of humor can make any day brighter. They will be sailing across the vast ocean during their voyage. The young girl with pigtails giggled uncontrollably. With determination, he pursued his dreams despite the challenges. The keys on the piano were worn from years of passionate playing. The house with a red door is located at the end of the street. The scientist with a keen eye for details made a groundbreaking discovery. The cheetah ran with astonishing speed across the grasslands. In the afternoon, the rain began to fall gently. She is reading a fascinating novel about time travel. The homemade cookies with chocolate chips were a delightful treat. With grace and elegance, the ballerina performed on stage. The birds in the sky soared freely among the clouds. The mountain with a jagged peak is a challenging climb. He spoke with sincerity during the heartfelt apology. A cozy cabin with a fireplace is perfect for a winter retreat. The dog by the river happily chased after sticks. During the meeting, they discussed important business strategies. She is creating a beautiful painting with vibrant colors. The old man with a walking stick strolled through the park. With great enthusiasm, they embarked on the adventure of a lifetime. The car with a flat tire is stranded on the side of the road. The student with a curious mind always asks insightful questions. The movie with stunning visual effects left the audience in awe. He jogged with determination in preparation for the marathon. In the garden, the butterflies fluttered around the blooming flowers. The office with large windows provides a scenic view of the city. Answers: Prepositional Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase Adverb Phrase Noun Phrase Adjective Phrase Noun Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase Noun Phrase Adverb Phrase Adjective Phrase Prepositional Phrase Prepositional Phrase Verb Phrase Noun Phrase Adverb Phrase Adjective Phrase Noun Phrase Adjective Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase Noun Phrase Read the following sentences and identify the type of phrase used. Choose from the five main types of phrases: Prepositional, Verb, Noun, Adjective, or Adverb Phrases. In the midst of chaos, she found inner peace. Having studied all night, he aced the challenging exam. The artist with a passion for surrealism created mesmerizing paintings. An opportunity to travel the world is a dream come true. They will be presenting their innovative ideas at the conference. The ancient ruins with intricate carvings fascinated archaeologists. With profound insight, she analyzed the philosophical text. The keys on the old typewriter clicked rhythmically as he typed. The house with a secret passage intrigued the curious children. The entrepreneur with a visionary mindset launched a successful startup. Swiftly and effortlessly, the gymnast executed a flawless routine. At the crack of dawn, the city began to stir with activity. He is composing a symphony that evokes deep emotions. The homemade soup with fresh ingredients warmed the chilly evening. With impeccable timing, the comedian delivered a hilarious punchline. The birds in the forest harmonized with nature's symphony. The mountain with sheer cliffs proved to be a challenging ascent. She spoke with eloquence and precision during the formal presentation. A quaint cottage with a thatched roof nestled in the serene countryside. The cat on the windowsill observed the bustling street below. During the negotiation process, they emphasized mutual benefits. She is sculpting a masterpiece from a block of marble. The elderly woman with a wealth of experiences shared captivating stories. With unwavering determination, they overcame every obstacle. The car with a sleek design turned heads as it passed by. The student with an insatiable curiosity delved into various academic subjects. The film with a thought-provoking narrative left a lasting impression. He swam with effortless grace in the crystal-clear waters. In the vast desert, the oasis provided much-needed relief. The office with cutting-edge technology facilitated efficient workflow. Answers: Prepositional Phrase Verb Phrase Noun Phrase Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase Adverb Phrase Noun Phrase Adjective Phrase Noun Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase Noun Phrase Adverb Phrase Adjective Phrase Prepositional Phrase Prepositional Phrase Verb Phrase Noun Phrase Adverb Phrase Adjective Phrase Noun Phrase Adjective Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase Noun Phrase