Cambridge IELTS Academic 14 Reading Test 3 Answers with Explanation / IELTS Academic Reading: The concept of intelligence ,Saving Bugs to Find New Drugs , The Power of Play

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.

The concept of intelligence

Answer	Keywords	Location	Explanation
1. B	intelligence, influence, behaviour	Para B, line 4	Scan for the keywords intelligence, behaviors, influence.Now read intensively “For example, parent’s implicit theories of their children’s language development will determine at what ages they will be willing to make various corrections in their children’s speech. More generally, parents’ implicit theories of intelligence will determine at what ages they believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive tasks.”Here, Non-scientists refer to normal people, and implicit theories refer to assumptions about intelligence.
2. A	lack of clarity, intelligence	Para A	Scan for the keywords in para A: lack of clarity= no one knows, intelligence.Now read this line “. .. . no one knows what it actually is. This chapter addresses how people conceptualize intelligence, whatever it may actually be.”Thus, it can be said that there is a lack of clarity over the definition of intelligence.
3. D	researcher’s, implicit, explicit, theories	Para D	Now read intensively “if an investigation…reveals little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicittheories, the implicit theories may be wrong”.Here, little correspondence means difference so it is possible that these two types of theories may be different.
4. Not Given	language development, disappointing,	Para B	We find the keyword ‘language development in children’ in paragraph B; but there is no mention of any slow or fast language learning.
5. No	expectations, children education	Para E	Scan for the keywords: expectations, children, education.Now read deeply “people have expectations for intellectual performances that differ for children of different ages. How these expectations differ is part a function of culture. For example, expectations for children who participate in Western-style schooling are almost certain to be different from those for children who do not participate in such schooling.”So, peoples expectations for intellectual performances differ for children of different ages and of different cultures for eg schooling. Therefore, these expectations are not universal (universal = not different). The statement contradicts the author’s claims.
6. Yes	scholars, understanding,	Para J	Scan for the keywords: scholars and understanding.Now read intensively “Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss the point of what others are saying when discussing their explicit theories and their data.”So, it is true that scholars usually discuss their own theories without fully understanding (hence they are likely to miss the point) other scholars.
7. B	desirable, same possibilities, open to everyone	Para H	Keyword synonyms and similar are given: people should have = desirable, equal opportunities = same opportunities.Now read this line “The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal opportunities, …. ….”
8. C	no section, preferential treatment	Para I	Search for the keywords and synonyms, similars: “preferential treatment=  favouring one group over another”Now read this line “In this view, we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to favouring one group over another.” Here we= Jacksonian.
9. B	gain benefits, achieve	Para H	No direct keyword so look for the synonyms and similarities: Here, opportunities = benefits.It is Jeffersonian view who believe that “people are rewarded for what they accomplish”
10. A	variation, intelligence, birth	Para G	Scan for the keywords: variation, intelligence, begins, birth. Hamiltonian view people are born with different levels of intelligence”, which means variation of intelligence begins at birth.
11. A	intelligent, positions, power	Para G	Scan for the keywords: intelligent= IQ, positions of power,Here, Hamilton’s view suggests that the more intelligent (They hold the positions of power like government officials or philosopher-kings) should keep the less intelligent in line (control).
12. C	everyone, develop, same, abilities	Para I	Jacksonian holds that people are equal in terms of their competencies.
13. G	low intelligence, uncontrolled, lives	Para G	Hamilton believes that left to themselves, the unintelligent (ow intelligence) would create, as they always have created, a kind of chaos(uncontrolled lives).

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 .

Saving Bugs to Find New Drugs

Answer	Keywords	Location	Explanation
14. C	factors, renewed interest, natural medicinal compounds	Para C	Now read these lines “…the development of new approaches focusing once again on natural products”. Which is the first factor.And Another line “This realization, together with several looming health crises, such as antibiotic resistance, has put bioprospecting – the research for useful compounds in nature – firmly back on the map.” This is the another factor.
15. H	technological advances, insect research, easier,	Para H	Now read this line “Fortunately, it is now possible to snip out the stretches of the insect’s DNA that carry the codes for the interesting compounds and insert them into cell lines that allow larger quantities to be produced.”The phrase “now possible” suggests that it wasn’t possible in the past, implying a great development in technology and science.
16. A	animals, use, medicinal substances	Para A	Read this line intensively “capuchin monkeys who use toxin-oozing millipedes to deter mosquitoes” and “chimpanzees who use noxious forest plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites”.capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees are animals.
17. F	reasons, challenging, use insects, drug research	Para F	Paragraph F talks three prime reasons of the challenges associated with using insects in drug research by the use of connectors.
18 . I	reasons, interest in drug research, benefit, wildlife	Para I	Read this line “I sincerely believe that all species, however small and seemingly insignificant, have a right to exist for their own sake. If we can shine a light on the darker recesses of nature’s medicine cabinet, exploring the useful chemistry of the most diverse animals on the planet, I believe we can make people think differently about the value of nature.”These lines clearly shows the fact that higher research on drug research can benefit all species (wildlife).
19. B	reason, nature-based, medicine, fell out of favour	Para B	Now read this line “Then, for a while, modern pharmaceutical science moved its focus away from nature and into the laboratory, deigning chemical compounds from scratch. The main cause of this shift is that although there are plenty of promising chemical compounds in nature, finding them is far from easy.”This means that for a while, modern pharmaceutical science moved its focus away from nature”. For a period = for a while, Medicine = pharmaceutical science.
20. E	insect-derived medicine, in use	Para E	Now read this line “For example, alloferon, an antimicrobial compound produced by blow fly larvae, is used as an antiviral and antitumor agent in South Korea and Russia.”This para mentions several promising compounds derived from insects, such as alloferon.
21 & 22. B & C	TWO, make insects interesting, drug research,	Para G and H	Now read this line in para G ” Although using insects fordrug research is challenging, it is also interesting and potentially useful. The creatures that particularly interest us are the many insects that secrete powerful poison for subduing prey and keeping it fresh for future consumption.”This means that humans can make use of these compounds to produce antibiotics.Now In paragraph H “Fortunately, it is now possible to snip out the stretches of the insect’s DNA that carry the codes for the interesting compounds and insert them into cell lines that allow larger quantities to be produced.”This is the other benefit.
23. ecology	Ross Piper and fellow zoologists, using their expertise, bioprospecting	Para G	Now read this line “My colleagues and I at Aberystwyth University in the UK have developed an approach in which we use our knowledge of ecology as a guide to target our efforts.”.Hence, Piper and his colleagues use their knowledge in ecology to target certain insects for bioprospecting.
24. prey	compounds, insects produce, to overpower	Para G	Keywords and synonyms: subduing = overpower, keeping it fresh = preserve.Now read this line “The creatures that particularly interest us are the many insects that secrete powerful poison for subduing prey and keeping it fresh for future consumption.”The creatures that particularly interest the scientistsare those that product substances to subdue their prey and to keep it fresh.
25. habitats	interested, compounds, insects, protect, pathogenic bacteria,fungi,	Para G	Now read this line “There are even more insects that are masters of exploiting filthy habitats, such as faeces and carcasses, where they are regularly challenged by thousands of micro-organisms. These insects have many antimicrobial compounds for dealing with pathogenic bacteria and fungi,  . ..”Thus, it can be understood that pathogenic bacteria and fungi are found in these insects’ habitats.
26. antibiotics	Piper, hopes, useful, development, drugs		Now read this line “…there is certainly potential to find many compounds that can serve as or inspire new antibiotics.”This means he hopes that these compounds and substances will be used to develop antibiotics (a type of drug).

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 .

 

 The Power of Play

Answer	Keywords	Location	Explanations
27. B	play, divided, separate, categories	Para 4, line 2	Now read this line “Definitions range from discrete descriptions of various types of play such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play (Miller & Almon 2009)”.So, the lines suggest that play can be divided into some categories like physical, construction, language, symbolic etc.
28. G	dult’s goals, play with children	Para 8, line 3	Now read this line “The adults’ role in play varies as a function of their educational goals and the child’s developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009).”
29. F	combining, work, play, best, children, learn	Para 7, line 3	Now read this line “Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning; rather they can provide optimal contexts for learning.”This means that such hybrid, or combination, could be the best way for children to learn.
30. E	certain, elements, play, more significant,	Para 6	Now read this line “Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any one dimension in determining playfulness; however, other researchers have suggested that process orientation and a lack of obvious functional purpose may be the most important aspects of play (e.g. Pellegrini 2009).”Implying that though Rubin and his colleagues did not think that any one dimension (element) is not more significant (important) than other, Pellegrini thought differently.
31. c	activities, classified, scale of playfulness	Para 5	Now read this line “Often, play is defined along a continnum as more or less playful using the following set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e.g. Rubin et al. 1983):. . .”Then he claims that claim that play is defined as more or less playful according to a set of criteria. In other words, there is a scale of playfulness for play.
32. no	Children, toys,	Para 1	Now read this line “Virtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to play is so intense that children will do so in any circumstances, for instance when they have no real toys, or when parents do not actively encourage the behaviour. In the eyes of a young child, running, pretending and building is fun.”Thus, it is incorrect to say that children need toys to play.
33. yes	mistake, treat, play and learning, separate, activities	Para 2	Scan for the similar keywords: false = mistake, dichotomy = separate.Now read this line “Our society has created a false dichotomy (division) between play and learning.”Thus, it is false to treat play and learning as separateactivities.
34. not given	children, develop, artistic	Para 2	Keywords are in para 2, but there is no information about ‘artistic talents’ in this paragraph.
35. no	researchers, agreed, definition, play	Para 4	Now read this line “full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to elude the researchers and theorists who study it”.Here, “Full consensus=full agreement‟, “elude= confusing”.Thus, it is clear that they have not agreed on a definition of play yet. So the statement contradicts the author’s claims.
36. yes	work and play, differ, have a target	Para 7, line 2	Now read this line “Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable and it is extrinsically motivated (i.e. it is goal-oriented).”It means that work has a target, and in that way it is different from play.
37. encouraging	Alternatively, adult, play with child, develop, for instance, investigate	Para 9, line 2	Now read this line “In the more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can support children’s play by joining in the fun as a co-player, raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children’s discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new facets to the child’s activity.”
38. desire	adults, help children, structured,		Now read this line “Although playful learning can be somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered (Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should stem from the child’s own desire.”In other words, the play should be based on the child and his/her desire to play.
39 & 40. autonomy & targeted	intervention of adults, with adults, particular goals	Last para	First read this line “Intrinsically motivated free play provides the child with true autonomy, …”Now read this line “while guided play is an avenue through which parents and educators can provide more targeted learning experiences.”