Student: May I come in? Librarian: Sure, why not? How are you doing? Student: Not too bad, I suppose. Librarian: It's been a while since you last came here. What brings you in today? Student: I've been battling typhoid for the past five days, but my exams are right around the corner. I need to prepare some notes on English composition using some grammar books. Librarian: I see. Have you considered using Advanced Learners? Student: Can I borrow those books for just two days? Librarian: Unfortunately, we don't allow patrons to take books home. However, you can use them as long as you need during school hours. Student: Can I please borrow those books now? Librarian: Do you have your library card with you? Student: Yes, I do. Librarian: Can I see it, please? Student: Here it is. Librarian: Please wait for a few moments while I go and fetch those books for you. Student: Okay. Librarian: Please make the most of these resources. Remember not to fold, tear, or mark any pages. Student: I'll take good care of them and won't underline or highlight anything. Librarian: Thanks for your understanding. Student: Thank you so much for your help.

Tourist: Excuse me, could you lend me a hand, please? Myself: Of course, don't hesitate to ask. Is this your first time around here, I reckon? Tourist: Yes, I have a question actually. Myself: Sure thing, what's on your mind? Tourist: I'm trying to find my way to Farmgate, but I'm not sure how to get there. Myself: Ah, I see. Well, I used to frequent that area due to my university, so I can definitely help you out. Tourist: Thank goodness. Myself: Just wait here until the BRTC Volvo bus arrives. You'll need to purchase a 15-taka ticket to board the bus. Tourist: I have one more question. How will I know when we've arrived at Farmgate? Myself: The bus conductor will announce the stop, so keep an ear out for the name. Then, be alert and hop off the bus. Tourist: And once I get off the bus, how do I get to Dhaka International University? Myself: No worries, you can hire a rickshaw to take you there. The driver can assist you with directions. Tourist: Is the university on the left or right? Myself: Actually, you'll need to head towards the right-hand side. Tourist: Would you mind sharing your phone number with me? I could call you in case I need any more help. Myself: Absolutely, I'll give it to you now. Please save it in your mobile. Tourist: Thanks so much for all your help. Myself: You're very welcome. Have a good one. Tourist: You too, take care. Myself: Bye for now.

Rakib: Hey Sumon, what's up? Sumon: I'm good, how about you? Rakib: I'm good too, but something's been on my mind. Sumon: What's bothering you? Rakib: The poor performance of students in English. Every year, thousands of students fail in this subject. Sumon: You're right. I think these students have never embraced English as a friend. Unfortunately, they consider it an enemy. What's your take on this? Rakib: You hit the nail on the head. They don't even realize that English can be learned and spoken. All they know is how to memorize. Sumon: Absolutely. When they come across unfamiliar questions in exams, they get nervous and blame their luck. Rakib: Many teachers and lecturers are giving them the wrong advice by suggesting they memorize everything. Do you have any solution to this problem? Sumon: I think they should read their English textbooks after understanding the language. If you asked me a question in Chinese, I wouldn't understand it because I don't know the language. Rakib: I agree. They should speak English, read English newspapers, and listen to English news. Sumon: I believe if speaking English becomes mandatory, they will have a better chance of learning it. Otherwise, they will keep failing in this subject. Rakib: Thanks for sharing your valuable insights. Sumon: Thank you too.

Myself: Hey, I’ve made up my mind to explore Bagerhat. Have you ever been there? Friend: Wow, great decision! Yeah, I had the opportunity to visit Bagerhat last autumn with my dad. Myself: What drew you to Bagerhat? Friend: It's a place of great historical significance. People from all around the world come to see the Shat-Gambuj Mosque, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Myself: Does it have any historical value? Friend: Absolutely! Have you ever heard of Khan Jahan Ali? Myself: Yes, I know he was a prominent saint in the subcontinent. Friend: Do you know his full name? Myself: To be honest, I don't. What is it? Friend: His full name is Ulug Khan Jahan Ali. Myself: So, what did you explore when you were there? Friend: I visited the Shat Gumbuj Mosque, Ghora Dighi, and the mausoleum of Khan Jahan Ali. Myself: What fascinated you the most? Friend: The Shat Gumbuj Mosque was the highlight of my trip - a masterpiece of architecture by Khan Jahan Ali himself. Myself: Could you elaborate on the mosque's uniqueness? Friend: It's unique because it has sixty pillars supporting seventy-seven exquisitely curved domes. Khan Jahan Ali used it as a mosque and a court. Myself: Did he build anything else there? Friend: He also built a large freshwater tank next to his mausoleum for the local people. There were two crocodiles called 'Kala Pahar and Dhala Pahar', but they are no longer there. Myself: How was your overall experience? Friend: It was an amazing experience. I learned so much about our country's past. The memories of my visit still linger in my mind. Myself: Thank you for sharing your wonderful experience. Friend: You're always welcome. Have a great trip!

Rana: Hey Kamal, why the long face? Rani: I just saw news of a tragic road accident. Rana: Sadly, road accidents are a daily occurrence in our country. Rani: Perhaps, but this particular incident really shook me up. Rana: What happened in the accident? Rani: A family of five died on the spot while on their way to attend a wedding party. Rana: That's terrible! How did it happen? Rani: A loaded truck collided with their car head-on near Satkhira town while they were driving towards Dhaka. Rana: It's such a pity! Rani: Can you shed some light on the reasons for frequent road accidents in our country? Rana: Most accidents are caused by reckless driving, non-compliance with traffic rules, unfit vehicles, and poor road conditions. Rani: And the narrow, broken, and unmetalled roads also contribute to many accidents. Rana: How can we control and reduce the number of road accidents? Rani: Firstly, we need to properly train our drivers. Unfit and unlicensed vehicles should be banned from the roads, and drivers should be made to follow traffic rules. Rana: Additionally, we need to improve the conditions of our roads and enforce strict laws against speeding and overtaking. Rani: It's also important to raise public awareness about traffic rules and signals. Rana: Absolutely right. If we take these measures, we can undoubtedly reduce the number of road accidents. Rani: It's our collective responsibility to raise awareness in the public domain. Shall we take our position in the human chain now? Rana: Yes, let's do it. We can't afford to be late. Rani: Thank you very much. Rana: You're welcome. Let's make sure our efforts today help bring about change.

Rana: Excuse me, sir. May I have a moment of your time? Principal: Sure, come in. What's on your mind? Rana: Sir, I need to talk to you about obtaining a transfer certificate. Principal: Please, have a seat. What grade and section are you in? Rana: I'm in Class 8, Section A. My family has decided to move, and I need to transfer to a new school. Principal: A transfer certificate in the middle of the school year? It's May already, why are you leaving now? Rana: My father has recently been transferred to Satkhira, and we've already moved there. Principal: I see. What does your father do? Rana: He's a government employee. Principal: Can't you continue studying here for the rest of the school year? Rana: I'm afraid my family can't afford to keep me here and provide me with accommodation. Principal: Do you have any relatives here that you can stay with? Rana: Unfortunately, I have no relatives in this area that I can stay with. Principal: I understand. It's a difficult situation. Rana: Sir, I really like this school, but circumstances don't allow me to continue here. Principal: Have you written an application for the transfer certificate? Rana: Yes, sir. Here it is. Principal: Have you cleared all your tuition fees? Rana: Yes, sir. Here is the receipt. Principal: Alright, then. Submit your application to the clerk. He will assist you in obtaining the transfer certificate. Rana: Thank you very much, sir. Principal: Best of luck to you, my child.

Asif: Hey Mizan, how's it going? Mina: I'm always tired and I can't sleep well. I also can't read for long periods of time. Asif: What's the problem? Have you seen a doctor? Mina: Yes, the doctor checked my chest, throat, tongue, eyes, temperature, and blood pressure. Asif: So, what did the doctor advise you to do? Mina: He didn't give me any medicine. He suggested I do regular physical exercise. Asif: You know physical exercise is crucial to maintain good health, right? Mina: I do now. I've been careless about my health. Asif: Physical exercise protects us from various illnesses, strengthens our body, and keeps us fit for work. Mina: Is that all? Asif: No, it also gives us energy, refreshes our mind, and helps us return to work with renewed vigor. It even prolongs our life. Mina: Asif, I had no idea physical exercise was so important. Asif: Well, the most important thing is to wake up early in the morning. The fresh air in the morning keeps us fit. You should do some simple exercises. Mina: What kind of exercises? Asif: You can take a morning walk, participate in sports and games, and do some freehand exercises. Another crucial factor is to eat fresh, nutritious food and drink pure water. You can also drink milk. Mina: I'll try to do it every day. Asif: Remember, proper sleep is essential. You need to go to bed early and wake up early. Mina: Thanks, Asif, for your advice. Asif: Come over to my house tomorrow morning, and I'll show you some freehand exercises. Mina: I realize the importance of physical exercise now. The sooner, the better. Asif: I commend you for your wise decision. Mina: I have to leave now because my private class is starting soon. Asif: Thanks, Mina. See you later. Mina: See you later, Asif. Thanks again for the advice!

Friend: Let's head to the newspaper stand. Myself: Why do you want to go there? Friend: To quench my thirst. Myself: I don't follow. Can you explain? Friend: It's simple. I can't start my day without reading the newspaper. Myself: Please elaborate. Friend: The newspaper is a reflection of the world's current state. Myself: What does that mean? Friend: It means that newspapers provide us with all kinds of news, both local and global. Myself: What do you mean by all kinds of news? Friend: I mean news related to social issues, politics, business, sports, education, technology, entertainment, and more. Myself: Does it only provide news? Friend: No, it also gives us the opinions of the general public. Myself: But isn't that what TV is for? Friend: TV news coverage doesn't match the depth of the newspaper. Myself: Anything else? Friend: Yes, editorials and investigative journalism. Myself: Which section of the newspaper is most important to you? Friend: Headlines and editorials. Myself: Is it essential to read the newspaper regularly? Friend: Absolutely. Reading the newspaper expands our perspective and keeps us informed about the world's current events. Regularly reading newspapers is crucial to staying up-to-date with the world. Myself: So, do you suggest that I also develop the habit of reading the newspaper? Friend: Yes, not just you, but everyone should cultivate this habit. Myself: You're right. Thank you for emphasizing the importance of reading the newspaper. Friend: See you later. Myself: Goodbye!

Salesman: Good morning, sir! How can I assist you today? Customer: Good morning! I'm looking for a gift for my sister's birthday. She's turning eight, so I need something beautiful and unique. Salesman: You're in luck, sir. Our gift shop in Mirpur has a vast collection of unique items. Can I suggest some options? Customer: Yes, please. What do you recommend? Salesman: This imported doll is an excellent choice. It speaks English and sings lovely songs. Customer: That sounds great. How do I operate it? Salesman: Simply press the red button for English speech and the blue button for singing. Customer: How much does it cost? Salesman: It's priced at 1350/-. Customer: That's a bit expensive, but it's worth it. I'll take it. Can you also show me some picture books that could improve my sister's general knowledge? Salesman: Absolutely, we have a range of books that are both engaging and informative. Customer: I'll take five books. How much will that be? Salesman: Only 350/-. Customer: Great! Please pack them all together. Can you tell me the total amount I need to pay? Salesman: The total amount will be 1700/-. But don't worry, we always offer our customers a reasonable price. You only have to pay 1625/-. Customer: Here's 2000/-. Please give me a cash receipt and the remaining balance. Salesman: Certainly, here's your cash receipt and the remaining change. Thank you for your visit, sir. Customer: Thank you for your help. My sister will be delighted with these gifts. Salesman: I'm glad to hear that. Have a wonderful day, and we hope to see you again soon! Customer: Thank you! Goodbye. Salesman: Goodbye, sir.

Harun: Excuse me, sir. Can I come in? Headmaster: Yes, please do. Harun: Good afternoon, sir. I'm facing a bit of a predicament and was hoping you could help me out. Headmaster: Of course, Harun. What seems to be the problem? Harun: Sir, I'm in a bit of a bind. My family recently moved to Chittagong due to my father's transfer, but I want to continue studying at this school. I need a seat in the school hostel. Headmaster: I see. How long have you been a student here? Harun: I've been studying here for more than three years, sir. Headmaster: That's quite a long time. Do you have any other options for accommodation? Harun: Unfortunately, I don't have any relatives in this area, and I don't know anyone else who can help me out. Headmaster: I understand your situation. Have you submitted an application for a hostel seat yet? Harun: No, sir. I haven't had the chance to prepare one yet. Headmaster: Alright, please submit an application signed by your guardian, and we'll try our best to accommodate you. Harun: Thank you very much, sir. Your kindness means a lot to me. Headmaster: You're always welcome, Harun. I understand this is a challenging time for you. We'll do our best to ensure you can continue your studies here without disruption. Harun: I truly appreciate that, sir. I’ll prepare the application and get it signed by my father as soon as possible. Headmaster: Good. Make sure to include all the necessary details in the application, such as your current address, your father's transfer details, and any other relevant information. Harun: Yes, sir. I'll make sure everything is in order. Is there anything else I should do in the meantime? Headmaster: While you prepare your application, you might want to gather any documents that can support your case, such as your father's transfer letter or proof of your family's relocation. Harun: That's a good idea, sir. I'll get those documents ready as well. Headmaster: Excellent. Once we receive your application and documents, we'll review them promptly. I can't guarantee a seat immediately, but we'll make every effort to help you. Harun: Thank you for your understanding and support, sir. It really helps to know that the school is willing to assist me. Headmaster: It's our duty to support our students, Harun. Make sure to submit the application as soon as possible to avoid any delays. Harun: I will, sir. Thank you once again. Headmaster: You're welcome. Take care, Harun, and good luck with your application. I look forward to seeing you continue your studies here. Harun: Thank you, sir. Have a good day. Headmaster: You too, Harun. Goodbye.

Rana: Hey, what's on your mind? Rani: Something serious. Rana: Care to share it with me? Rani: Well, most adults in my native village are illiterate. Rana: That's unfortunately a common scenario in many villages. Rani: I feel like every educated person should take responsibility for tackling this issue. Rana: Agreed. Our SSC / HSC exams are over, and we have almost two months until the results come out. How do you plan to spend your time productively? Rani: I've decided to use this time to educate the adult illiterate to the best of my abilities. Rana: That's a fantastic idea! Illiteracy is a major obstacle to development efforts. Rani: Exactly! Eradicating illiteracy is a prerequisite for any kind of progress. So, what's your plan for this period? Rana: I completely agree with you. However, my plan is a bit different from yours. Rani: Oh, please tell me about it. Rana: You know I'm weak in English, so I want to improve my skills during this time. Rani: That's a great plan! English is an international language, and we have no choice but to learn it. Rana: Exactly! English is essential in every aspect of our lives. It's crucial for communication in today's world. Rani: Moreover, one cannot expect to pursue higher studies without proficiency in English as all the books are written in that language. Rana: You're absolutely right! Besides, having a good command of English is a prerequisite for a good job and higher salary. Rani: I couldn't agree more! Your idea sounds promising. I wish you all the best in fulfilling your purpose. Rana: Thank you. I also appreciate your brilliant plan to educate the adult illiterate. Rani: You're always welcome. See you later. Rana: Goodbye, Rani. Let's both make the most of this time and contribute to our personal growth and the betterment of our community. Rani: Absolutely, Rana. Together, we can make a difference. Take care and see you soon! Rana: You too, Rani. Goodbye!

Mou: Hey there, what’s up? What are you up to? Opu: Not much, just chatting with a friend via Facebook on the internet. Mou: My parents don’t allow me to use the internet, they don’t like it. Opu: Well, in my opinion, the internet is one of the greatest inventions of the last century and has numerous benefits. Mou: Really? Could you tell me more about it? Opu: Sure, the internet provides us with the latest news, weather updates, traffic information, stock prices, and more. Mou: What do I need to use the internet? Opu: You’ll need a computer and a modem or broadband connection. Mou: Can the internet help me with my studies? Opu: Absolutely, the internet offers a wealth of information on almost every subject. Mou: I also want to use the internet for entertainment, like listening to music, watching movies, playing games, chatting with friends, and discussing world affairs. Opu: The internet is great for all those things and it’s also a faster and more affordable way for businesses to communicate. Mou: I’m starting to see that the internet has more advantages than disadvantages. Opu: I completely agree, I can’t imagine a day without the internet. Mou: I’ll have to talk to my parents about getting internet at home. Thanks for sharing all this with me. Opu: You’re welcome, happy to help.

Hassan: Hey, how are you doing? Kamal: I'm doing well, thanks. And how about you? Hassan: I'm fine, thanks. Kamal: The exam is approaching and I'm not well-prepared. I need to start studying hard. How about you? Are you ready? Hassan: I'm not as bad off as you think. Kamal: You always get great grades. What's your secret to success? Hassan: Do you want me to share my tips with you? Kamal: Absolutely. Hassan: To do well in exams, you should study regularly, understand the material instead of memorizing it blindly, make your own notes, and revise them frequently. Kamal: That's helpful. Do you have any other advice? Hassan: Yes, you need to have a good command of the language used in the exam. Kamal: Thanks for the advice. Hassan: Why don't you come to my place every day? I can help you with any difficulties you have. Kamal: That would be great. My mom will be pleased to hear that. Hassan: Let's start tomorrow. It's getting late, we should head home now. Kamal: Thank you for your offer. Hassan: No problem. I'm happy to help a friend in need. Kamal: Goodbye! Model 2 Arya: Hey there, how's your exam preparation going? Ben: Hey Arya, it's going, but I'm feeling a bit overwhelmed. I could use some advice on how to do well in the examination. Arya: Of course, I'd be happy to help. First things first, have you made a study schedule? Ben: Not really, I've just been studying whenever I find the time. Arya: That might be part of the problem. Having a structured study schedule can really help you manage your time effectively and ensure you cover all the necessary material. Ben: That makes sense. How do you suggest I go about making a study schedule? Arya: Start by listing all the subjects you need to study and the topics within each subject. Then, allocate specific time slots for each subject and topic based on their importance and your proficiency in them. Ben: That sounds like a good plan. I'll make sure to include regular breaks too, to avoid burnout. Arya: Absolutely, taking breaks is crucial for maintaining focus and productivity. Now, let's talk about study techniques. Are you just reading through your notes, or are you actively engaging with the material? Ben: Mostly just reading, I guess. Arya: Try mixing things up a bit. Use techniques like summarizing, teaching the material to someone else, or practicing with past exam papers. Active engagement with the material can help you retain information better. Ben: I'll definitely give that a try. It sounds more effective than just passively reading. Arya: Another important aspect of exam preparation is staying healthy. Make sure you're getting enough sleep, eating nutritious meals, and exercising regularly. A healthy body supports a healthy mind. Ben: That's great advice. I have been neglecting my health lately, but I'll make an effort to prioritize it. Arya: Lastly, don't forget about managing exam stress. It's normal to feel anxious, but try not to let it overwhelm you. Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation, and remember to stay positive. Ben: Thanks, Arya. I feel a lot more confident now about tackling my exams. I'll put your advice into action and hopefully see some improvements in my grades. Arya: You've got this, Ben! Just stay focused, stay disciplined, and remember that hard work pays off. Good luck with your exams!

Sujan: Hey Ashik, Ashik: Hi, Sujan. Sujan: So, how did you do on your exams? Can you give me all the details? Ashik: Sorry buddy, but honestly, if English wasn't part of the school syllabus, I would have done much better. Sujan: What! You failed English? Listen, you might get promoted to the next grade despite failing English, but how will you navigate the challenges of life without English? Ashik: What are you trying to say? Sujan: I mean, without a strong command over English, you can't expect to build a better life or have a successful career. Ashik: Why is that? Sujan: Bingo! English is essential in every aspect of life. Ashik: No doubt. It's an international language and it plays a crucial role in communication in this era of globalization. So, learning English is a must. Sujan: But it's unfortunate that we're neglecting it, which is causing us to fall behind our neighboring countries. Ashik: It's truly shameful. We need to change this if we want to keep pace with the modern world. Sujan: Absolutely. Our international relationships and trade will be severely impacted if we don't master English. Ashik: Exactly. Plus, without proficiency in English, one can't pursue higher studies because all the textbooks are written in English. Sujan: Yes, only through English can we access the vast knowledge available in the world. Ashik: Indeed, it's shameful that most university graduates lack proper knowledge of English and consequently miss out on good jobs and salaries. Sujan: Right. A solid command over English is a prerequisite for a good job and salary. Ashik: No doubt. In fact, the importance of mastering English can't be overstated. We must take English seriously and practice it diligently. Thank you. Sujan: You're most welcome. Goodbye.

Father: Well done, my son! I'm absolutely delighted that you passed your exams with flying colors and achieved a GPA of 5. Son: Thank you very much, father. This success is a combination of Allah's mercy and your blessings. Father: Do you have any aspirations or goals in terms of your future career? Son: Father, I defer to your decision. I will always respect and follow your lead. Father: When choosing a profession, it's important to consider whether it suits your temperament. However, I'd like to hear your thoughts first. Son: I want to choose a career that aligns with your preferences. If it's agreeable to you, I would like to become a computer engineer. Father: What's the reason behind this choice? Son: Our country requires a large number of engineers to contribute to national development and defense projects. Father: Yes, it's a great profession. Your grandfather was also in the same field. Son: Engineers have the power to bring about transformative social changes through their innovations. Father: But have you considered the hard work required to turn your aspirations into reality? Son: Yes, I believe no challenge is too difficult for me in this field. I'm willing to put in the necessary effort. Father: Excellent! I wholeheartedly agree with you. Son: Please pray for me so that I can live up to your expectations and uphold your dignity. Father: Be ready to enroll in a university. Son: But it means additional expenses for coaching fees. Father: Don't worry about that, my boy. I'll happily cover all the expenses because I know it will be money well spent. Son: Thank you so much for your kindness, father. Father: And you, my dear son, are always so good to us.

Rakib: Hi Anis, how's everything going? Anis: I'm good, Rakib. What's on your mind? Rakib: I've been thinking a lot about the environment lately. Anis: Ah, I understand. What's concerning you about it? Rakib: Well, with the increasing frequency of floods, cyclones, and droughts in our country, I think it's time we focus more on the health of our environment. Anis: That makes sense. What do you think is causing these natural disasters? Rakib: One of the main factors is deforestation. It's causing global warming and disrupting our ecological balance. Anis: I see. Trees play such a vital role in our lives, providing us with oxygen, food, shelter, and more. Rakib: Exactly. Without trees, we could even face desertification and irregular rainfall. Anis: So, what do you propose we do about it? Rakib: It's simple really. We need to start planting more trees if we want to continue living on a habitable earth. Anis: Agreed. I'm going to start utilizing any unused land I have to plant trees. Rakib: That's a great initiative. I'm planning to encourage others to follow suit by suggesting that for every tree they cut down, they should plant two more. Anis: We should also raise awareness about the importance of afforestation through various channels like mass media and seminars. Rakib: Absolutely. And as students, we can take action by planting trees in our school campuses. Anis: Furthermore, we need to advocate for stricter punishments for those who engage in deforestation. Rakib: Yes, imposing stricter penalties can serve as a deterrent and discourage illegal logging and deforestation practices. Anis: Additionally, we should promote sustainable forestry practices and reforestation efforts to restore degraded ecosystems. Rakib: Absolutely. Reforestation can help mitigate the adverse effects of deforestation, restore biodiversity, and enhance ecosystem resilience. Anis: It's also important to involve local communities in conservation efforts, empowering them to protect and manage their natural resources sustainably. Rakib: That's a crucial point. Engaging communities in conservation initiatives fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility towards their environment. Anis: Furthermore, we can support organizations and initiatives that work towards environmental conservation and sustainable development. Rakib: Yes, by supporting such initiatives financially or through volunteering, we can contribute to positive environmental change on a larger scale. Anis: Overall, addressing deforestation and promoting afforestation are vital steps towards ensuring a sustainable future for our planet and future generations. Rakib: Absolutely. It's essential that we all play our part in protecting and preserving our environment for the well-being of all life on Earth. Anis: Thank you for this insightful discussion, Rakib. Let's continue to advocate for environmental conservation and take concrete actions to make a positive impact. Rakib: My pleasure, Anis. Together, we can make a difference. Take care, and let's stay committed to our cause. Anis: Likewise, Rakib. See you around.

A Dialogue Between Two Students about Their Hobbies Rahim: Hi, Nabil! You seem very happy today. What’s the reason? Nabil: Hi! I’ve just finished reading an interesting novel. Reading is my favourite hobby, so it always makes me feel relaxed. Rahim: That’s nice. Everyone talks about hobbies these days. By the way, what exactly is a hobby? Nabil: A hobby is an activity that we do in our free time for enjoyment, not because we have to do it. Rahim: I see. Besides reading, do you have any other hobbies? Nabil: Sometimes I also write short notes and collect interesting facts. But reading is my main hobby. What about you? Rahim: My favourite hobby is gardening. I love growing flowers and taking care of plants. Nabil: That sounds interesting. How did you become interested in gardening? Rahim: During the lockdown, I spent more time at home and started planting flowers and vegetables. Gradually, it became my hobby. Nabil: That’s great. I think hobbies make our free time more meaningful. Rahim: Absolutely. A hobby also refreshes our minds after long hours of study. Nabil: Reading improves my vocabulary and broadens my knowledge. It also helps me think more deeply. Rahim: Gardening teaches patience and responsibility. It also keeps me active and close to nature. Nabil: Different hobbies have different benefits, but all hobbies make life more enjoyable. Rahim: I agree. Without a hobby, life may become boring and stressful. Nabil: We should encourage our friends to develop healthy hobbies too. Rahim: Certainly. A good hobby can make a person more creative and productive. Nabil: You’re right. Thanks for the nice discussion. Rahim: You’re welcome. See you tomorrow. A Dialogue Between Two Friends about the Importance of Having a Hobby Riad: Hello, Fahim! You look quite relaxed these days. Have you changed your routine? Fahim: Hello! Actually, I’ve started spending some time on my hobby after finishing my studies. Riad: Really? What’s your hobby? Fahim: My hobby is painting. I enjoy drawing and colouring pictures whenever I get free time. Riad: That’s wonderful. Do you think having a hobby is really important? Fahim: Of course. A hobby helps us use our leisure time in a meaningful way. Instead of wasting time, we can do something enjoyable and useful. Riad: I agree. Many students nowadays spend too much time on phones without doing anything productive. Fahim: Exactly. A hobby keeps us mentally fresh and reduces stress. Riad: My hobby is playing cricket. Whenever I feel tired from studying, I play for some time and feel energetic again. Fahim: That’s another benefit. Different hobbies develop different skills. Sports improve physical fitness, while hobbies like reading or painting improve creativity. Riad: I think hobbies also help us discover our talents and interests. Fahim: Yes. Some people even turn their hobbies into successful careers later in life. Riad: Another good thing is that hobbies build patience and concentration. Fahim: Absolutely. Students who have hobbies often become more balanced and active in life. Riad: But we should remember not to let hobbies affect our studies. Fahim: That’s true. Everything should be done in moderation. Riad: So, having a hobby is not a waste of time; it actually improves our life. Fahim: I completely agree. Everyone should have at least one healthy hobby. Riad: Thanks for the discussion. Fahim: You’re welcome. Goodbye. A Dialogue Between Two Students About Their Hobbies Sami: Hello, Rumi! How are you doing today? Rumi: Hi, Sami! I am doing great. What about you? Sami: I am fine too. I see you are holding a beautiful painting. Did you draw it? Rumi: Yes, I did. Painting is my hobby. I paint whenever I get some free time. Sami: That is amazing! Your painting is very colourful and beautiful. Rumi: Thank you so much, Sami. Do you have any hobbies? Sami: Yes, I do. My hobby is gardening. Rumi: That is a wonderful hobby! Where is your garden? Sami: I have a small garden in front of my house. I plant different kinds of flowers and vegetables there. Rumi: How do you take care of it? Sami: I water the plants every morning and afternoon. It makes me very happy to see the flowers bloom. Rumi: Hobbies really give us a lot of joy. We should visit each other's houses to see our work. Sami: That is a great idea. See you soon, Rumi! Rumi: See you, Sami! A Dialogue Between Two Friends About Their Favourite Hobby Shipon: Good evening, Nabil! What are you doing with that camera? Nabil: Good evening, Shipon! I am taking pictures of the sunset. Photography is my favourite hobby. Shipon: Wow, photography is a very interesting hobby. You can capture beautiful memories. Nabil: Exactly! I love to take pictures of nature, birds, and people. What is your favourite hobby, Shipon? Shipon: My favourite hobby is collecting stamps. Nabil: That sounds very unique! How many stamps do you have? Shipon: I have collected more than five hundred stamps from different countries all over the world. Nabil: That is a huge collection. How do you collect them? Shipon: My friends and relatives send them to me. Sometimes I exchange stamps with my pen-friends. Nabil: What do you learn from this hobby? Shipon: It teaches me about the history, culture, and famous people of different countries. Nabil: I must say, your hobby is very educational. Shipon: And your hobby is very creative! Nabil: Thank you, Shipon. Let us always enjoy our hobbies and make our free time useful. Shipon: Definitely. Have a good day, Nabil! A Dialogue About the Importance of Having a Hobby Tanni: Hello, Milon! You look very tired and bored today. Milon: Hi, Tanni! Yes, I feel very bored. Studying all day makes me feel stressed and exhausted. Tanni: You need a break, Milon. Do you have any hobbies? Milon: No, I do not. Is it really important to have a hobby? Tanni: Yes, it is very important. A hobby is not just a waste of time. It is food for the mind. Milon: How does it help us in our daily life? Tanni: First of all, it refreshes our tired minds. When we do something we love, it removes our mental stress and makes us happy. Milon: That makes sense. What else does a hobby do? Tanni: It makes our free time useful and keeps us away from bad habits like wasting time on mobile phones. Milon: I never thought about it like that. Tanni: Moreover, hobbies teach us many new things. For example, reading books gives us knowledge, and gardening keeps us physically active. Milon: So, a hobby helps us both physically and mentally? Tanni: Absolutely! A man without a hobby is like a machine. We need joy and recreation to live a healthy and happy life. Milon: You have opened my eyes, Tanni. I will start a hobby from today. I think I will start gardening. Tanni: That is a great decision, Milon. It will bring a lot of peace to your mind. Milon: Thank you so much for your valuable advice. Tanni: You are most welcome! A Dialogue Between Two Students about Their Hobbies Nuri: Hi Rahi, can I ask you something? Rahi: Sure, what is it? Nuri: I was curious about your stamp collection. What inspired you to start collecting stamps? Rahi: Well, I’ve always been interested in history and geography. I find it fascinating to see the different images and designs on the stamps from different countries. Plus, it’s a great way to learn about other cultures and traditions. Nuri: That's really cool! I agree that stamps can be quite informative. Rahi: Thanks. So, what about you? What inspired you to take up photography as a hobby? Nuri: I received a camera as a gift from my father and started taking pictures of our family and the beautiful natural scenery around us. I found it so enjoyable and fulfilling that I decided to continue with it. Rahi: That's amazing. Photography can be a great way to capture memories and preserve them for the future. Nuri: Absolutely. It's also a creative outlet for me, and I love experimenting with different techniques and angles. Rahi: I can imagine. It's great to have a hobby that not only gives you pleasure but also allows you to express yourself creatively. Nuri: Yes, definitely. It's been great talking to you about our hobbies, but I should probably go now. See you tomorrow, Rahi! Rahi: Sure thing. Take care, Nuri. A Dialogue Between Two Students about Their Hobbies Naim: Hi Adib, do you have a moment to chat? Adib: Of course, Naim. What's on your mind? Naim: I've been meaning to ask you about your stamp collection. What got you into it? Adib: Ah, my stamp collection. Well, it all started when my grandfather gifted me a set of stamps from different countries on my birthday. I was fascinated by the diversity of designs and cultures represented on those tiny pieces of paper. Naim: That sounds intriguing. So, it was a family tradition? Adib: In a way, yes. My grandfather was an avid stamp collector himself, and he used to tell me stories about each stamp's origin and significance. It sparked my curiosity and led me to start my own collection. Naim: That's really interesting. It must be like holding a piece of history in your hands. Adib: Absolutely. Each stamp tells a unique story, whether it's about historical events, famous personalities, or cultural symbols. It's like traveling the world without leaving my room. Naim: I can see why you find it so captivating. Have you encountered any rare stamps in your collection? Adib: Indeed, I've stumbled upon a few rare gems over the years. Sometimes it's a matter of luck, other times it's through dedicated research and networking with other collectors. Naim: It must be quite a thrill to discover such treasures. Adib: It definitely adds to the excitement of collecting. But more than the rarity, I cherish the journey of acquiring each stamp and the stories they carry. Naim: That's a beautiful way to look at it. On a related note, I've noticed your passion for photography. What drew you to that hobby? Adib: Ah, photography. Well, it all started during a family trip to the countryside. I was mesmerized by the scenic beauty and wanted to capture those moments forever. My parents gifted me a camera, and I've been hooked ever since. Naim: It sounds like a perfect blend of art and adventure. Adib: Exactly! Photography allows me to express my creativity and document the world around me. Whether it's a stunning landscape or a candid moment, each photograph holds a special memory. Naim: It's inspiring to see how hobbies can become a gateway to exploration and self-expression. Adib: Indeed, they provide a much-needed escape from the hustle and bustle of daily life. They're my little sanctuaries of joy and fulfillment. Naim: Well, thank you for sharing your passions with me, Adib. It's been enlightening. Adib: Anytime, Naim. It's always a pleasure to discuss the things that bring us joy. A dialogue between two boys discussing their hobbies. ​ George.- I am in luck, Wahid My uncle has just sent me a letter from Japan, where he is on business, with some Japanese stamps. He knows I collect them and often sends me foreign stamps from the places he visits.. Wahid- They look rather nice. Are you going to paste them in your album? George.- Yes, here it is. I have got quite a nice collection now. Wahid- What a lot ! French, Italian, Dutch, German, American, Turkish. You seem to have some from almost every country. George.- Oh ! there are a lot I have not got yet. And some rare ones are very expensive, and cost pounds of money. Wahid- But what is the use of collecting stamps? George.- Oh ! Well, it's a hobby. And it teaches you some geography; and sometimes it brings money. Wahid- How is that? George.- Why, a really good collection sometimes sells for hundreds of pounds. Why don't you go in for stamp-collecting? Wahid- I like something more active. My hobby is collecting ferns and wild flowers. And to get these you have to go long country walks, and explore the woods, and climb the hills. It is quite an adventure when you find a rare plant or fern in some wild place. George.- But what do you do with them when you get them? Wahid- I press them, and then mount them neatly on sheets of paper, and name them. I have got quite a nice collection. George. - How do you press them? Wahid- I lay the fern or plant between sheets of blotting-paper, and put them in a press, or under a board with heavy weights. You have to change the blotting-paper every day, and in about a week the plant is dried and pressed, and will last like that for years. George.- And what is the good of your hobby? Wahid- Well, it teaches me a lot of botany; and takes me into beautiful country; and does me good physically, because it means exercise in the open air.

Sujan: Hi Ashik, how are you doing? Ashik: I'm good, Sujan. What about you? Sujan: I'm great. You know, I was just thinking about the importance of English language in our lives. Ashik: Yes, it's a crucial language, isn't it? Sujan: Absolutely. In this era of globalization, English has become the universal language for communication in all fields. Ashik: That's true. It's the language of science, technology, business, and international relations. Sujan: Indeed. Without a good command of English, one can face many difficulties in life. For instance, they may not be able to communicate effectively with people from different countries or access information in English. Ashik: Right. In fact, English is a prerequisite for higher education and professional success in most parts of the world. Sujan: Exactly. It opens up many opportunities for personal growth and career advancement. Unfortunately, many people in our country are not proficient in English, and this is hindering our progress as a nation. Ashik: Yes, we need to address this problem and take steps to improve our English proficiency. Sujan: I agree. It's important to start learning English from an early age, and the government and educational institutions can play a key role in promoting English language education. Ashik: Additionally, we can take personal initiatives to improve our English skills, such as reading English books, watching English movies, and practicing speaking and writing in English. Sujan: That's a great point. We need to realize the significance of English language and take it seriously to achieve success in our personal and professional lives. Ashik: Absolutely. Let's start making efforts to improve our English proficiency from today onwards. Thanks for the conversation, Sujan. Sujan: You're welcome, Ashik. It was nice talking to you. Goodbye.

Raha: Hello there, why do you seem so down? Is anything bothering you? Nusa: Hey, Raha. I'm just feeling a bit nervous because my exams are coming up soon. Raha: I see. Have you been studying regularly and preparing well? Nusa: I have been studying, but I'm not too happy with my results from previous exams. I really want to do better this time. Raha: Well, if you need any help or advice, I'm here to support you. What specifically do you need help with? Nusa: Actually, I was hoping you could share some tips on how you managed to do so well in your exams last year. Raha: Sure, it's not really a secret. There are some basic rules you should follow to do well in exams. Nusa: That sounds great. Can you please share those rules with me? Raha: Of course. Firstly, you should study consistently and not just cram everything in at the last minute. Also, it's important to make your own notes and review them regularly. Nusa: Okay, got it. What about English and Mathematics? Raha: For those subjects, it's all about practice. You should practice writing every day and take regular practice tests. Nusa: I see. Any other tips you can offer? Raha: Yes, it's also important to develop a habit of writing. Whatever you read, try to write it down. It will help you learn better. Nusa: That's a great suggestion. And what about during the actual exam? Raha: During the exam, make sure to budget your time wisely, write legibly, and answer all questions. Also, try to avoid irrelevant information in your answers. Nusa: Thank you so much for all your advice. I'll definitely try to follow these strategies. Raha: You're welcome. Just remember, there's no magic formula for success. Consistency and hard work are key.

Raha: Hello Zarif! How are you? Nitu: I’m fine. What about you? Raha: I’m fine too. Have you seen the recent raid of mobile courts on food production houses? Nitu: Yes, I think the mobile court is doing the right task to stop food adulteration. Raha: Exactly! The adulteration of food is increasing beyond any limit. They are using chemicals to preserve food. Nitu: Yes, and these chemicals are mainly used for industrial purposes. These chemicals can cause kidney damage, heart failure, and various other diseases. Raha: Yes, and it seems to me that the unscrupulous traders of our country don’t care even to kill innocent people to earn extra profit. Nitu: You’re right. However, this is not the only case of food adulteration of adult people. They are also mixing chemicals with baby foods. Raha: Oh, my God! I see the situation is very terrible! They have become so heartless that they don’t even care about babies. Nitu: Yes, nowadays fishes are adulterated with formalin, fruits are adulterated with carbide, and edible oils are adulterated with cyanide. Raha: But why these traders are adopting such malpractices in spite of knowing the worst consequences of massive food adulteration? Nitu: It’s very simple. They are dishonest and they can do everything for money. Raha: They are very nasty and they have no moral character. They are enemies to humanity. However, this crime must be stopped at any cost. Nitu: And we’re helpless at the point of their clutch. Raha: You’re mostly right. Our government is taking steps time to time but they are producing no result. Isn’t there any light of hope? Nitu: Yes, there is. It is we who should be careful to choosing right foods as far as possible. The criminals have to be punished by law. Raha: Your valuable words may make me wise. Nitu: Absolutely! You’re most welcome. See you again.

Fuad: Sajid, what happened? We missed you at the prize-giving ceremony. Sajid: I'm equally sorry, but my mother had an accident, and I had to take her to the hospital. Fuad: I'm sorry to hear that. How is she doing now? Sajid: She's doing a bit better. No need to worry. Please tell me all about the ceremony. Fuad: The school auditorium and stage were beautifully decorated, and the prizes were displayed neatly on a separate table. Sajid: What time did the function start? Fuad: It began promptly at 4 pm. Sajid: Who attended the ceremony? Fuad: All the students, their guardians, and some distinguished members of the community were in attendance. Sajid: What did the Head Teacher do? Fuad: The Head Teacher began the ceremony by presenting the annual report. Sajid: Who was the chief guest, and what did he do? Fuad: The College Principal was the chief guest, and he delivered a short yet impressive speech, praising the school's all-round progress. Sajid: How did you like the chief guest's speech? Fuad: It was a brief but impactful speech that was well-received by everyone. Sajid: What happened after the speech? Fuad: The chief guest then awarded prizes to the students for their outstanding achievements. Sajid: Did you receive any prize? Fuad: Yes, I was fortunate enough to receive two prizes, one for regular attendance and the other for outstanding performance in the last year-end exams. Sajid: Was that all? Fuad: No, it was a great success. The recitations, dances, and drama performances were all exceptional, captivating the audience. Sajid: I am genuinely sorry that I missed such an important event of our school life. Take care, and goodbye. Fuad: Goodbye, Sajid.now if you have any further questions.

Myself: Good afternoon, sir. I was hoping to inquire about opening a bank account with your institution. Manager: Good afternoon. Of course, I'd be happy to assist you with that. Can you tell me a bit more about the type of account you're interested in? Myself: Certainly. I recently received a scholarship and would like to save the money. What options are available for a savings account? Manager: We have several savings accounts available, depending on your needs. I would recommend our basic savings account, which offers competitive interest rates and no monthly fees. Myself: That sounds ideal. Can you please walk me through the process of opening an account? Manager: Sure. The first step is to fill out an application form, which I can provide for you. Once you've filled out the necessary information, you'll need to bring it back to me with two passport-sized photos of yourself and another photo of your beneficiary. You'll also need to make an initial deposit to activate the account. Myself: I understand. Is there a minimum deposit amount required? Manager: Yes, we do require a minimum deposit of $100 to open a savings account. Myself: I see. And what is the interest rate for this type of account? Manager: Currently, our basic savings account offers an interest rate of 2.5% per annum. Myself: Thank you for that information. Is there anything else I need to know before opening an account? Manager: Just be aware that you'll need to maintain a minimum balance of $500 in your account to avoid any fees. Additionally, it usually takes one to two business days to activate the account and issue a debit card. Myself: Understood. Thank you for your assistance, sir. Manager: You're welcome. Please don't hesitate to let me know if you have any further questions.

1. A Dialogue Between Two Friends About the Problem of Load-Shedding Arafat: Hello, Nabil. You look very exhausted and sweaty. What happened? Nabil: Hi, Arafat. I am fine, but I am extremely tired because of the terrible heat. The power went out again in our area. Arafat: Oh, you are talking about load-shedding. It has become a severe problem in our city recently. Nabil: Yes, it has. It seems like the electricity goes off every alternate hour. I could not sleep properly last night. Arafat: I faced the same situation. The summer heat combined with frequent load-shedding makes life unbearable. Nabil: Exactly. It disrupts our daily routine completely. Even our household chores are greatly hampered. Arafat: You are right. Without electricity, the water supply stops in many areas. Food kept in the refrigerator gets rotten, and daily life comes to a standstill. Nabil: It is also very difficult for elderly people and small children. They suffer the most during these long power cuts in the extreme heat. Arafat: The darkness at night also creates security problems. The number of thefts and robberies usually increases during load-shedding. Nabil: I completely agree. The authorities really need to look into this matter seriously. We cannot continue living in such misery. Arafat: Let us hope the situation improves soon. We should also try to use electricity carefully when the power is on. Nabil: That is a good point. See you later, Arafat. Take care! Arafat: You too, Nabil. Goodbye! 2. A Dialogue Between Two Friends About the Causes, Effects, and Remedies of Load Shedding Rakib: Good morning, Fahim. Did you read today's newspaper? There is a big report on load shedding. Fahim: Good morning, Rakib. No, I haven't read it yet. But load shedding is a burning issue right now. Do you know what the main causes are? Rakib: The primary cause is the lack of sufficient electricity production. Our country produces less power than our daily national demand. Fahim: Are there any other reasons besides low production? Rakib: Yes. Mismanagement, system loss, and illegal connections are also major causes. Many people steal electricity, which overloads the main grid. Fahim: That is very unfortunate. The effects are also devastating. It hampers our industrial production badly. Rakib: Exactly. Mills and factories cannot run their machines without continuous power. As a result, our national economy suffers a massive loss. Fahim: What are the possible remedies for this national crisis? Rakib: First, the government must establish new power plants to increase electricity generation. We also need to use alternative energy sources like solar power. Fahim: What about the illegal connections? Rakib: The government must take strict legal action against those who steal power and stop the system loss in the distribution sector. Fahim: I think public awareness is also important. We often leave lights and fans on unnecessarily. We must learn to save electricity. Rakib: You are absolutely right. If the government and the public work together, we can overcome this problem. Fahim: I hope so too. Thanks for the informative discussion, Rakib. Rakib: You are welcome, Fahim. 3. A Dialogue Between Two Friends About Load Shedding and Student Life Sima: Hello, Rina. Why do you look so worried today? Rina: Hi, Sima. I am very worried about our upcoming final exams. The frequent load shedding is ruining my preparation. Sima: I am facing the exact same problem. Every evening, just when I sit down to study, the power goes out. Rina: It is so frustrating. Sometimes the electricity does not come back for two or three hours. I cannot concentrate on my studies at all. Sima: How do you study during the power cuts? Do you have an IPS or a generator at home? Rina: No, we do not. I have to use a rechargeable table lamp or sometimes just a candle. But the light is too dim. Sima: Reading in dim light is very harmful to the eyes. I tried reading with a candle yesterday, and I got a terrible headache. Rina: Exactly. Besides, it is so hot without the fan that I start sweating continuously. It completely destroys the environment for studying. Sima: Load shedding is a great obstacle for all students. Those who are preparing for board exams are suffering the most. Rina: We are losing our valuable time. If this continues, it will be very difficult to get a good grade. Sima: We should try to study more during the daytime to cover our syllabus. We cannot rely on the electricity at night. Rina: That is a very practical suggestion, Sima. I will try to wake up early and study in the morning sunlight. Sima: Yes, let us do our best. Good luck with your studies, Rina. Rina: Thank you, Sima. Good luck to you too! 4. A Dialogue Between Two Friends About the Negative Impacts of Load Shedding Hasan: Hi, Jamal. Where are you rushing to? Jamal: Hello, Hasan. I am going to the hospital to visit my uncle. He was supposed to have a surgery today, but it got delayed. Hasan: Delayed? Why? Was there a problem with the doctor? Jamal: No, the doctor was ready. But there was a sudden load shedding at the hospital, and their backup generator failed to start on time. Hasan: That is terrible! Load shedding in hospitals is a matter of life and death. The negative impact of power cuts is truly frightening. Jamal: Yes. Just imagine the suffering of the patients kept in the Intensive Care Units. Even a minute without power can be fatal. Hasan: The negative importance of load shedding extends everywhere. Look at our markets and shops. Businessmen are facing huge losses because buyers do not want to shop in the dark. Jamal: True. The cold storages also suffer. Huge amounts of fresh vegetables and life-saving medicines get destroyed due to the lack of continuous power supply. Hasan: In the industrial sector, the situation is even worse. Production lines stop suddenly, which damages expensive machinery and reduces export income. Jamal: It is literally dragging our country backward. Foreign investors lose interest in building factories here because of the poor electricity supply. Hasan: Therefore, solving the load shedding problem should be the top priority for our country's development. Jamal: I agree completely. We cannot hope to become a developed nation while living in the dark. Hasan: Let us hope the authorities take permanent steps soon. I hope your uncle's surgery goes well. Jamal: Thank you, Hasan. See you later. 5.A dialogue about the problem of load-shedding Sumi: You seem quite tired and fatigued. What's going on? Rumi: I had a rough night. The issue of load shedding kept me up. There was no electricity in our area all night long. Sumi: Unfortunately, load shedding has become all too common due to insufficient electricity production and the rampant misuse of power. Rumi: It's incredibly frustrating to endure the oppressive heat and complete darkness with no relief in sight. Sumi: And it's not just discomfort. Think about students with exams and patients needing medical attention during surgeries. Rumi: Exactly. I couldn't even study for my English exam tomorrow because of it. Sumi: Housewives are facing their own challenges. Food stored in refrigerators is spoiling, which is both wasteful and expensive. Rumi: And the economic losses from factories and mills shutting down their productive machinery are staggering. Sumi: This isn't just an inconvenience; it's a crisis that affects every aspect of life. We need to find a solution, and fast. What are your thoughts? Rumi: Well, first and foremost, the government needs to take decisive action. We need to increase electricity production and minimize system losses. Sumi: Agreed. And cracking down on illegal connections and promoting awareness about responsible electricity use could help alleviate the strain on the system. Rumi: We also need to address the issue of wastage. Strict enforcement of laws to ensure compliance is crucial. Sumi: Absolutely. Electricity is the backbone of progress and development. We can't afford to let shortages hold us back. Rumi: Definitely. Thank you for discussing this with me. It's important to keep the conversation going. Sumi: Of course. We need to raise awareness and push for action. Let's talk more about this soon. With Bangla Translation 1. A Dialogue Between Two Friends About the Problem of Load-Shedding Arafat: Hello, Nabil. You look very exhausted and sweaty. What happened? [হ্যালো, নাবিল। তোমাকে খুব ক্লান্ত এবং ঘর্মাক্ত দেখাচ্ছে। কী হয়েছে?] Nabil: Hi, Arafat. I am fine, but I am extremely tired because of the terrible heat. The power went out again in our area. [হাই, আরাফাত। আমি ঠিক আছি, কিন্তু প্রচণ্ড গরমের কারণে আমি ভীষণ ক্লান্ত। আমাদের এলাকায় আবার বিদ্যুৎ চলে গিয়েছিল।] Arafat: Oh, you are talking about load-shedding. It has become a severe problem in our city recently. [ওহ, তুমি লোডশেডিংয়ের কথা বলছ। এটি সম্প্রতি আমাদের শহরে একটি মারাত্মক সমস্যা হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে।] Nabil: Yes, it has. It seems like the electricity goes off every alternate hour. I could not sleep properly last night. [হ্যাঁ, তাই। মনে হচ্ছে প্রতি এক ঘণ্টা পরপর বিদ্যুৎ চলে যায়। গত রাতে আমি ঠিকমতো ঘুমাতে পারিনি।] Arafat: I faced the same situation. The summer heat combined with frequent load-shedding makes life unbearable. [আমিও একই পরিস্থিতির মুখোমুখি হয়েছিলাম। গ্রীষ্মের গরমের সাথে ঘন ঘন লোডশেডিং জীবনকে অসহনীয় করে তোলে।] Nabil: Exactly. It disrupts our daily routine completely. Even our household chores are greatly hampered. [একেবারেই। এটি আমাদের দৈনন্দিন রুটিনকে পুরোপুরি ব্যাহত করে। এমনকি আমাদের গৃহস্থালির কাজও মারাত্মকভাবে বাধাগ্রস্ত হয়।] Arafat: You are right. Without electricity, the water supply stops in many areas. Food kept in the refrigerator gets rotten, and daily life comes to a standstill. [তুমি ঠিক বলেছ। বিদ্যুৎ ছাড়া অনেক এলাকায় পানি সরবরাহ বন্ধ হয়ে যায়। ফ্রিজে রাখা খাবার পচে যায়, এবং দৈনন্দিন জীবন স্থবির হয়ে পড়ে।] Nabil: It is also very difficult for elderly people and small children. They suffer the most during these long power cuts in the extreme heat. [এটি বয়স্ক মানুষ এবং ছোট শিশুদের জন্যও খুব কষ্টের। প্রচণ্ড গরমে এই দীর্ঘ বিদ্যুৎ বিভ্রাটের সময় তারাই সবচেয়ে বেশি ভোগে।] Arafat: The darkness at night also creates security problems. The number of thefts and robberies usually increases during load-shedding. [রাতের অন্ধকার নিরাপত্তাজনিত সমস্যারও সৃষ্টি করে। লোডশেডিংয়ের সময় সাধারণত চুরি-ডাকাতির সংখ্যা বেড়ে যায়।] Nabil: I completely agree. The authorities really need to look into this matter seriously. We cannot continue living in such misery. [আমি সম্পূর্ণ একমত। কর্তৃপক্ষের সত্যিই বিষয়টি গুরুত্বের সাথে দেখা উচিত। আমরা এভাবে কষ্টে জীবনযাপন চালিয়ে যেতে পারি না।] Arafat: Let us hope the situation improves soon. We should also try to use electricity carefully when the power is on. [আশা করি পরিস্থিতি খুব শিগগিরই উন্নত হবে। যখন বিদ্যুৎ থাকে তখন আমাদের সতর্কতার সাথে এটি ব্যবহার করার চেষ্টা করা উচিত।] Nabil: That is a good point. See you later, Arafat. Take care! [এটি একটি ভালো কথা বলেছ। পরে দেখা হবে, আরাফাত। ভালো থেকো!] Arafat: You too, Nabil. Goodbye! [তুমিও, নাবিল। বিদায়!] 2. A Dialogue Between Two Friends About the Causes, Effects, and Remedies of Load Shedding Rakib: Good morning, Fahim. Did you read today's newspaper? There is a big report on load shedding. [শুভ সকাল, ফাহিম। তুমি কি আজকের খবরের কাগজ পড়েছ? লোডশেডিং নিয়ে একটি বড় প্রতিবেদন আছে।] Fahim: Good morning, Rakib. No, I haven't read it yet. But load shedding is a burning issue right now. Do you know what the main causes are? [শুভ সকাল, রাকিব। না, আমি এখনও পড়িনি। তবে লোডশেডিং এখন একটি জ্বলন্ত বিষয়। তুমি কি জানো এর প্রধান কারণগুলো কী?] Rakib: The primary cause is the lack of sufficient electricity production. Our country produces less power than our daily national demand. [প্রধান কারণ হলো পর্যাপ্ত বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদনের অভাব। আমাদের দেশ আমাদের দৈনিক জাতীয় চাহিদার চেয়ে কম বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদন করে।] Fahim: Are there any other reasons besides low production? [কম উৎপাদন ছাড়া আর কোনো কারণ আছে কি?] Rakib: Yes. Mismanagement, system loss, and illegal connections are also major causes. Many people steal electricity, which overloads the main grid. [হ্যাঁ। অব্যবস্থাপনা, সিস্টেম লস এবং অবৈধ সংযোগও প্রধান কারণ। অনেকেই বিদ্যুৎ চুরি করে, যা মূল গ্রিডের ওপর অতিরিক্ত চাপ ফেলে।] Fahim: That is very unfortunate. The effects are also devastating. It hampers our industrial production badly. [এটি খুবই দুর্ভাগ্যজনক। এর প্রভাবগুলোও ধ্বংসাত্মক। এটি আমাদের শিল্প উৎপাদনকে মারাত্মকভাবে ব্যাহত করে।] Rakib: Exactly. Mills and factories cannot run their machines without continuous power. As a result, our national economy suffers a massive loss. [একেবারেই। নিরবচ্ছিন্ন বিদ্যুৎ ছাড়া কলকারখানাগুলো তাদের মেশিন চালাতে পারে না। ফলে আমাদের জাতীয় অর্থনীতি ব্যাপক ক্ষতির সম্মুখীন হয়।] Fahim: What are the possible remedies for this national crisis? [এই জাতীয় সংকটের সম্ভাব্য প্রতিকারগুলো কী কী?] Rakib: First, the government must establish new power plants to increase electricity generation. We also need to use alternative energy sources like solar power. [প্রথমত, বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদন বাড়াতে সরকারকে অবশ্যই নতুন বিদ্যুৎকেন্দ্র স্থাপন করতে হবে। আমাদের সৌরশক্তির মতো বিকল্প শক্তির উৎসও ব্যবহার করতে হবে।] Fahim: What about the illegal connections? [অবৈধ সংযোগগুলোর ব্যাপারে কী করা যায়?] Rakib: The government must take strict legal action against those who steal power and stop the system loss in the distribution sector. [যারা বিদ্যুৎ চুরি করে তাদের বিরুদ্ধে সরকারকে অবশ্যই কঠোর আইনি ব্যবস্থা নিতে হবে এবং বিতরণ খাতে সিস্টেম লস বন্ধ করতে হবে।] Fahim: I think public awareness is also important. We often leave lights and fans on unnecessarily. We must learn to save electricity. [আমার মনে হয় জনসচেতনতাও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। আমরা প্রায়ই অপ্রয়োজনে লাইট ও ফ্যান চালু রাখি। আমাদের অবশ্যই বিদ্যুৎ সাশ্রয় করতে শিখতে হবে।] Rakib: You are absolutely right. If the government and the public work together, we can overcome this problem. [তুমি একদম ঠিক বলেছ। সরকার ও জনগণ যদি একসঙ্গে কাজ করে, তবে আমরা এই সমস্যা কাটিয়ে উঠতে পারব।] Fahim: I hope so too. Thanks for the informative discussion, Rakib. [আমিও তাই আশা করি। তথ্যবহুল আলোচনার জন্য ধন্যবাদ, রাকিব।] Rakib: You are welcome, Fahim. [তোমাকে স্বাগতম, ফাহিম।] 3. A Dialogue Between Two Friends About Load Shedding and Student Life Sima: Hello, Rina. Why do you look so worried today? [হ্যালো, রিনা। তোমাকে আজ এত চিন্তিত দেখাচ্ছে কেন?] Rina: Hi, Sima. I am very worried about our upcoming final exams. The frequent load shedding is ruining my preparation. [হাই, সীমা। আমাদের আসন্ন চূড়ান্ত পরীক্ষা নিয়ে আমি খুব চিন্তিত। ঘন ঘন লোডশেডিং আমার প্রস্তুতি নষ্ট করে দিচ্ছে।] Sima: I am facing the exact same problem. Every evening, just when I sit down to study, the power goes out. [আমিও ঠিক একই সমস্যার সম্মুখীন হচ্ছি। প্রতিদিন সন্ধ্যায়, আমি ঠিক যখন পড়তে বসি, তখনই বিদ্যুৎ চলে যায়।] Rina: It is so frustrating. Sometimes the electricity does not come back for two or three hours. I cannot concentrate on my studies at all. [এটি খুবই হতাশাজনক। মাঝে মাঝে দুই-তিন ঘণ্টাতেও বিদ্যুৎ ফিরে আসে না। আমি আমার পড়াশোনায় একেবারেই মনোযোগ দিতে পারি না।] Sima: How do you study during the power cuts? Do you have an IPS or a generator at home? [বিদ্যুৎ না থাকলে তুমি কীভাবে পড়ো? তোমাদের বাড়িতে কি আইপিএস বা জেনারেটর আছে?] Rina: No, we do not. I have to use a rechargeable table lamp or sometimes just a candle. But the light is too dim. [না, আমাদের নেই। আমাকে একটি রিচার্জেবল টেবিল ল্যাম্প বা কখনো শুধু একটি মোমবাতি ব্যবহার করতে হয়। কিন্তু আলো খুব অনুজ্জ্বল থাকে।] Sima: Reading in dim light is very harmful to the eyes. I tried reading with a candle yesterday, and I got a terrible headache. [কম আলোতে পড়া চোখের জন্য খুবই ক্ষতিকর। আমি গতকাল মোমবাতি জ্বালিয়ে পড়ার চেষ্টা করেছিলাম, আর তাতে আমার প্রচণ্ড মাথাব্যথা শুরু হয়।] Rina: Exactly. Besides, it is so hot without the fan that I start sweating continuously. It completely destroys the environment for studying. [একেবারেই। তাছাড়া ফ্যান ছাড়া এত গরম থাকে যে আমি ক্রমাগত ঘামতে থাকি। এটি পড়ার পরিবেশ পুরোপুরি ধ্বংস করে দেয়।] Sima: Load shedding is a great obstacle for all students. Those who are preparing for board exams are suffering the most. [লোডশেডিং সব শিক্ষার্থীর জন্যই একটি বড় বাধা। যারা বোর্ড পরীক্ষার প্রস্তুতি নিচ্ছে তারা সবচেয়ে বেশি ভুগছে।] Rina: We are losing our valuable time. If this continues, it will be very difficult to get a good grade. [আমরা আমাদের মূল্যবান সময় হারাচ্ছি। এভাবে চলতে থাকলে ভালো গ্রেড পাওয়া খুব কঠিন হবে।] Sima: We should try to study more during the daytime to cover our syllabus. We cannot rely on the electricity at night. [আমাদের সিলেবাস শেষ করতে দিনের বেলা বেশি পড়ার চেষ্টা করা উচিত। আমরা রাতের বেলা বিদ্যুতের ওপর নির্ভর করতে পারি না।] Rina: That is a very practical suggestion, Sima. I will try to wake up early and study in the morning sunlight. [এটি একটি খুব বাস্তবসম্মত পরামর্শ, সীমা। আমি ভোরে ওঠার চেষ্টা করব এবং সকালের সূর্যের আলোয় পড়ব।] Sima: Yes, let us do our best. Good luck with your studies, Rina. [হ্যাঁ, চলো আমরা আমাদের সর্বোচ্চ চেষ্টা করি। তোমার পড়াশোনার জন্য শুভকামনা, রিনা।] Rina: Thank you, Sima. Good luck to you too! [ধন্যবাদ, সীমা। তোমার জন্যও শুভকামনা!] 4. A Dialogue Between Two Friends About the Negative Impacts of Load Shedding Hasan: Hi, Jamal. Where are you rushing to? [হাই, জামাল। তুমি এত তাড়াহুড়ো করে কোথায় যাচ্ছ?] Jamal: Hello, Hasan. I am going to the hospital to visit my uncle. He was supposed to have a surgery today, but it got delayed. [হ্যালো, হাসান। আমি হাসপাতালে আমার চাচাকে দেখতে যাচ্ছি। আজ তার একটি অস্ত্রোপচার হওয়ার কথা ছিল, কিন্তু তা দেরি হয়ে গেছে।] Hasan: Delayed? Why? Was there a problem with the doctor? [দেরি? কেন? ডাক্তারের কি কোনো সমস্যা ছিল?] Jamal: No, the doctor was ready. But there was a sudden load shedding at the hospital, and their backup generator failed to start on time. [না, ডাক্তার প্রস্তুত ছিলেন। কিন্তু হাসপাতালে হঠাৎ লোডশেডিং হয়, এবং তাদের ব্যাকআপ জেনারেটর সময়মতো চালু হতে ব্যর্থ হয়।] Hasan: That is terrible! Load shedding in hospitals is a matter of life and death. The negative impact of power cuts is truly frightening. [এটি ভয়ানক! হাসপাতালে লোডশেডিং জীবন-মরণের ব্যাপার। বিদ্যুৎ বিভ্রাটের নেতিবাচক প্রভাব সত্যিই ভীতিকর।] Jamal: Yes. Just imagine the suffering of the patients kept in the Intensive Care Units. Even a minute without power can be fatal. [হ্যাঁ। শুধু ভেবে দেখো ইনটেনসিভ কেয়ার ইউনিটে রাখা রোগীদের কতটা কষ্ট হয়। বিদ্যুৎ ছাড়া এক মিনিটও মারাত্মক হতে পারে।] Hasan: The negative importance of load shedding extends everywhere. Look at our markets and shops. Businessmen are facing huge losses because buyers do not want to shop in the dark. [লোডশেডিংয়ের নেতিবাচক প্রভাব সব জায়গায় বিস্তৃত। আমাদের বাজার ও দোকানগুলোর দিকে তাকাও। ব্যবসায়ীরা বিশাল ক্ষতির সম্মুখীন হচ্ছেন কারণ ক্রেতারা অন্ধকারে কেনাকাটা করতে চান না।] Jamal: True. The cold storages also suffer. Huge amounts of fresh vegetables and life-saving medicines get destroyed due to the lack of continuous power supply. [সত্যি। কোল্ড স্টোরেজগুলোও ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত হয়। নিরবচ্ছিন্ন বিদ্যুৎ সরবরাহের অভাবে বিপুল পরিমাণ তাজা সবজি এবং জীবন রক্ষাকারী ওষুধ নষ্ট হয়ে যায়।] Hasan: In the industrial sector, the situation is even worse. Production lines stop suddenly, which damages expensive machinery and reduces export income. [শিল্প খাতে পরিস্থিতি আরও খারাপ। উৎপাদন লাইন হঠাৎ বন্ধ হয়ে যায়, যা দামি যন্ত্রপাতি নষ্ট করে এবং রপ্তানি আয় কমিয়ে দেয়।] Jamal: It is literally dragging our country backward. Foreign investors lose interest in building factories here because of the poor electricity supply. [এটি আক্ষরিক অর্থেই আমাদের দেশকে পিছনের দিকে টেনে নিচ্ছে। বিদ্যুতের দুর্বল সরবরাহের কারণে বিদেশি বিনিয়োগকারীরা এখানে কারখানা তৈরিতে আগ্রহ হারায়।] Hasan: Therefore, solving the load shedding problem should be the top priority for our country's development. [অতএব, লোডশেডিং সমস্যার সমাধান করা আমাদের দেশের উন্নয়নের জন্য সর্বোচ্চ অগ্রাধিকার হওয়া উচিত।] Jamal: I agree completely. We cannot hope to become a developed nation while living in the dark. [আমি পুরোপুরি একমত। অন্ধকারে বাস করে আমরা উন্নত জাতি হওয়ার আশা করতে পারি না।] Hasan: Let us hope the authorities take permanent steps soon. I hope your uncle's surgery goes well. [আশা করি কর্তৃপক্ষ শীঘ্রই স্থায়ী পদক্ষেপ নেবে। আমি আশা করি তোমার চাচার অস্ত্রোপচার ভালোভাবে হবে।] Jamal: Thank you, Hasan. See you later. [ধন্যবাদ, হাসান। পরে দেখা হবে।] 5. A dialogue about the problem of load-shedding Sumi: You seem quite tired and fatigued. What's going on? [তোমাকে বেশ ক্লান্ত এবং শ্রান্ত দেখাচ্ছে। কী হয়েছে?] Rumi: I had a rough night. The issue of load shedding kept me up. There was no electricity in our area all night long. [আমার রাতটা খুব খারাপ কেটেছে। লোডশেডিংয়ের সমস্যাটি আমাকে জাগিয়ে রেখেছিল। সারা রাত আমাদের এলাকায় বিদ্যুৎ ছিল না।] Sumi: Unfortunately, load shedding has become all too common due to insufficient electricity production and the rampant misuse of power. [দুর্ভাগ্যবশত, পর্যাপ্ত বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদনের অভাব এবং বিদ্যুতের ব্যাপক অপব্যবহারের কারণে লোডশেডিং খুব সাধারণ বিষয় হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে।] Rumi: It's incredibly frustrating to endure the oppressive heat and complete darkness with no relief in sight. [কোনো স্বস্তি ছাড়াই এই অসহনীয় গরম এবং সম্পূর্ণ অন্ধকার সহ্য করা অবিশ্বাস্য রকমের হতাশাজনক।] Sumi: And it's not just discomfort. Think about students with exams and patients needing medical attention during surgeries. [আর এটি কেবল অস্বস্তিই নয়। পরীক্ষার সময় শিক্ষার্থীদের কথা এবং অস্ত্রোপচারের সময় চিকিৎসা প্রয়োজন এমন রোগীদের কথা ভেবে দেখো।] Rumi: Exactly. I couldn't even study for my English exam tomorrow because of it. [একেবারেই। এর কারণে আমি আগামীকাল আমার ইংরেজি পরীক্ষার জন্যও পড়তে পারিনি।] Sumi: Housewives are facing their own challenges. Food stored in refrigerators is spoiling, which is both wasteful and expensive. [গৃহিণীরা তাদের নিজেদের চ্যালেঞ্জের মুখোমুখি হচ্ছেন। ফ্রিজে রাখা খাবার নষ্ট হয়ে যাচ্ছে, যা অপচয় এবং ব্যয়বহুল উভয়ই।] Rumi: And the economic losses from factories and mills shutting down their productive machinery are staggering. [আর কলকারখানাগুলো তাদের উৎপাদনশীল যন্ত্রপাতি বন্ধ রাখায় যে অর্থনৈতিক ক্ষতি হচ্ছে, তা হতবাক করার মতো।] Sumi: This isn't just an inconvenience; it's a crisis that affects every aspect of life. We need to find a solution, and fast. What are your thoughts? [এটি শুধু একটি অসুবিধাই নয়; এটি এমন একটি সংকট যা জীবনের প্রতিটি দিককে প্রভাবিত করে। আমাদের দ্রুত একটি সমাধান খুঁজে বের করতে হবে। এ বিষয়ে তোমার চিন্তাভাবনা কী?] Rumi: Well, first and foremost, the government needs to take decisive action. We need to increase electricity production and minimize system losses. [প্রথমত এবং সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয় হলো, সরকারকে অবশ্যই চূড়ান্ত পদক্ষেপ নিতে হবে। আমাদের বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদন বাড়াতে হবে এবং সিস্টেম লস কমানো দরকার।] Sumi: Agreed. And cracking down on illegal connections and promoting awareness about responsible electricity use could help alleviate the strain on the system. [একমত। আর অবৈধ সংযোগের বিরুদ্ধে কঠোর ব্যবস্থা নেওয়া এবং দায়িত্বশীলভাবে বিদ্যুৎ ব্যবহারের বিষয়ে সচেতনতা বাড়ানো সিস্টেমের ওপর চাপ কমাতে সাহায্য করতে পারে।] Rumi: We also need to address the issue of wastage. Strict enforcement of laws to ensure compliance is crucial. [আমাদের অপচয়ের সমস্যাটিও সমাধান করতে হবে। নিয়ম মানা নিশ্চিত করতে আইনের কঠোর প্রয়োগ অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।] Sumi: Absolutely. Electricity is the backbone of progress and development. We can't afford to let shortages hold us back. [অবশ্যই। বিদ্যুৎ হলো অগ্রগতি ও উন্নয়নের মেরুদণ্ড। ঘাটতির কারণে আমাদের পিছিয়ে পড়াটা আমরা মেনে নিতে পারি না।] Rumi: Definitely. Thank you for discussing this with me. It's important to keep the conversation going. [অবশ্যই। আমার সাথে এই বিষয়টি নিয়ে আলোচনা করার জন্য ধন্যবাদ। এই আলোচনা চালিয়ে যাওয়াটা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।] Sumi: Of course. We need to raise awareness and push for action. Let's talk more about this soon. [অবশ্যই। আমাদের সচেতনতা বাড়াতে হবে এবং পদক্ষেপ নেওয়ার জন্য জোর দিতে হবে। চলো খুব শিগগিরই এই বিষয়ে আরও কথা বলি।]

THE RULES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED PRIOR TO WRITING ACADEMIC ESSAYS / Paragraph Rule 01: Avoid using contractions or abbreviations. (Ex. Use can not instead of can’t) Avoid contracted auxiliary verbs and negatives. These are very common in informal speech and writing, but are considered inappropriate in academic writing. Non-academic: I don’t think that I’m working hard. Academic: I do not think that I am working hard. For example: can’t, couldn’t, wouldn’t, didn’t, I’ll, I’ve, I’d, won’t, etc... Note that “cannot” is one word. Do not use abbreviations or symbols. Spell the words out. Ex: & = and; dept. = department Rule 02: Use third person voice or impersonal language. (Ex. One can interpret...instead of You can interpret...) In other words, the impersonal language should be used. Most formal writing aims to establish an air of objectivity and impartiality, an air with which the personal pronouns I, me, and my seem inconsistent. In truth, objectivity results from proper use of evidence and logic rather than pronoun choices, but there is something to be said for seeming as well as being objective. Moreover, some professors prohibit their students from using first-person pronouns as a kind of discipline: many students do inject personal opinions and unexamined assumptions where persuasiveness demands objective evidence, and prohibiting personal pronouns seems to help curb this tendency. The convention in much academic writing is to write with minimal reference to yourself as an author. The reason for this lies in a tradition of needing to present your work "objectively", as the work of a dispassionate and disinterested (that is, unbiased) researcher. So, one of the features of academic writing is a general absence of the first person pronoun "I". This can be difficult, as lecturers often say, "tell me what you think". Well, they do want to know what you think, but presented as a rational, objective argument. For this reason we also avoid using emotive language; instead we let the "facts" - or our reasoned argument - make the point for us. It is important to note that while the avoidance of "I" has long been part of the academic tradition, these days some academics consider its use to be acceptable. So, you may encounter different views about the use of "I" over the course of your degree. In any case, you will need to develop the flexibility in your writing to play down the "personal element". Your lecturer, Cathi Lewis, for example, has stated that she prefers undergraduates to avoid the use of "I" in Introduction to Sociology (See the Lecturer's Advice section of this tutorial). Regardless of your particular lecturer's views, you will need to learn how to use "I" sparingly. So let's look at how we can write passages without reference to the first person pronoun. Avoid personal "I", "you", and "we", except for the thesis statement. So, instead of: "As I mentioned above...", write" "As was mentioned above..." except for the thesis statement. So, instead of: "As I mentioned above...", write" "As was mentioned above..." There are several ways to avoid using the first person pronoun "I": One way is to let the assignment "speak for itself": for example, "I show..." becomes "The report shows..." "I interpret the results as..." becomes "The results indicate..." Another way to avoid the first person is to use the passive voice construction: - The second-person singular pronoun - you - raises a similar issue when used to refer to a hypothetical rather than a real individual. Consider the following sentence: You eat peas with a fork, not with a knife. - This you is not a definite person who chooses to eat peas with one utensil rather than another. The meaning of the sentence is actually something like, "Peas should be eaten with a fork, not with a knife." This you is a fictional character who in sentences of this kind also frequently goes by the name one, and who is standing in for a whole class of persons. - The fictional you is a welcome character in speech and informal writing but is perhaps best left out of formal writing. Since your reader, too, is you, the hypothetical or indefinite you may seem to cross a little too far into the reader's space for the maintenance of an impersonal air. Rule 03: Be sure to use transitions between points, within a paragraph. Use appropriate linking words/phrases to show the links between paragraph, as well as to link sentences within paragraphs. Do not use simple linking words (e.g. and, but, so) except for variety. Conjunctions: avoid weak conjunctions such as "but." This is a VERY weak word with which to begin a sentence. Look in the thesaurus for others, such as "however," "moreover," "nevertheless," "nonetheless," "regardless," etc. Although it is grammatically correct to begin sentences with "And", “Or”, and "Because," you should be careful and avoid doing this because many students do not do so correctly. - Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, or, yet, so): Put a comma before these conjunctions. (Don't use them at the beginning of a sentence in more formal writing.) example: The movie has already started, but my friend has not arrived yet. - Correlative Conjunctions (These have two parts: either . . . or): * Put a comma before the second part if it connects 2 clauses (complete sentences). example: Eric is not only an outstanding teacher, but he is also a gourmet cook. * You don't need a comma if it only connects words or phrases. example: Eric is not only an outstanding teacher but also a gourmet cook. - Transitional Words and Phrases: * Put a comma after these if they are at the beginning of a sentence. example: I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals. * Use a semicolon to connect the two sentences. example: I like to travel; specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals. * Use a comma before and after the transitional word/phrase in the middle of a clause. example: I like to travel, and, specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals. Some Common English Transition Words and Phrases Rule 04: Use present tense In writing about literature the present tense must be used. Ex: The three bears see Goldilocks and they run away. NOT: The three bears saw Goldilocks and ran away. q DO: When Andy tries to speak to the drunk man in the alley, he feels pain in his stomach. q DON’T: When Andy had tried to speak to the drunk man, he felt pain in his stomach. In English, the present simple tense is used to describe habitual actions and events, and those that are usually true. It is said that the present simple is used to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. As shown in the following examples: - I take my breakfast every morning at 7 o’clock. - Nurses look after patients in hospitals. Moreover, it is used to express facts. For example, the planets go round the sun. In the present simple, the verb does not take an ending with the following pronouns: I, you, they, and we. However, in the third person singular (he, she, and it), the verb ends with “s” or “es”, as in the following examples: - I usually go away at weekends. - Sarah catches the early train. More precisely, in academic writing, the use of the present simple is often conventionalized and predominantly used. For example, in linguistics essays, it is used to explain aspecific linguistic phenomenon which is always true. - A child acquires language during the critical period. - Language is a set of signals by which we communicate. - Code switching occurs in bilingual societies. Tense-shifting: ─ NEVER switch tenses when answering questions on tests or when writing essays. Although the past tense is acceptable, (as long as there is no switching to other tenses), try to always use the present tense. Even though the novel/short story/play/poem, etc. obviously has been written in the "past," writing/discussion of texts should be in present tense. Rule 05: Avoid using colloquialisms (slang). For example: kids, dude, gal, guy, homies, etc... Don't use slang. This is the time to show off the best English you know. Find the correct way to express your thoughts and convey your ideas, without resorting to slang. Be aware that certain expressions, such as "kids" instead of "children" and "guys" or "gals" instead of "men" or "women", also fall into the category of slang and should be avoided. Rule 06: Use gender neutral language (replace he, she with they, the character, or by name) Although in the past it was acceptable to use "he" when referring to both men and women, it is no longer acceptable to do so now. Why? Because linguists found that language use actually does have an impact on the way people think and act. If pronouns are always "he," and certain professions are always fireman, policeman, chairman, congressmen, etc, then it is more likely that men -- by simple virtue of the privileged masculine pronoun and noun use -- will fill those positions, and that women will feel that they do not belong in them. Avoiding sexist pronouns will help you find liberation from these restricting gender roles. Even if you disagree with the above theory, using "he" only pronouns is a practice that is no longer tolerated in MLA style. You should instead choose to pluralize your subject and use "they" or "their" when referring back to that subject. Or you can choose "he or she," but if you need to write "he or she" more than twice in the sentence, you might give your reader a headache. Try to avoid "s/he" or "he/she" simply because it is unsightly. Really the best solution is pluralization. (When implementing the plural solution, remember the principle of agreement.  "Everyone needs their umbrella" is not grammatical, because "everyone" is a singular subject.) o   Sexist: If a medical student wants to succeed, he has to learn to budget his time wisely. o   Liberated: If medical students want to succeed, they have to learn to budget his time wisely. o   Sexist: If one wants to become a DJ, he has to be familiar with the current music styles and have a strong sense of internal rhythm and musical flow. o   Liberated: If one wants to become a DJ, he or she has to be familiar with the current music styles and have a strong sense of internal rhythm and musical flow. o   Sexist: A good computer programmer has to root his knowledge in practical experience. o   Liberated: Good computer programmers have to root their knowledge in practical experience. Use non-sexist language: Avoid the word "man" and "he/his/him" when referring to general phenomena. When writing sentences, there are two ways to do this: A) Make it plural. B)    If necessary, use ONE, HE/SHE. C)    Also, see this table: Rule 07: Avoid repetition. Do not use the same word or the same sentence structure too frequently. Repetition means that the same lexical item in several sentences subsequent to its first occurrence is repeated. For example, in this section, the phrase “lexical cohesion” is repeated more than twice. In addition, repetition helps to reinforce key ideas and new terms. However, the overuse of repetition in academic writing results in a text which sounds monotonous, i.e., it does not invite the reader to read it since it contains a lot of repetitions. This problem can be overcome by shifting the position of the repeated items in the sentence. Use rich vocabulary: You have learned English for many years and this is the time to use what you know. Stay away from over-used adjectives such as "good" or "bad". Instead, use more dramatic, expressive words, such as excellent, wonderful, superb, or adverse, horrible, terrible, etc. Choose the more precise word over the more general one. This will make your language come alive, in speech or in writing, and earn you higher marks. Rule 08: Avoid using imperative language. Use imperative voice sparingly in a scientific paper, because it comes across as rude (as do many of the sentences in what you are reading right now!). E.g. do not say "Recall that ...". Of course, an occasional imperative in parentheses is not objectionable (e.g. "(see Walker 1996 for more details)."). Rule 09: Be sure to use but and however correctly (See examples of correct usage below) - I do not like homework, but I understand it’s important. - I wish I studied more; however, I still did well on the test - I am sick today and will miss the test, however, this will give me more time to study. "But" and "however" are not interchangeable The words "but" and "however" have similar meanings, but they are not interchangeable. If you take a grammatically correct sentence containing "but" and replace it with "however", or vice versa, the result will almost always be incorrect, mainly because of comma punctuation. Correct examples: "I like oranges, but I do not like tangerines." "I like oranges. However, I do not like tangerines." "I like oranges; however, I do not like tangerines." "I, however, do not like grapefruits." "I like oranges however they have been prepared." If you exchange any of these "but"s and "however"s, then the sentences would become incorrect, and in some cases meaningless. Rule 10: Avoid using ‘it’ and ‘this’ at the start of a sentence. If necessary, however, join the two sentences using a comma or semi-colon. See examples below. Use 'It' as a subject; e.g. 'It is impossible to...' Incorrect: I love the snow. It is fun to play in. Correct: I love the snow; it is fun to play in. (A comma can also be used in place of the semi-colon) Notes: It is aceptable to use ‘it’ as a preparatory subject. (See more at Rule 28) It is advisable to memorise the following useful phrases: 1.   It goes without saying that .../ Of course, ... 2.   It is quite clear that .../ Obviously, ... 3.   It is worth pointing out that .../ Another point is ... 4.   It does not seem unreasonable to suggest that .../ In my opinion, ... 5.   It is often argued that .../ People say that ... 6.   It is sometimes suggested that/ People say that ... 7.   It is particularly significant that ... / Importantly, ... 8.   It could be argued that ...? Perhaps,.... 9.   It is likely that .../ Probably, .... Rule 11: Avoid very strong language E.g. I know. I am sure... Avoid using words that express your opinion too strongly In addition to a formal voice, you should also maintain a cool-headed, objective tone. Tone usually becomes an issue when you are writing about hot topics you feel strongly about -- religion, for example, or cultural values. Even when you strongly disagree with an idea, avoid getting "emotional" in your expression. Avoid seeming angry, or condescending, or rude. Keep your calm and remain scholarly, and try to portray yourself as one who is objectively assessing the situation. ·        Emotional: We must do everything we can to legalize gay marriage. For the sake of equality, the rights of liberty and freedom that our forefathers fought for--it is essential!!! Don't let conservatives take over your government and impose their puritanical moral values on everyone. This is only going to lead to dozens of more restrictions that those white-haired conservatives will impose in their cozy congress seats! ·        Objective: Keeping gay marriage illegal poses significant questions about the constitutionality of such laws. The forefathers who wrote the Constitution believed an individual's freedom was vitally important, and that as long as the actions did not cause directly harm to society, the actions should not be decriminalized. Rule 12: Do not use a series of short sentences or simple sentences. E.g. Many people think so. They are wrong. Rule 13: You should NOT: - use brackets and dashes to add information - use exclamation marks (!!!) in your essay Rule 14: Avoid very emotional language e.g. I absolutely detest people who... Rule 15: Do not express personal opinions too strongly e.g. I know...; instead, use milder expressions (e.g. It seems to me that... Express your opinion in a non-emotional way (e.g. It seems that, I therefore feel, etc.) Rule 16: Do not use over-generalisation (e.g. All politicians are...) Avoid: Everyone knows that... What goes around comes around... Rule 17: Do not refer blindly to statistics without accurate reference to their source. e.g. "A recent study showed..." - which study?) Rule 18: Do not use cliches e.g. Rome was not built in a day. Clichés are words and phrases that tend to be overused and do not make for good writing. They should be avoided in professional and academic writing. Examples: Don’t count your chickens before they have hatched. Let sleeping dogs lie. These phrases can add colour and life to informal speech; however, in writing, they appear to be substitutes for clear thought. We cannot build a new school at this point in time. Who would have thought that slavery could exist in this day and age? The Prime Minister believed that at the end of the day her policies would be vindicated. Some more examples of clichés are: ·        Raining like cats and dogs. ·        Like a pig in mud. ·        Over the hill. ·        In the dog house. ·        Back against the wall. ·        Under the gun. ·   My two cents. ·        Stubborn as a mule. ·   Bite your tongue. ·        Dyed in the wool. ·   Wrong side of the bed. ·        The calm before the storm. ·        Hair of the dog, ·        On thin ice. ·        Eye for an eye. ·        Tongue-in-cheek. ·        The third time is the charm. Rule 19: Do not use personal examples e.g. In my school..., One of my friend ….. Rule 20: Do not use colloquial language Casual conversational language that has a wider general acceptance than slang. Examples: - Let’s do lunch. - I’m going to get back at him. Colloquial language is generally acceptable in casual spoken English, but it is unacceptable in formal speaking situations, and in written English. Rule 21: Do not use metaphor A metaphor takes a name or descriptive term and applies it to a person or object in a non-literal sense - for example, 'a glaring error', 'the heart of the matter', 'pillar of the community', 'wave of terrorism', and so on. Rule 22: Do not use similes A simile compares a person, action or object with something else - for example, 'fly like an eagle', 'solid as a rock', 'as happy as Larry', 'pleased as Punch', and so on. Well-chosen metaphors and similes can give your writing immense expressive power. Once a metaphor or simile has become a cliché, it no longer provides a vivid image for the reader. Consequently, instead of impressing your readers with your writing style, you leave them with the impression that you have nothing of substance to say. Rule 23: Do not use figures of speech Figures of speech are closely related to clichés. Like metaphors and similes, figures of speech provide a writer with a colourful or forceful means to draw attention to a particular point but should be avoided in academic writing. ·        The cleaners were advised to lift their game or else. ·        Management has been on a steep learning curve. ·        It would be like looking for a needle in a haystack. Rule 24: Do not use euphemisms Expressions that soften orobscure the meaning that you wish to convey. Examples: - a guest of the government (in jail) - pre-owned (used) - passed away (died) - tactical omission (lie) Euphemisms are good if they spare someone’s feelings, but they are bad if they obscure meaning, or give a positive connotation to something illegal, immoral, or otherwise unacceptable. Rule 25: Do not talk about parts of the paragraph. Do not write: this paragraph shows... The topic sentence is... A quote that proves this is... Rule 26: Do not begin a sentence with numerals. For example, instead of writing: "400 people..." write: "Four hundred people..." Spell out all numbers less than 10. Ex: 6 = six Never start a sentence with a number unless you spell it out. Ex: 15 students.... = Fifteen students ... Use numerals 10 or above. Instead of writing: "There were 9 people...", write: "There were nine people..." Rule 27: Do not use non-specific words. For example: stuff, things, lots, etc... Rule 28: Do not use ambiguous words. For example: this, these, his, it, they, there is, there are, etc... These words have no meaning in themselves, but in conversation the meaning is usually clear from the context. In written text, however, the intended meaning is quite often not evident to the reader, because there are many possible interpretations of "it" and "this". Notes: 1.    It is acceptable to use ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, and ‘those’ when a noun directly afterward clarifies the meaning of the pronoun. Eg: “This character traits ...” 2.    It is acceptable to use ‘it’ as a preparatory subject. (See more at Rule 10) If you want to indicate that an opinion or belief is widely held, you can use the passive form of a reporting verb with it as its impersonal subject. It is widely believed that the standard of spoken English has declined in recent years. The following reporting verbs are often used in this way: accept acknowledge argue claim estimate predict You should use tentative language when discussing findings or views in your reports and presentations. When you want to avoid expressing strong claims or opinions you can use the verbs appear and seem. In the sentences overleaf, the subject of appear and seem is it. As you can see, they are followed by that-clauses. It appears that interest in Putonghua has increased since the handover. It would seem that students in Hong Kong are less motivated to learn English than their counterparts in Shanghai. 3.    It is aceptable to use ‘there is’ as a preparatory subject. (See Rule 44) Rule 29: Do not ask rhetorical questions. Readers want answers! So, instead of: "Do you know where the origin of tea is?" Write: "Tea originated in southern China near the border with India." A rhetorical question is a question for which no answer is expected. A rhetorical question is one in a written text where the writer assumes the reader knows the answer, or where the writer goes on to answer the question in the text. Such questions are inappropriate for academic writing: readers might not know the answer and the point being made could be more strongly and clearly expressed as a statement. You should not risk your point being misunderstood: make your point clear and 'up front'; for example: Rule 30: Write "most people”, instead of the incorrect "most of people" Likewise, "most women", "most animals", etc. But "most of the people" is OK. Rule 31: Do not use the expressions and so on or etc. Instead use such as. The expression and so on is too unclear for formal writing. Thus, instead of the informal "Japan imports potatoes, corn, wheat, and so on," write "Japan imports food such as potatoes, corn and wheat." Run on expressions include phrases such as 'and so forth', 'and so on' or 'etc'. Try to complete the sentence properly; do not use these if you can avoid them; for example Rule 32: Place adverbs within the verb Adverbs should be placed within the verb group rather than in the initial or final positions. In informal English, adverbs often occur as clauses at the beginning or end of sentences; for example: Rule 33: Avoid phrases such as "I believe," "I feel," and "I think." Even worse are phrases that add an adverb, such as "I strongly believe." Your tone will be much more confident if you just make the statement without preface. Rule 34: Avoid words that do not change the meaning of the sentence. Unnecessary words like "Actually", "Really" or "Basically" can be omitted. Rule 35: Do not use dialogues (conversations) in a formal essay. For example, instead of writing: "Will you come?" You should write: He asked me if I would come. Rule 36: Do not use informal language - In formal English one would use the word “whom” instead of the word “who” in certain situations. Formal: Whom did they elect? Informal: Who did they elect? Formal - Use 'whom' as an object: Whom have they chosen for the position? Informal - Use 'who' as an object: Who have they chosen for the position? Formal : With whom did you study? Informal : Who did you study with? In informal language prepositions often come at the end of certain structures. Formal: To which nation does he belong? Informal: Which nation does he belong to? Some pronouns have different forms in formal and informal language. In informal language we often leave out some words. Formal: She said that she would come. Informal: She said she would come. Formal: Have you seen Annie? Informal: Seen Annie? Rule 37: Avoid using unnecessary words Wordy phrases                                                  Using better English 1.      it would appear that ...                          1. apparently ... 2.      with the exception of ...                          2. except ... 3.      in connection with ...                                  3. about ... 4.      are found to be in agreement with ...           4. agree ... 5.      a large majority of ...                                       5. most ... 6.      in the event that ...                                               6. if ... 7.      a disproportionate number ...                                   7. few ... 8.      arrive at a decision ...                                                 8. decide ... 9.      for a further period of ten years ...                              9. for another ten years ... 10.  such is by no means the case ...                             10. this is not so ... 11.  in the field of education ...                                              11. in education ... 12.  they are without legal representation whatsoever ...       12. they have no legal representation ... 13.  in the case of the third question ...                                          13. in the third question ... 14.  at the present time, overseas companies are ...                        14. overseas companies are now ... 15.  there is really somewhat of an obligation on behalf of the department of health ... 15. the Department of Health is obliged ... Rule 38: Use singular determiners with plural verbs Determiners like each, every, either and neither are singular. They should be followed by singular verbs. Of course, in an informal style, you can put plural verbs after them, but if you do that in your IELTS essay, the examiner will not be too happy with you. Non-academic: Neither of us like him. Academic: Neither of us likes him. Rule 39: Avoid idiomatic language English is highly idiomatic, but idiomatic expressions are not always considered appropriate in academic writing. Of course, it is not easy to avoid all of them and it is not necessary either. You can use some idioms, but you must avoid the more ‘colourful’ ones like ‘raining cats and dogs’, ‘hit the nail on the head’ or ‘throw the baby out with the bathwater’. Some idioms, on the other hand, are perfectly acceptable in all kinds of writing. Rule 40: Do not start sentences with ‘And’, ‘Also’, ‘So’, ‘Or’, ‘Even so’, and ‘But’ Starting a sentence with them is sometimes considered inappropriate. A few decades ago it was considered totally unacceptable. Even today you can find several grammar books that advise against starting sentences with these conjunctions. However, the truth is that more and more academic writers now begin sentences with them. You must, however, make a conscious effort to avoid them just to be on the safe side. Instead of these, use `In addition', `However', `Hence', `Consequently', `Alternatively', `Nevertheless' at the beginninge of the sentence. Rule 41: Do not use informal phrasal verbs You cannot avoid all of them in your writing. It is not necessary either. Just make sure that you do not use a large number of phrasal verbs in your essay. Rule 42: Use passives Passives without ‘agents’ are common in academic and scientific writing. By using passive structures we will be able to limit the use of personal pronouns. Passive structures are also preferred when we want to talk about an action, but are not interested in saying who or what did / does it. The passive voice is one of the two voices in English. It is contrasting with active voice. In the passive, the object of the active voice becomes the subject, and the subject becomes the agent or object of the passive action. The passive sentence is indicated through a by-phrase or omitted altogether as shown in the following examples. - In recent years, researchers have published several analyses of survey data (active sentence). - In recent years, several analyses of survey data have been published. Furthermore, the passive voice is used much more in academic language than in everyday language. Certain grammatical features like the present simple and the passive voice are dominant and used frequently in academic writing than in general English. So, passive constructions have been identified as one of the prominent features of academic language. Moreover, the use of the passive voice in 6 such a type of language intends to create an indirect style and showsthe writer’s objectivity. This can be achieved by using another form of passive which is frequently used in academic writing (it is said that...... he is said to) as shown in the following examples: - The child acquires the language in short period of time. - It is said that the child acquires the language in a short period of time. Similarly, using the passive voice in academic language is often more suitable than activeconstructions and is considered the most used in written genres Rule 43: Employ tentative rather than assertive language. - using possibly and probably in front of verbs and noun phrases; e.g. 'This is possibly caused by...' or 'This is probably the most important factor.' - using the modal verbs may and might; e.g. 'This may be the most important factor.' - using appears to + V and seems to + V; e.g. 'This appears to be the most important factor.' - avoiding always and every, and replacing them with often and many/much. - avoiding certainly and obviously because this language can be condescending to your reader. Academic writing argument is rarely expressed in strongly positive language. To express an idea or finding in such a way would leave the writer open to attack by critical readers. To avoid making strong claims and expressing subjective opinions, academic writers use tentative rather then assertive language. Compare the tentative and assertive language in the table below. Modal verbs such as could, may and might are common in academic writing because they help writers express uncertainty or tentativeness. Also common are the verbs appear to and seem to, as well as adverbs of probability: perhaps, possibly, probably, likely, unlikely. Of course, depending on viewpoint and the available evidence, a writer can express greater or lesser degrees of certainty. Look at the examples in the table below. Rule 44: Use 'One' and ‘There’ as a subject e.g. 'One may ask whether...' ('One' is a formal version of 'You' [plural] in general) and Use 'There' as a subject; e.g. 'There is a serious risk of...' Some more phrases and their alternatives - One could say that ... / Perhaps, ... - One could draw the conclusion that .../ In conclusion, ... - As one might expect ... / Naturally ... - There is not a shadow of doubt that ... / Certainly, ... There is the possibility that .... / Possibly, ... There can be no doubt that .../ I am sure ... There are those who maintain that ... / Some people say .... There is a school of thoughts that ... / Some people say .... There is a strong likelihood that ... / Probably, ... Rule 45: Use It is because and This is because correctly. Language Analysis: It is because is used in the following situations: 1. To introduce an explanation of cause and effect use It is because: It is because of parents like her that our school is such a wonderful place. (like= similar to) It is because of my close association with the organisation that I know all the good that it does. It is because the body is a machine that education is possible. It is because workers today produce far more than those in the past that we have a higher standard of living. Structure: It is because + cause + ‘that’ + effect. Grammar: It is because of + cause (noun or noun phrase) + ‘that’+ effect (clause). e.g. It is because of your smile that I feel happy. It is because + cause (clause with a subject and a verb) + ‘that’ + effect (clause). e.g. It is because you smiled that I feel happy. 2.   To refer back to a cause, then give an effect, use it is because of this: These countries’ economies are in great turmoil and it is because of this that pollution creates a huge problem. I know you. I understand you, and it is because of this that I love you. A black coat appears black because it absorbs all the wavelengths of visual light that fall on it and no light is reflected into the eye from that object. It is because of this that black clothes become hotter on a sunny day than white ones. Structures: Cause + ‘and’ + ‘it is because of this that’ + effect Cause + ‘.’ + ‘It is because of this that’ + effect 3.      To give an effect first, then explain the cause, use this is because: Examples: - Out in space, the sky looks black, instead of blue. This is because there is no atmosphere. - As the sun begins to set, the light must travel farther through the atmosphere before it gets to you. More of the light is reflected and scattered. As less reaches you directly, the sun appears less bright. The colour of the sun itself appears to change, first to orange and then to red. This is because even more of the short wavelength blues and greens are now scattered. Only the longer wavelengths are left in the direct beam that reaches your eyes. - Agents often work more than 40 hours a week. They must often work in the evenings or on weekends. This is because most buyers and sellers are free only at those times. 4. To answer questions, use it is because, this is because, or because: - How can it be that an “awesome” God knows me by name and loves me without reservation? It is because He created me. - So why is Bush taking on the thankless issue of immigration? I believe it is because he sees the consequences for all Americans of our current dysfunctional policy. - Teens seem to have a need to feel that fear, as evidenced by the popularity of shocker, gross-out, supernatural and altogether scary books. Is it that the good guys and bad guys are easier to tell apart? Or maybe it is because those vampires and werewolves go through physical transformations that make puberty feel like a bump in the road? - Why are most large-sized tumours treated by removal of the eye? This is because the amount of radiation required to kill a tumour which fills most of the eye, is just too much for the eye to stand. - “Why are you doing that?” “Because I like it.” - To answer questions, use it is because, this is because, or because - Why are most large-sized tumours treated by removal of the eye? This is because the amount of radiation required to kill a tumour which fills most of the eye, is just too much for the eye to stand. - “Why are you doing that?” “Because I like it.” 5. In 'if ' and 'when' sentences use it is because: - If I look confused it is because I am thinking. - If we have no peace, it is because we have forgotten that we belong to each other. - When consumers complain that prices of CDs are too high it is because they are. Rule 46: Use Relative Structures Formal - Use relative structures: The woman thought that it was important to be on time. Informal - Drop certain relative structures: The woman thought it was important to be on time. Rule 47: Use use nominalisation Try to write noun-based phrases rather that verb-based ones. For example, instead of Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned. Write: The rapid increase in crime was causing concern among the police. In general, academic writing tends to be fairly dense, with relatively long sentences and wide use of subordinate clauses. Remember, however, that your main aim is clarity, so don’t be too ambitious, particularly when you’re starting to write. Rule 48: Use some sort of “hedging” language and to qualify statements that you make. HEDGING/AVOIDING COMMITMENT In order to put some distance between what you’re writing and yourself as writer, to be cautious rather than assertive, you should: - use verbs (often with it as subject) such as imagine, suggest, claim, suppose - use ‘attitudinal signals’ such as apparently, arguably, ideally, strangely, unexpectedly. These words allow you to hint at your attitude to something without using personal language. - use verbs such as would, could, may, might which ‘soften’ what you’re saying. - use qualifying adverbs such as some, several, a minority of, a few, many to avoid making overgeneralisations. Rule 49: Do not start a sentence with ‘Therefore’. Instead, write, for example, ‘They, therefore, ...’. 50. Use Varied Sentence Structure Click on the following link- Variety of Sentence Structures *** Most importantly -Don't forget to follow Writing Criteria (Click on the link)

Pronoun Reference Board Question Worksheet-5.0 Identify the unclear pronoun references in the following paragraph. Where necessary, rewrite the sentences so that all pronoun references are clear. 1. Question : Autism is a physical disorder of the brain who causes a lifelong developmental disability. Unfortunately, a number of boys and girls become victim of it after their birth. Children with autism vary widely in their activities, abilities, behaviors etc. and the symptoms may appear differently in him. The sorrows and sufferings of the parents of those know no bounds. Though the autistic children are quite different in activities from the normal children, they should not be neglected. Rather, we have a great responsibility towards them. (DB ’19] 2. Question: Salam and Salma are siblings. They read in a local primary school. Salam is in class five whereas her sister, Salma reads in class three. They go to school together. Sometimes they take rickshaw because it is five kilometers away from his home. Today, she is going to school with her father because her brother, Salam is sick. He is taking medicine and bed rest. [RB ’19, ’16; Chuadanga Govt. College, Chuadanga-2018] 3. Question : Both educated and uneducated women are at present as important as men in our society. She constitutes nearly half of our total population. No country can make real progress keeping half of it in darkness. Without the upliftment of our women, it is not at all possible. Again, without education, women cannot be uplifted. So proper education should be given to her in order that they can work hand in hand with them in all development programmes. (JB ’19) 4. Question : Women are now-a-days as important as men in society. She constitutes nearly half of the total population. No nation can make real progress keeping half of it in the dark. Without the improvement of the women’s status, it is not at all possible. Again, without education, women cannot be uplifted. So, proper education should be given to her so that they can work hand in hand with them in all development programmes. (CB ’19; CB’16; BB ’16; Dhaka College, Dhaka-2018; Rajshahi Cadet College-2017; Dhaka Imperial College, Dhaka-2017] 5. Question : Do you know the importance of trees? They are our best friends. Our existence on earth will be at stake without it. We inhale oxygen which trees produce. Again, we exhale carbon dioxide which it absorb. Besides, we get food from trees and firewood to cook it. But some irresponsible people cut down trees indiscriminately. It should be brought to light. Furthermore, one should take keen interest to plant more trees so that we can live comfortably on earth. (CtgB ’19; Shariatpur Govt. College, Shariatpur-2018; Joypurhat Gout. Women’s College-2017; Holy Cross College, Dhaka-2016; Sunamganj Govt. College-2016] 6. Question : Robin hates people who are mean to animals. Last afternoon, as he was walking home from work, he saw some boys throwing stones at an old lame dog. Immediately, he rushed to help the animal. “Stop it”! he shouted as he ran towards the unruly boys, “Leave him alone!” Startled by the big man’s shouts, they ran away. One of them jeered at him while running away. Robin, however, was totally unmoved by the jeering. He was happy that he could save it. Robin has always felt some affection for animals. Once he even went to the police station to complain about a neighbour who threw a cat out of the window. Instead of taking any action, they laughed at him and advised him not to worry about such ‘petty’ matters. [SB ’19] 7. Question : Honesty is the best policy. It is honesty which brings happiness in life. Without it, none can dream of a great life. These who were great in their lifetime were honest. They worked with sincerity, lived earnestly and died with honour. His contributions to this world are unforgettable. So if you want themselves to be in their league, be honest. Remember, there is no shortcut way to a great life.(BB ’19; Rangpur Cadet College, Rangpur-2018; Blue Bird High School & College, Sylhet-2018; Ideal College, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-2017; Major General Mahmudul Hasan Adarsha College, Tangail-2016; Qadirabad Cantt. Sapper College, Natore-2016] 8. Question : The Liberation War of Bangladesh is a memorable event in our national life. She achieved her independence through sacrifice and bloodshed. It is the birthright of a man. On the night of March 25, 1971, the Pakistan army fell upon the unarmed sleeping Bangalees. But we were not cowards. They built up strong resistance against them. They fought with courage for long nine months. After nine months’ bloody war and sacrifice of the freedom fighters, the red sun of independence rose in our soil on the 16th December 1971. Now we remember them with great respect.(DjB ’19; Cantt. Public School & College, Momenshahi-2018; Dhaka College, Dhaka-2017; Cantt. Public School & Collège; Momenshahi-2017] 9. Question : There lived a man in a village which had a great attraction to English. He went to a teacher in order to learn English well though he was dull-headed. He tried his best to teach him but the man learnt only three English words-yes, no and very good. Though the man did not know the meaning of it, he used them frequently in his conversation. He did not understand that a little learning is a dangerous thing and very soon he would be a victim of it. [Combined Board ’18 (Code-184); Noakhali Govt. Women’s College-2018; BEPZA Public School & College, Chattogram-2018] 10. Question : The Egyptians believed that after death, people would go to another world. One thought that in that world, people still would need many things he had on earth. Their kings had many wonderful treasures. They loved and respected them very much. So, they buried them with dead kings. (Combined Board ’18 (Code-185); Carmichael College, Rangpur-2018; Bogura Cantt. Public School & College, Bogura-2017; ; Chattogram Govt. Women’s College, Chattogram-2015) 11. Question : Travelling is a part of education. These means going from place to place. One can enhance knowledge by going from place to place. Thus gives one the opportunity to see the unseen and know the unknown. Some people are averse to travelling. This limits his vision. However, by travelling different parts of the world, my knowledge may be enriched. [DB’17; CB’17; DJB’16; Govt. Pioneer Mohila College, Khulna-2018; Govt. B.L College, Khulna-2017; BAF Shaheen College, Jashore-2017] 12. Question : Education is the birthright of every man. But even then many people in our country are deprived of this for many reasons. They are unconscious and unskilled for want of it. For this, they are unable not only to develop their own fate or their family, but also unable to play any role for the development of society or the state. If the people are not properly educated, that is not possible. So, the more we can educate our people, the more the country will be developed. With a view to developing human resource, the government has given many benefits in the field of expanding the primary and secondary education. We must ensure these for every child of the country. [RB’17; Govt. Jaheda Safir Women’s College, Jamalpur-2018;Feni Girls’ Cadet College, Feni-2017;] 13. Question 13. Mandela left public life in June 2004 telling his adoring countrymen not to call them. Regarding it, Nadine Gordimer said, “He is at the epicenter of his time, our in South Africa and your, wherever you are.” (JB ’17; Dhaka Commerce College, Mirpur, Dhaka-2018; Palash Thana Central College, Narsingdi-2018: Cumilla Govt. College, Cumilla-2018;) 14. Question : A rich man went to a farmer with one thousand taka in a bag. He said to him, “Look, my friend, I have brought one thousand taka for you. Keep this money and remove your distress.” He was surprised. He took the bag from the rich man and thanked him. He said to himself, “One thousand taka is a lot of money.” He could not think where to keep the money. He did not find any safe place. He dug a hole in his hut and kept it there. (CtgB’17; Islamia Govt. College, Sirajgarj-2018; Gazipur Cantonment College, Gazipur-2017) 15. Question : Books are the medium through which human beings talk with enlightened minds, the great men of the world. They are our best friends. They introduce them to the life and the world. Books are the mirrors of past, present and even future. These are having an active voice. We know about the thoughts and deeds of our ancestors through it. They make the noble men alive in the world for ever. [SB’17; Uttara High School & College, Dhaka-2018; Narayanganj Govt. Mohila College, Narayanganj-2018; Dinajpur Govt. Women’s College, Dinajpur-2018) 16. Question : Teaching is a profession who is full of challenge. I want to be a teacher because you like working withchildren. But my father argues that one cannot make much money from it. He wants me to look after their farms instead. But this does not inspire me much. [BB’17; Narail Govt. Mohila College, Narail-2018; Chattogram City Corporation Inter College, Chattogram-2018; Mymensingh Girls’ Cadet College, Mymensingh-2017; Tejgaon College, Tejgaon, Dhaka] 17. Question : Sunlight is the source of all energy of the earth. All the living beings are dependent upon this. Greenplants are the producers of the ecosystem. All plants and animals of it are interconnected serially. Consequently, there develops a food chain among these. The transfer of food energy takes place from producers through a series of food levels. This is called the food chain in the ecosystem. There are numerous food chains in an ecosystem. Food chain does not work in isolation. These are linked together to form a food web. (DjB ’17; Abdul Kadir Mollah City College, Narsingdi-2018; Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna-2018; Ispahani Public School & College, Cumilla Cantt. -2017; B.Baria Govt. College, Brahmanbaria-2017] 18. Question : A cook once roasted a duck for its master. He looked so delicious that he could not resist the temptation and ate up one of drumsticks. When he sat down to eat the meal, he quickly noticed the missing leg. He asked him what had happened to the other leg. The cook told him that it had one leg only. The master said that there was no such thing as a one-legged duck but the cook insisted that every duck had only one leg. [DB ’16; Alamdanga Govt. Degree College, Alamdanga, Chuadanga-2018; Jashore Shikkha Board Govt. Model School & College, Jashore-2018] 19. Question : On a summer day, becoming very thirsty, a lion and a boar came at the same moment to a small well to drink. Those fiercely quarrelled which of them should drink first, and were soon engaged in a mortal fighting. On his stopping on a sudden to take breath for renewal of the fighting, it saw some vultures waiting in the distance to feast on the one which should fall first. They at once stopped the quarrel, saying: “That is better for us to make friends than to become the food of crows or vultures, as will certainly happen if ourselves are disabled.” (JB ’16; Govt. Azizul Haque College, Bogura-2018; Lions School & College, Rangpur-2018; Govt. H.S.S. College, Magura–2017] 20. Question : Life is full of struggles. These are quite normal in any one’s life as it is not a bed of roses. Certainly, it has ups and downs. A man has to face innumerable barriers in his life. Sometimes he can overcome those but sometimes he fails to combat them. He may be born with silver spoon without any trouble. But even then he has to overcome a lot of such to be successful in life. In other words, life is full of challenges. If he cannot fight them successfully, his life becomes full of sorrows. Though the scholars differ in giving the definition of life, they are unanimous that obstacles are the ways of life. Infact, a man has to undergo many in his life. [CtgB’16; Shahid Smrity Govt. College, Mymensingh-2018; Collectorate School & College, Rangpur-2018; Faujdarhat Cadet College, Chattogram-2017;) 21. Question : A stormy night is fearful and horrible. They causes untold sufferings to the people. In a stormy night;the whole sky is totally overcast with dark cloud. Only the roaring of violent wind can be heard. The wind begins to blow with fearful sound from no directions. People get frightened with sound of storm. In addition to it, there is thundering and lightning. The frequent thundering and lighting causes much terror and fear in the mind of the people whom always think that this night may be the end of our lives and the terrible and destructive storm will never come to an end. Storm causes harm to them. The house roofs are blown away. Many trees are uprooted. A large number of houses and shelters are damaged within a very short time. Standing crops are badly damaged. That is thus a dreadful night to the people. [SB’16; Govt. Fazilatunnesa Women’s College, Bhola-2017] 22. Question : Once two women came to King Solomon’s court with a baby and each of them claimed that they were mother of that baby. He thought for a while and got a brilliant idea. He ordered one of his men to cut the baby into two equal halves and give one half to them. The real mother of the baby became very nervous by this, but the other woman was totally untouched by the event. The king noticed the “; change in the face of her and handed over the baby to her and punished the other woman. [Mymensingh Girls’ Cadet College, Mymensingh-2018; Barishal Govt. Women’s College-2018 ] 23. Question : Boiled egg is very nutritious and tasty as well. Besides, it is not a difficult task at all. If one wants to boil eggs, he has to pour some water into a pot at first. Then the pot should be kept on a burner. After that the eggs should be put into a pot. Then it should be let to boil for about five minutes. Afterwards they should be taken out with a spoon. After cooling them they should be separated from them to be prepared for eating. [Mirzapur Cadet College, Tangail-2018] 24. Question : The Taj Mahal is surrounded by a beautiful garden and there is a long pool that stretches out in front of the building. He can see the beauty of the Taj Mahal in this reflection in the pool water. Visitors come to see these wonderful building at different times of the day since it assume a different look at different times. Most people like this best on moonlit nights. (Cumilla Cadet College, Cumilla-2018; “Adamjee Cantonment College, Dhaka-2018; Bogura Cantt. Public School & College, Bogura-2018] 25. Question : At the writing centre, you can receive help on any writing assignment. It can make your writing stronger by discussing it with someone else. This will lead to a greater understanding of the proper mechanics and style expected in academic writing. This is an important part of the writing process, and they spend a good deal of time making sure you understand the expectations of written assignments. Using it will definitely make your writing skills stronger, and that will give you greater confidence for your next assignment. (Rajshahi Cadet College, Rajshahi-2018: Safiuddin Sarker Academy & College, [Tongi, Gazipur-2018; Rajuk Uttara Model College, Dhaka-2017; St. Joseph Higher Secondary School, Mohammadpur, Dhaka-2017] Pronoun Reference Worksheet -5.0 Answer Question 1. Answer: Autism is a physical disorder of the brain that/ which causes a lifelong developmental disability. Unfortunately, a number of boys and girls become victim of autism after their birth. Children with autism vary widely in their activities, -abilities, behaviours etc. and the symptoms may appear differently in them. The sorrows and sufferings of the parents of those autistic children know no bounds. Though the autistic children are quite different in activities from the normal children, they should not be neglected. Rather, we have a great responsibility towards these children. Question 2. Answer: Salam and Salma are siblings. They read in a local primary school. Salam is in class five whereas his sister Salma reads in class three. They go to school together. Sometimes they take rickshaw because their school is five kilometres away from their home. Today, Salma is going to school with their father because her brother, Salam is sick. He is taking medicine and bed rest. Question 3. Answer: Both educated and uneducated women are at present as important as men in our society. Women constitute nearly half of our total population. No country can make real progress keeping half of its population in darkness. Without the upliftment of our women, real progress is not at all possible. Again, without education, women cannot be uplifted. So proper education should be given to womenfolk/ them in order that they can work hand in hand with men in all development programmes. Question 4. Answer: Women are now-a-days as important as men in society. They constitute nearly half of the total population. No nation can make real progress keeping half of its population in the dark Without the improvement of the women's status, real progress is not at all possible. Again, without education, women cannot be uplifted. So, proper education should be given to them/ womenfolk so that they can work hand in hand with men in all development programmes. Question 5. Answer: Do you know the importance of trees? They are our best friends. Our existence on earth will be at stake without trees. We inhale oxygen which trees produce. Again, we exhale carbon dioxide which trees absorb. Besides, we get food from trees and firewood to cook food. But some irresponsible people cut down trees indiscriminately. They should be brought to light. Furthermore, we should take keen interest to plant more trees so that we can live comfortably on earth. Question 6. Answer: Robin hates people who are mean to animals. Yesterday afternoon, as he was walking home from work, he saw some boys throwing stones at an old lame dog. Immediately, he rushed to help the animal. "Stop it!" he shouted as he ran towards the unruly boys, "Leave it alone!" Startled by the big man's shouts, the boys ran away. One of them jeered at Robin while running away. Robin, however, was totally unmoved by the jeering. He was happy that he could save it. Robin has always felt some affection for animals. Once he even went to the police station to complain about a neighbour who threw a cat out of the window. Instead of taking any action, the police laughed at him and advised him not to worry about such 'petty' matters. Question 7. Answer: Honesty is the best policy. It is honesty which brings happiness in life. Without honesty, none can dream of a great life. Those who were great in their lifetime were honest. The great people worked with sincerity, lived earnestly and died with honour. Their contributions to this world are unforgettable. So, if you want yourself to be in their league, be honest. Remember, there is short-cut to a great life. Question 8. Answer: The Liberation War of Bangladesh is a memorable event in our national life. Bangladesh achieved her independence through sacrifice and blood-shed. Independence is the birthright of a man. On the night of March 25, 1971, the Pakistan army fell upon the unarmed sleeping Bangalees. But the Bangalees were not cowards. They built up strong resistance against the Pakistani army. They fought with courage for long nine months. After nine months' bloody war and the sacrifice of the freedom fighters, the red sun of independence rose in our soil on the 16th December 1971. Now we remember the freedom fighters with great respect. Question 9. Answer: There lived a man in a village who had a great attraction to English. The man went to a teacher in order to learn English well though he was dull-headed. The teacher tried his best to teach him but the man learnt only three English words-yes, no and very good. Though the man did not know the meaning of these words, he used them frequently in his conversation. The man did not understand that a little learning is a dangerous thing and very soon he would be a victim of it. Question 10.Answer: The Egyptians believed that after death, people would go to another world. The Egyptians/ They thought that in that world, people still would need many things they had on earth. Their kings had many wonderful treasures. The Egyptians / The people loved and respected their kings very much. So, they buried their treasures with dead kings. Question 11. Answer: Travelling is a part of education. This/ It means going from place to place. One can enhance knowledge by going from place to place. It/ This gives one the opportunity to see the unseen and know the unknown. Some people are averse to travelling. This aversion limits their/ people's vision. However, by travelling different parts of the world, one's/ our knowledge may be enriched. Question 12. Answer: Education is the birthright of every man. But even then many people in our country are deprived of education, this right for many reasons. They are unconscious and unskilled for want of education. For this unconsciousness and unskilledness, they are unable not only to develop their own fate or their family, but also unable to play any role for the development of society or the state. If the people are not properly educated, the development of society or the state is not possible. So, the more we can educate our people, the more the country will be developed. With a view to developing human resource, the government has given many incentives in the field of expanding the primary and secondary education. We must ensure these incentives for every child of the country. Question13. Answer: Mandela left public life in June 2004 telling his adoring countrymen not to call him. Regarding him, Nadine Gordimer said, 'Mandela is at the epicenter of our time, ours in South Africa and yours, wherever you are." Question 14. Answer: A rich man went to a farmer with one thousand taka in a bag. The rich man said to the farmer, "Look, my friend, I have brought one thousand taka for you. Keep this money and remove your distress." The farmer was surprised. He took the bag from the rich man and thanked him. The farmer said to himself "One thousand taka is a lot of money." He could not think where to keep the money. He did not find any safe place. He dug a hole in his hut and kept the money there. Question 15. Answer: Books are the medium through which human beings talk with enlightened minds, the great men of the world. Books are our best friends. They introduce us to the life and the world. Books are the mirrors of past, present and even future. They are hang an active voice. We know about the thoughts and deeds of our ancestors through books. Books make the noble men alive in the world for ever. Question 16.Answer: Teaching is a profession which is full of challenge. I want to be a teacher because I like working with children. But my father argues that one cannot make much money from teaching. He wants me to look after his farms instead. But looking after father's farms/ the idea does not inspire me much. Question 17. Answer: Sunlight is the source of all energy of the earth. All the living beings are dependent upon the sunlight. Green plants are the producers of the ecosystem. All plants and animals of the ecosystem are interconnected serially. Consequently, there develops a food chain among these plants ar animals. The transfer of food energy takes place from producers through a series of food levels. This transfer of food energy is called the food chain in the ecosystem. There are numerous food chains in an ecosystem. Food chain does not work in isolation. These food chains are linked together to form a food web. Question 18. Answer: A cook once roasted a duck for his master. The roast looked so delicious that he could not resist the temptation and ate up one of drumsticks. When his master sat down to eat the meal, he quick noticed the missing leg. He asked the cook what had happened to the other leg. The cook told him that this duck had one leg only. The master said that there was no such thing as a one-legged duck but the cook insisted that every duck had only one leg. Question 19. Answer: On a summer day, becoming very thirsty, a lion and a boar came at the same moment to a small well to drink They fiercely quarrelled which of them should drinkfirst, and were soon engaged in a more fighting. On their stopping on a sudden to take breath for renewal of the fighting, they saw som vultures waiting in the distance to feasrbn the one which should fall first. They at once stopped the quarrel, saying: "It is better for us to make friends than to become the food of crows or vultures, will certainly happen if we are disabled." Question 20. Answer: Life is full of struggles. These struggles are quite normal in any one's life as it is not a bed of roses Certainly, life has ups and downs. A man has to face innumerable barriers in his life. Sometimes can overcome those barriers but sometimes he fails to combat them. He may be born with silvem spoon without any trouble. But even then he has to overcome a lot of such troubles to be success in life. In other words, life is full of challenges. If he cannot .fight them successfully, his life becomes full of sorrows. Though the scholars differ in giving the definition of life, they are unanimous than obstacles are the ways of life. Infact, a man has to undergo many obstacles in his life. Question 21. Answer: A stormy night is fearful and horrible. A storm causes untold sufferings to the people. In a stormy night, the whole sky is totally overcast with dark cloud. Only the roaring of violent wind can be heart The wind begins to blow with fearful sound from no directions. People get frightened with sound storm. In addition to the fearful sound of the violent wind, there is thundering and lightning. T frequent thundering and lightning causes much terror and fear in the mind of the imople who always think that this night may be the end of their lives and the terrible and destructive storm will never come to an end. Storm causes harm to them. The house roofs are blown away. Many trees am uprooted. A large number of houses and shelters are damaged within a very short time. Standing crops are badly damaged. A stormy night is thus a dreadful night to the people. Question 22. Answer: Once two women came to King Solomon's court with a baby and each of them claimed that she was the mother of that baby. King Solomon thought for a while and got a brilliant idea. He ordered one o his men to cut the baby into two equal halves and give one half to each of the women. The rea. mother of the baby became very nervous by the order of cutting the baby, but the other woman w totally untouched by the event. The king noticed the change in the face of the real mother and hander over the baby to her and punished the other woman. Question 23. Answer: Boiled egg is very nutritious and tasty as well. Besides, boiling egg is not a difficult task at all. If ce wants to boil eggs, one has to pour some water into a pot at first. Then the pot should be kept on burner. After that the eggs should be put into a pot. Then the water should be let to boil for about minutes. Afterwards the eggs should be taken out with a spoon. After cooling them egg shells should be separated from them to be prepared for eating. Question 24. Answer: The Taj Mahal is surrounded by a beautiful garden and there is a long pool that stretches out in from of the building. One can see the beauty of the Taj Mahal in its reflection in the pool water. Visitors come to see this wonderful building at different times of the day since the bulding assumes different look at different times. Most people like this building best on moonlit nights. Question 25. Answer: At the writing centre, one can receive help on any writing assignment. You can make your writing stronger by discussing it with someone else. The discussions will lead to a greater understanding on the proper mechanics and style expected academic writing. This understanding is an important part of thewriting process, and the tutors spend a good deal of time making sure you understand the expectations of written assignments. Using the process will definitely make your writing skills stronger and this strength will give you greater confidence for your next assignment. Questions Followed by Answer 1. Identify the unclear pronoun references in the following paragraph. Where necessary, rewrite the sentences so that all pronoun references are clear. [Dhaka Board-2019] Autism is a physical disorder of the brain who causes a lifelong developmental disability. Unfortunately, a number of boys and girls become victim of it after their birth. Children with autism vary widely in their activities, abilities, behaviors etc. and the symptoms may appear differently in him. The sorrows and sufferings of the parents of those know no bounds. Though the autistic children are quite different in activities from the normal children, they should not be neglected. Rather, we have a great responsibility towards them. Answer: Autism is a physical disorder of the brain that/ which causes a lifelong developmental disability. Unfortunately, a number of boys and girls become victim of autism after their birth. Children with autism vary widely in their activities, -abilities, behaviours etc. and the symptoms may appear differently in them. The sorrows and sufferings of the parents of those autistic children know no bounds. Though the autistic children are quite different in activities from the normal children, they should not be neglected. Rather, we have a great responsibility towards these children. 2. [Rajshahi Board-2019, 2016] Salam and Salma are siblings. They read in a local primary school. Salam is in class five whereas her sister, Salma reads in class three. They go to school together. Sometimes they take rickshaw because it is five kilometers away from his home. Today, she is going to school with her father because her brother, Salam is sick. He is taking medicine and bed rest. Answer: Salam and Salma are siblings. They read in a local primary school. Salam is in class five whereas his sister Salma reads in class three. They go to school together. Sometimes they take rickshaw because their school is five kilometres away from their home. Today, Salma is going to school with their father because her brother, Salam is sick. He is taking medicine and bed rest. 3. [Jashore Board-2019] Both educated and uneducated women are at present as important as men in our society. She constitutes nearly half of our total population. No country can make real progress keeping half of it in darkness. Without the upliftment of our women, it is not at all possible. Again, without education, women cannot be uplifted. So proper education should be given to her in order that they can work hand in hand with them in all development programmes. Answer: Both educated and uneducated women are at present as important as men in our society. Women constitute nearly half of our total population. No country can make real progress keeping half of its population in darkness. Without the upliftment of our women, real progress is not at all possible. Again, without education, women cannot be uplifted. So proper education should be given to womenfolk/ them in order that they can work hand in hand with men in all development programmes. 4. [Cumilla Board-2019, 2016; Barishal Board-2016] Women are nowadays as important as men in society. She constitutes nearly half of the total population. No nation can make real progress keeping half of it in the dark. Without the improvement of the women’s status, it is not at all possible. Again, without education, women cannot be uplifted. So, proper education should be given to her so that they can work hand in hand with them in all development programmes. Answer: Women are nowadays as important as men in society. They constitute nearly half of the total population. No nation can make real progress keeping half of its population in the dark Without the improvement of the women's status, real progress is not at all possible. Again, without education, women cannot be uplifted. So, proper education should be given to them/ womenfolk so that they can work hand in hand with men in all development programmes. 5. [Chattogram Board-2019] Do you know the importance of trees? They are our best friends. Our existence on earth will be at stake without it. We inhale oxygen which trees produce. Again, we exhale carbon dioxide which it absorb. Besides, we get food from trees and firewood to cook it. But some irresponsible people cut down trees indiscriminately. It should be brought to light. Furthermore, one should take keen interest to plant more trees so that we can live comfortably on earth. Answer: Do you know the importance of trees? They are our best friends. Our existence on earth will be at stake without trees. We inhale oxygen which trees produce. Again, we exhale carbon dioxide which trees absorb. Besides, we get food from trees and firewood to cook food. But some irresponsible people cut down trees indiscriminately. They should be brought to light. Furthermore, we should take keen interest to plant more trees so that we can live comfortably on earth. 6. [Sylhet Board-2019] Robin hates people who are mean to animals. Last afternoon, as he was walking home from work, he saw some boys throwing stones at an old lame dog. Immediately, he rushed to help the animal. “Stop it”! he shouted as he ran towards the unruly boys, “Leave him alone!” Startled by the big man’s shouts, they ran away. One of them jeered at him while running away. Robin, however, was totally unmoved by the jeering. He was happy that he could save it. Robin has always felt some affection for animals. Once he even went to the police station to complain about a neighbour who threw a cat out of the window. Instead of taking any action, they laughed at him and advised him not to worry about such ‘petty’ matters. Answer: Robin hates people who are mean to animals. Yesterday afternoon, as he was walking home from work, he saw some boys throwing stones at an old lame dog. Immediately, he rushed to help the animal. "Stop it!" he shouted as he ran towards the unruly boys, "Leave it alone!" Startled by the big man's shouts, the boys ran away. One of them jeered at Robin while running away. Robin, however, was totally unmoved by the jeering. He was happy that he could save it. Robin has always felt some affection for animals. Once he even went to the police station to complain about a neighbour who threw a cat out of the window. Instead of taking any action, the police laughed at him and advised him not to worry about such 'petty' matters. 7. [Barishal Board-2019] Honesty is the best policy. It is honesty which brings happiness in life. Without it, none can dream of a great life. These who were great in their lifetime were honest. They worked with sincerity, lived earnestly and died with honour. His contributions to this world are unforgettable. So if you want themselves to be in their league, be honest. Remember, there is no shortcut way to a great life. Answer: Honesty is the best policy. It is honesty which brings happiness in life. Without honesty, none can dream of a great life. Those who were great in their lifetime were honest. The great people worked with sincerity, lived earnestly and died with honour. Their contributions to this world are unforgettable. So, if you want yourself to be in their league, be honest. Remember, there is short-cut to a great life. 8. [Dinajpur Board-2019] The Liberation War of Bangladesh is a memorable event in our national life. She achieved her independence through sacrifice and bloodshed. It is the birthright of a man. On the night of March 25, 1971, the Pakistan army fell upon the unarmed sleeping Bangalees. But we were not cowards. They built up strong resistance against them. They fought with courage for long nine months. After nine months’ bloody war and sacrifice of the freedom fighters, the red sun of independence rose in our soil on the 16th December 1971. Now we remember them with great respect. Answer: The Liberation War of Bangladesh is a memorable event in our national life. Bangladesh achieved her independence through sacrifice and blood-shed. Independence is the birthright of a man. On the night of March 25, 1971, the Pakistan army fell upon the unarmed sleeping Bangalees. But the Bangalees were not cowards. They built up strong resistance against the Pakistani army. They fought with courage for long nine months. After nine months' bloody war and the sacrifice of the freedom fighters, the red sun of independence rose in our soil on the 16th December 1971. Now we remember the freedom fighters with great respect. 9. [Combined Board -Ka Set-2018] There lived a man in a village which had a great attraction to English. He went to a teacher in order to learn English well though he was dull-headed. He tried his best to teach him but the man learnt only three English words-yes, no and very good. Though the man did not know the meaning of it, he used them frequently in his conversation. He did not understand that a little learning is a dangerous thing and very soon he would be a victim of it. Answer: There lived a man in a village who had a great attraction to English. The man went to a teacher in order to learn English well though he was dull-headed. The teacher tried his best to teach him but the man learnt only three English words-yes, no and very good. Though the man did not know the meaning of these words, he used them frequently in his conversation. The man did not understand that a little learning is a dangerous thing and very soon he would be a victim of it. 10. [Combined Board-Kha Set-2018] The Egyptians believed that after death, people would go to another world. One thought that in that world, people still would need many things he had on earth. Their kings had many wonderful treasures. They loved and respected them very much. So, they buried them with dead kings. Answer: The Egyptians believed that after death, people would go to another world. The Egyptians/ They thought that in that world, people still would need many things they had on earth. Their kings had many wonderful treasures. The Egyptians / The people loved and respected their kings very much. So, they buried their treasures with dead kings. 11. [Dhaka Board-2017; Cumilla Board-2017; Dinajpur Board-2016] Travelling is a part of education. These means going from place to place. One can enhance knowledge by going from place to place. Thus gives one the opportunity to see the unseen and know the unknown. Some people are averse to travelling. This limits his vision. However, by travelling different parts of the world, my knowledge may be enriched. Answer: Travelling is a part of education. This/ It means going from place to place. One can enhance knowledge by going from place to place. It/ This gives one the opportunity to see the unseen and know the unknown. Some people are averse to travelling. This aversion limits their/ people's vision. However, by travelling different parts of the world, one's/ our knowledge may be enriched. 12. [Rajshahi Board-2017] Education is the birthright of every man. But even then many people in our country are deprived of this for many reasons. They are unconscious and unskilled for want of it. For this, they are unable not only to develop their own fate or their family, but also unable to play any role for the development of society or the state. If the people are not properly educated, that is not possible. So, the more we can educate our people, the more the country will be developed. With a view to developing human resource, the government has given many benefits in the field of expanding the primary and secondary education. We must ensure these for every child of the country. Answer: Education is the birthright of every man. But even then many people in our country are deprived of education, this right for many reasons. They are unconscious and unskilled for want of education. For this unconsciousness and unskilledness, they are unable not only to develop their own fate or their family, but also unable to play any role for the development of society or the state. If the people are not properly educated, the development of society or the state is not possible. So, the more we can educate our people, the more the country will be developed. With a view to developing human resource, the government has given many incentives in the field of expanding the primary and secondary education. We must ensure these incentives for every child of the country. 13. [Jashore Board-2017] Mandela left public life in June 2004 telling his adoring countrymen not to call them. Regarding it, Nadine Gordimer said, “He is at the epicenter of his time, our in South Africa and your, wherever you are.” Answer: Mandela left public life in June 2004 telling his adoring countrymen not to call him. Regarding him, Nadine Gordimer said, 'Mandela is at the epicenter of our time, ours in South Africa and yours, wherever you are." 14. [Chattogram Board-2017] A rich man went to a farmer with one thousand taka in a bag. He said to him, “Look, my friend, I have brought one thousand taka for you. Keep this money and remove your distress.” He was surprised. He took the bag from the rich man and thanked him. He said to himself, “One thousand taka is a lot of money.” He could not think where to keep the money. He did not find any safe place. He dug a hole in his hut and kept it there. Answer: A rich man went to a farmer with one thousand taka in a bag. The rich man said to the farmer, "Look, my friend, I have brought one thousand taka for you. Keep this money and remove your distress." The farmer was surprised. He took the bag from the rich man and thanked him. The farmer said to himself "One thousand taka is a lot of money." He could not think where to keep the money. He did not find any safe place. He dug a hole in his hut and kept the money there. 15. [Sylhet Board-2017] Books are the medium through which human beings talk with enlightened minds, the great men of the world. They are our best friends. They introduce them to the life and the world. Books are the mirrors of past, present and even future. These are having an active voice. We know about the thoughts and deeds of our ancestors through it. They make the noblemen alive in the world forever. Answer: Books are the medium through which human beings talk with enlightened minds, the great men of the world. Books are our best friends. They introduce us to the life and the world. Books are the mirrors of past, present and even future. They are hang an active voice. We know about the thoughts and deeds of our ancestors through books. Books make the noble men alive in the world for ever. 16. [Barishal Board-2017] Teaching is a profession who is full of challenge. I want to be a teacher because you like working withchildren. But my father argues that one cannot make much money from it. He wants me to look after their farms instead. But this does not inspire me much. Answer: Teaching is a profession which is full of challenge. I want to be a teacher because I like working with children. But my father argues that one cannot make much money from teaching. He wants me to look after his farms instead. But looking after father's farms/ the idea does not inspire me much. 17. [Dinajpur Board-2017] Sunlight is the source of all energy of the earth. All the living beings are dependent upon this. Greenplants are the producers of the ecosystem. All plants and animals of it are interconnected serially. Consequently, there develops a food chain among these. The transfer of food energy takes place from producers through a series of food levels. This is called the food chain in the ecosystem. There are numerous food chains in an ecosystem. Food chain does not work in isolation. These are linked together to form a food web. Answer: Sunlight is the source of all energy of the earth. All the living beings are dependent upon the sunlight. Green plants are the producers of the ecosystem. All plants and animals of the ecosystem are interconnected serially. Consequently, there develops a food chain among these plants ar animals. The transfer of food energy takes place from producers through a series of food levels. This transfer of food energy is called the food chain in the ecosystem. There are numerous food chains in an ecosystem. Food chain does not work in isolation. These food chains are linked together to form a food web. 18. [Dhaka Board-2016] A cook once roasted a duck for its master. He looked so delicious that he could not resist the temptation and ate up one of drumsticks. When he sat down to eat the meal, he quickly noticed the missing leg. He asked him what had happened to the other leg. The cook told him that it had one leg only. The master said that there was no such thing as a one-legged duck but the cook insisted that every duck had only one leg. Answer: A cook once roasted a duck for his master. The roast looked so delicious that he could not resist the temptation and ate up one of drumsticks. When his master sat down to eat the meal, he quick noticed the missing leg. He asked the cook what had happened to the other leg. The cook told him that this duck had one leg only. The master said that there was no such thing as a one-legged duck but the cook insisted that every duck had only one leg. 19. [Jashore Board-2016] On a summer day, becoming very thirsty, a lion and a boar came at the same moment to a small well to drink. Those fiercely quarrelled which of them should drink first, and were soon engaged in a mortal fighting. On his stopping on a sudden to take breath for renewal of the fighting, it saw some vultures waiting in the distance to feast on the one which should fall first. They at once stopped the quarrel, saying: “That is better for us to make friends than to become the food of crows or vultures, as will certainly happen if ourselves are disabled.” Answer: On a summer day, becoming very thirsty, a lion and a boar came at the same moment to a small well to drink They fiercely quarrelled which of them should drink first, and were soon engaged in a more fighting. On their stopping on a sudden to take breath for renewal of the fighting, they saw some vultures waiting in the distance to fears the one which should fall first. They at once stopped the quarrel, saying: "It is better for us to make friends than to become the food of crows or vultures, will certainly happen if we are disabled." 20. [Chattogram Board-2016] Life is full of struggles. These are quite normal in anyone’s life as it is not a bed of roses. Certainly, it has ups and downs. A man has to face innumerable barriers in his life. Sometimes he can overcome those but sometimes he fails to combat them. He may be born with silver spoon without any trouble. But even then he has to overcome a lot of such to be successful in life. In other words, life is full of challenges. If he cannot fight them successfully, his life becomes full of sorrows. Though the scholars differ in giving the definition of life, they are unanimous that obstacles are the ways of life. Infact, a man has to undergo many in his life. Answer: Life is full of struggles. These struggles are quite normal in any one's life as it is not a bed of roses Certainly, life has ups and downs. A man has to face innumerable barriers in his life. Sometimes can overcome those barriers but sometimes he fails to combat them. He may be born with silver spoon without any trouble. But even then he has to overcome a lot of such troubles to be success in life. In other words, life is full of challenges. If he cannot .fight them successfully, his life becomes full of sorrows. Though the scholars differ in giving the definition of life, they are unanimous than obstacles are the ways of life. In fact, a man has to undergo many obstacles in his life. 21. [Sylhet Board-2016] A stormy night is fearful and horrible. They causes untold sufferings to the people. In a stormy night;the whole sky is totally overcast with dark cloud. Only the roaring of violent wind can be heard. The wind begins to blow with fearful sound from no directions. People get frightened with sound of storm. In addition to it, there is thundering and lightning. The frequent thundering and lighting causes much terror and fear in the mind of the people whom always think that this night may be the end of our lives and the terrible and destructive storm will never come to an end. Storm causes harm to them. The house roofs are blown away. Many trees are uprooted. A large number of houses and shelters are damaged within a very short time. Standing crops are badly damaged. That is thus a dreadful night to the people. Answer: A stormy night is fearful and horrible. A storm causes untold sufferings to the people. In a stormy night, the whole sky is totally overcast with dark cloud. Only the roaring of violent wind can be heart The wind begins to blow with fearful sound from no directions. People get frightened with sound storm. In addition to the fearful sound of the violent wind, there is thundering and lightning. T frequent thundering and lightning causes much terror and fear in the mind of the people who always think that this night may be the end of their lives and the terrible and destructive storm will never come to an end. Storm causes harm to them. The house roofs are blown away. Many trees am uprooted. A large number of houses and shelters are damaged within a very short time. Standing crops are badly damaged. A stormy night is thus a dreadful night to the people.

confusing verbs in English along with examples: Lay vs. Lie: Lay (to place something down): She lays the book on the table. Lie (to recline or rest): He lies on the sofa to relax. Raise vs. Rise: Raise (to lift something): She raises her hand to ask a question. Rise (to go up or ascend): The sun rises in the east. Set vs. Sit: Set (to put something in a particular place): He sets the table for dinner. Sit (to be seated): She sits on the chair to read a book. Bring vs. Take: Bring (to carry something towards a place): Please bring the documents to the meeting. Take (to carry something away from a place): I'll take the trash out. Accept vs. Except: Accept (to receive willingly): She accepts the gift with gratitude. Except (excluding): Everyone attended the party except John. Affect vs. Effect: Affect (to influence or produce a change): The new policy will affect all employees. Effect (result or outcome): The medication had a positive effect on his health. Who vs. Whom: Who (subject pronoun): Who is responsible for the project? Whom (object pronoun): To whom did you give the keys? Lie vs. Lay: Lie (to recline or rest): The dog likes to lie in the sun. Lay (to put or place something down): Lay the books on the shelf. Bring vs. Fetch: Bring (to come with something or someone to a place): Can you bring the drinks to the party? Fetch (to go and get something or someone and bring them back): Could you fetch my keys from the living room? Set vs. Put: Set (to put something in a particular place or position): She set the table for dinner. Put (to move something to a specific location): Please put the groceries in the refrigerator. Leave vs. Let: Leave (to go away from a place): She leaves for work at 8 am. Let (to allow or permit): Let me help you with that. Do vs. Make: Do (to perform an action): I need to do my homework. Make (to create or produce something): She makes delicious cakes. Can vs. May: Can (ability or capability): Can you swim? May (permission or possibility): May I use your phone? Shall vs. Will: Shall (used to express future action with the first person): I shall go to the store. Will (used to express future action with second and third persons): He will arrive tomorrow. Then vs. Than: Then (refers to a point in time): We will go to the park and then to the cinema. Than (used for comparison): She is taller than her sister. Further vs. Farther: Further (additional or to a greater extent): We need to discuss this matter further. Farther (refers to physical distance): The store is farther than I thought. Good vs. Well: Good (adjective): She is a good singer. Well (adverb): She sings well. Lie vs. Lye: Lie (to recline): The cat likes to lie in the sun. Lye (a strong alkaline solution): Lye is used in soap-making. Borrow vs. Lend: Borrow (to take something from someone with the intention of returning it): Can I borrow your pen? Lend (to give something to someone for temporary use): Can you lend me your pen? Speak vs. Talk: Speak (to utter words): He speaks three languages fluently. Talk (to communicate or converse): They talk on the phone every day. Advice vs. Advise: Advice (noun): She gave me some good advice about my career. Advise (verb): Can you advise me on which laptop to buy? Breathe vs. Breath: Breathe (verb): Remember to breathe deeply during the yoga class. Breath (noun): She felt a cold breath on her neck. Brake vs. Break: Brake (noun or verb): Press the brake pedal to slow down the car. Break (verb): He accidentally broke the vase. Compliment vs. Complement: Compliment (noun or verb): She received a nice compliment on her new haircut. Complement (noun or verb): The wine complements the flavors of the dish perfectly. Council vs. Counsel: Council (noun): The city council meets every Tuesday. Counsel (noun or verb): She sought legal counsel before signing the contract. Cite vs. Site vs. Sight: Cite (verb): You need to cite your sources in the research paper. Site (noun): The construction site is located downtown. Sight (noun): The view from the top of the mountain was a breathtaking sight. Complement vs. Compliment: Complement (verb or noun): The red wine complements the meal perfectly. Compliment (verb or noun): She received a compliment on her new dress. Capital vs. Capitol: Capital (noun): London is the capital of England. Capitol (noun): The Capitol building is located in Washington, D.C. Climactic vs. Climatic: Climactic (adjective): The climactic scene of the movie was intense. Climatic (adjective): The climatic conditions in the region are harsh. Dual vs. Duel: Dual (adjective): The smartphone has a dual camera setup. Duel (noun or verb): They settled their dispute with a duel. Flair vs. Flare: Flair (noun): She has a flair for interior design. Flare (noun or verb): The flare of the match illuminated the room. Faze vs. Phase: Faze (verb): The criticism didn't faze him at all. Phase (noun or verb): She's going through a rebellious phase. Grisly vs. Grizzly: Grisly (adjective): The crime scene was grisly and disturbing. Grizzly (adjective or noun): We saw a grizzly bear in the national park. Hoard vs. Horde: Hoard (verb or noun): He tends to hoard old newspapers. Horde (noun): A horde of tourists descended upon the city during the festival. Hoarse vs. Horse: Hoarse (adjective): His voice was hoarse from shouting all day. Horse (noun): She loves riding her horse in the countryside. Lead vs. Led: Lead (noun or verb): He took the lead in organizing the event. Led (verb): She led the team to victory. Lightning vs. Lightening: Lightning (noun): Lightning lit up the sky during the storm. Lightening (verb): She is lightening her hair for the summer. Lose vs. Loose: Lose (verb): Don't lose hope; you'll find a solution. Loose (adjective): His pants are too loose after losing weight. Passed vs. Past: Passed (verb): He passed the exam with flying colors. Past (adjective or noun): The past cannot be changed. Peace vs. Piece: Peace (noun): They signed a treaty to achieve peace in the region. Piece (noun): She cut the cake into small pieces. Pique vs. Peak: Pique (verb): His curiosity was piqued by the mysterious letter. Peak (noun): They reached the peak of the mountain just before sunset. Poor vs. Pour: Poor (adjective): They lived in a poor neighborhood. Pour (verb): She poured herself a glass of water. Precede vs. Proceed: Precede (verb): The introduction precedes the main body of the report. Proceed (verb): They decided to proceed with the project despite the challenges. Principal vs. Principle: Principal (noun or adjective): The school principal greeted the students in the morning. Principle (noun): He believed in the principles of honesty and integrity. Stationary vs. Stationery: Stationary (adjective): The car was stationary at the traffic light. Stationery (noun): She bought some new stationery for her office. Passed vs. Past: Passed (verb): She passed the exam with flying colors. Past (adjective or noun): The past cannot be changed. Peace vs. Piece: Peace (noun): They signed a treaty to achieve peace in the region. Piece (noun): She cut the cake into small pieces. Pique vs. Peak: Pique (verb): His curiosity was piqued by the mysterious letter. Peak (noun): They reached the peak of the mountain just before sunset. Poor vs. Pour: Poor (adjective): They lived in a poor neighborhood. Pour (verb): She poured herself a glass of water. Precede vs. Proceed: Precede (verb): The introduction precedes the main body of the report. Proceed (verb): They decided to proceed with the project despite the challenges.

Accept vs. Affect: Accept (to receive willingly) Example: She decided to accept the job offer. Affect (to influence or produce a change in something) Example: The new policy will affect all employees. Averse vs. Adverse: Averse (having a strong dislike or opposition) Example: She is averse to taking risks in her investments. Adverse (unfavorable or harmful) Example: The bad weather had an adverse impact on the crops. Beside vs. Besides: Beside (next to) Example: Please sit beside me during the meeting. Besides (in addition to) Example: She has many talents, besides being a skilled writer. Born vs. Borne: Born (past participle of "bear," meaning to give birth to) Example: She was born in the month of May. Borne (carried or transported) Example: The responsibility must be borne by the entire team. Canvas vs. Canvass: Canvas (a strong fabric used for various purposes) Example: The artist painted on a large canvas. Canvass (to solicit votes or opinions) Example: Volunteers will canvass the neighborhood for the upcoming election. Cite vs. Site: Cite (to reference or quote as evidence) Example: Don't forget to cite your sources in the research paper. Site (a location or place) Example: They chose a beautiful site for the new building. Compliment vs. Complement: Compliment (a nice thing said about someone) Example: He gave her a sincere compliment on her presentation. Complement (something that completes or goes well with something) Example: The colors of the furniture complement the overall design. Elicit vs. Illicit: Elicit (to draw out or evoke a reaction) Example: His comments managed to elicit a passionate response. Illicit (forbidden by law, rules, or custom) Example: The business was shut down for engaging in illicit activities. Farther vs. Further: Farther (referring to physical distance) Example: The store is farther away than I thought. Further (referring to extent or degree) Example: We need to conduct further research on the topic. Lay vs. Lie: Lay (to put or place something down) Example: Please lay the book on the table. Lie (to recline or rest in a horizontal position) Example: I need to lie down and rest for a while. Loose vs. Lose: Loose (not firmly or tightly fixed in place) Example: The screw is loose, and it needs tightening. Lose (to be deprived of something or fail to win) Example: If you don't practice, you might lose the match. Moral vs. Morale: Moral (relating to principles of right and wrong) Example: The decision was based on moral values. Morale (the confidence or enthusiasm of a group) Example: The team's victory significantly boosted the overall morale. Peak vs. Pique: Peak (the highest point) Example: The climbers reached the peak of the mountain. Pique (to stimulate interest or curiosity) Example: The intriguing story will pique your interest. Principle vs. Principal: Principle (a fundamental truth or proposition) Example: He adheres to a strict moral principle. Principal (a person who has controlling authority) Example: The school principal addressed the students. Stationary vs. Stationery: Stationary (not moving) Example: The car was stationary at the red traffic light. Stationery (writing materials, pens, paper, etc.) Example: I need to buy some new stationery for the office. Exercise Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the statement. The store is ________ (farther/further) away than I thought. The principal (principle) reason for the decision was financial. She wanted to ________ (lie/lay) down and rest for a while. The loose (lose) screws need tightening before the shelf collapses. We need to conduct ________ (further/farther) research on the topic. Please ________ (lay/lie) the documents on the table. The effect (affect) of the new policy was noticeable immediately. The company experienced an adverse (averse) impact due to the economic downturn. The climbers reached the ________ (peek/peak) of the mountain at sunrise. The intriguing story will ________ (peak/pique) your interest. Answers: farther principal lie loose further lay effect adverse peak pique Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the statement. She decided to (accept/except) the job offer. The weather can (affect/effect) your mood. The artist painted on a large (canvas/canvass). Volunteers will (canvas/canvass) the neighborhood for the upcoming election. Please (lay/lie) the book on the table. The responsibility must be (born/borne) by the entire team. The team's victory significantly boosted the overall (moral/morale). His (role/roll) in the project was crucial to its success. The mountain had a (shear/sheer) drop on one side. I want to (lie/lay) down and rest for a while. The intriguing story will (peak/pique) your interest. The (capital/capitol) of the country is a bustling metropolis. The protesters gathered outside the state (capital/capitol). The screw is (loose/lose), and it needs tightening. The company experienced an (adverse/averse) impact due to the economic downturn. We need to conduct (further/farther) research on the topic. Washington, D.C., is the (capital/capitol) of the United States. The new policy had a positive (affect/effect) on employee productivity. The climbers reached the (peek/peak) of the mountain at sunrise. She gave her a sincere (complement/compliment) on her presentation. The store is (farther/further) away than I thought. His (role/roll) in the play was challenging and rewarding. The intriguing story will (peak/pique) the interest of many readers. The mountain had a (sheer/shear) face that made it difficult to climb. The team's victory significantly boosted the overall (moral/morale). The artist decided to paint on a smaller (canvas/canvass). Volunteers will (canvas/canvass) for donations to support the cause. Please (lay/lie) the tools on the workbench. The decision was based on a moral (principal/principle). The store is (farther/further) away than I expected. Answers: accept affect canvas canvass lay borne morale role sheer lie pique capital capitol loose adverse further capital effect peak compliment farther role pique sheer morale canvas canvass lay moral farther Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the statement. The speaker's words managed to (elicit/illicit) a strong emotional response. The responsibility must be (born/borne) by the entire team. He decided to (role/roll) the dice and take a chance. The mountain had a (sheer/shear) face that made it challenging to climb. She chose to (allude/elude) to the issue without directly mentioning it. The bad weather had an (adverse/averse) impact on the outdoor event. Volunteers will (canvas/canvass) the neighborhood for support. The team's victory significantly boosted the overall (moral/morale). She gave a (complement/compliment) to her colleague on the successful project. I need to (lie/lay) down and rest for a while. The colors of the furniture (complement/compliment) the room's design. Please (stationary/stationery) the car in the designated parking spot. The artist decided to paint on a smaller (canvas/canvass) for this project. They chose a beautiful (site/sight) for the new building. The decision was based on a strong moral (principal/principle). Washington, D.C., is the (capital/capitol) of the United States. The intriguing story will surely (peak/pique) your curiosity. If you don't practice, you might (lose/loose) the match. The store is (farther/further) away than expected. The company conducted (further/farther) investigations into the matter. Answers: elicit borne roll sheer allude adverse canvass morale compliment lie complements stationery canvas site principle capital pique lose farther further

Inversion is a grammatical structure where the typical word order of a sentence is reversed, often for emphasis, formality, or to achieve a specific rhetorical effect. It primarily involves reversing the order of the subject and the verb, although it can also involve other elements of a sentence, such as adverbs or prepositional phrases. Inversion can occur in various contexts, including questions, negative adverbs, expressions starting with "not," and adverbs of place like "here" and "there." 1. Question Word Order: In questions, the usual subject-verb order is inverted, with the auxiliary or modal verb placed before the subject. This inversion is a hallmark of interrogative sentences. Examples: Statement: She sings. Question: Does she sing? Statement: They are working. Question: Are they working? Statement: Joe can swim. Question: Can Joe swim? 2. Negative Adverbs: When negative adverbs such as "never," "seldom," "rarely," "scarcely," or "hardly" are placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, inversion occurs. Examples: Never have we witnessed such cruelty. Seldom does one hear a politician apologize. 3. Expressions Beginning with "Not": After the word "not" followed by a prepositional phrase or a clause at the beginning of a sentence, inversion can happen for emphasis or stylistic reasons. Examples: Not once have I seen him lose his temper. Not until after midnight did they reach the summit. 4. "Here" and "There" as Adverbs of Place: When "here" or "there" are used as adverbs of place at the beginning of a sentence, subject-verb inversion may occur. Examples: Here comes the sun. Here's your chance to shine. There goes the train. There lies the problem. 5. Inversion for Emphasis: Inversion is also used to place emphasis on certain elements of a sentence, often to highlight importance or to create a more formal tone. Examples: Only after years of hard work did he achieve success. Little did she know the impact of her words. Rarely have we seen such dedication to a cause. Inversion adds variety to sentence structures and allows writers to create different rhetorical effects. It is particularly common in formal writing, literature, and rhetorical speech. By altering the word order, inversion can draw attention to specific elements of a sentence and convey nuances of meaning or emotion. Exercise Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of inversion, using the given cues. Question Word Order: Example: She sings. (Question: _____ she sing?) Exercise: He is playing football. (Question: _____ he playing football?) They have finished their homework. (Question: _____ they finished their homework?) She will come to the party. (Question: _____ she come to the party?) Negative Adverbs: Example: They have never been to Asia. (Inverted: Never _____ they been to Asia.) Exercise: We rarely see him at social events. (Inverted: Rarely _____ we see him at social events.) She hardly ever complains about anything. (Inverted: Hardly ever _____ she complain about anything.) He seldom goes out on weekends. (Inverted: Seldom _____ he goes out on weekends.) Expressions Beginning with "Not": Example: He understood the instructions only after the exam. (Inverted: Only after the exam _____ he understand the instructions.) Exercise: She realized the truth only after he left. (Inverted: Only after he left _____ she realize the truth.) We found the keys not until we had searched the entire house. (Inverted: Not until we had searched the entire house _____ we find the keys.) They understood the gravity of the situation not until they saw the consequences. (Inverted: Not until they saw the consequences _____ they understand the gravity of the situation.) "Here" and "There" as Adverbs of Place: Example: The guests arrived. (Inverted: Here _____ the guests arrive.) Exercise: She comes. (Inverted: Here _____ she come.) They arrived at the destination. (Inverted: There _____ they arrive at the destination.) The sun sets in the evening. (Inverted: There _____ the sun set in the evening.) Inversion for Emphasis: Example: She passed the exam. (Inverted: Only after months of studying _____ she pass the exam.) Exercise: He won the championship. (Inverted: Little did _____ know, he win the championship.) They discovered the treasure. (Inverted: Rarely _____ they discover such a treasure.) She understood the meaning of life. (Inverted: Not until that moment _____ she understand the meaning of life.) Answers: Question Word Order: Is Have Will Negative Adverbs: Do Do Does Expressions Beginning with "Not": Did Did Did "Here" and "There" as Adverbs of Place: Come Arrived Sets Inversion for Emphasis: Did she Did they Did she Exercise: Complete each sentence by using inversion. Never _______________ such a talented singer. Seldom _______________ such an amazing display of fireworks. Rarely _______________ such a beautiful sunset. Only after the meeting _______________ the true extent of the problem. Not until the last minute _______________ the solution. Little _______________ the impact of her words. Under no circumstances _______________ the keys to anyone. At no time _______________ him complain about the situation. Not a day _______________ without thinking about her. Nowhere _______________ a better view of the city. Hardly _______________ the courage to speak in front of the audience. Not until she read the letter _______________ the truth. Only after years of hard work _______________ her dreams come true. Never before _______________ such an inspiring speech. Little _______________ the consequences of his actions. Nowhere _______________ a better opportunity to showcase their talent. At no point _______________ the importance of the task. Seldom _______________ such dedication to a cause. Only after the accident _______________ the severity of the situation. Hardly _______________ the journey without encountering difficulties. Not a single day _______________ without laughter in their house. Under no circumstances _______________ the rules be broken. Not till the end of the movie _______________ the identity of the villain revealed. Only when she arrived at the airport _______________ the flight delayed. Nowhere _______________ such kindness shown. Little _______________ about the customs and traditions of the region. Not until they reached the top of the mountain _______________ the breathtaking view. At no time _______________ she betray her principles. Seldom _______________ such a beautiful garden seen. Only after years of practice _______________ her skills recognized. Never _______________ such excitement at a football match. Hardly _______________ any progress made in the negotiations. Not a single day _______________ without her presence felt. Nowhere _______________ a better opportunity to start anew. Little _______________ about the scientific breakthrough. Under no circumstances _______________ the project be abandoned. Not till the end of the book _______________ the mystery solved. Only after the storm _______________ the extent of the damage. Nowhere _______________ a more peaceful place found. Hardly _______________ such determination witnessed. Not a single day _______________ without her voice heard. Seldom _______________ such enthusiasm seen in the classroom. Only after years of research _______________ the cure discovered. Never _______________ such an outpouring of support. Nowhere _______________ a more welcoming community found. Little _______________ about the history of the country. Not till the end of the performance _______________ the audience applaud. Under no circumstances _______________ the experiment repeated. Hardly _______________ such a challenging task encountered. Not a single day _______________ without her memory cherished. Answer Key: have I heard have we seen have I witnessed did they realize did she find did she know would he give did I hear goes by is there had she summoned did she understand did her have I heard did he understand is there did they realize have I seen did they realize did they complete passes should was was have I seen did she know did they see did have I were have I felt was passes could do they know should did they did they realize have I had I goes by have I was have I seen is there did she know did will have I goes by

Relative Clause A relative clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a type of dependent clause that functions as an adjective within a sentence. It provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Relative clauses usually begin with relative pronouns such as "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that," and they serve to modify nouns or pronouns. Here are the different types of relative clauses with examples for each: Defining Relative Clause: Examples: Provides essential information that defines or specifies the noun it modifies. Often introduced by relative pronouns like "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that." Not set off by commas. Non-Defining Relative Clause: Examples: Provides additional, non-essential information about the noun it modifies. Set off by commas. Often introduced by relative pronouns like "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that." Restrictive Relative Clause: Examples: Essential for understanding the meaning of the sentence. Limits the scope of the noun it modifies. Usually introduced by relative pronouns like "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that." Non-Restrictive Relative Clause: Examples: Provides additional information about the noun it modifies but is not necessary for the sentence's basic meaning. Enclosed in commas. Often introduced by relative pronouns like "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that."

Adverbial Clause An adverbial clause, also known as an adverb clause, is a type of dependent clause that functions as an adverb within a sentence. It provides information about the manner, time, place, condition, reason, or purpose of the action expressed in the main clause. Adverbial clauses often begin with subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns. Here are the different types of adverbial clauses with examples for each: Adverbial Clause of Time: Examples: Provides information about when the action in the main clause takes place. Often introduced by subordinating conjunctions like "when," "while," "as," "before," "after," "since," "until," or "whenever." Adverbial Clause of Place: Examples: Provides information about where the action in the main clause occurs. Often introduced by subordinating conjunctions like "where," "wherever," or "anywhere." Adverbial Clause of Manner: Examples: Provides information about how the action in the main clause is done. Often introduced by subordinating conjunctions like "as," "like," or "the way." Adverbial Clause of Condition: Examples: Provides information about the condition under which the action in the main clause occurs. Often introduced by subordinating conjunctions like "if," "unless," "provided that," or "in case." Adverbial Clause of Reason: Examples: Provides information about the reason or cause for the action in the main clause. Often introduced by subordinating conjunctions like "because," "since," "as," or "due to the fact that." Adverbial Clause of Purpose: Examples: Provides information about the purpose or intention behind the action in the main clause. Often introduced by subordinating conjunctions like "so that," "in order that," "that," or "to."

Adjective Clause An adjective clause, also known as a relative clause, is a type of dependent clause that functions as an adjective within a sentence. It provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Adjective clauses usually begin with relative pronouns such as "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that," and they serve to modify nouns or pronouns. Here are the different types of adjective clauses with examples for each: Defining Adjective Clause: Defining adjective clauses provide essential information that defines or specifies the noun it modifies. They are not set off by commas and are necessary for the sentence to convey its intended meaning. Example: The man who is sitting next to me is my uncle. (Modifying "man") Example: She returned the book that she borrowed yesterday. (Modifying "book") Example: The house where they used to live has been demolished. (Modifying "house") 2. Non-Defining Adjective Clause: Non-defining adjective clauses provide additional, non-essential information about the noun it modifies. They are set off by commas and can be removed from the sentence without altering its basic meaning. Example: Mary's sister, who lives in Paris, is a talented artist. (Modifying "sister") Example: The car, which was parked outside, belongs to my friend. (Modifying "car") Example: John's new laptop, which he bought last week, is very expensive. (Modifying "laptop") 3. Adjective Clause of Time: Adjective clauses of time provide information about the time of an event or action. They are introduced by relative adverbs like "when," "where," or "why." Example: The day when we met was unforgettable. (Modifying "day") Example: The place where we first kissed is now a park. (Modifying "place") Example: The reason why she left remains a mystery. (Modifying "reason") 4. Adjective Clause of Place: Adjective clauses of place provide information about the location or place of an event or action. They are introduced by relative adverbs like "where." Example: This is the room where I study. (Modifying "room") Example: He showed me the place where he found the treasure. (Modifying "place") Example: Do you know the restaurant where they serve authentic Italian cuisine? (Modifying "restaurant") 5. Adjective Clause of Manner: Adjective clauses of manner provide information about the manner or way in which something is done. They are introduced by relative adverbs like "how." Example: She told me how she solved the problem. (Modifying "told me") Example: He explained how the machine works. (Modifying "explained") Example: Do you know how she managed to finish the project so quickly? (Modifying "know")