READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Green roofs   Q Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 1 D challenges Paragraph D (last sentence) "For green roofs to become the norm for new developments, there needs to be support from public authorities and private investors. Those responsible for maintaining buildings may have to acquire new skills, such as landscaping, and in some cases, volunteers may be needed to help out." 2 C existing green roofs Paragraph C (line 12-14) "Toronto, Canada, has policies dating from the 1990s, encouraging the development of urban farms on rooftops." 3 E model for new ones Paragraph E (line 1-3) "As the expertise about green roofs grows, official standards have been developed to ensure that they are designed, constructed and maintained properly, and function well." 4 B combination with other green urban initiatives Paragraph B (line 1-4) "Ongoing research is showcasing how green roofs in cities can integrate with 'living walls': environmentally friendly walls which are partially or completely covered with greenery." 5 D financial benefits Paragraph D (line 6-10) "To convince investors and developers that installing green roofs is worthwhile, economic arguments are still the most important." 6 energy lessening floods Paragraph A (line 5-6) "Among the benefits are saving on energy costs, mitigating the risk of floods..." 7 food producing Paragraph A (line 9-10) "making habitats for urban wildlife, tackling air pollution and even growing food." 8 gardening cope with mental health issues Paragraph B (line 5-6) "Doctors are increasingly prescribing time spent gardening outdoors for patients dealing with anxiety and depression." 9 obesity prevent physical problems Paragraph B (line 8-9) "And research has found that access to even the most basic green spaces can provide a better quality of life for dementia sufferers and help people avoid obesity." 10 & 11 C, D advantages of using newer buildings Paragraph C (line 12-14) "Being able to keep enough water at roof height and distribute it right across the rooftop is crucial to maintaining the plants on any green roof – especially on 'edible roofs' where fruit and vegetables are farmed." "Having a stronger roof also makes it easier to grow a greater variety of plants since the soil can be deeper." 12 & 13 A, D aims of new variations on the concept of green roofs Paragraph E (line 1-3, 8-9) "There are also combinations of green roofs with solar panels, and 'brown roofs' which are wilder in nature and maximize biodiversity." "If the trend continues, it could create new jobs and a more vibrant and sustainable local food economy – alongside many other benefits."   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The growth mindset   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 14 B first paragraph First paragraph (line 2-6) "The concept of intelligence as something innate has been supplanted by the idea that intelligence is not fixed, and that, with the right training, we can be the authors of our own cognitive capabilities." 15 C second paragraph Second paragraph "A major focus of the growth mindset in schools is coaxing students away from seeing failure as an indication of their ability, and towards seeing it as a chance to improve that ability." 16 D third paragraph Third paragraph "This group had inferred that success or failure is due to innate ability, and this ‘fixed mindset’ had led them to fear of failure and lack of effort." 17 C growth mindset studies Last paragraph "The statistician Andrew Gelman claims that ‘their research designs have enough degrees of freedom that they could take their data to support just about any theory at all’." 18 B growth mindset Last paragraph "In fact, she argues that her work has been misunderstood and misapplied in a range of ways." 19 A intellectual ability Last paragraph "The failure to translate the growth mindset into the classroom might reflect a misunderstanding of the nature of teaching and learning itself." 20 E growth mindset promotion Last paragraph "Growth mindset supporters David Yeager and Gregory Walton claim that interventions should be delivered in a subtle way to maximise their effectiveness." 21 B growth mindset Last paragraph "She has also expressed concerns that her theories are being misappropriated in schools by being conflated with the self-esteem movement." 22 D growth mindset effect Last paragraph "Professor of Psychology Timothy Bates, who has been trying to replicate Dweck’s work, is finding that the results are repeatedly null." 23 YES Dweck's response to criticism Last paragraph "Much of this criticism is not lost on Dweck, and she deserves great credit for responding to it and adapting her work accordingly." 24 NO self-perception vs. achievement Last paragraph "A lot of what drives students is their innate beliefs and how they perceive themselves." 25 NOT GIVEN media coverage of recent evidence Not mentioned Not mentioned 26 YES deliberate attempts to encourage high achievement Last paragraph "Perhaps growth mindset works best as a philosophy and not an intervention."           READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Alfred Wegener: science, exploration and the theory of continental drift   Question No. Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 27 YES Wegener’s ideas about continental drift Last paragraph (Paragraph 5) As important as Wegener’s work on continental drift has turned out to be, it was largely a sideline to his interest in atmospheric physics, geophysics, and paleoclimatology, and thus I have been at great pains to put Wegener’s work on continental drift in the larger context of his other scientific work, and in the even larger context of atmospheric sciences in his lifetime. 28 NOT GIVEN idea that the continents remained fixed in place - - 29 NO limited range of scientific fields Paragraph 1, Line 8 Wegener showed in great detail how such continental movements were plausible and how they worked, using evidence from a large number of sciences including geology, geophysics, paleontology, and climatology. 30 NO similarities between Wegener’s theory and modern-day plate tectonics Paragraph 1 Plate tectonics is in many respects quite different from Wegener’s proposal, in the same way that modern evolutionary theory is very different from the ideas Charles Darwin proposed in the 1850s about biological evolution. Yet plate tectonics is a descendant of Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift... 31 I remarkable things about Wegener Paragraph 7 One of the remarkable things about Wegener from a biographer’s perspective is that although he proposed a theory of continental drift, he was not a geologist. 32 F his research methods Paragraph 7 His professional interests were limited to atmospheric physics. 33 A person of modest fame Paragraph 7 However, at the time he proposed his theory of continental drift in 1912, he was already a person of modest fame. 34 C 52 hours in a hot-air balloon Paragraph 7, Line 17 Six years previously, there had been his record-breaking achievement of 52 hours in a hot-air balloon... 35 H expedition to Greenland’s coast Paragraph 7, Line 18 ...followed by his well-publicized but hazardous exploration of Greenland’s coast. 36 E a select group of German scientists Paragraph 7, Line 20 With the publication of his textbook on thermodynamics, he had also come to the attention of a select group of German scientists. 37 B describing why it is desirable to read the whole book Paragraph 5 When I started writing about Wegener’s life and work, one of the most intriguing things about him for me was that... My treatment of his other scientific work is no less detailed, though I certainly have devoted more attention to the reception of his ideas on continental displacement, as they were much more controversial than his other work. 38 A He was not a particularly ambitious person. Paragraph 6, Line 1 He was not active (with a few exceptions) in scientific societies, and did not seek to find influence or advance his ideas through professional contacts and politics... 39 D Wegener's scientific ideas Paragraph 6, Line 7 Some famous scientists, such as Newton, Darwin, and Einstein, left mountains of written material behind, hundreds of notebooks and letters numbering in the tens of thousands. Others, like Michael Faraday, left extensive journals of their thoughts and speculations, parallel to their scientific notebooks. The more such material a scientist leaves behind, the better chance a biographer has of forming an accurate picture of how a scientist’s ideas took shape and evolved.   Question No. Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 40 C People have little control over many aspects of their lives. Last paragraph (Paragraph 9) I am firmly of the opinion that most of us, Wegener included, are not in any real sense the authors of our own lives. We plan, think, and act, often with apparent freedom, but most of the time our lives ‘happen to us’, and we only retrospectively turn this happenstance into a coherent narrative of fulfilled intentions. This book, therefore, is a story both of the life and scientific work that Alfred Wegener planned and intended and of the life and scientific work that actually ‘happened to him’. These are, as I think you will soon see, not always the same thing.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Striking back at lightning with lasers    Question Answer Keywords Location Text/Explanation 1 D main topic, laser technique, control lightning strikes Paragraphs 1-10 The main topic discussed in the text is ‘A laser technique that may work to control lightning strikes.’ The passage explores the research, development, and potential applications of this laser technique. 2 A every year, lightning, considerable damage, buildings, thunderstorms Last lines of paragraph A According to the passage, lightning does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms, costing American power companies more than $100 million a year. 3 A Researchers, University of Florida, University of New Mexico, receive funds, EPRI Paragraphs 3 and 5 Researchers at the University of Florida and the University of New Mexico receive funds from the same source, which is EPRI (Electrical Power Research Institute). 4 power companies EPRI receives, financial support Paragraph 3 EPRI, which is funded by power companies, provides financial support. 5 safely advantage, technique, Diels, can be used Paragraph 5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used safely, ensuring the safety of individuals and equipment. 6 size main difficulty, laser equipment, related to Paragraph 7 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its size, as the current laser is large and takes up a whole room. 7 B laser, create, line of ionisation, removing electrons from Paragraph 6 In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from atoms. 8 C laser, directed, control electrical charges, less dangerous than Paragraph 6 The laser is directed at storm clouds in order to control electrical charges, which is a less dangerous method compared to using rockets. 9 G laser, directed, control electrical charges, less dangerous than Paragraph 6 The laser is directed at rockets in order to control electrical charges, but using rockets is considered more dangerous in populated areas. 10 D protection, lasers, beams, aimed firstly Paragraph 6 As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at mirrors, which deflect the beams into the sky. 11 NO power companies, given, Diels, enough money, develop his laser Paragraph 8 Power companies have not yet given Diels enough money to develop his laser, although they show interest in his system. 12 YES obtaining money, improve the lasers, depend on, tests, real storms Paragraph 8 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms, and the results of these tests will determine the support and interest from various sources. 13 NOT GIVEN Weather forecasters, intensely interested, Diels’s system Not mentioned There is no information provided in the passage about the level of interest weather forecasters have in Diels's system.     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The nature of genius   Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 14 B intellectuals, prodigies burn out Paragraph B, lines 4-5 "..that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out..." 15 C people with gifts, have a responsibility, use them Paragraph B, lines 10-11 "...that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them..." 16 F genius runs in families Paragraph B, lines 6-7 "...that genius runs in families..." 17 H genius goes unrecognized and unrewarded Paragraph B, line 9 "...that genius goes unrecognized and unrewarded..." 18 J adversity, develop their greatness Paragraph B, line 10 "...that adversity makes men wise..." 19 TRUE Nineteenth-century studies, uniqueness, person's upbringing Paragraph 3, lines 7-9 "...the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies...is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced." 20 TRUE Nineteenth-century studies, objectivity, scientific approach Paragraph 3, last sentence "It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective, if still not always very scientific, basis." 21 FALSE true genius, general powers, excellence in any area Paragraph 4, lines 9-10 "The true genius is a mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to particular direction..." 22 TRUE skills, ordinary individuals, same as, prodigies Paragraph 5, lines 1-2 "...the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to, but also much superior to, our own." 23 TRUE ease, truly great ideas, accepted and taken for granted, lessen, significance Paragraph 5, lines 4-8 "...the hard-won discoveries of scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of schoolchildren...This does not minimize the supremacy of their achievements..." 24 NOT GIVEN Giftedness and genius, proper scientific research, true nature, all talent, retained for the human race No information found N/A 25 TRUE Geniuses, pay, high price, achieve greatness Paragraph 6, lines 7-10 "We may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognize the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication..." 26 NOT GIVEN To be a genius, worth, high personal cost No information found N/A      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . How does the biological clock tick Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 27 ix ageing, laws of physical chemistry, thermodynamics Paragraph B, lines 2-7 "‗older‘. Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics. Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same way. At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself it could actually become older without ageing." 28 ii restricted life span, ageing, death, adapt or replaced by new types Paragraph C, lines 4-7 "system to age and die. Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing, and then death are basic characteristics of life. The reason for this is easy to recognise: in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or are regularly replaced by new types" 29 vii average duration of human life, hardly changed, upper limit, medical care, nutrition Paragraph D, lines 4-8 "constant. For example, the average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of years. Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years" 30 i genetically determined biological characteristic, internal clock Paragraph E, first 3 lines "If a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some way measures" 31 viii sparing use of energy reserves, hibernation, lethargy, metabolic rate, hunger diet, women older than men Paragraph F, lines 5-10 "captivity. Animals which save energy by hibernation or lethargy (e.g. bats or hedgehogs) live much longer than those which are always active. The metabolic rate of mice can be reduced by a very low consumption of food (hunger diet). They then may live twice as long as their well-fed comrades. Women become distinctly (about 10 per cent) older than men" 32 iv sparing use of energy reserves, extreme high-performance sports Paragraph G, first 2 lines "It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life. Extreme high-performance sports" Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 33 physical chemistry N/A Paragraph B, line 4-5 "Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics. Although the" 34 thermodynamics N/A Paragraph B, line 4-5 "Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics. Although the" 35 adapt N/A Paragraph C, lines 9-10 "characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions" 36 Immortality N/A Paragraph C, last 3 lines "conditions. Immortality would disturb this system — it needs room for new and better life. This is the basic problem of evolution"   Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 38 YES biological system, renew itself, become older without ageing Paragraph B, line 7-9 "is not inexorable in the same way. At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself it could actually become older without ageing" 39 NOT GIVEN N/A N/A N/A 40 YES sparing use of energy reserves, extend life, extreme high-performance sports Paragraph G, first 2 lines "It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life. Extreme high-performance sports"

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Land of the rising sum    Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 1 vii Background to middle-years education in Japan Section B, first few lines "Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15)..." 2 i The influence of Monbusho Section C, lines 3-4 and last sentence "Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as a part of the concept of free compulsory education up to the age of 15... Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralized national curriculum and how it is to be delivered." 3 v The typical format of a maths lesson Section D, lines 11-12 "Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class." 4 ii Helping less successful students Section E, lines 3-4 and last sentence "In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour... the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of 'if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything'." 5 viii The key to Japanese successes in maths education Section F, first lines of parts 1 and 2 "So what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important... Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class and a positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one's own standard." 6 YES Wider range of achievement, English pupils studying maths, Japanese counterparts Section A, lines 4-6 "...there was also a larger proportion of 'low' attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater." 7 NO Percentage of Gross National Product spent on education, reflects level of attainment in mathematics Section A, last sentence "The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?" 8 NOT GIVEN Private schools in Japan, modern and spacious, state-run lower secondary schools Section B, lines 2-3 "all pupils at this stage attend state schools; only 3 percent are in the private sector. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside." 9 NO Teachers mark homework, Japanese schools Section D, lines 3-5 "Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake so that these can be avoided in future." 10 B Maths textbooks in Japanese schools are well organised and adapted to the needs of the pupils Section C "These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed." 11 C When a new maths topic is introduced, it is carefully and patiently explained to the students Section D, lines 7-10 "the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class..." 12 A Schools deal with students who experience difficulties by giving them appropriate supplementary tuition Section E, lines 2-5 and lines 10-13 "Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 13 C Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized Section F, lines 3-4 "Maths is recognized as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling, and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy."     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Biological control of the pests   Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 14 B Counter-productive, ecological disorders, chemical-resistant, superbugs Paragraph 1, last 3 lines "proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs." 15 A Study, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), agricultural pests, resistance Paragraph 2, first 2 lines "According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals." 16 D Agriculture, farmers, pesticides, crop yield, insecticide application Paragraph 4, lines 4-5 "agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in" 17 D Alarming turn, outbreak, new pests, pesticide spraying, financial outlay Paragraph 5, first 4 lines "By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides." 18 NOT GIVEN - - - 19 YES Disease-spreading pests, immune to insecticides Paragraph 2, last 3 lines "resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use." 20 NO Pests withstand synthetic chemicals, genetic diversity, resistance Paragraph 3, last 3 lines "Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides." 21 YES Bio-control, safe, non-polluting, self-dispersing Paragraph 7, last 2 lines "When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non—polluting and self-dispersing." 22 D Prey on 'disapene scale' insects, defoliants of fruit trees Paragraph 9, last 2 lines "that prey on 'disapene scale' insects — notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India" 23 H Predator indigenous to India, controlling Rhodes grass-scale insect Paragraph 10, line 5-6 "predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage" 24 C Examples of pest control, coconut groves, leaf-mining hispides Paragraph 10, line 2-3 "by the following examples. In The late 1960s, when Sri Lanka's flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides, a larval parasite" 25 E CIBC, Argentinian weevil, eradication of water hyacinth Paragraph 9, line 5-6 "supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed" 26 B 12-kilometre-long canal, weed Salvinia molesta, rice fields in Kerala Paragraph 10, last 3 lines “12-kilometre- long canal from the clutches of the weed Salviniamolesta, popularly called „African Payal‟ in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fieldsin Kerala are infested by this weed.”      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Collecting ant specimens   Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 27 TRUE Taxonomic research, comparing members, one group of ants Paragraph 1, lines 4-6 "For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species." 28 NOT GIVEN New species, frequently, identified, taxonomists - - 29 TRUE Range, key criterion, ecological collections Paragraph 1, lines 7-8 "For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible." 30 FALSE Single collection, taxonomic and ecological purposes Paragraph 1, last few lines "The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations." 31 A (hand collecting) Specimens, groups of ants Paragraph 2, lines 6-8 "when possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are from the same species and so increase their value for detailed studies." 32 C (sampling ground litter) Particularly effective, wet habitats Paragraph 4 "this method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas" 33 B (using bait) Good method, hard to find Paragraph 3 "Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive." 34 D (using a pitfall trap) Little time and effort required Paragraph 5 "One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention." 35 A (hand collecting) Separate containers, individual specimens Paragraph 2, lines 11-12 "Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5 – 3.0 ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol." 36 D (using a pitfall trap) Non-alcoholic preservative Paragraph 5 "the preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out." 37 heat - Paragraph 4, lines 4-5 "This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat." 38 leaf litter - Paragraph 4, lines 4-5 "This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat." 39 (coarse) screen - Paragraph 4, lines 7-9 "A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel." 40 alcohol - Paragraph 4, lines 5-6 "As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Attitudes of language    Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text/Explanation 1 YES understandable reasons, arguments First paragraph, lines 2-4 "Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start . . .. . . ." 2 NO more strongly, language education First paragraph, last lines "Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education." 3 YES assessment, intelligence Second paragraph, lines 2-4 ".. .. . . linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival." 4 NOT GIVEN prescriptive grammar books, cost Not mentioned - 5 YES prescriptivism, exists Fourth and fifth paragraphs "All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18 century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries…. . .. . Some usages are “prescribed”, to be learnt and followed accurately;. …. . ." and "These attitudes are still with us…" 6 YES pointless, stop language change Fifth paragraph, lines 4-6 "… .. . it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe – to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change." 7 NO Descriptivism, after Fifth paragraph "This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe – to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley..." 8 YES descriptivists, prescriptivists Last paragraph "In our own time, the opposition between descriptivists and prescriptivists has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other." 9 H prescriptivists Third paragraph "prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community." 10 F rules Fourth paragraph "The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterised by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar." 11 A descriptivists Fifth paragraph "Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than the facts of linguistic usage." 12 C popular speech Fifth paragraph "Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’.” 13 B present a historical account Throughout the passage, especially last paragraph The passage presents a historical account of differing     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Tidal Power      TIDAL POWER ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATION 14.C first test site paragraph C, line 3 The first station is expected ………….. and the European Union. 15.E power, Britain paragraph E, line 1 Dr Bahaj has done most work ……………….under the Channel. “import= bring back” 16.A Britain, an alternative source of energy paragraph A, line 8 Unlike wind power, which Britain originally ………….. island nations such as Japan and New Zealand. “originally developed and abandoned for 20 years= previous attempt” 17.C applying technology, another industry paragraph C, line 8 The technology for dealing with the hostile saline  environment  under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry…. 18.A Paragraph A, line 3 Unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power input is constant. “than wind power= unlike wind, predictable= reliable” 19.D Paragraph A, line 5 This technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions “reduce= cut down” 20.E Paragraph A, line 6 If tides, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants 21.F paragraph A , line 6 If tides, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants [Option E] and export renewable power to other parts of Europe 22.J paragraph C, line last The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented coasts where there are strong tidal currents “vicinity of coastlines= around heavily indented coasts “ 23.maintenance tower, seaweeds paragraph D, line 9 The towers will stick out of the water …………..seaweed from the blades. “Purpose = maintenance and cleaning sea weeds” 24. slow (turning) sea life, blades paragraph D, line 5 Fish and other creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively slow-turning blades. “sea life =fish and other creatures, comparatively=relatively” 25.low pressure and 26. cavitation air bubbles, known as last paragraph, line 1 One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles.   READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Information theory- the big idea Question Answer Keywords Location Text 27 D information theory, noise, rate, information, error-free Para D, Line 2-5 "Information theory generalises this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free." 28 F information, data, meaning, error correction Para F, Line 3-4 "As mobile phone text messages like 'I CN C U' show, it is often possible to leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning. As with error correction" 29 B computer technology, student, Bell Laboratories, information theory Para B, Line 6-7 "While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory" 30 E technological feats, Voyager spacecraft, error rate, clear pictures Para E, Line 2-5 "The Voyager spacecraft transmitted data using codes which added one extra bit for every single bit of information; the result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000 — and stunningly clear pictures of the planets." 31 A information theory, Voyager I, spectacular images, contact Para A, Line 2-7 "The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1977, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the stars...Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and NASA experts realised that they had to do something or lose contact with their probe forever." 32 C information, binary unit, bit Para C, Line 5-7 "The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false — which can be captured in the binary unit, or 'bit', of the form 1 or 0." 33 Jupiter & Saturn Voyager I, spectacular images Para A, Line 2-3 "The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1977, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn" 34 Solar system Voyager I Para A, Line 3 "and then soared out of the Solar System" 35 Sensors & circuits probe, failing Para A, Line 4-6 "After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age. Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing" 36 Spares message, Voyager I, failing parts Para A, Line 7-8 "The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts." 37 Radio dish NASA's Deep Space Network, message Para A, Line 9-10 "By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA's Deep Space Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space" 38 TRUE information, binary unit, bit Para C, Line 5-7 "The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false — which can be captured in the binary unit, or 'bit', of the form 1 or 0." 39 TRUE information theory, noise, rate, signal, bandwidth Para D, Line   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 39 TRUE information theory, noise, rate, signal, bandwidth Para D, Line 2-6 "Information theory generalises this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free. This rate depends on the relative strengths of the signal and noise travelling down the communication channel, and on its capacity (its 'bandwidth')."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Materials to take us beyond concrete Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 1 G industrial processes, potential raw materials Section G "Fly ash and slag from iron ore are possible alternatives to cement in a concrete mix." 2 D various locations, high-rise wooden buildings Section D "Vancouver, Vienna and Brumunddal in Norway are all home to constructed tall, wooden buildings." 3 C widely available, raw materials of concrete Section C "Not only are the ingredients of concrete relatively cheap and found in abundance in most places around the globe." 4 F more high-rise wooden buildings needed, viability of wood as a construction material Section F "But even treated wood has its limitations and only when a wider range of construction projects has been proven in practice will it be possible to see wood as a real alternative to concrete in constructing tall buildings." 5 architects environmental concerns, wood in modern construction projects Throughout the passage "climate change is driving architects to turn to treated timber as a possible resource." 6 moisture challenges of using wood Section E "Wood expands as it absorbs moisture from the air." 7 layers process of turning wood into a better construction material Section E "Cross-laminated timber is engineered wood. An adhesive is used to stick layers of solid-sawn timber together, crosswise, to form building blocks." 8 speed advantages of wooden buildings over concrete and steel Section E "Construction experts say that wooden buildings can be constructed at a greater speed than ones of concrete and steel and the process, it seems, is quieter." 9 C environmental advantage of cement alternatives Section G "But Anna Surgenor, of the UK’s Green Building Council, notes that although these waste products can save carbon in the concrete mix, their use is not always straightforward." 10 A difficulty in creating a comparable alternative to concrete Section B "Chris Cheeseman, an engineering professor at Imperial College London, says the key thing to consider is the extent to which concrete is used around the world, and is likely to continue to be used." 11 B increased interest in wood as a construction material Section F "Stora Enso is Europe’s biggest supplier of cross-laminated timber, and its vice-president Markus Mannstrom reports that the company is seeing increasing demand globally for building in wood, with climate change concerns the key driver." 12 D expense as a factor in the negative response to new cements Section H "In their overview of innovation in the concrete industry, Felix Preston and Johanna Lehne of the UK’s Royal Institute of International Affairs reached the conclusion that, ‘Some novel cements have been discussed for more than a decade within the research community, without breaking through." 13 A environmental damage caused by concrete due to large quantities Section A "If concrete is the only answer to the construction of new cities, then carbon emissions will soar, aggravating global warming." READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The steam car   Q Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 14 iii steam car, weaknesses, strengths Paragraph A "But these early cars inherited steam’s weaknesses along with its strengths." 15 viii glory days, internal combustion engine Paragraph B "But the glory days of steam cars were few. A new technology called the Internal Combustion Engine soon appeared..." 16 vi Doble brothers, first steam car, improvements Paragraph C "Though the Doble boys’ third prototype, nicknamed the Model B, still lacked the convenience of an internal combustion engine, it drew the attention of automobile trade magazines due to its numerous improvements over previous steam cars." 17 v Model C, innovations, General Engineering Company Paragraph D "The following year Abner Doble drove the Model B from Massachusetts to Detroit in order to seek investment in his automobile design, which he used to open the General Engineering Company." 18 vii Model E, glitches, unhappy buyers Paragraph E "Later that year Abner Doble delivered unhappy news to those eagerly awaiting the delivery of their modem new cars." 19 i Model E road test, cold conditions Paragraph F "In early 1924, the Doble brothers shipped a Model E to New York City to be road-tested by the Automobile Club of America. After sitting overnight in freezing temperatures..." 20 iv financial failure, fewer than fifty produced Paragraph G "Sadly, the Dobles’ brilliant steam car never was a financial success... By the time the company folded in 1931, fewer than fifty of the amazing Model E steam cars had been produced." 21 A success was short-lived Paragraph B "But the glory days of steam cars were few." 22 C built multiple prototypes Paragraph C "Though it did not run well, the Doble brothers went on to build a second and third prototype in the following years." 23 B opened General Engineering Company Paragraph D "The following year Abner Doble drove the Model B from Massachusetts to Detroit in order to seek investment in his automobile design, which he used to open the General Engineering Company." 24 speed Model E road-tested, raised its Paragraph F "As the new Doble steamer was further developed and tested, its maximum speed was pushed to over a hundred miles per hour..." 25 fifty fewer than fifty produced Paragraph G "By the time the company folded in 1931, fewer than fifty of the amazing Model E steam cars had been produced." 26 strict California's emissions laws Paragraph G "Astonishingly, an unmodified Doble Model E runs clean enough to pass the emissions laws in California today..." 26 E reduced professional authority 6th Paragraph, Line 6 "Since we’d want to ensure that people are treated equally and that policies are fair, the goals of AI would need to be specified correctly."       READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The case for mixed-ability classes Q Answer Keywords Location Text 27 B Romeo and Juliet lesson 2nd paragraph, lines 1-9 "Picture this scene... the original." 28 A streaming 3rd paragraph, lines 1-6 "The practice of ‘streaming’... every stakeholder." 29 C Mount Qomolangma 5th paragraph, lines 6-10 "Mixed-ability classes bore students... the social divide." 30 C scaffolding 6th paragraph, lines 5-9 "The purpose of teaching is to provide... would be madness." 31 H streaming Last paragraph, lines 1-3 "According to Professor John Hattie... those lucky clever students." 32 D lowest sets Last paragraph, lines 4-6 "streaming appears to significantly... low socioeconomic class." 33 F low socioeconomic class Last paragraph, lines 4-6 "streaming appears to significantly... low socioeconomic class." 34 E higher sets Last paragraph, lines 6-9 "Less significant is the small benefit... higher sets." 35 B diverse and flexible Last paragraph, lines 9-10 "Meanwhile, in a mixed environment... and flexible." 36 NO Vygotsky model Not given Not mentioned in the passage. 37 NOT GIVEN MKO roles Not given Not mentioned in the passage. 38 YES rewarding to teach knowledge 8th paragraph, lines 4-7 "There is also something exciting about passing on skills and knowledge that you yourself have just mastered." 39 NO highest-achieving students Not given Not mentioned in the passage. 40 NOT GIVEN collaborative outdoor activities Not given Not mentioned in the passage.   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph, Line) Text associated with the answer 27 NOT GIVEN Leonardo da Vinci, genius - - 28 NOT GIVEN climate crisis, deaths, plague - - 29 TRUE challenges, earlier times 3rd Paragraph, Line 1 "Today, the world is on the cusp of a climate crisis, which is predicted to cause widespread displacement, extinctions and death, if left unaddressed. Then, as now, radical solutions were called for to revolutionise the way people lived and safeguard humanity against catastrophe." 30 FALSE ideal city, constructed, 15th century 5th Paragraph, Lines 1-2 "Following a typical Renaissance trend, he began to work on an ‘ideal city’ project, which – due to its excessive costs – would remain unfulfilled." 31 TRUE poor town planning, major contributor, climate change 6th Paragraph, Line 1 "Although the Renaissance is renowned as an era of incredible progress in art and architecture, it is rarely noted that the 15th century also marked the birth of urbanism as a true academic discipline." 32 NOT GIVEN Pienza, Ferrara, local people fought - - 33 FALSE Leonardo da Vinci, neat, organised record 7th Paragraph, Lines 1-2 "It is not easy to identify a coordinated vision of Leonardo’s ideal city because of his disordered way of working with notes and sketches." 34 transport Leonardo da Vinci, new city, Ticino River 8th Paragraph, Line 1 "He designed the city for the easy transport of goods and clean urban spaces." 35 staircases Leonardo da Vinci, high-rise buildings 9th Paragraph, Line 4 "Leonardo wanted the city to be built on several levels, linked with vertical outdoor staircases." 36 engineering Leonardo da Vinci, hydraulic plants, artificial canals 11th Paragraph, Lines 2-3 "But the true originality of Leonardo’s vision was its fusion of architecture and engineering." 37 rule Leonardo da Vinci, width of streets, height of houses 12th Paragraph, Line 3 "Leonardo also thought that the width of the streets ought to match the average height of the adjacent houses: a rule still followed in many contemporary cities across Italy." 38 Roman Leonardo da Vinci, Roman cities 13th Paragraph, Line 1 "Although some of these features existed in Roman cities..." 39 Paris Leonardo da Vinci, 19th century, redesigned 13th Paragraph, Lines 6-7 "For example, the subdivision of the city by function- with services and infrastructures located in the lower levels and wide and well-ventilated boulevards and walkways above for residents – is an idea that can be found in Georges-Eugene Haussmann’s renovation of Paris under Emperor Napoleon III between 1853 and 1870." 40 outwards Leonardo da Vinci, building approach 14th Paragraph, Line 2 "Today, Leonardo’s ideas are not simply valid, they actually suggest a way forward for urban planning."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Bats to the rescue   Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q1 False Madagascar's forests, destroyed, insects Paragraph 1 "Madagascar’s forests are being converted to agricultural land at a rate of one percent every year... And a key reason for this destruction is that insect pests are destroying vast quantities of what is grown by local subsistence farmers, leading them to clear forest to create new paddy fields." Q2 False Loss of habitat, insectivorous bats, Madagascar Paragraph 1 "In fact, some of the island’s insectivorous bats  are currently thriving and this has important implications for farmers and conservationists alike." Q3 Not Given Ricardo Rocha, studies, bats - - Q4 True Habitat modification, indigenous bats, useful to farmers Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4 "Bats comprise roughly one-fifth of all mammal species in Madagascar... Co-leading an international team of scientists, Rocha found that several species of indigenous bats are taking advantage of habitat modification  to hunt insects swarming above the country’s rice fields." Q5 Not Given Malagasy mouse-eared bat, common, indigenous bats, Madagascar - - Q6 True Bats, feed, paddy swarming caterpillars, grass webworms Paragraph 4 "We found that six species of bat are preying on rice pests, including the paddy swarming caterpillar  and grass webworm ." Q7 droppings - Paragraph 7 "They next used DNA barcoding techniques to analyse droppings  collected from bats at the different sites." Q8 coffee - Paragraph 8 "The bats were consuming pests of other crops, including the black twig borer (which infests coffee plants ), the sugarcane cicada, the macadamia nut-borer, and the sober tabby (a pest of citrus fruit)." Q9 mosquitoes - Paragraph 10 "Rocha and his team found evidence that Malagasy bats feed not just on crop pests but also on mosquitoes  – carriers of malaria, Rift Valley fever virus and elephantiasis – as well as blackflies, which spread river blindness." Q10 protein - Paragraph 11 "Rocha points out that the relationship is complicated. When food is scarce, bats become a crucial source of protein  for local people." Q11 unclean - Paragraph 11 "And as well as roosting in trees, the bats sometimes roost in buildings, but are not welcomed there because they make them unclean ." Q12 culture - Paragraph 11 "At the same time, however, they are associated with sacred caves and the ancestors, so they can be viewed as beings between worlds, which makes them very significant in the culture  of the people." Q13 houses - Paragraph 11 "Rocha says, ‘With the right help, we hope that farmers can promote this mutually beneficial relationship by installing bat houses .’"   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Does education fuel economic growth?   Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q14 research to focus on individuals with a fairly consistent income need, research, individuals, consistent income paragraph E, lines 2-5 "This involves following the lives of different people with the same level of wealth over a period of time. If wealth is constant(consistent income), it is possible to discover(to focus) whether education was, for example, linked to the cultivation of new crops, or to the adoption of industrial innovations like sewing machines." Q15 sources the database has been compiled from examples, sources, database paragraph A, lines 3-6 "It includes court records, guild ledgers, parish registers, village censuses, tax lists and – the most recent addition – 9,000 handwritten inventories listing over a million personal possessions belonging to ordinary women and men across three centuries." Q16 one individual's refusal to obey an order account, individual, refusal, obey, order paragraph D, lines 3-6 "The database also reveals the case of Juliana Schweickherdt, a 50-year-old spinster living in the small Black Forest community of Wildberg, reprimanded in 1752 by the local weavers’ guild for ‘weaving cloth and combing wool, counter to the guild ordinance(community regulations)." Q17 region suited for research on the link between education and economic growth reference, region, research, education, economic growth paragraph F "German-speaking central Europe" and "the relationship(=link) between education and economic growth is far from straightforward(=not easy to understand)." Q18 items included in a list of personal possessions examples, list, personal possessions paragraph C, lines 2-6 "From badger skins to Bibles, sewing machines to scarlet bodices – the villagers’ entire worldly goods are included. Inventories of agricultural equipment and craft tools reveal economic activities; ownership of books and education-related objects like pens and slates suggests how people learned." Q19 descendants database, compiled, descendants paragraph D "The database that Ogilvie and her team have compiled" and "descendants – across 300 years" Q20 sermon Ana Regina and Magdalena Riethmiillerin, reprimanded, reading books in church paragraph D "Ana Regina and Magdalena Riethmiillerin, who were chastised in 1707 for reading books in church instead of listening to the sermon." Q21 fine Juliana Schweickherdt, guild reprimand, weaving cloth and combing wool paragraph D "she was summoned before the guild court and told (to pay a fine=as a punishment)." Q22 skills guilds, prevent, skilled people from working paragraph D "Cases like this illustrate how the guilds could prevent even the simplest industrial innovation, prevented people from using their skills." Q23 B,E (B: Literacy rates in Germany between 1600 and 1900 were very good; E: Economic growth can help to improve literacy rates.) literacy rates, Germany, good, economic growth Section B, F "Between 1600 and 1900, Germany and Scandinavia had excellent literacy rates" (Section B) and "even though there is plenty of evidence that growth increases education" (Section F)   Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q25 B,D (B: Guilds were opposed to people moving to an area for work; D: Guilds opposed practices that threatened their control over a trade.) guilds, opposed, people moving, control over trade Section F "In villages throughout the region, guilds blocked labour migration" (Section F) and "local guilds and merchant associations were extremely powerful and legislated against anything that undermined their monopolies" (Section F) Q26 B,D (B: Guilds blocked labour migration; D: Guilds legislated against practices that threatened their monopolies.) guilds, blocked, labour migration, legislated against, monopolies Section F "In villages throughout the region, guilds blocked labour migration" (Section F) and "local guilds and merchant associations were extremely powerful and legislated against anything that undermined their monopolies" (Section F)      READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Timur Gareyev – blindfold chess champion   Question Answer Keywords Location Text Q27 D earlier examples, blindfold chess Paragraph D (line 1) "blindfold chess seems to call for superhuman skill. But displays of the feat go back centuries." Q28 E blindfold chess involves Paragraph E (lines 2-4) "The nature of the game is to run through possible moves in the mind to see how they play out. From this, regular players develop a memory for the patterns the pieces make, the defences and attacks." Q29 F Gareyev's skill, limited to chess Paragraph F "We didn't find anything other than playing chess that he seems to be supremely gifted at." Q30 H Gareyev's skill, interest to scientists Paragraph B "But Gareyev's prowess has drawn interest from beyond the chess-playing community. In the hope of understanding how he and others like him can perform such mental feats, researchers at the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA) called him in for tests." Q31 B Gareyev's priorities Paragraph H "The most important part of blindfold chess for me is that I have found the one thing that I can fully dedicate myself to." Q32 E last part of a game, difficult Paragraph E "But the ends of games are taxing too, as exhaustion sets in. When Gareyev is tired, his recall can get patchy. He sometimes makes moves based on only a fragmented memory of the pieces' positions." Q33 FALSE forthcoming games, participants blindfolded Paragraph A "While his challengers will play the games as normal, Gareyev himself will be blindfolded." Q34 NOT GIVEN Gareyev, won competitions in BASE jumping Paragraph A No information provided about Gareyev winning competitions in BASE jumping. Q35 NOT GIVEN UCLA, first university to research blindfold chess players Paragraph B No information provided about UCLA being the first university to research blindfold chess players. Q36 TRUE Good chess players, able to play blindfold chess Paragraph B "The ability to play a game of chess with your eyes closed is not a far reach for most accomplished players." Q37 Memory - Paragraph F (line 1) "The researchers started by testing Gareyev's memory." Q38 Numbers - Paragraph F (lines 2-3) "For example, he was required to recall a string of numbers in order and also in reverse order." Q39 Communication - Paragraph F (lines 9-10) "Although his performance was normal, scans showed an unusual amount of communication within the areas of Gareyev's brain that are concerned with..." Q40 Visual - Paragraph G (lines 3-4) "Initial results suggest that the areas of his brain that process visual images – such as chess boards – may have stronger links to other brain regions, and so be more powerful than normal."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Why pagodas don’t fall down      Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 1 YES two, Japanese pagodas, collapsed, 1400 years Paragraph 1, Lines 2-3 "Records show that only two  have collapsed during the past 1400 years ." The statement matches the information given in the passage. Therefore, the answer is YES. 2 NO Hanshin earthquake, 1995, destroyed, pagoda, Toji temple Paragraph 1, Lines 4-7 "The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people. . . . Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed , though . . ." The passage states that the Hanshin earthquake did not destroy the pagoda at the Toji temple. Therefore, the answer is NO. 3 NOT GIVEN other buildings, near, Toji pagoda, built, last 30 years Not found in the passage The passage does not provide any information about the construction timeline of other buildings near the Toji pagoda. Therefore, the answer is NOT GIVEN. 4 YES builders, absorb, power, severe weather conditions Paragraph 4, Lines 4-8 "Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls." The passage suggests that the builders of pagodas in Japan knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions like typhoons. Therefore, the answer is YES. 5 B easy interior access, top Paragraph 4, Lines 4-7 "The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. . . . because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object." The passage states that only Chinese pagodas had easy interior access to the top with inner staircases. Japanese pagodas did not have practical use and lacked staircases. Therefore, the answer is B (only Chinese pagodas). 6 A tiles, eaves Paragraph 5, Last Sentence "For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles." The passage mentions that both Chinese and Japanese pagodas use tiles on the eaves, but they differ in material (porcelain for Chinese, earthenware for Japanese). Therefore, the answer is A (both Chinese and Japanese pagodas). 7 B used, observation post Paragraph 4, Lines 2-4 "The Chinese built their pagodas. . . . and used them in later centuries as watchtowers." The passage states that only Chinese pagodas were used as watchtowers, not Japanese pagodas. Therefore, the answer is B (only Chinese pagodas). Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 8 C size of eaves, up to, half the width Paragraph 5, Lines 1-2 "The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building’s overall width." The passage states that the size of eaves (roof-top) in Japanese pagodas can extend up to half the width of the building. This information is not mentioned for Chinese pagodas. Therefore, the answer is C (only Japanese pagodas). 9 A original, religious, purpose Paragraph 4, First Sentence "The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples." The passage states that both Chinese and Japanese pagodas had the original purpose of being associated with Buddhism. Therefore, the answer is A (both Chinese and Japanese pagodas). 10 C floors, fitting, loosely, over, each other Paragraph 7, Lines 8-10 "What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda’s loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another." The passage mentions that in Japanese pagodas, the floors fit loosely over each other. This condition is not described for Chinese pagodas. Therefore, the answer is C (only Japanese pagodas). 11 D Japanese pagoda, shinbashira Paragraph 6, Lines 3-5 "Is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda – with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira – simply flexes and sways during a typhoon or earthquake? . . . the startling thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no load at all. . . . The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far." The passage states that the shinbashira in Japanese pagodas stops the floors from moving too far. Therefore, the answer is D (stops the floors moving too far). 12 C Shuzo Ishida, performs, experiments Paragraph 7, Lines 3-5 "Mr Ishida, known to his students as ‘Professor Pagoda’ because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a ‘shake-table’ in his laboratory." The passage mentions that Shuzo Ishida performs experiments to understand the dynamics of pagodas. The passage does not mention any experiments related to ancient mathematics. Therefore, the answer is C (learn about the dynamics of pagodas). 13 C storeys, Japanese pagoda Paragraph 7, Lines 8-10 "What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda’s loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another." The passage states that the storeys of Japanese pagodas are fitted loosely on   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . The True Cost of Food      Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 14 E cost, purifying, domestic water Paragraph E, Line 3 "£23m for the removal of the bug Cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies; . . ." In paragraph E, the answer can be found in line 3 where it mentions the cost (£23m) for the removal of the bug Cryptosporidium from drinking water. This cost is associated with purifying domestic water. Therefore, the answer is E. 15 B stages, development, farming industry Paragraph B, Line 1 "First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering – the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared." In paragraph B, the answer can be found in line 1 where it mentions the stages in the development of the farming industry: mechanisation, mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, monocultures, and battery rearing of livestock. Therefore, the answer is B. 16 C term, describe, hidden costs Paragraph C, Line 2 "That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction ...." In paragraph C, the answer can be found in line 2 where it mentions the term used to describe hidden costs: externalities. Therefore, the answer is C. 17 B effect, chemicals, water sources Paragraph B, Line 6 "Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off." In paragraph B, the answer can be found in line 6 where it mentions the effect of chemicals on water sources: the growth of algae is increasing. Therefore, the answer is B. 18 YES several species, wildlife, British countryside, declining Paragraph B, Lines 4-7 "In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects." In paragraph B, the answer can be found in lines 4-7 where it mentions that several species of wildlife in the British countryside, such as farmland birds, wild flowers, and insects, have vanished. This indicates that these species are declining. Therefore, the statement is YES. 19 NOT GIVEN taste of food, deteriorated, recent years N/A The passage does not provide any information about the taste of food deteriorating in recent years. Therefore, the answer is NOT GIVEN. 20 NO financial costs, environmental damage, widely recognised Paragraph C, Lines 2-6 "That is mainly because the costs of all this damage ... To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial at all Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 20 NO financial costs, environmental damage, widely recognised Paragraph C, Lines 2-6 "That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction .... To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic - a terrible shame, but nothing to do with money." In paragraph C, the answer can be found in lines 2-6 where it mentions that the costs of environmental damage, referred to as externalities, may not even appear to be financial to many people. This indicates that the financial costs of environmental damage are not widely recognised. Therefore, the statement is NO. 21 YES one, costs calculated, Professor Pretty, illness, caused by food Paragraph E, Line 6 "... £169m from food poisoning; ..." In paragraph E, the answer can be found in line 6 where it mentions one of the costs calculated by Professor Pretty: £169m from food poisoning. Food poisoning is an illness caused by food. Therefore, the statement is YES. 22 food bills / food costs Professor Pretty, concludes, higher than, most people realise, because, make three, types, payment Paragraph E, Lines 6-11 "Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways: once over the counter, secondly through our taxes which provide the enormous subsidies propping up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern farming leaves behind." In paragraph E, the answer can be found in lines 6-11 where it mentions that our food bills are actually threefold. We make three types of payment for our supposedly cheaper food. Therefore, the answer is food bills / food costs. 23 (modern) intensive farming / agriculture feels, realistic, suggest, Britain, should reduce, reliance on Paragraph F, Lines 1-4 "Breaking away from industrial agriculture as the solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more feasible." In paragraph F, the answer can be found in lines 1-4 where it mentions breaking away from industrial agriculture. It suggests that Britain should reduce its reliance on modern intensive farming. Therefore, the answer is (modern) intensive farming / agriculture. 24 organic farming Although, most farmers, unable to adapt Paragraph G, Lines 2-3 "Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers." In paragraph G, the answer can be found in lines 2-3 where it mentions that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and practices for many farmers. Therefore, the answer is organic farming. 25 Greener Food Standard Professor Pretty, wants, government, initiate change, establishing, refers to as Paragraph G, Lines 4-7 "He is recommending the immediate introduction of a 'Greener Food Standard Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 26 farmers, consumers feels, would help, change, attitudes, both Paragraph G, Last lines "It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture." In the last lines of paragraph G, it mentions that the recommended change could help in shifting the attitudes of both consumers and farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture. Therefore, the answer is (in either order) farmers, consumers.   READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 27 ii (Identifying the main transport problems) existing communication situation, integrated Paragraph B, First and Second paragraphs "In paragraph no. 1, the existing communication situation of Makete district has been explained which shows the need for an integrated transport system. Then paragraph no. 2 starts with these lines, 'Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase I, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research.' Here, the problems had to be understood = the problems had to be identified. So, the answer is: ii (Identifying the main transport problems)." 28 v (Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes) primary solutions, possible solutions Paragraph C, First and Second paragraphs "Take a look at paragraph no. 1 where the writer states, 'Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.' Here, possible solutions were identified = initial solutions had been identified. Then, in the following paragraphs, the writer describes the initial improvements that came about. So, the answer is: v (Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes)." 29 x (Co-operation of district officials) district authorities Paragraph E, Last lines "In the last lines of section E the writer says, '..... . . It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.' Here, district authorities = district officials. This means the project became a success because villagers and other rural inhabitants got support (co-operation) from district officials. So, the answer is: x (Co-operation of district officials)." 30 i (MIRTP as a future model) rural people, future model Paragraph F, Second paragraph "Section F contains two small paragraphs. The first paragraph explains how important this MIRTP has been for the rural people of Makete district of south-western Tanzania. Then, in the last lines of the final paragraph, the author explains, '. . . The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.' Here, will act as a reference for future work = as a future model. So, the answer is: i (MIRTP as a future model)." 31 NO MIRTP, five phases Multiple sections (B, C, D) "[...] If we skim all the sections of the passages, we can find only three phases in MIRTP. Phase I is mentioned in Section B (line no. 6). Phase II is mentioned in Section C (line no. 2). Phase III is mentioned in Section D (line no. 2). So, the answer is: NO." 32 YES MIRTP, Makete district, almost inaccessible Section B, First paragraph "Take a close look at section B. In the first Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 32 YES MIRTP, Makete district, almost inaccessible Section B, First paragraph "Take a close look at section B. In the first sentence the author states, 'When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season.' Here, virtually totally isolated = almost inaccessible. So, the answer is: YES." 33 NO Phase I, survey, household expenditure Section B, Second paragraph "The reference of the survey in Phase I is given in section B, paragraph no. 2. Here, in lines 3-4, the author mentions, 'The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods. Therefore, the statement is a clear indication that the survey was on the time spent transporting the people of Makete and their goods, not on household expenditure on transport. So, the answer is: NO." 34 YES survey, one-fifth, 20%, outside the local area Section B, Second paragraph "In the last lines of section B paragraph no. 2, the author writes, 'Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.' Here, 80% was within the locality = 20% was outside the locality. So, the answer is: YES." 35 NOT GIVEN MIRTP, movement of goods, Makete, country's capital Multiple sections (B, C) "At first glance, it may seem that the answer might be in Section C. However, in section C, the author says in the second paragraph, 'However the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.' The lines show the purpose of the MIRTP which is to make transportation of goods riskless and safer by improving the roads. However, there is no mention of hoping to improve the movement of goods from Makete to the capital of Tanzania, Dodoma. So, the answer is: NOT GIVEN." 36 D (improved paths used for transport up and down hillsides.) construction, footbridges, steps, handrails Section C, Third paragraph "In section C, the author says in paragraph no. 3, 'Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.' Therefore, the sentences indicate that by constructing footbridges, steps and handrails, transportation up and down hillsides became easier using the improved paths. So, the answer is: D (improved paths used for transport up and down hillsides)." 37 I (hindered attempts to make the existing transport services more efficient.) frequent, breakdown, buses and trucks Section   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 37 I (hindered attempts to make the existing transport services more efficient.) frequent, breakdown, buses and trucks Section D, Fourth paragraph "Have a close look at Section D, paragraph no. 4 where you will find the keywords 'breakdown' and 'buses and trucks'. In lines 1-2, the writer mentions, 'The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorized vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them.' Here, 'were not very successful' means the breaking down of vehicles hindered/hampered the attempts to make the prevailing transport services more efficient. So, the answer is: I (hindered attempts to make the existing transport services more efficient)." 38 G (was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand.) improvement, secondary roads, paths Section D, Third paragraph "In section D, in paragraph no. 3, the author says, 'Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance.' Here, 'willing to participate in construction and maintenance' means 'willing to lend a hand / willing to cooperate.' So, the answer is: G (was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand)." 39 E (was no longer a problem once the roads had been improved.) isolation, Makete, for part of the year Section D, Second paragraph "In section D, paragraph no. 2, the writer says, 'The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year.' The lines suggest that road improvements have made it possible to access Makete in particular months of the year. So, it was no problem to go to Makete during the rainy season, thanks to the road improvements. So, the answer is: E (was no longer a problem once the roads had been improved)." 40 B (to describe how MIRTP was implemented and how successful it was) main aim, passage Throughout the passage "Having a look at the different sections of the passage for all the questions (27-39), it is clear that the passage talks about Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project or MIRTP. The sections deal with the history behind the projects, the problems related to successfully executing the project, the importance of road improvements for Makete, and the successful implementation and outcomes of the projects. Therefore, the main aim of the passage is to show how MIRTP was implemented and how successful it was in changing the lifestyle of the people of Makete. So, the answer is: B (to describe how MIRTP was implemented and how successful it was)."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Ant Intelligence      Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 1 FALSE ants use, same channels of communication, as humans Beginning of paragraph 2 "Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes." This means ants use chemical signals while humans use visual and auditory channels which are not similar but they can be compared. So, the answer is: FALSE 2 TRUE city life, factor, encourages, development of intelligence Paragraph 7 "Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles – the forcing house of intelligence – the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years..." Here, urban lifestyles = city life, the forcing house = factor that encourages the development. So, the answer is: TRUE 3 NOT GIVEN ants, can build, large cities, more quickly, than humans Paragraphs 7 and 8 In paragraphs 7 and 8, the author talks about building cities by ants and humans. However, there is no comparison on whether ants build large cities more quickly than humans or not. So, the answer is: NOT GIVEN 4 TRUE some ants, find, way, making calculations, based on, distance, position Paragraph 11 "Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads." Here, navigate = find their way, integrating = making calculations, bearings and distances = distance and position. So, the answer is: TRUE 5 FALSE one experiment, foraging teams, able to use, sense of smell, find food Paragraph 12 "Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues." The line suggests that necessary actions were taken before to stop the foraging team to use odor (sense of smell). So, the answer is: FALSE 6 NOT GIVEN essay, In the company of ants, explores, ant communication Last paragraph The last paragraph gives reference to the essay 'In the company of ants'. The writer of the essay advises us to be careful and not to step on the little creatures. However, the line doesn't indicate anything about the subject of the essay. So, the answer is: NOT GIVEN 7 C sophisticated methods of farming, herding livestock, growing crops, similar, human agriculture, cultivate, large number, different species, edible fungi, convert, can digest Paragraph 5 "Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves- but some fungi can. The ants, therefore, cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food." So, the answer is: C (cellulose) 8 M use, own, natural, weed-killers, unwanted materials Paragraph 5 "Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilise the crop." Here, weed-killers = antibiotics, unwanted materials = waste. So, the answer is: M (secretions) 9 F Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 10 D genetic analysis, constantly upgrade, fungi, developing, new species, neighboring ant colonies Paragraph 6, Lines 7-9 "These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighboring ant colonies." Here, 'upgrade' corresponds to 'improve or modify' and 'species' corresponds to 'strains'. Therefore, the answer is D (exchanging). 11 N farming methods of ants, more advanced than, human agribusiness, they use, methods, do not affect, do not waste Paragraph 4, Lines 1-2 "The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy." Here, 'sustainable' corresponds to 'do not affect/do not waste', 'ruin' corresponds to 'affect', and 'enormous amounts of energy' corresponds to 'waste'. Therefore, the answer for question 11 is N (sustainable), the answer for question 12 is O (environment), and the answer for question 13 is E (energy).   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Population movements and genetics      Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) Text/Explanation 14 iv Developments in the methods used to study early population movements Section A "A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing." 15 vii Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to America Section B "But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place?" 16 x How analysis of blood-variants measures the closeness of the relationship between different populations Section C "An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein -immunoglobin G – found in the fluid portion of human blood. . . . Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic ‘distance’, which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred." 17 i The results of the research into blood-variants Section D "Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty-year period. . . . They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut3 formed a third group." 18 vi Further genetic evidence relating to the three-wave theory Section E "How far does other research support these conclusions? . . . Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil." 19 ii Dental evidence Section F "There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages." 20 E 15,000 or more, years ago Section D "From this evidence, it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-lndian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians." 21 D 600 to 700, years ago Section D "The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago)." 22 C Inuit Section D "Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut3 formed a third group." 23 B Apache Section D "The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago)." 24 A Pima-P   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) Text/Explanation 24 A Pima-Papago Section E "Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil." 25 A Pima-Papago Section E "Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil." 26 A Christy Turner's research involved the examination of teeth from both prehistoric and modern Americans and Asians Section F "Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern..." READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Saving European forests   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) Text/Explanation 27 NOT GIVEN forest problems, Mediterranean countries, discussed, meeting of experts Paragraph 1, Last lines "Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored." 28 FALSE problems, Nordic countries, excluded, outside, European Economic Community Paragraph 1, Lines 16-19 "Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries, therefore, had to be discarded." 29 TRUE forests, renewable source, raw material Paragraph 2, Line 4-5 "At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood." 30 FALSE biological functions, forests, recognised, twentieth century Paragraph 2, Lines 8-10 "The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man – wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries. . . ." 31 FALSE natural forests, still exist, parts of Europe Paragraph 3, First lines "The myth of the ‘natural’ forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining ‘primary’ forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial." 32 FALSE forest policy, limited, national boundaries Paragraph 3, Lines 3-4 "This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, . .. ." 33 TRUE Strasbourg conference, decided, forest policy, allow, possibility of change Paragraph 3, Lines 5-8 ". . . a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion." 34 J Resolution 1 Paragraph 4, Lines 1-2 "The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline." 35 A Resolution 2 Paragraph 4, Lines 10-12 "The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the ‘genetic material’ of all of them." 36 E Resolution 3 Paragraph 4, Lines 11-15 "Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available." 37 B Resolution 4 Paragraph 4, Lines 15-19 "The subject of the Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) Text/Explanation 37 B Resolution 4 Paragraph 4, Lines 15-19 "The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests." 38 G Resolution 5 Paragraph 4, Lines 19-21 "The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects." 39 D Resolution 6 Paragraph 4, Lines 23-25 "Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests." 40 B Identifying the main purpose/aim of the passage Throughout the Passage The passage discusses the need for new policies to save European forests, the main functions of forests, the importance of coordinated forest policies, and the resolutions proposed in the Strasbourg conference to protect European forests. The main aim of the passage is to provide plans to protect the forests of Europe.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Pulling strings to build Pyramids    Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) Text/Explanation 1 TRUE generally believed, large numbers of people, needed, build the pyramids Paragraph 1, Lines 2-3 "The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three thousand years ago, and no one knows how. The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges." 2 FALSE Clemmons, found, strange hieroglyph, wall, Egyptian monument Paragraph 1, Lines 7-9 "While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd postures." 3 NOT GIVEN Gharib, previously, experiments, bird flight N/A No information about whether Gharib previously did experiments on bird flight is mentioned in the passage. 4 TRUE Gharib and Graff, tested, theory, before, applying Paragraph 3, Lines 2-4 "Their initial calculations and scale-model wind-tunnel experiments convinced them they wouldn’t need a strong wind to lift the 33.5-tonne column." 5 FALSE success, actual experiment, due to, high speed, wind Paragraph 5, Lines 1-2 "The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to 20 kilometres an hour, little more than half what they thought would be needed." 6 NOT GIVEN kite, flew, higher, wind force, got stronger N/A No information about the effect of the kite flying higher or lower on the wind force is provided in the passage. 7 TRUE team, decided, was possible, use kites, to raise, very heavy stones Paragraph 5, Line 1 "So Clemmons was right: the pyramid builders could have used kites to lift massive stones into place." 8 (Wooden) pulleys Egyptians, had, could lift, large pieces of Paragraph 7, Lines 1-4 "Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone." 9 Stone Egyptians, had, could lift, large pieces of Paragraph 7, Lines 1-4 "Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone." 10 (Accomplished) sailors Egyptians, had, could lift, large pieces of Paragraph 7, Lines 1-4 "Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone." 11 (Modern) glider discovery, one pyramid, object, resembled, suggests, may have, experimented with Paragraph 7, Lines 5 Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) Text/Explanation 11 (Modern) glider discovery, one pyramid, object, resembled, suggests, may have, experimented with Paragraph 7, Lines 5-8 "A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time." 12 Flight discovery, one pyramid, object, resembled, suggests, may have, experimented with Paragraph 7, Lines 5-8 "A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time." 13 Messages over two thousand years ago, kites, used, China, weapons, as well as, sending Paragraph 7, Last lines "And other ancient civilizations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes."   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Endless Harvest        Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) Text/Explanation 14 FALSE inhabitants, Aleutian islands, renamed, Aleyska Paragraph 1, Lines 4-8 "The islands' native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the 'Great Land'; today, we know it as Alaska." 15 NOT GIVEN Alaska's fisheries, owned by, world's largest companies Paragraph 2, Last lines "Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska's commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world." 16 TRUE life, Alaska, dependent on, salmon Paragraph 3, Lines 3-6 "The true cultural heart and soul of Alaska's fisheries, however, is salmon. 'Salmon,' notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, 'pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals, and people.'" 17 NOT GIVEN Ninety percent, all Pacific salmon caught, sockeye, pink salmon Paragraph 3, Lines 8-10 "All five species of Pacific salmon – chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback – spawn in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there." 18 TRUE More than, 320,000 tonnes of salmon, caught, Alaska, 2000 Paragraph 3, Last lines "During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US 260 million." 19 TRUE between 1940 and 1959, sharp decrease, Alaska's, salmon population Paragraph 4, First lines "Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area." 20 FALSE During, 1990s, average number of salmon, caught each year, 100 million Paragraph 4, Last lines "Until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish." 21 G Alaska, biologists, check on, adult fish Paragraph 5, Lines 2-5 "There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks – and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries — to prosper." Answer: G (to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient to permit fishing.) Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage (Paragraph and Line Numbers) Text/Explanation 22 E Biologists, authority Paragraph 5, Lines 5-7 "But on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt." 23 B In-Season Abundance-Based Management, allowed, Alaska salmon fisheries Paragraph 5, Lines 7-8 "It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks – and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries — to prosper." 24 A Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), established Paragraph 6, Lines 1-3 "In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility." 25 K As a result of, collapse, salmon runs, 1999, state decided Paragraph 7, Last lines "However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes." 26 F September 2000, MSC, allowed, seven Alaska salmon companies Last Paragraph, Lines 1-3 "In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products." READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Effects of noise   Question Answer Keywords Location Text/Explanation 27 D difficulty sleeping, mountains Paragraph 2-4, Lines 1-4 "And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially 'too quiet', an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels." The passage suggests that people may have difficulty sleeping in the mountains because they may have adapted to a higher noise level in the city. 28 C noise experiments, Glass and Singer Paragraph 1, Lines 7-8 "The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise." The noise experiments conducted by Glass and Singer found that bursts of noise do not seriously disrupt problem-solving in the long run. 29 A Researchers, high noise levels Paragraph 2, Lines 1-2 "But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task." Researchers discovered that high noise levels are not likely to interfere with the successful performance of a single task. 30 B Glass and Singer (1972), intense noise, less effect Paragraph 3, Lines 2-4 "We are much more able to 'tune out' chronic background noise, even if it is quite loud, than to work under circumstances with unexpected intrusions of noise." Glass and Singer showed that situations with intense noise have less effect on performance than circumstances with unexpected noise. 31 D subjects, loud bursts of noise, predictable, occurrence was random Paragraph 3, Lines 6-8 "For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others heard the same amount of noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise)." All groups were exposed to the same amount of noise. 32 F predictable noise group, unpredictable noise group Paragraph 3, Lines 8-10 "Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment." The predictable noise group performed at about the same level as the unpredictable noise group on the task. 33 I second part of the experiment, proofreading task, exposed to, unpredictable noise, predictable noise Paragraph 3, Lines 10-14 "As shown in Table 1, the unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise." The group exposed to unpredictable noise made more mistakes than the group exposed to predictable noise. 34 B group exposed to loud predictable noise, soft, unpredictable bursts, results suggest Paragraph 4 "Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance." The results suggest that unexpected noise produces fatigue but that this fatigue manifests itself later. 35 A subjects exposed to noise, difficult, concentrate, problem-solving tasks Paragraph 1, Lines 5-7 "For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first." Subjects exposed to noise find it difficult at first to concentrate on problem-solving tasks. 36 D long-term exposure to noise, changes in behavior, observed a year later Last Paragraph "A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still Question Answer Keywords Location Text/Explanation 36 D long-term exposure to noise, changes in behavior, observed a year later Last Paragraph "A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981)." Long-term exposure to noise can produce changes in behavior that can still be observed a year later. 37 A problems, exposure to noise, do not arise, subject knows, can make it stop Paragraph 5 "If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its negative effect at the time and its after-effects. This is true even if the individual never actually exercises his or her option to turn the noise off (Glass and Singer, 1972)." The problems associated with exposure to noise do not arise if the subject knows they can make it stop. 38 E exposure to high-pitched noise, more errors, than, low-pitched noise Not found The passage does not provide information about the effects of exposure to high-pitched noise on error rates compared to low-pitched noise. 39 B subjects, difficult to perform, three tasks, same time, exposed to noise Paragraph 2, Lines 2-4 "For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aeroplane pilot or an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957)." Subjects find it difficult to perform three tasks at the same time when exposed to noise. 40 C noise affects, subject's capacity, repeat numbers, another task Paragraph 2, Lines 5-7 "Similarly, noise did not affect a subject's ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject's ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970)." Noise affects a subject's capacity to repeat numbers while carrying out another task.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Let’s Go Bats    Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 1 B bats, light First three lines "Bats have an engineering problem: how to find their way and find their prey in the absence of light." This answer directly refers to the first three lines of the passage. 2 A mammalian Line 12-14 "Our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at an advantage because they found ways of scraping a living at night." The answer is found in the specified line range, referring to mammalian ancestors surviving at night. 3 A natural selection, bats, night-hunting Line 7-9 "Given that alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favored bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade." This answer is found in the specified line range, highlighting the concept of natural selection and bats hunting at night. 4 E radar theory, bats Line 9-10 "Much of our scientific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to them." The answer is found in the specified line range, indicating the use of radar theory in studying bats. 5 D radar, Sonar Line 19-22 "In the Second World War relied heavily on these devices, under such codenames as Asdic (British) and Sonar (American), as well as Radar (American) or RDF (British), which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes." The answer mentions the devices used in the war and their reliance on radar and Sonar. 6 Phantom sensation Part D, Line 9-10 "The sensation may be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb." The answer is found in the specified line range, referring to the sensation being referred to the front of the face like phantom limb pain. 7 Echoes/obstacles Blind people, sounds Part D, Line 11-14 "Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles." The answer is found in the specified line range, highlighting the use of echoes for sensing obstacles. 8 Depth instruments Part D, Line 15-16 "Built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under the ship." The answer is found in the specified line range, mentioning the use of instruments to measure depth. 9 Submarines detection Part D, Line 18 "Designers adapted it for the detection of submarines." The answer is found in the specified line range, indicating the adaptation of the principle for submarine detection. 10 natural selection bats Part E, Line 2-3 "The world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years." The answer is found in the specified line range, referring to natural selection's influence on bats' echolocation system. 11 radio waves/echoes bat "radar" Part E, Line 6-7 "It is technically incorrect to talk about bat 'radar', since they do not use radio   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 12 E mathematical theories Part E, Line 8 "Mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar." The answer is found in the specified line range, mentioning the similarity between mathematical theories of radar and sonar. 13 E zoologist Part E, Line 11-12 "American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term 'echolocation'." The answer is found in the specified line range, referring to Donald Griffin's role in discovering sonar in bats and coining the term 'echolocation.'   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Making every drop count    Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 14 xi ancient water supplies Paragraph A "At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today." The answer is found in the specified lines, referring to the description of ancient water supplies, specifically the Roman Empire's water systems. 15 vii relevance to health Paragraph C "More than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water: some two and half billion do not have adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day." The answer is found in the specified lines, highlighting the relevance of water shortage to health, specifically mentioning the lack of access to clean drinking water and the impact of preventable water-related diseases. 16 v environmental effects Paragraph D "More than 20% of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity." The answer is found in the specified lines, discussing the environmental effects of water shortage, including the threat to freshwater fish species and the impact on river ecosystems and agricultural productivity. 17 i scientists' call for policy Paragraph E "The resource planners think about water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic human and environmental needs as top priority. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities." The answer is found in the specified lines, indicating a shift in thinking among resource planners and water experts, emphasizing scientists' call for a revision of policy and the prioritization of basic human and environmental needs. 18 ix surprising downward trend Paragraph F "Fortunately – and unexpectedly – the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. Although population, industrial output, and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers, and lakes has slowed." The answer is found in the specified lines, discussing the surprising downward trend in the demand for water despite the growth in population, industrial output, and economic productivity in developed nations. 19 ii explanation for reduced use Paragraph G "Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use." The answer is found in the specified lines, providing an explanation for the reduced use of water, mentioning the efficient water usage by people and the reconsideration of priorities by communities. 20 x need to raise standards Paragraph H "But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to smaller budget." The answer is found in the specified lines, emphasizing the need to raise standards in water projects, including higher specifications, accountability to local communities and the environment, and resource-efficient approaches. Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 21 NO water use, per person, higher Paragraph A "At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today." The answer is found in the specified lines, indicating that the water use per person in Ancient Rome is equal to or less than that in the industrial world today, contradicting the statement. 22 YES feeding, increasing populations, possible Paragraph B "Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food." The answer is found in the specified lines, stating that improved irrigation systems have made it possible to feed increasing populations, aligning with the statement. 23 NOT GIVEN modern water systems, imitate Paragraph C The passage does not provide information about whether modern water systems imitate those of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The answer is "NOT GIVEN" because there is no clear connection between the statement and the information in the text. 24 NO industrial growth, increasing demand Paragraph F "Although population, industrial output, and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers, and lakes has slowed." The answer is found in the specified lines, indicating that the demand for water is not increasing despite the growth in industrial output, population, and economic productivity, contradicting the statement. 25 YES modern technologies, reduction Paragraph G "But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry." The answer is found in the specified lines, stating that modern technologies have led to a reduction in domestic water consumption, aligning with the statement. 26 NOT GIVEN future, governments, maintain ownership Paragraph E The passage does not provide clear information about whether governments should maintain ownership of water infrastructures in the future. In paragraph E, it only mentions that some water experts demand smarter use of existing infrastructure without discussing ownership. In paragraph H, it mentions the need for building infrastructure but does not specify ownership. The answer is "NOT GIVEN" because there is no clear connection between the statement and the information in the text.   READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Educating Psyche Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 27 D book, Educating Psyche, mainly, concerned with Paragraph 1 "Educating Psyche by Bernie Neville is a book which looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion, imagination and the unconscious on learning." The answer is found in the first line of paragraph 1, where it states that the book is concerned with radical new approaches to learning, which can be understood as ways of learning that are not traditional. 28 A Lozanov's theory, claims, we try to remember things Paragraph 2 "Lozanov's instructional technique is based on the evidence that the connections made in the brain through unconscious processing are more durable than those made through conscious processing. . . . we know from our experience that we often remember what we have perceived peripherally, long after we have forgotten what we set out to learn." The answer is found in paragraph 2, where it explains that according to Lozanov's theory, unimportant details or things perceived peripherally are the easiest to recall, contradicting the statement. 29 B examples of a book and a lecture Paragraph 2 "If we think of a book we studied months or years ago, we find it easier to recall peripheral details . . . than the content on which we were concentrating. If we think of a lecture we listened to with great concentration, we will recall the lecturer's appearance and mannerism . . . much more easily than the ideas we went to learn." The examples provided in paragraph 2 indicate that we remember insignificant things more easily than the things we aim to learn, supporting Lozanov's theory that his methods of learning are valid. Therefore, the answer is B (his theory about methods of learning is valid). 30 C Lozanov claims, teachers should, train students Paragraph 3 "Lozanov, therefore, made indirect instruction (suggestion) central to his teaching system. In suggestopedia, as he called his method, consciousness is shifted away from the curriculum to focus on something peripheral. The curriculum then becomes peripheral and is dealt with by the reserve capacity of the brain." The lines indicate that Lozanov suggests training students to think about something other than the curriculum content in order to enhance learning, contradicting the statement. 31 FALSE suggestopedic teaching, fourth paragraph, only variable, music Paragraph 4 "In the first part, the music is classical and the teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly, with attention to the dynamic of the music. In the second part, they listen to baroque music while the teacher reads the text in a normal speaking voice." The passage explains that in addition to the change in music, the teacher's reading style also changes, indicating that music is not the only variable that changes in suggestopedic teaching. Therefore, the answer is FALSE. 32 FALSE prior to, suggestopedia class, students, made aware, demanding Paragraph 5 "Beforehand, the students have been carefully prepared for the language learning experience. Through meeting with the staff and satisfied students they develop the expectation that learning will be easy and pleasant." The lines indicate that students are made aware that learning will not be demanding, contradicting the statement. Therefore, the answer is FALSE. Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 33 TRUE follow-up class, teaching activities, similar to, conventional classes Paragraph 6 "There is a follow-up class at which the students are stimulated to recall the material presented. The students... focus on using the language to communicate (e.g. through games or improvised dramatisations). Such methods are not unusual in language teaching." The passage states that in the follow-up class, students engage in teaching activities that are not unusual and involve using the language to communicate, similar to conventional classes. Therefore, the answer is TRUE. 34 NOT GIVEN indirect benefit, students notice, improvements, memory Paragraph 6 The passage does not provide information about whether students notice improvements in their memory as an indirect benefit of suggestopedia. Therefore, the answer is NOT GIVEN. 35 NOT GIVEN teachers say, prefer, suggestopedia, to traditional approaches Paragraph 6 and Last Paragraph The passage does not clearly state whether teachers prefer suggestopedia to traditional approaches. In paragraph 6, it mentions the role of the teacher in suggestopedia, but it doesn't explicitly state their preference. In the last paragraph, it only mentions that few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov, but it doesn't provide a direct comparison between suggestopedia and traditional approaches. Therefore, the answer is NOT GIVEN. 36 TRUE students, suggestopedia class, retain, more, new vocabulary, ordinary class Paragraph 6 "Another difference from conventional teaching is the evidence that students can regularly learn 1000 new words of a foreign language during a suggestopedic session, as well as grammar and idiom." The passage clearly states that students in a suggestopedia class retain more new vocabulary than those in ordinary classes. Therefore, the answer is TRUE. 37 F suggestopedia, less direct method, hypnosis, certain amount Paragraph 7 "Lozanov acknowledges that the ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but maintains that without such a placebo people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacity of their brain. Like any placebo, it must be dispensed with authority to be effective." The passage states that suggestopedia uses a ritual surrounding suggestion as a placebo, indicating a less direct method compared to hypnosis. Therefore, the answer is F (rituals). 38 H certain amount, convince students, just a Paragraph 7 "Lozanov acknowledges that the ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but maintains that without such a placebo people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacity of their brain. Like any placebo, it must be dispensed with authority to be effective." The passage states that a certain amount of placebo is necessary to convince students in suggestopedia. Therefore, the answer is H (placebo). 39 K well known Last Paragraph "While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates." The passage explains that suggestopedia has gained notoriety, indicating that it has become well known in the teaching of modern languages. Therefore, the answer is K (well known). Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer and Explanation 40 G unspectacular Last Paragraph "While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates." The passage indicates that the results achieved by most teachers using suggestopedia have been unspectacular, meaning they have not been remarkable or outstanding. Therefore, the answer is G (unspectacular).

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Australia’s Sporting Success    Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 1 B academies, sports scientists Para B, First 4 lines "Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than I00 sports scientists and doctors" 2 C SWAN system, swimmer's performance Para C, Last 5 lines "system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be analysed individually" 3 B coaches, athlete improvement Para B, Last 4 lines "‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance.‘ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS." 4 F coolant-lined jackets, altitude tent Para F, First 5 lines "Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying – and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in l996.these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists‘ and rowers’ times." 5 D immunoglobulin A test, athlete's health Para D, Last 6 lines "the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva." 6 A coaches, training facilities Para A, Last 3 lines "pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women." 7 E competition model, winning times Para E, First 3 lines "Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‗competition model‘, based on what they expect will be the winning times." 8 A SWAN system, Australian national competitions Para C, Line 11-12 "contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (SWimming ANalysis) system now used in Australian national competitions." 9 B unobtrusive sensors, athlete's clothes/shoes Para D, Line 6-7 "With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes." 10 A immunoglobulin A test, training adjustment Para D, Line 11-13 "years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva. If lgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether." 11 C coolant-lined jackets, altitude tent Para F, Line 2-5 "ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in l996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists‘ and rowers’ times." | Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 12 (a) competition model Para E, First 2 lines Para E, First 2 lines | "Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model‘, based on what they expect" 13 (by) 2% Para F, Line 2-3 Para F, Line 2-3 "ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in l996, these sliced as much as two per cent  off cyclists‘ an   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Delivering the goods      Answer Keywords Paragraph Explanation 14. I suggestion, improving trade I The writer talks about the barriers in transportation in most countries with a conclusion of -Bringing these barriers down would  help  the world’s economies grow even closer. ·         Would= verb used for giving suggestion 15. F electronic delivery F Computer software can be exported without ever ………..become insignificant factors in deciding where to  make  the product. ·         simply by transmitting it over telephone lines = electronic delivery ·         so freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become insignificant factors in deciding where to  make  the product = the effects 16. E cost, abroad, local supplier E Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. ·         a local supplier = the domestic market 17. D value of goods, cost of delivery D As a result, less transportation is required to every dollar‟s worth of imports or exports. ·         goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight = the price of some goods does not match with their size and weight 18. TRUE International trade ,world economy A While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. ·         the world economy = the global economy ·         to increase = to expand = to rise 19. FALSE cheap, labour B Cheap labour may  make  Chinese clothing competitive in America, but if delays  in shipment  tie up working capital  and cause winter  coats  to arrive in spring,  trade may lose  its advantages. ·         meaning that cheap labour may work as a contributory factor but it cannot guarantee an effective trade condition; delivery in proper time guarantees that 20. NOT GIVEN  Japan, meat and steel, France C there  is  no information about whether Japan imports more meat and steel than France, because the countries are not compared with each other. 21. TRUE countries, nearby nations D Countries   still   trade   disproportionately   with   their   geographic neighbours. ·         nearby nations = geographic neighbours 22. NOT GIVEN computer components, Germany E Germany is not mentioned throughout the paragraph 23. trade cargo-handling, moving freight D  Today, it is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow ……..manufactured goods themselves  have  tended to become lighter and less bulky. ·         dominate = significant effect ·         streamlined = manufactured goods themselves  have  tended to become lighter and less bulky ·         technological advances = modern cargo-handling methods   24. components Manufacturers of computers E  . . . Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. ·         Computer manufacturers in Japan = manufacturers of computers ·         drives = components, Singapore = overseas ·         domestic market = local supplier 25. container ships bulk cargo, safely and efficiently moved G The invention of the container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to be transported on any ship. ·         the invention of the container crane = the introduction of container ships with crane ·         without capsizing = safely and efficiently 26. tariffs governments, domestic cargo sector H  In this paragraph writer explains how lowering truck and railroad  tariffs  can increase productivity and suggests that the government should reduce. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Climate change and the Inuit   Answer Keyword Paragraph Explanation 27 i B In Canada, where the Inuit people are ……. environment  lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. ·         The whole paragraph indicates how Inuit people react to climate change 28 vi C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert …….anyone who calls this home. ·         The paragraph is about the hardship of life because of  environment 29 iii D Provisions available in local shops  have  to be ……supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. ·         Not only natural resources but alternative  sources  of  essential  supplies  are  mentioned- eg can be bought in shop 30 vii E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people’s health. …… ·         This paragraph explains the negative impacts 31 iv F And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom,….’In the early days scientists ignored ……But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight. ·         Value of Inuit wisdom has changed from nothing to much more credibility 32 ii G There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge,……are no more than best guesses ·         There are still huge gap= limited understanding 33 farming impossible, a means C Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. ·         impossible = out of the question 34 sea mammals rely on , catching C Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago,  surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. ·         catching = exploiting 35 fish rely on , catching C Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago,  surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. 36 Thule environment , unmanageable C These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They…. ·         They= Thule people 37 islands Nuvanut, ice, rock and D Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. ·         a few = a handful of 38 nomadic give up, lifestyle, D Over the past 40 years, most  have  abandoned their nomadic waysand settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, ·         give up = abandon 39 nature food and clothes. D ……but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. ·         depend (mainly) on = rely (heavily) on 40 Imported expensive D It would cost a family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. ·         amount of £7,000= expensive

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Advantages of public transport    Matching Headings (1-5) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 ii (A successful exercise in people power) politics, democracy, transport decision Paragraph A, Lines 1-6 The writer explains how public involvement led to a successful shift from road construction to rail transport, demonstrating the power of democracy. 2 vii (Increases in travelling time) commuting, time, congestion Paragraph B, Lines 1 & 7-8 The passage states that commuting times were stable for centuries but have now increased due to congestion. 3 iv (Higher incomes need not mean more cars) wealth, car use, Europe vs. America Paragraph C, Lines 1-3 The passage contrasts Europe and the U.S., showing that higher wealth does not always result in more car use. 4 i (Avoiding an overcrowded centre) city centre, urban planning, Melbourne Paragraph D, Lines 2-3 The passage states that concentrating everyone in the city centre is not the best approach. 5 iii (The benefits of working together in cities) creativity, collaboration, cities Paragraph E, Lines 4-6 The passage explains how face-to-face interaction in cities fosters creativity. True, False, Not Given (6-10) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 6 FALSE ISTP, study, every city in the world Paragraph 1, Lines 1-3 The study compared transport in 37 cities, not every city. 7 TRUE efficient cities, quality of life Paragraph 1, Last Lines The passage states that efficient cities attract industry and improve living conditions. 8 NOT GIVEN inner-city tram, danger, car drivers Paragraph 3 The passage mentions Melbourne’s tram network but does not discuss its danger to drivers. 9 FALSE Melbourne, prefer outer suburbs Paragraph 3, Last Lines The passage states that demand for inner suburbs has increased, meaning people prefer to live there. 10 TRUE bicycle use, efficiency, public transport average Paragraph 5, Lines 1-3 The passage states that Amsterdam and Copenhagen are efficient despite only having reasonable public transport. Matching Places with Descriptions (11-13) Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 11 F (inefficient due to a limited public transport system) Perth, public transport, costs Paragraph 2, Lines 1-3 The passage states that Perth has minimal public transport, making it inefficient. 12 D (hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system) Auckland, hills, rail difficulties Paragraph 7, Lines 2-3 The passage states that Auckland’s landscape makes rail transport difficult to develop. 13 C (profitably moved from road to light rail transport system) Portland, road vs. rail, referendum Paragraph A, Lines 2-5 The passage describes how local action shifted investment from roads to light rail, which became successful.   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14 B (falling) research, United States, proportion, people over 65, suffering from, most common age-related medical problems, speed, change Paragraph 2, Lines 1-6 "Researchers say arthritis, high blood pressure, and circulation problems... are troubling a smaller proportion every year." "Are declining" = falling (B). 15 I (increasing) research, United States, proportion, people over 65, suffering from, most common age-related medical problems, speed, change Paragraph 2, Lines 1-6 "The data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate." "To accelerate" = the speed is increasing (I). 16 F (later) seems, these diseases, affecting people, in life, than, in the past Paragraph 3, Lines 2-3 "The problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75." "Often not appearing until 70 or 75" = affecting people later (F). 17 M (medicine) largely, due to, developments, but, other factors such as, improved, may be, playing a part Paragraph 4, Lines 1-4 "Certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances." "Medical advances" = developments in medicine (M). 18 J (nutrition) largely, due to, developments, but, other factors such as, improved, may be, playing a part Paragraph 4, Lines 1-4 "Improvements in childhood nutrition... gave today’s elderly people a better start." "Improvements in childhood nutrition" = improved nutrition (J). 19 N (pollution) increases, some other illnesses, may be, due to, changes, personal habits Paragraph 5, Lines 1-3 "An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality." "Poorer air quality" = pollution (N). 20 K (education) research, establishes, link between, levels of, life expectancy Paragraph 6, Beginning "One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer." "Better-educated people" = education (K). 21 G (disabled) considerable reduction, number of elderly people, who are Paragraph 7, Lines 4-9 "That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population." "Disabled old people" = elderly people who are disabled (G). 22 A (cost) means, involved in, supporting, this section of the population, may be, less than, previously predicted Paragraph 7, Lines 4-9 "Slowing the trend has saved the U.S. government’s Medicare system more than $200 billion." "Financial burden" = cost (A). 23 G (allow old people to be more independent) home medical aids Paragraph 8 "The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids." "Increasing self-reliance" = old people to be more independent (G). 24 E (may help prevent mental decline) regular amounts of exercise Paragraph 9 "Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning." "Help mental functioning" = help prevent mental decline (E). 25 H (can reduce stress in difficult situations) feelings, control over life Paragraph 10 "Those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones." "Felt in control of their lives" = feelings of control over life. "Lower levels of stress hormones" = reduce stress (H). 26 C (may cause rises in levels of stress hormones) feelings of loneliness Paragraph 11, Lines 1-2 "Elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep." "Felt emotionally isolated" = feelings of loneliness. "Higher levels of stress hormones" = cause rises in stress (C). READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Numerations   Q. No. Answer Keywords Location Text 27 B needed an idea of number Paragraph 2, last 5 lines "As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements." 28 E one, two, many type of system Paragraph 3, last 4 lines "When using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of number that it can express." 29 A denoted as hund teontig Paragraph 4, last 3 lines "In the seventh century in Europe, the average person had to be able to count to nine to qualify as a witness in a court of law." 30 C specific word Paragraph 5, last 3 lines "By assigning a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic." 31 G numeration system Paragraph 6, line 2-6 "The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted." 32 TRUE number Paragraph 2, line 2-5 "Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform." 33 FALSE early stages of arithmetic Paragraph 3, first 3 lines "Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous people of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many." 34 TRUE number and words Paragraph 3, line 3-4 "But in real situations, the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion." 35 FALSE lack of ability Paragraph 4, first 3 lines "The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large number is not really surprising." 36 NOT GIVEN - - - 37 TRUE seventh century in Europe Paragraph 4, line 6-7 "The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today." 38 FALSE Tsimshian language Paragraph 5, line 2-6 "The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted." 39 TRUE diversity of number names Paragraph 5, line 6-7 "This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely" 40 NOT GIVEN - - -

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Doctoring sales    Question No. Answer Keywords Location Text 1 v Offers, doctors, drug companies Paragraph A, Last lines "The last rep offered me a trip to Florida. What do you have?" the physician asked. He was only half joking. 2 vi Gifts, doctors, pharmaceutical companies, financial incentives Paragraph B "a pair of tickets for a NY musical", "a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets", "a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small county", "$200", "a few $1000 honoraria to offer" 3 iii Responsible, promotions, doctors, industry Paragraph C "so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industry's responsibility to decide the boundaries?" 4 ix Advantages, drug promotions, information, education, physicians Paragraph D "provide much-needed information and education to physicians", "primary sources of drug education for healthcare givers", "salespeople have essentially become specialists in one drug or group of drugs" 5 i Not influenced, doctors Paragraph E, Last lines "'I tend to think I'm not influenced by what they give me.'" 6 vii Research, University of Washington, samples, dispense, prescribe drugs Paragraph F "the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice" 7 x Patients, real payers, doctors' free gifts Paragraph G, Second and third lines "And patients are the ones who pay – in the form of sky-rocketing prescription prices – for every pen that's handed out, every free theatre ticket, and every steak dinner eaten" 8 NO Sales representatives, Kim Schaefer, limited budget Paragraph B "a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small county" 9 YES Kim Schaefer's marketing technique, criticism on moral grounds Paragraph C "Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgement" 10 NO Information, drug companies, useful to doctors Paragraph D "Salespeople provide much-needed information and education to physicians" 11 YES Evidence, drug promotion, visible in healthcare environment Paragraph E "Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn't emblazoned with a drug's name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company's logo" 12 NOT GIVEN Drug companies, free drug samples, patients, doctors' prescriptions Paragraph F Mention of "free drug samples," but no information about prescriptions 13 YES Legitimate, drug companies, make money Paragraph G "pharmaceutical companies have every right to make a profit"   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Literate women make better mothers Question Answer Keywords Location Text/Explanation 14 B (men and women) Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade, teach, illiterate, read and write Paragraph 3 "By 1985, about 300,000 illiterate adults from all over the country, many of whom had never attended primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use numbers." 15 F (maternal literacy) Public health experts, connection, child health Paragraph 1 "Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when their mothers can read and write." 16 C (an international research team) not previously been known, two factors, directly linked, investigated by, Nicaragua Paragraphs 1, 4 " . . .. . but until now no one has been able to show that a woman’s ability to read in itself improves her children’s chances of survival." & " . . .. . researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central American Institute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican Institute of Health interviewed nearly 3,000 women..." 17 J (family wealth) as a result, factors, attitudes to children, eliminated Paragraph 2 "... the fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family’s wealth or that it values its children more highly." 18 F (maternal literacy) shown that, itself improve, infant health and survival Paragraph 2 "... teaching reading to poor adult women, who would otherwise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children’s health and survival." 19 NOT GIVEN about a thousand, women, interviewed by, learnt to read, children Paragraph 4 Mention of women interviewed but no specific mention of the number who learned to read as children. 20 NO Before, illiterate women, same levels, infant mortality, learnt to read, primary school Paragraph 5 "In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births... For women educated in primary school, however, the infant mortality rate was significantly lower, at 80 per thousand." 21 YES before and after, National Literacy Crusade, child mortality rate, illiterate women, stayed, about 110 deaths Paragraphs 5, 6 "In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births" & "In 1985, after the National Literacy Crusade had ended... the infant mortality figures for those who remained illiterate... remained more or less unchanged." 22 YES women, learnt to read, National Literacy Crusade, greatest change, infant mortality levels Paragraph 6 "For those women who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an impressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still illiterate." 23 NO women, learnt to read, National Literacy Crusade, lowest rates, child mortality Paragraphs 5, 6 "In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births... For those women who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand." 24 NOT GIVEN After, National Literacy Crusade, children of, remained illiterate, found, severely malnourished Paragraph 6 "The children of the newly-literate mothers were also better nourished READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face   Question no. Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text associated with answer and explanation 27 iv survey, conducted, British primary schools, bullying, persistent Section A, Lines 3-5 "A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent." 28 vi effect, bullying, children Section B, Lines 1-3 "Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases, it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare." 29 v reactions, schools, enquiries, bullying Section C, Lines 2-4 "Schools would often deny the problem... 'There is no bullying at this school' has been a common refrain." 30 vii developments, new approach, schools Section D, Line 1 "Three factors are involved in this change." 31 B recent survey, British secondary schools, less bullying Section A, Last lines "There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying." 32 D children, bullied Section B, Lines 3-5 "Victimized pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults." 33 D writer thinks, declaration, 'There is no bullying at this school' Section C, Lines 2-4 "Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. 'There is no bullying at this school' has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue." 34 A findings, research, Norway Section C, Lines 10-12 "In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved." 35 policy most important step, school authorities, produce, attitude, bullying, clear Section E, First lines "Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying." 36 guidelines it, should include, detailed, school and its staff, react, bullying occurs Section E, Last lines " ... giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed." 37 (school) curriculum in addition, action, taken, useful, early part, raising awareness, discussion Section E, Lines 4-5 "There are ways of dealing with the topic through the curriculum, using video, drama, and literature." 38 victims effective work, individual pupils, small groups, potential, bullying, trained, self-confident Section E, Lines 9-10 "Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile." 39 playful fighting playground supervision, effective, members of staff, trained, recognise, difference, bullying Section E, Paragraph 4 "One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying from playful fighting." 40 D most suitable title Passage - Overall "How can it (bullying) be prevented?"

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Johnson's Dictionary ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATIONS 1. D focused, contemporary texts paragraph 6, 7th and 8th line Johnson wrote the definition of over 40,000 words………, from the Elizabethans to his own time.‟ contemporary = belonging to the same period of time/ current = to his own time 2. E time limit, completion paragraph 6; 9th line Working to a deadline, he had to draw…..” deadline=time limit 3. G subtleties, meaning paragraph 6; 15th line Unlike his predecessors…….., with many different shades of meaning. “subtleties of meaning = different shades of meaning” 4. Copying clerks/ clerks garret, central desk paragraph 5; 1st line James Boswell, his biographer, ……….garret where…….. long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.”Who(either person or profession) would work standing up?= copying clerks” 5. library definitions, 40,000 words Paragraph 6; 1st line ….and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words…. “without= did not  have ” 6. stability James Boswell, principal achievement paragraph 8; 13th line It is the ……….., an achievement which, in James Boswell‟s words, “conferred stability on the language of his country. “conferred= bring” 7. pension reward, the king Last paragraph; 1st sentence The Dictionary, together with his other ………….. upon King George III to offer him a pension. “granted= offered” 8. TRUE middle classes paragraph 3, 1st sentence … the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class… “growing importance of middle class caused the growth in the demand of dictionary” 9. FALSE well known, his death 3rd Paragraph 9th line It is highly …………., as  famous  in his own time as in ours. “ famous = well known” “in his own time = when he was alive/ before death” 10. NOT GIVEN Planning, several years There is nothing mentioned of how many years Johnson had been planning this task. 11. FALSE academy paragraph 4; 11th line Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language: ………..and he would do it single-handed. “single-handed=alone/ without an academy” 12. FALSE payment, completion Paragraph 4; last sentence He was to be paid $1575 in installments, and from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he set up his dictionary workshop. “installments= partial but regular payment, not a single-time payment after the task is completed” 13. TRUE assistants, survived, paragraph 5; last sentence He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation. “two died= not all survived”   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Nature or Nurture ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATIONS 14. F biological, teacher-subjects’ behavior paragraph F One‟s first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram‟s teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need …..” – might be to argue = to explain – “animal instinct(a type of behavior), genetic need = biological factors” 15. A explanation, experiment, teacher subject paragraph A; 5th line Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer „teacher-subject‟ that the experiment was in the noble cause of  education , and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would  have  a positive effect on the pupils‟ ability to learn. “purpose of the experiment is explained to the teacher subject” 16. B identity, pupils paragraph B, 6th line The supposed pupil was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks….” identity=information about who the pupils were 17. C expected, outcome paragraph D Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his  idea  to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people who would be willing to administer the highest shock level…. The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter” – expected=predicted Thus, the predicted/expected result or outcome was that almost all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey. 18. I general aim, sociobiological paragraph I This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology – -to discover the degree to which………., that is, their behaviour. “Sociobiology, therefore, aims to find the  answer  to this question” 19. C continue, persuaded paragraph C, 7th line If the subject was reluctant to proceed, ……………………… followed through to the  end . “to proceed= to continue” 20. B teacher-subjects, testing paragraph A; 6th line Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer ” teacher-subject” that the experiment was in the noble cause of  education , and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would  have  a positive effect on the pupils‟ ability to learn”. “ help =Positive effect, Learning= ability to learn” 21. D teacher-subjects, instructed paragraph B; 10th line Milgram told the teacher subjects to ignore the reaction……….., as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment. “instructed=told, give=administer, as per the rule=according to the rule” 22. C before, psychiatrists paragraph D: last sentence and E: First two sentences Furthermore, they thought………….about one in 1000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts” In paragraph E, the actual result is: ” over 60 percent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450 volts limit”. –“So, the estimate of the psychiatrists was too low – they underestimated how many teacher-subjects would continue to follow the rules/the procedure” 23. Not Given psychology students, Yale University paragraph A; 2nd line “A few years ago,…, Stanley Milgram from Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for …to perform. –” From all walks of life : from different types of jobs, we are not told if any of these were students or -if they were – from what university, not to be confused with yale university because Milgram is from yale university but no information is provided about those 40 different subjects” 24. True behaviour, positive survival mechanism paragraph F; 4th line A modern hard-core sociobiologist …………. instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors ………. “instinct=behavior, advantageous= positive, survival value= survival mechanism” 25. False sociological, personal values, authority paragraph H ……………..surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sarcrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authortity. “meaning that systems of authority are more powerful that individual personal and moral values, surrender (to sth) = admit defeat/ stop trying to control something, because you are weaker/less powerful, personal values= individual properties/personal and moral code” 26. False solves,  important , sociobiology paragraph I, 1st and 2nd sentence Here we  have  two radically different explanations …………….. The problem for biologist, psychologist…………………….is more plausible. “There are two possible explanations for such behavior of teacher subject and the one which seems to be more plausible is still to be found, hence Milgrams experiment does not give any solution” READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The Truth about the Environment   Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27. Yes environmentalists, pessimistic view 1st paragraph;1st line For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. “pessimistic view =seems to be getting worse” 28. Not Given 1972 paragraph 2; 3rd line First, energy and other natural resources  have  become more abundant, not less so, since the book “The Limits to Growth” was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. “1972 – date when a book about natural resources was published, no information about the date on which data collection was made” 29. No starving people, increased, recent years paragraph 2, line 4 Fewer people are starving “fewer= decreased” 30. Not Given Extinct species, being replaced Paragraph 2; line 5 Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 20-25%, as has so often been predicted. ” Their replacement by new species is not mentioned” 31. Yes pollution problems, correctly linked paragraph 2, line 7 And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to  have  been exaggerated, or are transient – associated with the early phases of industrialisation.” So, in the early period of industrialisation, some pollution problems were linked with this new development at the time. “associated with = linked to” 32. No slow down, economic growth paragraph 2; line 9 ….therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but accelerating it. ”accelerating = increasing the speed/ not slowing down the speed of economic growth” 33. C scientific research, concern about paragraph 4 One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case. ” writer gives his concern about the selected areas for study” 34. D Worldwide Fund for Nature paragraph 5 Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. A press release by the Worldwide Fund for Nature in 1997 is given as an example to show/illustrate this. “Overstate = exaggerate” 35. C lobby groups paragraph 6 That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. “people tend to believe the claims of environmental lobby groups more than the claims of other lobby groups hence other lobby groups are criticized more than the environmental” 36. B newspapers, intended to paragraph 7; line 2 Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. “provide what public want = meet readers expectations” 37. B America‟s waste problem paragraph 8; People worry that …………………….to dispose of waste(this is what people believe). Yet, even if America’s trash output continues …………………..12000 of the area of the entire United States(this is the actual reality). “it proves that the worry of insufficient places for waste disposal is not as  important  as some people believe” 38. E global warming, impact, deal with it paragraph 2; line 11 One form of pollution – the release of greenhouse gases that cause global warming – does appears to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future. “long-term = lasting/extending over a long time = extend well into our future – catastrophic=devastating – inappropriate =unsuitable, wrong” 39. right Catastrophic , Future Paragraph 2; last sentence A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it. “Means that if we deal it in appropriate way it may not be a  big  problem, appropriate= right” 40. I health problems paragraph 11; line 3 Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions…will be higher than the cost of solving the world‟s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. “pressing=urgent”

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Bakelite Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 1 candlewax constituents, coal, oil Para 2, line 4-5 "constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped." 2 synthetic thermosetting plastic Para 2, last 2 lines "cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic." 3 chemistry technological progress Para 3, line 2-4 "thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors – immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry..." 4 Novalak wood, coal, kettle Para 5, line 2-3 "(from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak, which became soluble and malleable when heated." 5 fillers woodflour, asbestos, cotton Para 5, line 5-6 "ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts" 6 hexa ammonia, formaldehyde Para 5, line 7-8 "substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional" 7 raw formaldehyde, cool Para 5, line 9-10 "formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready" 8 pressure hollow mould, heat Para 5, last 2 lines "was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby 'setting' its form for life." 9 B technical requirements Para 6, line 2-4 "large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract." 10 C molten Bakelite Para 6, line 5-6 "necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners" 11 TRUE Baekeland, patent Para 4, last 3 lines "making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today." 12 FALSE popularity Para 7, first 2 lines "Baekeland's invention, although  treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It revolutionized various industries, and Bakelite products became widely used and admired for their versatility and durability." Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 13 FALSE insulating, shades Para 7, line 5-8 "promoted as being germ-free and sterilizable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era. It then fell from favor again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed."   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . What’s so funny ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATIONS EXPLANATIONS 14. FALSE Arthur Koestler, biologically,  important Paragraph 1; last line The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex: „unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose. “no apparent biological purpose=not biologically  important ” 15. Not Given Plato,above-average, intelligence paragraph 2 Plato expressed the  idea  that humor is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. “feeling of superiority over other is given but whether it is the superiority of intelligence is not mentioned” 16. True Kant, release, nervous energy paragraph 2, line 3 “Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up apsychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline”. +release = punctured + nervous energy = psychic tension 17. False ignored, Aristotle paragraph 2; line 4 But most modern humour theorists  have  settled on some version of Aristotle’s belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning. “settled some version of Aristotle’s belief= not ignored Aristotle’s view on the subject” 18. True Graeme Ritchie, artificial intelligence paragraph 3; 1st sentence Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, ………………reasoning in machines. “artificial intelligence = reasoning in machines” 19. Not Given personal situations, source of humour paragraph 3; last sentence A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt”. This means there are a lot of different ways to tell a joke, for example, using a sudden, surprising/unexpected situation. “use of personal situation by comedians not mentioned” 20. True chimpanzees, playing Paragraph 5; line 4 Chimpanzees  have  a, play-face – a gaping expression accompanied by a panting ,ah,ah” noise. “play face= playing, ah, ah= particular noise” 21. problem solving right prefrontal cortex, light up paragraph 8; line 3 His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener’s prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. “Light up = lit up” 22. temporal lobes active, too paragraph 8; line 6 But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. “active = activity, too = also” 23. evaluating information orbital prefrontal cortex, activated Paragraph 8; last sentence Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life – the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information. “activated = sprang to life, involved with = associated with, this= orbital prefrontal cortex” 24. C brain, most difficult task paragraph 9; line Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. “extremely= most, difficult task= demanding jobs” 25. A language, developed paragraph 10; line All warm-blooded animals  make  constant tiny adjustments …………………….but humans, who  have  developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language respond emotionally not only to their surroundings but to their own thoughts. “react to their own thoughts react = respond” 26. F individual, responses, humour paragraph 10; line Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person’s outlook. “a person’s subjective views = a person’s outlook” 27. D Peter Derks Paragraph 11; last sentence If we can figure out how the mind processes humour, then we’ll  have  a pretty  good  handle on how it works in general. “figure out …. good  handle on how it works= information about the operation of the brain” READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The birth of scientific English   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 28 Latin science, write, English, 17th century Para 1, last 5 lines "surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded..." 29 doctors social distinction, gentlemen, Latin Para 5, line 13-28 "science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin..." 30 technical vocabulary English, deal, scientific argument Para 7, line 5-8 "English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary..." 31 grammatical resources English, deal, scientific argument Para 7, line 5-8 "English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required..." 32 Royal Society interests, language, John Wallis Para 3, line 5-8 "interests in language — John Wallis and John Wilkins — helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research." 33 German momentum, leading European language Para 10, line 3-6 "English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science." 34 industrial revolution lexical growth, new technical vocabulary Para 10, last 7 lines "England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary..." 35 NOT GIVEN N/A N/A N/A 36 FALSE scientific developments, magnetism Para 2, line 12-16 "to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism..." 37 TRUE foster, publication, science in English Para 8, line 4-10 "projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society’s members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English..." 38 popular national languages, popular works Para 4, line 3-9 "traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works..." 39 Principia Newton, mathematical treatise Para 4, last 5 lines "For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin..." 40 local Latin, international audience Para 5, last 5 lines "Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience..."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Early Childhood Education Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 1 D Families, first child Part D, Para 1 "The Four-year pilot study included 380 Families who were about to have their First child and who represented a cross-section of socioeconomic status, age and Family configurations. They included single-parent and twoparent Families, Families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or lather at home." 2 B children, language Part B, Para 1 "at Harvard University has shown that, by the age at three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words — most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation tor the rest of their lives." 3 C disappointing, parents Part C, Para 2 "disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations tor this. First, the programme began too late. Many children who entered it at the age of three were already behind their peers in language and measurable intelligence. Second, the parents were not involved. At the and oi each day, ‘Headstart‘ children returned to the some disadvantaged home environment." 4 E social development Part E, Para 1 "further along in social development. In fact, the average child on the programme was performing at the level of the top 15 to 20 percent of their peers in such things as auditory comprehension, verbal ability and language ability" 5 B Families, first child Part D, Para 1 "The Four-year pilot study included 380 Families who were about to have their First child and who represented a cross-section oi socio-economic status, age and Family configurations. They" 6 D - - - 7 A funding, disappointing Part C, Para 2 "Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. it is thought that there are two" 8 B parent-educators Part D, Para 2 "The programme involved trained parent- educators visiting the parents‘ home and working with the parent, or parents, and the child. Parent-educators made personal visits to homes and monthly group meetings were held with other new parents to share experience and discuss topics oi interest. Parent resource centres" 9 D - - - 10 C pro-school institutions Part C, Para 1 "money was poured into it. It took children into pro-school institutions at the a e at three and was supposed to help the children of poorer Families succeed in school." 11 TRUE language development Part E, Para 1 "random sample at children that age. The results were phenomenal. By the age of three, the children in the programme were significantly more advanced in language development than their Peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were further along in social development. In fact, the" 12 FALSE parents' age, education Part E, Para 2 "Most important at all, tie traditional measures at 'risk', such as parents' age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures at achievement and language development. Children in the" | Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 13 NOT GIVEN - - -   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Disappearing Delta Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 14 iv loss of delta land, blamed, dams, Aswan Part B, First 4 lines "Up to now, people have blamed this loss oi delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt" 15 i Nile water, diverted, irrigation canals Part D, First 7 lines "Once north of Cairo, most oi the Nile water is diverted into more than l0,000 kilometres of irrigation canals" 16 v agricultural wastes, fishing industry Part E, Para 2, Last 7 lines "Another problem is that agricultural wastes include fertilizers which stimulate increases in plant growth in the lagoons and upset the ecology of the area, with serious effects on the fishing industry" 17 viii erosion, pollution, impact, Mediterranean Part F, First 7 lines "According to Siegel, international environmental organisations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem" 18 YES fertile land, eroded, 100 metres per year Part A "The fertile land oi the Nile delta is being eroded along Egypt’s Mediterranean coast at an astounding rate, in some parts estimated at 100 metres per year" 19 NOT GIVEN - - - 20 NO Aswan dams, sediment accumulation Part B, Last 9 lines "But when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century... most of the sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in the southern, upstream half of Lake Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta" 21 YES water samples, sediment Part C, Line 6-11 "of the Smithsonian Institute noticed that water samples taken in Cairo... indicated that the river sometimes carries more than 850 grams oi sediment per cubic metre of water" 22 NOT GIVEN - - - 23 YES sediment, bottom of canals, fields, lagoons Part D, Line 7-10 "sediment, Stanley explains. The sediment sinks to the bottom oi the canals and then is added to fields by farmers or pumped with the water into the tour large freshwater lagoons" 24 F- pollutants, building up Part E, Para 1, Line 3-8 "Egypt’s Food supply. But by the time the sediment has come to rest in the fields and lagoons it is laden with municipal, industrial and agricultural waste from the Cairo region" 25 A - artificial flood, flush out Part F, Line 8-10 "are no easy solutions. ln the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial Hoods to flush out the delta" 26 B - desalination, increase water Part F, Line 13-15 Then, right after that, the writer says again, “ . .. He says, however, that  in the long term  an alternative process such as  desalination  may have to be used to increase the amount of water available. .. ..” Here,  in the long term = long-term solution, 26 B - desalination, increase water Part F, Line 13-15 "however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available" READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The Return of Artificial Intelligence   Answers Keywords Location Explanation 27. E AI, military impact P A HNC claim that their system, based on a duster of 30 processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a  battlefield  or extract a voice signal from a noisy background. ·         military = camouflaged vehicles, battlefield 28. B AI, together, separate research areas P B The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science ·         brings together a range of separate research areas = encompassed such previously disparate fields as operation research 29. A reason, common topic, conversation PA It re-entered public consciousness with the release of Al, a movie about a robot boy. This has  ignited  public debate  about  AI, but  the term  is  also  being used once more within the computer industry. ·         became a topic of conversation again = re-entered public consciousness 30. F  deal with, difficulties, amount of information P F In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to  help  filter and categorise information – classic Al problems. ·         difficulties = problems ·         amount of information available = information overload 31. B  expression, first, used P B The field was launched, and the term ‘artificial intelligence’ coined, at a conference in 1956,,by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, ·         first used = coined ·         the expression AI = the term „Artificial intelligence‟ 32. NOT GIVEN    researchers, AI, worked together, other projects P B It means that a lot of researchers working on different problems and in different ways worked together in the field of AI, but we do not know if they had worked together on other projects before. 33. FALSE  P C Most researchers agree that Al peaked around 1985. ·         lowest point is opposite to peaked 34. NOT GIVEN    agent, technology, costly, neural P C The writer gives no  information about the cost comparison  between research into agent  technology and research into neural networks. 35. TRUE      AI, degree of success P D Ironically, in some ways Al was a victim of its own success. ·         success= progress 36. FALSE    problems, solved, not changed, 1967 P           C and D First, in paragraph C, the author of the passage says in lines 3-5, “ .. .. Marvin Minsky said in  1967 that within a generation the problem of creating ‘artificial intelligence’ would be  substantially solved. . ..  In paragraph D, the author says in lines 6-8, .”   Meanwhile, the technologies that made it once the market, such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-support software, were no longer regarded as Al. ·         were no longer regarded as Al=  they changed 37.  TRUE     2001: A space Odyssey, reflected, P G The 1969 film, 2001:A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL 9000. ·         reflected contemporary ideas = encapsulated the optimism 38. B original, expectations,AI P C By the late 1980s, the term Al was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on. ·         original expectations of AI = overdue optimism in the early 1980s ·         overdue optimism= boyond justification= not justified 39. A Dr Leake’s P C In lines 8-11 in paragraph C, where we find the opinion of Dr. Leake, “‘Then when people realised there were hard problems, there was retrenchment. By the late 1980s, the term AI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.’” ·         Here, people realised there were hard problems, = people’s perception about AI changed, retrenchment / AI was being avoided= the reputation of AI suffered, 40. D AI, benefits P F In paragraph F, in lines 1-3 Another factor that may boost the prospects for Al in the near future is that investors are now looking for firms using clever technology, rather than just a clever business model, to differentiate themselves. ·         benefit from = factor that may boost.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   The Impact of Wilderness Tourism   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 1 iii wilderness, tourism, booming Para 1, First 3 lines "The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their 'wilderness' regions — such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands — to high-spending" 2 v main tourist destination, local community Para 1, First 2 lines "Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money" 3 ii reinvigorating local cultures Para 1, Last 4 lines "can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term" 4 YES wilderness tourism, cost Part A, Para 1, Line 4-5 "tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost" 5 YES fragile, ecology, culture Part A, Para 1, Line 6-8 "As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e., highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants" 6 NO Arctic areas, seasonality Part A, Para 1, Line 11-12 "Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human" 7 YES decline in farm output, local diet Part B, Para 1, Line 5-6 "farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions. this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet" 8 NO hunting, fishing, fruit Part B, Para 2, First 2 lines "In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting Fruit over a relatively short season" 9 NOT GIVEN - - - 10 'cheese' second home developments, Swiss Pays d‘Enhaut Part C, Para 2, Line 3-5 "the rising number of second home developments In the Swiss Pays d‘Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area. providing the locals with" 11 'tour/tourist/tourism' Arctic communities, tour businesses Part C, Para 3, Line 3-4 "their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in the Passage Text Associated with Answer 11 'tour/tourist/tourism' Arctic communities, tour businesses Part C, Para 3, Line 3-4 "their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native" 12 'pottery' handicrafts, artwork Part C, Para 4, Last 3 lines "purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San Ildefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo" 13 'jewellery' jewellery Part C, Para 4, Last 2 lines "pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery" READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Disappearing Delta Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14 G (claims that nickel sulphide failure is very unusual) Brian Waldron Paragraph 2 Brian Waldron mentions that the glass industry is aware of the issue but insists that cases are rare. 'It’s a very rare phenomenon,' he says. Here, 'very rare phenomenon' means 'very unusual.' 15 A (suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been suppressed) Trevor Ford Paragraph 3, lines 10-14 Trevor Ford, a glass expert, states that 'What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg' and that 'No-one wants bad press.' This suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been suppressed. 16 H (refers to the most extreme case of delayed failure) Graham Dodd Paragraph 8, lines 6-15 Graham Dodd describes a case where the oldest pane of toughened glass failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions after 27 years. This represents the most extreme case of delayed failure. 17 C (closely examined all the glass in one building) John Barry Paragraph 10, lines 7-12 John Barry analyzed every glass pane in a building using a studio camera and a photographer in a cradle to take photos. This indicates that he closely examined all the glass in one building. 18 F (sharp) Toughened glass, favoured by architects, much stronger than ordinary glass, fragments not as Paragraph 4, lines 4-11 Toughened glass is five times stronger than standard glass and shatters into tiny cubes instead of large, razor-sharp shards. 'Rather than large, razor-sharp shards' means the fragments are not as sharp when it breaks. 19 I (unexpectedly) One disadvantage, can shatter Paragraph 8, lines 4-5 The passage states that 'the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet' and that 'the time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable.' This means it can shatter unexpectedly. 20 C (quickly) Manufacturing process, heated, then cooled, very Paragraph 5 The passage explains that ordinary glass is heated to about 620°C and then rapidly cooled with jets of cold air. 'Rapidly' means 'quickly.' 21 K (contracts) Outer layer, before, inner layer, tension, makes glass stronger Paragraph 5, lines 5-11 The outer layer solidifies before the inner layer, creating tension that strengthens the glass. 'Before the interior' means 'before the inner layer,' and the outer layer contracts. 22 E (warm) Nickel sulphide impurities, crystals, unstable, expand suddenly, weather Paragraph 6 & Paragraph 8, lines 5-10 When the glass is heated, nickel sulphide forms crystals that can expand suddenly, especially if the glass is heated by sunlight. 'Sunlight' suggests 'warm weather.' 23 L (disputed) Frequency of such problems, by glass experts Paragraph 8 & Paragraph 9 There is disagreement among experts about the frequency of nickel sulphide failures. One expert states failures occur after a long time, while another suggests they occur more frequently. This indicates the issue is 'disputed.' 24 TRUE Little doubt, reason, Bishops Walk accident Paragraph 1, last line The passage states that 'they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.' 'Almost certainly' means 'little doubt.' 25 NOT GIVEN Toughened glass, same appearance, ordinary glass - The passage does not compare the appearance of toughened glass with ordinary glass. 26 FALSE Plenty of documented evidence, incidence, nickel sulphide failure Paragraph 9, first lines The passage states that 'Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find,' meaning there is not enough documented evidence. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The Effects of Light on Plant and Animals Species     Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27 true scientific evidence, support, photoperiodism Para 2, line 5 Scan for the keywords and synonym keywords:  experimental evidence  =  scientific evidence,   considerable = plenty of .Now read this line,”The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called  photoperiodism , and the amount of  experimental evidence  for this phenomenon is  considerable . .. .. .”The amount of  experimental evidence  for this phenomenon is  considerable  means There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism. 28 true bird, encouraged, breed out of season Para 2, line 7 Now read this line, “For example,  some species of birds’ breeding   can be induced even in midwinter  simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964)”Here,  some species of birds = some types of bird, induced = encouraged, even in midwinter = out of season . 29 not given Photoperiodism, restricted, certain geographic areas, There is  no information of any geographical restriction  of photoperiodism. 30 false desert annuals, examples, long-day plants, Para 4, last line Now read this line, “For example,  desert annuals  germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs,  regardless of the day length .”Meaning that desert annuals are examples of day-neutral plants, NOT long-day plants. 31 false bamboos, flower, several times, during, life cycle Para 5 Now read this “ Bamboos  are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then  suddenly flower, fruit and die  (Evans 1976). … ..”Which mean that Bamboos flower only once in their life, then die 32 true Chusquea abietifolia’s seasonal rhythm para 5 Now read this line, “ The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known , but the adaptive significance is clear.”Here this flowering cycle mean Chusquea abietifolia’s seasonal rhythm and not known yet implies that Scientists  have  yet to determine. 33 false Eastern hemlock,  fast -growing plant Last para Now read these lines, “1. Shade-tolerant plants  have  lower photosynthetic rates  and hence  have  lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species”, and “2. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant.”It means that As eastern hemlock is shade-tolerant plant, it has  lower growth rate  (slow-growing plant). 34 temperatures d ay length, useful cue, unpredictable, Para 2, line 2 Now read this line, “ Day length  is an  excellent cue , because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures  fluctuate greatly from day to day , but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount.What are unpredictable?temperatures  fluctuate greatly from day to day . Here,fluctuate greatly from day to day = unpredictable. 35 day-neutral (plants) plants, do not respond, light levels Para 2 Now read this line, “Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth,  regardless of photo-period, are known as day-neutral plants”Here,  regardless means do not respond and known as means referred to as . 36 (adequate) food (resources)    birds, temperature climates, associate, longer days, nesting Para 3, line 4 Now read this line, “Thus many  temperate-zone birds  use the  increasing day lengths  in spring as a cue to  begin  the  nesting cycle , because this is a point when adequate food resources  will be assured .” adequate food resources will be assured means that the availability of adequate food resources 37 fertilization/fertilisation by insects plants, flower, days are long, often, depend on, Para 4, line 3 Now read this line, “ Long-day plants  are adapted for situations that  require  fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening” require  fertilization by insects means depends on (fertilization/fertilisation by) insect 38 rainfall desert annuals, respond, as a signal, reproduction Para 4 Keywords for the question:  ,       The  answer  can be found in the last lines paragraph no. 4, “For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length”Means that desert annuals respond to suitable rainfall. 39 sugarcane photosynthetic rate, plants Para 6, last lines Now read this line, ” Some plants reach maximum photosynthesis at one quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.”Here, like sugarcane means such as sugarcane.    40 classification plants in forestry and horticulture,

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.   Adults & Children – Loss of Tropical Rainforests    Question Answer Location Text 1 FALSE Para 1, Line 7-8 "duration of a normal classroom period. In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that" 2 FALSE Para 1, Line 9-11 "children will have formed ideas about rainforests — what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them — independent of any formal tuition. It is also" 3 TRUE Para 2, First 2 lines "Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated" 4 TRUE Para 2, Line 2-5 "curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the" 5 FALSE Para 4, Line 2-3 "Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. The most frequent responses to the first question were description" 6 NOT GIVEN - - 7 TRUE Para 10, First 3 lines "The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. Pupils‘ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as" 8 NOT GIVEN - - 9 M Para 4, Line 5-6 "as damp, wet or hot. The second question concerned the geographical location of rain- forests. The commonest responses Were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43%" 10 E Para 5, First 3 lines "Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer" 11 G - Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. Fewer students responded that rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer" 12 P Para 9, First 2 lines "In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive." 13 J Para 9, Line 2-4 "majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. Some" 14 B - -   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . What Do Whales Feel? Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 15 taste buds taste buds, nerves, rudimentary Para 1, Last 2 lines The text states that although cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving them have degenerated or are rudimentary. 16 baleen / the baleen whale Baleen species, grey whale calf Para 3, First 2 lines The text mentions that the sense of vision varies across species and specifically refers to baleen whales. 17 forward & downward stereoscopic vision, dolphins, porpoises Para 4, First 2 lines The position of the eyes in dolphins and porpoises suggests they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. 18 freshwater dolphin(s) / the freshwater dolphin(s) freshwater dolphins, upside down, feeding Para 4, Line 2-3 The text explains that freshwater dolphins often swim on their side or upside down while feeding. 19 water / the water keen vision, bottlenose dolphin, watches Para 4, Line 4-5 The bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water, as indicated by how it observes its surroundings. 20 lower frequencies / the lower frequencies echolocation, large baleen whales Para 6, Line 5 Large baleen whales primarily use lower frequencies in their echolocation system. 21 bowhead & humpback bowhead whales, humpback whales, utterances Para 6, Line 6-7 The text highlights the song-like choruses of bowhead whales and the complex vocalizations of humpback whales. 22 touch / sense of touch responsiveness, trainers, rubbing Para 2, First 5 lines Trainers note that dolphins and small whales respond well to being touched or rubbed. 23 freshwater dolphin(s) / the freshwater dolphin(s) freshwater dolphins, stereoscopic vision Para 4, Line 2-3 The eye position of freshwater dolphins suggests their vision is adapted for specific feeding behaviors. 24 airborne flying fish airborne, flying fish, tracks Para 4, Line 4-6 The bottlenose dolphin can apparently see well through air-water surfaces, as seen in how it tracks airborne flying fish. 25 clear water(s) / clear open water(s) clear open waters, turbid rivers Para 5, Line 2-3 The text states that vision is more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters compared to those in turbid environments. 26 acoustic sense / the acoustic sense senses, taste, smell, vision, vocal Para 6, First 3 lines Despite weaker taste and smell senses, cetaceans compensate with their highly developed acoustic sense. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Visual symbol and the blind Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27 C (can recognise conventions such as perspective.) first paragraph, blind people, appreciate, outlines, perspectives Para 1, Lines 1-3 The text states that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives, meaning they can recognise conventions such as perspective. 28 C (included a symbol representing movement.) writer, surprised, blind woman, spinning, traced a curve Para 1, Lines 4-7 The author was surprised when a blind woman drew a curve inside a circle to indicate motion, which included a symbol representing movement. 29 A (had good understanding of symbols representing movement.) experiment, Part 1, blind subjects, problem solving, motion Para 5, Part 1 The blind subjects understood meanings of motion lines as frequently as sighted subjects, showing good understanding of symbols representing movement. 30 E (use of brakes) diagram, spokes, wheel, brakes Para 4, Part 1, Lines 4-5 The text states that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on. 31 C (rapid spinning) diagram, dashed spokes, spinning quickly Para 4, Part 1, Line 6 The passage explains that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly. 32 A (steady spinning) diagram, curved spokes, spinning steadily Para 4, Part 1, Line 2 The text mentions that curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily. 33 pairs experiment, Part 2, set of words, symbolism Para 1-2, Part 2 The text explains that a set of twenty pairs of words was used to study symbolism perception. 34 shapes experiment, Part 2, abstract, symbolism Para 1-2, Part 2 The passage refers to hearts, circles, and squares, indicating the study of abstract shapes. 35 sighted subjects, experiment, best fit, volunteers Para 2-3, Part 2 The passage states that all sighted volunteers associated a circle with ‘soft’ and a square with ‘hard.’ 36 sighted 51%, volunteers, circle, assignment Para 3, Part 2, Lines 5-6 The passage states that only 51% of sighted volunteers linked "deep" to a circle. 37 deep 51%, circle, assignment Para 3, Part 2, Lines 5-6 The text states that only 51% linked "deep" to a circle and "shallow" to a square. 38 blind test, repeated, volunteers Para 3, Part 2, Lines 7-10 The passage explains that the test was repeated with blind volunteers. 39 similar test, repeated, choices Para 3, Part 2, Lines 7-10 The text states that blind volunteers made similar choices to sighted subjects. 40 B (The blind comprehend visual metaphors in similar ways to sighted people.) writer’s conclusion, visual metaphors, sighted people Para 3, Part 2, Final lines The author concludes that blind people interpret abstract shapes similarly to sighted people.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Lost of Words   Question Answer Keywords Location Text 1 isolation approximately 6,800 languages, great variety of languages, largely, as a result, geographical Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3 "Isolation breeds  linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people." 2 (economic) globalization / globalisation / socio-economic pressures today’s world, government initiatives, contributing, huge decrease, numbers of languages Paragraph 5 "Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation ." 3 cultural identity one factor, may help, ensure, endangered languages, do not die out completely, people’s increasing appreciation of Paragraph 7 "But a growing interest in cultural identity  may prevent the direst predictions from coming true." 4 traditional skill encouraged, programmes of language classes, children, ‘apprentice’ schemes, endangered language, used, as, medium of instruction, teach people Paragraph 7 "Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill  such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language." Question Answer Keywords Location Text 5 E (Doug Whalen) endangered languages, cannot be saved, unless, people learn, speak, more than one language Paragraph 7, Lines 1-3 "‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language ,’ says Doug Whalen, founder, and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut." 6 B (Salikoko Mufwene) saving languages, from extinction, not, satisfactory goal Paragraph 7, Lines 5-7 "But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he says." 7 D (Mark Pagel) the way we think, may be determined, by our language Paragraph 6, Lines 7-9 "Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’" 8 C (Nicholas Ostler) young people, often reject, established way of life, their community Paragraph 4, Lines 3-5 " People lose faith in their culture ,’ he says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’" 9 B (Salikoko Mufwene) a change of language, may mean, loss of traditional culture Paragraph 6, Lines 4-6 " If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something ,’ Mufwene says." 10 NO Navajo language, will die out, because, currently has, too few speakers Paragraph 1, Line 6; Paragraph 3, Lines 1-2 "Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time." / "Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers ." 11 YES A large number of native speakers, fails to guarantee, survival of a language Paragraph 3, Lines 1-3 " What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. " 12 NOT GIVEN national governments, could do more, protect endangered languages Paragraph 5, Lines 1-2 "The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity." 13 YES loss of linguistic diversity, inevitable Paragraph 7, Line 1 "So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century."     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14 C (They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.) traditionally, how, Australian doctors, differed, Western countries Paragraph 1, first lines: "Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies." The conservative attitude to alternative therapies shows reluctance to accept them. 15 B (consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.) 1990, Americans Paragraph 1, lines 8-9: "Americans made more visits to alternative therapist than to orthodox doctors in 1990." The statement indicates that Americans preferred alternative therapists to doctors in 1990. 16 YES Australians, turning to, alternative therapies, increasing numbers, over past 20 years Paragraph 2, lines 1-2: "Popularity of alternative therapies...climb steadily during the past 20 years." The statement matches the claim in the text about the increasing popularity of alternative therapies in Australia. 17 NO between 1983 and 1990, numbers of patients, visiting alternative therapists, rose, further 8% of population Paragraph 2, lines 2-5: "By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population." The actual rise was 0.7%, not 8%, contradicting the question. 18 YES 1990 survey, related to 550,000 consultations, alternative therapists Paragraph 2, lines 5-7: "The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey..." The survey number matches the question. 19 YES in the past, Australians, had, higher opinion of doctors, than today Paragraph 2, final lines: "The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded..." This implies Australians had a higher opinion of doctors in the past. 20 YES some Australian doctors, retraining in, alternative therapies Paragraph 3, first lines: "Increasing numbers of Australian doctors...taking courses themselves..." This matches the claim that Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies. 21 NOT GIVEN alternative therapists, earn, higher salaries, than doctors Paragraph 3, line 4: "Part of the incentive was financial..." The passage does not compare earnings between therapists and doctors. 22 NO 1993 Sydney survey, involved, 289 patients, visited, alternative therapists, acupuncture treatment Paragraph 4, first lines: "These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies..." The survey involved a variety of therapies, not just acupuncture. 23 YES all the patients, 1993 Sydney survey, had, long-term medical complaints Paragraph 4, lines 3-4: "Those surveyed had experience chronic illnesses..." This matches the claim about long-term medical complaints in the survey. 24 emotional / emotional problems medical complaints, patients, visiting therapists, musculo-skeletal, digestive Paragraph 5, lines 1-4: "18% of patients visiting alternative therapists...suffer from emotional problems." The survey data about emotional problems is confirmed. 25 headache / headaches medical complaints, patients, visiting therapists, respiratory, candida, general health maintenance Paragraph 5, lines 4-7: "Headache sufferers represent 6% of patients..." This matches the survey data about headache sufferers. 26 general ill health medical complaints, patients, visiting therapists, respiratory, candida, general health maintenance Paragraph 5, lines 4-7: "Those complaining of general ill health represent 5% of patients." This matches the survey data about patients seeking treatment for general ill health. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 27 H the way, play causes, unusual connections, brain, beneficial Paragraph H (Lines 6-10) The author mentions that play allows link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate, enhancing creativity. 28 F insights, recording, how much time, young animals spend, playing Paragraph F (First lines) Byers discusses the timing of the playful stage in young animals, providing insights into the significance of play. 29 A description, physical hazards, can accompany, play Paragraph A (Lines 4-7) The author describes how play can cost animals their lives and consume energy, mentioning the physical hazards involved. 30 H description, mental activities, exercised, developed, during play Paragraph H (Lines 1-2) Bekoff talks about how more of the brain is involved in play, activating higher cognitive processes, which shows the mental activities exercised during play. 31 I possible effects, reduction, play opportunities, will have, on humans Paragraph F (Final lines) The author discusses how schooling becoming more exam-oriented may reduce play opportunities, with uncertain effects. 32 B classes of animals, for which, play, important Paragraph B (Lines 3-4) The author mentions that playfulness is common among mammals and some larger-brained birds, describing the classes of animals for which play is important. 33-35 A, C, F an activity assisting organ growth, a rehearsal for later adult activities, an activity intended to build up strength for adulthood Paragraph B (Lines 2-8) The author presents multiple views on play, including its role in building big brains, rehearsing adult activities, and building strength for adulthood. 36 B Robert Barton Paragraph E (Lines 5-8) Barton discusses how large brains require more play to help with development, particularly in relation to environmental data during development. 37 G Marc Bekoff Paragraph G (End) Bekoff compares play to a behavioral kaleidoscope, where animals engage in various activities, demonstrating a wide range of activities combined during play. 38 E John Byers Paragraph C (Lines 2-5) Byers explains that play tends to peak halfway through the suckling stage and then decline, showing that play is not just fitness training for the future. 39 D Sergio Pellis Paragraph E (First lines) Pellis's research links brain size to playfulness among mammals, suggesting that mammals with smaller brains tend to play less. 40 H Stephen Siviy Paragraph H (Lines 6-8) Siviy studies how play affects brain chemicals, particularly those involved in nerve cell stimulation, linking a specific substance in the brain to play.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth   Question Number Answer Keywords Location Text 1 A (exemplify the effects of S.K.I.) quotations in the box, beginning of the article N/A The quotations in the box at the beginning of the article exemplify the effects of S.K.I. program. 2 D (give business training and loans to street children) main purpose, S.K.I. Introduction, first paragraph; second paragraph The main purpose of S.K.I. is to give business training and loans to street children, as mentioned in the introduction and second paragraph. 3 C (poverty) reason, children, end up, living, on the streets Background, first paragraph One of the reasons why children end up living on the streets is poverty. 4 C (set up their own businesses) become more independent, street children, may Background, last lines of second paragraph In order to become more independent, street children may choose to set up their own businesses. 5 Sudan, India (in any order) S.K.I., courier service, provision of Street Business Partnerships section, first bullet point The countries involved in the courier service project provided by S.K.I. are Sudan and India. 6 bicycles S.K.I., courier service, provision of Street Business Partnerships section, first bullet point The support provided for the courier service project by S.K.I. is bicycles. 7 Shoe Shine (Collective) Dominican Republic, S.K.I., Y.W.C.A., loans, storage facilities, savings plans Street Business Partnerships section, second bullet point The project in the Dominican Republic involving S.K.I. and Y.W.C.A. is the Shoe Shine Collective, which provides loans, storage facilities, and savings plans. 8 life skills Zambia, S.K.I., The Red Cross, Y.W.C.A., setting up small businesses, business training, access to credit Street Business Partnerships section, third bullet point The support provided for setting up small businesses in Zambia by S.K.I., The Red Cross, and Y.W.C.A. includes business training, access to credit, and life skills training. 9 NO any street child, can set up, own small business, if given, enough support Lessons learned section, beginning of first bullet point Not every street child can set up their own small business even if given enough support, as mentioned in the first bullet point of the Lessons learned section. 10 NOT GIVEN some cases, families of street children, may need, financial support, from S.K.I. N/A The passage does not provide information about whether the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I. 11 NO only one fixed loan, should be given, to each child Lessons learned section, beginning of fifth bullet point More than one fixed loan should be given to each child, contradicting the statement that only one fixed loan should be given. 12 YES children, have to pay back, slightly, more money, than they borrowed Lessons learned section, final bullet point Children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed, as mentioned in the final bullet point of the Lessons learned section. 13 A (as part of a wider program of aid) conclude, money, should only be lent to, street children Conclusion, last lines The writers conclude that money should not only be lent to street children but should be part of a wider program of aid, as mentioned in the conclusion of the passage. So, the answer is: A (as part of a wider program of aid).     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Volcanoes – earth-shattering news Question no. Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 14 iii Volcanoes, features of our planet Section A, 2nd paragraph, lines 2-5 "Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic basalt." 15 i Causes of volcanic eruption Section B, 2nd paragraph "The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes." 16 iv Different types of volcanic eruption Section C, 1st paragraph and next 3 paragraphs Different types of eruptions explained in subsequent paragraphs. 17 vi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions Section D, 1st paragraph "But volcanoes are not very predictable..." 18 (the) (tectonic) plates Sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called Section C, 4th paragraph, lines 4-5 "...and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates – the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle." 19 magma Name given to molten rock from the mantle Section C, 2nd paragraph "vast bubbles of magma – molten rock from the mantle" 20 ring of fire Earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called Section C, 4th paragraph, lines 5-6 "The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ where there have been the most violent explosions – .. ." 21 (for) 600 (years) Years Mount Pinatubo remained inactive Section D, 1st paragraph "In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years." 22 (the) water Volcanic eruptions may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and __________ Section A, 3rd paragraph "Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps." 23 magma/ molten rock Sometimes the _________ moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Section C, 2nd paragraph "Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma – molten rock from the mantle – inch towards the surface, cooling slowly..." 24 (western) India Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and _________. Section C, 2nd paragraph "In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava..." 25 explodes A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and _________ violently. Section C, 3rd paragraph "Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed... it explodes with tremendous force." 26 (the) gases / trapped gases This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that ________ are emitted. Section C, 3rd paragraph "The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly..." READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Obtaining Linguistic Data Question No. Answer Keywords Location Text 27 D effect, recording, way people talk Paragraph D, lines 8-10 People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded. 28 E importance, taking notes, body language Paragraph E, first few lines The recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants. 29 C language, influenced by, social situation Paragraph C, lines 10-14 The characteristics of the social setting are highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants. 30 D informants, helped, less self-conscious Paragraph D, lines 14-21 Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact or attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording. 31 F various methods, generate specific data Paragraph F Linguists make use of structured sessions, translation techniques, interview worksheets, questionnaires, and other direct methods of elicitation. 32 Linguist acts as informant, convenient, method of enquiry not objective enough Paragraph B, lines 8-19 Often, linguists act as their own informants, but more objective methods of enquiry are needed. 33 Foreign languages non-linguist as informant, necessary with, child speech, number of factors, to be considered Paragraph B Non-linguists as informants are necessary when working on foreign languages or child speech. 34 (The) (poor) quality recording an informant, allows linguists’ claims to be checked Paragraph D Sound quality can be poor when recording informants. 35 Non-verbal behaviour / behavior / facial expression(s) videoing an informant, allows speakers’ to be observed Paragraph E Video recordings capture non-verbal behaviour, such as facial expressions. 36 (Video) camera / (video) recording videoing an informant, might miss certain things Paragraph E Video recordings have limitations and might miss certain things. 37 Usage frequency / Frequency of usage a linguist, can use, corpus, comment objectively on Paragraph G A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage. 38 Particular linguistic feature some corpora, include, wide range of language, while others, used to focus on Paragraph G Some corpora focus on a particular linguistic feature. 39 Size length of time, process takes, will affect, of the corpus Paragraph G The size of the corpus depends on the time taken to collect, process, and store the data. 40 Intuitions no corpus, can ever cover, whole language, so, linguists, often find themselves, relying on, additional information, can be gained from, those who speak, the language concerned Paragraph G Linguists rely on the additional information gained from the intuitions of native speakers.

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. How much higher? How much faster?   Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 1 TRUE modern official athletic records, date, about 1900 Paragraph 1, Lines 1-2 "Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records..." 2 NOT GIVEN little improvement, athletic performance, before, twentieth century Paragraph 1, Lines 5-12 "...there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space..." 3 FALSE performance, improved, most greatly, events, requiring, intensive burst of energy Paragraph 1, Lines 12-17 "...For the so-called power events – that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump – times and distances have improved ten to twenty percent..." 4 FALSE improvements, athletic performance, can be fully explained, by genetics Paragraph 2, Lines 1-3 "No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics..." 5 NOT GIVEN parents of top athletes, often been successful athletes themselves No specific location No information about the performance of parents of top athletes is mentioned 6 TRUE growing international importance, athletics, means, gifted athletes, can be recognised, at a younger age Paragraph 2, Lines 8-13 "...but with increasing global participation in athletics – and greater rewards to tempt athletes – it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early..." 7 genetics Professor Yessis, American runners, relying for their current success on Paragraph 3, Lines 8-10 "Yesis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are 'running on their genetics'..." 8 power Yessis, describes, a training approach, from, former Soviet Union, aims to develop, an athlete’s Paragraphs 3-4 "By applying more scientific methods, 'they're going to go much faster'. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union." "Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power..." 9 injuries Yessis, links, inadequate diet, to Paragraph 5, Lines 2-7 "Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements,' Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries." 10 training Yessis, claims, key to setting new records, better Paragraph 6, Lines 4-10 "Yessis asserts, 'they would be breaking records left and right.' He will not predict by how much, however: 'Exactly what the limits are it's hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve.'" 11 highlight areas for improvement in athletes Biomechanics films, proving, particularly useful, because, enables, trainers Paragraph 7, Lines 3-9 "A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton's law to these motions, 'we can say that this athlete's run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,'..." | | 12 | explain the Fosbury flop | Biomechanics specialists, used, theoretical models | Paragraph 8, Lines 2-14 | "For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations..." |   | 13 | basic | John S. Raglin, believes, our current knowledge, athletics | Paragraph 9, Lines 9-10 | "and our understanding in many cases is fundamental..." |       READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . THE NATURE AND AIMS OF ARCHAEOLOGY Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 14 YES Archaeology, creativity Paragraph 1, Lines 1-4 "Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination." 15 NOT GIVEN Archaeologists, translate, texts, ancient languages N/A N/A 16 NO Movies, realistic picture, work of archaeologists Paragraph 2, Lines 2-6 "However, far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest – the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past." 17 YES Anthropologists, define, culture, more than one way Paragraph 4, Lines 2-4 "Culture in this sense includes what the anthropologist, Edward Tylor, summarised in 1871 as ‘knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’." 18 NOT GIVEN Archaeology, anthropology, more demanding field of study N/A N/A 19 NO History of Europe, documented, since, 3,000 BC Paragraph 8, Lines 5-7 "Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the world." 20 D Anthropology Paragraph 4, Line 1 "Anthropology is thus a broad discipline – so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and archaeology." 20 E Anthropology Paragraph 5, Lines 2-4 "Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved." 22 C Tasks of an archaeologist Paragraph 7, Lines 5-7 "but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture – how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so on." 22 D Tasks of an archaeologist Paragraph 7, Lines 5-7 "but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture – how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so on." 24 Oral histories Much of the work, archaeologists, written records, equally valuable Paragraph 9, Lines 4-5 "the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line that recognises the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories." 25 Humanistic study Archaeology Paragraph 10, Line 2 "Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study" 26 Historical discipline Archaeology Paragraph 10, Line 4 "and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline." 27 Scientist Archaeology, influence, human behaviour Paragraph 10, Lines READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The Problem of Scarce Resources Question Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 28 iv a problem, every economically developed country Section A "The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both, the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide..." 29 i the connection between health-care and other human rights Section C "Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings..." 30 iii the role of the state in health-care Section D "It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided..." 31 v the impact of recent change Section E "people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources..." 32 B between 1950 and 1980 Section E "Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them..." 33 B a sharp rise in the cost of health-care Section E "Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state..." 34 A between 1945 and 1950 Section B "Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible..." 35 B between 1950 and 1980 Section D "by the late 1970s, it was recognised in most societies that people have a right to health-care..." 36 NO personal liberty, independence, directly linked Section C "People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order..." 37 YES health-care as a right, limits of health-care resources Section E "Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state..." 38 YES population changes, impact on health-care costs Section E "The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes..." 39 NG OECD governments, consistently, underestimated, level of health-care provision, needed Not given Not given 40 NG most economically developed countries, elderly, will have to make, special provision, their health-care, future Not given Not given

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. The Rocket from east to west   Answers Keywords Location Explanation 1.  iv This Paragraph explains several reasons why the  idea  of rockets remained undeveloped ➜theory to practice takes time ➜remained minor artefact ➜writer’s ignorance 2.  i A simple analogy can  help  us to understand how a rocket operates. 3.  v This paragraph explains about the discovery place and how were they used during history. 4.  vii This paragraph talks about using rockets for weapons and wars by military people. 5.  B Greatest outcome, reaction principle P A However, it wasn’t until the discovery of the reaction principle, which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the  great  milestones  in the history of scientific thought, that rocket technology was able to develop. 6.  D Greatest progress P F Since then there has been huge development in the rocket industry. ➜Huge development= greatest progress ➜Since then= After that time= after early nineteenth century(Para E; Line 9) 7.  A     Black powder P D The invention of rockets is linked inextricably with the invention of ‘black powder’ Most historians of technology credit the Chinese with its discovery. Its= Black powder 8.  A Rocket-propelled arrow P D Another weapon was the ‘arrow as a flying sabre’, which could be fired from  crossbows . The rocket, placed in a similar position to other rocket-propelled arrows, was designed to increase the range. 9.  B War weapons P E The incentive for the more aggressive use of rockets came not from within the European continent but from far-away India, whose leaders had built up a corps of rocketeers and used rockets successfully against the British in the late eighteenth century. ➜ used rockets successfully against the British= rockets for war against British 10. E Rocket launcher P E The Americans developed a rocket, complete with its own launcher, to use against the Mexicans in the mid-nineteenth century. 11. B Chinese, basket fire P D The 0.7 metre-long arrows, each with a long tube of gunpowder attached near the point of each arrow, could be fired from a long, octagonal-shaped basket at the same time and had a range of 400 paces. 12. E Arab’s egg P D  At a similar time, the Arabs had developed the ‘egg which moves and burns’. This ‘egg’ was apparently full of gunpowder and stabilised by a 1.5m tail. 13. F Indian Rocket P E The Indian rockets used against the British were described by a British Captain serving in India as ‘an iron envelope about 200 millimetres long and 40 millimetres in diameter with sharp points at the top and a 3m-long bamboo guiding stick 14. G British Barrage P E The British rocket differed from the Indian version in that it was completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one metre in diameter and having a stick almost five metres long and constructed in such a way that it could be firmly attached to the body of the rocket     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Risks of Cigarette Smokes Answers Keywords Location Explanation 15. B The Risks of Cigarette Smokes (para 2, first 5 lines “In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lungcancels, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach andkidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. In1990, smoking caused more than 84,000 “deaths, mainly resulting from such problems aspneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. „Smoking, it is”)   16. A intake, carbon monoxide,  (para 7, line 3-4 : “Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red bloodcells and interferes with the blood‟s ability to deliver me-giving oxygen to, the heart”)   17. C intake, nicotine, encourages,  (para 7, line 5-6 : “Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small bloodcells called platelets, which increases the ,likelihood of blood clots, thereby affectingblood”)   18. NO   Thirty per cent, deaths, United States, caused by, smoking-related diseases, (para 2, last 4 lines : “from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza.„Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer andclearly represents the most  important  preventable cause of cancer in countries like theUnited State today”)   19. NOT GIVEN     Thirty per cent, deaths, United States, caused by, smoking-related diseases,     20. YES Teenagers, parents, smoke, at risk, getting lung cancer, some time during their lives,  (para 4, last 3 lines : “years. It has been calculated that 17 per cent of cases of lungcancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke duringchildhood and adolescence.”)   21. NOT GIVEN   Teenagers, parents, smoke, at risk, getting lung cancer, some time during their lives,      22. E passive smoking,   (para 5, first 3 lines : “A more recent study by researchers at the University ofCalifornia at San Francisco (UCSF) has shown that second-hand cigarette smoke doesmore harm to non-smokers than to smokers. Leaving aside the philosophical questionof”) 23. G compared, non-smoker,  a smoker, (para 5, last 3 lines:  “whether anyone should  have  to breathe someone else’s cigarettesmoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by any people in their daily livesis enough to produce substantial adverse effects on person‟s heart and lungs.”)   24. H American Medical Association, (para , first 4 lines:  “The report, published‟ in the Journal of the American medicalAssociation (AMA), was based on the researchers‟ own earlier research but also includesa review of studies over the past few years. The American Medical Associationrepresents about half of all US doctors and is a strong opponent of „smoking”)   25. A smokers’ cardiovascular systems, adapt to, intake, environmental smoke,   para 6, line 3-7:  “review of studies over the past few years. The American MedicalAssociation represents about half of all US doctors and is a strong opponent of „smoking.The study suggests that people who smoke cigarettes are continually damaging theircardiovascular system, which adapts in, order to compensate for the effects of smoking. itfurther states that people who do not smoke do not  have ”)   26. B smokers’ cardiovascular systems, adapt to, intake, environmental smoke,   (para 5, last 4 lines:  “to non-smokers than to smokers. Leaving aside the philosophicalquestion of whether anyone should  have  to breathe someone else’s cigarette smoke, thereport suggests that the smoke experienced by any people in their daily lives is enough toproduce substantial adverse effects on person‟s heart and lungs”)   27. B   Smoke-free public places, offer, best solutio (para 9, last 3 lines:  “be similar to that being taken against illegal drugs and AIDS(SIDA). The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and cost-effective action is toestablish smoke-free work places, schools and public states”)   28. C intake of side-stream smoke, more harmful, exhaled by, smoker,   (para 3, line 1-6:  “Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from theburning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also cause aserious health risk. A reported published in 1992 by the US  Environment  ProtectionAgency (EPA) emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. Thistype of smoke contains more, smaller particles and is therefore more likely to bedeposited deep in the lungs.”)   READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The scientific method Answers Keywords Location Explanation   29. iv   (para C, line 1-9 “The myth of scientific method is that it is inductive: that theformulation of scientific theory starts with the basic, raw evidence of the senses — simple,unbiased, unprejudiced observation. Out of these sensory data — commonly referred toas „facts‟ — generalisations will form. The”)     30. vii:     (para D, line 10-16 “hypothesis. Hypotheses provide the initiative and incentive forthe inquiry and influence the method. It is in the light of an expectation that someobservations are held to be relevant and some irrelevant, that one methodology is chosenand others discarded, that some experiments are conducted and”)     31. iii      (para E, first 5 lines: “Hypotheses arise by guesswork, or by inspiration, but havingbeen formulated they can and must be tested rigorously, using the appropriatemethodology. If the”)   uestion Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 32 v idea, results, collect data para F, first 8 lines "So don’t worry if you have some idea of what your results will tell you  before you even begin to collect data..." 33 vi logical approach, research work para G, line 6-23 "The hypothetico-deductive method describes the logical approach  to much research work ..." 34 B interpretations, research process para B, first 5 lines "It is essential that you, as an intending researcher, understand the difference between these two interpretations of the research process ..." 35 F idea, results, collect data para F, first 4 lines "So don’t worry if you have some idea of what your results will tell you  before you even begin to collect data..." 36 YES Karl Popper, nature of scientific method para A, line 6-9 "...taken by Karl Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1972, 3rd edition) that the nature of scientific method is hypothetico-deductive " 37 NO predictions, hypothesis, supported para E, line 10-15 "...your hypothesis. If the predictions turn out to be correct then your hypothesis has been supported..." 38 NOT GIVEN - - - 39 YES holistic, guesses, reworkings, corrections para G, line 6-18 "This is much more holistic — involving guesses, reworkings, corrections , blind alleys and above all inspiration..." 40 D - - -

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. A remarkable beetle   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 1 NOT GIVEN - - - 2 NO species, evolved, adapted, climates, dung para 2, first 3 lines "More than 4,000 species  of these remarkable creatures have evolved and adapted to the world’s different climates and the dung  of its many animals." 3 YES dung beetles, introduced, control dung-breeding flies para 3, line 2-7 "at the Australian Government’s premier research organisation, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), suggested that dung beetles should be introduced  to Australia to control dung-breeding flies ." 4 YES climatic zones, successfully integrated, natural boundary para 2, last 3 lines "Of the 26 species that are known to have become successfully integrated  into the local environment, only one, an African species released in northern Australia, has reached its natural boundary ." 5 NO beetles, released, cow pats, disappear, tunneling, benefits para 3, last 5 lines "The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunneling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits  to the pasture are obvious."   Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 6 South Africa - - - 7 French - - - 8 Spanish para 5, line 3-9 "Some large species originating from France  excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat. These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African  beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat." Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 6 South Africa South Africa Para 5, line 11-14: "South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat." Some surface-dwelling beetles, including a South African  species, cut perfectly. 7 French France Para 5, line 3-4: "Some large species originating from France  excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat." Some large species originating from France  excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat. 8 Spanish Spain Para 5, line 6-7: "The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish  species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree." The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish  species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 9 temperature state of Victoria, French, Spanish Para 6, line 3-4: "state of Victoria, the large French species (2.5 cms long) is matched with smaller (half this size), temperate-climate Spanish  species." The large French  species is matched with smaller, temperate-climate Spanish  species in the state of Victoria. 10 early spring early spring Para 6, line 6-7: "The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring , produce two to five generations annually." The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring , produce two to five generations annually. 11 2-5 spring until autumn Para 6, line 6-7: "The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five  generations annually." The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five  generations annually. 12 sub-tropical sub-tropical beetle Para 6, last 4 lines: "The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical  beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunnelling species." The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunnelling species. 13 South Africa tunneling South African ball-rolling, South African tunnelling Para 6, last 4 lines: "The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunnelling species ." The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunnelling species .     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Environmental Management Question No. Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14 v Governments, management of the environment Section A The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but unavoidable, as explained in the opening lines of Section A. 15 vii Farming, food output Section B The author describes the impact of farming on the earth’s surface and its connection to food output, specifically between the 1970s and 1980s. 16 ii Environmental impact, modern farming Section C The environmental impact of modern farming is discussed, particularly its damaging effects as mentioned in the final lines of Section B. 17 iv Government policy, rich countries Section D The author examines how government policies in rich countries, such as subsidies, can worsen environmental damage caused by farming. 18 i Uruguay Round, international trade agreement Section F The Uruguay Round trade negotiations are expected to reduce farm subsidies, and their probable effects are discussed in Section F. 19 G Clearing land for cultivation, deforestation Section C The environmental impact of clearing land for agriculture, the primary cause of deforestation, is explained in Section C. 20 C Chemical inputs, degraded water supply Section C The increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is linked to water supply contamination, causing environmental damage. 21 F More intensive farming, soil erosion Section C The section discusses how more intensive farming contributes to soil erosion, highlighting its environmental consequences. 22 B Expansion of monoculture, disappearance of old plant varieties Section C The spread of monoculture and the loss of old plant varieties that could protect against pests or diseases are mentioned. 23 C Soil erosion, United States, 1982 Section C Research from 1982 revealed that soil erosion was significantly damaging 20% of U.S. farmland, leading to reduced soil productivity. 24 B Fertilizer use, Denmark, mid-1980s Section D Fertilizer use in Denmark doubled between 1960 and 1985, which is the context for the question about Denmark in the mid-1980s. 25 D Farm diversification, New Zealand, post-1984 Section D Following the end of fertilizer subsidies, New Zealand saw increased farm diversification after 1984. 26 C Less enlightened countries, New Zealand, subsidies Section D The writer critiques countries that have not fully embraced the benefits of ending subsidies, referring to them as ‘less enlightened’ compared to New Zealand. 27 A Uruguay Round agreements, sustainable farming Section F The Uruguay Round agreements are likely to encourage sustainable farming practices in the long term, benefiting farmers in poor countries. 28 A Environmental management Entire Passage The overall theme of the passage is environmental management, which encompasses topics like farming, subsidies, and soil erosion. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . The concept of role theory Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 29 NOT GIVEN N/A N/A N/A 30 YES role definition Para 2, last 3 lines "...they are forced that way by the expectations of their role." 31 YES role definition, dress, role signs Para 4, first 3 lines "In social circumstances, dress has often been used as a role sign  to indicate the nature and degree of formality of any gathering and occasionally the social status of people present." 32 NOT GIVEN N/A N/A N/A 33 YES office signs, furniture, role signs Para 6, first 3 lines "In organisations, office signs  and furniture  are often used as role signs ." 34 NO role ambiguity Para 1, lines 3-6 "If his occupation of the role is unclear, or if it differs from that of the others in the role set, there will be a degree of role ambiguity ." 35 NO role ambiguity, job descriptions Para 1, lines 8-10 "The virtue of job descriptions is that they lessen this role ambiguity ." 36 'role sign' Place, managers, change of location, role from boss to friend Para 5, first 3 lines "Place is another role sign . Managers often behave very differently outside the office and in it, even to the same person. They use a change of location to indicate a change in role from, say, boss to friend." 37 'ritual' role change, change of role, obvious sign Para 5, lines 6-8 "In very significant cases of role change, e.g. from a soldier in the ranks to officer, from bachelor to married man, the change of role has to have a very obvious sign, hence rituals ." 38 'role sign' office signs, furniture, role signs Para 6, lines 1-3 "In organisations, office signs  and furniture  are often used as role signs ." 39 'role set' role ambiguity, uncertainty, focal person, members Para 1, first 3 lines "Role ambiguity results when there is some uncertainty in the minds, either of the focal person or of the members of his role set , as to precisely what his role is at any given time." 40 C N/A N/A N/A

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Air pollution is increasingly becoming ... Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 1. Los Angeles state regulations, manufacturers, ever cleaner cars, Zero Emission Section B, Lines 2-3 "ment and innovative technology. In Los Angeles , state regulations are forcing manufacturers to try to sell ever cleaner cars: their first of the cleanest, titled 'Zero Emission'" 2. London sales, local authorities, anti-pollution laws, police Section B, Lines 5-6 "of sales in 1997. Local authorities in London  are campaigning to be allowed to enforce anti-pollution laws themselves; at present only the police have the power to" 3. Singapore renting out road space, future Section B, Last 2 lines "do so, but they tend to be busy elsewhere. In Singapore , renting out road space to users is the way of the future." 4. London European Union environmental programme, infra-red spectrometer, pollution, passing vehicle Section D, First 3 lines "As part of a European Union environmental programme, a London  council is testing an infra-red spectrometer from the University of Denver in Colorado. It gauges the pollution from a passing vehicle – more useful than the annual stationary test that is the" 5. Los Angeles cleanest cars, Europe, total number of miles, car-pooling Section E, Lines 2-4 "tendency to drive them more. Los Angeles  has some of the world's cleanest cars — far better than those of Europe — but the total number of miles those cars drive continues to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people" Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 6. YES Royal Automobile Club, exhausts, vehicles, pollution Section C, First 2 lines "When Britain's Royal Automobile Club monitored the exhausts of 610,000 vehicles, it found that 12 per cent of them produced more than half the total pollution. Older" 7. YES infra-red spectrometer, University of Denver, pollution, passing vehicle Section D, Line 2-3 "an infra-red spectrometer from the University of Denver in Colorado. It gauges the pollution from a passing vehicle – more useful than the annual stationary test that is the" 8. NO cleanest cars, total number of miles, tendency to drive Section E, First 4 lines "The effort to clean up cars may do little to cut pollution if nothing is done about the tendency to drive them more. Los Angeles  has some of the world's cleanest cars — far better than those of Europe — but the total number of miles those cars drive continues to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people" 9. NO car-pooling, average number of people in a car, falling steadily Section E, Line 4-7 "to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share the same destination share the use of one car. However, the average number of people in a car on the freeway in Los Angeles , which is 1.3, has been falling steadily. Increasing it would be an effective way of reducing emissions as well" 10. NO Singapore, city-wide network of transmitters, road-pricing, controversial, Cambridge Section F, Last 5 lines "Singapore is advancing in this direction, with a city-wide network of transmitters to collect information and charge drivers as they pass certain points. Such road-pricing, however, can be controversial. When the local government in Cambridge, England , considered introducing Singaporean techniques, it faced vocal and ultimately successful opposition." Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 11. A twenty megacities, WHO, pollutant, guidelines Part Two, Paragraph 1, Last 5 lines "Environmental Programme and the World Health Organisation (WHO) concluded that all of a sample of twenty megacities — places likely to have more than ten million inhabitants in the year 2000 – already exceeded the level the WHO deems healthy in at least one major pollutant. Two-thirds of them exceeded the guidelines for two, seven for three or more." 12. D PM10, particulate matter, deaths, Southern California Part Two, Paragraph 2, Last 4 lines "most attention from health researchers. PM10, a sub-category of particulate matter measuring ten-millionths of a metre across, has been implicated in thousands of deaths a year in Britain alone. Research being conducted in two counties of Southern California is reaching similarly disturbing conclusions concerning this little-understood pollutant." 13. C polluted air, destructive power, old and ill, vulnerable, stagnant air Part Two, Paragraph 3, Line 3-4 "polluted air offer further evidence of its destructive power. The old and ill, however, are the most vulnerable to the acute effects of heavily polluted stagnant air. It can actually"     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Votes for Women Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 14. C corporate identity, marketing strategy, organisational and commercial achievements Paragraph 2, Line 7-16 "nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted." 15. D slogan, cohesion, focus, colour scheme Paragraph 4, Line 1-7 "With their slogan 'Deeds not words', and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked." Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 16. D & E years 1906 to 1914, bills of enfranchisement, adult female populace, the vote Paragraph 13, Line 1-10 "Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates" 17. (selling) advertising (space) advertising space, bought, large department stores, Selfridges, jewellers, Mappin & Webb Paragraph 6, Line 1-10 "Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly because advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges, and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two" 18. „colour scheme/(three) colours/purple, white, green‟ playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, purple, white, green colours Paragraph 7, Line 6-12 "exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such" 19. (the) Woman‟s Exhibition Woman's Exhibition, fund-raising activities, fill the coffers Paragraph 8, Line 7-12 "numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the 'war chest'. The most notable of these was the Woman's Exhibition, which took" 20. NO Formed in 1903, political campaigner, Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst, daughters Christabel and Sylvia, educated campaign, women's suffrage, political agenda Paragraph 3, Line 1-13 "Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put women's suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia, and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and" 21. YES newspapers, Votes for Women, The Suffragette, vital role, communication Paragraph 5, Last 5 lines "The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication." 22. NO Both sold throughout the country Paragraph 5, Line 6-7 "Both were sold throughout the country and proved an" 23. NO informing members, meetings, marches, fund-raising events, latest news, views, movement Paragraph 5, Last 6 lines "invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events, and the latest news and views on the movement." 24. NOT GIVEN - - - 25. YES Museum of London's exhibition, visual, items on show, The Suffragette, campaign banners, photographs Paragraph 9 "The Museum of London's exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show. Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners, and photographs are all on display, together" 26. Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 26. YES programme begins, short film, devised by 'antis', suffragette, fierce harridan, bullying, husband Paragraph 11, Line 8-14 "programme begins with a short film devised by the 'antis' — those opposed to women having the vote — depicting a suffragette as a fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband." 27. D achieved, conveys a sense of equality Paragraph 13, Line 10-11, 17, 21 "achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the", "also conveys a sense of the", "equality. And it illustrates READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Measuring Organisational Performance Question Answer Keywords Location Text 28 A (establish whether increased productivity should be sought at any cost) experiment, designed to Second paragraph, Last sentence "The following is a description of an important study conducted by the Institute for Social Research designed to answer these questions." 29 C (had identical patterns of organisation) four divisions Third paragraph, First sentence "The study covered 500 clerical employees in four parallel divisions. Each division was organised in exactly the same way, used the same technology, did exactly the same kind of work, and had employees of comparable aptitudes." 30 C (the staff involved spent a number of months preparing for the study) before, experiment Sixth paragraph, First two lines "The experiment at the clerical level lasted for one year. Beforehand, several months were devoted to planning, and there was also a training period of approximately six months." Question Answer Keywords Location Text 31 supervision experiment, four divisions, two programmes, hierarchically controlled programme, participative programme, a period of one year, a different method, used, each programme Last few lines of paragraph 7 "Turning now to the heart of the study, in two divisions an attempt was made to change the supervision so that the decision levels were pushed down and detailed supervision of the workers reduced." 32 productivity throughout this time, calculated, weekly basis Paragraph 6, Lines 2-3 "Productivity was measured continuously and computed weekly throughout the year." 33 reduced participative programme, supervision, all workers Beginning of paragraph 7 "Turning now to the heart of the study, in two divisions an attempt was made to change the supervision so that the decision levels were pushed down and detailed supervision of the workers reduced." 34 (group methods of) leadership participative programme, supervisory staff, given, training Paragraph 7, Lines 2-4 "More general supervision of the clerks and their supervisors was introduced. In addition, the managers, assistant managers, supervisors and assistant supervisors of these two divisions were trained in group methods of leadership." 35 overstaffed hierarchically controlled programme, work groups, found to be, by 30% Paragraph 8, Lines 5-6 "This showed that these divisions were overstaffed by about 30%." 36 cut hierarchically controlled programme, work force, by 25% Paragraph 8, Lines 6-7 "The general manager then ordered the managers of these two divisions to cut staff by 25%." Question Answer Location Text 37 C (Changes in productivity) Results of the Experiment section, First paragraph "Figure 1 shows the changes in salary costs per unit of work, which reflect the change in productivity that occurred in the divisions." 38 D (Employees’ feelings of responsibility towards completion of work) Results of the Experiment section, Lines 1-2 of paragraph 4 "For example, Figure 2 shows that when more general supervision and increased participation were provided, the employees’ feeling of responsibility to see that the work got done increased." 39 G (Employees feel closer to their supervisors) Final paragraph, First lines "As Figure 3 shows, the employees in the participative programme at the end of the year felt that their manager and assistant manager were ‘closer to them’ than at the beginning of the year." 40 F (Employees’ opinion as to extent of personal support from management) Final paragraph, Lines 3-5 "Moreover, as Figure 4 shows, employees in the participative programme felt that their supervisors were more likely to ‘pull’ for them, or for the company and them, and not be solely interested in the company, while in the hierarchically controlled programme, the opposite trend occurred."

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. The department of ethnography Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 1 FALSE Europe, small-scale societies Para 1, lines 8-12 "Europe. While this includes complex kingdoms, as in Africa and ancient empires, such as those of the Americas, the primary focus of attention in the twentieth century has been on small-scale societies." 2 FALSE collections, objects, created, used, importance, significance Para 1, lines 13-17 "its collections, the Department's specific interest is to document how objects are created and used, and to understand their importance and significance to those who produce them." 3 FALSE collecting emphasis, individual objects, groups of material, cultural expressions Para 2, last 5 lines "the collecting emphasis has often been less on individual objects than on groups of material which allow the display of a broad range of a society's cultural expressions." 4 NOT GIVEN N/A N/A N/A 5 TRUE material collected, technical series, artefact types, field assemblages Para 3, lines 6-17 "The material collected includes great technical series - for instance, of textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala, Indonesia and areas of West Africa - or of artefact types such as boats." 6 TRUE independence of Asia and Africa, economic progress, small-scale societies Para 5, lines 1-14 "With the independence of much of Asia and Africa after 1945, it was assumed that 'economic progress would rapidly lead to the disappearance or assimilation of many small-scale societies." Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text Associated with Answer 7 TS great technical series, textiles, Bolivia, Guatemala Para 3, lines 7-8 "includes great technical series - for instance, of textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala" 8 AT artefact types, boats, coracles, India, reed boats, Lake Titicaca Para 4, lines 9-12 "or of artefact types such as boats. The latter include working examples of coracles from India, reed boats from Lake Titicaca in the" 9 FA field assemblages, Sudan, Madagascar, Yemen, material culture Para 3, lines 14-21 "The field assemblages, such as those from the Sudan, Madagascar and Yemen, include a whole range of material culture representative of one people." 10 AT artefact types, boats, coracles, India, reed boats, Lake Titicaca Para 3, lines 9-13 "or of artefact types such as boats. The latter include working examples of coracles from India, reed boats from Lake Titicaca in the Andes, kayaks from the Arctic, and dug-out" 11 FA field assemblages, Sudan, Madagascar, Yemen, material culture Para 3, lines 14-20 "The field assemblages, such as those from the Sudan, Madagascar and Yemen, include a whole range of material culture representative of one people." 12 SE acquisitions, fieldwork, social experience, clothing, jewellery styles Para 3, lines 23-26 "acquisitions might represent a decade's fieldwork documenting social experience as expressed in the varieties of clothing and jewellery styles"     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Secrets of the forest Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 13. v jungle, Bolivian Amazonia, isolated band, Siriono Indians Section A, Paragraph 1, Lines 1-3 "In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians . The Siriono, Holmberg" 14. i unconquerable, habitat, human civilization, Indian ways of life, evolutionary adaptation, forest ecology, living proof Section B, Paragraph 1, Lines 6-8 "The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life  has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology , living proof  that Amazonia could not — and" 15. vi natural history, activities, prehistoric inhabitants Section D, Last Paragraph, Last 3 lines "The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia  is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants ." Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 16. NO apparent simplicity, evolutionary adaptation, forest ecology, complex society Section B, Paragraph 1, Lines 7-9 "The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life  has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology , living proof  that Amazonia could not — and cannot  — sustain a more complex society . Archaeological traces of far more" 17. YES Amazonia, native residents, human history, past 11,000 years Section C, Paragraph 1, Lines 1-3 "The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents  would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia  in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth . Evidence" 18. NOT GIVEN - - - 19. NO tropical ecosystems, natural forces, human influence, archaeological evidence, prehistoric inhabitants Section D, Paragraph 1, Lines 2-8 "Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence  shows that the natural history of Amazonia  is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants ." 20. YES indigenous Amazonians, hunting, fishing, slash-and-burn cultivation, harmful to the habitat, survival of the forest Section F, Paragraph 1, Lines 1-5 "The other major casualty of the 'naturalism' of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians , whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation  often have been represented as harmful to the habitat . In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest , have" 21. YES judicious management, selected parts of the region, support more people, buried past, hope for the future Section F, Paragraph 2, Last 4 lines "however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past , it seems, offers hope for the future ." question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 22. C Allan R Holmberg, doctoral student, anthropology, jungle, Bolivian Amazonia, isolated band, Siriono Indians, strikingly backward, villages Section A, Paragraph 1, Lines 1-4 "In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology  from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians . The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a 'strikingly backward'  existence. Their villages were little" 23. A Amazonia, past 11,000 years, indigenous cultures, complex societies, populations, 100,000, thrived Section C, Paragraph 1, Lines 3-7 "Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures  for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies  — some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000  — thrived  there for more than" 24. B surprise, tropical ecosystems, natural forces, human influence, archaeological evidence, prehistoric inhabitants Section D, Paragraph 1, Lines 2-8 "Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence  shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants ." 25. C suffered, pre-history of Amazonia, middle ground, archeology, judicious management, selected parts, support more people Section F, Paragraph 1, Lines 6-9 "suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia , however, points toward a middle ground . Archeology makes clear that with judicious management  selected parts of the region could support more people  than anyone thought before." READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Highs and Lows Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 26. A low temperature, mental functioning, feeling of cold, distracted, divers, tasks Section 3, Last Paragraph, Last 4 lines "suggests that the low temperature  did not slow down mental functioning directly, but the feeling of cold distracted the divers  from their tasks." 27. B melatonin, exposure to daylight, seasonal behaviour, food consumption, stags, winter, peak, May Section 4, Lines 18-28 "in the brain. The amount of melatonin falls  with greater exposure to daylight. Research shows that melatonin plays an important part in the seasonal behaviour  of certain animals. For example, food consumption of stags increases during the winter, reaching a peak in February/March . It falls again to a low point in May " 28. B thunderstorm, air being heavy, irritable, moody, on edge, air positively charged, thunderclouds, intense electrical Section 6, First 7 lines "When there is a thunderstorm brewing, some people complain of the air being 'heavy'  and of feeling irritable, moody, and on edge . They may be reacting to the fact that the air can become slightly positively charged when large thunderclouds are generating the intense electrical" Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 29. NOT GIVEN - - - 30. FALSE positive charge, serotonin, levels, nervous system, active, reactive, aggressive, winds Section 6, Lines 8-15 "positive charge increases the levels of serotonin  (a chemical involved in sending signals in the nervous system). High levels of serotonin in certain areas of the nervous system make people more active and reactive and, possibly, more aggressive. When certain winds are" 31. FALSE weather, mood, temperature, restaurant, connection, behaviour, length of daylight hours Section 4, Lines 11-15 "temperature in the restaurant was the same. A link between weather and mood is made believable by the evidence for a connection between behaviour and the length of the daylight hours. This in turn might" 32. TRUE seasons, moods, length of daylight hours, sunshine, rain, murky weather, study, Belgium Section 5, Lines 11-20 "seasons. People's moods too, have been shown to react to the length of the daylight hours. Sceptics might say that longer exposure to sunshine puts people in a better mood because they associate it with the happy feelings of holidays and freedom from responsibility. However, the belief that rain and murky weather make people more unhappy is borne out by a study in Belgium, which showed" 33. TRUE melatonin, exposure to daylight Section 4, Lines 18-19 "in the brain. The amount of melatonin falls  with greater exposure to daylight." 34. NOT GIVEN - - - Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 35. B rain, murky weather, unhappy, study, Belgium Section 5, Lines 17-20 "freedom from responsibility. However, the belief that rain and murky weather make people more unhappy  is borne out by a study in Belgium, which showed" 36. D positive charge, serotonin, levels, nervous system, active, reactive, aggressive, winds Section 6, Lines 9-15 "positive charge increases the levels of serotonin (a chemical involved in sending signals in the nervous system). High levels of serotonin in certain areas of the nervous system make people more active and reactive and, possibly, more aggressive. When certain winds are" 37. E psychologists, studies, less sceptical, optimistic, weather, sunny Section 4, First 4 lines "Psychologists have conducted studies showing that people become less sceptical and more optimistic  when the weather is sunny. However, this apparently does not" Question Number Answer Keywords Location in Passage Text 38. B weather, colder, relation- ship, temperature, street riots, frequency, warmer Section 2, Lines 6-10 "when the weather is colder. Research in the United States has shown a relation- ship between temperature and street riots. The frequency of riots rises dramatically as the weather gets warmer" 39. A laboratory, hamsters, weight, nights getting shorter, melatonin levels, falling, injections, stop eating Section 5, First 6 lines "In the laboratory, hamsters put on more weight when the nights are getting shorter and their melatonin levels are falling. On the other hand, if they are given injections of melatonin, they will stop eating altogether. It seems that time" 40. F time cues, changing lengths of day and night, trigger changes, animals' behaviour, cope with the cycle of the seasons, people's moods Section 5, Lines 6-11 "stop eating altogether. It seems that time cues provided by the changing lengths of day and night trigger changes in animals' behaviour – changes that are needed to cope with the cycle of the seasons. People's moods too, have been "

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Airports on water Answers Keywords Location Explanation 1 A over 1000 hectares P1, L 9 P2 L1 An island six kilometers long and with a total area of  1248 hectares  is being created there. The new island of  Chek Lap Kok…. 2 A river delta P1, L The changes in China’s Pearl  River delta , however, are more dramatic than these natural fluctuations. 3 B open sea P5, L 2 Kansai was supposed to be built just one kilometer  offshore , where the seabed is quite solid. Fishermen protested, and the site was shifted a further five kilometers. ·         offshore= opensea 4 C reclaiming land P 4, L 1 and last sentence The usual way to reclaim land is to pile sand rock on to the seabed……….. Kansai took the first approach; Chek Lap Kok is taking the second. ·         both used same approach just one being first and the other second. 5 B conventional methods P 4, L 14 You can engineer around these problems, or you can engineer them out. Kansai took the first….. 6 runways and taxiways P 9, l 14 Most of the rock will become the foundations for the airport’s runways and its taxiways. 7 terminal building site P 9 L 25 Most of the terminal buildings will be placed above the site of the existing island. 8 sand P9 L 18 The sand dredged from the waters will also be used to provide a two-meter capping layer over the granite platform. 9 stiff clay P 8, Last sentence At the same time, sand was dredged from the waters and piled on top of the layer of  stiff clay  that the massive dredging had laid bare. 10 & 11 Lantau Islan | Sea Water (in either order) partially protected P last, L 6 The brunt of a typhoon will be deflected by the neighboring island of Lantau; the sea walls should guard against the rest. ·         deflect= avoid/protect 10 & 11 Lantau Islan | Sea Water (in either order) partially protected P last, L 6 The brunt of a typhoon will be deflected by the neighboring island of Lantau; the sea walls should guard against the rest. ·         guard against= avoid/ protect 12 rainfall settlement by P last, L 10 Gentler but more persistent  bad  weather – the downpours of the summer monsoon – is also being taken into account. ·         downpours= rainfall 13 geotextile prevented, use P last, L 14 A mat-like material called geotextile is being laid across the island to separate the rock and sand layers.     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Changing our understanding of health Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14. viii P B This paragraph explains more about the medical definition of health than the physical definition. 15. ii P C WHO defined the holistic approach merging the physical and mental definition. 16. iv P D This paragraph explains two issues i) healthy lifestyle approach ·         Given as the fourth option ii) limitation of healthy lifestyle approach ·         Not given in the option   17. ix P E This whole paragraph explains the socio-ecological view of health. 18. vii P F This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ,remains as the backbone of health action today. 19. 1946 WHO P C, last line They stated that ‘health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease‘  (WHO, 1946).  20. (the) wealthy (members) (of) (society) healthy lifestyle approach P D, line 5 While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some  (the wealthy members of society),  ……… ·         worked for some= benefited 21. social, economic, environmental socioecological view P E, line 2 While lifestyle factors still remain  important , health is being viewed also in terms of the  social, economic and environmental  contexts in which people live. 22. (the) 1970s lifestyle risks P D, line 1 The 1970s  was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behavior of the individual. 23. NOT GIVEN 24. YES health awareness programs P D, line 4 Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would  help  people maintain healthy behaviors and lifestyles. ·         health awareness programs= health promotion program 25. NO socio-ecological P E, paragraph 3, line 1 It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. ·         much more than= not only  26. NO Ottawa Charter P F, line 2 This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion,  remains as the backbone of health action today.  27. NOT GIVEN READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Children’s Thinking Answer Keywords Location Explanation 28 CH famous , psychology P 1, L 1 One of the most eminent of  psychologists,   Clark Hull,  claimed that the essence ……….. ·         most eminent= remarkable,  famous 29 MC button pressing marble, adults, children P 4, L 1 In paragraph 2 you will see the experimental explanation. In paragraph 3 you will see Kendler’s finding for children In paragraph 4……..The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from another psychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the  ‘ task either.    ·         task either= neither children nor adults 30 MC without marble P 5, line 1 Instead of the button-pressing machine,  Cole used a locked box and two differently colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. ·         button-pressing machine= machine that contains marble(paragraph 3) 31 SH improves, performance P 2nd last, L 1 The two modifications together produced a  jump in success  rates from 30 per cent to 90 per cent for five-year-olds and from 35 per cent to 72.5 per cent for four-year-olds. ·         jump in success= improve 32 SH drawer opening P 7, L 2 First, he replaced the button-pressing mechanism in the side panels by  drawers in these panels which the child could open  and shut. 33 MC encounter in everyday life P 5 line 10 Instead of button pressing  Cole  used…… Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects; and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. ·         familiar meaningful objects=  encounter in everyday life ·         Cole= Michael Cole 34 HTK five-years-old, college P 6, L 6 When these are changed in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of the problem,  then five-year-old children solve the problem as well as college students  did in the ‘ own experiments. ·         Both sets of subject= f ive-year-old children as well as college students 35 SH wrong conclusion P last, l 1 We may  conclude,  then, that children experience very real difficulty when faced with the Kendler apparatus;  but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof  that they are incapable of deductive reasoning. ·         wrong decision/conclusion 36 NOT GIVEN 37 YES Kendlers, integrate P 3, Given the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could  get  the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them, they could use the marble. (All they had to do was put it in a hole.) But they did not for the most part  ‘integrate’, 38 YES Michael Cole, inductive reasoning P 5, L10 Now the subject is dealing  not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects ; and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. 39 YES Hewson’s, marble P 2nd last, line 3 How is he to know that any  other marble of similar size will  do just as well? ………….’swapping game’ with the children. 40 NO modification, success rate P 2nd last, line 5 For three-year- olds, for reasons that are still in need of clarification,  no improvement —rather a slight drop in performance – resulted from the  change. ·          no improvement= no success rate ·         change= modification

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Implementing the cycle of success: A case study Answer Keywords Location Explanation 1 C high costs, related P 1, l 10 Similar to many international hotel chains, however, AHI has experienced difficulties in Australia in providing long-term profits for hotel owners, as a result of the  country’s high labour-cost structure. ·         labour= staff 2 A SAH, requires P2, l4 Partly as a result of this change, there are 25 per cent fewer management positions, enabling a significant saving. ·         25% less= 100-25= 75 % required 3 C changing practice P 3, l 1 The hotel also recognized that it would need a  different approach to selecting employees  who would fit in with its new policies. ·         different approach to selecting employees= change practice of hiring 4 B jobs, advertised, SAH P 3, l 8 Over 7000 applicants filled in  application forms for the 120 jobs  initially offered at SAH. 5 B categories, select P 4, l 10 Department heads and shift leaders then composed prospective teams using a combination of people from  all three categories. ·         composed prospective teams= formed new team 6 benchmarking   P 6, L 4 SAH management concluded this would first require a process of  ‘benchmarking‘.  7 (a range of) service delivery   P 6, l 6 The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare  a range of service delivery processes  across a range of criteria using teams made up of employees from different departments within the hotel which interacted with each other. 8 (performance) measures   P 6, l 11 This process resulted in  performance measures  that greatly enhanced SAH’s ability to improve productivity and quality. 9 productivity   P 6, l 11 This process resulted in performance measures that greatly enhanced SAH’s ability to improve  productivity  and quality. 10(‘) Take Charge (‘)   P 7, l 1 In addition, a program modeled on an earlier project called  ‘Take Charge‘  was implemented. 11 feedback   P 7, l 3 Essentially, Take Charge provides an effective  feedback  loop horn both customers and employees. 12 employee(s’) / staff   P 8, l 13 Employee  feedback is reviewed daily and suggestions are implemented within 48 hours, if possible, or a valid reason is given for non-implementation. 13 30 days   P 8, l 17 If suggestions require analysis or data collection, the Take Charge team has  30 days  in which to address the issue and  come  up with recommendations.     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Overcoming the language barrier Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14 major consequences Public attention P 2, l 4 Publicity comes only when a failure to communicate has  major consequences,  such as strikes, lost orders, legal problems, or fatal accidents – even, at times, war. 15 surveys books, periodicals P 3, l 7 In the English-speaking scientific world, for example,  surveys  of books and documents consulted in libraries and other information agencies  have  shown that very  little  foreign-language material is ever consulted. 16 sales literature  British linguistic P 4, l 11 ….non-English-speaking customers were using English for outgoing correspondence; many had their  sales literature  only in English; and as many as 40 per cent employed no-one able to communicate in the customers’ languages. ·          British linguistic= English 17 The Far East / Russia / Eastern Europe / Latin America / the Arab World / French-speaking Africa  (one only) difficulties, english P 6, l 6 This is especially a problem when English is not an official language of public administration, as in most parts of the  Far East, Russia, Eastern Europe, the Arab world, Latin America and French- speaking Africa. ·         problem= difficulties 18 C P 1, line 12 ….but the same….unfamiliar dialects or styles……. They don’t talk the same language‘ has a major metaphorical meaning alongside its literal one. 19 B P 2, line 17 Presumably because the report of the treatment had been published only in journals written in European languages other than English. 20 C P 5, line 1 The criticism and publicity given to this problem since the 1960s seems to  have  greatly improved the situation, 21 (Industrial) training (schemes)   P 5, line 1 The criticism and publicity given to this problem since the 1960s seems to  have  greatly improved the situation, industrial training schemes  have  promoted an increase in linguistic and cultural awareness. 22 Translation services P 5, line 5 Many firms now  have  their own translation services; to take just one example in Britain, Rowntree Mackintosh now publish their documents in six languages (English, French, German, Dutch, Italian and Xhosa). 23 (part-time) Language courses P 5, line 11 Some firms run part-time language courses in the languages of the countries with which they are most involved; 24 (technical) glossaries P 5, line 11 Some firms run part-time language courses in the languages of the countries with which they are most involved; some produce their own technical glossaries, to ensure consistency when material is being translated. 25 D P 6, line 1 The changes in awareness  have  been most marked in English-speaking countries, where the realisation has gradually dawned that by no means everyone in the world knows English well enough to negotiate in it. 26 A  P 6, line 18 In securing understanding, how ‘we’ speak to ‘them’ is just as  important , it appears, as how ‘they’ speak to ‘us’. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . What is port city?   Answer  Keywords  Location  Explanation 27 ii P B  They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that  difference . 28 i P C Port functions, more than anything else,  make  a city cosmopolitan. A port city is open to the world. 29 v P D Sea ports  have  been transformed by the advent of powered vessels, whose size and draught  have  increased. Many formerly  important  ports  have  become economically and physically less accessible…… 30 vi P E Most of any city’s population is engaged in providing goods and services for the city itself. 31 D required, development P A, line 8 Madras and Colombo are examples of harbors expensively improved by enlarging, dredging and building breakwaters. ·         development= improved 32 C began, ports, dominated P B, line 4 Many of the world’s biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports – that is, with land-sea exchange as their major function – but they  have  since grown disproportionately in other respects so that their port functions are no longer dominant. 33 F lost, prominence, ships P D, line 5 Examples of these are Charleston, Salem, Bristol, Plymouth, Surat, Galle, Melaka, Soochow, and a long list of earlier prominent port cities in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America. ·         earlier prominent= lost prominence 34 G ports, waterfront P G, line 1 Cities which began as ports retain the chief commercial and administrative center of the city close to the waterfront. 35 NO cease, function, dominate P B, line 8  They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that  difference . ·         their port functions account for that  difference = port function is always differentiated whether they cease or not ·         or, once  port city always a port city 36 YES past, trade, overseas P E, line 1 Much domestic port trade has not been recorded. What evidence we  have  suggests that domestic trade was greater at all periods than external trade. ·         domestic trade= within their own country ·         external trade= overseas 37 NO people, trade city P E, line 5 Trade outside the city is its basic function. ·         most people are engaged in trading 38 YES attract, subsidiary, independent P F, line 2-5 The port function of the city draws…. ……….refining raw materials or turning them into finished goods. ·         draw= attract ·         refining raw materials= subsidiary(assistant before finished  good  is produced) ·         finished goods= independent(no assistance required) 39 NOT GIVEN 40 YES river connections P G, line 3 This proximity to water is also true of Boston, Philadelphia, ……… ·         proximity to water= river connection

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Green Wave Washes over Shopping Answers Keywords Location Explanation  1. YES Research reports, commercials P 2, l 9 The recently published  report  also predicts ………….. the Third World and the social record of businesses. ·         commercials= business 2. NO green, financially better P 2, l 1 A report from Mintel, the market research organisation, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a ‘green wave’ has swept through consumerism. ·         recession, financial pressure = not financially better  3. YES shoppers, pay more P 3, l 1 Mintel’s survey, based on nearly 1,000  consumers , found that the proportion who  look  for  green  products and are prepared to  pay more  for them has climbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994. ·         consumers= shoppers ·         climbed from 53% to 60%= became major  4. NOT GIVEN influenced, sopping habits  5. NO limited, managerial groups P 3, line 6 On average, they will pay 13 per cent more for such products, although this percentage is higher among women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44. ·         the study also contains women and others  6. NOT GIVEN annual basis,surveys  7. B misjudge the public mood P 1 Line3 This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be seriously  misjudging the public mood .  8. B Mintel P 2, l 1 A report from  Mintel , the market research organisation, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more …………. ·         the market research organisation= business survey org.  9. C concern, active support P 5, line 8 Another 26 per cent are  ‘ armchair greens ‘ they said that ……….. ·         concern but does not affect spending habits= support but not active 10. honesty and openness companies, dealings P 2, line 14 Companies  will  have  to be more  honest and open  in response to this mood. ·         to match the grammar of the sentence, honesty and openness 11. consumers increased awareness P 3,line1 Mintel’s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion who  look  for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994. ·         climbed= increased ·         look  for= aware ·         whose awareness climbed= consumers 12. armchair ethicals recent survey, growth P 6, line 4 This figure is the same as in 1990, although the number of ‘ armchair ethicals ‘ has risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent say they are unconcerned now, against 30 per cent in 1990. ·         growth= rise ·         recent = now ·         whose number has grown= ‘armchair ethical’ 13. social record companies, carefully P 6, line 9 Hughes claims that in the …………… the policies of the companies that provide them and that this ………… ·         history of the products and services = record ·         greater degree of honesty= carefully ·         no direct  answer  but the overall meaning is revealed by social record     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . Declining standards of literacy Answer Keywords Location Explanation 14 D bark P D, l 3 Even if a child is able to read aloud fluently, he or she may not be able to understand much of it: this is called ‘ barking at text ‘. 15 B text P C, line 2 On the contrary, a  great  deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspects of learning to read. ·         pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspects of learning= slow down learning 16 D university academics P F, line 9 The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge recently held joint conferences to discuss the noticeably rapid decline in literacy among their undergraduates. ·         noticeably rapid decline in literacy= significant change 17 C youngest readers P E, line 2 The artwork is often marvellous, but the pictures  make  the language redundant, and the children  have  no need to imagine anything when they read such books. ·         children= youngest readers 18 NO traditionally accepted, pictures P B, line 2 When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a long-established tradition that is accepted without question. ·         using pictures is long established tradition so it contains many not few pictures 19 YES teachers, recognition, meaning P D, line 1 A teacher’s main concern is to  help  young beginner readers to develop not only the ability to recognize words, but the skills necessary to understand what these words mean. 20 YES older, texts, pictures P E, line 4 Looking at a picture actively prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image, and can  make  it difficult for older children. 21 NOT GIVEN       22 F decline, literacy,ages P F, line 6 The least intelligent are most vulnerable, but tests show that even intelligent children are being affected. 23 C reading methods, research findings P C, line 2 On the contrary, a  great  deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspects of learning to read. 24 J ignore, progress P J, line 1 Jay Samuels, an American psychologist, found that poor readers given no pictures learnt significantly more words than those learning to read with books with pictures. 25 I illustration, misleading, meaning P I, line 5 If they do not know a word and  look  to the picture for a clue to its meaning, they may well be misled by aspects of the pictures which are not closely related to the meaning of the word they are trying to understand. 26 C     The whole passage talks about the research and its findings. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . In search of the holy grail Answer keywords Location Explanation 27. Apollo (space) programme compares, scale to P 1 L 1 It has been called the Holy Grail of modern biology. Costing more than £2 billion, it is the most ambitious scientific project since the Apollo programme that landed a man on the moon. ·         comparing with Apollo in terms of cost 28. (early) next century possible, completion date P 1 L 8 And it  will take longer to accomplish  than the lunar missions, for it will not be complete until early next century. 29. 7,000 genome, require P 3 L 20 On the printed page it would fill about 7,000 volumes. ·         it requires 7000 pages 30. diseases drug, not P 5 L 1 None of the single-gene disorders is a disease  in the conventional sense, for which it would be possible to administer a curative drug: the defect is pre-programmed into every cell of the sufferer’s body. ·         genetic disorders are not disease hence no drugs 31. muscular dystrophy genetic defect P 5, L 9 American researchers identified the  genetic defect  underlying one type of muscular dystrophy. 32. cystic fibrosis gene defect P 5, L 13 In 1989, a team of American and Canadian biologists announced that they had found the site of the  gene  which, when  defective , gives rise to cystic fibrosis. 33. D project new, understanding P 1 L 12 Even before it is finished, according to those involved, t his project should open up new understanding  of, and new treatments for, many of the ailments that afflict humanity. 34. C components, DNA, recorded P 3 L 21 Yet, within  little  more than a decade, the position of every letter and its relation to its neighbors will  have  been tracked down, analysed and  recorded. 35. B monster, gene P 2 L 18 But others see the future through a darker glass, and fear that the project may open the door to a world peopled by Frankenstein’s  monsters  and disfigured by a new  eugenics. 36. C order, genetic data P 6, L 12 Momentum quickly built up behind the Human Genome Project and its objective of ‘sequencing’ the entire genome – writing out all the letters in their correct order. ·         ‘sequencing’= order 37. D parents, birth, offspring P 5, L 31 Foetuses can be tested while in the womb, and if found free of the genetic defect, the  parents  will be relieved of worry and stress, knowing that they will be delivered of a baby free from the disorder. ·         delivered of a baby= birth 38. B human, data P 6, L 1 In the mid-1980s, the  idea  gained currency within the scientific world that the techniques which were successfully deciphering disorder-related genes could be applied to a larger project: if science can learn the genetic spelling of cystic fibrosis, why not attempt to find out how to spell  ‘human’ ? 39. A discriminated, new ways P 9, L 6 But if the new knowledge is not used wisely, it also holds the threat of creating new forms of  discrimination  and new methods of oppression. 40. A past experience, new knowledge P 10, L 18 That such a potential is a promise and not a threat? We need only  look  at the  past  to  understand  the danger. ·         understand= knowledge

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. A Spark, a flint how fire leapt to life ANSWER KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATION 1. preserve burning logs Paragraph 1; line 12 Unable to  make  flame for themselves………carrying charcols in pots. “stored fire= preserve” 2. unaware fire themselves Paragraph 1; line 8 Unable to  make  flame for themselves………………..charcoal in the pots. “flame for themselves = fire themselves, unable to  make = unaware of the process” 3. chance flames ; produed paragraphs 2 ; line 1 How and where man learnt how……………….with wood or stone. “accidentally made= by chance” 4. friction very first paragraphs 2; line 5 Studies of primitive societies ……………..was through friction. “very first= earliest, was through friction =involved the creation by friction” 5. rotating round hole paragraphs 2; line 7 European peasants would insert a ………………..palms. “rotate it briskly= rapidly rotating” 6. percussion persistent chipping paragraphs 4 line 1 Percussion methods of fire-lighting ……………”this method remained the main method of fire lighting in Europe according to the last sentence of para 4.” 7. Eskimos Other peoples paragraphs 4; line 15 …………..in Artic North America, the Ekimos produced a ……… “Ekimos= tyes of people in North America” 8. despite Phosphorus paragraphs 4 and 5; last sentence Paragraph 4: In Europe, the combination of .untill the mid 19 th century. Paragraph 5: Impressed by the ….used it to manufacture fire. “5th paragraph says the use of phosphorus from the 17th century, 4th says splint, lint and tinder remained untill mid 19th century which means although phosphorus existed earlier, other methods were more popular, so we need a word that gives a sense of opposite relation i.e although, despite……..” 9. F poisonous, phosphorus paragraph 9; line 6 Lundstrom’s safety matches were safe because the red phosphorus was non-toxic…… “non-toxic is similar to less poisonous” 10. D identical paragraphs 8; line 1 Walker never patented his invention………………..his product as lucifers. “it was copied by samuel Jones= identical to previous type, identical= copy” 11. E deadly illness paragraphs 8; line 6 About the same time ……………..in the walker formula. However, since white white phosphorus is deadly poison…………. that eats away jaw-bones. “eats away jaw-bones= character of the illness” 12. C look  like modern Paragraph 7; line 1 The first matches ………………….called congreve. “resembling=  look  alike, those used today= modern” 13. G advertising paragraphs 11; line 1 The Americans, however, ………………….technology and marketing.In 1982 the Diamond…………….book matches. “advertising= marketing” 14. A glass container paragraph 6, line 1 The quest for practical match…………………..tipped with phosphorus. “sealed glass tube= airtight glass container” 15. army design paragraph 7 ; 1st sentence The first match resembling today…………….congreve. “borrowed the formula from military=  help  with the army design”     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . zoo conservation programmes Answer Keywords Location Explanation 16. Y advertisements, dishonest Paragraph 1; line 1 One of London Zoo’s recent advertisements caused me some irritation, so patently did it distort reality. “distort reality= dishonest” 17. Y conservation, 30 years Paragraph 2; line 1 Zoos  were originally created as places ………….. international meeting on the subject. “insignificant contribution= involvement with conservation did not seriously arise” 18. Not Given WZCS, eastern europe paragraphs 2 and 3 There is nothing mentioned about the documentation in Eastern Europe. 19. No carefully inspected Paragraph 4; line 2 One would assume that the ……………. member of a zoo federation or association. “the list were carefully inspected is just an assumption, inspected= examined “ 20. No Robin Hill Adventure Park Paragraph 4; line 11 Occasionally had members that  have  been roundly censured in the national press. These include Robin Hill Adventure Park on the Isle of Wight which many considered……….. “which many considered the notorious collection of animals= many knew about it” 21. Not Given Colin Tudge Paragraph 5; line 5 It does not tell if he was satisfied or dissatisfied with the treatment of animals at London Zoo 22. Yes Zoo Conservation Programme Paragraph 6; line 4 Beyond that, about a further 20 species …………………. ago, this is pretty slow progress, and a long way off Tudge’s target of 2,000. “Among the target of 2000 only 16  have  been saved so it can be said that it is unsatisfactory” 23. b objective, wzcs Paragraph 3; line 1 The WZCS estimates that there………… in coordinated conservation programmes. “clearly states that its core purpose was to identifying  zoos  that are suitable for conservation practice” 24. C refer, Robin Hill Adventure Park paragraphs 4; line 11 The second flaw in the reasoning of the WZCS document is the naive faith it places……………….These include Robin Hill Adventure Park on the Isle ………….. “writer mentions the Robin Hill Adventure Park to give an example of a weakness in the WZCS document.” 25. A Colin Tudge’s prediction paragraphs 5; line 5 if the world”s  zoos  worked together in co-operative breeding programmes, then even without further expansion they could save around 2,000 species of endangered land vertebrates “in the last sentence writer says, “”where are the facts to support such optimism?” which means his predictions are disbelieving” READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . Architecture  Reaching for the Sky ANSWER KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATION 29. timber and stone 18th century Paragraph 3; line 1 Instead of using timber, stone and……………..reinforced concrete. “after 18th century latest technology and materials were used …..here instead means before 18th century—-instead of using timber, stone….” 30. modernism 1920 paragraphs 4 ; line 11 A new style of  architecture  emerged………….known as modernism. “new style = latest technology” 31. International Style geometric, 1930s paragraphs 5; line 4 By the 1930s………International style. This was ………………like pillars. “this= International style” 32. badly designed buildings//multi-storey housing//mass-produced, low-cost high-rises 1960, pre-fabricated section paragraphs 4; line 5 Influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas on town planning ……..inner-city population. 33. preservation end  of modernist era paragraphs 9; line 4 By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings ……….preserving historic buildings……. “new respect arose= modernist era ended” 34. High-Tech sophisticated techniques Paragraph 9; line 13 The architectural style usually referred to as……………….used in construction. 35. co-existence of styles Post modernism paragraph 10; line 10 By the 1980s the coexistance…………….known as post modernism. “coexistance of different styles should be shortened to just -coexistance of styles- because of the word limit of three we ignore different” 36. G technological advances paragraph 3; line 10 Technological advances ……………..new factories.Such rapid and………….. parts of cities into slums. “The first sentence is the cause and the second is effect” 37. F Simple , functional paragraphs 5; line 6 This was largely characterised by……….like pillars. These were strippedof……………lived in. “First sentence = cause, second sentence = effect, stripped of unnecessary decoration= decoration removed” 38. H economic depression paragraph 6; line 9 But the economic deoression of 1930s ….. By the 1950S the international style had developed into a universal approach….. “prevented their ideas from being widely realised= cannot be put into practice, by 1950s this style developed into universal= by the second half of the century the  idea  became popular” 39. C Multi-storey housing paragraph 8; sentence 1 and last Influenced by Le Corbusier ideas ……………. inner city population. Many of these buildings were poorly designed ……been demolished. “cause= multi storey housing, effect= needed to be demolished, demolished= knocked down” 40. D less land paragraph 11; line 11 They origanated in the US over ……economic use of land. “They=  Architecture  that has light steel frames and lifts as siad in the fourth line. less land= economic use of land”

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Right and left handedness in humans ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATION 1 B Broca Paragraph 3; line 5 Dr paul Broca made a remarkable ……………….half of their body. 2 D Charles Moore Paragraph 7; line 8 Subliminally he says ………………..or even sinister. “he= Charles Moore, people consider anything on the left to be sinister= prejudice, Prejudice= opinion without facts” 3 C Geschwind and Galaburda Paragraph 6; line 16 S0, if something happens to the brain……involved is the left. “male= boys, hemisphere more likely to be involved is the left= likely to be left-handed” 4 B Brinkman Paragraph 4 line 1= Brinkman, line= 14 She has observed that………….the recovery is better. “brain-damaged= stroke, often better= quick” 5 A Dr Broca paragraphs 3; line 5 Dr paul Broca, made the ……………..must  have  been in the brain left hemisphere. “lost power of speech is by stroke causes the right body part to paralise, right body is controlled is left brain which means “ 6 C Geschwind and Galaburda Paragraph 6; line 1 Two American Researchers, …………exists before birth. “asymmetry= not similar/ different” 7 E Professor Turner Paragraph 1 line 9- Turner, line 13-  answer He noted that …………..itself systematic. “itself systematic= common feature” 8 15-20% One right and one left Paragraph 2; line 11 With one right and one ……….left handed. 9 40% parents left handed Paragrapoh 2; line 9 However, among …………….left handed 10 6% Parents right handed Paragraph 2; line 6 In fact about 6………………will be left handed. 11 D monkeys Paragraph 5; line 11 Since monkeys  have  not acquired the art of speech………….in the human brain. “claims to  have  discovered a trend in monkeys towards the asymmetry= monkeys brain are asymmetry” 12 B Left handed people Paragraph 12; line 1 The result of this survey…….right-handed people. “centuries lived= years, consolation= disappointment/ grief/ hardship”     READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 . MIGRATORY BEEKEEPING ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATIONS 13 prepare March Paragraph 5; line 1 By early March it is time to move the bees. It can take up to seven nights to pack the 4,000 or so hives … These are not moved in the middle of the day … But at night, the hives are stacked onto wooden pallets, back-to-back in sets of four, and lifted onto a truck… “The gist of the paragraph justifies the preparation phase for the migration of the hives”. 14) full night paragraph 5; line 6 But at night, ……….lifted into the truck. “stacked= pack, mass, pile up/ full” 15) smoke case paragraph 5, line Just in case some are still lively, bees can be pacified with a few puffs of smoke blown into each hive’s narrow entrance. 16) charge orange groves paragraph 6; line 3 In their new location, the beekeeper will pay the farmer to allow his bees to feed in such places as orange groves. (Beekeepers pay farmers. = Farmers charge beekeepers.) 17) machines warehouse paragraph 7; line 8 The supers are taken to a warehouse…the frames are lifted out and lowered into an ‘uncapper’ where rotating blades shave away the wax…The carousel is filled to capacity … A switch is flipped… centrifugal force ……. “warehouse + frames + rotating blades + switch= machine” 18) combs honey paragraphs 7; line 18 A switch is flipped and … centrifugal force throws the honey out of the combs. 19) split double hives paragraph 5, line 6 To create new colonies, a healthy double hive, teeming with bees, can be separated into two boxes.. “separate into two= split” 20) (hexagonal) cells//comb paragraphs 6, line 10 … the beekeepers open the hives and stack extra boxes called supers on top. These temporary hive extensions contain frames of empty comb … 21) frames (of comb) Paragraph 6; line 10 … the beekeepers open the hives and stack extra boxes called supers on top. These temporary hive extensions contain frames of empty comb … 22) screen paragraph 6; line 11 In the brood chamber below … a screen can be inserted between the brood chamber and the supers. 23) brood chamber paragraph 6; line 11 In the brood chamber below, the bees will stash honey to eat later. To prevent the queen from crawling up to the top … a screen can be inserted between the brood chamber and the supers. 24) NOT GIVEN paragraph 3; line 2 The ancient Egyptians moved clay hives, probably on rafts, down the Nile to follow the bloom and nectar flow as it moved toward Cairo (The hives were transported down the Nile, which does not mean they were kept on the bank of the Nile. There is no information.) 25) YES migratory bee keeping paragraph 3; line 7 In the 1880s North American beekeepers experimented with the same  idea  …but their lighter, wooden hives kept falling into the water. Other keepers tried the railroad and horse-drawn wagons, but that didn’t prove practical. Not until the 1920s … did migratory beekeeping  begin  to catch on. “they succeed only after road transport, migratory beekeeping= moving bees” 26) YES keep honey paragraph 6; line 12 In the brood chamber below, the bees will stash honey to eat later. “stash= store/ keep, below= bottom” 27) NO honey, spun paragraph 7, last sentence Finally the honey is poured into barrels for shipment. “honey is not spun but Poured into barrels” READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . TOURISM ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATION EXPLANATION 28 iii Subject for a book………….., study of deviance…………, this involves………, assumptions= justification given for the study of  tourism 29 v …………..one of the defining characteristic of modern  tourism ……., this involves………….., “qualities and characteristic of the modern  tourism  is explained” 30 iv …………..in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes………..opposed to the individual character of travel places…. “this paragraph is showing the  difference  between travel and  tourism ” 31 vii …..pseudoevents isolated from host  environment ……….., ……disregarding the real world “This para is all about the artificial  environment  and events to attract tourists” 32 viii The role of the professional, therefore……….., “This paragraph gives an insight on the professional in the service of  tourism  industry which means tour guides” 33 NO trivial subject Paragraph 1 ; line 5 on the face of it ……… 34 YES deviance paragraph 1, line 18 The assumption is that……applied to  tourism . “similar analysis can be applied to  tourism = deviance can act as a model” 35 NOT GIVEN Overseas No such information is given. 36 YES home paragraph line 12 People linger over these sights……………reproduced and recaptured. “not normally do in their home  environment  = than those at home” 37 NOT GIVEN tourist operators, cheat No such information. 38 D concept,  tourism paragraph 2; line 3 It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate spheres. “concept= manifestation, separate= distinction” 39 B media paragraph 3; line 13 such anticipation is constructed………………reinforce this daydreaming. “films, TV literature magazines= media, construct and reinforce daydreaming= meeting expectations” 40 F landscapes paragraph 4; line 9 The viewing of these tourist sights ………normally found in everyday life. “” 41 H group paragraph 5; line 8 ……………mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in unauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the ……… “contrived attractions= created attractions/ designed attractions”

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Spoken corpus comes to life ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATIONS EXPLANATIONS 1. vi line 1 The compiling of dictionaries has been historically………finer nuances of meaning. “historically= traditional” 2. ii line 3 For the first time dictionary publishers are incorporating ……….. into their data. it gives lexicographers …………really been studied before. “new method= for the first time” 3. x last sentence But the database does allow ………… at intuitively before. 4. viii line 5 the phrase it’s a …. it is now. 5. iv line 3 It also reveals the power of pauses and noises……. doubt and irony. “emotions, doubt irony= non verbal content” 6. ix line 6 the spoken corpus is a part of larger British national corpus……..and the British library. “initiative carried out by several group= cooperative” 7. existing written corpus Paragraph C, line 1 this has been the database – along with an …………has been waiting for. “this= data” 8. (related) phrases key words Paragraph C, line 5 In the dictionary , key words such as ………….to choose the appropriate phrases. “so the choice is phrase” 9. meanings//forms frequently used Paragraph D, line 9 But the database does allow lexicographers to…..guessed at intuitively before. 10. spoken//real//oral difference , written Paragraph E, line 1 Researchers  have  found that written …….. spoken English. 11. noise//pauses//noises and pauses feelings , through Paragraph F, line 3 It also reveals the power of the pauses and noises…….doubt and irony. 12. B This essay first gives a glimpse on the traditional methods and then explains the new methods- spoken corpus with various methods.   READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 .   Moles happy as homes go underground ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATIONS EXPLANATIONS 13 xi Line 11 The foundations had yet to be dug…… “The foundations had yet to be dug= before completion” 14 ix This paragraph talks about the various locations where underground services has been built 15 viii line 5 Indeed many of the buildings which…………..do not need windows. “No need to be on surface because they never need window= no needed of light” 16 v A development of 194 houses which would take up…………….would be halved. “This is how space is reduced” Carpenter has never….. natural insulation. “This is how energy is reduced” 17 i line 11 His two floored four bathroom…………they aren’t so much below the earth.. 18 vii This paragraph gives an example of available underground houses around the globe. 19 iii underground offices in Japan ……….reflect views and light. 20 iv Example of siegmund is given in this paragraph. 21 sell (more) quickly mass-produced houses Paragraph 4, line 4 In Europe the obstacles has been ……..mass produced housing. 22 (South Limberg) planners Dutch development Paragraph F line 5 But the Dutch development …………shortage of land. 23 (road/ noise) embarkments Hurkmans Paragraph F,line 9 It was the Tilburg………are now taking shape. 24 (Olivetti) employees Ivrea Centre Paragraph G , line 9 Italy’s outstanding example of subterranean ……………… center in Ivrea. 25 adapt to Japanese Scientists Paragraph H line 2 Not everyone adapts so well, ….periods below ground. 26 his bakery business / a cool room Frank, room Paragraph I, line 3 Their home evolved when he….he had created. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 , which are based on Reading Passage 3 . A workaholic economy ANSWERS KEYWORDS LOCATIONS EXPLANATIONS 27. No working hours Paragraph 2 line 7 in fact working hours  have  increased= opposite of the question which says reduction in working hours 28. Not Given Social planners Nothing mentioned 29. Yes salaries , risen Paragraph 2, line 10 ……………because real wages  have  stagnated since that year. “Stagnated= not changed/ not risen” 30. No economic recovery Paragraph 3 line 7 Indeed, the current economic recovery………jobless nature. “jobless nature= does not create more jobs” 31. Yes Bailyn’s Research Paragraph 8, line 5 She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies………………for part time workers: 32. Not Given leisure, two-career Nothing mentioned 33. C Bailyn, more workers line 10, paragraph 8 the extra people ca cover …………..away from the workplace. “extra people= more workers, cover= substitute” 34. A schor, reduce hours line 5 last paragraph It may take even more than changes …….for leisure time, Scholar contends. Automobile market no longer manufactures cheap models and developers do not build the tiny bungalows. 35. B. (Extra work is offered to existing employees.) extra work Para 3, line 4 There are several reasons for the lost ….of Harvard University. “overtime= extra work” 36. D. (Benefits and hours spent on the job are not linked) benefits and hours spent Paragraph 6 , line 1 even hourly employees receive benefits such as ……..hours they work. “not tied to= not linked properly” 37. F. (Longer hours indicate greater commitment to the firm.) longer hours, commitment line 5,Paragraph 7 It’s taken as the negative signal ……….to the firm. “It’s = reduced hours reduced hours shows lower commitment which means increased hours is a sign for commitment” 38. G. (Managers estimate staff productivity in terms of hours worked.) productivity managers Paragraph 7, line 10 …….many corporate managers find it difficult to measure contribution …………as a proxy for a output. “output= productivity”