Choosing the best sleeping bag Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 D "not very easy to pack up" Paragraph D, last line "Give yourself a bit of time to fit it back in the bag, though." 2 A "all-year-round" Paragraph A, first line "This all-year-round sleeping bag combines natural duck down and a new synthetic fibre." 3 E "extra insulation" Paragraph E, first sentence "We like the extra insulation in this sleeping bag around the areas that tend to feel the cold (head, chest and feet)." 4 B "useful storage area" Paragraph B, second sentence "There’s a handy pocket for essentials, located inside near the top." 5 D "budget sleeping bag" Paragraph D, first line "If you want a no-frills, budget sleeping bag that will last more than one summer, opt for this." 6 F "keep the user warm during the daytime" Paragraph F, first sentence "This innovative, high-quality kids’ sleeping bag enables you to undo some zips and turn it into a fun, animal-themed coat." 7 C "avoid carrying heavy weights" Paragraph C, first sentence "At just 350g, this sleeping bag is remarkably light." 8 A "two different types of material" Paragraph A, first sentence "This all-year-round sleeping bag combines natural duck down and a new synthetic fibre." The Spread the Word Life Writing Prize Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 9 True "no minimum word count" Paragraph 2, line 2 "There is no minimum word count." 10 False "only about the experience of someone else" Paragraph 3, line 2 "Traditional biographies, where the piece is only about the experience of someone else, are excluded." 11 True "previous entrants may submit" Paragraph 4, line 2 "Writers who have previously won or been highly commended in the Life Writing Prize are excluded from entering; otherwise, previous entrants may submit." 12 Not Given "winners' age and education status" - "There is no information about whether winners have been aged between 19 and 25 or in full-time education." 13 False "two highly commended entries" Paragraph 7, line 3 "Two highly commended entries will receive £500 and two mentoring sessions, a development meeting with an editor and an agent, and be published on the Spread the Word website." 14 Not Given "success of previous winners" - "There is no information about whether previous winners have become successful published writers." Encouraging employees to be healthy: a guide for employers Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 Absenteeism "reduce absenteeism" Paragraph 1, line 1 "Putting effort into employee wellness can reduce absenteeism and encourage better teamwork in the workplace, as well as increased productivity." 16 Soda "substitute soda" Paragraph 4, line 4 "A simple thing to do is substitute soda in any on-site vending machines with water or juice." 17 Fruit "putting a bowl of fruit out" Paragraph 4, line 6 "Consider putting a bowl of fruit out in the staff room and urge everyone to help themselves for free." 18 Fridge "making sure that there is a fridge" Paragraph 4, line 7 "You can encourage employees to bring in healthy lunches from home by making sure that there is a fridge in the break room." 19 Bikes "installing racks for bikes" Paragraph 5, line 2 "These might include: installing racks for bikes in your staff car park." 20 Showers "putting in showers" Paragraph 5, line 4 "and putting in showers to assist those who ride or run to the workplace." 21 Surveys "running employee surveys" Paragraph 6, line 3 "Some ways you can do this in the workplace include: running employee surveys to get valuable information on morale in the workplace." Marama Beach Hotel and Bistro: guidelines for working in the kitchen Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 22 Aprons "along with aprons if they are worn" Paragraph 2, line 2 "The regulation chefs’ shirts and trousers are to be freshly laundered before starting a new shift, along with aprons if they are worn." 23 Board "use a clean board" Paragraph 2, line 4 "To this end, staff must use a clean board each time they cut different types of food." 24 Money "not touch money and then food" Paragraph 2, line 5 "Staff should not touch money and then food without washing their hands in between." 25 Appliances "Defective appliances must be turned off" Paragraph 3, line 4 "Defective appliances must be turned off and not used – staff must not try to fix them themselves." 26 Labels "must have clear labels" Paragraph 3, line 9 "If storing containers of chemicals in the kitchen, they must have clear labels, so as to avoid any confusion about the contents." 27 Storeroom "Beverages kept in the storeroom" Paragraph 4, line 6 "Beverages kept in the storeroom may not be consumed by staff, but filtered water is provided free of charge in the staff room." A home-sewing revival: the return of Clothkits Questions 28-31: Paragraph Matching Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 E "everyone involved in the brand, from design to production, was part of a process I could witness" Paragraph E Mawer wanted to oversee the entire process of Clothkits, from design to production. 29 C "More women were going out to work and sewing less for their children." Paragraph C This refers to changing employment patterns, leading to a decline in home sewing. 30 A "The brand, founded in 1968" Paragraph A This directly states when Clothkits was first established. 31 E "Making your own clothes gives you a greater appreciation of the craftsmanship" Paragraph E This explains the benefits of sewing and wearing handmade clothes. Questions 32-35: Multiple Choice Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 32 D "when a girlfriend mentioned the name Clothkits while we were chatting" Paragraph A The writer recalls a conversation with a friend that reminded her of Clothkits. 33 A "Clothkits has always embodied the spirit of the late 1960s and 1970s" Paragraph B This suggests that Clothkits reflected the era's cultural attitudes. 34 C "but its ethos... did not sit well alongside the alternative and artistic of Clothkits" Paragraph C Freeman’s corporate style was incompatible with Clothkits, leading to its closure. 35 C "a growing sense of dissatisfaction at our disposable society" Paragraph E People today are more conscious of waste and value handmade clothes more. Questions 36-40: Summary Completion Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 36 Fabric "printing a pattern straight on to coloured fabric" Paragraph B Clothkits sold fabric with patterns printed on them. 37 Instructions "accompanied by instructions" Paragraph B The fabric kits came with instructions to help customers sew their own clothes. 38 Geometric "a dress in a geometric stripe" Paragraph B The first Clothkits design had a geometric pattern. 39 Newspaper "featured in the Observer newspaper" Paragraph B A newspaper article led to a surge in orders. 40 Knitwear "Sew-your-own kits formed the core of the business, supplemented by knitwear" Paragraph B Clothkits also sold knitwear in addition to sewing kits.

Helping pupils to choose optional subjects when they are aged 14-15: what some pupils say Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 D "interested in, the subject, despite, way it is taught" Paragraph D, Lines 3-5 "Violeta says, '... the teacher is very knowledgeable, though I think we spend too much time listening to her: I’d like to meet more people working in the sector, and learn from their experience.' Here, 'though I think we spend too much time listening to her' means despite the way it is taught, and 'I’d like to meet more people working in the sector, and learn from their experience' indicates the pupil is interested in the subject." 2 B "hoping, a career, makes use of the subject" Paragraph B, Final lines "Lucy says, '... My plan is to study history at university, and maybe go into the diplomatic service, so I can apply a knowledge of history.' This shows the pupil is hoping to have a career that makes use of the subject." 3 C "finds the subject harder, than expected" Paragraph C, Lines 3-4 "Mark says, '... I didn’t think I’d have any problem with it, but I was quite wrong!' This indicates the pupil finds the subject harder than expected." 4 E "finds the lessons very entertaining" Paragraph E, Lines 2-3 "Walid says, '... I was afraid the lessons might be a bit dull. I needn’t have worried, though – our teacher gets us to do lots of fun things, so there’s no risk of getting bored.' This shows the pupil finds the lessons very entertaining." 5 A "appreciates, benefit, doing challenging work" Paragraph A, Lines 2-4 "Krishnan says, '... Mr. Peckham really pushes us, and offers us extra assignments, to help us improve. That’s good for me, because otherwise I’d be quite lazy.' This shows the pupil appreciates the benefit of doing challenging work." 6 B "realised, connection between two things" Paragraph B, Lines 1-2 "Lucy says, '... History is my favourite subject, and it’s fascinating to see how what we learn about the past is relevant to what’s going on in the world now.' This indicates the pupil has realised the connection between two things." It’s almost time for the next Ripton Festival   Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 7 TRUE "held, every year" First lines "The writer says, 'As usual, the festival will be held in the last weekend of June, this year on Saturday to Monday, 27-29 June.' 'As usual' means like every year, indicating the festival is a yearly event." 8 TRUE "This year’s festival, focuses, town’s history" Lines 2-3 "The writer says, 'The theme is Ripton through the ages. Scenes will be acted out showing how the town has developed since it was first established.' This shows that this year’s festival focuses on the town’s history." 9 NOT GIVEN "goods, displayed in the craft fair, unlike ones, found in shops" Second paragraph "There is no comparison of goods with other shops in the passage, so there is no information to answer the question." 10 FALSE "barbecue, will be cancelled, if it rains" Paragraph 3, Line 2 "The writer says, 'The barbecue will be held in Palmer’s Field, or in the town hall if there’s rain.' This means the barbecue will NOT be cancelled if it rains; it will take place in the town hall instead." 11 FALSE "Adults can attend, barbecue, any time without charge" Paragraph 3, Lines 3-4 "The writer says, 'Adults can come for free until 6 pm and pay £5 after that.' This shows that adults can attend the barbecue without charge until 6 pm, but after that, they have to pay." 12 FALSE "Amateur musicians, will perform, during, whole of the barbecue" Paragraph 3, Final lines "The writer says, 'with local amateur bands in the afternoon and professional musicians in the evening.' This shows that amateur musicians will only perform in the afternoon, not during the whole barbecue." 13 TRUE "seating, available, for watching the boat races" Paragraph 4, Lines 2-3 "The writer says, 'The spectator area by the bridge has plenty of room to stand and cheer the boats home, in addition to a number of benches.' This shows there will be seating available for watching the boat races." 14 NOT GIVEN "People attending the festival, will be asked, donate some money" Final line of the passage "The writer says, 'All money raised by the festival will go to support the sports clubs in Ripton,' but there is no mention of any donation being asked from people attending the festival." Reducing injuries on the farm Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 fertilizer "heavy loads, lifting sacks" Paragraph 2, Lines 1-4 "The author says, 'Examples of tasks that involve this risk are moving 50-kilogramme fertiliser bags from one site to another or carrying heavy buckets of animal feed around fields.' The word 'fertilizer' fits the context of lifting sacks." 16 animal "lifting a restless" Paragraph 3 "The author says, 'If a load is bulky or hard to grasp, such as a lively or agitated animal.' 'Restless' is used as a synonym for 'lively or agitated'." 17 obstacle "moving something around a big" Paragraph 3 "The author explains, 'Sometimes a load has to be held away from the body because there is a large obstacle in the area.' 'Obstacle' refers to something that blocks movement." 18 aids "buy particular, help with support" Paragraph 3 "The author states, 'In such cases, handling aids should be purchased that can take the weight off the load and minimise the potential for injury.' 'Aids' refers to tools or equipment that help with support." 19 bending "a lot of, while working" Final paragraph "The author mentions, 'Another risk that relates to awkward posture is repetitive bending when carrying out a task.' 'Bending' is the task being referred to." 20 gate "fixing a fallen" Final paragraph "The author says, 'An example might be repairing a gate that has collapsed onto the ground.' 'Gate' fits as the object being repaired." Good customer service in retail Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 21 proactive approach, selling, fine, irritate Paragraph 2, Lines 1-2 "Be proactive in offering help without being annoying" = proactive approach. 22 special offers recommend, additional products, forceful Paragraph 2, Final lines "Suggest a product" & "point out products for which there are special offers" = special offers. 23 brand names compare, similar products, different Paragraph 3, Opening "Products that are alike but that have been produced under a range of brand names" = brand names. 24 negativity avoid, always saying, more than ‘no’ Paragraph 3, Lines 4-6 "Negativity can put customers off instantly" = avoid negativity. 25 presentation keep an eye, goods on shelves Paragraph 4, Lines 1-3 "This attention to presentation keeps the shop tidy" = presentation of goods. 26 credit card problems, paying with, handle Paragraph 5, First few lines "If the customer’s credit card is declined at the till" = credit card. 27 rudeness any, from a customer, should not affect Paragraph 6 "Even when you are faced with rudeness" = rudeness should not affect treatment. Plastic is no longer fantastic Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation Question 28 vi (A disturbing experience) Ferrando, angry, disturbing experience Paragraph A, Lines 1-4 "The artwork, designed to raise public awareness, left Ferrando angry – and fuelled with entrepreneurial ideas." Question 29 iv (Two inventions and some physical details) Ferrando, inventions, physical details Paragraph B, Lines 1-3 "Ferrando runs a Spanish-based design company, Closca, that produces an ingenious foldable bicycle helmet. But he has now also designed a stylish glass water bottle with a stretchy silicone strap and magnetic closure mechanism." Question 30 ii (The reasons why Ferrando’s product is needed) intention, reasons, saving money, reducing waste Paragraph C, Lines 1-2 "The intention is to persuade people to stop buying water in plastic bottles, thus saving consumers money and reducing the plastic waste piling up in our oceans." Question 31 viii (Looking back at why water was bottled) looking back, social status, commodity Paragraph D, Lines 2-6 "Three decades ago, conspicuous consumption... heightened people’s social status. Hence the fact that water became a consumer item, sold in plastic bottles, instead of just emerging, for free, from a tap." Question 32 v (The contrasting views of different generations) contrasting views, different generations, stainless-steel water bottles Paragraph E, Lines 6-9 "Some teenagers currently think that these stainless-steel vacuum-insulated water bottles that are coming back onto the market are ultra ‘cool’; never mind the fact that they feel oddly out-of-date to anyone over the age of 40." Question 33 i (A time when opportunities were limited) limited opportunities, funding, past Paragraph F, Lines 3-7 "though not as hard as it might have been in the past. If an entrepreneur had wanted to fund a smart invention a few decades ago, he or she would have had to either raise a bank loan, borrow money from a family member or use a credit card." Question 34 iii (A no-risk solution) no-risk solution, pre-sale, demand Paragraph G, Lines 10-12 "Using this approach, none of the donors has a stake in his idea, nor does he have any debt. Instead, it is almost a pre-sale of the product, in a manner that tests demand in advance and creates a potential crowd of enthusiasts." Question 35 D (He wants people to be proud to show it.) Ferrando, glass water bottle, recycling, cool Paragraph C, Lines 6-8 "‘We are trying to create a sense that being environmentally sophisticated is a status symbol,’ he adds. ‘We want people to clip their bottles onto what they are wearing, to show that they are recycling – and to look cool.’" Question 36 D (the change it is revealing in people’s attitudes) writer, Ferrando’s story, change in attitudes Paragraph D & E, Lines 1-4 "Ferrando’s story is fascinating because it seems like an indicator of something unexpected... using a plastic water bottle was also a symbol of status... Today, though, conspicuous extravagance no longer seems desirable among consumers." Question 37 A (It has both functional and artistic value.) Closca, bike helmet, functional value, artistic value Paragraph F, Opening Lines "Although its foldable bike helmet is available in some outlets in New York, including the Museum of Modern Art..." Question 38 family creators, fund, family member Paragraph F, Lines 5-7 "If an entrepreneur had wanted to fund a smart invention a few decades ago, he or she would have had to either raise a bank loan, borrow money from a family member or use a credit card." Question 39 platform Ferrando, immediate funding, well-known platform Paragraph G, Lines 4-5 "Ferrando posted details about his water-bottle venture on a large, recognised platform for funding creative projects." Question 40 multicoloured Ferrando, two colours, significant amount Paragraph G, Lines 8-10 "If he received the funds, he stated that the company would produce bottles in grey and white; if $60,000 was raised, a multicoloured one would be made."

Harvey’s Storage Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 FALSE an extra charge, locks and keys Paragraph 2, Lines 3-4 "Heavy-duty locks and keys are provided to all of our customers and included in the prices listed." Here, "included in the prices listed" means there is NO EXTRA CHARGE. 2 NOT GIVEN possible to arrange, share, storage unit, with someone else Paragraph 2 Paragraph 2 explains the process of hiring the storage unit service. However, there is NO INFORMATION on whether customers can share the unit with others or not. 3 TRUE can pick up, property, from the storage unit, night-time Paragraph 2, Lines 6-7 "With 24-hour access, customers can deliver and collect items when it is convenient to do so." Here, "24-hour access" means customers can access their storage during both daytime and night-time. 4 TRUE can drive, vehicle, right next to, storage unit Paragraph 2, Lines 8-9 "Tarmac roadways allow customers to park cars and lorries immediately outside their units, minimising the effort required to collect or drop items off." Here, "park cars and lorries immediately outside their units" means customers can drive their vehicles right next to their storage unit. 5 FALSE Students’ possessions, can only be stored, vacation periods Paragraph 4, First few lines "You may be travelling or going home to see family and friends in the vacation, or need time to find a place to stay." Here, the lines suggest that students can store their possessions not only during vacation periods but also during other times ("find a place to stay"). 6 FALSE storage company, will collect and deliver, student’s property Paragraph 4, Last lines "You are responsible for organising transport but we can also recommend local van and driver hire companies." Here, "You are responsible for organising transport" means students have to deliver and collect their own property, but the company can recommend local transport services. Local museums     Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 7 C exhibits, history of agriculture, region Paragraph C, lines 2-4 "The museum’s exhibits illustrate traditional aspects of the local farmers as well as the railway boom of the 19th century." 8 A equipment, putting out fires, used to be kept, this building Paragraph A, lines 1-2 "The museum is located in the Old Town Hall, which was originally built to house horse-drawn fire engines." 9 C find information, rise, one type of transport Paragraph C, lines 2-4 "The museum’s exhibits illustrate traditional aspects of the local farmers as well as the railway boom of the 19th century." 10 B things to see, both, inside, outside Paragraph B, last lines "Visitors are taken on a guided tour and are then free to explore the gardens." 11 C possible to obtain, copies, old pictures and documents Paragraph C, lines 3-4 "The museum has a touch-screen kiosk which contains over 9,000 historic photographs and texts, reproductions of which can be made on request." 12 E certain days, can see, original work, by, writer of fiction Paragraph E, lines 3-4 "Contains the manuscript of Great Expectations by the 19th-Century novelist Charles Dickens." 13 B someone, interested, environmental matters, lived here, for a time Paragraph B, first lines "This is the birthplace of pioneer social reformer Octavia Hill, who was active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in social housing and the arts as well as in conservation issues." 14 D exhibit, related to, heroic achievement Paragraph D, lines 4-6 "A medal which was awarded to train driver Ben Gimbert for his bravery in preventing loss of life when a train full of explosives caught fire in 1944." Workplace health and safety considerations for plumbers Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 sewage biohazard, mould, bacteria, algae, lead to disease and death Lines 3-7 in the ‘Biohazard waste’ section "Biological hazards such as sewage have been estimated to cause 320,000 deaths across the globe each year. In addition to this, plumbers are regularly exposed to other biohazards such as mould, bacteria and algae." 16 poisoning confined spaces, high concentration, harmful airborne contaminants, carbon monoxide Lines 3-5 in the ‘Confined spaces’ section "They may also be exposed to high concentrations of airborne contaminants that may be harmful to health. For example, one plumber was fined $220,000 after an employee suffered from carbon-monoxide poisoning." 17 drowning confined spaces, water, cut off water sources Lines 6-7 in the ‘Confined spaces’ section "Another potential hazard for plumbers in confined spaces is that of drowning, if water sources are not adequately cut off." 18 gloves electricity, metal pipes, conductive, death from electrocution, use, insulated, appropriate equipment Lines 2-3 in the ‘Electricity’ section "Metal pipes are often conductive and so gloves which provide insulation should form part of a plumber’s tool kit, as should a plumbing voltage monitor and a volt tester." 19 tags electricity, metal pipes, conductive, death from electrocution, ensure, equipment has, to show it is safe Lines 4-6 in the ‘Electricity’ section "Electrical equipment like bridging conductors should be regularly checked, with appropriate tags on the equipment to verify its safety." 20 disconnected electricity, metal pipes, conductive, death from electrocution, make sure, electricity has been Lines 6-8 in the ‘Electricity’ section "The project should be stopped immediately if there is any sign of electricity, so that the power can be disconnected by a qualified electrician prior to continuing work." How to manage flexible working with your employees Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 21 objectives how to organise, provide, clear Paragraph 2, Lines 1-2 "When it comes to implementing flexible working, one word is the key: trust. All flexible workers should be trusted and given well-defined objectives from the start." (Given well-defined = provide with clear) 22 review how to organise, initially, have, progress, each day Paragraph 2, Lines 4-6 "It can be a big step to implement such a change in your business, so if you are slightly cautious then I recommend perhaps setting up an end-of-the-day review to see how much progress has been made." (Setting up = have) 23 calendar how to organise, make sure, accessible, give details, colleague locations Paragraph 3, Lines 1-2 "In my eyes, it is also vital that there is shared calendar access for everyone so that people can see where their colleagues are each day." (Access for everyone = accessible) 24 collaboration how to organise, use program, iMeet, to encourage, different types of, between workers Paragraph 3, Lines 3-6 "Technology now exists to enable employees to stay in touch with other members of staff and external partners. iMeet, for example, is a tool which allows all forms of collaboration for remote working, from video conferencing, live chat and file sharing to screen sharing." (A tool = a program, different types of collaboration = video conferencing, live chat, file sharing, screen sharing) 25 distraction benefits, less, from colleagues Paragraph 4, Lines 1-3 "In my experience, employees are often more productive working at home as they can work the exact hours they want and do not have to cope with distraction caused by other employees." (Do not have to cope with = less, other employees = colleagues) 26 creativity benefits, increase in Paragraph 4, Line 3 "Being outside the confines of the office walls also appears to foster creativity." (Foster = increase in) 27 retention benefits, greater success, with staff recruitment, Paragraph 4, Lines 5-6 "In terms of the business, we find this helps with top talent recruitment and staff retention, and a happy workforce is a more successful one." (More successful = greater success, top talent recruitment = staff recruitment) Preventing the theft of turtle eggs    Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation Question 28 iv Problems facing sea turtles at a global level Section A, lines 2-6 "…as human populations exploded and as sea turtles began to confront additional threats such as intensive fishing, beach development and climate change, sea turtle populations declined precipitously." Question 29 vi Intensive and large-scale poaching in one location Section B, paragraph 1 "One major problem is that every year millions of sea turtle eggs are illegally taken by poachers for sale on the black market. The situation is particularly serious in Nicaragua, in Central America, which is home to four sea turtle species." Question 30 vii Why catching the poachers may not solve the problem Section C, paragraph 2 "If one poacher decides to stop, another one will just step into his place… we need to know more about the middlemen and people higher up in the distribution chain." Question 31 i Developing an item that appears true to life Section D, paragraph 1 "Paso Pacifico’s solution is the creation of high-tech sea turtle eggs: fake eggs convincingly crafted to look like the real thing." Question 32 v Collection of eggs and their possible onward routes Section E, paragraphs 1-2 "Once the poacher picks up the fake egg along with the real ones, conservationists and law enforcement agents will be able to track them… eventually make their way out of Nicaragua, possibly to El Salvador or Guatemala." Question 33 iii A short but intensive investigation with longer-term follow-up Section F, paragraphs 2 and last paragraph "Paso Pacifico plans to do a massive deployment of as many fakes as possible to gather a lot of data before poachers get wise." and "… Paso Pacifico hopes to share the technology with interested parties around the world." Question 34 A It could be as severely threatened as other turtles Section A, lines 8-9 "…the one that’s not – the flatback turtle – is listed as data deficient, which means scientists simply don’t know how it’s doing." Question 35 C Sometimes has a highly organised structure Section C, lines 2-4 "…during these arribadas there are influxes of gangs of poachers from larger cities outside local communities. These are not just local poor people without other options." Question 36 D Put them in nests that the poachers have started to dig up Section E, paragraph 1 "… poachers will often back off if strangers come near and then return when they have gone. ‘It would be pretty easy to drop an egg in the dark into a nest they have been digging up,’ she said." Question 37 B It may not be possible to continue the project indefinitely Section F, paragraph 2 "… Paso Pacifico plans to do a massive deployment of as many fakes as possible to gather a lot of data before poachers get wise." Question 38 Flexible One difficulty, creating, fake sea turtle egg, appropriate texture Section D, paragraph 2 "…since sea turtle eggs are not covered in hard shell like those of birds, but are quite flexible." Question 39 Land Lauren Wilde, studied, eggs, Californian turtles Section D, paragraph 3 "Since it’s illegal to send sea turtle eggs over the border, Wilde is using land turtle eggs from California." Question 40 Ball GPS device, inside, fake shell Section D, last paragraph "To get the GPS device inside the shell, Paso Pacifico is using 3D printers to make a plastic ball which will then have a GPS transmitter fitted inside."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Glass: Capturing the dance of light Answers  Keywords   Location   Explanation   1. viii      Today fiber optics are used……………..A new generation of optical instruments that can provide ………….  ·         This paragraph explains about the new possibilities of optical fibers.  2. i      The use of glass as a art is ………………is also booming. ·         Growth= booming ·         Art= craft 3. iv      The paragraph deals with the ancient and simple method of bulb making process back then in 1920. 4. iii      The secret of versatility of glass lies in …………..which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need. ·         tailor glass to whatever they need = adaptable 5. vi      Today scientists continue to experiment with the new glass mixture and ………… 6. molten glass//ribbon of glass//molten glass ribbon    P D, L12   Yet it is very simple a  narrow ribbon  ………… 7. belt of steel//steel belt//moving belt    P D, L13     ·           …..travels over a  moving belt of steel  in which these are…… 8. (lightbulb) moulds    P D, L14   The glass sags through the holes and waiting  moulds . 9. A   dental fittings P A, line 12   The use of this materials  have  been broadened …………..and as crowns for teeth. ·         Have  been broadened = still in heavy use ·         Crowns for teeth= dental fittings 10. B   optical computers P B, line 1   On the horizon are optical computers…………these could store…… ·         These could store= possibilities 11. A   sculpture P C, line 13   He now has a new commission – a glass sculpture … 12. C   fashions   Nowhere mentioned 13. A   curtains P F, line 10- 14   Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric…………..that gives you instant curtains.     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 .   Why some women cross the finish line ahead of men Answers  keywords  Location  Explanation  14. E  drawback, restructuring   P E line 1 In Europe a recent feature of corporate life in the recession has been the de-layering of management structures. Sears said that this has halted progress for women….. ·         de-layering of management structures= company restructuring  ·         halted progress= drawback 15. G  association, support  P G, line 1 Organisations such as the European Women’s Management Development Network provide a range of opportunities for women to enhance their skills and contacts. ·         provide a range of opportunities= support 16. A  female job applicant  P A, line 1 Women who apply for jobs in middle or senior management  have  a higher success rate than men, according to an employment survey. ·         Women who apply for jobs= female job applicant 17. C  male, female, approach P C, line 11 Women tend to research thoroughly before applying for positions or attending interviews. Men, on the other hand, seem to rely on their ability to sell themselves and to convince employers that any shortcomings they  have  will not prevent them from doing a  good  job. 18. F  more women, business  P F line 1 In business as a whole, there………….. in the workforce. Demographic trends suggest that the number of women going into employment is steadily increasing. ·         increasing= more 19. D  management structures, improvement  P D, line 1 This year the survey shows a doubling of the number of women serving as non-executive directors compared with the previous year. ·         Improvement = increase in number= double in number 20. A  selection procedures  P G, line 14 And she said, “It’s still so hard for women to even  get  on to shortlists -there are so many hurdles and barriers. ·         shortlist= selection  21. S  female-run business P D, line last Sears also noted a positive trend from the recession, which has been the growing number of women who  have  started up on their own. ·         women who  have  started up on their own.= female-run business 22. M  male, female, applicant  P B, line last But she added, “We should not lose sight of the fact that significantly fewer women apply for senior positions in comparison with men.” 23. S  higher position  P E, line Hilary Sears, a partner with Korn/Ferry, said, “Women  have  raised the level of grades we are employed in but we  have  still not broken through barriers to the top.” ·          higher position = raised the level of grades 24. (it has) double(d)//doubling  top management position  P D, line  This year the survey shows a  doubling  of the number of women serving as non-executive directors compared with the previous year. 25. de-layering  company structure  P E, line Sears said that this has halted progress for women in as much as  de-layering  has taken place either where women are working or in layers they aspire to 26. demographic trends  more working women  P F line Demographic trends  suggest that the number of women going into employment is steadily increasing. 27. employers  change attitude P G, line   Antal agreed that there  have  been some positive signs but said “Until there is a belief among  employers , until they value the  difference , nothing will change.” READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Population viability analysis Answers  keywords  Location  Explanation  28. YES  forestry  Part A, P1  line 1 To  make  political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is  important  to understand the consequences of those decisions.  29. NO  PVA  Part A, P 1 line 5 It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests. 30. NO  extinct  Part A,P 2 line 1 A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies.  31. NOT GIVEN  extinction     Not mentioned 32. vi  haphazard  Part B, P 1, line 7  Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing. ·         uncertainty=haphazard 33. iii  sexes  Part B, P B line 2 For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male.  34. i  adapt  Part B, P C, line L2 Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its  environment  or to new predators and new diseases 35. ii   natural disaster  PartB, P D, line 4 Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level.  36. will/may not survive//will/may/could become extinct  isolated group  Part C, P 1, line2 A species that occurs in five isolated places each containing 20 individuals will not  have  the same probability of extinction as a species with a single population of 100 individuals in a single locality. 37. locality//distribution  survival, population size  Part C, P 1, line2 A species that occurs in five isolated places each containing 20 individuals will not  have  the same probability of extinction as a species with a single population of 100 individuals in a single locality. 38. logging takes place/occurs  likelihood, extinct  Part C, P 2, line 1 Where logging occurs (that is, the cutting down of forests for timber) forest- dependent creatures in that area will be forced to leave. Ground-dwelling herbivores may return within a decade.  39. B  Part A, P 1 line 4 This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period.

Customer reviews of cafés in the town of Artingly Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 C generous, cup sizes, coffee Review C, Paragraph 1, Line 6 "we were lucky enough to get a table overlooking the street. There we enjoyed some delicious pancakes, which we washed down with the biggest ‘small’ coffee we’ve ever had!" 2 E recent changes, negative impact Review E, Paragraph 1, Line 3 "The last few times, however, we’ve noticed that the rolls have less filling and the coffee tastes watery." 3 F signage, customers, location Review F, Paragraph 1, Line 2 "After a considerable search, we eventually found Café Soloist tucked away behind an organic grocery store. There was nothing outside to indicate that it was there, which would have been helpful!" 4 C local customer base, regular use Review C, Paragraph 1, Line 4 "It quickly became clear to us that this is a place that residents in the area use regularly." 5 B public praise, best coffee Review B, Paragraph 1, Line 1 "Local media are right in saying that this café makes the best cup of coffee in town." Frog Valley development Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 6 FALSE "Builders have already started work" Paragraph 1, Line 2 "The proposal to develop the part of our city known as Frog Valley has now been passed to the local council for consideration and approval." 7 TRUE "will accommodate 300 children" Paragraph 2, Line 1 "The size and location of the school mean that admission will not be limited to families who live in the area." 8 TRUE "move all the existing local shops" Paragraph 3, Line 2 "Plans are to move all the existing local shops... into one shopping zone." 9 FALSE "community centre will replace an existing social club building" Paragraph 4, Line 2 "A community centre will be central to the development of the site. It will provide a much needed meeting place for clubs and societies..." 10 NOT GIVEN "swimming pool free for residents" Paragraph 4, Line 3 No information is provided about whether the swimming pool will be free for residents. 11 TRUE "will be used to house anything from small startups to large existing local businesses" Paragraph 5, Line 2 "Twenty thousand square metres of space will be used to house anything from small startups to large existing local businesses." 12 NOT GIVEN "business car parking area underground" Paragraph 5, Line 3 No information is provided about whether the business car parking area will be underground. 13 FALSE "offer a wide range of new services" Paragraph 6, Line 2 "At our public consultation meeting, some residents asked if it would be possible to include services such as dentistry... There are no plans to do this at present." 14 NOT GIVEN "too few doctors at the health centre" Paragraph 6, Line 3 No information is provided regarding the number of doctors at the health centre. Percil Training Institute Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 FALSE "Many of whom have taught overseas" Paragraph 2, Line 1 "It has a highly trained and experienced teaching staff, many of whom have taught overseas." (Not all staff, only some) 16 TRUE "Ten-week modules" Paragraph 3, Line 1 "Percil Training Institute provides courses in ten-week modules." 17 FALSE "Not possible to take vacations" Paragraph 3, Line 4 "There is a break of two weeks between each module but since projects or assignments are set for completion in these periods, it is not possible to take vacations during this time." 18 TRUE "Varying needs, consult the timetable" Paragraph 3, Line 5 "Since each course has varying needs, there are not necessarily any set hours for classes across all programmes." 19 FALSE "Attendance certificates for missed classes" Paragraph 4, Line 2 "Percil Training Institute cannot provide attendance or achievement certificates for students who have missed part of their course as a result of not reading their own course timetables properly." 20 NOT GIVEN "Permission required for guests in the restaurant" Paragraph 6, Line 4 No specific information about requiring permission for students to bring guests into the restaurant is provided. 21 NOT GIVEN "Coffee lounge closed in the evenings" Paragraph 6, Line 3 No specific information about the coffee lounge being closed in the evenings is provided. 22 TRUE "Group booking for restaurant on public holidays" Paragraph 6, Line 5 "A group booking may be made for the restaurant for dinner on such days, provided that there is a minimum of 20 people in the group." 23 TRUE "Guests may use the swimming pool" Paragraph 7, Line 3 "Guests of Percil students are welcome to use the swimming pool." 24 FALSE "Institute locked after 8.30 pm" Paragraph 8, Line 1 "After 8.30 pm the front doors of the Institute are locked. If you need to gain access to the Institute after this time, please contact the caretaker by pressing the doorbell and speaking through the intercom." Percil Memorial Training Scholarships Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 25 20 / twenty weeks "not offered for courses of less than 20 weeks’ duration" Paragraph 1, Line 3 "These scholarships are available for full-time study only and are not offered for courses of less than 20 weeks’ duration." 26 (airline) vouchers "airline vouchers" Paragraph 3, Line 7 "If the distance exceeds this amount, you will be provided with airline vouchers." 27 (the) scholarship holder "at the scholarship holder’s expense" Paragraph 3, Line 9 "Travel costs or support for dependent children are at the scholarship holder’s expense." Divided opinions about letting farmland return to its natural state Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 maize "Neat fields of maize have been replaced" Paragraph 1, Line 3 "Neat fields of maize have been replaced with a landscape that resembles the typical grasslands of Africa." 29 Africa "resembles the typical grasslands of Africa" Paragraph 1, Line 4 "Neat fields of maize have been replaced with a landscape that resembles the typical grasslands of Africa." 30 butterflies "The estate boasts more of the unusual purple emperor butterflies" Paragraph 1, Line 6 "The estate boasts more of the unusual purple emperor butterflies than anywhere else in Britain." 31 A "Many criticise rewilding for abandoning productive farmland" Paragraph 6, Line 10 "Many criticise rewilding for abandoning productive farmland when the world’s population is growing." 32 G "The challenge is how to make rewilding an issue that people in their ordinary lives can take action on" Paragraph 7, Line 2 "The challenge is how to make rewilding an issue that people in their ordinary lives can take action on." 33 D "believed the end result of allowing a landscape to run wild would be dense forest" Paragraph 3, Line 7 "For decades, ecologists believed the end result of allowing a landscape to run wild would be dense forest and a mass extinction of sun-loving wild flowers and butterflies." 34 F "Europe is heading for a future of food produced more intensively in fewer areas" Paragraph 6, Line 5 "Europe is heading for a future of food produced more intensively in fewer areas, releasing less productive land for rewilding, he says." 35 E "rewilding in Scotland will only be championed by policymakers and politicians when it is led by local communities" Paragraph 4, Line 6 "Rewilding in Scotland will only be championed by policymakers and politicians when it is led by local communities." 36 B "rewilding principles are now mainstream" Paragraph 2, Line 10 "Linnartz says that many Dutch objected to ‘nature development’ 30 years ago but rewilding principles are now mainstream." 37 A "a pragmatic way to revive the struggling family farm" Paragraph 5, Line 7 "For Burrell, rewilding has been a pragmatic way to revive the struggling family farm." 38 C "They have a completely different relationship to nature to their parents or grandparents" Paragraph 6, Line 12 "When he asks Dutch students who wants to farm, none raise their hands. ‘They have a completely different relationship to nature to their parents or grandparents." 39 C "intensive farming can worsen flash flooding" Paragraph 7, Line 8 "Ted Green, founder president of the Ancient Tree Forum, believes that intensive farming can worsen flash flooding." 40 B "there’s a risk people will say, 'Oh we don’t have to do any of that old stuff'" Paragraph 8, Line 7 "If rewilding really takes off, there’s a risk people will say, 'Oh we don’t have to do any of that old stuff,’ says Matt Shardlow."

Gobridge Tramlink-Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 FALSE city buses, start operating, later, trams Paragraph 1, Line 3 "Our first tram from the city centre leaves from Marvin Square at 6.30 am, half an hour after the first city bus service." 2 FALSE tram, airport, city centre, midnight Paragraph 2, Line 3 "Trams from the airport to the city centre start running at 6.15 am and leave every fifteen minutes until 7.30 pm when the evening schedule takes over." 3 NOT GIVEN 207 bus, main railway station Paragraph 3, Line 1 No mention of the 207 bus stopping at the main railway station. 4 TRUE cost, tram ticket, varies Paragraph 4, Line 2 "Ticket vending machines are located at all tram shelters. Check your route and make sure you buy the correct price ticket." 5 FALSE bicycles, allowed, trams, 7.30 am, 10 am Paragraph 5, Line 2 "Bicycles may only be taken on the trams during off-peak travel periods: up to 7.30 am, between 10 am and 2.30 pm and after 7 pm." 6 NOT GIVEN additional trams, Gobridge festival Paragraph 6, Line 1 No mention of additional trams running specifically during the festival period. 7 NOT GIVEN cyclists, asked to leave, block the exit Paragraph 6, Line 3 No explicit mention of cyclists being asked to leave if they block the exit. Adorable Knitwear Online Customer Reviews Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 8 B colour, sweater, did not match, website image Review B, Line 2 "The purple one is pretty, though I expected a lighter shade from the picture." 9 A took some time, decide, purchase Review A, Line 1 "I spent a while thinking about buying this sweater because of the price, but I’m glad I finally did." 10 C initially bought, wrong size Review C, Line 3 "I opted for the medium, but it was too tight so I exchanged it." 11 E changed, mind, returning, sweater Review E, Line 4 "I couldn’t decide which colour to get so I bought the deep blue and the charcoal grey, with every intention of sending one of them back. That didn’t happen, of course!" 12 A bought, bigger size, usually Review A, Line 3 "I tend to take medium but went for large, which was a wise decision..." 13 E worn, smart, casual occasions Review E, Line 5 "These sweaters are lovely to wear with jeans but also stylish enough to wear to work." 14 C worried, sweater, wouldn’t suit her Review C, Line 2 "I wasn’t sure it was going to look right on me, I was pleasantly surprised when I put it on." How to Become a Great Leader Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 trust gaining, trust Paragraph 1, Line 2 "The first few weeks are when people develop their perceptions of you, so work hard to earn their trust." 16 goals decide, goals Paragraph 2, Line 1 "Part of a leader’s brief is to set bold goals. They could take years to achieve..." 17 strategy involve, staff, producing, strategy Paragraph 3, Line 4 "If things need changing, tell people and involve them in making the changes by participating in the design of a new strategy." 18 solutions tricky, issues, find, solutions Paragraph 4, Line 2 "It’s important to give staff time to come up with new ideas and solutions that will fix new problems." 19 pride encourage, pride, past, achievements Paragraph 5, Line 2 "Honour those early pioneers and instil a sense of pride across the organization." 20 risk agree, risk Paragraph 6, Line 1 "Leaders need to accept that some risk may be required if the situation calls for it." 21 future exciting, future Paragraph 7, Line 2 "People spend a large part of their lives working for an organization, and having a leader who is genuinely thrilled about its future is hugely inspiring." Resigning from a Job in a Professional Manner Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 22 temptations avoid, resign, angry Paragraph 1, Line 3 "But you need to resist these temptations because in future you might find you’re working with your ex-line manager or other colleagues in a different company." 23 completion projects, underway, ideas, completion Paragraph 2, Line 3 "Before the meeting with your boss, write a list of ongoing tasks along with status updates and suggestions concerning completion." 24 reference request, type, reference Paragraph 2, Line 6 "Ask about a reference too; your employer may only supply the most basic type but your line manager might also give you a more personal one." 25 disruption work, little, disruption Paragraph 3, Line 2 "Work out how you can ensure a smooth transition and minimise disruption to your employer." 26 failings avoid, mentioning, failings Paragraph 4, Line 3 "Don’t be tempted to address the failings of the company or your boss, either." 27 skills appreciation, chance, improve, skills Paragraph 4, Line 6 "Mention any particular career-building projects you worked on or opportunities to develop skills and contribute to the employer’s goals and successes." Emojis Matching Headings (Questions 28-32) Question No. Section Correct Heading Explanation 28 A vi - The rapid spread of a new way of interacting This section discusses the rapid adoption and usage of emojis, their growth since 2011, and their cultural significance. 29 B iii - How words and emojis both fulfil new needs in our society This section explains how language adapts over time and how emojis represent a new system of communication. 30 C viii - The value of emojis for making feelings clear This section highlights how emojis help express emotions in digital communication, replacing tone and facial expressions. 31 D i - Why emojis may have a short life This section discusses the frequent updates and redesigns of emojis, leading to their built-in obsolescence. 32 E v - The use of emojis in different fields and what this means for us This section describes the widespread influence of emojis in politics, marketing, entertainment, and art. Summary Completion (Questions 33-37) Question No. Answer Keywords in the Text Explanation 33 dated "fade from people’s consciousness almost as quickly as they arose" The text suggests that the chosen emoji will appear outdated in a few years. 34 society "fascinating insight into the way that society is evolving" The text states that emojis help us understand social changes. 35 history "acts as a surprisingly good lens through which to view the history of human communication" Emojis provide insight into past communication methods. 36 identity "language is adapted by different groups and different generations to reflect their own sense of self" Language (including emojis) changes based on group identity. 37 concepts "constantly assimilate fresh concepts as these evolve" New words and emojis emerge to express evolving ideas. Multiple-Choice Questions (Questions 38-40) Question No. Answer Explanation 38 B "once that time has passed, they fade from people’s consciousness almost as quickly as they arose" - Words of the Year are quickly forgotten. 39 A "emojis also get routine enhancements" - Their usefulness is limited because they are frequently updated. 40 D The text explores the impact of emojis on communication, society, and technology, making this the most fitting subtitle.

Consumer advice Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 NOT GIVEN receive a card, item, left with, neighbour Paragraph 1, Lines 3-5 "If your item wasn’t delivered to the location you agreed (e.g. if it was left with your neighbour without your consent), it’s the seller’s legal responsibility to sort out the issue." However, there is no mention of receiving a card in such cases. 2 NOT GIVEN may be, quicker, refund, replacement, non-delivered item Paragraph 2 "The paragraph talks about ‘replacement or refund’, but does not specify which one is quicker for a non-delivered item." 3 TRUE entitled to a refund, item, fails to arrive, certain time Paragraph 2, Lines 1-2 "You can ask for your money back if you don’t receive the item within 30 days of buying it." This confirms that a refund is granted if the item fails to arrive within a specified timeframe. 4 TRUE time limit, chargeback scheme, debit card payment Paragraph 3, Bullet Point 1 "If you paid by debit card, contact your bank and say you want to use the ‘chargeback’ scheme. . . . You should do this within 120 days of when you paid." This confirms the existence of a time limit. 5 FALSE chargeback scheme, credit card payment, more than £100 Paragraph 3, Bullet Point 2 "If you paid by credit card and the item cost less than £100, you should contact your credit card company and say you want to use the ‘chargeback’ scheme." This contradicts the idea that it applies to payments over £100. 6 NOT GIVEN Paypal’s online resolution centre, good reputation, efficiency Paragraph 3, Bullet Point 3 "If you paid using PayPal, use PayPal’s online resolution centre to report your dispute. You must do this within 180 days of paying." There is no mention of the centre’s reputation for efficiency. Rice cookers   Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 7 D handles, side, hard to use Description of ‘VPN Rice Cooker’, last lines "... and the handles are tricky to grip." 8 E cooks, brown rice, without, making a mess Description of ‘S16 Rice Cooker’, first line "This is simple to use, not spitting or boiling over even when cooking brown rice." 9 B automatically switches setting, keep the rice warm, when cooked Description of ‘Family Rice Cooker’, last lines "... It’s programmed to adjust the temperature once the rice is done so that it stops cooking but doesn’t get cold." 10 A difficult, get, removable top, really clean Description of ‘Ezy Rice Cooker’, last lines "... There are slight dirt traps around the rim of the lid, and neither the pot nor the lid is dishwasher safe." 11 D A selection of recipes, provided with the cooker Description of ‘VPN Rice Cooker’, lines 2-3 "... and comes with a booklet including a range of ideas for rice dishes." 12 B a handle, at the top, carrying the cooker, safely Description of ‘Family Rice Cooker’, lines 1-2 "... The lid locks when closed and becomes a secure handle to carry the cooker." 13 E outside, cooker, doesn’t get, too hot Description of ‘S16 Rice Cooker’, lines 2-3 "... The exterior stays cool when in use, so there’s no danger of burning your hand." 14 C can put the pot, in, the dishwasher Description of ‘Mini Rice Cooker’, lines 1-2 "... The interior pot is made of non-stick aluminum and is dishwasher safe." Safety when working on roofs Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation (mention line number and paragraph) 15 3/three metres/meters over half, falls, less than Paragraph 1, lines 2-4 “Investigations by WorkSafe into falls that occur while working at height show that more than 50 per cent of falls are from under three metres.” Here, more than 50 per cent of falls = over half of falls, under = less than. 16 residential building sites majority, falls, occur on Paragraph 1, lines 6-7 “More injuries happen on residential building sites than any other workplace in the construction sector.” Here, More injuries happen on = the majority of falls occur on. 17 eliminate hazard, planning stage, before, work begins, if possible Paragraph 3, first line “The first thing to be considered is whether it is possible to eliminate this hazard completely, so that workers are not exposed to the danger of falling.” Here, whether it is possible = if possible, design, construction planning, and tendering stage = at the planning stage. 18 (temporary) (work) platforms prevent, fall, edge protection, scaffolding, or Paragraph 3, lines 5-6 “It may be possible to use the existing scaffolding as edge protection. If this is not practicable, then temporary work platforms should be used.” Here, If this is not practicable = or. 19 safety nets reduce, likelihood, injury, e.g. using Paragraph 3, last lines “This means considering the use of safety nets and other similar systems to make it less likely that injury will be caused if a fall does occur.” Here, make it less likely that injury will be caused = reduce the likelihood of injury. 20 (maintenance) work ladders, should be used, does not take long time Final paragraph, first line “Ladders should only be employed for short-duration maintenance work such as touching up paint.” Here, Ladders = these, should only be employed = should only be used, short-duration = does not take a long time. 21 selection ladders, training, should be provided, use Final paragraph, lines 2-3 “People using ladders should be trained and instructed in the selection and safe use of ladders.” Here, should be trained and instructed = training should be provided, safe use of ladders = use. 22 inspection regular, ladders, required Final paragraph, last lines “There should be inspection of all ladders on a regular basis to ensure they are safe to use.” Here, regular basis = regular, There should be = required. Maternity Allowance for working women Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation (mention line number and paragraph) 23 140.98 maximum amount of money, can get, each week, £ Paragraph 2, first bullet point “£140.98 a week or 90% of your average weekly earnings (whichever is less) for 39 weeks.” Here, £140.98 is the highest amount a woman can get. 24 unemployed being, for a time, does not necessarily mean, will not be eligible, Maternity Allowance ‘Maternity Allowance for 39 weeks’ section, last lines “You may still qualify even if you’ve recently stopped working. It doesn’t matter if you had different jobs, or, periods when you were unemployed.” Here, It doesn’t matter = does not necessarily mean. 25 payslip in order to claim, must send, Small Earnings Exemption Certificate, evidence of her income ‘How to claim’ section, lines 2-3 “You also need to provide a payslip or a Certificate of Small Earnings Exemption as proof of your income.” Here, proof of your income = evidence of her income. 26 doctor’s letter in order to claim, may need to provide, evidence, due date ‘How to claim’ section, line 3 “...and proof of the baby’s due date, such as a doctor’s letter.” Here, proof of the baby’s due date = evidence of the due date. 27 circumstances payment, may be affected, differences in, such as, return to work, local Jobcentre Plus, must be informed ‘How to claim’ section, third paragraph “You should report any changes to your circumstances, for example, if you go back to work, to your local Jobcentre Plus as they can affect how much allowance you get.” Here, any changes to your = differences in someone’s, go back to work = return to work. The California Gold Rush of 1849 Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 D (the region was about to come under the control of the US.) Marshall’s discovery, came at a good time, for the US, because Section A, lines 4-6 "As it happens, just days after Marshall’s discovery, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, ending the Mexican-American War and transforming California, with its mineral deposits, into the ownership of the United States." 29 C (People needed to see physical evidence before they took it seriously.) reaction, 1848, news of the discovery of gold Section B, mid-paragraph "Though the initial reaction in San Francisco was disbelief, storekeeper Sam Brannan set off a frenzy when he paraded through town displaying a small bottle containing gold from Sutter’s Creek." 30 C (Some of those who stayed behind had to take on unexpected roles.) the result, thousands of people, moving to California Section C, lines 7-10 "In pursuit of the kind of wealth they had never dreamed of, they left their families and local areas; in turn, their wives had no option but to shoulder different responsibilities such as running farms or businesses, and many made a real success of them." 31 D (Miners had to find a way round a design fault in one system.) using, pans and rockers, to find gold Section E, lines 4-8 "The primary disadvantage was that the rocker had difficulty in trapping the smallest particles of gold, commonly known as ‘flour’. Some miners added small amounts of mercury to the bottom of the rocker. Due to its chemical composition, it had a facility to trap fine gold." 32 C ways of making money, California, other than mining for gold Section C, second paragraph, lines 3-5 "To accommodate the needs of the ‘49ers, as the gold miners were known, towns had sprung up all over the region, complete with shops and other businesses seeking to make their own Gold Rush fortune." 33 F gold that was found, did not often compensate for, the hard work undertaken Section F, lines 4-5 "Moreover, the average daily pay for an independent miner had by then dropped sharply from what it had been in 1848." 34 B individual, who convinced, many of the existence of gold, California Section B, lines 4-5 "Storekeeper Sam Brannan set off a frenzy when he paraded through town displaying a small bottle containing gold from Sutter’s Creek." 35 A pre-Gold Rush population, California Section A, last few lines "At the time, the population of the territory consisted of 6,500 Californios (people of Spanish or Mexican descent); 700 foreigners (primarily Americans); and 150,000 Native Americans." 36 G contrast between, shrinking revenue, increasing population Section G, lines 3-5 "After that year, the total take declined gradually, leveling off to around $45 million per year by 1857. Settlement in California continued, however, and by the end of the decade the state’s population was 380,000." 37 gravel most basic method, used by many miners, began with, digging some, out of a river, hoping, might contain gold Section D, lines 2-4 "The basic procedure was to place some gold-bearing materials, such as river gravel, into a shallow pan, add some water, and then carefully swirl the mixture around so the water and light material spilled over the side." 38 nuggets gold dust, weighed more, remained in the pan, miners, very lucky, might even be, some, laborious method Section D, lines 4-5 "If all went well, the heavier gold nuggets or gold dust would settle to the bottom of the pan. Gold panning was slow even for the most skillful miner." 39 sieve rockers, also used, larger stones, stuck in the, gold, dropped, to the bottom Section E, first paragraph, lines 5-6 "The big rocks were caught in a sieve at the top, the waste exited the lower end with the water, and the heavy gold fell to the bottom of the box." 40 mercury process, introduced, involving, ensure, no gold was washed out, in the water Section E, second paragraph, lines 5-7 "Some miners added small amounts of mercury to the bottom of the rocker. Due to its chemical composition, it had a facility to trap fine gold."

Local campsites Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 D "in periods of bad weather it can’t be reached at all" Paragraph D, Line 4 "The area is rather exposed, and in periods of bad weather it can’t be reached at all so check on the website before you go." 2 A "an ideal base for exploring the area and driving to the rock museum, the craft workshops or Gaydon Castle" Paragraph A, Line 3 "Despite its limited facilities, the site, with its large tent pitches, is an ideal base for exploring the area and driving to the rock museum, the craft workshops or Gaydon Castle." 3 C "Make sure you stay safe and pitch your tent within the white line" Paragraph C, Line 4 "Make sure you stay safe and pitch your tent within the white line around the cliff edge, though." 4 E "rock climbers, who come here to camp from hundreds of miles away" Paragraph E, Line 1 "The 20-metre high rockfaces that surround this site are especially attractive to rock climbers, who come here to camp from hundreds of miles away so that they can attempt the climb." 5 C "You won’t be disappointed when you reach Oakerly" Paragraph C, Line 1 "You won’t be disappointed when you reach Oakerly, despite the problems of getting there by car on such narrow roads." 6 B "only opened last year, but already the website has some very positive reviews from the handful of campers who know about it so far" Paragraph B, Line 2 "It only opened last year, but already the website has some very positive reviews from the handful of campers who know about it so far." 7 B "steep, narrow cliff steps" Paragraph B, Line 3 "It offers splendid views over some of the country’s most attractive beaches, which can be accessed by steep, narrow cliff steps." Durridge Heights (OH) Newsletter Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 8 TRUE "water has seeped through the walls of some flats and reached a critical level" Paragraph 2, Line 1 "As a result of the recent heavy rains, water has seeped through the walls of some flats and reached a critical level. A decision has been taken to deal with this immediately." 9 FALSE "sealed temporarily" Paragraph 2, Line 3 "The brickwork there will be sealed temporarily with a waterproof covering to prevent any further water getting in until the major building works take place next year." 10 NOT GIVEN - - There is no mention of whether people have ignored 'wet paint' signs. 11 TRUE "air fresheners... stained the carpets" Paragraph 5, Line 3 "DH installed air fresheners some years ago. However, they were costly and the liquid in their spray stained the carpets." 12 FALSE "caretaker" Paragraph 5, Line 4 "Residents should seal rubbish bags when they put them in the corridor for collection and disposal by the caretaker." 13 TRUE "complaints from others about out-of-hours drilling" Paragraph 6, Line 1 "While most leaseholders observe the regulations on noise, we have received complaints from others about out-of-hours drilling." 14 FALSE "no exceptions" Paragraph 6, Line 3 "There can be no exceptions to this rule." A day in the life of a care worker Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 condition "suffer from a condition" Paragraph 2, Line 1 "They may suffer from a condition that prevents them from doing this easily." 16 conversation "enjoy a conversation" Paragraph 2, Line 3 "This is often a good time to enjoy a conversation and catch up on how they are feeling." 17 hoovering "hoovering the living room" Paragraph 2, Line 6 "Even something as simple as hoovering the living room can make a huge difference to a client’s day." 18 healthy "ensure this is healthy" Paragraph 3, Line 2 "Care workers try to ensure this is healthy because it is so important to keep clients fit and well." 19 shopping "carry out their shopping" Paragraph 3, Line 4 "The care worker may help the client to carry out their shopping by going with them to the local supermarket." 20 laundry "taking the laundry to the launderette" Paragraph 4, Line 2 "A care worker may help a third client with an outdoor activity, which could involve going for a short walk in the local area or taking the laundry to the launderette." How to find a good balance Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 21 wellbeing "general health and wellbeing" Paragraph 1, Line 3 "The main benefit most people notice once they stop working too much is an improvement in their general health and wellbeing." 22 injuries "minimise the chance of any injuries" Paragraph 2, Line 2 "Ensure that your workstation is set up so you’re as comfortable as possible and this will help to minimise the chance of any injuries." 23 realistic "make these realistic" Paragraph 4, Line 2 "Remember though, to make these realistic, because setting an unattainable goal is the quickest way to damage your confidence." 24 prioritise / prioritize "learning to prioritise is key" Paragraph 6, Line 1 "Sometimes it’s easier said than done, but if you’re juggling numerous pieces of work on a daily basis, learning to prioritise is key." 25 productivity "ultimately hinder your productivity" Paragraph 7, Line 2 "If you’ve got nothing nice to look forward to and can only see a long line of work days ahead of you, this can easily become overwhelming and ultimately hinder your productivity." 26 holiday "annual holiday entitlement" Paragraph 8, Line 1 "It’s there for a reason and there are no prizes for giving it up, so make sure you take your annual holiday entitlement." 27 pets "Family, friends and favourite pets" Paragraph 9, Line 1 "Family, friends and favourite pets are the ultimate life enhancers." City’s ‘Henry’ programme Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 D success, cutting childhood obesity Paragraph 1, Line 5-6 "As in Amsterdam, the decline in Leeds is most marked among families living in the most deprived areas, where the problem is worst and hardest to tackle." 29 B amazed, startling Paragraph 2, Line 1 "'The improvement in the most deprived children in Leeds is startling,’ said Susan Jebb..." 30 D youngest children, weight loss Paragraph 2, Line 7 "The biggest decline in obesity in Leeds is 6.4% in the reception class, at about the age of four." 31 C childhood obesity, remained same Paragraph 3, Line 6-7 "The obesity rates there and across the country have not shifted." 32 C stop weight gain, before problem Paragraph 7, Line 2-3 "'We wanted to focus on prevention because it’s very, very difficult when obesity has taken hold to tackle it.'" 33 A obesity levels, fallen consistently Paragraph 4, Line 3 "'This is four years, not one rogue data point,’ she said at the European Congress on Obesity in Glasgow..." 34 D struggle, helpful to parents Paragraph 8, Line 1-2 "'I know how hard it can be for busy parents to make healthy choices for their families, so anything that can make it easier is a real lifeline.’" 35 C realistic, potential changes Paragraph 7, Line 4-5 "'Parents are experts in their own lives, and they know what they can and can’t achieve.'" 36 boundaries set, firm Paragraph 5, Line 2 "'Henry’ (Health, Exercise, Nutrition for the Really Young) supports parents in setting boundaries for their children..." 37 authoritative parents, support Paragraph 6, Line 5 "'Henry’ encourages a third approach known as authoritative parenting, where parents make it clear they are in charge, but also respond to their children.'" 38 permissive total freedom, choice Paragraph 6, Line 4 "'Permissive parenting is asking children what they want to do.'" 39 story evening, decision Paragraph 6, Line 7-8 "'Instead of being told to go to bed, they are asked where they want to read their story beforehand.'" 40 A achievement, Leeds Title selection "A look at what ‘Henry’ has achieved in Leeds" best summarizes the passage's focus.

Arriving in Singapore by plane Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 C "report damaged baggage" Lost and Found Counter "You can proceed to the Lost and Found Counter for advice if you cannot find your baggage or would like to report damaged baggage." 2 G "transit hotels" Reception Desk "For these go to the reception desk on level three." 3 D "items to declare" Red Channel "Please use the Red Channel if you have items to declare or are in doubt." 4 F "baggage claim belt" Level Two "You can refer to the flight information television screens on Level Two for the allocation of your baggage claim belt." 5 A "assist with carrying luggage" Information Desk "Should you require their assistance with carrying luggage, please ask at the Information Desk." Singapore Airport Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 6 False "levied on the sale" Goods and Services Tax (GST) relief "A 3% GST is levied on the sale of all goods imported into Singapore." 7 True "Tax free shopping" Tax free shopping "As a tourist or visitor you can apply for a refund at customs of the 3% GST on goods purchased during your stay in Singapore provided you shop at stores with the 'Tax free shopping' logo." 8 False "minimum amount of S$100" Tax free shopping "Spend a minimum amount of S$100 at any one shop and at least S$300 in total." 9 Not Given "reclaim your tax within a certain amount of time" Not specified No information provided about a time limit for reclaiming tax. 10 True "handling fee will be deducted" Tax free shopping "Please note that a handling fee will be deducted from the GST amount for the refund service." Singapore Guide: A walk around the Orchard Road District Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 11 Eye-catching landmark "eye-catching landmark" Singapore Marriott Hotel "This eye catching landmark has a distinctive Chinese styled green roof and red pillars." 12 Cemetery "faced a cemetery" Land bought by Tang "The plot faced a cemetery which is consolidated a bad omen in Chinese culture." 13 (unique) (Chinese) architecture "retained its unique Chinese architecture" Tang's original building "Even when the original building was torn down in 1982... it retained its unique Chinese architecture." 14 (self-booking) computer terminals "computer terminals for self booking" Singapore Airlines Service Centre "Also available are a number of computer terminals for self booking." Writing a personal CV that will attract employers Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 Personality "real personality" CV writing "Why is it then that a great many CVs... give away very little about the individual behind the CV?" 16 Dull "dull, and likely to be swiftly passed over" CV writing "The problem with the above thinking is painfully clear. Your CV will be dull, and likely to be swiftly passed over by an employer." 17 Qualities "qualities that drive your success" CV writing "This isn’t about making unsupportable statements: it’s about choosing words that describe the qualities that drive your success." 18 Viewpoints "from different people’s viewpoints" Self-reflection "It involves the ability to see yourself from different people’s viewpoints." 19 Colleague "colleague that you trust" Self-reflection "Asking a colleague that you trust is also a good way to find out how others see your strengths." 20 Cliché "classic recruitment clichés" CV writing "Try not to use classic recruitment clichés. Everyone says they have great ‘communication’ or ‘organisational’ skills." The value of being organised at work Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 21 Stationery "Cut down documents and stationery" Organising workspace "Cut down documents and stationery to the bare essentials." 22 Photos "one or two carefully selected photos" Organising workspace "One or two carefully selected photos to make your desk feel like home are fine, but avoid too many." 23 Locations "Create locations where you will keep all your work materials" Organising workspace "Create locations where you will keep all your work materials to make retrieval easy." 24 Labels "clear labels such as ‘In’, ‘Out’, ‘For Action’, ‘Current Projects’" Organising workspace "Eliminate desktop chaos by using trays, magazine files, or whatever you fancy and add clear labels..." 25 Requirement "tax or legal requirement for retaining it" Organising workspace "Ask: do I know of a tax or legal requirement for retaining it?" 26 Focus "sharpen your focus" Effective planning "Implementing regular planning strategies will sharpen your focus..." 27 Tasks "prioritise key tasks" Effective planning "Near the close of each work day, implement a 10- to 15-minute routine to wrap up loose ends and prioritise key tasks." A significant development in mining safety Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 iv "firedamp" "exploded" Section A, Paragraph 3 "But as coal mines became deeper, miners encountered a new and terrible problem — firedamp. This was a natural gas, principally consisting of methane, that exploded..." 29 vi "phosphorescence" "flammable" Section B, Paragraph 4 "One early method tried to utilise the fact that skins removed from decaying fish contain the element phosphorus, which emits light in the form of phosphorescence." 30 iii "mining" "ventilation" Section B, Paragraph 2 "Many mines had only one shaft leading from the surface down to the working area below. Ventilation could be improved to some extent by dividing this into a downcast..." 31 i "recognised" "debate" Section D, Paragraph 5 "After much discussion and argument, he was eventually recognised as deserving equal credit for the discovery, but the time needed for this recognition..." 32 viii "Clanny" "unrecognised" Section E, Paragraph 6 "To this day Dr Clanny remains a forgotten hero." 33 Explosion "firedamp" "ignition" Section B, Paragraph 3 "Miners encountered a new and terrible problem — firedamp. This was a natural gas, principally consisting of methane, that exploded on contact with a naked flame." 34 Shaft "downcast" "upcast" Section B, Paragraph 2 "Ventilation could be improved to some extent by dividing this into a downcast (bringing in fresh air) and an upcast (returning foul air and firedamp to the surface)." 35 Sparks "flint" "iron" Section B, Paragraph 4 "An alternative was a device invented in about 1750, consisting of a flint which struck against a piece of iron when a handle was turned, creating a shower of sparks..." 36 Manpower "extra manpower" "maintenance" Section B, Paragraph 4 "These were believed to be too cool to ignite firedamp. This device had major drawbacks — extra manpower had to be used to operate it continuously..." 37 A "safety" "mines" Section C, Paragraph 1 "The general response, however, was to keep going and reluctantly accept the inevitable deaths from ignition of firedamp as a regrettable, but not especially remarkable..." 38 B "explosion" "Felling Colliery" Section C, Paragraph 3 "After 92 men and boys were killed in 1812 by an explosion at Felling Colliery in northern England, several professional people took action..." 39 D "mesh screen" "flame" Section D, Paragraph 2 "Davy presented a paper describing the lamp in November 1815, and it was trialled in January 1816... air could enter the lamp through the holes, but they were too small..." 40 D "Stephenson" "Davy" Section D, Paragraph 3 "A few weeks prior to Davy’s presentation, an engineer called George Stephenson had independently designed and demonstrated a lamp based on the same scientific principles."

Want to rent a property Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 B "written references" Paragraph B, Line 3 The text states, "you supply written references" , indicating that the agency requires customers to provide letters of recommendation. 2 E "price comparisons for similar properties with other agencies" Paragraph E, Line 3 The text states, "We use modern marketing techniques that include price comparisons for similar properties with other agencies" , meaning that the agency provides certain information on competitors' properties. 3 A "based in Shipton Street since its foundation" Paragraph A, Line 2 The text states, "Our firm has been based in Shipton Street since its foundation" , confirming that the agency began business in its present location. 4 D "customer liaison officer" and "administration officer" Paragraph D, Line 2 The text states, "James Kettering, our customer liaison officer, is always at the end of the phone... We also have an administration officer" , indicating that employees have specific roles. 5 C "landlords on our books have been selected with great care" Paragraph C, Line 3 The text states, "The landlords on our books have been selected with great care" , confirming that the agency carefully chooses the property owners it works with. Cycle Lights Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 6 True "You must have approved front and rear lights that are lit... when cycling between sunset and sunrise." Paragraph 1, Line 1 The text clearly states that it is a legal requirement to have lights when cycling after sunset. 7 False "A light obscured by a saddlebag isn’t legal and neither is a torch on your head." Paragraph 2, Line 3 The text explicitly says that lights must be fixed to the bike, meaning they cannot be attached to the rider. 8 Not Given - - The text mentions that a head torch is not legally sufficient, but it does not specify whether it must be white. 9 True "The regulations also now allow flashing lights provided they flash between 60 and 240 times per minute." Paragraph 3, Line 1 This confirms that there are legal restrictions on the flashing frequency of bike lights. 10 Not Given - - The text discusses the legal requirements for reflectors but does not mention whether they are most commonly sold in packs of four. 11 False "Common sense might suggest that a reflective heel stripe... could replace an amber pedal reflector but unfortunately these do not meet the legal requirements." Paragraph 3, Line 3 The text states that reflective heel strips are not legally accepted substitutes for pedal reflectors. 12 True "These pedals are not designed with enough space to accommodate reflectors and make this an area of legislation in need of change." Paragraph 3, Last Line The passage directly criticizes the law regarding pedal design, confirming that it is unsatisfactory. 13 Not Given - - The passage does not compare the safety of cycling during the day versus at night. 14 False "Unlike with other vehicles, lights are not a legal requirement for cyclists when there is seriously reduced visibility during the daytime." Paragraph 4, Line 1 The text states that cyclists are not legally required to have lights in daytime fog, though it is not recommended. Maintaining a safe environment for employees working on computers Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 Position "big enough to let the user work comfortably and to alter their position." Paragraph 1, Last Line The text states that the desk should allow users to change their position, confirming "position" as the correct answer. 16 Partitions "You could use partitions between noisy equipment and the rest of the workstation as an alternative." Paragraph 2, Line 4 The text explicitly mentions partitions as a way to separate noisy equipment. 17 Windows "Surrounding windows must have curtains or blinds which users can adjust to prevent reflected glare." Paragraph 3, Line 2 The passage states that glare from windows can be reduced using adjustable blinds. 18 Heat "The equipment should not give out so much heat that the user becomes uncomfortable so monitor this." Paragraph 4, Line 1 The text emphasizes checking heat from equipment to maintain comfort. 19 Planning "give employees some say in the way is carried out and the planning that goes into it." Paragraph 5, Last Line Employees should have input into task achievement and planning. 20 Choice "The employee should at times have a choice over when to take breaks." Paragraph 6, Line 3 The passage states that employees should have a choice over break times. Using portable ladders Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 21 Record "they should have an up to date record of these" Paragraph 1, Line 2 The passage states that employers must maintain a record of ladder inspections. 22 Length "ensuring any ladder is the right length to meet the needs of the task" Paragraph 1, Line 3 Employers must check the ladder’s length for suitability. 23 Steps "focus on the steps and make sure they are not loose" Paragraph 1, Line 7 Steps need careful inspection to avoid accidents. 24 Feet "so the feet can grip and the ladder doesn’t sink." Paragraph 2, Last Line The ladder’s feet must be on a solid, clean surface. 25 Cones "safeguard the area by placing red and white cones around it." Paragraph 3, Line 3 Cones prevent vehicles from striking the ladder. 26 Sign "A danger sign at the base is often the best way of doing this." Paragraph 3, Last Line A sign is needed to keep people away from the ladder. 27 Blocks "avoid using blocks to wedge the ladder in place as they can easily move." Paragraph 4, Last Line Blocks are unsafe for securing ladders, so ties should be used instead. The story of the Fosbury Flop Here is the table formatted as per your request: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 C "my coach explained that I was never going to get anywhere with that technique" Paragraph C, Line 2 "I used that style until I went into high school where my coach explained that I was never going to get anywhere with that technique." 29 G "I am very proud that I received the naming rights" Paragraph G, Line 1 "I am very proud that I received the naming rights." 30 A "completely transformed the sport of high jumping" Paragraph A, Line 1 "On October 20, 1968 a 21-year-old university student from the USA called Dick Fosbury completely transformed the sport of high jumping." 31 B "Fosbury would joke with sportswriters" Paragraph B, Line 1 "At first when asked about how this unorthodox manoeuvre originated, Fosbury would joke with sportswriters." 32 C "I was really lousy with that style" Paragraph C, Line 5 "However I was really lousy with that style. I expressed my frustration to coach and he said that if I really wanted I could still use the scissors." 33 D "It was simply a natural technique that evolved" Paragraph B, Line 4 "It was simply a natural technique that evolved." 34 A "I began to lift my hips up" Paragraph C, Line 9 "As the bar was raised each time, I began to lift my hips up and my shoulders went back in reaction to that." 35 B "his body and mind working together" Paragraph D, Line 3 "It was on-site engineering, his body and mind working together making reflexive adjustments." 36 D "Debbie Brill also developed the same technique" Paragraph E, Line 3 "I can say that because the Canadian jumper Debbie Brill was a few years younger than I was and also developed the same technique only a few years after me and without ever having seen me." 37 Back layout "I referred to it as a back layout" Paragraph G, Line 3 "I used my engineering analytical side and I referred to it as a back layout." 38 Journalist "the journalist didn’t even write it down" Paragraph G, Line 4 "It was not interesting and the journalist didn’t even write it down." 39 River "our town was on a river" Paragraph G, Line 8 "The context was that our town was on a river, very popular for fishing." 40 Fish "when you land a fish on the bank it’s flopping" Paragraph G, Line 9 "And when you land a fish on the bank it’s flopping."

A Purple Rainbow: The Truth Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 E unsuitable for their roles, lead actors at their best in thrillers Paragraph E, Lines 1-3 "But the two lead actors are at their best in thrillers, not films like this one." 2 C dialogue seems unrealistic, script sound natural Paragraph C, Lines 3-4 "Neither she nor the other actors could make the script sound natural." 3 A unexpectedly emotional, close to tears Paragraph A, Lines 4-5 "The support that band members gave to lead singer Jerry Cosgrove when tragedy entered his life had me close to tears." 4 B uninteresting dialogue, discussions of relationship issues Paragraph B, Lines 3-4 "Many children would find the long discussions of relationship issues boring." 5 D carries a moral message, ethical point Paragraph D, Line 1 "This film makes an important ethical point about treating other people with respect." 6 A non-actors, actual fans in the film Paragraph A, Lines 2-3 "Their fans in the film were actual fans of the group and transferred their enthusiasm to the actors very convincingly." 7 B should be seen again, second viewing Paragraph B, Line 2 "Home Fires had me on the edge of my seat with excitement. It’s certainly worth a second viewing." 8 D audience won’t know about, assumes familiarity with 20 years ago Paragraph D, Lines 2-3 "It assumes familiarity with the world as it was 20 years ago. With change happening so fast these days, many of the references will leave them confused." Sports events in New Zealand Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 9 B spectacular scenery, soaring mountain peaks, crystal-clear lakes, high country Paragraph B, Lines 2-3 "Soaring mountain peaks, crystal-clear lakes, and high country await." 10 C special clothing, race suits, safety helmet Paragraph C, Line 3 "You are fully kitted out with one of our race suits and safety helmet." 11 A watched while doing activity, spectators include lions, tigers, gorillas, and giraffes Paragraph A, Line 1 "Your spectators will include lions, tigers, gorillas and giraffes." 12 C watch someone else before doing activity, demo drive Paragraph C, Line 6 "Then you are strapped into the passenger seat of one of our racing cars and taken on a demo drive." 13 C meet expert people, skilled team of racing drivers Paragraph C, Line 2 "You meet the skilled team of racing drivers at the Motorsport Park Raceway." 14 A raise money for charity, chance to win $25,000 Paragraph A, Line 3 "You’ll be in with a chance to win $25,000 to put towards a good cause of your choice." What to do if you are made redundant Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 list list, things to arrange, months ahead Paragraph 1, Line 5 "The best course of action is to keep calm and draw up a list of all of the things you need to arrange in the months ahead." 16 reference reasonable reference, employer, future post Paragraph 2, Line 3 "You will still need a reasonable reference when the time comes to move on." 17 consultancy consultancy work, useful introductions Paragraph 2, Line 4 "It may be that your boss can make useful introductions or offer you consultancy work." 18 outplacement professional outplacement company, job search Paragraph 3, Line 1 "Help from a professional outplacement company can make a huge difference to your job search success." 19 research research, employers, target industry Paragraph 4, Line 3 "Take stock of what you have to offer, what you want to do, and carry out in-depth research to find out what employers are actually looking for." 20 gaps gaps in experience, qualifications Paragraph 5, Line 1 "Assess whether there are any gaps in experience or qualifications that could be a barrier to getting another job." 21 incentive redundancy, career forward, direction Paragraph 6, Line 1 "Although it can be traumatic, many people find that redundancy is actually the incentive they need to take their career in the direction they actually want to go." Palvin’s Restaurant Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 22 measurements chest, waist, hip measurements Paragraph 2, Line 1 "you are advised to come to work with a note of your chest, waist and hip measurements to assist in this process." 23 laundry allowance laundry allowance, clean uniform Paragraph 3, Line 1 "you will receive a laundry allowance to help you do this." 24 respectable clothes, respectable Paragraph 4, Line 1 "you should wear your normal clothes to and from work but make sure they’re respectable." 25 hoodies hoodies, not acceptable in kitchens Paragraph 4, Line 2 "For example, hoodies and other similar tops are not acceptable in the kitchens." 26 crutches injuries, crutches, sitting tasks Paragraph 5, Line 1 "If you incur any injuries that require crutches while you’re working for the company, you cannot then take on any tasks that involve standing up." 27 hand cuts smaller injuries, hand cuts Paragraph 5, Line 3 "Employees who have smaller injuries, such as hand cuts, need to check with their manager whether they can come to work." City’s ‘Henry’ programme Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 C archaeology team, women, history Paragraph A, Line 1 "This challenges the widespread assumptions that men were the sole producers of books throughout the period in European history known as the Middle Ages." 29 A dental tartar, use, archaeologists Paragraph C, Line 1 "the value of tartar as environmental evidence has not, so far, been much exploited." 30 B skeletal remains, B78, physical Paragraph D, Line 3 "Her skeletal remains had not indicated anything particular about her life, besides a general indication that she probably did not do any hard labour." 31 A team’s view, blue pigment, imported Paragraph F, Line 1 "The most likely explanation, then, is that this was an artist who repeatedly used her lips to make a fine point on the end of her brush in order to paint intricate detail on manuscripts." 32 D medieval artists, contribution, books Paragraph G, Line 4 "Additionally, artists are largely invisible in both the historic and archaeological records as they rarely signed their work before the 15th century and, until now, there have been no known skeletal markers directly associated with producing art." 33 B length of time, tartar, preserve Paragraph B, Line 3 "When dental plaque hardens and becomes tartar, it can entomb these particles and molecules for hundreds or thousands of years – potentially even millions." 34 D unique particles, blue, number Paragraph D, Line 2 "They found well over 100 bright blue particles, in the form of small crystals and individual flecks, scattered throughout the tartar which was still preserved on her teeth." 35 C examples, particles, dental analysis Paragraph C, Line 2 "Tree and grass pollen, spores, cotton fibres, medicinal plants and micro-charcoal have all been reported among the finds from this type of dental analysis." 36 F blue pigment, medicine, consumption Paragraph F, Line 3 "A variety of reasons were possible, from painting to accidental ingestion during pigment preparation, or even the consumption of the powder as a medicine." 37 gold lapis lazuli, value Paragraph E, Line 1 "a substance more precious than gold in Medieval Europe." 38 skill lapis lazuli, pigment Paragraph E, Line 2 "the preparation of the pigment took great skill." 39 point brushes, mouths, fine features Paragraph G, Line 2 "This finding suggests that women were more involved in the production of books throughout the Middle Ages than tends to be thought." 40 manuscripts fine features, books, brushes Paragraph G, Line 3 "This finding suggests that women were more involved in the production of books throughout the Middle Ages than tends to be thought."

Outdoor activities for all the family Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 E "running in the evening" Shelford Family Wild Outing, Paragraph E "Go birdwatching or catch insects as daylight fades then have a gentle jog along the River Wale by moonlight." 2 B "seeing newborn animals" Pugsley Beach Nature Reserve, Paragraph B "The autumn is when hundreds of grey seals arrive on the beach to have their young." 3 D "parents and children doing different activities at the same time" Craven Discovery Centre, Paragraph D "Meanwhile the adults can take part in one of our woodland activities such as learning basic woodworking skills." 4 A "choosing from alternative routes" Perry Forest, Paragraph A "So whether you want a short stroll on level ground or a more challenging walk to the top of Shepherds Hill we have something for you." 5 C "learning about how other people help animals" Marston Hill, Paragraph C "If you ever wonder what wildlife trusts do for the environment come to Marston Hall where our rangers will show you how they manage wildlife habitats." 6 B "an event occurring only at a certain time of the year" Pugsley Beach Nature Reserve, Paragraph B "The autumn is when hundreds of grey seals arrive on the beach to have their young." 7 C "identifying where animals have been" Marston Hill, Paragraph C "They’ll also take you on a short walk through the ancient pine forest in search of animal tracks and signs." Hinchingbrooke school sixth form Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 8 True "Some sixth form students intend to start work immediately after leaving school." Hinchingbrooke School Sixth Form, Paragraph 1 "In the sixth form we provide a strong programme of guidance for students whether they are planning on going to university into training or straight into the workplace." 9 True "An increasing number of students are accepted at medical school." Hinchingbrooke School Sixth Form, Paragraph 1 "We have a high rate of success with applications to universities including growing success in recent years for medical school applicants." 10 False "Most sixth form students come from other schools." Hinchingbrooke School Sixth Form, Paragraph 2 "While the majority of sixth form students enter from the lower school, recent significant expansion of the sixth form is largely the result of an increase in applicants from other schools in the area." 11 Not Given "External applicants have an interview before they can be accepted." Hinchingbrooke School Sixth Form, Paragraph 2 No information is provided about an interview process for external applicants. 12 False "Applications to the sixth form can only be made through MyChoice16 website." Hinchingbrooke School Sixth Form, Paragraph 3 "If you are an internal student please apply through the MyChoice16 application system. This is also where external students need to view course information." 13 Not Given "External applicants can talk to current students at the open evening." Hinchingbrooke School Sixth Form, Paragraph 3 No information is given about talking to current students during the open evening. 14 False "Students meet their tutor whenever one of them requests a meeting." Hinchingbrooke School Sixth Form, Paragraph 4 "You will meet with your tutor at a fixed time every fortnight to discuss progress and any concerns you or your subject teachers may have about your effort and achievement." Tree cutters at work Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 Tools "Chainsaws, clothing and all" Tree Cutters at Work, Paragraph 3 "Next we load up the equipment – things like petrol driven chainsaws of varying sizes, helmets and waterproofs, spades, rakes and other tools etc. must all go on the truck before the three of us set off." 16 Procedure "The team talk briefly" Tree Cutters at Work, Paragraph 4 "On arrival at the site we have a quick discussion on the procedure for the day." 17 Strength "The climber’s anchor point" Tree Cutters at Work, Paragraph 5 "It must be high enough to enable access throughout the tree’s branches but also have sufficient strength to support the climber." 18 Rope "Pulley and some rope" Tree Cutters at Work, Paragraph 6 "This involves placing a pulley in the tree and using thick rope to drag the branches down." 19 Footpath "Signs are placed on the footpath" Tree Cutters at Work, Paragraph 7 "On the other side of the perimeter fence is a wide grass verge and then a footpath where I set up a number of signs to alert the public to our activities." 20 Pedestrians "The actions of both the tree cutter and pedestrians" Tree Cutters at Work, Paragraph 7 "Working alongside a road requires vigilance so I monitor the movements of pedestrians and as Gary starts work I watch what he is doing so it can ensure safety." 21 Chippings "Machine creates chippings" Tree Cutters at Work, Paragraph 8 "Once the branches are on the ground I throw them back over the fence to Mikael who cuts them up and feeds the machine that dices them into very small pieces called wood chippings." Plumbing skills Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 22 Narrow "Narrow space" Plumbing Skills, Paragraph 1 "They may need to take place in a narrow space that is often only about 35 cm deep." 23 Cutting chart "Cutting chart" Plumbing Skills, Paragraph 1 "He must first think about what he is doing read and understand the cutting chart that accompanies each of his tools." 24 Tradespeople "Impact on other tradespeople" Plumbing Skills, Paragraph 1 "Visualise how his work will impact on other tradespeople before proceeding." 25 Reinforcing steel "Reinforcing steel" Plumbing Skills, Paragraph 2 "The floors and walls must be X-rayed prior to drilling to order to avoid hitting key elements such as reinforcing steel." 26 Cost-effective "Fast and cost-effective way" Plumbing Skills, Paragraph 3 "Take the appropriate action to rectify the issue in a fast and cost-effective way." 27 Inconvenience "Facing great inconvenience" Plumbing Skills, Paragraph 3 "Often service plumbers encounter residential or commercial customers who are either facing great inconvenience." Why it is important to save species like the dormouse Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 Vets "Examination by vets" Paragraph 2, Line 1-2 "After examination by vets the dormice were placed in their soft release accommodation in pairs." 29 Pairs "Dormice were placed in pairs" Paragraph 2, Line 2-3 "The dormice were placed in their soft release accommodation in pairs." 30 Food "Given food daily" Paragraph 2, Line 3-4 "For 10 days the dormice were checked and given food daily." 31 Hibernation "Preparing to go into hibernation" Paragraph 2, Line 4-5 "Everything was removed in October when the animals started preparing to go into hibernation for the winter." 32 D "Get the group to mix with others" Paragraph 4, Line 1-2 "The goal is to create a wider landscape for dormice and that will make the population more robust." 33 A "Coppicing... to help dormice survive" Paragraph 4, Line 3-4 "This system was known as coppicing, and as an added bonus it happened to provide varied food and plenty of light for dormice." 34 B "Benefit many other animals" Paragraph 5, Line 1-2 "They promote good woodland management and what’s good for dormice is good for a large range of species." 35 B "Sharing environment with wildlife" Paragraph 5, Line 3-4 "Such reintroductions would increase people’s familiarity with living with more wild animals once again." 36 D "Revive some damaged environments" Paragraph 6, Line 1-2 "The Scottish Highlands would be an obvious place for their reintroduction and could generate millions of pounds in tourism." 37 E "Wild boar re-establishing itself" Paragraph 7, Line 1-2 "The species has been quietly re-establishing itself in the woodlands of Britain for several decades." 38 A "Lynx to stay in woodland habitat" Paragraph 7, Line 3-4 "Experts say it would help control the fast growing population of red deer allowing forests to regenerate and support greater biodiversity." 39 C "Revive damaged environments" Paragraph 7, Line 5-6 "The Scottish Highlands would be an obvious place for their reintroduction and could generate millions of pounds in tourism." 40 D "Reintroduction with compensation" Paragraph 7, Line 6-7 "Successful schemes in Europe have offered compensation for this."

Manly Beaches Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 F "Boathouse Cafe," "breakfast or lunch" Paragraph F, Line 2 "Rent a beach chair or head straight to the Boathouse Cafe, the perfect place for breakfast or lunch." 2 B "Manly Surf School," "surfing for the first time" Paragraph B, Line 4 "If you want to try surfing for the first time, Manly Surf School operates out of the surf club located on the beach." 3 F "overly crowded at times" Paragraph F, Line 3 "Please note that Shelly Beach gets overly crowded at times, so avoid it on a sunny weekend afternoon." 4 D "net that encloses the swimming area," "easy to keep an eye on kids" Paragraph D, Line 2 "This popular harbour beach has a net that encloses the swimming area. It is a good option for families as the protected area makes it easy to keep an eye on kids playing in the water." 5 E "next to Manly Wharf," "no beach closer to the ferry or buses" Paragraph E, Line 1 "Located next to Manly Wharf, East Esplanade is a popular spot all day. There is no beach closer to the ferry or buses than this one." 6 B "professional lifeguards on duty" Paragraph B, Line 3 "North Steyne has professional lifeguards on duty, but the surf can be hazardous so check conditions if swimming with young ones." 7 A "kiosk that rents stand-up paddleboards" Paragraph A, Line 2 "There is a small gift shop for unusual souvenirs, and a kiosk that rents stand-up paddleboards." Sydney Water: advice for customers paying a bill Here is the information formatted in a five-column table: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 8 True "own a property," "you’ll get a bill from us" Paragraph 1, Line 2 "If you own a property, you’ll get a bill from us." 9 Not Given No mention of extra charge for no meter - No information is provided about an extra charge for customers without a water meter. 10 True "costs $32.52 a quarter," "billed this way" Paragraph 2, Line 2 "It costs $32.52 a quarter to be billed this way and this additional fee will appear on the first bill each quarter." 11 True "If you receive a pension," "must own and live in your home" Paragraph 3, Line 2 "If you receive a pension, we may give you a reduction on your bill, but you must own and live in your home to qualify for this." 12 False "stop getting paper bills," "start getting electronic ones" Paragraph 4, Line 2 "Once you’re registered, you’ll stop getting paper bills and start getting electronic ones." 13 True "$28.04 for a ‘billing record search statement’" Paragraph 4, Line 6 "If you need information that’s older than your last five bills, you need to pay $28.04 for a ‘billing record search statement’." 14 True "licensed plumber," "cuts off your water or wastewater service" Paragraph 5, Line 1 "We’ll stop a fixed charge on your bill if a licensed plumber cuts off your water or wastewater service." Company car parking policy Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 Sharing "ways of sharing the use of cars" Paragraph 1, Line 3 "DG Contracts therefore actively encourages staff to reduce their carbon footprint by using public transport, walking or cycling, or by organising ways of sharing the use of cars." 16 Mileage "claim above a certain mileage of travel" Paragraph 2, Line 2 "The car parking policy aims to allocate parking on a fair and equitable basis with spaces being given first to those employees who claim above a certain mileage of travel for business purposes." 17 Night "must be parked securely at night" Paragraph 2, Line 5 "In some cases, designated parking areas are required for company vehicles, which must be parked securely at night. However, employees may park in these areas in the daytime." 18 Replacement "member of staff who acts as their replacement" Paragraph 3, Line 2 "If any individual leaves the company prior to the expiry of their parking permit, this will be handed on to the member of staff who acts as their replacement, assuming that this person requires it." 19 Cover "staff member appointed as cover" Paragraph 3, Line 4 "If any individual who has been issued a parking permit takes maternity leave or is signed off work for a lengthy period, their parking permit will be reallocated to the staff member appointed as cover for this individual during their absence." 20 Complaints "complaints concerning any aspect of car parking" Paragraph 4, Line 2 "If you have any complaints concerning any aspect of car parking at DG company car parks, please address them to the HR Manager." Ensuring safety in the office Here is the information formatted in a five-column table: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 21 Wires "stretching wires across walkways" Paragraph 2, Line 3 "Further, in addition to posing an electrical hazard, stretching wires across walkways creates a tripping hazard, so ensure they are properly secured and covered." 22 Chairs "Standing on rolling office chairs" Paragraph 2, Line 5 "Standing on rolling office chairs is a significant fall hazard. Workers who need to reach something at an elevated height should use a stepladder, which must be fully opened and placed on level ground." 23 Mirrors "installing mirrors in these places" Paragraph 2, Line 6 "Workers can collide when making turns in the hallways and around blind corners. This can be prevented by installing mirrors in these places so workers can see who is coming." 24 Carpets "The use of carpets can help to reduce falls" Paragraph 2, Line 7 "The use of carpets can help to reduce falls and can be especially helpful at main doors, where workers are likely to be coming in with wet shoes." 25 Drawers "filing cabinets may be in danger of tipping over if drawers are left open" Paragraph 3, Line 1 "Filing cabinets may be in danger of tipping over if drawers are left open, and filing cabinets and desks may also create a tripping hazard if they are not properly closed." 26 Adjustable "Desks, seating, monitor stands, etc. should all be adjustable" Paragraph 4, Line 2 "Because office workers spend most of their day seated at a desk, they are prone to strains and other injuries related to posture and repetitive movement. Desks, seating, monitor stands, etc. should all be adjustable in order to accommodate the widest possible range of employees." 27 Holders "providing holders, which help to prevent muscle imbalance" Paragraph 4, Line 4 "Typing from hard copy can lead to neck strain if a worker is forced to look down repeatedly to the desk at the document being copied and back to the computer screen. This can be prevented by providing holders, which help to prevent muscle imbalance by positioning the document at the same level as the screen." Roman Roads Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 C "preparations for building a road" Paragraph D "Once extensive surveying had been carried out, to ensure the proposed route was actually straight and to determine what various engineering methods were needed..." 29 F "current remains of Roman road building" Paragraph F "Such was the engineering and surveying skill of the Romans that many of their roads have provided the basis for hundreds of today’s routes across Europe and the Middle East." 30 D "preparations for building a road" Paragraph D "Once extensive surveying had been carried out, to ensure the proposed route was actually straight and to determine what various engineering methods were needed..." 31 B "period in history when road building began" Paragraph B "The first and most famous great Roman road was the Via Appia or Appian Way. Constructed from 312 BCE..." 32 F "damage caused by a natural disaster" Paragraph F "Recently hit by earthquakes, it is now having to undergo restoration work to repair the effects." 33 C "total distance once crossed by Roman roads" Paragraph C "The network of public Roman roads covered over 120,000 kilometers." 34 B "aspect of Roman road building" Paragraph A "The long straight roads built by the Romans have in many cases become just as famous in history as their greatest emperors and generals..." 35 D "Appian Way compared to modern highway" Paragraph B "Much like a modern highway it bypassed small towns along the way and it largely ignored geographical obstacles." 36 A "purpose of triumphal arches" Paragraph C "Roads were also one of the ways Rome could demonstrate its authority. For this reason, many roads began and ended in a triumphal arch..." 37 C "use of a milestone" Paragraph E "Milestones were also set up at regular intervals along the road and these often recorded who was responsible for the upkeep of that stretch of the road and what repairs had been made." 38 (fine) gravel "fine gravel" Paragraph E "This was followed by a substantial deposit of smaller broken materials – often crushed brick was used for this purpose, and on top of this, a layer of fine gravel was added." 39 Animals "animals" Paragraph E "Busier stretches of main roads had areas where vehicles could pull over, and some of these had services for travellers and their animals." 40 (crushed) brick "crushed brick" Paragraph E "This was followed by a substantial deposit of smaller broken materials – often crushed brick was used for this purpose..."

TRANSITION CAKE FOR THE ELOEHLY Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 True Only hospital patients, transition care Paragraph 1 "You can only access transition care directly from hospital." 2 False Transition care, long term, short term Paragraph 1 "Transition care is focused on individual goals and therapies and is given for a limited time only." 3 False Everyone, transition care, contribute to cost Paragraph 2 "If your circumstances allow, it is expected you’ll contribute to the cost of your care." 4 Not Given Transition care at home, live alone Paragraph 4 No information provided about whether patients must live alone for transition care at home. 5 True Transition care, hospital site Paragraph 4 "This setting can be part of an existing aged-care home or health facility such as a separate wing of a hospital." 6 False Place, care home, transition care Paragraph 5 "If you’re already receiving subsidised residential care in an aged-care home, but you need to go somewhere else for transition care, your place in the aged-care home will be held until you return." CABIN BAGS FOR AIR TRAVEL Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 7 C zips, difficult, use Paragraph C "the zips don’t always run smoothly especially around the corners, so you may have to give them a good tug" 8 E badly damaged, dropped Paragraph E "the fabric tore so badly at one of the corners that it was unusable" 9 A handles, different problems Paragraph A "the trolley handle feels quite thin and flimsy. The top carrying handle is hard and flat, and the side handle isn’t easy to grip" 10 B resistant to water Paragraph B "In tests, we found the contents remain dry when given a good soaking, even around the zips" 11 E patterns, fabric Paragraph E "The Travelsure 35 is available in a huge range of fabric designs including leopard print or lipstick kisses" 12 D not easy to move around Paragraph D "this cabin bag felt a little heavy to pull on all but smooth floors, and it was hard to steer compared with some of the other suitcases" 13 D internal zipped pocket Paragraph D "The Skybag has a single external zipped pocket and another located inside the lid" 14 B adjustable, trolley handle Paragraph B "The trolley handle has a choice of two heights" College car parking policy – staff Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 Hospitality Department buy parking permits Paragraph 1 "Annual permits can be purchased from the Hospitality Department." 16 Academic Calendar term time dates Paragraph 1 "All permits/tickets must be clearly displayed in the windscreen of vehicles during the dates of term time, as published in the academic calendar." 17 1st October start date of permits Paragraph 1 "Annual car parking permits are valid for one academic year from 1st October to 30th June." 18 Nominated Contractor parking fines Paragraph 2 "The nominated contractor will issue fixed Penalty Charge Notices on vehicles that fail to display a valid permit and/or parking ticket." 19 Permits visitors parking Paragraph 5 "The College welcomes visitors and provides parking arrangements through pre-arranged permits." 20 Concorde Building nursery pick-up point Paragraph 6 "There will be two short-term drop-off/pick-up spaces for users of the nursery, with a maximum of ten minutes’ waiting time allowed. These are located outside Concorde Building." Maternity benefits Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 21 26 weeks minimum period for SMP Paragraph 1 "You are entitled to SMP if you have been employed by the same company for at least 26 weeks by the end of the 15th week before your baby is due." 22 6 weeks percentage of earnings Paragraph 1 "For 6 weeks, you will receive 90% of your average weekly earnings." 23 £112.75 second part of SMP Paragraph 1 "Then you will receive £112.75 per week for the remaining 33 weeks." 24 39 weeks maximum length for MA Paragraph 3 "Maternity Allowance can be paid for up to 39 weeks." 25 Antenatal clinics where to get MA forms Paragraph 3 "You can find Maternity Allowance forms at antenatal clinics throughout the country." 26 Personal circumstances assessment for Child Tax Credit Paragraph 4 "The amount you get will depend on your personal circumstances and income." 27 Grants Sure Start Maternity Payments Paragraph 5 "Sure Start Maternity Payments are individual grants to help towards the cost of a new baby." PAPYRUS Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 33 B problem with animal skins/wood Paragraph C, Line 3 "Other cultures used more flexible but less permanent surfaces, including animal skins and wood strips. In western culture, the adoption of papyrus was to have a great impact." 34 B hammering papyrus Paragraph B, Line 4 "These were then covered with a second layer of strips which were laid at right angles to the first, then soaked in water and hammered together." 35 D burning libraries/books Paragraph C, Line 6 "For thousands of years, governments, despots and conquerors have resorted to burning libraries and books to rid themselves of inconvenient evidence or obliterate cultures." 36 C Thor Heyerdahl/papyrus boats Paragraph D, Line 2 "In 1969 the adventurer Thor Heyerdahl attempted to cross the Atlantic from Morocco in the boat Ra, to show that it was possible for mariners in ancient times to cross the Atlantic Ocean." 37 B papyrus today Paragraph E, Line 5 "What makes papyrus noteworthy for western societies nowadays is its use as the surface upon which our ancient ancestors recorded their lives, their art and their science." 38 Insects destroyed by insects Paragraph C, Line 2 "In moist climates the cellulose-rich sheets of papyrus would readily decay, becoming covered by mould or full of holes from attacks by insects." 39 Tomb found in tomb Paragraph C, Line 3 "The earliest known roll of papyrus scroll was found in the tomb of an official called Hemeka near Memphis, which was then the capital city of Egypt." 40 Eruption eruption in Herculaneum Paragraph C, Line 5 "In 79CE, nearly 2,000 papyrus scrolls in the library of Julius Caesar’s father-in-law were protected at Herculaneum by ash from the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius."

What to do if your clothes have been lost or damaged by a dry cleaner Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 True Dry cleaners, responsible Paragraph 2 "Dry cleaners are legally required to take reasonable care of anything left with them." 2 False Compensation, new item Paragraph 4 "The maximum they’re obliged to offer you is the value of the item when it was left with them, not what it would cost to replace as new." 3 False Receipt, amount Paragraph 4 "You’ll probably be asked to provide evidence of how much it originally cost...The dry cleaner can then offer you a reduced amount depending on the condition of the item." 4 True Trade association, complaint Paragraph 6 "If the dry cleaner is a member of a trade association such as the UK Fashion and Textile Association, you can pass your complaint to them and they may be able to help you." 5 False Independent report, free Paragraph 6 "You could get an independent organization to look at your issue and produce a report, but this could be expensive (often around £100)." 6 Not Given Court, satisfaction No direct reference No information is provided about whether most people are satisfied with the outcome of court cases against dry cleaners. 7 True Court, six years Paragraph 7 "There’s a time limit for going to court – from when you took the item to the dry cleaner, you have up to six years." Groups for readers and writers Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 8 A Share ideas, books Paragraph A "We are a friendly group, with everybody keen to talk about what we’ve enjoyed reading recently and make suggestions on what we should read next." 9 F Membership, waiting list Paragraph F "The group is currently full but anyone interested is welcome to join the membership waiting list." 10 B Feedback, writing Paragraph B "Would you like to share your writing with others and hear their constructive suggestions for how to improve it?" 11 C One genre, science fiction Paragraph C "Our books are usually those written from the 1960s onwards and include feminist science fiction, cyberpunk and scientific romance." 12 F Poems, public display Paragraph F "Your poems will be displayed in the library and online." 13 E Business, networking Paragraph E "Every month members of this group read a fabulous business book which is then discussed when we meet." 14 B Write a book, workshops Paragraph B "Have you got a book inside you but need the inspiration to get started? Build your confidence to begin formulating ideas for storylines and characters at our regular workshops." Mechanical Lifting Equipment Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 CE mark Manufactured well, CE mark Paragraph 2, Line 2 "Equipment bearing a CE mark has been constructed to international standards." 16 Tests Undergo, tests Paragraph 2, Line 4 "Equipment that meets these standards will have documented instructions for tests that should be adhered to prior to using the equipment." 17 Engineer Regular check, engineer Paragraph 2, Line 5 "Certain types of machinery, such as cranes, must be inspected by a qualified engineer on a six-monthly basis." 18 Control measures Risks, control measures Paragraph 3, Line 3 "Lift plans are a type of risk assessment, whereby the possible dangers of the operation are carefully calculated, and control measures are identified and put in place." 19 Lifting crew Consulted, Tool Box Talk Paragraph 3, Line 5 "Before any lift proceeds, the plan should be talked over with the lifting crew during what is often referred to as a Tool Box Talk." 20 Barriers Heavy loads, objects Paragraph 4, Line 2 "If a load needs to be moved where workers or members of the public are present, the area must have barriers or other means to ensure no one is allowed to walk under the load while it is moving." 21 Banksman Crane driver, directions Paragraph 4, Line 4 "Someone called a banksman should always be used when moving heavy loads by crane. As a crane driver often cannot see the load, especially during touch-down, this person tells him or her which way to move it." 22 Injuries Secondary lifting equipment Paragraph 5, Line 3 "It is essential that a six-monthly visual inspection is carried out to ensure there are no signs of wear or damage to the slings and shackles." Dealing with customer complaints Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 23 Win Argument, win Paragraph 2, Line 2 "Aiming to win the confrontation accomplishes nothing." 24 Expectations Purchase, expectations Paragraph 2, Line 3 "He or she has usually made a purchase that did not meet their expectations." 25 Solution Calm, solution Paragraph 3, Line 3 "The customer cannot recognise a solution until calm." 26 Policy Solve, policy Paragraph 5, Line 2 "One thing to keep in mind is that you should know what you can and cannot do within the policy of the business you work for." 27 Recommendation Verbal, recommendation Paragraph 5, Line 5 "A simple gesture like this could result in a word-of-mouth recommendation to others." White storks back in Britain after hundreds of years Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 vii Joy, opposition, creatures Section A, Line 4 "Storks are migrants arriving after the end of winter, nesting on rooftops and happily associating with humans, and because of this they have long been a symbol of hope and new life. Yet their association with rebirth also meant they became a symbol of rebellion." 29 i Success, enterprise, other countries Section B, Line 2 "These young storks are part of a project to return the species to Britain, inspired by reintroductions in European countries that more than reached their target." 30 vi Hope, restoration, storks Section C, Line 1 "In the face of reports of unrelenting ecological loss (the UN estimates a million species are on the brink of extinction globally), the white stork’s return is refreshing news." 31 iii Support, organisations, difficulties Section D, Line 2 "Support from conservation bodies has been surprisingly difficult to obtain; some were hard- pressed with their own initiatives, while others were simply reluctant to stick their necks out." 32 viii Delight, revival, public events Section E, Line 3 "Where storks have been reintroduced, they are greeted with great happiness and some historical stork festivals have been restored." 33 ii Emotions, actions, storks Section F, Line 2 "A driving motivation behind the project in the UK is the aspiration that the storks’ return will spark feelings of empathy and affection from townspeople who see their nests on rooftops." For Questions 34-37: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 34 Sticks Nesting, storks, Knepp Estate Section B, Line 2 "A pair of white storks built an untidy nest of sticks in the top branches of a huge oak in the middle of our rewilding project at Knepp Estate in West Sussex." 35 Infertile Eggs, storks Section B, Line 3 "The fact that they were infertile and did not hatch was not too disappointing." 36 Poland Storks, imported, breeding Section B, Line 5 "Imported from Poland, they have spent the best part of three years in a six-acre pen with a group of other juveniles and several injured, non-flying adults, also from Poland." 37 Loyalty Storks, Knepp, return Section B, Line 7 "Two years ago, a young bird from Knepp flew across the Channel to France and, this summer, returned to its companions." For Questions 38-40: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 38 D Monarch, rebellion, storks Section A, Line 6 "Shortly after the restoration of King Charles II in 1660, while storks were rare but surviving, parliament debated putting greater effort into destroying them entirely for fear they might inspire republicanism." 39 C Sussex Wildlife Trust, concerns Section D, Line 3 "The committee of the Sussex Wildlife Trust raised doubts about the stork ever having been a British bird." 40 A Measures, nesting sites, storks Section E, Line 2 "The Spanish erect poles for nests along their motorways, and in Alsace householders install cartwheels for storks to build nests on their roofs."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Cambridge IELTS 18 Reading Test 02 READING PASSAGE 1   Stonehenge Q Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph, Line) Text associated with the answer 1 (deer) antlers tools made from Stage 1 (Paragraph 2, Line 7) "First, Neolithic* Britons used primitive tools, which may have been fashioned out of deer antlers , to dig a massive circular ditch and bank, or henge." 2 (timber) posts deep pits Stage 1 (Paragraph 2, Line 8) "Deep pits dating back to that era and located within the circle may have once held a ring of timber posts , according to some scholars." 3 tree trunks theories about the transportation of the bluestones Stage 2 (Paragraph 4, Line 1) "According to one long-standing theory among archaeologists, Stonehenge’s builders fashioned sledges and rollers out of tree trunks  to lug the bluestones from the Preseli Hills." 4 oxen theories about the transportation of the bluestones Stage 2 (Paragraph 4, Line 4) "More recent archaeological hypotheses have them transporting the bluestones with supersized wicker baskets on a combination of ball bearings and long grooved planks, hauled by oxen ." 5 glaciers geological Stage 2 (Paragraph 5, Line 2) "As early as the 1970s, geologists have been adding their voices to the debate over how Stonehenge came into being... some scientists have suggested that it was glaciers , not humans, that carried the bluestones to Salisbury Plain." 6 druids theory about the builders Builders (Paragraph 10, Line 2) "But who were the builders of Stonehenge? In the 17th century, archaeologist John Aubrey made the claim that Stonehenge was the work of druids ..." 7 burial purpose Purpose (Paragraph 13, Line 2) "While there is consensus among the majority of modern scholars that Stonehenge once served the function of burial  ground..." 8 calendar purpose Purpose (Paragraph 13, Line 5) "In the 1960s, the astronomer Gerald Hawkins suggested that the cluster of megalithic stones operated as a form of calendar ..." 9 TRUE sandstone slabs placement Stage 3 (Paragraph 8, Line 1) "The third phase of construction took place around 2000 BCE. At this point, sandstone slabs – known as ‘sarsens’ – were arranged into an outer crescent or ring; some were assembled into the iconic three-pieced structures called trilithons that stand tall in the centre of Stonehenge." 10 FALSE bluestones repositioned Stage 3 (Paragraph 8, Line 5) "Radiocarbon dating has revealed that work continued at Stonehenge until roughly 1600 BCE, with the bluestones in particular being repositioned  multiple times."   11 FALSE 17th-century claim support Builders (Paragraph 11, Line 4) "Even today, people who identify as modern druids continue to gather at Stonehenge for the summer solstice. However, in the mid-20th century, radiocarbon dating demonstrated that Stonehenge stood more than 1,000 years before the Celts inhabited the region ." 12 TRUE objects discovered Builders (Paragraph 12, Line 2) "Many modern historians and archaeologists now agree that several distinct tribes of people contributed to Stonehenge... Bones, tools, and other artefacts found on the site seem to support this hypothesis ." 13 NOT GIVEN criticism of Gerald Hawkins' theory Purpose (Paragraph 14) No information is provided in the passage about the criticism of Gerald Hawkins' theory by other astronomers. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Living with artificial intelligence Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph, Line) Text associated with the answer 14 C AI, first paragraph 1st Paragraph, Line 6 "But many experts believe this restriction is very temporary. By mid-century, we may have artificial general intelligence (AGI) – machines that can achieve human-level performance on the full range of tasks that we ourselves can tackle." 15 A second paragraph 2nd Paragraph, Line 1 "But many experts believe this restriction is very temporary. By mid-century, we may have artificial general intelligence (AGI) – machines that can achieve human-level performance on the full range of tasks that we ourselves can tackle." 16 B story of King Midas 4th Paragraph, Line 5 "Folklore is full of tales of people who ask for the wrong thing, with disastrous consequences - King Midas, for example, might have wished that everything he touched turned to gold, but didn’t really intend this to apply to his breakfast." 17 D fourth paragraph 4th Paragraph, Line 2 "So we need to create powerful AI machines that are ‘human-friendly’ - that have goals reliably aligned with our own values. One thing that makes this task difficult is that we are far from reliably human-friendly ourselves." 18 C future of AI 5th Paragraph, Line 1 "For safety’s sake, then, we want the machines to be ethically as well as cognitively superhuman. We want them to aim for the moral high ground, not for the troughs in which many of us spend some of our time." 19 D sixth paragraph 6th Paragraph, Line 1 "These issues might seem far-fetched, but they are to some extent already here. AI already has some input into how resources are used in our National Health Service (NHS) here in the UK, for example." 20 YES machines and promoting community interests 6th Paragraph, Line 3 "Machines who are better than us at sticking to the moral high ground may be expected to discourage some of the lapses we presently take for granted. We might lose our freedom to discriminate in favor of our own communities, for example." 21 NOT GIVEN silicon police and effectiveness - No information provided. 22 NO prospect of independence being restricted 6th Paragraph, Line 7 "They might be so good at doing it that we won’t notice them; but few of us are likely to welcome such a future." 23 YES collaboration for machines to act in our best interests 6th Paragraph, Line 3 "These issues might seem far-fetched, but they are to some extent already here. AI already has some input into how resources are used in our National Health Service (NHS) here in the UK, for example." 24 C AI's role in health service 6th Paragraph, Line 3 "AI already has some input into how resources are used in our National Health Service (NHS) here in the UK, for example." 25 A certain professionals and their authority 6th Paragraph, Line 6 "Since we’d want to ensure that people are treated equally and that policies are fair, the goals of AI would need to be specified correctly."   26 E reduced professional authority 6th Paragraph, Line 6 "Since we’d want to ensure that people are treated equally and that policies are fair, the goals of AI would need to be specified correctly."       READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . An ideal city Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph, Line) Text associated with the answer 27 NOT GIVEN Leonardo da Vinci, genius - - 28 NOT GIVEN climate crisis, deaths, plague - - 29 TRUE challenges, earlier times 3rd Paragraph, Line 1 "Today, the world is on the cusp of a climate crisis, which is predicted to cause widespread displacement, extinctions and death, if left unaddressed. Then, as now, radical solutions were called for to revolutionise the way people lived and safeguard humanity against catastrophe." 30 FALSE ideal city, constructed, 15th century 5th Paragraph, Lines 1-2 "Following a typical Renaissance trend, he began to work on an ‘ideal city’ project, which – due to its excessive costs – would remain unfulfilled." 31 TRUE poor town planning, major contributor, climate change 6th Paragraph, Line 1 "Although the Renaissance is renowned as an era of incredible progress in art and architecture, it is rarely noted that the 15th century also marked the birth of urbanism as a true academic discipline." 32 NOT GIVEN Pienza, Ferrara, local people fought - - 33 FALSE Leonardo da Vinci, neat, organised record 7th Paragraph, Lines 1-2 "It is not easy to identify a coordinated vision of Leonardo’s ideal city because of his disordered way of working with notes and sketches." 34 transport Leonardo da Vinci, new city, Ticino River 8th Paragraph, Line 1 "He designed the city for the easy transport of goods and clean urban spaces." 35 staircases Leonardo da Vinci, high-rise buildings 9th Paragraph, Line 4 "Leonardo wanted the city to be built on several levels, linked with vertical outdoor staircases." 36 engineering Leonardo da Vinci, hydraulic plants, artificial canals 11th Paragraph, Lines 2-3 "But the true originality of Leonardo’s vision was its fusion of architecture and engineering." 37 rule Leonardo da Vinci, width of streets, height of houses 12th Paragraph, Line 3 "Leonardo also thought that the width of the streets ought to match the average height of the adjacent houses: a rule still followed in many contemporary cities across Italy." 38 Roman Leonardo da Vinci, Roman cities 13th Paragraph, Line 1 "Although some of these features existed in Roman cities..." 39 Paris Leonardo da Vinci, 19th century, redesigned 13th Paragraph, Lines 6-7 "For example, the subdivision of the city by function- with services and infrastructures located in the lower levels and wide and well-ventilated boulevards and walkways above for residents – is an idea that can be found in Georges-Eugene Haussmann’s renovation of Paris under Emperor Napoleon III between 1853 and 1870." 40 outwards Leonardo da Vinci, building approach 14th Paragraph, Line 2 "Today, Leonardo’s ideas are not simply valid, they actually suggest a way forward for urban planning."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Urban farming Number of Question Question Keywords of the Question Answer Location with Line Number in the Paragraph Explanation 1 Vertical tubes are used to grow strawberries, …………………… and herbs. vertical tubes, strawberries, herbs lettuces Paragraph 2, Line 7-8 "From identical vertical tubes nearby burst row upon row of lettuces." 2 There will eventually be a daily harvest of as much as …………………… in weight of fruit and vegetables. daily harvest, weight, fruit and vegetables 1,000 kg Paragraph 2, Line 18-20 "20 staff will harvest up to 1,000 kg of perhaps 35 different varieties of fruit and vegetables, every day." 3 It may be possible that the farm’s produce will account for as much as 10% of the city’s …………………… overall. farm's produce, account for, 10%, city's (food) consumption Paragraph 2, Line 29-31 "there’s no reason why you shouldn’t eventually target maybe between 5% and 10% of consumption" 4 Intensive farming uses a wide range of …………………… . intensive farming, wide range of, used pesticides Paragraph 3, Line 1-2 "I don’t much like the fact that most of the fruit and vegetables we eat have been treated with something like 17 different pesticides" 5 Intensive farming uses varieties of fruit and vegetables chosen that can survive long …………………… . intensive farming, varieties of fruit and vegetables, survive long journeys Paragraph 3, Line 4-5 "that the intensive farming techniques that produced them are such huge generators of greenhouse gases" and "that their quality is so poor, because the varieties are selected for their capacity to withstand such substantial journeys" 6 In intensive farming, …………………… receive very little of overall income. intensive farming, wholesalers and transport companies, overall income producers Paragraph 3, Line 9-10 "or that 80% of the price I pay goes to wholesalers and transport companies, not the producers" 7 Aeroponic urban farming produces crops selected for their …………………… . produce chosen, because of flavor / flavour Paragraph 4, Line 10-11 "You can select crop varieties for their flavor, not their resistance to the transport and storage chain, and you can pick them when they’re really at their best, and not before" 8 Urban farming can take place above or below ground. urban farming, above or below ground TRUE Not explicitly stated in the passage, but urban farming is mentioned as taking place in various locations such as rooftops, disused shipping containers, and underground carparks. 9 Some of the equipment used in aeroponic farming can be made by hand. equipment, aeroponic farming, made by hand NOT GIVEN No information provided in the passage about whether the equipment used in aeroponic farming can be made by hand. 10 Urban farming relies more on electricity than some other types of farming. urban farming, electricity, other types of farming FALSE Paragraph 4, Line 17-18 "The equipment weighs little, can be installed on almost any flat surface and is cheap to buy: roughly 100 to 150 per square meter. It is cheap to run, too, consuming a tiny fraction of the electricity used by some techniques." 11 Fruit and vegetables grown on an aeroponic urban farm are cheaper than traditionally grown organic produce. fruit and vegetables, aeroponic urban farm, cheaper, traditionally grown organic produce TRUE Paragraph 4, Line 24-25 "Produce grown this way typically sells at prices that, while generally higher than those of classic intensive agriculture, are lower than soil-based organic growers." 12 Most produce can be grown on an aeroponic urban farm at any time of the year. produce, aeroponic urban farm, any time of the year FALSE Paragraph 4, Line 27-28 "There are limits to what farmers can grow this way, of course, and much of the produce is suited to the summer months." 13 Beans take longer to grow on an urban farm than other vegetables. beans, take longer to grow, urban farm, other vegetables NOT GIVEN No information provided in the passage about the growth time of beans compared to other vegetables. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Forest management in Pennsylvania, USA How managing low-quality wood (also known as low-use wood) for bioenergy can encourage sustainable forest management Number of Question Question Keywords of the question Answer Location with Line Number in the Paragraph Explanation 14 Bad outcomes for a forest when people focus only on its financial reward bad outcomes, financial reward B Paragraph A (Lines 1-3) Paragraph A discusses how focusing only on the financial value of trees can lead to poor forest management outcomes. 15 Reference to the aspects of any tree that contribute to its worth aspects, tree's worth A Paragraph A (Lines 1-3) Paragraph A mentions the various factors that contribute to a tree's value, such as species, size, condition, and quality. 16 Mention of the potential use of wood to help run vehicles potential use, wood, run vehicles C Paragraph C (Lines 6-7) Paragraph C explains that wood can be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline, which can be used to run vehicles. 17 Examples of insects that attack trees insects, attack trees E Paragraph E (Lines 4-5) Paragraph E lists specific insects such as the hemlock wooly adelgid and emerald ash borer that attack trees. 18 An alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood alternative name, low-use wood B Paragraph E (Lines 2-3) Paragraph E uses the term "low-use wood" to describe the trees that are left behind after high-grading. 19 To remove trees that are diseased to remove trees that are diseased B Paragraph E (Lines 2-3) A Salvage Cut is used to remove diseased trees and manage pest issues, as described in Paragraph E. 20 To generate income across a number of years to generate income, number of years C Paragraph F (Lines 2-4) A Shelterwood Cut allows income generation over multiple years by creating a two-tier forest, as explained in Paragraph F. 21 To create a forest whose trees are close in age to create forest, trees close in age C Paragraph F (Lines 2-4) A Shelterwood Cut helps establish a young forest where all trees are at a similar growth stage, as explained in Paragraph F. 22 Some dead wood is removed to avoid the possibility of ________ dead wood, removed, possibility fire Paragraph G (Lines 1-2) Paragraph G mentions that thinnings and dead wood removal are done for fire prevention. 23 The ________ from the tops of cut trees can help improve soil quality tops of cut trees, improve soil quality nutrients Paragraph G (Lines 3-4) Paragraph G explains that leaving the tops of cut trees helps cycle nutrients back into the soil. 24 Some damaged trees should be left, as their ________ provide habitats for a range of creatures damaged trees, provide habitats cavities Paragraph G (Lines 5-6) Paragraph G states that trees with cavities are important for creating habitats for wildlife. 25 Some trees that are small, such as ________, are a source of food for animals and insects small trees, source of food hawthorn Paragraph G (Line 7) Paragraph G mentions hawthorn as an example of small trees that provide food for wildlife. 26 Any trees that are ________ should be left to grow, as they add to the variety of species in the forest rare trees, add to variety of species rare Paragraph G (Lines 8-9) Paragraph G highlights the importance of leaving rare species behind to add to the forest's structural diversity. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Conquering Earth’s space junk problem Satellites, rocket shards and collision debris are creating major traffic risks in orbit around the planet. Researchers are working to reduce these threats Number of Question Question Keywords of the Question Answer Location with Line Number in the Paragraph Explanation 27 Which section contains a reference to the cooperation that takes place to try and minimise risk? cooperation, minimise risk C Section E (Lines 1-2) "Even as our ability to monitor space objects increases, so too does the total number of items in orbit. That means companies, governments, and other players in space are collaborating in new ways to avoid a shared threat." 28 Which section contains an explanation of a person’s aims? aims F Section E (Lines 9-11) "Jah describes himself as a space environmentalist: ‘I want to make space a place that is safe to operate, that is free and useful for generations to come.’ Until that happens, he argues, the space community will continue devolving into a tragedy in which all spaceflight operators are polluting a common resource." 29 Which section contains a description of a major collision that occurred in space? major collision in space A Section A (Lines 4-6) "Ten years ago, a US commercial Iridium satellite smashed into an inactive Russian communications satellite called Cosmos-2251, creating thousands of new pieces of space shrapnel that now threaten other satellites in low Earth orbit – the zone stretching up to 2,000 kilometers in altitude." 30 Which section contains a comparison between tracking objects in space and the efficiency of a transportation system? comparison between tracking objects in space and transportation system E Section E (Lines 4-6) "The field is called space traffic management, because it’s similar to managing traffic on the roads or in the air. Think about a busy day at an airport, says Moriba Jah, an astrodynamicist at the University of Texas at Austin: planes line up in the sky, landing and taking off close to one another in a carefully choreographed routine." 31 Which section contains a reference to efforts to classify space junk? efforts to classify space junk B Section B (Lines 5-7) "Some researchers are now starting to compile a massive data set that includes the best possible information on where everything is in orbit. Others are developing taxonomies of space – working on measuring properties such as the shape and size of an object, so that satellite operators know how much to worry about what’s coming their way." 32 What does the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee give advice on? sustainability of space C Section C (Line 1) "The committee gives advice on how the sustainability of space can be achieved." 33 What does the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee advise about inactive satellites? fuel, pressurised material C Section C (Lines 4-5) "The committee advises that when satellites are no longer active, any unused fuel or pressurized material that could cause explosions should be removed." 34 What should be removed from inactive satellites to prevent explosions? explosions C Section C (Line 5) "The committee advises that when satellites are no longer active, any unused fuel or pressurized material that could cause explosions should be removed." 35 What happens to operators that fail or go bankrupt, according to Holger Krag? bankrupt C Section C (Lines 6-7) "Operators of the planned large constellations of satellites say they will be responsible stewards in their enterprises in space, but Krag worries that problems could increase, despite their best intentions. ‘What happens to those that fail or go bankrupt?’ he asks. They are probably not going to spend money to remove their satellites from space." 36 Who says that knowing the exact location of space junk would help prevent any possible danger? Knowing the exact location of space junk C Section D (Line 2) "In theory, given the vastness of space, satellite operators should have plenty of room for all these missions to fly safely without ever nearing another object. So some scientists are tackling the problem of space junk by trying to find out where all the debris is to a high degree of precision." 37 Who describes space as something that should be preserved for future generations? Space should be available to everyone and should be preserved for the future D Section E (Lines 9-11) "Jah describes himself as a space environmentalist: ‘I want to make space a place that is safe to operate, that is free and useful for generations to come." 38 Which section says that a recommendation regarding satellites is widely ignored? recommendation regarding satellites C Section C (Lines 7-8) "But so far, only about half of all missions have abided by this 25-year goal, says Holger Krag, head of the European Space Agency’s space-debris office in Darmstadt, Germany." 39 Which section mentions that there is conflicting information about where some satellites are in space? conflicting information about satellites F Section F (Lines 9-12) "When he types in an identifier for a particular space object, the database draws a purple line to designate its orbit. Only this doesn’t quite work for a number of objects, such as a Russian rocket body designated in the database as object number 32280. When Jah enters that number, the database draws two purple lines: the US and Russian sources contain two completely different orbits for the same object." 40 Who mentions that there is a risk we may not be able to undo the damage caused by space debris? risk of undoing damage A Section B (Line 12) "‘If we go on like this, we will reach a point of no return,’ says Carolin Frueh, an astrodynamical researcher at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Alexander Henderson (1831-1913) Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1. False Henderson, Press estate Para 1, last lines Scan for the keywords:  Henderson, Press estate  which is in para1. No need to search for the synonyms if noun.Now read this line “ Alexander (Henderson)  spent much of his childhood in  the area ”…This means he often stayed in the Press estate (the area) when he was younger. It is contradictory to the question. Therefore, FALSE. 2. True business career, family wanted   Para 2, line 2 Now read this line “.In 1849  he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant . Although, he never liked the prospect of a business career,  he stayed with it to please his family .”He stayed with it to please his family means that he only pursued a business career because his family wanted him to do so. Thus, it is clear that the statement is TRUE. 3.Not Given Henderson, Notman, 1865 Para 3 According to this paragraph Henderson and Notman carried out an experiment with magnesium flares. There is no reference, however, to the results of the experiment or about the men‟s reaction towards such results. Hence Not Given 4.False similarities, landscapes, Henderson, Notman Para 4, line 1 Now read this line “In spite of their friendship,  their styles of photography were quite different.  While Notman’s landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition.” Their styles of photography were quite different  means that that the works of Henderson and Notman  did not  have   much similarities.  It is contradictory to the question. Therefore, FALSE. 5.Not Given The location of the studio is not mentioned . 6.True gave up, taking photographs, Para 5, line 2 No direct keywords hence search for  landscape photography and other views  = photography of scenery,   dropped  =  gave up .Now read this line “From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views.”The word “specialize” implies that he wanted to focus his efforts on only one kind of photography, so this statement is TRUE. 7. False Intercolonial Railway, Montreal to Halifax line Para 7, line 5-8 Search for the keywords; paragraph 7,  Intercolonial Railway, Montreal to Halifax line Now read this line “That same year, while in the lower St. Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the  Intercolonial Railway . This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting  Montreal to Halifax. ”Almost-completed line connecting  Montreal to Halifax  suggest that the Montreal to Halifax line  was not yet completed  at that time. It is contradictory to the question. Therefore, FALSE. 8.True last work, photographer, Canadian Pacific  Para 8 Search for the keywords and synonyms of  last work, photographer, Canadian Pacific  which is in para 8.Now read this line “In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR ( Canadian Pacific Railway ) as manager of a photographic department …He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from  photography .”Thus, it can be understood that his last photography work (before retiring) was with the CPR. The statement is TRUE. 9. merchant Scotland, 1831 Para 1 line 1 Now read this line “Alexander Henderson was  born in Scotland in 1831  and  was the son of  a successful  merchant .” 10. equipment Henderson’s, photography,time, heavy Para 5, line 6-10 Now read this line “Henderson, therefore, did not  have  much competition…. There are two reasons for this: “time-consuming techniques” and the“weight of the equipment”.Time-consuming techniques means taking up considerable time, and the latter as “heavy equipment”. Thus, the  answer  is “equipment”. 11. gifts Henderson, sold, souvenirs Para5, line 6-10 Now read this line “people wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts”. Therefore, it is clear that the blank should be filled with  “gifts”. 12. canoe many trips, eastern rivers Para 7, line 1 Now read this line  “In the 1870s and 1880s  Henderson travelled widely  throughout Quebec and Ontario. . .. . . .. .He was especially fond of the wilderness and often  travelled by  canoe  on the Blanche, du Lievre, and other noted  eastern rivers .”Often  travelled by  canoe  suggest that Henderson made many trips (travelled widely) in a  canoe . 13. mountains CPR, 1885, Rogers Pass  Para 7, last line Now read the line “In  1885  he went west long the  Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)  as far as  Rogers Pass  in British Columbia, where he  took photographs   of the  mountains  and the progress of construction.”He took the photos of two things: progress of Roger pass and the mountains. So mountains is the  answer .    READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Back to the Future of Skyscraper Design   Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14. F avoided, hospitals, 19th Para F, Line 1 Keywords  hospitals, 19th  are obvious in para F.Now read this line “Much of the ingenuity present in  19th-century hospital  and building design  was driven by a panicked public clamoring for buildings that could protect against  what was thought to be  the lethal threat of miasmas  – toxic air that spread disease.”Above lines suggest that 19th-century people were terrified , people were shouting against such buildings. Here,  building = hospitals.  This means they were avoiding hospitals at that time. 15. C popularity, tall buildings, prestige Para C, Line last No direct keywords but synonyms;  tall buildings= skyscrapers ,  status= prestige .Now read this “Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned  skyscrapers  as  symbols of status , rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements”.Above line means the tall buildings (skyscrapers) symbolizes status (prestige). 16. E air, 19th century, modern Para E, Line 1 Now read this line “We discovered that  19th century  hospital wards could generate up to 24  air c hanges an hour – that’s similar to the performance of a  modern-day , computer-controlled operating theatre.”This is a clear comparison on the circulation of air between 19th century building and modern day buildings. 17. D potential savings Search for the keyword  potential   savings  and you will find  safe  in Para D.Now read this line “We spent three years digitally modeling Billings’ final designs”, says Short. “We put pathogens in the airstreams, modeled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would  have  kept other patients safe from harm.”This is a description of how Short tested the circulation of air in Johns Hopkins Hospital building which was built in the 19th Century. 18. B advertising, air conditioning, Search for the Keywords and synonyms for this question:  advertising= marketed, air conditioning . They are obvious in para B.Now read this line “…before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were ‘relentlessly and aggressively marketed’ by their inventors.”Therefore, it can be paraphrased that advertising led to the large increase in the use of air conditioning. 19. design/s Alan short, examined, John Shaw Billings Para D Search for the keywords in para D.Now read this line “ Short ’s book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of  ventilating  buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals.  Of particular interest  were those built to the  designs  of  John Shaw Billings , including the first John Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).” Implies Alan Short examined the works of John Shaw Billings, whose works influenced the  designs  of hospitals with  great  ventilation. 20 & 21.pathogens & tuberculosis calculated, air, patients, harmed Para D Scan for the keywords in para D. “ patients= someone with tuberculosis “, “ calculated= digitally modelling “, air and harm are obvious.Now read intensively “We spent three years digitally modelling Billings’ final designs,” says Short. “We put pathogens in the  air streams, modeled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would  have  kept other patients safe from  harm .”So, He calculated pathogens in the air coming from patients suffering from TB would not  have  harmed other patients. 22. wards air,hospitals, often modernoperating theatre Keywords are easy to scan in para E.Now read this line intensively “We discovered that 19th-century hospital  wards  could generate up to 24 air  changes  an hour – that’s  similar to  the performance of a  modern-da y, computer-controlled  operating theatre .”This means that the air in hospitals wards could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. 23. communal energy, reduced, locating, patients, Para E Scan for the keywords in para E.Now read this line intensively “Communal wards appropriate for certain  patients  – older people with dementia, for example – would work just as well in today’s hospitals, at a fraction of the  energy  cost.”Hence, He suggests that energy use could be reduced (at a fraction of the  energy  cost) by locating more patients in communal areas (Communal wards). 24 & 25.public & miasmas 19th-century hospital, ventilation Para F Scan for the Keywords in paragraph F.Now read this line intensively, “Much of the ingenuity present in  19th-century hospital  and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be lethal threat of miasmas   – toxic air that spread disease.”Here, the lines suggest that the  public  demanded protection against  miasmas . 26. cholera epidemics, Londonand Paris, Para F, line 3 Scan for the keywords in para F.Now read this line intensively “Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and  epidemics  for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in  London and Paris  during in 1850s.”Meaning that London and Paris city suffered from the epidemics (outbreaks) of  cholera.        READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 .   Why Companies Should Welcome Disorder Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27. vi Skim Section A and underline ( bold here ) the keywords as you keep on reading.“we  ought to organise  our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our sleep, all as a means to  becoming more productive . Every week, countless seminars and workshops take place around the world to tell a paying public that  they ought to structure  their lives in order to achieve this.”These lines suggest that people are increasingly (becoming) expected (ought to) to organise their companies (what). 28. i “Ironically, however, the number of  businesses that fail  has also steadily increased.  Work-related stress has increased . A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be  dissatisfied  with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.”Fails, stress, and dissatisfaction are the Complaints about the impact of a management (certain approach). 29. iii Skim this line “Writing  in the first half of the 20th century , he  designed a number of principles to improve the efficiency of the work process , which  have  since become widespread in modern companies.”This paragraph talks about the reference of some recommendations regarding business activities which was given in the first half of the 20th century (early). 30. ii Skim this line “New research suggests that  this obsession with efficiency is misguided .”It means that the beliefs regarding efficiency are misguided or incorrect. 31. ix Skim these lines “What’s more, recent studies show that order actually has diminishing returns.” and “Order does increase productivity to a certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity.”They mean that order does more damage than progress. 32. vii Skim through the line “These environments can lead to new solutions that, under conventionally structured environments …….. would never be reached.”This implies that a new approach can achieve outcomes that are impossible under the current practice. 33. iv This section discusses the new approach – disorganisation, which has been embraced by many organisations such as Google, General Electric, Oticon, etc. 34. viii Skim this line “This research also shows that we should continually question whether or not our existing assumptions work.”whether or not our existing assumptions work means there is no guarantee that any approach may work. 35. productive raining sessions, aimed at, people who feel Para 2, sec A, line 2 No direct keywords so Scan for the synonym & similar keywords:  countless= numerous, people= public, sessions= seminars ,  aimed at= to tell. Now read this line intensively “We are told that we ought to organise our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our sleep, all as a means to becoming more  productive . Every week,  countless   seminars and workshops  take place around the world  to tell  a paying  public  that they ought to structure their lives in order to achieve this.”The lines suggest that countless seminars and workshops (Numerous training sessions) are targeted at people who are not  productive . 36. perfectionists organized, appeals, people, regard themselves Para 2, Sec A Scan for the keyword “ regard themselves =  self-proclaimed “.Now read intensively “This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self proclaimed  perfectionists  with the need to  get  everything right.”This means that being organised appeals to perfectionists. 37. dissatisfied many people feel, work Para 1, Sec B Scan for the Keywords:  large proportion of workers = Many people .The  answer  is in paragraph no. 1 of Section B. “A  large proportion  of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their  work  is structured and the way they are managed.”Hence, a large proportion of workers are dissatisfied with their work because the way it is structured and the way they are managed. 38. true businesses and people, considering, value,    Sect D Scan for the Keywords in sect D: “ businesses and people”, “considering= looking at”    Now read intensively “The result is that  businesses and people  spend time and money organising themselves for the sake of organising ,  rather than actually looking at the  end  goal and structure of such an effort.”They “spend time and money organising” ratherthan actually “looking at the usefulness of such an effort”. 39. false innovation, successful, people involved, Sect F Scan for the Keywords:  innovation, most successful= best approach, people involved= engaged .Read intensively this line “In fact, research shows that, when  innovating , the best approach is to create an  environment  devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone to engage  as one organic group .”So, the lines suggest that if people work together as one organic group, innovation is most successful, not if people  have  distinct roles. 40. not given Google, inspired, adopt, flexibility, success, General Electric Sect G While scanning the Keywords  look  in sect G.Whether Google was or was not inspired to adopt flexibility by General Electric is not made clear.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Bringing cinnamon to Europe    Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Associated Text 1 oils Biblical times, added Paragraph 1, lines 2-4 "It was known in biblical times, and is mentioned in several books of the Bible, both as an ingredient that was mixed with oils for anointing people’s bodies..." 2 friendship used, show, between people Paragraph 1, line 4 "...people’s bodies and also as a token indicating friendship among lovers and friends." 3 funerals Ancient Rome, used, sweet smell Paragraph 1, lines 5-6 "In ancient Rome, mourners attending funerals burnt cinnamon to create a pleasant scent." 4 wealth Middle ages, food, meat, indication Paragraph 1, lines 7-9 "At a banquet, a host would offer guests a plate with spices piled upon it as a sign of the wealth at his or her disposal." 5 indigestion treatment, other health problems Paragraph 1, lines 11-12 "Cinnamon was also reported to have health benefits, and was thought to cure various ailments, such as indigestion." 6 India Middle ages, grown Paragraph 2, line 6 "They took it from India, where it was grown..." 7 camels merchants, bring, Mediterranean Paragraph 2, lines 6-7 "At that time, cinnamon was transported by Arab merchants, who closely guarded the secret of the source of the spice from potential rivals... They took it from India, where it was grown, on camels via an overland route to the Mediterranean." 8 Alexandria arrived in, Mediterranean Paragraph 2, line 6 "Their journey ended when they reached Alexandria." 9 Venice traders, took, sold, destinations, Europe Paragraph 2, lines 6-8 "European traders sailed there to purchase their supply of cinnamon, then brought it back to Venice. The spice then traveled from that great trading city to markets all around Europe." 10 TRUE Portuguese, control, Ceylon, 16th century Paragraph 3, lines 10-12 "In 1518, the Portuguese built a fort on Ceylon, which enabled them to protect the island, so helping them to develop a monopoly in the cinnamon trade and generate very high profits. In the late 16th century, for example, they enjoyed a tenfold profit..." 11 FALSE The Dutch, cinnamon trade, the Portuguese, as soon as, arrived Paragraph 4, lines 5-6 "...By 1640, the Dutch broke the 150-year Portuguese monopoly when they overran and occupied their factories." 12 NOT GIVEN trees, the Dutch, larger quantities, wild trees Paragraph 5 - 13 FALSE spice trade, maintained, economic importance, 19th Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Associated Text 13 FALSE spice trade, maintained, economic importance, 19th century Paragraph 6, lines 2-7 "By the middle of the 19th century, production of cinnamon reached 1000 tons a year, after a lower grade quality of the spice became acceptable to European tastes... Not only was a monopoly of cinnamon becoming impossible, but also the spice trade overall was diminishing in economic   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Oxytocin   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Associated Text 14 B research, beneficial effects, people Paragraph B, lines 10-11 "These follow-up studies have shown that after a sniff of the hormone, people become more charitable, better at reading emotions on others’ faces and at communicating constructively in arguments." 15 F effects of oxytocin, complex Paragraph F "Perhaps we should not be surprised that the oxytocin story has become more perplexing." 16 B period, oxytocin, little attention Paragraph B, lines 7-8 "For eight years it was quite a lonesome field..." 17 E ignoring, certain aspects, research data Paragraph E, lines 3-4 "Where once researchers took no notice of such findings..." 18 A more trusting, affected by oxytocin Paragraph B "In a groundbreaking experiment, Markus Heinrichs and his colleagues at the University of Freiburg, Germany, asked volunteers to do an activity in which they could invest money with an anonymous person who was not guaranteed to be honest... These follow-up studies have shown that after a sniff of the hormone, people become more charitable, better at reading emotions on others’ faces and at communicating constructively in arguments." 19 B oxytocin, increases, jealousy Paragraph C, lines 3-4 "...those who inhaled the hormone showed more pleasure when they beat other players and felt more envy when others won." 20 C effect, varies, one type to another Paragraph C, lines 4-8 "What’s more, administrating oxytocin also has sharply contrasting outcomes depending on a person’s disposition. Jennifer Bartz from Monti Sinai School of Medicine, New York found that it improves people’s ability to emotions, but only if they are not very socially adept to begin with." 21 animals earliest findings, involving Paragraph A, lines 2-3 "It was through various studies focusing on animals that scientists first became aware of the influence of oxytocin." 22 childbirth discovered, humans produce oxytocin, during Paragraph A, lines 5-6 "It is also released by women in childbirth, strengthening the attachment between mother and baby." 23 placebo 2005, participants, oxytocin or Paragraph B, lines 4-6 "The team found that participants who had sniffed oxytocin via a nasal spray beforehand invested more money than those who received a placebo instead." 24 game study, University of Haifa, participants took part, negative emotions Paragraph C, lines 2-4 "found that when volunteers played a competitive game, those who inhaled the hormone showed more pleasure when they beat other players and felt more envy when others won." 25 strangers University of Antwerp, lack of willingness Paragraph D, lines 2-4 "Studies conducted by Carolyn Declerck of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, revealed that people who had received a dose of oxytocin actually became less cooperative when dealing with complete strangers."          READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 .   Making the most of trends Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Associated Text 27 D first paragraph, most managers Paragraph 1, Lines 3-4 "that managers often fail to recognise the less obvious but profound ways these trends are influencing consumers’ aspirations, attitudes and behaviors." 28 C third paragraph, Coach, anxious Paragraph 3, Lines 6-7 "that would have risked cheapening the brand’s image" 29 A Tesco’s Greener Living Programme Paragraph 4, Lines 7-9 "Tesco has not abandoned its traditional retail offerings but augmented its business with these innovations, thereby infusing its value proposition with a green streak." 30 D Nike’s strategy Paragraph 5, Lines 4-5 "spending resources to incorporate elements of a seemingly irrelevant trend into one’s core offerings sounds like it’s hardly worthwhile." 31 D original about ME2 Paragraph 6, Lines 4-7 "By reaffirming the toy category’s association with physical play, the ME2 counteracted some of the widely perceived negative impacts of digital gaming devices." 32 D could have harmful effects, own advantage Paragraph 6, Lines 4-6 "By reaffirming the toy category’s association with physical play, the ME2 counteracted some of the widely perceived negative impacts of digital gaming devices." 33 C collaborating with another manufacturer Paragraph 5, Lines 6-7 "In 2006, they teamed up with the technological company Apple to launch Nike+." 34 B incentive scheme, demonstrate corporate social responsibility Paragraph 4, Lines 5-7 "Tesco customers can accumulate points for such activities as reusing bags, recycling, cans and printer cartridges, and buying home-insulation materials. Like points earned on regular purchases, these green points can be redeemed for cash." 35 A customers, positive attitude, difficult circumstances Paragraph 3, Lines 7-8 "project which revealed that customers were eager to lift themselves and the country out of rough times." 36 C growing lifestyle trend, unrelated product sector Paragraph 5, Lines 4-5 "spending resources to incorporate elements of a seriously irrelevant trend into one’s core offerings." 37 A change customers less for its core products Paragraph 3, Lines 10-11 "Creating the sub-brand allowed Coach to avert an across-the-board product." 38 B trend-related changes, impacting, category Paragraph 7, Lines 1-2 "Once you have gained perspective on how trend-related changes in consumer opinions and behaviors impact on your category, you can determine which of our three innovation strategies to pursue."   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Associated Text 39 C current trend, highlights, negative aspect, category Paragraph 7, Last few lines "...if aspects of the category clash with undesired outcomes of a trend, such as associates with unhealthy lifestyles, there is an opportunity to counteract these changes by reaffirming the core values of your category." 40 D customers’ new focus, increasing lack of connection Paragraph 7, Lines 5-6 "If analysis reveals an increasing disparity between your category and consumers’ new focus, your innovations need to transcend the category to integrate the two worlds."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website    Question Answer Keywords Location Text 1 update database, allowed businesses, information, regularly Para 2, lines 8-9 "In addition, because participating businesses were able to update  the details they gave on a regular basis..." 2 environment database, country-wide evaluation, impact on Para 2, last line "As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment  was considered." 3 captain special features, interview, a former sports Para 3, lines 1-3 "One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain  Tana Umaga." 4 films interactive tour, various locations Para 3, lines 4-5 ".... was an interactive journey through a number of locations chosen for blockbuster films ..." 5 season driving routes, varied, depending on Para 3, lines 8-9 "the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season  ..." 6 accommodation travel planner, a map, public transport, local Para 4, line 4 "There were also links to accommodation  in the area." 7 blog 'Your Words', travelers, send, link to Para 4, lines 6-7 "The website also had a ‘Your Words’ section where anyone could submit a blog  of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the website." 8 FALSE the website, aimed, itineraries, travel packages Para 6, lines 1-2 "The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organizations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and interests." 9 NOT GIVEN started searching, geographical location - - 10 FALSE 26%, visitor satisfaction, accommodation Para 6, lines 4-6 "This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%." 11 TRUE like to, involved, local nature Para 6, lines 7-9 "It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a marae (meeting ground) to learn more about traditional life." 12 NOT GIVEN like staying, small hotels - - 13 TRUE feel, unlikely, will return, after their visit Para 7, lines 4-5 "Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit." READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Why being bored is stimulating – and useful, too   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 14 iv Problems with a scientific approach to boredom Paragraph A, line 3 "But defining boredom so that it can be studied in the lab has proved difficult." 15 vi Creating a system of classification for feelings of boredom Paragraph B, lines 1-3 "By asking people about their experiences of boredom, Thomas Goetz and his team at the University of Konstanz in Germany have recently identified five distinct types: indifferent, calibrating, searching, reactant and apathetic." 16 i The productive outcomes that may result from boredom Paragraph C, lines 2-3 "Mann has found that being bored makes us more creative." 17 v A potential danger arising from boredom Paragraph D, lines 6-7 "But even if boredom has evolved to help us survive, it can still be toxic if allowed to fester." 18 viii Identifying those most affected by boredom Paragraph E, first 2-3 lines "Eastwood’s team is now trying to explore why the ‘attention system’ fails." 19 iii A new explanation and a new cure for boredom Paragraph F, first and second lines, lines 4-5 "… that our over-connected lifestyles might even be a new source of boredom." "So instead of seeking yet more mental stimulation, perhaps we should leave our phones alone, and use boredom to motivate us to engage with the world in a more meaningful way." 20 E Boredom may encourage us to avoid an unpleasant experience Paragraph A, last lines "If disgust protects humans from infection, boredom may protect them, from ‘infectious’ social situations." 21 B One sort of boredom is worse than all the others Paragraph B, lines 7-8 "Of the five types, the most damaging is ‘reactant’ boredom with its explosive combination of high arousal and negative emotion." 22 D Trying to cope with boredom can increase its negative effects Paragraph D, lines 7-9 "For Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is a failure to put our ‘attention system’ into gear." 23 A The way we live today may encourage boredom Paragraph F, lines 1-2 "Psychologist Francoise Wemelsfelder speculates that our over-connected lifestyles might even be a new source of boredom." 24 focus Central feature, people cannot Paragraph D, line 7 "For Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is a failure to put our ‘attention system’ into gear. This causes an inability to focus on anything." 25 pleasure Suggests, important aim in life, may have problems Paragraph E, lines 3-4 "People who are motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly." 26 curiosity Characteristic, generally cope with it Paragraph E, lines 4-5 "Other personality traits (characteristics), such as curiosity, are associated with a high boredom threshold."          READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 .   Artificial Artists Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph & Line) Text Associated with Answer 27 B computer-produced works, first paragraph 1st paragraph "The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their makers claim, possess creative talents." 28 C Geraint Wiggins, worried by computer art 2nd paragraph, lines 5-6 "…. It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human." 29 C key difference, Aaron, Painting Fool 4th paragraph, lines 2-5 "only need minimal direction, can come up with its own concepts, runs its own web searches, trawls through social media sites, beginning to display a kind of imagination, creating pictures from scratch." 30 D fourth paragraph, Simon Colton 4th paragraph, lines 7-8 "….. Colton agrees that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art." 31 A paintings of a chair 4th paragraph, lines 12-14 "Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike quality." 32 D Simon Colton, important, long-term view 5th paragraph, lines 1-2 "Researchers like Colton don’t believe it is right to measure machine creativity directly to that of humans who ‘have had millennia to develop our skills.’" 33 A David Cope’s EMI software, surprised people 5th paragraph, lines 4-5 "Audiences were moved to experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Bach." 34 E Geraint Wiggins, criticized, Cope 5th paragraph, lines 9-11 "Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope’s work as pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the software worked." 35 C Douglas Hofstadter, claimed, EMI 5th paragraph, lines 11-12 "Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created replicas which still rely completely on the original artist’s creative impulses." 36 G Audiences, listened, EMI’s music, angry 5th paragraph, lines 13-14 "When audiences found out the truth, they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover even tried to punch him." 37 B participants, David Moffat’s study, assess music without 6th paragraph, lines 3-4 "He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six compositions. The participants weren’t told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers." 38 YES Moffat’s research, help, explain, reactions, EMI 6th paragraph, lines 5-6 "People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike the piece more than those who believed it was human. This was true even among the experts, Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Associated Text 39 NOT GIVEN non-experts, Moffat's study, responded, predictable way Not found in the passage - 40 NO Justin Kruger's findings, cast doubt, Paul Bloom's theory Last paragraph, lines 1-5 "Paul Bloom, a psychology professor at Yale University, suggests that part of the pleasure we get from art stems... Justin Kruger's experiments have shown that people's enjoyment of an artwork increases."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The life and work of Marie Curie    Question Answer Keywords Location Text 1 FALSE Nobel Prize, Physics, Chemistry, first woman Para 1, last 5 lines "Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize." 2 NOT GIVEN - - - 3 TRUE bad investment, teacher, Paris, Sorbonne Para 2, last 3 lines; Para 3, first 2 lines "bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia’s medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more" 4 FALSE daughters, scientific work, lecturer, École Normale Supérieure Para 6, first 2 lines "The births of Marie’s two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the École Normale Supérieure for" 5 TRUE scientific work, professorship, husband's death Para 7, line 3-4 "the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband’s death, becoming the first woman to" 6 NOT GIVEN - - - 7 Thorium radioactivity, uranium, other elements Para 4, last 2 lines "Marie later called 'radioactivity,' Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium" 8 Pitchblende minerals, pitchblende Para 5, first line "Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral" 9 Radium teach, Sorbonne, Nobel Prize for Chemistry Para 7, last 2 lines "teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium" 10 Soldiers World War I, X-radiography, Little Curies, Radium Institute Para 8, first 3 lines "During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as 'Little Curies,' used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute" 11 Illness fame, Academy of Medicine, researched, medical applications Para 8, last 3 lines "physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications" 12 Neutron abundant supply, Radium Question Answer Keywords Location Text 12 Neutron abundant supply, Radium Institute, 1930 Para 10, line 3-6 "abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic Joliot" 13 Leukaemia exposure to radiation, test tubes, pocket Para 10, last 3 lines "Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off"     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Young Children Sense of Identity      Question Answer Keywords Location Text 14 G touched their noses, red mark, surprised Para G, line 6-8 "observed how often they touched their noses. The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually looked like, they would be surprised by the unusual red mark and would start touching it." 15 C movements in the mirror, distinct from other people Para C, last 3 lines "developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people." 16 G recognize themselves visually, second birthday Para G, line 2-4 "reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday." 17 D self-as-subject, difficulties of communication Para D, last 4 lines "understanding of his- or herself emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly." 18 H ownership disputes, ages 1 and 2 years Para H, line 5-8 "increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children's disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it." 19 E social roles, characteristics influenced by comparison or interaction Para E, last 4 lines "been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people." 20 D self arising in social experience Para F, last 4 lines "reflected in others. Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: 'The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.'" 21 B sense of self-as-subject, explore world and interact with caregivers Para B, line 6-7 "explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise." 22 E intensity of frustration and anger, ages 1 and 2 years Para H, line 3-5 "years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children's" 23 C movements in the mirror, growing awareness of being distinct Para C, line 7-9 "development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gurm (1979) suggest that infants' developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people." 24 'mirror' Question Answer Keywords Location Text 24 'mirror' vocalizations, reflection dependent on own movements Para C, line 4-7 "vocalizations and expressions. In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements. This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gurm (1979) suggest that infants'" 25 'communication' difficulties of communication Para D, last 4 lines "understanding of his- or herself emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly." 26 'ownership' link between self and ownership, notable feature of childhood Para H, last 3 lines "than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of 'self' and of 'ownership' is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies."   READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Museums of Fine Art and Their Public Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27 B (mass production) museums, novels Paragraph 2, Lines 5-10 The writer explains that novels have evolved due to technological developments allowing mass production. Therefore, people do not need to visit museums to read manuscripts. 28 H (underlying ideas) novels, most important Paragraph 2, Lines 13-16 The writer states that readers focus mainly on the meaning of words rather than how they are printed, meaning the underlying ideas are most important. 29 L (assistants) artists, instruct, copies Paragraph 3 The writer mentions that in the 16th century, artists assigned reproduction work to their apprentices. Here, "apprentices" means assistants. 30 G (size) excellent replication, colour, surface relief Paragraph 3 The writer describes modern reprographic techniques that allow copies to be made exactly to the original scale, meaning size. 31 D (public) promote, original works, not in the interests of Paragraph 5 The writer states that museums' emphasis on original works limits the experience of visitors, meaning it is not in the public’s best interest. 32 C London’s National Gallery Paragraph 6 The writer explains that visitors may feel inferior in an environment where the value of art is far greater than their own possessions, showing the negative effect of museums. 33 D unwilling, criticise a work Paragraph 7 The writer explains that viewers may feel their opinions do not matter because artworks have already been assigned high value by powerful institutions. 34 A displacement effect, caused by Paragraph 8 The writer states that the displacement effect occurs when diverse works are placed in an environment different from where they were originally created. 35 D unlike other forms of art, a painting does not Paragraph 9 The writer explains that paintings, unlike other art forms, have no set beginning or end when being viewed. 36 NOT GIVEN art history, meaning of art, media Paragraph 10 The writer mentions that art historians study the meaning of art but does not state whether they should focus on it using different media. 37 NO approach, art historians, conflicts, art museums Paragraph 10, Lines 5-6 The writer states that the art historian's approach is in "perfect harmony" with the museum’s function, meaning there is no conflict. 38 YES should be encouraged, give, opinions openly Last Paragraph, Lines 4-7 The writer explains that audiences experience art more rewardingly when encouraged to express their views, meaning they should be encouraged to share opinions. 39 NOT GIVEN reproductions, should only be sold, high quality Last Paragraph The writer discusses making fine art accessible through reproductions but does not mention selling them. 40 NO future, power, encourage, enjoy art Last Paragraph, Last Line The writer states that those in power may not want to make art more accessible, meaning they are unlikely to encourage people to enjoy it.

The Young Person’s Railcard Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 full-time education applicants, over 25, need, involved Lines 5-8 in the ‘Who can apply?’ section "Alternatively, if you are a mature student over this age but in full-time education, you can also apply." 2 (officially) stamped mature, full-time students, photographs, must be signed Lines 4-6 in the ‘Who can apply?’ section "You will need to get your headteacher, tutor, and head of department to sign the application form as well as one of your photos, the latter also needing to be officially stamped." 3 minimum fares certain times, no, for railcard holders, any time of day Lines 3-5 in the ‘Using your railcard’ section "But if you travel before 10 am Monday to Friday (except during July and August) minimum fares will apply." 4 signature railcard doesn’t have, will be impossible to use, for travel Line 1 in the ‘Conditions’ section "In cases where a railcard does not bear the user’s signature, it will be treated as invalid." 5 anybody else benefits, railcard, not transferable to Line 2 in the ‘Conditions’ section "Neither your railcard nor any tickets bought with it may be used by anybody else." 6 purchase facilities have no ticket, but boarded, without any, will still be eligible Lines 3-5 in the ‘Conditions’ section "Unless there are no purchase facilities available at the station where you began your journey, you will be required to pay the full fare if you are unable to produce a valid ticket for inspection during a journey." 7 full fare/rate railcard holders wish, use, Eurostar network, must pay Last lines in the ‘Conditions’ section "Passengers will be charged the full rate if they want to use these services."     TRAIN TRAVEL INFORMATION Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 8 25% elderly person, studying, receives, concession Row 5 in the ticket information table "Senior citizens – 25% – student card must be shown." 9 Sales Department large groups, want to reserve seats, should get in touch with Bullet point 4 in ‘INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO TRAVELLERS’ "If you like to charter a train, or make reservations for over 25 passengers travelling together, call the Sales Department." 10 15% cancel, trip, usually receive back, ticket price less ‘CHANGES AND REFUNDS’ section "Tickets may be refunded not later than 5 minutes before the departure of the train for a charge of 15% of the ticket price." 11 10% may change the date, trip, by paying, original value ‘CHANGES AND REFUNDS’ section "The journey may be changed to another day for a charge of 10% of the ticket price." 12 same day returns concessions, do not apply, in…case of ‘CHANGES AND REFUNDS’ section "(Not applicable to same day returns.)" 13 dates, times passenger’s responsibility, make sure Bullet point 1 in ‘INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO TRAVELLERS’ "When you buy your ticket it is up to you to check that the dates and times of the journey on it are exactly as you requested." 14 2 minutes travellers, should ensure, ready to board the train, at least Bullet point 2 in ‘INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO TRAVELLERS’ "Ticket control and access to each train platform will be open until 2 minutes before departure of the train."   Professional Credentials: Advice for Immigrants Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 trade certificates new arrivals, North America, make sure, academic qualifications, are accepted First paragraph "As an immigrant to North America, you will need to ensure that employers and organisations such as colleges and universities properly recognise your international credentials. These may be trade certificates, but also educational qualifications such as degrees or diplomas, that you have completed or partially-completed." 16 (formal) education significant number of companies, view, major requirement Second paragraph "But at the same time, employers see formal education as very important when hiring. Education is a hiring requirement for 60% of employment opportunities…" 17 salary (level) people educated, North America, initially, be offered, higher, than immigrants Third paragraph "Research has shown that sometimes immigrants start with a lower salary level than people who have completed their training in North America." 18 apprenticeship (training) courses, often provide, more job stability Third paragraph "There is a good potential for long-term job security after completion of apprenticeship training." 19 (job) interviews most of the effort, find work, spent, trying to obtain Fourth paragraph "Getting job interviews is more than 50% of the whole process of securing employment." 20 (workforce/workplace) diversity more newcomers, enter, workforce, increases Last paragraph "Establishing yourself in North America is a difficult process, but companies do consider integrating immigrants into the workforce important to the workplace mosaic. Employers are making significant progress in improving diversity at work." How to Prepare for a Presentation Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 21 compliment regard, an invitation to speak, as First paragraph, line 2 "But remember that being asked to present is a compliment." 22 sentence Express, main idea in Second paragraph, lines 1-2 "Condense your topic into one sentence." 23 story try using, support, major points Third paragraph, lines 1-2 "Develop a story to demonstrate each of those concepts." 24 props add, visual excitement, by using Fourth paragraph, line 3 "Props are a wonderful way to make your talk come alive." 25 time express appreciation, to listeners Fifth paragraph, last line "Thank the audience for taking the time to listen to you." 26 game will get, the audience, interact Sixth paragraph, lines 2-3 "So conclude with a game in which they can participate." 27 confidence important, to prepare well, will increase Last paragraph, last lines "If you do this you’ll feel a burst of confidence that will help you sail through the whole of the speech."     The Birdmen Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 A (He narrowly avoided a dangerous situation) information given, Vandenbulcke, paragraph 3 Paragraph 3, first two lines "‘I started to get a warm feeling in my back,’ says Pattrick Vandenbulcke... He narrowly avoided a dangerous situation." 29 D (paramotoring can be a dangerous pastime.) second-hand paramotoring equipment, for sale, emphasizing Paragraph 3, last lines "‘Scared myself to death,’ the seller reported, ‘hence the reason for this sale.’ This emphasizes the danger of paramotoring." 30 B (likes to do what appears impossible.) what happened, Lake Geneva, Rossy Paragraph 4, lines 1-2 "He has always enjoyed being a daredevil showman." 31 commercial born, 1959, worked, military, pilot, before focusing Paragraph 5, lines 1-3 "After flying planes for the air force... he went on to do a job as a pilot with a commercial airline." 32 miniature first, asked a firm, made, planes Paragraph 6, lines 6-11 "Initially he had approached a company called Jet-kit which specialised in miniature planes..." 33 wings first, asked a firm, construct, proved unsuitable Paragraph 6, lines 6-11 "The wings they made for him weren’t rigid enough to support the weight of the engines." 34 300 kph second company, May 2008, top speed Paragraph 6, first line "In May 2008, he... was soaring and diving at over 290 kph, at one point reaching 300 kph..." 35 skydiver second company, speed, typical, average Paragraph 6, first line "About 107 kph faster than the typical falling skydiver." 36 D (Yves Rossy) acknowledges, role of, equipment, flying record Paragraph 6, last lines "Rossy says has become ‘the first person to maintain a stable horizontal flight, thanks to aerodynamic carbon foldable wings.’" 37 A (Eric Scott) explains, flying expertise, promote a product Paragraph 1, lines 8-9 "‘I get to do what I love and wherever I go I advertise Go Fast drinks.’" 38 D (Yves Rossy) explains, experiment, different way of flying Paragraph 5, lines 3-5 "The cockpit of a plane is the most beautiful office in the world, but I didn’t have any contact with the air around me." 39 C (Patrick Vandenbulcke) mistake, beginners, might make Paragraph 3, lines 6-9 "‘Although it seems cheaper to try to teach yourself, you will regret it later as you won’t have a good technique.’" 40 B (Chris Clarke) circumstances, prevent, leaving the ground Paragraph 2 "The trouble is that paramotoring is ill-suited to commuting because of the impossibility of taking off in strong winds."

Holiday Plus Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 C doesn’t cater, young children Holiday description C, 'Holiday location' column "Cedar Lodge: a blend of casual sophistication and rich rainforest ambience for those over 25." For those over 25 = doesn’t cater for young children. 2 B tour at no extra cost Holiday description B, 'Comments' column "Pelican Resort: free minibus trip around island." Here, free = at no extra cost, trip = tour. 3 A most travel time, from the airport Holiday description A, 'Transport to/from airport' column "Mountain Lodge: self-drive auto 1 hour 15 minutes or bus three times/week approx. 2 hours." This holiday has the most travel time compared to B and C. 4 (for/in) May when, not be open Holiday description B, 'Comments' column "refurbishment: resort will close for May." Close = not be open. 5 canoeing, tennis two outdoor activities, no extra cost, Mountain Lodge Holiday description A, 'Comments' column "free canoeing, free open-air tennis courts." Canoeing = outdoor activity, tennis = open-air = outdoor. 6 (by) (self-drive) auto(mobile) fastest way, travel, Mountain Lodge Holiday description A, 'Transport to/from airport' column "self-drive auto 1 hour 15 minutes or bus three times/week approx. 2 hours." Self-drive is 45 minutes faster than the bus.     SYDNEY TRAVEL COLLEGE Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 7 A travelling overseas, suddenly needs, hospital treatment Section: 1. Medical, Paragraph 1 "Australia has reciprocal medical arrangements with the governments of the eight nations you will be visiting. This arrangement will cover all emergency hospital treatment." 8 B consults, a doctor, minor problem, while abroad Section: 1. Medical, Lines 3-4 "However, students will have to take out insurance such as Multiplan to cover the costs of all visits to doctors, and other non-emergency medical situations." 9 D parent goes overseas, bring, injured, sick student, to Australia Section: 1. Medical, Paragraph 2 "If you have a serious accident or illness, Multiplan insurance will cover the cost of your flight back to Australia, if required. Depending on the circumstances, this may also pay for either medical personnel or a family member to accompany you home." 10 D treated overseas, illness, had before, leaving Australia Section: 1. Medical, Paragraph 3 "If you do require medical treatment overseas, and you want to make a claim on your insurance, the claim will not be accepted unless you produce both your student card and your travel insurance card." 11 C requires, medical treatment, lost, travel insurance card Section: 2. Belongings, Paragraph with loss coverage "This covers any loss or theft of your everyday belongings... We cannot find ‘travel insurance card’ in this coverage." 12 B student’s study, books, lost Section: 2. Belongings, Example of coverage "This insurance covers: the present value of items that are stolen, provided that you have purchase receipts for every item; replacement value of your briefcase or backpack and study books." 13 D student’s laptop, stolen Section: 2. Belongings, Example of coverage "This insurance covers: portable computers and CD players, if you specifically list them as items in the policy." 14 C student changes, mind, about plans, study, decides, not to take, booked flight Section: 3. Cancellation, Lines regarding change in plans "It does not provide cover if you change your study or travel plans for other reasons."   Kenichi Software: security guidelines for staff Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 senior suspicious, report it to, employee Section: 'General', Last lines "You should immediately challenge any person who appears to be on the premises without proper authorisation, or inform a senior member of staff about any odd or unusual activity." 16 search company wants, stop you, have to agree Section: 'Company Property', Lines 1-6 "You are advised that it is within the company’s legal rights to detain any person on the grounds that they may be involved in the unauthorised removal of company property. The company reserves the right to search staff members leaving or entering the premises." 17 disciplinary action take things, belonging to, company, without permission, will face Section: 'Company Property', Lines 4-7 "Any member found removing company property from the building without proper authority will be subject to disciplinary action." 18 contractors Staff, visitors, must, wear, badge, on company premises Section: 'Identity Badges', Lines 5-7 "Badges are issued by Human Resources, and contractors and people visiting the company on a one-off basis are also obliged to wear them." 19 outsiders must not pass on, confidential information Section: 'Confidential Matters', Lines 8-11 "It is, therefore, essential that you should at all times be aware of the serious view the company would take of disclosure of such material to outsiders." 20 (private) notes leave the company, have to hand in, you have made, on matters, concerning, company Section: 'Confidential Matters', Lines 17-21 "Before you leave the company, you must hand over to your manager all private notes relevant to the company’s business, activities, prices, accounts, costs etc." Is Everyone Entitled To Paid Holidays? Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 21 2003 year, regulations, extended, cover, workers First paragraph, Lines 3-6 "Since the regulations were amended, with effect from 1 August 2003, the majority of these workers have been entitled to paid holidays." 22 4 weeks (a year) minimum, annual, paid holiday, workers Second paragraph "Workers who qualify are entitled to no fewer than four weeks of paid holiday a year, and public holidays (normally eight days in England and Wales) count towards this." 23 one-twelfth (of annual holidays) proportion, month’s work, annual holiday Paragraph 3, Lines 2-3 "For each month of employment, workers are entitled to one-twelfth of the annual holiday." 24 (equal) counter-notice employer, stop, taking holiday requested Paragraph 4, Lines 3-5 "If your employer does not want you to take that holiday, they can give you counter-notice equal to the holiday." 25 (the) (annual) shutdown / (a) shutdown reason, employee, holiday at certain time Paragraph 5 "If the employer wants you to take holiday at a given time, e.g. when there is a shutdown at the same time every year, they must give you notice of at least twice the length of the holiday." 26 (a) (holiday) payment / outstanding holiday payment leave job, holiday, not taken Paragraph 6, Lines 3-5 "When you leave the job, you are entitled to receive payment for any outstanding holiday, provided your contract specifically allows for this." 27 (a) collective agreement contract, document, employee’s holiday rights Last paragraph, Lines 1-2 "Your holiday rights might be specified in a collective agreement."     Snake Oil  Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 v (Earlier applications of Echinacea) Native, Plains Indians, used, ailments, poultices Section C "The roots of Echinacea, or purple coneflower, had been used by the Plains Indians for all kinds of ailments long before Meyer came along." 29 vii (Early research into the effectiveness of Echinacea) research, usefulness, Meyer, John Lloyd Section D "The research into the usefulness/effectiveness of Echinacea began with Dr Meyer sending samples of the plant to John Lloyd." 30 ix (The use of Echinacea in new locations) new location, Europe, herbalists, Madaus Section E "It was a different story in Europe, where both French and German herbalists continued to make extensive use of it." 31 x (Modern evidence of the effectiveness of Echinacea) modern, evidence, effectiveness, Meyer Section F "Science has confirmed Echinacea’s role as a treatment for wounds, or that it has been found to be helpful in relieving arthritis." 32 iii (Growing Echinacea) growing, drought-resistant, soil, sun Section G "Echinacea is a dry prairie plant, drought-resistant, and pretty tolerant of most soils, although it does best in good soil with plenty of sun." 33 iv (How to use the Echinacea plant) use, roots, flowers, medicinal properties Section H "All have similar medicinal properties. Most European studies have used liquid concentrates extracted from the tops of plants, whereas extraction in the USA has usually been from the roots." 34 FALSE snake oil sellers, believed, product, effective Section A, Paragraph 2 "The smarter ‘snake oil’ sellers left town before their customers had much chance to evaluate the ‘cure’ they had just bought." 35 NOT GIVEN most people, Wild West, mistrusted, snake oil Section B and C No information regarding most people trusting or mistrusting snake oil. 36 TRUE snake oils, mostly, water Section B, Paragraph 1 "Many of the medicines dismissed as ‘snake oil’ were harmless coloured water." 37 FALSE all, contained, Echinacea Section B, Paragraph 1-2 "One, Echinacea, eventually turned out to be far more potent than even its original promoter claimed." 38 TRUE Echinacea, proven, kill microbes Section F, Paragraph 2 "German researchers had used it successfully to treat a range of infections and found it to be effective against bacteria and protozoa." 39 NOT GIVEN highest quality, grown, America No information on quality comparison of Echinacea growth in America and Europe. No information about the comparison of quality. 40 TRUE More than one part, medicinal use Section H, Paragraph 1 "Most European studies have used liquid concentrates extracted from the tops of plants, whereas extraction in the USA has usually been from the roots."

IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 2: GT Reading Module Section 1 Questions 1-6  (TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN): Sustainable School Travel Strategy Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 1 More children are injured when walking or cycling to school than when travelling by car. children, injured, walking, cycling, to school, than travelling by car NOT GIVEN No specific location mentioned in the text. There is no mention of "injury of children" in the text. 2 Children who are driven to school are more ready to learn than those who walk or cycle. children, driven to school, more ready to learn, than, walk or cycle FALSE End of the first paragraph. The text says that children who engage in active travel (walking or cycling) arrive more alert and ready to learn, meaning children who walk or cycle are more ready to learn. 3 Every year the Council gathers information about travel to schools. every year, the Council, gathers information, travel to schools TRUE Beginning of the second paragraph. The text mentions that the County Council collects data annually about how pupils get to school. This matches the question. 4 The Council is disappointed with the small reduction in number of cars taking children to school. The Council, disappointed, small reduction, in number of cars, talking children to school FALSE Second paragraph (lines 5-7). The Council is proud of the small reduction in cars, not disappointed. The reduction is 1% in each of the last three years, which contradicts the question. 5 The number of children in schools has risen in recent years. number of children, in schools, has risen, in recent years TRUE Last line of paragraph 2. The text mentions an increase in pupil numbers in recent years, which confirms the statement in the question. 6 Parents can get help with paying for their children to travel to school by public transport. Parents, can get help, paying for, their children, to travel, to school, by public transport NOT GIVEN No specific location mentioned in the text. The text does not mention anything about parents getting help with paying for public transport for their children.     Questions 7-14: Identifying information: Flu: the facts     Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 7 Examples of people who are likely to be particularly badly affected by flu. examples of people, likely to be, particularly badly affected, by flu D Section D Section D mentions groups at greater risk from flu, such as those over 65 years old or with conditions like asthma or diabetes. 8 How to get a vaccination if you choose to pay for it. how to get, vaccination, if, choose, pay for it E Section E Section E mentions that individuals who are not eligible for a free flu vaccination can get it at a local pharmacy. 9 Why new vaccines become available. why, new vaccines, available I Section I Section I explains that new vaccines are developed to fight the latest strains of the constantly changing influenza virus. 10 How long a vaccine remains effective. how long, vaccine, remains, effective F Section F Section F states that flu vaccine protection lasts about a year. 11 Reference to the possibility of catching a different type of flu from the ones in the vaccine. reference, possibility, catching, different type of flu, the ones, in the vaccine H Section H Section H refers to the possibility of catching a strain of flu not contained in the vaccine, acknowledging a small chance. 12 Categories of people who do not have to pay for vaccination. categories of people, do not, have to pay, for vaccination D Last lines of Section D Section D lists those eligible for a free flu vaccination, including 'at-risk' groups, pregnant individuals, and carers. 13 Information about what a vaccine consists of. information, what, vaccine, consists of G Section G Section G explains that a flu vaccination contains inactivated, killed virus strains, meaning it cannot give you the flu. 14 Signs that you might have flu. signs, might have, flu C Section C Section C outlines flu symptoms, including fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, dry cough, sore throat, and stuffy nose. IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 2: GT Reading Module Section 2 Questions 15-22:   Tips for giving an effective business presentation    Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 15 Practising your presentation on a ___________ or a family member is helpful. practising, presentation, on, a family member, helpful colleague 'Preparation' section, paragraph 1, lines 1-2 The writer suggests practicing the presentation in front of a colleague or relative, which matches the question. 16 Be prepared for a problem such as a ___________. be prepared, problem such as power cut 'Preparation' section, paragraph 3, last lines The writer mentions preparing for problems like a power cut, which is the expected answer. 17 One way to overcome pre-presentation nerves is to make your _________ less rapid. one way, overcome, pre-presentation nerves, to make, less rapid breathing 'Dealing with presentation nervousness' section, paragraph 1, lines 1-3 The author suggests slowing down your breathing to overcome nerves, which matches the question. 18 It is acceptable to do something called a ________ at the start of the presentation to reassure you. acceptable, to do, something called, start of the presentation, reassure displacement activity 'Dealing with presentation nervousness' section, paragraph 2 The writer mentions doing a "displacement activity" like clicking a pen to feel calmer at the start, which is the correct answer. 19 Your presentation should be like a _________ with the people who have come to hear you. presentation, should be like, people, who have come to hear conversation 'Interacting with your audience' section, paragraph 1, line 1 The writer compares a presentation to a conversation with the audience. 20 Check constantly for ___________ to the points you are making. check constantly, points you are making reactions 'Interacting with your audience' section, paragraph 2, lines 1-2 The writer suggests checking for reactions to your ideas as you present, which fits the question. 21 Make sure you use plenty of ___________ to communicate your message effectively. make sure, use plenty of, communicate, message effectively examples 'Structuring effective presentations' section, paragraph 1, lines 1-2 The author states that using plenty of examples helps communicate your message effectively, which is the correct answer. 22 To keep the presentation short, use things like _________ to provide extra details. keep, presentation, short, use, like, provide, extra details handouts 'Structuring effective presentations' section, paragraph 1, last lines The writer recommends using handouts for extra details if the presentation is too short for all the information, which matches the question. Questions 23-27: How to get a job in journalism    Here are the answers for questions 23-27: Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 23 Apply for temporary 23. __________ with local papers and acquire the extra _______ you’ll need. apply, temporary, local papers, acquire, extra internships, skills First paragraph, lines 4-7 The author suggests applying for internships (temporary work) in local newspapers to acquire necessary skills. 24 Apply for temporary 23. __________ with local papers and acquire the extra _______ you’ll need. apply, temporary, local papers, acquire, extra internships, skills First paragraph, lines 4-7 The first paragraph explains how internships will teach essential skills to journalists. 25 Build up a set of _________ in a portfolio, displaying how your writing ability has progressed over time. build up, set, portfolio, displaying, writing ability, progressed cuttings Second paragraph The writer advises keeping a portfolio of "cuttings" (published stories) to display writing progress over time. 26 Take time to do detailed__________ first, before applying for a post with a paper. take time, do detailed, first, before applying, post, with a paper research Third paragraph The writer emphasizes the importance of conducting detailed research before applying for a job. 27 Once you decide to apply, make sure your CV is short, makes sense and is without __________ of any kind. once, decide to apply, make sure, CV, short, makes sense, without errors Fourth paragraph, lines 2-4 The writer advises that a CV should be short, clear, and without errors (spelling or typing).     IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 2: GT Reading Module Section 3: Questions 28-35:  What is it like to run a large supermarket?   Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 28 Section A Noticing, customers, need assistance viii (Noticing when customers need assistance) Beginning of Section A, lines 4-5 The writer explains how to help customers, starting with identifying when they need help, which is referred to as "Noticing when customers need assistance." 29 Section B Prepare, customers, arrive ii (Preparing for customers to arrive) Section B, lines 2-4 The passage talks about how staff, including Perriss, arrive early to ensure the store is ready for the morning rush, preparing for customers. 30 Section C Perriss, career, trolley boy x (Perriss’s early career) Section C, first lines The section starts by describing Perriss’s early career, including when he became a trolley boy in 1982 and his salary at that time. 31 Section D New concept, organising store iv (Demonstrating a different way of organising a store) Section D, lines about launching new stores This section talks about how Perriss demonstrated a new concept in store management, like cooking pizzas in-store and having proper floral and produce markets. 32 Section E Checking, products, quality, sale vii (Making sure the items on sale are good enough) Section E, lines about checking products The section discusses how Perriss inspects products, like rejecting potatoes that aren't up to standard and checking the quality of lemons before selling them. 33 Section F Sales, forecasting, accuracy v (The benefits of accurate forecasting) Section F, lines 4-6 This section explains how department heads use accurate forecasting based on sales records and factors like weather to predict sales. 34 Section G Staff, development, talent day iii (Helping staff to develop) Section G, lines about staff development Section G highlights how Perriss supports staff development, including holding a 'talent' day for employees interested in promotions. 35 Section H Running, smoothly, problems vi (Keeping everything running as smoothly as possible) Section H, final lines The final lines describe how Perriss focuses on minimizing problems and maintaining smooth operations in his role.   Questions 36-40: TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN   Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 36 Perriss encourages staff to offer help to all customers. Perriss, encourages staff, offer help, all customers FALSE Section A, lines 5-7 The passage indicates that staff only offer help to customers who look lost or perplexed, not to all customers. 37 Perriss is sometimes worried that customers will arrive before the store is ready for them. Perriss, sometimes worried, customers, will arrive before, the store, ready for them TRUE Section B, lines 4-5 The passage mentions that Perriss sometimes walks in early and worries that the store may not be ready on time. 38 When Perriss first became a store manager, he knew the store was going to close. Perriss, first became, store manager, knew, the store, going to close NOT GIVEN Section C No information is provided in Section C about Perriss knowing that the store would close when he first became a manager. 39 On average, produce worth £4,200 is thrown away every week. On average, produce worth £4,200, thrown away, every week FALSE Section F, lines 2-3 The passage states that only £400 worth of produce is thrown away, not £4,200. 40 Perriss was surprised how many staff asked about promotion on the ‘talent’ day. Perriss, surprised, how many staff, asked, promotion, ‘talent’ day NOT GIVEN Section G No mention is made of Perriss being surprised by the number of staff asking about promotions during the ‘talent’ day.

Your Guide to Entertainment in Westhaven Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 B "No charge for admission but donations welcome." Paragraph B, Line 7 "No charge for admission but donations welcome." This indicates that payment is optional. 2 E "Three golf professionals can give affordable coaching." Paragraph E, Line 3 "Three golf professionals can give affordable coaching." This confirms that expert instructors are available for lessons. 3 D "Appropriate footgear essential to protect bowling surfaces." Paragraph D, Line 6 "Appropriate footgear essential to protect bowling surfaces." This shows that there is a restriction on what you can wear. 4 C "Check our website at www.starleisure.co.uk  for current rates." Paragraph C, Line 6 "Check our website at www.starleisure.co.uk  for current rates." This confirms that some basic information is published elsewhere. 5 C "Special programme for under-fives." Paragraph C, Line 3 "Special programme for under-fives." This indicates that particular provision is made for very young children. 6 B "Ideal for school groups." Paragraph B, Line 5 "Ideal for school groups." This feature is especially recommended for educational parties. 7 A "Later times by appointment." Paragraph A, Line 3 "Later times by appointment." This means they will open at unscheduled times if arranged. Do you have a music project in mind that might benefit from funding? Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 8 False "The next round of Dosoco grant funding will shortly be open for applications." Paragraph 2, Line 1 "The next round of Dosoco grant funding will shortly be open for applications." This means applications are not open now. 9 True "Music education (e.g. working with a talented music student with either physical, social or learning disabilities)." Paragraph 2, Line 3 "Music education (e.g. working with a talented music student with either physical, social or learning disabilities)." This confirms that a grant can help educate a musician. 10 False "Dosoco recently awarded a grant to Alexia Sloane, a young composer with sight loss." Paragraph 3, Line 1 "Dosoco recently awarded a grant to Alexia Sloane, a young composer with sight loss." There is no mention that she lost her sight after attending the course. 11 False "Alexia has since gained a place as a composer with the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain." Paragraph 3, Line 2 "Alexia has since gained a place as a composer with the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain." She is a composer, not an instrumentalist. 12 True "Alexia has also been awarded the title of Young Composer of the Year." Paragraph 3, Line 4 "Alexia has also been awarded the title of Young Composer of the Year." This confirms she has received an award. 13 Not Given - - The text only mentions a "simple form" but does not specify whether it is online. 14 False "Dosoco can contribute up to 50% towards project costs." Paragraph 4, Line 2 "Dosoco can contribute up to 50% towards project costs." This means Dosoco does not cover the full cost of a project. Guide to employees on workplace monitoring Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 Emails "your letters may be opened and read" and "your employer may use an automated software programme to check the emails" Paragraph 1, Line 2-3 "Your letters may be opened and read. In addition, your employer may use an automated software programme to check the emails you receive at work." This confirms that emails are monitored. 16 Impact assessment "your employer should identify any negative effects the monitoring may have on staff" Paragraph 3, Line 1-2 "Before deciding whether to introduce monitoring, your employer should identify any negative effects the monitoring may have on staff. This is called impact assessment." This confirms the procedure name. 17 Equipment "if the monitoring relates to the business and the equipment being monitored is provided partly or wholly for work" Paragraph 5, Line 1-2 "Your employer can legally monitor your use of electronic communications in the workplace if the monitoring relates to the business and the equipment being monitored is provided partly or wholly for work." This confirms the requirement. 18 Quality "listening in to phone calls to assess the quality of your work" Paragraph 6, Line 3-4 "These may be to establish facts which are relevant to the business or to check standards, for example, listening in to phone calls to assess the quality of your work." This confirms monitoring is used for evaluating work quality. 19 Crime "Monitoring is also allowed if its purpose is to prevent or detect crime" Paragraph 6, Line 4-5 "Monitoring is also allowed if its purpose is to prevent or detect crime." This confirms one of the reasons for monitoring. 20 (computer) viruses "to make sure electronic systems are operating effectively, for example, to prevent computer viruses entering the system" Paragraph 6, Line 6-7 "It may be necessary to make sure electronic systems are operating effectively, for example, to prevent computer viruses entering the system." This confirms that monitoring helps prevent viruses. 21 (confidential) helplines "Your employer is also allowed to listen in to any calls you make to confidential helplines, but in this case he or she is not allowed to record these calls." Paragraph 6, Line 7-8 "Your employer is also allowed to listen in to any calls you make to confidential helplines, but in this case he or she is not allowed to record these calls." This confirms that these calls can be monitored but not recorded. International experience canada: application process Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 22 Questionnaire "use our questionnaire to see if you meet the criteria" Paragraph 2, Line 1-2 "To apply, first use our questionnaire to see if you meet the criteria to get into the IEC pools." This confirms that the first step involves filling in a questionnaire. 23 Account "you should use to create your online account" Paragraph 2, Line 4 "After completing this, if you are eligible you will be sent a personal reference code, which you should use to create your online account." This confirms that an account must be created. 24 10 days "you will have 10 days to decide whether to accept this or not" Paragraph 3, Line 1 "If you are sent an invitation to proceed with your application, you will have 10 days to decide whether to accept this or not." This confirms the time limit for accepting the invitation. 25 Complete "You then have 20 days to complete your application." Paragraph 3, Line 2 "If you accept, click the ‘Start Application’ button. You then have 20 days to complete your application." This confirms that the application must be completed after accepting. 26 Employer "your employer in Canada must pay the compliance fee and inform you of your offer of employment number" Paragraph 4, Line 1-2 "For International Co-op and Young Professionals categories, your employer in Canada must pay the compliance fee and inform you of your offer of employment number." This confirms that the employer provides the employment number. 27 Refund "You can apply to withdraw at this stage and will be given a refund if you do this within 56 days." Paragraph 6, Line 1-2 "You can apply to withdraw at this stage and will be given a refund if you do this within 56 days." This confirms that a refund is possible. Research on improving agricultural yields in africa Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 B "new breeds of cattle have led to an increase in TB" Paragraph 3, Line 4-5 "Professor James Wood explains that new breeds that are being introduced are more vulnerable to bovine TB than the zebu cattle which were previously reared there." This explains that the new cattle breeds are leading to an increase in TB. 29 A "Cabbages are not indigenous to Africa but have become a major cash crop for Ghanaian farmers" Paragraph 5, Line 1 "Cabbages are not indigenous to Africa but have become a major cash crop for Ghanaian farmers." This confirms that cabbages were introduced to Africa. 30 C "seemed to be associated with massive infestations of pink and green aphids" Paragraph 7, Line 1-2 "It seemed to be associated with massive infestations of pink and green aphids." Fening believes the disease was linked to insect attacks. 31 D "the devastation couldn’t just be caused by sap-sucking insects" Paragraph 8, Line 1 "Despite no previous reports of viral diseases affecting cabbage crops in Ghana, the symptoms suggested a viral pathogen." Fening suspected the disease was caused by a virus due to the extent of crop damage. 32 B "the pink aphid was identified as Myzus persicae (Sulzer)" Paragraph 9, Line 3-4 "We found that two different species of aphids, pink and green, were generally found on the diseased cabbages." This indicates that the researchers discovered the aphid species, which were previously unknown in Ghana. 33 B "A particular crop may make an important contribution to the local economy" Paragraph 5, Line 1 "Cabbages are not indigenous to Africa but have become a major cash crop for Ghanaian farmers." Fening’s research is related to the crop's economic importance in Ghana. 34 D "We are teaching students from five Ghanaian institutions the diagnostic methods" Paragraph 16, Line 3-4 "I now have a fully functional lab and can do DNA extraction and analysis in Ghana. We are teaching students from five Ghanaian institutions the diagnostic methods." Local people are being trained to conduct tests. 35 A "We need this mix because we are not only asking how effective strategies will be, but also whether farmers will accept them" Paragraph 4, Line 4-5 "Wood leads a research programme which is looking at the feasibility of control strategies, including cattle vaccination." This shows the importance of involving different specialists. 36 B "It turned out this was the first record of the green aphid species ever being seen in Ghana" Paragraph 9, Line 5 "It turned out this was the first record of the green aphid species ever being seen in Ghana." Fening discovered the previously unknown aphid species. 37 Tsetse fly "parasite which is spread by an insect called the tsetse fly" Paragraph 19, Line 1 "Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by a parasite which is spread by an insect called the tsetse fly." This identifies the tsetse fly as the carrier of the disease. 38 Immune system "the way it evades the immune system of the animal" Paragraph 14, Line 4 "The parasite that causes the disease is carried by the tsetse fly... It evades the immune system of the animal." This explains how the parasite affects the immune system. 39 Proteins "altering the proteins in its coat" Paragraph 14, Line 4 "The parasite... alters the proteins in its coat so as to remain ‘invisible’." This describes how the parasite evades detection by changing its proteins. 40 Cattle "nearly all were infected most of the time" Paragraph 16, Line 1 "They discovered that nearly all [cattle] were infected most of the time." This confirms that cattle are heavily affected by the disease.

IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 3: GT Reading Module Section 1: Question 1-6 Summer activities at London’s Kew Gardens Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 1 learning what all the different sections of a plant do learning, what, different sections of a plant, do F Paragraph F The passage explains how children can learn about the functions of each part of a plant, which aligns with the question about learning what the different sections do. 2 seeing art showing plants from a different part of the world seeing, art showing plants, different part of the world H Paragraph H The writer mentions an exhibition of South American botanical paintings, showing plants from a different part of the world. 3 the possibility of having your work exhibited possibility, having, work, exhibited E Paragraph E The passage refers to entering a competition to have your work exhibited in the next show. 4 learning about why human beings need plants learning, why, human beings, need, plants G Paragraph G The writer talks about discovering what biodiversity means and why it matters, which explains why human beings need plants. 5 something that happens daily at the same times something, happens daily, at the same times D Paragraph D The passage mentions a sound installation that occurs on the hour throughout the day, indicating something that happens at the same times daily. 6 learning about the relationship between various creatures, insects and plants learning, relationship between, various creatures, insects, plants C Paragraph C The passage discusses sculptures of insects, birds, and bats that help explain how they interact with plants, reflecting the relationship between creatures and plants. Questions 7-14: City Park and Ride    Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 7 This was one of the first UK cities to introduce a Park and Ride scheme. one of the first, UK cities, introduce, Park and Ride scheme NOT GIVEN Paragraph 1 The passage discusses Park and Ride but does not state whether London was one of the first cities to introduce it. 8 The amount of congestion in the city centre has fallen. amount of congestion, city centre, fallen TRUE Paragraph 1 The passage mentions that the Park and Ride scheme reduces congestion in the city centre. 9 There is a special section of the car park for heavy goods vehicles. special section, of the car park, heavy goods vehicles FALSE Paragraph 2 The passage says that heavy goods vehicles are not permitted at the Park and Ride site, implying there is no special section for them. 10 Bus drivers do not give change so you must have the correct money for a ticket. bus drivers, do not give change, must have, correct money, for, ticket FALSE Paragraph 3 The text suggests it is not compulsory to have correct change as it states "if possible," which contradicts the idea that it is a requirement. 11 Ticket prices vary depending on the time of day. ticket prices, vary, depending on, time of day TRUE Paragraph 3 The passage mentions that ticket prices differ depending on the time of day (before or after 12:30 hrs). 12 Children under 16 travelling alone are allowed free travel. children under 16, travelling alone, allowed, free travel FALSE Paragraph 4 The passage states that children under 16 travel free with an adult, meaning they are not allowed free travel when travelling alone. 13 The space for cycles, motorcycles and scooters is close to the site office. space for cycles, motorcycles, scooters, close to, site office NOT GIVEN Paragraph 5 The passage mentions the space for cycles, motorcycles, and scooters but does not specify its proximity to the site office. 14 People with concessionary bus passes must pay the full fare to travel at certain times. people with concessionary bus passes, must pay, full fare, travel at certain times TRUE Paragraph 6 The passage specifies that concessionary bus pass holders must pay full fare at certain times, such as outside specific hours on weekdays. IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 3: GT Reading Module Section 2 Question 15-20 HOW TO ORGANISE A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS CONFERENCE Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 15 try to avoid scheduling the conference during ___________ times or when other annual conferences occur venue and timing, try to avoid, scheduling, conference, during, or, when, other annual conferences occur holiday 'Where and when' section, lines 2-4 The passage advises considering holiday periods, which might conflict with the conference, hence avoiding those times. 16 choose a place with a large hall and also _________ spaces for smaller meetings choose a place, large hall, spaces for smaller meetings breakout 'Where and when' section, lines 6-8 The passage mentions considering breakout areas for separating into smaller groups for discussions, hence "breakout" fits the blank. 17 give the speakers as much __________ as possible speakers, give, the speakers, as much, as possible notice 'Who' section, lines 1-2 The text states that speakers should be given ample notice, which is equivalent to giving them as much notice as possible. 18 request a _________ of their presentation confirm, individual details, with speakers, check, request, their presentation summary 'Contacting people' section, lines 2-5 The passage explains that speakers need to provide a written summary of their presentation for distribution to delegates. 19 make sure each person attending receives information about the conference and a __________ for identification make sure, each person attending, receives information, conference, for identification badge 'Final arrangements' section, line 4 The passage mentions preparing delegate packs that include a name badge, which serves as identification. 20 use __________ to get opinions on the conference use, get opinions on, the conference questionnaires 'Final arrangements' section, lines 5-7 The passage suggests using questionnaires to gather responses from delegates to gauge the conference's success. Questions 21-27 How to deal with the annual performance appraisal Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 21 staff can improve their chances of getting ___________ learning at an appraisal, areas of work, need improving, staff can improve, chances of getting promotion 'First paragraph', lines 3-4 The passage mentions increasing the likelihood of being considered for promotion as a direct way of improving chances. 22 It is important to think of some ____________ that can be used during the appraisal important, think of some, can be used, during, appraisal questions 'Preparation' section, line 5 The text advises creating a list of questions to discuss during the appraisal. 23 The appraisal can be a good time to ask the boss for extra ___________ appraisal, good time, ask the boss for, extra responsibilities 'Preparation' section, lines 5-7 The passage suggests the appraisal is an excellent opportunity to ask for additional responsibilities. 24 React ________ to any criticism. react, any criticism calmly 'During the appraisal' section, line 3 The text advises reacting calmly to negative assessments, not taking them as a personal attack. 25 It is helpful to identify a number of individual __________ arising from the appraisal comments helpful, identify, a number of individual, arising, appraisal comments goals 'After the appraisal' section, beginning The passage suggests creating a list of personal goals based on the performance appraisal. 26 Staff can request a meeting half-way through the year to look at the ________ which has been achieved staff, request, meeting, half-way through the year, look at, achieved progress 'After the appraisal' section, line 4 The text mentions requesting a mid-term review to discuss progress after six months. 27 If staff act on any appraisal comments, they will demonstrate their _________ to their work staff act, appraisal comments, demonstrate, to their work dedication 'After the appraisal' section, lines 5-7 The passage indicates that checking in with your boss shows dedication to your job and helps remove potential criticisms.       IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 3: GT Reading Module Section 3: Questions 28-40 Efforts to save a special bird — the spoon-billed sandpiper Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 28 Section A  unusual feature, flattened bill, flares out, spoon vii (A very unusual feature of these birds) Section A, lines 2-3 The writer describes a bird's unique flattened bill that flares out into a "spoon," which makes it special. 29 Section B  stages, collect eggs, hatch in captivity, flown to Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust iv (The main stages of the plan) Section B, lines 6-10 The main stages of the expedition involve collecting eggs, hatching them in captivity, and flying the chicks to the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. 30 Section C  reasons, long journey, worth it, hostile wintry weather, ideal conditions for raising chicks ii (Reasons for continuing to make the long journey) Section C, last part The birds continue their journey because, despite wintry weather, they find fewer predators and ideal conditions for raising chicks in the Arctic summer. 31 Section D  threats, decline, habitat destruction, hunting vi (Increasing threats) Section D, beginning The rapid decline of sandpipers is due to habitat destruction along their migration route and hunting on their wintering grounds. 32 Section E disappointment, desirable outcomes, nests, predator loss iii (A disappointment followed by desirable outcomes) Section E, last lines Nine nests were found, but the first was lost to a predator, highlighting both disappointment and future successes. 33 Section F gamble, cautious optimism, survival of a species viii (Cautious optimism) Section F, last lines The writer expresses cautious optimism, acknowledging the uncertainty but emphasizing the importance of trying to save the species. 34 What was the main purpose of the international expedition? main purpose, international expedition, collect eggs, maintain population B (to maintain a small group of sandpipers for future generations) Section B, lines 5-10 The main purpose of the expedition was to collect eggs and establish a small, self-sustaining population of sandpipers in the UK. 35 What do we learn about the drop in the sandpiper population? drop, sandpiper population, decline, economic growth D (Economic growth is one of the underlying causes of the decline.) Section D, lines 1-4 The decline is linked to habitat destruction caused by the development of new industrial cities and hunting. 36 Which feeling did the writer express when the sandpiper chicks hatched? feeling, sandpiper chicks, hatched, concern C (worry about birds of the same species.) Section E, last lines The writer expresses concern about the future survival of the sandpiper chicks, given the dangers they face during migration and in wintering areas. 37 The writer describes the sandpipers’ unit at WWT Slimbridge to emphasise – sandpipers’ unit, WWT Slimbridge, emphasise, care devoted to their welfare A (how much care is being devoted to their welfare.) Section F, first and last lines The writer emphasizes the care and effort put into the sandpipers' survival, despite the gamble involved in their rescue. 38 In early spring, spoon-billed sandpipers return to their breeding grounds in Russia in the area known as __________. early spring, return, breeding grounds, Russia, area known as tundra Section C, lines 5-8 The breeding grounds are referred to as tundra, a term used to describe the lowland areas where sandpipers breed. 39 Although the weather there is often very harsh, to begin with, there are obvious advantages to the sandpipers. There is above all a plentiful supply of _____________ , and this makes it possible for the sandpiper chicks to develop well. harsh, obvious advantages, plentiful supply of, sandpiper chicks, develop well insects Section C, lines 5-8 The passage highlights the abundance of insects in the Arctic summer as a major advantage for the chicks' development. 40 The lack of ___________ is another definite advantage. As a result, a good proportion of the chicks grow up to face the long flight to the South-East Asian coasts. lack of, advantage, good proportion, chicks, long flight, South-East Asian coasts predators Section C, lines 6-8 The passage states that there are relatively few predators in the breeding area, which is beneficial for the chicks’ survival.

Consumer advice on buying shoes Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 TRUE return unwanted shoes straightaway, receipt, shop, probably, give, refund Step 1, Paragraph 1, Lines 1-3 "It is also likely that you will get one if you change your mind about the shoes and take them back immediately." It matches "will probably" and "return unwanted shoes." 2 FALSE advised to accept, credit note, if, offered Step 1, Paragraph 2, Line 1 "If you are offered a credit note, you don’t have to accept it." The statement contradicts the idea of being advised to accept it. 3 FALSE factory, responsible, replacing, unwanted shoes Step 1, Paragraph 3, Lines 2-3 "This isn’t true." The shop cannot claim it's the manufacturer's responsibility to replace unwanted shoes. 4 FALSE can ask, any shoe shop, send shoes, Footwear Testing Centre Step 3 "If the shop you are dealing with is covered, you can ask for the shoes to be sent to the Footwear Testing Centre." Only shops covered by the Footwear Code of Practice can be asked to send shoes. 5 NOT GIVEN shops, prefer, give, credit note, rather than, change shoes Step 1 There is no information provided about whether shops prefer giving a credit note over changing shoes. 6 TRUE customer, contributes to, cost, faulty shoes tested Step 3, Lines 3-4 "You pay £7 and the shop pays the rest." The customer contributes £7 towards the cost of having faulty shoes tested. 7 NOT GIVEN procedure, making, legal claim, easier, Scotland Step 4 There is no information regarding whether the procedure for making a legal claim is easier in Scotland. 8 TRUE legal advice, forms, can be bought, certain shops Last lines "Some bookshops sell advice packs which contain the relevant forms." This confirms that legal advice and forms can be bought from certain shops.     LOST CARDS Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 9 D (make a phone call) should you do, first, if, lose, credit card First paragraph, Lines 1-2 "telephone the credit card company or bank as soon as possible." This confirms that you should make a phone call immediately. 10 B (a system for registering people’s card details) Credit Card Shield Paragraph 2, Lines 1-4 "Under the schemes, you file details of all your cards with a central registry." This describes Credit Card Shield as a system for registering card details. 11 B (get in touch with the relevant credit card companies) contacted, Card Protection System, company will Paragraph 2, End of paragraph "the scheme’s staff make sure that all the companies whose cards you had are notified." This means the company will get in touch with relevant credit card companies. 12 B (a blank unsigned cheque) fully covered, both banks and shops, if, lose Section ‘CHEQUES AND GUARANTEE CARD’ "Unless you have been careless – by signing blank cheques, say – you will not have to pay for any forged cheques a thief uses." This indicates you are fully covered unless you sign blank cheques. 13 C (pay for anything the thief buys on it) written, personal number, on, stolen card, may have to Section ‘If your cash card is stolen’ "you can be made to pay back any sums a thief withdraws using your card unless the bank can prove gross negligence, such as writing your personal identification number on your card." This means you may have to pay if you wrote your personal number on the stolen card. 14 C (You may have to pay up to £50 of any stolen money) what happens, if, cash card, stolen Section ‘If your cash card is stolen’ "you can be made to pay back any sums a thief withdraws using your card, but only up to the time you report the loss and up to £50." This confirms you may have to pay up to £50 for stolen money.   Recycling at work – handy hints to employers  Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 (an) audit / (waste) audit should be, carried out, before, starts, recycling Section ‘Setting up a company scheme’, ‘Waste audit’ "Before starting a recycling scheme, perform an audit." This confirms that an audit should be carried out before recycling begins. 16 (duplex) printers machines, help to cut, stationery budget Section ‘Setting up a company scheme’, ‘Company Policy’ "Costs can be reduced by lowering consumption and using duplex printers." This suggests duplex printers help to reduce the stationery budget. 17 (educational) posters can be displayed, workplace, publicise, recycling scheme Section ‘Setting up a company scheme’, ‘Get everyone involved’ "Perhaps by putting up educational posters." This confirms that posters can be displayed to publicise the scheme. 18 (regular) newsletters can be distributed, motivate, staff, recycle more Section ‘Setting up a company scheme’, ‘Get everyone involved’ "Send out regular newsletters reporting on all waste improvements." This suggests newsletters can be distributed to motivate staff. 19 (writing) notes unwanted paper, used for, office Section ‘What to recycle and how’, ‘Paper’ "It can serve a variety of purposes before it is recycled, such as writing notes." This shows that unwanted paper can be used for writing notes. 20 (ceramic) mugs can be bought, cut down, waste, produced by, staff refreshments Section ‘What to recycle and how’, ‘Plastic cups’ "Get ceramic mugs that can be re-used." This suggests ceramic mugs can be bought to reduce waste from staff refreshments. 21 (to) charities unwanted, PCs, be sent Section ‘What to recycle and how’, ‘Electrical equipment’ "Consider donating your old computers to charities." This suggests unwanted PCs can be sent to charities. How to answer any interview question Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 22 (some) politicians warns, candidates, not to, imitate, ignore, questions, interviews Paragraph 2, lines 1-4 "Unlike some politicians, who take no notice of press questions and immediately introduce a different topic in response." This confirms that politicians are the ones the candidates should not imitate. 23 formula Interviews, recommended, follow, certain, to allow, communicate, main points Paragraph 3, lines 1-3 "He advises candidates at job interviews to apply the formula Q = A + 1." This shows that candidates should follow the formula to communicate their points. 24 (company) employees Senior executives, advise, candidates, request, information, before, interview Paragraph 4, point 1 "Ask company employees questions prior to job interviews to gain as much insight as you can." This shows that candidates should request information from employees before an interview. 25 shareholder reports candidate, can also learn, business, studying Paragraph 4, point 1 "Find out how viable it is by reading shareholder reports." This confirms that candidates can study shareholder reports to learn about a business. 26 lies head of an interview, training firm, advises, people, avoid telling Paragraph 4, point 3 "It’s important to steer clear of lies at all costs." This advises avoiding lies during interviews. 27 benefited / benefitted job interview, one executive, explained, considerably, from, previous failure Paragraph 4, point 4 "He mentioned he had been involved in many successful turnarounds and one that failed...how I’d benefited in many ways from going through that experience." This shows that the executive explained how he had benefited from a previous failure.     TALKING POINT Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 TRUE most people, speak, second language, New Zealand, born, another country Paragraph 1, lines 4-5 "A small percentage of whom were born in New Zealand" means most of the people who speak two or more languages were born outside New Zealand. 29 NOT GIVEN most New Zealanders, believe, good, teach children, second language Second paragraph No information provided on most New Zealanders' beliefs about teaching children a second language. 30 NOT GIVEN Chinese, most common, foreign language, New Zealand Paragraph 3 and 15 The text mentions Chinese but doesn’t say it is the most common foreign language. 31 FALSE some languages, develop, intelligence, more than others Paragraph 3, lines 2-5 "It doesn’t matter whether they are learning Maori or German or Chinese" shows that no specific language develops intelligence more than others. 32 A (Cathie Elder) children learning, two languages Paragraph 4, lines 1-3 "Children who speak more than one language sometimes learn one language more slowly" suggests they may learn one language faster. 33 C (Susanne Dvorak) unexpectedly, difficult to raise, bilingual child, New Zealand Paragraph 7, lines 1-4 Susanne Dvorak thought raising a bilingual child would be easy but faced difficulty. 34 C (Susanne Dvorak) daughter, sometimes, speaks, mixture, two languages Paragraph 9, lines 1-2 "Speaks half and half" means her daughter speaks a mixture of two languages. 35 B (Brigitte Halford) children’s attitudes, language, depend on, general social attitudes Paragraph 10, first lines "This depends a lot on the attitudes of the societies in question" suggests social attitudes influence children's language attitudes. 36 A (Cathie Elder) not important, which language, parents speak, their children Paragraph 12, lines 2-3 "In whatever language they speak well" means it's not important which language parents speak. 37 D (Joanne Powell) learning, second language, provides, opportunities, learn, another culture Paragraph 14, lines 3-4 "Open the door to another culture" means learning a second language provides opportunities to learn another culture. 38 E (Donna Chan) speaking, second language, provides, work opportunities Paragraph 15, last lines "Being bilingual definitely opens doors" means speaking a second language provides work opportunities. 39 A (Donna Chan), C (Tiffany Dvorak) stopped, speaking, one language, as, child Paragraph 8, lines 2-3 and Paragraph 15, lines 2-3 Both Tiffany and Donna stopped speaking one language as children. 40 B (Susanne Dvorak), F (Joanne Powell) think, their children’s language, may develop, as, get older Paragraph 13, lines 3-5 and Paragraph 14, lines 1-2 Both Susanne and Joanne think their children’s language may develop as they get older.

Maps showing walks starting from Bingham town hall Here’s the rewritten content in the requested five-column table format: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 E caves, chance Paragraph E "It passes the entrance to the famous Butter Caves visitor attraction, so you can combine a visit there with the walk." 2 D lake, beside Paragraph D "This walk is ideal in fine weather, as it takes you to the shore of a lake, at a spot convenient for swimming." 3 C architecture, unusual Paragraph C "This route leads you through the village of Cottesloe, which was created in the 1930s and is famous for its strange-looking houses." 4 A children, unsuitable Paragraph A "Please note that the ground is very uneven, and under-sixes should not be taken on this walk." 5 C weather, length, depending Paragraph C "After you leave Cottesloe, you have a choice of routes to return to the starting point, so either continue via Thurley Park, or if it’s raining, take the shorter direct route." The maple Hampton scarecrow competition – a great success!   Here’s the rewritten content in the requested five-column table format: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 6 TRUE scarecrows, same size, human being Paragraph 1 "A traditional scarecrow was a model – usually life-size – of a man or woman dressed in old clothes." 7 NOT GIVEN first, competition, Maplehampton No specific location in the text There is no information about whether the competition was the first one in Maplehampton. 8 NOT GIVEN farmers, materials, take part No specific location in the text There is no information about whether farmers who provided materials could participate in the competition. 9 FALSE clothes, supplied Paragraph 3 "The scarecrows were dressed in old clothes which the competitors brought with them." 10 TRUE venue, changed, weather Paragraph 3 "The festival was held in the village hall, instead of outdoors as planned, due to the unusually high temperature." 11 TRUE competitors, advice, scarecrows Paragraph 4 "They were encouraged by an audience of around 50, and had ideas and guidance from local artist Tracey Sanzo." 12 NOT GIVEN judges, opinion, alien, bird No specific location in the text There is no information about the judges’ opinion on whether the alien scarecrow was better than the giant bird. 13 FALSE picnic, supplied, competitors Paragraph 5 "After the judging, many of the participants and the spectators had a picnic which they had brought." 14 FALSE Alice Cameron, scarecrow, frighten birds Paragraph 5 "Alice Cameron...she didn’t need it to scare birds away from her crops...She just wanted to be able to see it!" Qualities that make a great barista Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 correct drinks, correct, customer Paragraph 1, Line 3 "Be sure you make drinks that are correct in all respects for the customer." 16 conversation ignore, conversation Paragraph 1, Line 5 "If you become distracted by the conversation that is going on nearby..." 17 filter clean, machine, filter Paragraph 2, Line 2 "You will often catch a great barista rinsing out the filter in their machines..." 18 fresh ground, coffee, fresh Paragraph 2, Line 6 "This highlights the keen attention to detail...to make every drink with completely fresh ground coffee." 19 flavour reduces, flavour Paragraph 3, Line 3 "too early reduces the flavour" 20 bitter makes, coffee, bitter Paragraph 3, Line 4 "those who delay the finish risk burning the beverage and tainting it with a bitter after-taste." 21 day customers, day Paragraph 4, Line 1 "Great baristas ask their customers how their day is going..." 22 issues important, issues Paragraph 4, Line 3 "they read local newspapers and keep up with issues that really matter..." Running a meeting Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 23 relevant information introduce, relevant information Paragraph 2, Line 1 "Start by requesting everyone to introduce themselves and to give a bit of relevant information in addition to their name." 24 agenda agenda, available Paragraph 3, Line 1 "Make sure everyone can see the agenda or has a copy of it." 25 conflicts solve, conflicts Paragraph 3, Line 5 "Try to keep discussions positive, but don’t ignore conflicts – find a solution for them..." 26 tension tension, work Paragraph 4, Line 3 "Don’t let the same people take on all the work as this can lead to tension within the group." 27 social activity social activity, afterwards Paragraph 5, Line 2 "It can be nice to follow the meeting with a social activity like sharing a meal or going to a cafe." Feathers as decoration in European history Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 vii relationship, gender Section A, Paragraph 1 "Historically, feathers were an incredibly expressive accessory for men, observes Cambridge historian, Professor Ulinka Rublack." 29 iii rise, popularity Section B, Paragraph 1 "By 1573, Plantin’s Flemish-French dictionary was even obliged to offer words to describe people who chose not to wear them, recommending such terms as: ‘the featherless’ and ‘unfeathered’." 30 i link, international awareness Section C, Paragraph 3 "One crucial driver, however, was exploration – the discovery of new lands, especially in South America." 31 vi protection, sophistication Section D, Paragraph 2 "During the 1550s, Eleanor of Toledo had hats made from peacock feathers to keep her dry in the rain." 32 viii continued, military Section E, Paragraph 1 "Within the armies of Europe feathers remained an essential part of military costume." 33 v researching, past Section F, Paragraph 2 "Historians now chart the ways in which our identities are shaped through deep connections with ‘stuff’ – the material objects that are parts of our lives." 34 B coloured, artificially Section B, Paragraph 2 "Impressive efforts went into dyeing them. A 1548 recipe recommends using ashes, lead monoxide and river water to create a ‘very beautiful’ black, for example." 35 C attitude, Americas Section C, Paragraph 2 "This was not just a symbol of power, but of cultural connectedness, Rublack suggests: The message seems to be that he was embracing the global in a duchy that was quite insular and territorial." 36 B qualities, military Section E, Paragraph 1 "Feathers became associated with the idea of an art of warfare. They were also already a part of military garb among many native American peoples and in the Ottoman empire." 37 C black feathers, soldiers Section A, Paragraph 1 "The Bersaglieri of the Italian Army, for example, still wear a bunch of long black feathers in their hats hanging down to one side." 38 G cranes, swallows Section B, Paragraph 2 "In prosperous trading centres, the citizens started wearing hats bedecked with feathers from cranes and swallows." 39 E exotic birds, high status Section C, Paragraph 3 "In 1599, Duke Frederick of Wurttemberg held a display at his court at which he personally appeared wearing a costume covered in exotic feathers and representing the Americas." 40 B peacock feathers, protection Section D, Paragraph 2 "During the 1550s, Eleanor of Toledo had hats made from peacock feathers to keep her dry in the rain."

IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 4: GT Reading Module Section 1: Visitor attractions in southern England Questions 1-7:  Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 1 Visitors can look at animals from another part of the world. look, animals, another part of the world E Attraction site E (Canford Wildlife Centre), Line 2 Observe = look at, species = animals, Madagascar = another part of the world 2 People can hold a business conference in this place. hold, business conference B Attraction site B (Withney Wetland Centre), Last line Corporate events = business conference 3 Visitors can find out what toys were used in the last century. find out, toys, used, last century F Attraction site F (Oakwell Museum), Last line Popular games and wooden animals = toys, a hundred years ago = last century 4 Activities are available all year round here. Activities, available, all year round B Attraction site B (Withney Wetland Centre), Beginning Whatever the season = all year round 5 You can buy light meals here. buy, light meals A Attraction site A (Blackthorn Castle), Last sentence Homemade snacks = light meals, on sale = buy 6 Visitors can see how food was prepared in the past. see, how food was prepared, the past C Attraction site C (Headley Hall), Lines 3-4 Visit the huge kitchen = visitors can see how food was prepared 7 You can visit modern imitations of old buildings here. visit, modern imitations, old buildings A Attraction site A (Blackthorn Castle), First lines Reconstructed castle = modern imitations of old buildings   Questions 8-14: TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN Paragliding in Australia Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 8 A paraglider is more comfortable than a parachute. paraglider, more comfortable, parachute TRUE ‘What is paragliding?’ section, Last sentence Outperforms a parachute in terms of comfort = more comfortable than a parachute 9 Most paragliding schools are situated by the sea. most paragliding schools, situated, by the sea FALSE ‘Where do I learn?’ section, First line Mainly based inland = most paragliding schools are situated near hills or mountains 10 Learners must pass a theory test in order to get their licence. learners, must pass, theory test, to get, licence NOT GIVEN ‘Where do I learn?’ section No information about passing a theory test for licence 11 Learners are able to paraglide unaccompanied after a week’s course. learners, able to paraglide, unaccompanied, after, a week’s course TRUE ‘Where do I learn?’ section, Last lines About seven days = a week’s course, fly independently = paraglide unaccompanied 12 It is advisable to purchase some equipment before you do training. advisable, purchase, some equipment, before, do training FALSE ‘What do I need’ section, Last lines You should try equipment on your course first, then buy your own equipment 13 Fit people of any age can take up paragliding. fit people, any age, can, take up, paragliding FALSE ‘Who can do it?’ section, Beginning The youngest anybody can paraglide is 14 = nobody under 14 can paraglide 14 The preliminary uphill walk may strain some of your muscles. preliminary uphill walk, may strain, some, muscles TRUE ‘Who can do it?’ section, Lines 4-6 Experience pain in some muscles = strain some of your muscles, due to the walk up the training hill = preliminary uphill walk Bottom of Form   IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 4: GT Reading Module Section 2: Questions 15-27 Questions 15-21:   How to prepare for an interview Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 15 By preparing for an interview, you will gain ________ which will help you present yourself well. preparing for, interview, gain, help you, present, yourself, well confidence ‘Why prepare?’ section, Point no. 2 Have = gain, this will affect the way you come across = will help you present yourself well 16 Read through any documents you have received about the company and also go to their ________. read through, documents, received, about, company website ‘What to prepare?’ section, Beginning Read = read through, materials you have been sent = documents, visit = go to 17 Check the job description to find out what ________ are involved in the post you have applied for. check, job description, find out, involved, post, you, applied for duties ‘What to prepare?’ section Ask for = check, go with = involved in 18 Interviewers may be interested to hear about any unpaid help you have given to a ________. interviewers, may be interested, hear, about, unpaid help, you, given to charity ‘What to prepare?’ section, Point ‘Find out what the employer is looking for’ You can also outline = interviewers may be interested, voluntary work you have done = unpaid help you have given 19 Be ready to talk about your ________ for the development of your career. be ready, talk about, development, your career ambitions ‘What to prepare?’ section, Point ‘Preparing for other kinds of questions’ Prepare to answer questions = be ready to talk about, progress = development 20 Explain any ________ that there are in your work record and clarify how you used the time to improve your skills. explain, your work record, clarify, how, used, time, improve, skills gaps ‘What to prepare?’ section, Point ‘Preparing for other kinds of questions’ Account for = explain, career history = work record, learning or experience you gained during these periods = how you used the time to improve your skills 21 Questions about _______ should be delayed until a later stage. questions about, should be delayed, until, later stage salary ‘What to prepare?’ section, Point ‘Preparing your own questions’ Don’t ask = questions should be delayed, unless you have been offered the job = until a later stage Questions 22-27:    Setting up your own business Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 22 Step 1: Decide who you are going to sell to and compare yourself with the _________ you are going to have. step 1, decide, who, going to sell to, compare yourself, going to have competitors ‘Know your market’ section Start by thinking about who your target customers are = Decide who you are going to sell, compare yourself with your competitors = compare yourself with the competitors 23 Step 2: Consider how you will market your product and your method of _________. step 2, consider, how, market, product, method of delivery ‘How will you reach the customers?’ section Promote your products = market your products, system = method 24 Step 3: Decide if you will have to find _________ to work in, or buy equipment. step 3, decide, if, will have to find, work in, buy equipment premises ‘How will your business work?’ section Look for = find, invest = buy 25 Step 5: Make sure you deal with the accounts and other essentials in accordance with the ________. step 5, make sure, deal with, accounts, other essentials, in accordance with law ‘How will your business work?’ section You need to set aside the time to see = make sure you deal with, issues like accounting, insurance, and tax = the accounts and other essentials 26 Step 6: Calculate all the ________ involved in your business when deciding how much to charge. step 6, calculate, all, involved in, business, when deciding, how much, to charge costs ‘The money’ section Working out the prices for your products = deciding how much to charge, build in = calculate 27 Step 8: Consider if you require any ________ to start your business, and where to find it. step 8, consider, if, require, any, start, business, where to find it funding ‘The money’ section If you think you will need to find = consider if you require, to help get the business off the ground = to start your business     IELTS Cambridge 11 Test 4: GT Reading Module Section 3: Questions 28-40 Understanding hares Question Number Question Keywords Answer Location Explanation 28 Paragraph A possible solution, decline, populations v (A possible solution to falling numbers) Paragraph A "could be the key to turning round = possible solution, decline = falling, populations = numbers" 29 Paragraph B physical characteristics, adaptations ix (Useful physical features) Paragraph B Describes features like ‘exceptionally large ears’, ‘large golden eyes’, and ‘greatly enlarged heart’ 30 Paragraph C reproduction, breeding iii (Reproductive patterns) Paragraph C Mentions ‘birth’, ‘breeding season’, ‘females’, ‘pregnant’ 31 Paragraph D self-sufficient, mobile, left to their own devices vii (A rather lonely beginning) Paragraph D "self-sufficient, mobile, left to their own devices" suggest a lonely beginning for leverets 32 Paragraph E fussy eater, selective feeders ii (The problem with being a fussy eater) Paragraph E "selective feeders = fussy eater" 33 Paragraph F past survival, present survival viii (A comparison between past and present survival rates) Paragraph F Comparison of survival in the past and present 34 Ideal habitat for hares ideal habitat C (areas which include a range of vegetations) Paragraph A "a variety of vegetation = a range of vegetations" 35 When leverets are living alone not visited by mother A (this helps to protect them from being eaten by other animals) Paragraph D "This lack of family contact may seem harsh... but it is a strategy that draws less attention from predators" 36 Adult hares' diet difficult to adapt to changes C (It is difficult for them to adapt to changes in vegetations.) Paragraph E "This causes them problems... faced with the smallest alterations in food availability and abundance" 37 Increased blood gives necessary stamina stamina Paragraph B "higher volume of blood... allows for superior speed and stamina" 38 Running hare resembles dog dog Paragraph B "hares to run more like a dog" 39 All-round characteristic to avoid capture vision vision Paragraph B "large golden eyes give them 360⁰ vision" 40 Feature to sense danger ears ears Paragraph B "exceptionally large ears that move independently"

The best ice cream makers Here is the information formatted in a five-column table: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 B "physical effort" Paragraph B "You add a little ice and salt to the base, then your ingredients to the stainless-steel tub, pop the lid on and give it a good shake for at least three minutes." 2 C "decide how soft they want" Paragraph C "Our favourite feature is the built-in sensor that works out whether the consistency of your ice cream or frozen yoghurt is right for you (from the 12 hardness settings)..." 3 F "fixed onto an existing appliance" Paragraph F "If you own a KitchenAid food mixer, this attachment (one of 15 that fits this machine) is a good way to start ice cream making." 4 A "larger amount" Paragraph A "It’s quick, taking as little as 20 minutes, and consistent in its results, while the three automated programmes are very easy to use and it has an unusually generous two-litre capacity." 5 C "worth the high price" Paragraph C "As you’d expect from the considerable price tag, there’s a built-in freezer and it feels beautifully engineered." 6 D "difficult to take apart" Paragraph D "Some customers reportedly struggled to disassemble it in order to wash the bowl and paddle..." 7 C "enjoyable sound" Paragraph C "The built-in sensor...alerting you with a fun tune." Photography weekend course on the coast of Cornwall Here is the information formatted in a five-column table: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 8 False "aimed at people who are already skilled" Course Information "Our three-night photography weekend is designed to appeal to all levels." 9 False "three meals a day" Price Information "Price includes: ... dinner, bed and breakfast for three nights." (No mention of all three meals) 10 Not Given "only way to reach the hotel is by car" Course Information No information provided about the exclusive method of transport to the hotel. 11 True "topics covered depend mainly on the wishes" Course Information "The content is largely dictated by those attending." 12 True "get up early on the first morning" Course Information "In the evenings you will have a chance to unwind... and you’ll be ready to start at sunrise the next day." 13 Not Given "tutor will show participants examples of her work" Course Information No mention of the tutor showing examples of her work. 14 True "prepare for bad weather" Course Information "comfortable walking footwear with good grip; warm outdoor clothing and waterproofs." (suggests preparation for bad weather) Respiratory Protective Equipment – advice for factory employees Here is the rewritten information in the five-column table format: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 Oxygen "limited levels of" Paragraph 1, Line 3 "For example, negative pressure respirators should not be used in low oxygen environments." 16 Yearly "facial fit test" Paragraph 2, Line 4 "Your employer will arrange a yearly facial fit test to ensure that you are given RPE that fits properly." 17 Beard "beard" Paragraph 2, Line 6 "Facial hair growth makes it almost impossible to get a good seal so, if you have a beard, you should talk to your employer..." 18 Solvents "harsh products" Paragraph 3, Line 2 "Use a mild detergent, as harsh products such as solvents can cause damage." 19 Rack "wooden rack" Paragraph 3, Line 5 "Dry your RPE on a solid wooden rack or suspend from a clothes line." 20 Straps "check the straps" Paragraph 4, Line 3 "Make sure you check the straps for breaks, tears, fraying edges and deterioration of elasticity." 21 Sunlight "direct sunlight" Paragraph 5, Line 2 "Store your RPE in a clean, dry place, away from dust, oil and sunlight." Working with cows in a dairy Guidelines for employers Here is the rewritten information in the five-column table format: Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 22 Footwear "good grip" Paragraph 1, Line 4 "Ensure all items of footwear have good grip." 23 Padding "covered with" Paragraph 2, Line 7 "Ensure they are covered with padding." 24 Handrails "install handrails" Paragraph 2, Line 11 "Provide good lighting and install handrails." 25 Trolleys "use trolleys" Paragraph 3, Line 4 "Try to avoid moving containers by hand, and use equipment such as trolleys instead." 26 Overreach "bend or overreach" Paragraph 4, Line 7 "Keep everything accessible so that employees don’t need to bend or overreach." 27 Rotation "system of rotation" Paragraph 5, Line 2 "Introduce a system of rotation to increase variety." Night photography in autumn Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 vi "most inspiring" Section A, Paragraph 1 "November in the northern hemisphere is not the most inspiring of months for the photographer." 29 i "luck" Section B, Paragraph 2 "To capture the moon at its brilliant best, you need a bit of luck too." 30 vii "much improved" Section C, Paragraph 2 "With today’s cameras, far greater detail can be rendered." 31 iv "human developments" Section D, Paragraph 1 "As cities and towns spread further into our green spaces, some wild animals move further afield to escape our intrusions." 32 iii "easier" Section E, Paragraph 1 "The improvement in camera technology that has made night sky images more accessible has also extended the creative repertoire." 33 viii "system of rotation" Section F, Paragraph 1 "Dusk is the part of the nocturnal phase when the light of the sun is still visible." 34 v "variety of possible subjects" Section G, Paragraph 2 "The variety of possible subjects includes ships at sea, flocks of low-flying birds, trees, windmills, skyscrapers and high bridges." 35 Fungi "nature seems dormant" Section A, Paragraph 1 "Nature seems dormant, as many birds have long since flown to warmer climates, fungi break through the earth." 36 Horizon "appears largest" Section B, Paragraph 2 "The timing of an evening moonrise is important to know because, not only does it vary according to the time of year, but the moon always appears largest at this point, when it is closest to the horizon." 37 Surface "reflecting the light" Section B, Paragraph 3 "The moon is not a direct light source such as the sun or the stars; instead it is reflecting the light of the sun hitting its surface." 38 Landscape "illuminate buildings" Section B, Paragraph 3 "A full moon will reflect only about ten percent of the sunlight, but that is still enough to illuminate buildings, trees, bridges and other landscape features." 39 Galaxies "Milky Way" Section C, Paragraph 1 "Whole constellations consisting of thousands of points of starlight filling the frame and even galaxies such as our own Milky Way can be captured." 40 Gardens "emerging from the cover" Section D, Paragraph 2 "Deer and wild boar are larger mammals that have also adapted to the urban fringes in recent years, emerging from the cover of parks and nearby forests to forage into residential gardens by night."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The concept of intelligence Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1. B intelligence, influence, behaviour    Para B, line 4 Scan for the keywords  intelligence, behaviors, influence. Now read intensively “For example, parent’s implicit theories of their children’s language development will determine at what ages they will be willing to  make  various corrections in their children’s speech. More generally, parents’ implicit theories of  intelligence  will determine at what ages they believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive tasks.”Here, Non-scientists refer to normal people, and implicit theories refer to assumptions about intelligence. 2. A lack of clarity, intelligence Para A Scan for the keywords in para A:  lack of clarity= no one knows, intelligence .Now read this line “. .. .  no one knows  what it actually is .  This chapter addresses how people conceptualize  intelligence , whatever  it may actually be .”Thus, it can be said that there is a lack of clarity over the definition of intelligence. 3. D researcher’s, implicit, explicit, theories Para D Now read intensively “if an investigation…reveals  little  correspondence between the extant implicit and explicittheories, the implicit theories may be wrong”.Here,  little  correspondence means  difference  so it is possible that these two types of theories may be different. 4. Not Given language development, disappointing,   Para B We find the keyword  ‘language development in children’  in paragraph B; but there is no mention of any slow or  fast  language learning. 5. No expectations, children  education Para E Scan for the keywords:  expectations, children,  education . Now read deeply “people  have   expectations  for intellectual performances that differ for  children  of different ages. How these expectations differ is part a function of culture. For example, expectations for children who participate in Western-style  schooling  are almost certain to be different from those for children who do not participate in such schooling.”So, peoples expectations for intellectual performances differ for children of different ages and of different cultures for eg schooling. Therefore, these expectations are not universal (universal = not different). The statement contradicts the author’s claims. 6. Yes scholars, understanding, Para J Scan for the keywords:  scholars and understanding .Now read intensively “Until  scholars  are able to discuss their implicit theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss the point of what others are saying when discussing their explicit theories and their data.”So, it is true that scholars usually discuss their own theories without fully understanding (hence they are likely to miss the point) other scholars. 7. B desirable, same possibilities, open to everyone Para H Keyword synonyms and similar are given:  people should  have  = desirable, equal opportunities = same opportunities .Now read this line “The Jeffersonian view is that  people should  have   equal opportunities , …. ….” 8. C no section, preferential treatment Para I Search for the keywords and synonyms, similars:  “ preferential treatment =   favouring one group over another” Now read this line “In this view, we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to  favouring one group over another .” Here we= Jacksonian. 9. B gain benefits, achieve Para H No direct keyword so  look  for the synonyms and similarities: Here,  opportunities = benefits. It is Jeffersonian view who believe that “people are rewarded for what they accomplish” 10. A variation, intelligence, birth Para G Scan for the keywords:  variation, intelligence, begins, birth.  Hamiltonian view people are born with different levels of intelligence”, which means variation of intelligence begins at birth. 11. A intelligent, positions, power Para G Scan for the keywords:  intelligent= IQ, positions of power, Here, Hamilton’s view suggests that the more intelligent (They hold the positions of power like government officials or philosopher-kings) should keep the less intelligent in line (control). 12. C everyone, develop, same, abilities Para I Jacksonian holds that people are equal in terms of their competencies.  13. G low intelligence, uncontrolled, lives Para G Hamilton believes tha t left to themselves, the  unintelligent  ( ow intelligence ) would create, as they always  have  created, a kind of chaos( uncontrolled lives ).    READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Saving Bugs to Find New Drugs   Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14. C factors, renewed interest,   natural medicinal compounds    Para C Now read these lines  “…the development of new approaches focusing once again on natural products” . Which is the first factor.And Another line “This realization, together with  several looming health crises, such as antibiotic resistance , has put bioprospecting – the  research for useful compounds in nature  –  firmly back on the map .” This is the another factor. 15. H technological advances, insect research, easier, Para H Now read this line “Fortunately, it is now possible to snip out the stretches of the insect’s DNA that carry the codes for the  interesting  compounds and insert them into cell lines that allow larger quantities to be produced.”The phrase “now possible” suggests that it wasn’t possible in the past, implying a  great  development in technology and science. 16. A animals, use, medicinal substances Para A Read this line intensively “ capuchin monkeys  who use toxin-oozing millipedes to deter mosquitoes” and “ chimpanzees  who use noxious forest plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites”. capuchin monkeys  and  chimpanzees  are animals. 17. F reasons, challenging, use insects, drug research Para F Paragraph F talks three prime reasons of the challenges associated with using insects in drug research  by the use of connectors. 18 . I reasons, interest in drug research, benefit, wildlife Para I Read this line “I sincerely believe that  all species , however small and seemingly insignificant,  have  a right to exist  for their own sake.  If we can shine a light on the darker recesses of nature’s medicine cabinet, exploring the useful chemistry of the most diverse animals on the planet , I believe  we can  make  people think differently about the value of nature .”These lines clearly shows the fact that higher research on drug research can benefit all species (wildlife). 19. B reason, nature-based, medicine, fell out of favour Para B Now read this line “Then, for a while, modern pharmaceutical science  moved its focus   away  from nature and into the laboratory , deigning chemical compounds from scratch.  The main cause of this shift  is that although there are plenty of promising chemical compounds in nature, finding them is far from easy.”This means that for a while, modern pharmaceutical science moved its focus away from nature”.  For a period = for a while, Medicine = pharmaceutical science. 20. E insect-derived medicine, in use Para E Now read this line “For example,  alloferon, an antimicrobial compound produced by blow fly larvae ,  is used  as an antiviral and antitumor agent  in South Korea and Russia .”This para mentions several promising compounds derived from insects, such as alloferon. 21 & 22. B & C TWO,  make  insects  interesting , drug research, Para G and H Now read this line in para G ” Although using insects fordrug research is challenging, it is also  interesting  and potentially useful. The creatures that particularly interest us are the many insects that secrete powerful poison for subduing prey and keeping it fresh for future consumption.”This means that humans can  make  use of these compounds to produce antibiotics.Now In paragraph H “Fortunately, it is now possible to snip out the stretches of the insect’s DNA that carry the codes for the  interesting  compounds and insert them into cell lines that allow larger quantities to be produced.”This is the other benefit. 23. ecology Ross Piper and fellow zoologists, using their expertise, bioprospecting Para G Now read this line “My colleagues and I at Aberystwyth University in the UK  have  developed an approach in which we use our knowledge of  ecology  as a guide to target our efforts.”.Hence, Piper and his colleagues use their knowledge in ecology to target certain insects for bioprospecting. 24. prey compounds, insects produce, to overpower Para G Keywords and synonyms:  subduing = overpower, keeping it fresh = preserve .Now read this line “The creatures that particularly interest us are the many insects that secrete powerful poison for subduing  prey  and keeping it fresh for future consumption.”The creatures that particularly interest the scientistsare those that product substances to subdue their prey and to keep it fresh. 25. habitats interested, compounds, insects, protect, pathogenic bacteria,fungi, Para G Now read this line “There are even more  insects  that are masters of exploiting filthy  habitats , such as faeces and carcasses, where they are regularly challenged by thousands of micro-organisms. These insects  have  many antimicrobial compounds  for dealing with  pathogenic bacteria and fungi,  . ..”Thus, it can be understood that pathogenic bacteria and fungi are found in these insects’ habitats. 26. antibiotics Piper, hopes, useful, development, drugs Now read this line “…there is certainly potential to find many compounds that can serve as or inspire new  antibiotics .”This means he hopes that these compounds and substances will be used to develop antibiotics (a type of drug).            READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 .    The Power of Play   Answer Keywords Location Explanations 27. B play, divided, separate, categories Para 4, line 2 Now read this line “Definitions range from discrete descriptions of various types of play such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play  (Miller & Almon 2009) ”.So, the lines suggest that play can be divided into some categories like physical, construction, language, symbolic etc. 28. G dult’s goals, play with children Para 8, line 3 Now read this line “The adults’ role in play varies as a function of their educational goals and the child’s developmental level  (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009) .” 29. F combining, work, play, best, children, learn Para 7, line 3 Now read this line “Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning; rather they can provide optimal contexts for learning.”This means that such hybrid, or combination, could be the best way for children to learn. 30. E certain, elements, play, more significant, Para 6 Now read this line “Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any one dimension in determining playfulness; however, other researchers  have  suggested that process orientation and a lack of obvious functional purpose may be the most  important  aspects of play (e.g. Pellegrini 2009).”Implying that though Rubin and his colleagues did not think that any one dimension (element) is not more significant ( important ) than other, Pellegrini thought differently. 31. c activities, classified, scale of playfulness Para 5 Now read this line “Often, play is defined along a continnum as more or less playful using the following set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e.g. Rubin et al. 1983):. . .”Then he claims that claim that play is defined as more or less playful according to a set of criteria. In other words, there is a scale of playfulness for play. 32. no Children,   toys, Para 1 Now read this line “Virtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to play is so intense that children will do so in any circumstances, for instance when they  have  no real toys, or when parents do not actively encourage the behaviour. In the eyes of a young child, running, pretending and building is fun.”Thus, it is incorrect to say that children need toys to play. 33. yes mistake, treat, play and learning, separate, activities Para 2 Scan for the similar keywords:  false = mistake, dichotomy = separate .Now read this line “Our society has created a false dichotomy (division) between play and learning.”Thus, it is false to treat play and learning as separateactivities. 34. not given children, develop, artistic Para 2 Keywords are in para 2, but there is no information about  ‘artistic talents’  in this paragraph. 35. no researchers, agreed, definition, play Para 4 Now read this line “full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to elude the researchers and theorists who study it”.Here,  “Full consensus=full agreement ‟,  “elude= confusing”. Thus, it is clear that they  have  not agreed on a definition of play yet. So the statement contradicts the author’s claims. 36. yes work and play, differ,  have  a target Para 7, line 2 Now read this line “Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable and it is extrinsically motivated (i.e. it is goal-oriented).”It means that work has a target, and in that way it is different from play. 37. encouraging Alternatively, adult, play with child, develop, for instance, investigate Para 9, line 2 Now read this line “In the more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can support children’s play by joining in the fun as a co-player, raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children’s discoveries, or  encouraging  further exploration or new facets to the child’s activity.” 38. desire adults,  help  children, structured,   Now read this line “Although playful learning can be somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered (Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should  stem from  the child’s own  desire .”In other words, the play should be based on the child and his/her desire to play. 39 & 40. autonomy & targeted intervention of adults, with adults, particular goals Last para First read this line “Intrinsically motivated free play provides the child with true  autonomy , …”Now read this line “while guided play is an avenue through which parents and educators can provide more  targeted  learning experiences.”