Formal writing is characterized by a set of features that distinguish it from informal writing. Here are 20 features with examples: 1. Complex Sentences: Use of compound and complex sentence structures. - Example: "The committee, which was formed in 2020, has since undertaken several initiatives to improve the local community." 2. Impersonal Tone: Avoidance of personal pronouns like "I" and "you". - Example: "The report will be submitted by the end of the week." 3. Precise Vocabulary: Use of specific and technical terms. - Example: "The study utilized a mixed-methods approach to gather quantitative and qualitative data." 4. Passive Voice: Often used to emphasize the action rather than the subject. - Example: "The experiment was conducted over a period of six months." 5. Formal Vocabulary: Use of more sophisticated and formal words. - Example: "The results were unequivocally positive." 6. Nominalization: Turning verbs into nouns. - Example: "The implementation of the new policy resulted in increased efficiency." 7. No Contractions: Avoiding contractions like "don't" or "isn't". - Example: "Do not hesitate to contact us for further information." 8. Third-person Perspective: Writing from an objective point of view. - Example: "One might argue that the benefits outweigh the costs." 9. Objective Tone: Maintaining a neutral and unbiased tone. - Example: "The data suggests a significant improvement in outcomes." 10. Technical Jargon: Use of terminology specific to a field. - Example: "The algorithm's efficiency was tested using a series of benchmark datasets." 11. Citations and References: Providing sources for statements. - Example: "As noted by Smith (2020), the correlation between variables is significant." 12. Formality in Address: Use of titles and surnames. - Example: "Dear Dr. Johnson," 13. Hedging: Using cautious language to avoid overstatements. - Example: "It appears that the results may indicate a trend towards improvement." 14. Structured Organization: Clear and logical structure with headings and subheadings. - Example: "Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion." 15. Politeness and Formality in Requests: Polite and formal language for requests or invitations. - Example: "We would be honored if you could attend the conference." 16. No Slang or Colloquialisms: Avoiding casual language and idioms. - Example: "The findings are robust and conclusive." 17. Clear and Concise Language: Being clear and precise without unnecessary words. - Example: "The analysis reveals significant trends." 18. Formal Salutations and Closings: Using formal greetings and sign-offs in correspondence. - Example: "Yours sincerely, John Doe." 19. Quantitative Evidence: Including numerical data to support arguments. - Example: "The study showed a 15% increase in productivity." 20. Abstract Nouns: Use of abstract concepts and ideas. - Example: "The policy is designed to promote equality and fairness." Each of these features contributes to the overall tone and style of formal writing, ensuring it is clear, professional, and appropriate for its intended audience. Examples for each feature, showing the formal equivalents: ### 1. Complex Sentences 1. Informal: "I read the book and liked it." - Formal: "Having read the book, I found it quite enjoyable." 2. Informal: "She finished her work and went home." - Formal: "After completing her work, she returned home." 3. Informal: "We are ready, let's start the meeting." - Formal: "Once we are prepared, the meeting may commence." 4. Informal: "The weather was bad, so we canceled the picnic." - Formal: "Due to inclement weather, the picnic was canceled." 5. Informal: "He studied hard, and he passed the exam." - Formal: "As a result of his diligent study, he successfully passed the examination." 6. Informal: "The software is updated, it works better now." - Formal: "Following the software update, its performance has significantly improved." ### 2. Impersonal Tone 1. Informal: "I think the project will succeed." - Formal: "It is anticipated that the project will succeed." 2. Informal: "You can see the results in the appendix." - Formal: "The results can be found in the appendix." 3. Informal: "We believe the policy is effective." - Formal: "It is believed that the policy is effective." 4. Informal: "You should submit your forms by Friday." - Formal: "Forms should be submitted by Friday." 5. Informal: "I will analyze the data tomorrow." - Formal: "The data will be analyzed tomorrow." 6. Informal: "You need to complete the survey." - Formal: "The survey needs to be completed." ### 3. Precise Vocabulary 1. Informal: "The report talks about climate change." - Formal: "The report discusses climate change." 2. Informal: "She has a big role in the company." - Formal: "She holds a significant position in the company." 3. Informal: "They did a lot of research." - Formal: "They conducted extensive research." 4. Informal: "The results were pretty good." - Formal: "The results were satisfactory." 5. Informal: "He fixed the problem quickly." - Formal: "He resolved the issue expeditiously." 6. Informal: "The data was messed up." - Formal: "The data was corrupted." ### 4. Passive Voice 1. Informal: "We completed the project." - Formal: "The project was completed." 2. Informal: "They will announce the results." - Formal: "The results will be announced." 3. Informal: "The team solved the problem." - Formal: "The problem was solved by the team." 4. Informal: "She will conduct the experiment." - Formal: "The experiment will be conducted by her." 5. Informal: "We have taken measures to improve security." - Formal: "Measures have been taken to improve security." 6. Informal: "They found a solution." - Formal: "A solution was found." ### 5. Formal Vocabulary 1. Informal: "The meeting went well." - Formal: "The meeting proceeded smoothly." 2. Informal: "He is a big help." - Formal: "He is a significant asset." 3. Informal: "The project is on track." - Formal: "The project is progressing as scheduled." 4. Informal: "The results are great." - Formal: "The results are excellent." 5. Informal: "We will keep an eye on the situation." - Formal: "We will monitor the situation." 6. Informal: "The task is really hard." - Formal: "The task is exceptionally challenging." ### 6. Nominalization 1. Informal: "We implemented the policy." - Formal: "The implementation of the policy was successful." 2. Informal: "They analyzed the data." - Formal: "The analysis of the data was thorough." 3. Informal: "We will discuss the plan." - Formal: "The discussion of the plan will take place." 4. Informal: "She reviewed the document." - Formal: "The review of the document was completed." 5. Informal: "He decided to leave the company." - Formal: "His decision to leave the company was announced." 6. Informal: "They planned the event." - Formal: "The planning of the event is underway." ### 7. No Contractions 1. Informal: "Don't worry about it." - Formal: "Do not worry about it." 2. Informal: "He's going to the meeting." - Formal: "He is going to the meeting." 3. Informal: "We can't approve this request." - Formal: "We cannot approve this request." 4. Informal: "She's completed her tasks." - Formal: "She has completed her tasks." 5. Informal: "You'll find the details in the report." - Formal: "You will find the details in the report." 6. Informal: "I'm looking forward to it." - Formal: "I am looking forward to it." ### 8. Third-person Perspective 1. Informal: "I will present the findings." - Formal: "The findings will be presented." 2. Informal: "You can see the improvement." - Formal: "The improvement can be observed." 3. Informal: "We believe the results are accurate." - Formal: "It is believed that the results are accurate." 4. Informal: "You should complete the survey." - Formal: "The survey should be completed." 5. Informal: "I suggest we start early." - Formal: "It is suggested to start early." 6. Informal: "We need to analyze the data." - Formal: "The data needs to be analyzed." ### 9. Objective Tone 1. Informal: "I think this is the best option." - Formal: "This appears to be the optimal option." 2. Informal: "We were really happy with the results." - Formal: "The results were satisfactory." 3. Informal: "I'm sure this will work." - Formal: "It is anticipated that this will be effective." 4. Informal: "I don't like the new policy." - Formal: "The new policy has faced criticism." 5. Informal: "You need to finish the project by Monday." - Formal: "The project needs to be completed by Monday." 6. Informal: "I hope this helps." - Formal: "It is hoped that this will be beneficial." ### 10. Technical Jargon 1. Informal: "We used a lot of different methods." - Formal: "A variety of methodologies were employed." 2. Informal: "The program has a bug." - Formal: "The software contains a defect." 3. Informal: "The data was messed up." - Formal: "The data was corrupted." 4. Informal: "We checked how fast it runs." - Formal: "The system's performance was evaluated." 5. Informal: "He knows a lot about computers." - Formal: "He has extensive knowledge in computer science." 6. Informal: "We did a test to see if it works." - Formal: "A test was conducted to verify its functionality." ### 11. Citations and References 1. Informal: "Someone said the results were significant." - Formal: "Smith (2020) noted the significance of the results." 2. Informal: "A study showed that people like the new policy." - Formal: "According to Johnson (2021), the new policy was well-received." 3. Informal: "I read somewhere that this is effective." - Formal: "It has been documented that this method is effective (Doe, 2019)." 4. Informal: "Experts say the technique works well." - Formal: "Experts have concluded that the technique is effective (Brown, 2018)." 5. Informal: "Research shows it is beneficial." - Formal: "Research indicates that it is beneficial (Davis, 2022)." 6. Informal: "Someone found that the theory is correct." - Formal: "It was found that the theory is correct (Wilson, 2020)." ### 12. Formal Address 1. Informal: "Hi John," - Formal: "Dear Mr. Smith," 2. Informal: "Hey, could you help me with this?" - Formal: "Dear Dr. Johnson, could you assist with this matter?" 3. Informal: "What's up, Jane?" - Formal: "Dear Ms. Doe," 4. Informal: "Hi team," - Formal: "Dear Colleagues," 5. Informal: "Hello everyone," - Formal: "Dear Members," 6. Informal: "Hi, boss," - Formal: "Dear Sir/Madam," ### 13. Hedging 1. Informal: "This is definitely the best approach." - Formal: "This appears to be the most effective approach." 2. Informal: "We know the results are accurate." - Formal: "The results are believed to be accurate." 3. Informal: "This solution will solve the problem." - Formal: "This solution may address the problem." 4. Informal: "The data shows that sales will increase." - Formal: "The data suggests that sales may increase." 5. Informal: "We are sure this strategy will work." - Formal: "It is anticipated that this strategy will be effective." 6. Informal: "This is the correct interpretation." - Formal: "This appears to be the correct interpretation." ### 14. Structured Organization 1. Informal: "First, let's talk about the methods." - Formal: "1. Introduction: Overview of the methodologies." 2. Informal: "Next, we’ll look at the results." - Formal: "2. Results: Analysis and findings." 3. Informal: "Finally, we'll discuss what it all means." - Formal: "3. Discussion: Implications and conclusions." 4. Informal: "Here’s what we did and what we found." - Formal: "4. Methodology: Procedures and data collection." 5. Informal: "Then, we tested the hypothesis." - Formal: "5. Hypothesis Testing: Experimental procedures." 6. Informal: "This is what we concluded." - Formal: "6. Conclusion: Summary of findings and future directions." ### 15. Politeness and Formality in Requests 1. Informal: "Can you come to the meeting?" - Formal: "We would be grateful if you could attend the meeting." 2. Informal: "Send me the report." - Formal: "Please send the report at your earliest convenience." 3. Informal: "Could you help me with this?" - Formal: "I would appreciate your assistance with this matter." 4. Informal: "Let me know if you can make it." - Formal: "Kindly inform me of your availability." 5. Informal: "Can you check this for me?" - Formal: "Could you kindly review this for me?" 6. Informal: "I need your feedback." - Formal: "Your feedback would be greatly appreciated." ### 16. No Slang or Colloquialisms 1. Informal: "The results are awesome." - Formal: "The results are outstanding." 2. Informal: "We need to nail down the details." - Formal: "We need to finalize the details." 3. Informal: "That idea is a no-brainer." - Formal: "That idea is self-evident." 4. Informal: "We're up and running." - Formal: "We are fully operational." 5. Informal: "Let's get the ball rolling." - Formal: "Let us initiate the process." 6. Informal: "She was on top of things." - Formal: "She managed the situation effectively." ### 17. Clear and Concise Language 1. Informal: "Basically, we are going to..." - Formal: "We intend to..." 2. Informal: "We really need to look into this issue." - Formal: "This issue requires further investigation." 3. Informal: "He’s kind of an expert." - Formal: "He is an expert." 4. Informal: "We should get rid of unnecessary parts." - Formal: "Unnecessary parts should be removed." 5. Informal: "The meeting is about planning the project." - Formal: "The meeting will focus on project planning." 6. Informal: "She gave us a lot of good advice." - Formal: "She provided valuable advice." ### 18. Formal Salutations and Closings 1. Informal: "Hi," - Formal: "Dear [Recipient's Name]," 2. Informal: "Cheers," - Formal: "Yours sincerely," 3. Informal: "Best," - Formal: "Best regards," 4. Informal: "Thanks," - Formal: "Thank you," 5. Informal: "Take care," - Formal: "Respectfully," 6. Informal: "See you," - Formal: "Yours faithfully," ### 19. Quantitative Evidence 1. Informal: "A lot of people liked it." - Formal: "Eighty percent of participants expressed approval." 2. Informal: "Sales went up a lot." - Formal: "Sales increased by 25%." 3. Informal: "Most customers were happy." - Formal: "Seventy-five percent of customers reported satisfaction." 4. Informal: "We had a few complaints." - Formal: "There were 10 complaints." 5. Informal: "The results were really good." - Formal: "The results showed a 90% success rate." 6. Informal: "A small number of issues were found." - Formal: "Five issues were identified." ### 20. Abstract Nouns 1. Informal: "We want everyone to be equal." - Formal: "We strive for equality." 2. Informal: "We need to be fair." - Formal: "Fairness is required." 3. Informal: "Our goal is to be just." - Formal: "Our goal is to achieve justice." 4. Informal: "We hope to be successful." - Formal: "Success is our aim." 5. Informal: "There is a lot of poverty." - Formal: "Poverty is prevalent." 6. Informal: "We aim for honesty." - Formal: "Honesty is our objective."

Amin: Hi Shakib, you look exhausted. Is everything alright? Shakib: Oh, I'm just worried about my English. As you know, it's a foreign language and I'm struggling to learn it well. Amin: I completely understand. I too faced the same challenge when I started learning English. However, our English teacher shared some effective ways to improve our language skills. Shakib: That sounds helpful. Can you please share those with me? Amin: Of course! English is a skill-based subject, which means you need to develop your listening, speaking, reading, and writing abilities. Shakib: How do I go about that? Amin: Well, you can start by reading English books and newspapers, watching English movies and news on TV, and above all, practicing writing your thoughts in English. Shakib: Is there any specific skill that I should focus on first? Amin: In my opinion, the most essential skill to work on is speaking. You should start speaking with your friends in English as much as possible. Shakib: But I don't feel comfortable practicing my English with others. Amin: Remember, the key to improving your language skills is to enrich your vocabulary and practice using the correct grammar and spelling. Shakib: Do I need to focus on grammar too? Amin: Absolutely! You should learn about word forms, sentence structures, tenses, and other grammar rules to enhance your language proficiency. Shakib: Why is it important to study grammar? Amin: Grammar teaches us the fundamental rules of a language, which are essential for effective communication. Shakib: What about pronunciation? How can I improve that? Amin: You can watch English news channels like BBC, CNN, or National Geographic to improve your pronunciation skills. Shakib: What is the best way to improve my writing skills? Amin: You can start by practicing writing on various topics and producing your own thematic writing. Repeatedly writing new words in sentences is also a great way to improve your writing skills. Shakib: These are all great ideas. Thank you so much for your valuable suggestions. Amin: You're most welcome. Let's catch up again soon. Model -2

Nuri: Hi Rahi, can I ask you something? Rahi: Sure, what is it? Nuri: I was curious about your stamp collection. What inspired you to start collecting stamps? Rahi: Well, I’ve always been interested in history and geography. I find it fascinating to see the different images and designs on the stamps from different countries. Plus, it’s a great way to learn about other cultures and traditions. Nuri: That's really cool! I agree that stamps can be quite informative. Rahi: Thanks. So, what about you? What inspired you to take up photography as a hobby? Nuri: I received a camera as a gift from my father and started taking pictures of our family and the beautiful natural scenery around us. I found it so enjoyable and fulfilling that I decided to continue with it. Rahi: That's amazing. Photography can be a great way to capture memories and preserve them for the future. Nuri: Absolutely. It's also a creative outlet for me, and I love experimenting with different techniques and angles. Rahi: I can imagine. It's great to have a hobby that not only gives you pleasure but also allows you to express yourself creatively. Nuri: Yes, definitely. It's been great talking to you about our hobbies, but I should probably go now. See you tomorrow, Rahi! Rahi: Sure thing. Take care, Nuri. Model-2 Naim: Hi Adib, do you have a moment to chat? Adib: Of course, Naim. What's on your mind? Naim: I've been meaning to ask you about your stamp collection. What got you into it? Adib: Ah, my stamp collection. Well, it all started when my grandfather gifted me a set of stamps from different countries on my birthday. I was fascinated by the diversity of designs and cultures represented on those tiny pieces of paper. Naim: That sounds intriguing. So, it was a family tradition? Adib: In a way, yes. My grandfather was an avid stamp collector himself, and he used to tell me stories about each stamp's origin and significance. It sparked my curiosity and led me to start my own collection. Naim: That's really interesting. It must be like holding a piece of history in your hands. Adib: Absolutely. Each stamp tells a unique story, whether it's about historical events, famous personalities, or cultural symbols. It's like traveling the world without leaving my room. Naim: I can see why you find it so captivating. Have you encountered any rare stamps in your collection? Adib: Indeed, I've stumbled upon a few rare gems over the years. Sometimes it's a matter of luck, other times it's through dedicated research and networking with other collectors. Naim: It must be quite a thrill to discover such treasures. Adib: It definitely adds to the excitement of collecting. But more than the rarity, I cherish the journey of acquiring each stamp and the stories they carry. Naim: That's a beautiful way to look at it. On a related note, I've noticed your passion for photography. What drew you to that hobby? Adib: Ah, photography. Well, it all started during a family trip to the countryside. I was mesmerized by the scenic beauty and wanted to capture those moments forever. My parents gifted me a camera, and I've been hooked ever since. Naim: It sounds like a perfect blend of art and adventure. Adib: Exactly! Photography allows me to express my creativity and document the world around me. Whether it's a stunning landscape or a candid moment, each photograph holds a special memory. Naim: It's inspiring to see how hobbies can become a gateway to exploration and self-expression. Adib: Indeed, they provide a much-needed escape from the hustle and bustle of daily life. They're my little sanctuaries of joy and fulfillment. Naim: Well, thank you for sharing your passions with me, Adib. It's been enlightening. Adib: Anytime, Naim. It's always a pleasure to discuss the things that bring us joy. Model -3 A dialogue between two boys discussing their hobbies. ​ George.- I am in luck, Wahid My uncle has just sent me a letter from Japan, where he is on business, with some Japanese stamps. He knows I collect them and often sends me foreign stamps from the places he visits.. Wahid- They look rather nice. Are you going to paste them in your album? George.- Yes, here it is. I have got quite a nice collection now. Wahid- What a lot ! French, Italian, Dutch, German, American, Turkish. You seem to have some from almost every country. George.- Oh ! there are a lot I have not got yet. And some rare ones are very expensive, and cost pounds of money. Wahid- But what is the use of collecting stamps? George.- Oh ! Well, it's a hobby. And it teaches you some geography; and sometimes it brings money. Wahid- How is that? George.- Why, a really good collection sometimes sells for hundreds of pounds. Why don't you go in for stamp-collecting? Wahid- I like something more active. My hobby is collecting ferns and wild flowers. And to get these you have to go long country walks, and explore the woods, and climb the hills. It is quite an adventure when you find a rare plant or fern in some wild place. George.- But what do you do with them when you get them? Wahid- I press them, and then mount them neatly on sheets of paper, and name them. I have got quite a nice collection. George. - How do you press them? Wahid- I lay the fern or plant between sheets of blotting-paper, and put them in a press, or under a board with heavy weights. You have to change the blotting-paper every day, and in about a week the plant is dried and pressed, and will last like that for years. George.- And what is the good of your hobby? Wahid- Well, it teaches me a lot of botany; and takes me into beautiful country; and does me good physically, because it means exercise in the open air.

Rina: Hey, when did you get back from your hometown? Mina: Just got back yesterday. Rina: Ah, I see. You're a big fan of the countryside, aren't you? Mina: Absolutely. There are vast differences between city life and village life. Village life is organic while city life is synthetic. Rina: But there are some conveniences in the city that are unavailable in the village. Mina: I'm sick of the noise, chaos, pollution, and congestion of the city. The village is peaceful and quiet. I can breathe fresh air and eat fresh food - fish, milk, fruits, and vegetables. It revitalizes me. Rina: But there's no electricity or fans, no decent roads, medical facilities, schools or colleges, or entertainment options like theaters or cinemas in the village. Mina: Most of our people live in villages. Our country can't flourish unless we improve the villages. Rina: But villages have their own issues. Most villagers are uneducated and have no clue how to live well. Mina: But villages produce food for the rest of the country. Rina: The village atmosphere is fresh, but if you're sick, you'll have to go to the city to see a doctor. Mina: That's true. But the village environment will keep you healthy. Rina: Can you deny the advantages of modernization? Mina: I don't mean that. I'm simply saying that village life is far superior to city life. Rina: What else do you have in mind? Mina: City folks are incredibly busy and nearly emotionless. They're becoming increasingly detached day by day. Rina: The city has all the educational institutions and administration. Mina: Sure, but how do we improve the village? Rina: Educated individuals should engage with villagers, impart knowledge, and teach them how to elevate their standard of living. Plus, the government should ensure all urban amenities are available in the village as well. Rina: Now I see why you visit your hometown during every long break. Mina: Indeed, both lifestyles have their pros and cons. Rina: Precisely, but village life is preferable for leading a healthy life. Mina: Thank you so much for your lovely company. A dialogue between a countryman and a townsman, bringing out the comparative advantages of town and country life. Brown: Good morning, Mr. Miller. It's been a while since I last saw you in town. Planning to stick around for long? Miller: Good morning, Mr. Brown. No, I'm just here on business for a few hours. Hoping to head back home this evening. Brown: Leaving so soon? Why not stay a few days and have some fun? Miller: Not for me. I don't find much enjoyment in the noisy, smoky air of the town. I prefer the clean air, sunshine, and peace of the countryside. Brown: Well, sure, the countryside has fresher air, but you get used to the noise in town. In fact, I'd find your quietness maddening. I like the hustle and bustle of city life. Miller: Really? I couldn't sleep a wink in a noisy town. And towns are so unattractive - just ugly, smoke-covered buildings, dull streets, and ads everywhere. Give me the beauty of green fields, shady woods, and flowery meadows any day. Brown: Ah! But don't forget what Dr. Johnson said: "When you've seen one green field, you've seen them all. Come with me down Fleet Street and study humanity." Miller: Dr. Johnson clearly never saw a green field, or he'd know there's endless variety in nature if you look closely enough. Brown: But what do you do in your village? Must be a boring life with no theaters, concerts, cinemas, or exciting political meetings. Sounds like living like a cabbage. Miller: Not as boring as you think. I have my garden, fishing, a bit of hunting, and I love hiking in the hills. Plus, I enjoy quiet evenings with my books. Brown: Well, to each his own. But your life sounds dull to me. Miller: Dull maybe, but healthier. We don't get the diseases and epidemics you have in towns. And our peaceful habits mean longer lives. Brown: Sure, you might live longer, but you don't get to enjoy life as much as we do in the city. I say, live fast, die young, and have a blast.

Aryan: Hey, Aakash! Still buried in your books, I see. How about taking a break and joining me for a game of tennis? Aakash: Sorry, Aryan, but I can't afford to do that right now. The exams are just around the corner, and I need every hour I can get for studying. Aryan: Ah, exams! I don't bother with those. What's the point, anyway? Aakash: Well, if you want to get a degree like I do, you need to pass those exams. I've set my sights on becoming a B.A. Aryan: And what good will that do you? You might end up with a government clerkship, but that's about it. Plenty of degree holders are still struggling to find decent jobs. Aakash: Perhaps, but I'm not studying just to pass exams and get a degree. I want to enrich my mind with knowledge and develop my intellectual abilities. Aryan: Oh, spare me the highbrow talk! You think all you need is a well-stocked brain, but in the real world, you need practical skills and a bit of muscle. You won't get those from books. Look at me, strong and fit from playing sports and staying active. Aakash: If I had to choose, I'd prefer a cultivated mind over a strong body any day. The mind is more valuable than the body. Aryan: So you're saying athletes can't be smart? Aakash: Not at all, but remember what Kipling said about "muddied oafs and flannelled fools." Aryan: Kipling was way off the mark with that one! I'd rather be a muddy oaf than a weak, bookish nerd any day. Teacher: What's all this arguing about, boys? [They explain.] Teacher: I see. You're both right and both wrong. Aakash, a bit of exercise won't hurt your studies, and Aryan, a bit more studying won't hurt your physical strength. How about you play tennis now, Aakash, and then Aryan, you hit the books for a few hours?

Khalid: Hey, Farhan, you seem really down today. What's on your mind? Farhan: It's this exam, Khalid. I failed it again. I feel like I'm never going to pass. Khalid: I understand how frustrating that must be, Farhan. But don't lose hope. You'll get through this. Farhan: It's easy for you to say that, Khalid. You passed on your first attempt. I'm on my third try now. Khalid: True, but everyone has their own journey, Farhan. You can't compare yourself to others. Farhan: I know, but it's hard not to when I see everyone else moving forward while I'm stuck here. Khalid: Remember, success doesn't come without its setbacks. Have you ever heard the saying, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again"? Farhan: Yeah, well, I prefer the other version: "If at first you don't succeed, quit, quit, quit." Khalid: That's not the attitude to have, Farhan. You have to keep pushing forward, no matter how tough it gets. Farhan: It's been a rough year, Khalid. I was sick for a while, then my family had some serious issues. I couldn't focus on studying. Khalid: I'm sorry to hear that, Farhan. But don't let those challenges define you. You're stronger than you think. Farhan: It feels like bad luck follows me everywhere, Khalid. I've tried for scholarships, but they always go to someone else. Khalid: Luck has nothing to do with it, Farhan. You create your own opportunities. You have the talent and determination to succeed. Farhan: I wish I had your confidence, Khalid. But sometimes, it feels like the odds are stacked against me. Khalid: Don't give up, Farhan. Believe in yourself and keep pushing forward. I know you can overcome this hurdle.

Khalid: Hey, Farhan, you seem really down today. What's on your mind? Farhan: It's this exam, Khalid. I failed it again. I feel like I'm never going to pass. Khalid: I understand how frustrating that must be, Farhan. But don't lose hope. You'll get through this. Farhan: It's easy for you to say that, Khalid. You passed on your first attempt. I'm on my third try now. Khalid: True, but everyone has their own journey, Farhan. You can't compare yourself to others. Farhan: I know, but it's hard not to when I see everyone else moving forward while I'm stuck here. Khalid: Remember, success doesn't come without its setbacks. Have you ever heard the saying, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again"? Farhan: Yeah, well, I prefer the other version: "If at first you don't succeed, quit, quit, quit." Khalid: That's not the attitude to have, Farhan. You have to keep pushing forward, no matter how tough it gets. Farhan: It's been a rough year, Khalid. I was sick for a while, then my family had some serious issues. I couldn't focus on studying. Khalid: I'm sorry to hear that, Farhan. But don't let those challenges define you. You're stronger than you think. Farhan: It feels like bad luck follows me everywhere, Khalid. I've tried for scholarships, but they always go to someone else. Khalid: Luck has nothing to do with it, Farhan. You create your own opportunities. You have the talent and determination to succeed. Farhan: I wish I had your confidence, Khalid. But sometimes, it feels like the odds are stacked against me. Khalid: Don't give up, Farhan. Believe in yourself and keep pushing forward. I know you can overcome this hurdle.

Myself: Hey, great to see you after ages, even though we live so close to each other. Siam: Yeah, ever since the pandemic hit, it's been tough to go out and hang with friends. I really miss school, you know, just hanging out. Myself: I noticed you've been MIA for a while now, what have you been up to? Siam: Been busy with online classes. Myself: Ah, how are those going for you? Siam: Pretty well, it's definitely a different experience. Myself: I'm not a big fan of the idea of online classes though. Siam: I think our teachers are doing a great job adapting to the virtual format and making sure we don't miss out on anything. Myself: Sure, but it requires active participation from us. If we don't concentrate, we're lost. Siam: I see your point, but there are a lot of advantages to it. It's convenient, flexible, provides more individual attention, and it also makes us more independent and self-disciplined. Myself: I'm not so sure about that last point though. It's hard to know if a student is actually paying attention or just doing other things. Siam: That's the beauty of it, it forces us to be self-directed and take responsibility for our own learning. Myself: I guess it's too early to judge. We'll see how it goes in the future. Siam: My online classes aren't too demanding, so it doesn't make me too busy. Myself: Really? I feel like I have so much homework that it takes up my entire day. Siam: It's all about time management, you just need to work on it during the periods when there's nothing else going on. Myself: Good point, I'll have to try that. Well, it was great catching up with you. Take care. Siam: You too, have a good one.

Student: May I come in? Librarian: Sure, why not? How are you doing? Student: Not too bad, I suppose. Librarian: It's been a while since you last came here. What brings you in today? Student: I've been battling typhoid for the past five days, but my exams are right around the corner. I need to prepare some notes on English composition using some grammar books. Librarian: I see. Have you considered using Advanced Learners? Student: Can I borrow those books for just two days? Librarian: Unfortunately, we don't allow patrons to take books home. However, you can use them as long as you need during school hours. Student: Can I please borrow those books now? Librarian: Do you have your library card with you? Student: Yes, I do. Librarian: Can I see it, please? Student: Here it is. Librarian: Please wait for a few moments while I go and fetch those books for you. Student: Okay. Librarian: Please make the most of these resources. Remember not to fold, tear, or mark any pages. Student: I'll take good care of them and won't underline or highlight anything. Librarian: Thanks for your understanding. Student: Thank you so much for your help.

Tourist: Excuse me, could you lend me a hand, please? Myself: Of course, don't hesitate to ask. Is this your first time around here, I reckon? Tourist: Yes, I have a question actually. Myself: Sure thing, what's on your mind? Tourist: I'm trying to find my way to Farmgate, but I'm not sure how to get there. Myself: Ah, I see. Well, I used to frequent that area due to my university, so I can definitely help you out. Tourist: Thank goodness. Myself: Just wait here until the BRTC Volvo bus arrives. You'll need to purchase a 15-taka ticket to board the bus. Tourist: I have one more question. How will I know when we've arrived at Farmgate? Myself: The bus conductor will announce the stop, so keep an ear out for the name. Then, be alert and hop off the bus. Tourist: And once I get off the bus, how do I get to Dhaka International University? Myself: No worries, you can hire a rickshaw to take you there. The driver can assist you with directions. Tourist: Is the university on the left or right? Myself: Actually, you'll need to head towards the right-hand side. Tourist: Would you mind sharing your phone number with me? I could call you in case I need any more help. Myself: Absolutely, I'll give it to you now. Please save it in your mobile. Tourist: Thanks so much for all your help. Myself: You're very welcome. Have a good one. Tourist: You too, take care. Myself: Bye for now.

Rakib: Hey Sumon, what's up? Sumon: I'm good, how about you? Rakib: I'm good too, but something's been on my mind. Sumon: What's bothering you? Rakib: The poor performance of students in English. Every year, thousands of students fail in this subject. Sumon: You're right. I think these students have never embraced English as a friend. Unfortunately, they consider it an enemy. What's your take on this? Rakib: You hit the nail on the head. They don't even realize that English can be learned and spoken. All they know is how to memorize. Sumon: Absolutely. When they come across unfamiliar questions in exams, they get nervous and blame their luck. Rakib: Many teachers and lecturers are giving them the wrong advice by suggesting they memorize everything. Do you have any solution to this problem? Sumon: I think they should read their English textbooks after understanding the language. If you asked me a question in Chinese, I wouldn't understand it because I don't know the language. Rakib: I agree. They should speak English, read English newspapers, and listen to English news. Sumon: I believe if speaking English becomes mandatory, they will have a better chance of learning it. Otherwise, they will keep failing in this subject. Rakib: Thanks for sharing your valuable insights. Sumon: Thank you too.

Myself: Hey, I’ve made up my mind to explore Bagerhat. Have you ever been there? Friend: Wow, great decision! Yeah, I had the opportunity to visit Bagerhat last autumn with my dad. Myself: What drew you to Bagerhat? Friend: It's a place of great historical significance. People from all around the world come to see the Shat-Gambuj Mosque, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Myself: Does it have any historical value? Friend: Absolutely! Have you ever heard of Khan Jahan Ali? Myself: Yes, I know he was a prominent saint in the subcontinent. Friend: Do you know his full name? Myself: To be honest, I don't. What is it? Friend: His full name is Ulug Khan Jahan Ali. Myself: So, what did you explore when you were there? Friend: I visited the Shat Gumbuj Mosque, Ghora Dighi, and the mausoleum of Khan Jahan Ali. Myself: What fascinated you the most? Friend: The Shat Gumbuj Mosque was the highlight of my trip - a masterpiece of architecture by Khan Jahan Ali himself. Myself: Could you elaborate on the mosque's uniqueness? Friend: It's unique because it has sixty pillars supporting seventy-seven exquisitely curved domes. Khan Jahan Ali used it as a mosque and a court. Myself: Did he build anything else there? Friend: He also built a large freshwater tank next to his mausoleum for the local people. There were two crocodiles called 'Kala Pahar and Dhala Pahar', but they are no longer there. Myself: How was your overall experience? Friend: It was an amazing experience. I learned so much about our country's past. The memories of my visit still linger in my mind. Myself: Thank you for sharing your wonderful experience. Friend: You're always welcome. Have a great trip!

Rana: Hey Kamal, why the long face? Rani: I just saw news of a tragic road accident. Rana: Sadly, road accidents are a daily occurrence in our country. Rani: Perhaps, but this particular incident really shook me up. Rana: What happened in the accident? Rani: A family of five died on the spot while on their way to attend a wedding party. Rana: That's terrible! How did it happen? Rani: A loaded truck collided with their car head-on near Satkhira town while they were driving towards Dhaka. Rana: It's such a pity! Rani: Can you shed some light on the reasons for frequent road accidents in our country? Rana: Most accidents are caused by reckless driving, non-compliance with traffic rules, unfit vehicles, and poor road conditions. Rani: And the narrow, broken, and unmetalled roads also contribute to many accidents. Rana: How can we control and reduce the number of road accidents? Rani: Firstly, we need to properly train our drivers. Unfit and unlicensed vehicles should be banned from the roads, and drivers should be made to follow traffic rules. Rana: Additionally, we need to improve the conditions of our roads and enforce strict laws against speeding and overtaking. Rani: It's also important to raise public awareness about traffic rules and signals. Rana: Absolutely right. If we take these measures, we can undoubtedly reduce the number of road accidents. Rani: It's our collective responsibility to raise awareness in the public domain. Shall we take our position in the human chain now? Rana: Yes, let's do it. We can't afford to be late. Rani: Thank you very much. Rana: You're welcome. Let's make sure our efforts today help bring about change.

Rana: Excuse me, sir. May I have a moment of your time? Principal: Sure, come in. What's on your mind? Rana: Sir, I need to talk to you about obtaining a transfer certificate. Principal: Please, have a seat. What grade and section are you in? Rana: I'm in Class 8, Section A. My family has decided to move, and I need to transfer to a new school. Principal: A transfer certificate in the middle of the school year? It's May already, why are you leaving now? Rana: My father has recently been transferred to Satkhira, and we've already moved there. Principal: I see. What does your father do? Rana: He's a government employee. Principal: Can't you continue studying here for the rest of the school year? Rana: I'm afraid my family can't afford to keep me here and provide me with accommodation. Principal: Do you have any relatives here that you can stay with? Rana: Unfortunately, I have no relatives in this area that I can stay with. Principal: I understand. It's a difficult situation. Rana: Sir, I really like this school, but circumstances don't allow me to continue here. Principal: Have you written an application for the transfer certificate? Rana: Yes, sir. Here it is. Principal: Have you cleared all your tuition fees? Rana: Yes, sir. Here is the receipt. Principal: Alright, then. Submit your application to the clerk. He will assist you in obtaining the transfer certificate. Rana: Thank you very much, sir. Principal: Best of luck to you, my child.

Asif: Hey Mizan, how's it going? Mina: I'm always tired and I can't sleep well. I also can't read for long periods of time. Asif: What's the problem? Have you seen a doctor? Mina: Yes, the doctor checked my chest, throat, tongue, eyes, temperature, and blood pressure. Asif: So, what did the doctor advise you to do? Mina: He didn't give me any medicine. He suggested I do regular physical exercise. Asif: You know physical exercise is crucial to maintain good health, right? Mina: I do now. I've been careless about my health. Asif: Physical exercise protects us from various illnesses, strengthens our body, and keeps us fit for work. Mina: Is that all? Asif: No, it also gives us energy, refreshes our mind, and helps us return to work with renewed vigor. It even prolongs our life. Mina: Asif, I had no idea physical exercise was so important. Asif: Well, the most important thing is to wake up early in the morning. The fresh air in the morning keeps us fit. You should do some simple exercises. Mina: What kind of exercises? Asif: You can take a morning walk, participate in sports and games, and do some freehand exercises. Another crucial factor is to eat fresh, nutritious food and drink pure water. You can also drink milk. Mina: I'll try to do it every day. Asif: Remember, proper sleep is essential. You need to go to bed early and wake up early. Mina: Thanks, Asif, for your advice. Asif: Come over to my house tomorrow morning, and I'll show you some freehand exercises. Mina: I realize the importance of physical exercise now. The sooner, the better. Asif: I commend you for your wise decision. Mina: I have to leave now because my private class is starting soon. Asif: Thanks, Mina. See you later. Mina: See you later, Asif. Thanks again for the advice!

Friend: Let's head to the newspaper stand. Myself: Why do you want to go there? Friend: To quench my thirst. Myself: I don't follow. Can you explain? Friend: It's simple. I can't start my day without reading the newspaper. Myself: Please elaborate. Friend: The newspaper is a reflection of the world's current state. Myself: What does that mean? Friend: It means that newspapers provide us with all kinds of news, both local and global. Myself: What do you mean by all kinds of news? Friend: I mean news related to social issues, politics, business, sports, education, technology, entertainment, and more. Myself: Does it only provide news? Friend: No, it also gives us the opinions of the general public. Myself: But isn't that what TV is for? Friend: TV news coverage doesn't match the depth of the newspaper. Myself: Anything else? Friend: Yes, editorials and investigative journalism. Myself: Which section of the newspaper is most important to you? Friend: Headlines and editorials. Myself: Is it essential to read the newspaper regularly? Friend: Absolutely. Reading the newspaper expands our perspective and keeps us informed about the world's current events. Regularly reading newspapers is crucial to staying up-to-date with the world. Myself: So, do you suggest that I also develop the habit of reading the newspaper? Friend: Yes, not just you, but everyone should cultivate this habit. Myself: You're right. Thank you for emphasizing the importance of reading the newspaper. Friend: See you later. Myself: Goodbye!

Salesman: Good morning, sir! How can I assist you today? Customer: Good morning! I'm looking for a gift for my sister's birthday. She's turning eight, so I need something beautiful and unique. Salesman: You're in luck, sir. Our gift shop in Mirpur has a vast collection of unique items. Can I suggest some options? Customer: Yes, please. What do you recommend? Salesman: This imported doll is an excellent choice. It speaks English and sings lovely songs. Customer: That sounds great. How do I operate it? Salesman: Simply press the red button for English speech and the blue button for singing. Customer: How much does it cost? Salesman: It's priced at 1350/-. Customer: That's a bit expensive, but it's worth it. I'll take it. Can you also show me some picture books that could improve my sister's general knowledge? Salesman: Absolutely, we have a range of books that are both engaging and informative. Customer: I'll take five books. How much will that be? Salesman: Only 350/-. Customer: Great! Please pack them all together. Can you tell me the total amount I need to pay? Salesman: The total amount will be 1700/-. But don't worry, we always offer our customers a reasonable price. You only have to pay 1625/-. Customer: Here's 2000/-. Please give me a cash receipt and the remaining balance. Salesman: Certainly, here's your cash receipt and the remaining change. Thank you for your visit, sir. Customer: Thank you for your help. My sister will be delighted with these gifts. Salesman: I'm glad to hear that. Have a wonderful day, and we hope to see you again soon! Customer: Thank you! Goodbye. Salesman: Goodbye, sir.

Harun: Excuse me, sir. Can I come in? Headmaster: Yes, please do. Harun: Good afternoon, sir. I'm facing a bit of a predicament and was hoping you could help me out. Headmaster: Of course, Harun. What seems to be the problem? Harun: Sir, I'm in a bit of a bind. My family recently moved to Chittagong due to my father's transfer, but I want to continue studying at this school. I need a seat in the school hostel. Headmaster: I see. How long have you been a student here? Harun: I've been studying here for more than three years, sir. Headmaster: That's quite a long time. Do you have any other options for accommodation? Harun: Unfortunately, I don't have any relatives in this area, and I don't know anyone else who can help me out. Headmaster: I understand your situation. Have you submitted an application for a hostel seat yet? Harun: No, sir. I haven't had the chance to prepare one yet. Headmaster: Alright, please submit an application signed by your guardian, and we'll try our best to accommodate you. Harun: Thank you very much, sir. Your kindness means a lot to me. Headmaster: You're always welcome, Harun. I understand this is a challenging time for you. We'll do our best to ensure you can continue your studies here without disruption. Harun: I truly appreciate that, sir. I’ll prepare the application and get it signed by my father as soon as possible. Headmaster: Good. Make sure to include all the necessary details in the application, such as your current address, your father's transfer details, and any other relevant information. Harun: Yes, sir. I'll make sure everything is in order. Is there anything else I should do in the meantime? Headmaster: While you prepare your application, you might want to gather any documents that can support your case, such as your father's transfer letter or proof of your family's relocation. Harun: That's a good idea, sir. I'll get those documents ready as well. Headmaster: Excellent. Once we receive your application and documents, we'll review them promptly. I can't guarantee a seat immediately, but we'll make every effort to help you. Harun: Thank you for your understanding and support, sir. It really helps to know that the school is willing to assist me. Headmaster: It's our duty to support our students, Harun. Make sure to submit the application as soon as possible to avoid any delays. Harun: I will, sir. Thank you once again. Headmaster: You're welcome. Take care, Harun, and good luck with your application. I look forward to seeing you continue your studies here. Harun: Thank you, sir. Have a good day. Headmaster: You too, Harun. Goodbye.

Rana: Hey, what's on your mind? Rani: Something serious. Rana: Care to share it with me? Rani: Well, most adults in my native village are illiterate. Rana: That's unfortunately a common scenario in many villages. Rani: I feel like every educated person should take responsibility for tackling this issue. Rana: Agreed. Our SSC / HSC exams are over, and we have almost two months until the results come out. How do you plan to spend your time productively? Rani: I've decided to use this time to educate the adult illiterate to the best of my abilities. Rana: That's a fantastic idea! Illiteracy is a major obstacle to development efforts. Rani: Exactly! Eradicating illiteracy is a prerequisite for any kind of progress. So, what's your plan for this period? Rana: I completely agree with you. However, my plan is a bit different from yours. Rani: Oh, please tell me about it. Rana: You know I'm weak in English, so I want to improve my skills during this time. Rani: That's a great plan! English is an international language, and we have no choice but to learn it. Rana: Exactly! English is essential in every aspect of our lives. It's crucial for communication in today's world. Rani: Moreover, one cannot expect to pursue higher studies without proficiency in English as all the books are written in that language. Rana: You're absolutely right! Besides, having a good command of English is a prerequisite for a good job and higher salary. Rani: I couldn't agree more! Your idea sounds promising. I wish you all the best in fulfilling your purpose. Rana: Thank you. I also appreciate your brilliant plan to educate the adult illiterate. Rani: You're always welcome. See you later. Rana: Goodbye, Rani. Let's both make the most of this time and contribute to our personal growth and the betterment of our community. Rani: Absolutely, Rana. Together, we can make a difference. Take care and see you soon! Rana: You too, Rani. Goodbye!

Mou: Hey there, what’s up? What are you up to? Opu: Not much, just chatting with a friend via Facebook on the internet. Mou: My parents don’t allow me to use the internet, they don’t like it. Opu: Well, in my opinion, the internet is one of the greatest inventions of the last century and has numerous benefits. Mou: Really? Could you tell me more about it? Opu: Sure, the internet provides us with the latest news, weather updates, traffic information, stock prices, and more. Mou: What do I need to use the internet? Opu: You’ll need a computer and a modem or broadband connection. Mou: Can the internet help me with my studies? Opu: Absolutely, the internet offers a wealth of information on almost every subject. Mou: I also want to use the internet for entertainment, like listening to music, watching movies, playing games, chatting with friends, and discussing world affairs. Opu: The internet is great for all those things and it’s also a faster and more affordable way for businesses to communicate. Mou: I’m starting to see that the internet has more advantages than disadvantages. Opu: I completely agree, I can’t imagine a day without the internet. Mou: I’ll have to talk to my parents about getting internet at home. Thanks for sharing all this with me. Opu: You’re welcome, happy to help.

Hassan: Hey, how are you doing? Kamal: I'm doing well, thanks. And how about you? Hassan: I'm fine, thanks. Kamal: The exam is approaching and I'm not well-prepared. I need to start studying hard. How about you? Are you ready? Hassan: I'm not as bad off as you think. Kamal: You always get great grades. What's your secret to success? Hassan: Do you want me to share my tips with you? Kamal: Absolutely. Hassan: To do well in exams, you should study regularly, understand the material instead of memorizing it blindly, make your own notes, and revise them frequently. Kamal: That's helpful. Do you have any other advice? Hassan: Yes, you need to have a good command of the language used in the exam. Kamal: Thanks for the advice. Hassan: Why don't you come to my place every day? I can help you with any difficulties you have. Kamal: That would be great. My mom will be pleased to hear that. Hassan: Let's start tomorrow. It's getting late, we should head home now. Kamal: Thank you for your offer. Hassan: No problem. I'm happy to help a friend in need. Kamal: Goodbye! Model 2 Arya: Hey there, how's your exam preparation going? Ben: Hey Arya, it's going, but I'm feeling a bit overwhelmed. I could use some advice on how to do well in the examination. Arya: Of course, I'd be happy to help. First things first, have you made a study schedule? Ben: Not really, I've just been studying whenever I find the time. Arya: That might be part of the problem. Having a structured study schedule can really help you manage your time effectively and ensure you cover all the necessary material. Ben: That makes sense. How do you suggest I go about making a study schedule? Arya: Start by listing all the subjects you need to study and the topics within each subject. Then, allocate specific time slots for each subject and topic based on their importance and your proficiency in them. Ben: That sounds like a good plan. I'll make sure to include regular breaks too, to avoid burnout. Arya: Absolutely, taking breaks is crucial for maintaining focus and productivity. Now, let's talk about study techniques. Are you just reading through your notes, or are you actively engaging with the material? Ben: Mostly just reading, I guess. Arya: Try mixing things up a bit. Use techniques like summarizing, teaching the material to someone else, or practicing with past exam papers. Active engagement with the material can help you retain information better. Ben: I'll definitely give that a try. It sounds more effective than just passively reading. Arya: Another important aspect of exam preparation is staying healthy. Make sure you're getting enough sleep, eating nutritious meals, and exercising regularly. A healthy body supports a healthy mind. Ben: That's great advice. I have been neglecting my health lately, but I'll make an effort to prioritize it. Arya: Lastly, don't forget about managing exam stress. It's normal to feel anxious, but try not to let it overwhelm you. Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation, and remember to stay positive. Ben: Thanks, Arya. I feel a lot more confident now about tackling my exams. I'll put your advice into action and hopefully see some improvements in my grades. Arya: You've got this, Ben! Just stay focused, stay disciplined, and remember that hard work pays off. Good luck with your exams!

Sujan: Hey Ashik, Ashik: Hi, Sujan. Sujan: So, how did you do on your exams? Can you give me all the details? Ashik: Sorry buddy, but honestly, if English wasn't part of the school syllabus, I would have done much better. Sujan: What! You failed English? Listen, you might get promoted to the next grade despite failing English, but how will you navigate the challenges of life without English? Ashik: What are you trying to say? Sujan: I mean, without a strong command over English, you can't expect to build a better life or have a successful career. Ashik: Why is that? Sujan: Bingo! English is essential in every aspect of life. Ashik: No doubt. It's an international language and it plays a crucial role in communication in this era of globalization. So, learning English is a must. Sujan: But it's unfortunate that we're neglecting it, which is causing us to fall behind our neighboring countries. Ashik: It's truly shameful. We need to change this if we want to keep pace with the modern world. Sujan: Absolutely. Our international relationships and trade will be severely impacted if we don't master English. Ashik: Exactly. Plus, without proficiency in English, one can't pursue higher studies because all the textbooks are written in English. Sujan: Yes, only through English can we access the vast knowledge available in the world. Ashik: Indeed, it's shameful that most university graduates lack proper knowledge of English and consequently miss out on good jobs and salaries. Sujan: Right. A solid command over English is a prerequisite for a good job and salary. Ashik: No doubt. In fact, the importance of mastering English can't be overstated. We must take English seriously and practice it diligently. Thank you. Sujan: You're most welcome. Goodbye.

Father: Well done, my son! I'm absolutely delighted that you passed your exams with flying colors and achieved a GPA of 5. Son: Thank you very much, father. This success is a combination of Allah's mercy and your blessings. Father: Do you have any aspirations or goals in terms of your future career? Son: Father, I defer to your decision. I will always respect and follow your lead. Father: When choosing a profession, it's important to consider whether it suits your temperament. However, I'd like to hear your thoughts first. Son: I want to choose a career that aligns with your preferences. If it's agreeable to you, I would like to become a computer engineer. Father: What's the reason behind this choice? Son: Our country requires a large number of engineers to contribute to national development and defense projects. Father: Yes, it's a great profession. Your grandfather was also in the same field. Son: Engineers have the power to bring about transformative social changes through their innovations. Father: But have you considered the hard work required to turn your aspirations into reality? Son: Yes, I believe no challenge is too difficult for me in this field. I'm willing to put in the necessary effort. Father: Excellent! I wholeheartedly agree with you. Son: Please pray for me so that I can live up to your expectations and uphold your dignity. Father: Be ready to enroll in a university. Son: But it means additional expenses for coaching fees. Father: Don't worry about that, my boy. I'll happily cover all the expenses because I know it will be money well spent. Son: Thank you so much for your kindness, father. Father: And you, my dear son, are always so good to us.

Rakib: Hi Anis, how's everything going? Anis: I'm good, Rakib. What's on your mind? Rakib: I've been thinking a lot about the environment lately. Anis: Ah, I understand. What's concerning you about it? Rakib: Well, with the increasing frequency of floods, cyclones, and droughts in our country, I think it's time we focus more on the health of our environment. Anis: That makes sense. What do you think is causing these natural disasters? Rakib: One of the main factors is deforestation. It's causing global warming and disrupting our ecological balance. Anis: I see. Trees play such a vital role in our lives, providing us with oxygen, food, shelter, and more. Rakib: Exactly. Without trees, we could even face desertification and irregular rainfall. Anis: So, what do you propose we do about it? Rakib: It's simple really. We need to start planting more trees if we want to continue living on a habitable earth. Anis: Agreed. I'm going to start utilizing any unused land I have to plant trees. Rakib: That's a great initiative. I'm planning to encourage others to follow suit by suggesting that for every tree they cut down, they should plant two more. Anis: We should also raise awareness about the importance of afforestation through various channels like mass media and seminars. Rakib: Absolutely. And as students, we can take action by planting trees in our school campuses. Anis: Furthermore, we need to advocate for stricter punishments for those who engage in deforestation. Rakib: Yes, imposing stricter penalties can serve as a deterrent and discourage illegal logging and deforestation practices. Anis: Additionally, we should promote sustainable forestry practices and reforestation efforts to restore degraded ecosystems. Rakib: Absolutely. Reforestation can help mitigate the adverse effects of deforestation, restore biodiversity, and enhance ecosystem resilience. Anis: It's also important to involve local communities in conservation efforts, empowering them to protect and manage their natural resources sustainably. Rakib: That's a crucial point. Engaging communities in conservation initiatives fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility towards their environment. Anis: Furthermore, we can support organizations and initiatives that work towards environmental conservation and sustainable development. Rakib: Yes, by supporting such initiatives financially or through volunteering, we can contribute to positive environmental change on a larger scale. Anis: Overall, addressing deforestation and promoting afforestation are vital steps towards ensuring a sustainable future for our planet and future generations. Rakib: Absolutely. It's essential that we all play our part in protecting and preserving our environment for the well-being of all life on Earth. Anis: Thank you for this insightful discussion, Rakib. Let's continue to advocate for environmental conservation and take concrete actions to make a positive impact. Rakib: My pleasure, Anis. Together, we can make a difference. Take care, and let's stay committed to our cause. Anis: Likewise, Rakib. See you around.

Sujan: Hi Ashik, how are you doing? Ashik: I'm good, Sujan. What about you? Sujan: I'm great. You know, I was just thinking about the importance of English language in our lives. Ashik: Yes, it's a crucial language, isn't it? Sujan: Absolutely. In this era of globalization, English has become the universal language for communication in all fields. Ashik: That's true. It's the language of science, technology, business, and international relations. Sujan: Indeed. Without a good command of English, one can face many difficulties in life. For instance, they may not be able to communicate effectively with people from different countries or access information in English. Ashik: Right. In fact, English is a prerequisite for higher education and professional success in most parts of the world. Sujan: Exactly. It opens up many opportunities for personal growth and career advancement. Unfortunately, many people in our country are not proficient in English, and this is hindering our progress as a nation. Ashik: Yes, we need to address this problem and take steps to improve our English proficiency. Sujan: I agree. It's important to start learning English from an early age, and the government and educational institutions can play a key role in promoting English language education. Ashik: Additionally, we can take personal initiatives to improve our English skills, such as reading English books, watching English movies, and practicing speaking and writing in English. Sujan: That's a great point. We need to realize the significance of English language and take it seriously to achieve success in our personal and professional lives. Ashik: Absolutely. Let's start making efforts to improve our English proficiency from today onwards. Thanks for the conversation, Sujan. Sujan: You're welcome, Ashik. It was nice talking to you. Goodbye.

Raha: Hello there, why do you seem so down? Is anything bothering you? Nusa: Hey, Raha. I'm just feeling a bit nervous because my exams are coming up soon. Raha: I see. Have you been studying regularly and preparing well? Nusa: I have been studying, but I'm not too happy with my results from previous exams. I really want to do better this time. Raha: Well, if you need any help or advice, I'm here to support you. What specifically do you need help with? Nusa: Actually, I was hoping you could share some tips on how you managed to do so well in your exams last year. Raha: Sure, it's not really a secret. There are some basic rules you should follow to do well in exams. Nusa: That sounds great. Can you please share those rules with me? Raha: Of course. Firstly, you should study consistently and not just cram everything in at the last minute. Also, it's important to make your own notes and review them regularly. Nusa: Okay, got it. What about English and Mathematics? Raha: For those subjects, it's all about practice. You should practice writing every day and take regular practice tests. Nusa: I see. Any other tips you can offer? Raha: Yes, it's also important to develop a habit of writing. Whatever you read, try to write it down. It will help you learn better. Nusa: That's a great suggestion. And what about during the actual exam? Raha: During the exam, make sure to budget your time wisely, write legibly, and answer all questions. Also, try to avoid irrelevant information in your answers. Nusa: Thank you so much for all your advice. I'll definitely try to follow these strategies. Raha: You're welcome. Just remember, there's no magic formula for success. Consistency and hard work are key.

Raha: Hello Zarif! How are you? Nitu: I’m fine. What about you? Raha: I’m fine too. Have you seen the recent raid of mobile courts on food production houses? Nitu: Yes, I think the mobile court is doing the right task to stop food adulteration. Raha: Exactly! The adulteration of food is increasing beyond any limit. They are using chemicals to preserve food. Nitu: Yes, and these chemicals are mainly used for industrial purposes. These chemicals can cause kidney damage, heart failure, and various other diseases. Raha: Yes, and it seems to me that the unscrupulous traders of our country don’t care even to kill innocent people to earn extra profit. Nitu: You’re right. However, this is not the only case of food adulteration of adult people. They are also mixing chemicals with baby foods. Raha: Oh, my God! I see the situation is very terrible! They have become so heartless that they don’t even care about babies. Nitu: Yes, nowadays fishes are adulterated with formalin, fruits are adulterated with carbide, and edible oils are adulterated with cyanide. Raha: But why these traders are adopting such malpractices in spite of knowing the worst consequences of massive food adulteration? Nitu: It’s very simple. They are dishonest and they can do everything for money. Raha: They are very nasty and they have no moral character. They are enemies to humanity. However, this crime must be stopped at any cost. Nitu: And we’re helpless at the point of their clutch. Raha: You’re mostly right. Our government is taking steps time to time but they are producing no result. Isn’t there any light of hope? Nitu: Yes, there is. It is we who should be careful to choosing right foods as far as possible. The criminals have to be punished by law. Raha: Your valuable words may make me wise. Nitu: Absolutely! You’re most welcome. See you again.

Fuad: Sajid, what happened? We missed you at the prize-giving ceremony. Sajid: I'm equally sorry, but my mother had an accident, and I had to take her to the hospital. Fuad: I'm sorry to hear that. How is she doing now? Sajid: She's doing a bit better. No need to worry. Please tell me all about the ceremony. Fuad: The school auditorium and stage were beautifully decorated, and the prizes were displayed neatly on a separate table. Sajid: What time did the function start? Fuad: It began promptly at 4 pm. Sajid: Who attended the ceremony? Fuad: All the students, their guardians, and some distinguished members of the community were in attendance. Sajid: What did the Head Teacher do? Fuad: The Head Teacher began the ceremony by presenting the annual report. Sajid: Who was the chief guest, and what did he do? Fuad: The College Principal was the chief guest, and he delivered a short yet impressive speech, praising the school's all-round progress. Sajid: How did you like the chief guest's speech? Fuad: It was a brief but impactful speech that was well-received by everyone. Sajid: What happened after the speech? Fuad: The chief guest then awarded prizes to the students for their outstanding achievements. Sajid: Did you receive any prize? Fuad: Yes, I was fortunate enough to receive two prizes, one for regular attendance and the other for outstanding performance in the last year-end exams. Sajid: Was that all? Fuad: No, it was a great success. The recitations, dances, and drama performances were all exceptional, captivating the audience. Sajid: I am genuinely sorry that I missed such an important event of our school life. Take care, and goodbye. Fuad: Goodbye, Sajid.now if you have any further questions.

Myself: Good afternoon, sir. I was hoping to inquire about opening a bank account with your institution. Manager: Good afternoon. Of course, I'd be happy to assist you with that. Can you tell me a bit more about the type of account you're interested in? Myself: Certainly. I recently received a scholarship and would like to save the money. What options are available for a savings account? Manager: We have several savings accounts available, depending on your needs. I would recommend our basic savings account, which offers competitive interest rates and no monthly fees. Myself: That sounds ideal. Can you please walk me through the process of opening an account? Manager: Sure. The first step is to fill out an application form, which I can provide for you. Once you've filled out the necessary information, you'll need to bring it back to me with two passport-sized photos of yourself and another photo of your beneficiary. You'll also need to make an initial deposit to activate the account. Myself: I understand. Is there a minimum deposit amount required? Manager: Yes, we do require a minimum deposit of $100 to open a savings account. Myself: I see. And what is the interest rate for this type of account? Manager: Currently, our basic savings account offers an interest rate of 2.5% per annum. Myself: Thank you for that information. Is there anything else I need to know before opening an account? Manager: Just be aware that you'll need to maintain a minimum balance of $500 in your account to avoid any fees. Additionally, it usually takes one to two business days to activate the account and issue a debit card. Myself: Understood. Thank you for your assistance, sir. Manager: You're welcome. Please don't hesitate to let me know if you have any further questions.

Sumi: You seem quite tired and fatigued. What's going on? Rumi: I had a rough night. The issue of load shedding kept me up. There was no electricity in our area all night long. Sumi: Unfortunately, load shedding has become all too common due to insufficient electricity production and the rampant misuse of power. Rumi: It's incredibly frustrating to endure the oppressive heat and complete darkness with no relief in sight. Sumi: And it's not just discomfort. Think about students with exams and patients needing medical attention during surgeries. Rumi: Exactly. I couldn't even study for my English exam tomorrow because of it. Sumi: Housewives are facing their own challenges. Food stored in refrigerators is spoiling, which is both wasteful and expensive. Rumi: And the economic losses from factories and mills shutting down their productive machinery are staggering. Sumi: This isn't just an inconvenience; it's a crisis that affects every aspect of life. We need to find a solution, and fast. What are your thoughts? Rumi: Well, first and foremost, the government needs to take decisive action. We need to increase electricity production and minimize system losses. Sumi: Agreed. And cracking down on illegal connections and promoting awareness about responsible electricity use could help alleviate the strain on the system. Rumi: We also need to address the issue of wastage. Strict enforcement of laws to ensure compliance is crucial. Sumi: Absolutely. Electricity is the backbone of progress and development. We can't afford to let shortages hold us back. Rumi: Definitely. Thank you for discussing this with me. It's important to keep the conversation going. Sumi: Of course. We need to raise awareness and push for action. Let's talk more about this soon.

THE RULES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED PRIOR TO WRITING ACADEMIC ESSAYS / Paragraph Rule 01: Avoid using contractions or abbreviations. (Ex. Use can not instead of can’t) Avoid contracted auxiliary verbs and negatives. These are very common in informal speech and writing, but are considered inappropriate in academic writing. Non-academic: I don’t think that I’m working hard. Academic: I do not think that I am working hard. For example: can’t, couldn’t, wouldn’t, didn’t, I’ll, I’ve, I’d, won’t, etc... Note that “cannot” is one word. Do not use abbreviations or symbols. Spell the words out. Ex: & = and; dept. = department Rule 02: Use third person voice or impersonal language. (Ex. One can interpret...instead of You can interpret...) In other words, the impersonal language should be used. Most formal writing aims to establish an air of objectivity and impartiality, an air with which the personal pronouns I, me, and my seem inconsistent. In truth, objectivity results from proper use of evidence and logic rather than pronoun choices, but there is something to be said for seeming as well as being objective. Moreover, some professors prohibit their students from using first-person pronouns as a kind of discipline: many students do inject personal opinions and unexamined assumptions where persuasiveness demands objective evidence, and prohibiting personal pronouns seems to help curb this tendency. The convention in much academic writing is to write with minimal reference to yourself as an author. The reason for this lies in a tradition of needing to present your work "objectively", as the work of a dispassionate and disinterested (that is, unbiased) researcher. So, one of the features of academic writing is a general absence of the first person pronoun "I". This can be difficult, as lecturers often say, "tell me what you think". Well, they do want to know what you think, but presented as a rational, objective argument. For this reason we also avoid using emotive language; instead we let the "facts" - or our reasoned argument - make the point for us. It is important to note that while the avoidance of "I" has long been part of the academic tradition, these days some academics consider its use to be acceptable. So, you may encounter different views about the use of "I" over the course of your degree. In any case, you will need to develop the flexibility in your writing to play down the "personal element". Your lecturer, Cathi Lewis, for example, has stated that she prefers undergraduates to avoid the use of "I" in Introduction to Sociology (See the Lecturer's Advice section of this tutorial). Regardless of your particular lecturer's views, you will need to learn how to use "I" sparingly. So let's look at how we can write passages without reference to the first person pronoun. Avoid personal "I", "you", and "we", except for the thesis statement. So, instead of: "As I mentioned above...", write" "As was mentioned above..." except for the thesis statement. So, instead of: "As I mentioned above...", write" "As was mentioned above..." There are several ways to avoid using the first person pronoun "I": One way is to let the assignment "speak for itself": for example, "I show..." becomes "The report shows..." "I interpret the results as..." becomes "The results indicate..." Another way to avoid the first person is to use the passive voice construction: - The second-person singular pronoun - you - raises a similar issue when used to refer to a hypothetical rather than a real individual. Consider the following sentence: You eat peas with a fork, not with a knife. - This you is not a definite person who chooses to eat peas with one utensil rather than another. The meaning of the sentence is actually something like, "Peas should be eaten with a fork, not with a knife." This you is a fictional character who in sentences of this kind also frequently goes by the name one, and who is standing in for a whole class of persons. - The fictional you is a welcome character in speech and informal writing but is perhaps best left out of formal writing. Since your reader, too, is you, the hypothetical or indefinite you may seem to cross a little too far into the reader's space for the maintenance of an impersonal air. Rule 03: Be sure to use transitions between points, within a paragraph. Use appropriate linking words/phrases to show the links between paragraph, as well as to link sentences within paragraphs. Do not use simple linking words (e.g. and, but, so) except for variety. Conjunctions: avoid weak conjunctions such as "but." This is a VERY weak word with which to begin a sentence. Look in the thesaurus for others, such as "however," "moreover," "nevertheless," "nonetheless," "regardless," etc. Although it is grammatically correct to begin sentences with "And", “Or”, and "Because," you should be careful and avoid doing this because many students do not do so correctly. - Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, or, yet, so): Put a comma before these conjunctions. (Don't use them at the beginning of a sentence in more formal writing.) example: The movie has already started, but my friend has not arrived yet. - Correlative Conjunctions (These have two parts: either . . . or): * Put a comma before the second part if it connects 2 clauses (complete sentences). example: Eric is not only an outstanding teacher, but he is also a gourmet cook. * You don't need a comma if it only connects words or phrases. example: Eric is not only an outstanding teacher but also a gourmet cook. - Transitional Words and Phrases: * Put a comma after these if they are at the beginning of a sentence. example: I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals. * Use a semicolon to connect the two sentences. example: I like to travel; specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals. * Use a comma before and after the transitional word/phrase in the middle of a clause. example: I like to travel, and, specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals. Some Common English Transition Words and Phrases Rule 04: Use present tense In writing about literature the present tense must be used. Ex: The three bears see Goldilocks and they run away. NOT: The three bears saw Goldilocks and ran away. q DO: When Andy tries to speak to the drunk man in the alley, he feels pain in his stomach. q DON’T: When Andy had tried to speak to the drunk man, he felt pain in his stomach. In English, the present simple tense is used to describe habitual actions and events, and those that are usually true. It is said that the present simple is used to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. As shown in the following examples: - I take my breakfast every morning at 7 o’clock. - Nurses look after patients in hospitals. Moreover, it is used to express facts. For example, the planets go round the sun. In the present simple, the verb does not take an ending with the following pronouns: I, you, they, and we. However, in the third person singular (he, she, and it), the verb ends with “s” or “es”, as in the following examples: - I usually go away at weekends. - Sarah catches the early train. More precisely, in academic writing, the use of the present simple is often conventionalized and predominantly used. For example, in linguistics essays, it is used to explain aspecific linguistic phenomenon which is always true. - A child acquires language during the critical period. - Language is a set of signals by which we communicate. - Code switching occurs in bilingual societies. Tense-shifting: ─ NEVER switch tenses when answering questions on tests or when writing essays. Although the past tense is acceptable, (as long as there is no switching to other tenses), try to always use the present tense. Even though the novel/short story/play/poem, etc. obviously has been written in the "past," writing/discussion of texts should be in present tense. Rule 05: Avoid using colloquialisms (slang). For example: kids, dude, gal, guy, homies, etc... Don't use slang. This is the time to show off the best English you know. Find the correct way to express your thoughts and convey your ideas, without resorting to slang. Be aware that certain expressions, such as "kids" instead of "children" and "guys" or "gals" instead of "men" or "women", also fall into the category of slang and should be avoided. Rule 06: Use gender neutral language (replace he, she with they, the character, or by name) Although in the past it was acceptable to use "he" when referring to both men and women, it is no longer acceptable to do so now. Why? Because linguists found that language use actually does have an impact on the way people think and act. If pronouns are always "he," and certain professions are always fireman, policeman, chairman, congressmen, etc, then it is more likely that men -- by simple virtue of the privileged masculine pronoun and noun use -- will fill those positions, and that women will feel that they do not belong in them. Avoiding sexist pronouns will help you find liberation from these restricting gender roles. Even if you disagree with the above theory, using "he" only pronouns is a practice that is no longer tolerated in MLA style. You should instead choose to pluralize your subject and use "they" or "their" when referring back to that subject. Or you can choose "he or she," but if you need to write "he or she" more than twice in the sentence, you might give your reader a headache. Try to avoid "s/he" or "he/she" simply because it is unsightly. Really the best solution is pluralization. (When implementing the plural solution, remember the principle of agreement.  "Everyone needs their umbrella" is not grammatical, because "everyone" is a singular subject.) o   Sexist: If a medical student wants to succeed, he has to learn to budget his time wisely. o   Liberated: If medical students want to succeed, they have to learn to budget his time wisely. o   Sexist: If one wants to become a DJ, he has to be familiar with the current music styles and have a strong sense of internal rhythm and musical flow. o   Liberated: If one wants to become a DJ, he or she has to be familiar with the current music styles and have a strong sense of internal rhythm and musical flow. o   Sexist: A good computer programmer has to root his knowledge in practical experience. o   Liberated: Good computer programmers have to root their knowledge in practical experience. Use non-sexist language: Avoid the word "man" and "he/his/him" when referring to general phenomena. When writing sentences, there are two ways to do this: A) Make it plural. B)    If necessary, use ONE, HE/SHE. C)    Also, see this table: Rule 07: Avoid repetition. Do not use the same word or the same sentence structure too frequently. Repetition means that the same lexical item in several sentences subsequent to its first occurrence is repeated. For example, in this section, the phrase “lexical cohesion” is repeated more than twice. In addition, repetition helps to reinforce key ideas and new terms. However, the overuse of repetition in academic writing results in a text which sounds monotonous, i.e., it does not invite the reader to read it since it contains a lot of repetitions. This problem can be overcome by shifting the position of the repeated items in the sentence. Use rich vocabulary: You have learned English for many years and this is the time to use what you know. Stay away from over-used adjectives such as "good" or "bad". Instead, use more dramatic, expressive words, such as excellent, wonderful, superb, or adverse, horrible, terrible, etc. Choose the more precise word over the more general one. This will make your language come alive, in speech or in writing, and earn you higher marks. Rule 08: Avoid using imperative language. Use imperative voice sparingly in a scientific paper, because it comes across as rude (as do many of the sentences in what you are reading right now!). E.g. do not say "Recall that ...". Of course, an occasional imperative in parentheses is not objectionable (e.g. "(see Walker 1996 for more details)."). Rule 09: Be sure to use but and however correctly (See examples of correct usage below) - I do not like homework, but I understand it’s important. - I wish I studied more; however, I still did well on the test - I am sick today and will miss the test, however, this will give me more time to study. "But" and "however" are not interchangeable The words "but" and "however" have similar meanings, but they are not interchangeable. If you take a grammatically correct sentence containing "but" and replace it with "however", or vice versa, the result will almost always be incorrect, mainly because of comma punctuation. Correct examples: "I like oranges, but I do not like tangerines." "I like oranges. However, I do not like tangerines." "I like oranges; however, I do not like tangerines." "I, however, do not like grapefruits." "I like oranges however they have been prepared." If you exchange any of these "but"s and "however"s, then the sentences would become incorrect, and in some cases meaningless. Rule 10: Avoid using ‘it’ and ‘this’ at the start of a sentence. If necessary, however, join the two sentences using a comma or semi-colon. See examples below. Use 'It' as a subject; e.g. 'It is impossible to...' Incorrect: I love the snow. It is fun to play in. Correct: I love the snow; it is fun to play in. (A comma can also be used in place of the semi-colon) Notes: It is aceptable to use ‘it’ as a preparatory subject. (See more at Rule 28) It is advisable to memorise the following useful phrases: 1.   It goes without saying that .../ Of course, ... 2.   It is quite clear that .../ Obviously, ... 3.   It is worth pointing out that .../ Another point is ... 4.   It does not seem unreasonable to suggest that .../ In my opinion, ... 5.   It is often argued that .../ People say that ... 6.   It is sometimes suggested that/ People say that ... 7.   It is particularly significant that ... / Importantly, ... 8.   It could be argued that ...? Perhaps,.... 9.   It is likely that .../ Probably, .... Rule 11: Avoid very strong language E.g. I know. I am sure... Avoid using words that express your opinion too strongly In addition to a formal voice, you should also maintain a cool-headed, objective tone. Tone usually becomes an issue when you are writing about hot topics you feel strongly about -- religion, for example, or cultural values. Even when you strongly disagree with an idea, avoid getting "emotional" in your expression. Avoid seeming angry, or condescending, or rude. Keep your calm and remain scholarly, and try to portray yourself as one who is objectively assessing the situation. ·        Emotional: We must do everything we can to legalize gay marriage. For the sake of equality, the rights of liberty and freedom that our forefathers fought for--it is essential!!! Don't let conservatives take over your government and impose their puritanical moral values on everyone. This is only going to lead to dozens of more restrictions that those white-haired conservatives will impose in their cozy congress seats! ·        Objective: Keeping gay marriage illegal poses significant questions about the constitutionality of such laws. The forefathers who wrote the Constitution believed an individual's freedom was vitally important, and that as long as the actions did not cause directly harm to society, the actions should not be decriminalized. Rule 12: Do not use a series of short sentences or simple sentences. E.g. Many people think so. They are wrong. Rule 13: You should NOT: - use brackets and dashes to add information - use exclamation marks (!!!) in your essay Rule 14: Avoid very emotional language e.g. I absolutely detest people who... Rule 15: Do not express personal opinions too strongly e.g. I know...; instead, use milder expressions (e.g. It seems to me that... Express your opinion in a non-emotional way (e.g. It seems that, I therefore feel, etc.) Rule 16: Do not use over-generalisation (e.g. All politicians are...) Avoid: Everyone knows that... What goes around comes around... Rule 17: Do not refer blindly to statistics without accurate reference to their source. e.g. "A recent study showed..." - which study?) Rule 18: Do not use cliches e.g. Rome was not built in a day. Clichés are words and phrases that tend to be overused and do not make for good writing. They should be avoided in professional and academic writing. Examples: Don’t count your chickens before they have hatched. Let sleeping dogs lie. These phrases can add colour and life to informal speech; however, in writing, they appear to be substitutes for clear thought. We cannot build a new school at this point in time. Who would have thought that slavery could exist in this day and age? The Prime Minister believed that at the end of the day her policies would be vindicated. Some more examples of clichés are: ·        Raining like cats and dogs. ·        Like a pig in mud. ·        Over the hill. ·        In the dog house. ·        Back against the wall. ·        Under the gun. ·   My two cents. ·        Stubborn as a mule. ·   Bite your tongue. ·        Dyed in the wool. ·   Wrong side of the bed. ·        The calm before the storm. ·        Hair of the dog, ·        On thin ice. ·        Eye for an eye. ·        Tongue-in-cheek. ·        The third time is the charm. Rule 19: Do not use personal examples e.g. In my school..., One of my friend ….. Rule 20: Do not use colloquial language Casual conversational language that has a wider general acceptance than slang. Examples: - Let’s do lunch. - I’m going to get back at him. Colloquial language is generally acceptable in casual spoken English, but it is unacceptable in formal speaking situations, and in written English. Rule 21: Do not use metaphor A metaphor takes a name or descriptive term and applies it to a person or object in a non-literal sense - for example, 'a glaring error', 'the heart of the matter', 'pillar of the community', 'wave of terrorism', and so on. Rule 22: Do not use similes A simile compares a person, action or object with something else - for example, 'fly like an eagle', 'solid as a rock', 'as happy as Larry', 'pleased as Punch', and so on. Well-chosen metaphors and similes can give your writing immense expressive power. Once a metaphor or simile has become a cliché, it no longer provides a vivid image for the reader. Consequently, instead of impressing your readers with your writing style, you leave them with the impression that you have nothing of substance to say. Rule 23: Do not use figures of speech Figures of speech are closely related to clichés. Like metaphors and similes, figures of speech provide a writer with a colourful or forceful means to draw attention to a particular point but should be avoided in academic writing. ·        The cleaners were advised to lift their game or else. ·        Management has been on a steep learning curve. ·        It would be like looking for a needle in a haystack. Rule 24: Do not use euphemisms Expressions that soften orobscure the meaning that you wish to convey. Examples: - a guest of the government (in jail) - pre-owned (used) - passed away (died) - tactical omission (lie) Euphemisms are good if they spare someone’s feelings, but they are bad if they obscure meaning, or give a positive connotation to something illegal, immoral, or otherwise unacceptable. Rule 25: Do not talk about parts of the paragraph. Do not write: this paragraph shows... The topic sentence is... A quote that proves this is... Rule 26: Do not begin a sentence with numerals. For example, instead of writing: "400 people..." write: "Four hundred people..." Spell out all numbers less than 10. Ex: 6 = six Never start a sentence with a number unless you spell it out. Ex: 15 students.... = Fifteen students ... Use numerals 10 or above. Instead of writing: "There were 9 people...", write: "There were nine people..." Rule 27: Do not use non-specific words. For example: stuff, things, lots, etc... Rule 28: Do not use ambiguous words. For example: this, these, his, it, they, there is, there are, etc... These words have no meaning in themselves, but in conversation the meaning is usually clear from the context. In written text, however, the intended meaning is quite often not evident to the reader, because there are many possible interpretations of "it" and "this". Notes: 1.    It is acceptable to use ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, and ‘those’ when a noun directly afterward clarifies the meaning of the pronoun. Eg: “This character traits ...” 2.    It is acceptable to use ‘it’ as a preparatory subject. (See more at Rule 10) If you want to indicate that an opinion or belief is widely held, you can use the passive form of a reporting verb with it as its impersonal subject. It is widely believed that the standard of spoken English has declined in recent years. The following reporting verbs are often used in this way: accept acknowledge argue claim estimate predict You should use tentative language when discussing findings or views in your reports and presentations. When you want to avoid expressing strong claims or opinions you can use the verbs appear and seem. In the sentences overleaf, the subject of appear and seem is it. As you can see, they are followed by that-clauses. It appears that interest in Putonghua has increased since the handover. It would seem that students in Hong Kong are less motivated to learn English than their counterparts in Shanghai. 3.    It is aceptable to use ‘there is’ as a preparatory subject. (See Rule 44) Rule 29: Do not ask rhetorical questions. Readers want answers! So, instead of: "Do you know where the origin of tea is?" Write: "Tea originated in southern China near the border with India." A rhetorical question is a question for which no answer is expected. A rhetorical question is one in a written text where the writer assumes the reader knows the answer, or where the writer goes on to answer the question in the text. Such questions are inappropriate for academic writing: readers might not know the answer and the point being made could be more strongly and clearly expressed as a statement. You should not risk your point being misunderstood: make your point clear and 'up front'; for example: Rule 30: Write "most people”, instead of the incorrect "most of people" Likewise, "most women", "most animals", etc. But "most of the people" is OK. Rule 31: Do not use the expressions and so on or etc. Instead use such as. The expression and so on is too unclear for formal writing. Thus, instead of the informal "Japan imports potatoes, corn, wheat, and so on," write "Japan imports food such as potatoes, corn and wheat." Run on expressions include phrases such as 'and so forth', 'and so on' or 'etc'. Try to complete the sentence properly; do not use these if you can avoid them; for example Rule 32: Place adverbs within the verb Adverbs should be placed within the verb group rather than in the initial or final positions. In informal English, adverbs often occur as clauses at the beginning or end of sentences; for example: Rule 33: Avoid phrases such as "I believe," "I feel," and "I think." Even worse are phrases that add an adverb, such as "I strongly believe." Your tone will be much more confident if you just make the statement without preface. Rule 34: Avoid words that do not change the meaning of the sentence. Unnecessary words like "Actually", "Really" or "Basically" can be omitted. Rule 35: Do not use dialogues (conversations) in a formal essay. For example, instead of writing: "Will you come?" You should write: He asked me if I would come. Rule 36: Do not use informal language - In formal English one would use the word “whom” instead of the word “who” in certain situations. Formal: Whom did they elect? Informal: Who did they elect? Formal - Use 'whom' as an object: Whom have they chosen for the position? Informal - Use 'who' as an object: Who have they chosen for the position? Formal : With whom did you study? Informal : Who did you study with? In informal language prepositions often come at the end of certain structures. Formal: To which nation does he belong? Informal: Which nation does he belong to? Some pronouns have different forms in formal and informal language. In informal language we often leave out some words. Formal: She said that she would come. Informal: She said she would come. Formal: Have you seen Annie? Informal: Seen Annie? Rule 37: Avoid using unnecessary words Wordy phrases                                                  Using better English 1.      it would appear that ...                          1. apparently ... 2.      with the exception of ...                          2. except ... 3.      in connection with ...                                  3. about ... 4.      are found to be in agreement with ...           4. agree ... 5.      a large majority of ...                                       5. most ... 6.      in the event that ...                                               6. if ... 7.      a disproportionate number ...                                   7. few ... 8.      arrive at a decision ...                                                 8. decide ... 9.      for a further period of ten years ...                              9. for another ten years ... 10.  such is by no means the case ...                             10. this is not so ... 11.  in the field of education ...                                              11. in education ... 12.  they are without legal representation whatsoever ...       12. they have no legal representation ... 13.  in the case of the third question ...                                          13. in the third question ... 14.  at the present time, overseas companies are ...                        14. overseas companies are now ... 15.  there is really somewhat of an obligation on behalf of the department of health ... 15. the Department of Health is obliged ... Rule 38: Use singular determiners with plural verbs Determiners like each, every, either and neither are singular. They should be followed by singular verbs. Of course, in an informal style, you can put plural verbs after them, but if you do that in your IELTS essay, the examiner will not be too happy with you. Non-academic: Neither of us like him. Academic: Neither of us likes him. Rule 39: Avoid idiomatic language English is highly idiomatic, but idiomatic expressions are not always considered appropriate in academic writing. Of course, it is not easy to avoid all of them and it is not necessary either. You can use some idioms, but you must avoid the more ‘colourful’ ones like ‘raining cats and dogs’, ‘hit the nail on the head’ or ‘throw the baby out with the bathwater’. Some idioms, on the other hand, are perfectly acceptable in all kinds of writing. Rule 40: Do not start sentences with ‘And’, ‘Also’, ‘So’, ‘Or’, ‘Even so’, and ‘But’ Starting a sentence with them is sometimes considered inappropriate. A few decades ago it was considered totally unacceptable. Even today you can find several grammar books that advise against starting sentences with these conjunctions. However, the truth is that more and more academic writers now begin sentences with them. You must, however, make a conscious effort to avoid them just to be on the safe side. Instead of these, use `In addition', `However', `Hence', `Consequently', `Alternatively', `Nevertheless' at the beginninge of the sentence. Rule 41: Do not use informal phrasal verbs You cannot avoid all of them in your writing. It is not necessary either. Just make sure that you do not use a large number of phrasal verbs in your essay. Rule 42: Use passives Passives without ‘agents’ are common in academic and scientific writing. By using passive structures we will be able to limit the use of personal pronouns. Passive structures are also preferred when we want to talk about an action, but are not interested in saying who or what did / does it. The passive voice is one of the two voices in English. It is contrasting with active voice. In the passive, the object of the active voice becomes the subject, and the subject becomes the agent or object of the passive action. The passive sentence is indicated through a by-phrase or omitted altogether as shown in the following examples. - In recent years, researchers have published several analyses of survey data (active sentence). - In recent years, several analyses of survey data have been published. Furthermore, the passive voice is used much more in academic language than in everyday language. Certain grammatical features like the present simple and the passive voice are dominant and used frequently in academic writing than in general English. So, passive constructions have been identified as one of the prominent features of academic language. Moreover, the use of the passive voice in 6 such a type of language intends to create an indirect style and showsthe writer’s objectivity. This can be achieved by using another form of passive which is frequently used in academic writing (it is said that...... he is said to) as shown in the following examples: - The child acquires the language in short period of time. - It is said that the child acquires the language in a short period of time. Similarly, using the passive voice in academic language is often more suitable than activeconstructions and is considered the most used in written genres Rule 43: Employ tentative rather than assertive language. - using possibly and probably in front of verbs and noun phrases; e.g. 'This is possibly caused by...' or 'This is probably the most important factor.' - using the modal verbs may and might; e.g. 'This may be the most important factor.' - using appears to + V and seems to + V; e.g. 'This appears to be the most important factor.' - avoiding always and every, and replacing them with often and many/much. - avoiding certainly and obviously because this language can be condescending to your reader. Academic writing argument is rarely expressed in strongly positive language. To express an idea or finding in such a way would leave the writer open to attack by critical readers. To avoid making strong claims and expressing subjective opinions, academic writers use tentative rather then assertive language. Compare the tentative and assertive language in the table below. Modal verbs such as could, may and might are common in academic writing because they help writers express uncertainty or tentativeness. Also common are the verbs appear to and seem to, as well as adverbs of probability: perhaps, possibly, probably, likely, unlikely. Of course, depending on viewpoint and the available evidence, a writer can express greater or lesser degrees of certainty. Look at the examples in the table below. Rule 44: Use 'One' and ‘There’ as a subject e.g. 'One may ask whether...' ('One' is a formal version of 'You' [plural] in general) and Use 'There' as a subject; e.g. 'There is a serious risk of...' Some more phrases and their alternatives - One could say that ... / Perhaps, ... - One could draw the conclusion that .../ In conclusion, ... - As one might expect ... / Naturally ... - There is not a shadow of doubt that ... / Certainly, ... There is the possibility that .... / Possibly, ... There can be no doubt that .../ I am sure ... There are those who maintain that ... / Some people say .... There is a school of thoughts that ... / Some people say .... There is a strong likelihood that ... / Probably, ... Rule 45: Use It is because and This is because correctly. Language Analysis: It is because is used in the following situations: 1. To introduce an explanation of cause and effect use It is because: It is because of parents like her that our school is such a wonderful place. (like= similar to) It is because of my close association with the organisation that I know all the good that it does. It is because the body is a machine that education is possible. It is because workers today produce far more than those in the past that we have a higher standard of living. Structure: It is because + cause + ‘that’ + effect. Grammar: It is because of + cause (noun or noun phrase) + ‘that’+ effect (clause). e.g. It is because of your smile that I feel happy. It is because + cause (clause with a subject and a verb) + ‘that’ + effect (clause). e.g. It is because you smiled that I feel happy. 2.   To refer back to a cause, then give an effect, use it is because of this: These countries’ economies are in great turmoil and it is because of this that pollution creates a huge problem. I know you. I understand you, and it is because of this that I love you. A black coat appears black because it absorbs all the wavelengths of visual light that fall on it and no light is reflected into the eye from that object. It is because of this that black clothes become hotter on a sunny day than white ones. Structures: Cause + ‘and’ + ‘it is because of this that’ + effect Cause + ‘.’ + ‘It is because of this that’ + effect 3.      To give an effect first, then explain the cause, use this is because: Examples: - Out in space, the sky looks black, instead of blue. This is because there is no atmosphere. - As the sun begins to set, the light must travel farther through the atmosphere before it gets to you. More of the light is reflected and scattered. As less reaches you directly, the sun appears less bright. The colour of the sun itself appears to change, first to orange and then to red. This is because even more of the short wavelength blues and greens are now scattered. Only the longer wavelengths are left in the direct beam that reaches your eyes. - Agents often work more than 40 hours a week. They must often work in the evenings or on weekends. This is because most buyers and sellers are free only at those times. 4. To answer questions, use it is because, this is because, or because: - How can it be that an “awesome” God knows me by name and loves me without reservation? It is because He created me. - So why is Bush taking on the thankless issue of immigration? I believe it is because he sees the consequences for all Americans of our current dysfunctional policy. - Teens seem to have a need to feel that fear, as evidenced by the popularity of shocker, gross-out, supernatural and altogether scary books. Is it that the good guys and bad guys are easier to tell apart? Or maybe it is because those vampires and werewolves go through physical transformations that make puberty feel like a bump in the road? - Why are most large-sized tumours treated by removal of the eye? This is because the amount of radiation required to kill a tumour which fills most of the eye, is just too much for the eye to stand. - “Why are you doing that?” “Because I like it.” - To answer questions, use it is because, this is because, or because - Why are most large-sized tumours treated by removal of the eye? This is because the amount of radiation required to kill a tumour which fills most of the eye, is just too much for the eye to stand. - “Why are you doing that?” “Because I like it.” 5. In 'if ' and 'when' sentences use it is because: - If I look confused it is because I am thinking. - If we have no peace, it is because we have forgotten that we belong to each other. - When consumers complain that prices of CDs are too high it is because they are. Rule 46: Use Relative Structures Formal - Use relative structures: The woman thought that it was important to be on time. Informal - Drop certain relative structures: The woman thought it was important to be on time. Rule 47: Use use nominalisation Try to write noun-based phrases rather that verb-based ones. For example, instead of Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned. Write: The rapid increase in crime was causing concern among the police. In general, academic writing tends to be fairly dense, with relatively long sentences and wide use of subordinate clauses. Remember, however, that your main aim is clarity, so don’t be too ambitious, particularly when you’re starting to write. Rule 48: Use some sort of “hedging” language and to qualify statements that you make. HEDGING/AVOIDING COMMITMENT In order to put some distance between what you’re writing and yourself as writer, to be cautious rather than assertive, you should: - use verbs (often with it as subject) such as imagine, suggest, claim, suppose - use ‘attitudinal signals’ such as apparently, arguably, ideally, strangely, unexpectedly. These words allow you to hint at your attitude to something without using personal language. - use verbs such as would, could, may, might which ‘soften’ what you’re saying. - use qualifying adverbs such as some, several, a minority of, a few, many to avoid making overgeneralisations. Rule 49: Do not start a sentence with ‘Therefore’. Instead, write, for example, ‘They, therefore, ...’. 50. Use Varied Sentence Structure Click on the following link- Variety of Sentence Structures *** Most importantly -Don't forget to follow Writing Criteria (Click on the link)