Summary Writing for HSC Examination With Answers ( Board Questions)

Summary Worksheet- 5.0 ( Board Questions)

1.   Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single University established in the modem time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India's alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers.  Unit-6, Lesson-1 [CB, J.B-2019;S.B-2018; Dj.B-2017]

2.   According to some myths and legends, Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who is said to have spread Islam in the parts of Bengal close to the Sunderbans. He was credited with many miracles. For example, he could supposedly calm dangerous animals and make them docile. He is usually depicted in paats or scroll paintings riding a fierce-looking Bengal tiger, a snake in his hand, but in no apparent danger. According to some stories, he also fought crocodiles who threatened the people of a region full of canals and creeks, indeed, a kind of watery jungle bordering the Bay of Bengal. Because of his alert and vigilant presence, all predatory animals were said to have been kept within, bounds. It was also believed that he enabled villagers to live close to forests and jungles and cultivate their lands. Consequently, people of these regions would pray to him for protection. The story of Gazi Pir has been preserved in folk literature as well as art and has been performed in indigenous theatre. hi fact, some Gazir past scrolls are part of the collection of the British Museum. I Unit-9, Lesson-3   [R.B-2019]

3.   Conflict can be defined in many ways but one of the simplest is that it pertains to the opposing ideas and actions of different entities, resulting in an antagonistic state. Conflict is an inevitable part of life. All of us possess our own_ opinions, ideas and sets of beliefs. We have our own ways of looking at things and we act according to what we think is proper. Hence, we often find ourselves in conflict in different scenarios; it may involve other individuals, groups of people or a struggle within our own selves. Consequently, conflict influences our actions and decisions in one way or another.

Conflict comes naturally;,the clashing of thoughts and ideas is a part of the human experience. It is true that it can be destructive if left uncontrolled. However, it shouldn't be seen as something that can only cause negative things to transpire. It is a way to come up with more meaningful realizations that can certainly be helpful to the individuals involved. I Unit-I2; Lesson-2     Dj.B-2019

4.   In Bangladesh folk music has great variety, with songs being composed on the culture, festivals, views of life, natural beauty, rivers and rural and riverine life. These songs are also about social inequality and poverty, about the material world and the supernatural. Mystical songs have been composed using the metaphors of rivers and boats. Since the country is basically riverine, the Bhatiyali forms an important genre of folk music. Folk music is formed and develops according to the environment. Differences in the natural environment are reflected in the people of the different regions. The dialects too vary across the different regions. Bangladeshi folk music therefore varies from region to region. Thus there are the northern Bhawaiya, the eastern Bhatiyali and the southwestern Baul songs.  Unit-14, Lesson-2         Ctg.B-2019

5.   Accessibility to higher education implies that students get the opportunity to get university education and sufficient support from educational institutions. Increasing enrolment at the secondary and higher secondary level puts pressure on higher educational institutions. But due to limited capacity, only a small number of students may be enrolled in universities. Thus, each year a large number of students are denied access to higher education. Also, due to poverty and increase in educational expenses, students of the lower middle class do not get easy access to higher education. Moreover, those who get places in the universities have limited access to avail all kinds of diversified educational facilities relating to their study fields. Drily about 12 percent of graduates enter higher educational institutions. More than 80 percent of these students are admitted to NU affiliated colleges. Others are absorbed by the public and private universities. In the last two decades, there has been a substantial rise in the number of students in private universities. According to the UGC Annual Report 2010, the number rose from 88,669 in 2005 to 2,00,752 in 2010.   Unit-6, Lesson-2 CTGB-2019; B.B-2017]

6.   As a child you must have been told to greet your elders and visitors to your home according to your culture and tradition. You must also have been taught to be polite in company and keep quiet while others, especially your elders, spoke. Possibly, you at times grudged such schooling. Possible, at times you even protested such disciplining. Now, certainly you know that you cal* always behave the way you want specially in the presence of others. There are rules of behavior you have to follow in a company. We are social beings and have to consider the effect of our behavior on others, even if we are at home and dealing with our family members.     

We have two terms to describe our social behavior— 'etiquette' and 'manners'. 'Etiquette' is a French word and it means the rules of correct behavior in society. The word 'manners' means the behavior that is considered to be polite in a particular society or culture. Manners can be good or bad. For example, it is a bad manner to speak with food in one's mouth. No one likes a bad mannered person. Remember that etiquette and manners vary from culture to culture and from society to society.

We learn etiquette and manners from our parents, families and various institutions, such as schools, colleges or professional bodies. There are rules of behavior for all kinds of social occasions and it is important to learn them and practice them in everyday life. 1 Unit-4; Lesson-     B.B-2019

7.   Bangladesh is blessed with huge inland open water resources. It has numerous rivers, canals, beets, lakes, and vast areas of tloodplains. Hakaluki haor is one of the major wetlands of Bangladesh. With a land area of 18,386 hectares, it supports a rich biodiversity and provides direct and indirect livelihood benefits to nearly 1,90,000 people. This haor was declared an Ecologically Critical Area in April 1999 by the government of Bangladesh.

Hakaluki is a complex ecosystem, containing more than 238 interconnecting beets and jalmahals.

The haor falls under two administrative districts, Maulviba7ar and Sylhet. Some 1,90,000 people live in the area surrounding the haor.

Hakaluki haor is an important source of fisheries resources for Bangladesh. Kalibaus, Boa!, Rui, Ghagot, Pabda, and Chapila are the main fish species found here. From the Kushiara there are frequent upstream movements of fish towards the beels and tributaries of Hakaluki. The beels in Hakaluki haor provide winter shelter for the mother fisheries. In early monsoon these mother fisheries produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities. Floodplains are also an important source of fisheries resources within the area. However, many of the beels have lost their capacity to provide shelter for mother fisheries because of sand deposits from upstream rivers and canals, use of complete dewatering technique for fishing and lack of aquatic plants to provide feed and shelter for parents fish. 1 Unit-8; Lesson-2        1RB, C.B,Ctg.B, B.B-2018]

8.   Anne Frank is perhaps the most well-known victim of the Nazi Holocaust of World War II. Anne, born on June 12, 1929, was given a diary at the age of 13, in which she chronicled her life from 1942 to 1944. During this time, Anne spent two years in hiding with her family in Nazi-occupied Amsterdam in a secret annex with four other Jews. Betrayed and discovered in 1944, Anne was sent to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where she died of typhus in 1945. Anne's father, Otto Frank, was the only occupant of the secret annex to survive the war. In 1947, he published Anne's diary as The Diary of a Young Girl. Anne's account of her internment, as well as her deep belief in humanity has become one of the world's most widely read books.  Unit-5, Lesson-5     M.B-2017]

9.   My name is Amerigo. I am 13 years old and I live on the street, alone. My mother, who is separated from my father, doesn't want me. She told me to go away. Now she is married to another man. My father lives very far away. 1 want to go to him, but he won't take me either.

The streets are now my home. Sometimes I find work. I used to collect trash and sell it to a vendor. I stopped doing that after I had a serious infection and a doctor told me to stay away from the trash dump. Once I worked for an ice-cream shop owner and sold ice-cream on the beach. But I got no money in return. The owner of the shop gave me something to eat, and let me sleep in his hut at night. The work was difficult and painful. The ice-cream box was quite heavy when it was full. I had to walk for hours, offering my ice-cream to whoever wanted to buy. There were days when I could not even sell one ice-cream.

In a way, I am lucky because I am alive. One of my friends was recently killed after he fell into a hole that opened up in the pile of trash. A boy I know lost one of his eyes after a piece of hot glass flew into his eye at the glass factory where he worked. The owner refused to pay for medical treatment.

For me, like all other street children, life is very hard. I am looking for work. I am always hungry, and I don't know where I will sleep at night.   Unit-7, Lesson-4    [R.B-2017]

10.      "I’m not in the least hungry," my guest sighed, "but if you insist If don't mind having some asparagus." I ordered them. "Aren't you going to have any?" "No, I never eat asparagus." "I know there are people who don't like them. The fact is, you ruin your palate by all the meat you eat."

We waited for the asparagus to be cooked. Panic seized me. It was not a question now of how much money I should have left over for the rest of the month, but whether I had enough to pay the bill.

The asparagus appeared. They were enormous, succulent and appetizi.n. The smell of the melted butter tickled my nostrils

"Yes, just an ice-cream and coffee," she answered. I was past caring now. So, I ordered coffee for myself and an ice-cream and coffee for her. "You know, there's one thing I believe in," she said, as she ate the ice-cream. "One should always get up from a meal feeling one could eat a little more."  Unit-3; Lesson-2            [J.B-2017

11.      Kuakata, locally known as Sagar Kannya (Daughter of the Sea) is a rare scenic spot located on the southernmost tip of Bangladesh. Kuakata in Latachapli union under Kalapara- Police Station of Patuakhali district is about 30 km in length and 6 km in breadth. It is 70 km from Patuakhali district headquarters and 320 km from Dhaka. An excellent combination of the picturesque natural beauty, sandy beaches, blue sky and the shimmering expanse of water of the Bay of Bengal and .the evergreen forest makes Kuakata a much sought after tourist destination.

The name Kuakata takes its origin from the story of a 'Kua'-or well -dug on the sea shore by the early Rakhaine settlers for collecting drinking water. The Rakhaines had landed on Kuakata coast after being expelled from Arakan by the Mughals. Following the first well, it became a tradition to dig wells in the neighbourhood of Rakhaine homesteads for fresh water supply.

Kuakata is one of the unique spots which allow a visitor to watch both the sunrise and the sunset from the beach. That perhaps makes Kuakata one of the world's most attractive beaches. The long and wide beach at Kuakata has a typical natural setting. This sandy beach slopes gently into the Bay and bathing there is as pleasant as is swimming or diving. I Unit-8, Lesson-5   [S.B-2017]

12.      A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, including ban of guns, and is often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. Means to achieve these ends include advocacy of pacifism, non-violent resistance, diplomacy, boycotts, demonstrations, peace camps, supporting anti-war political candidates, and banning guns. creating open government, direct democracy, supporting people who expose war-crimes or conspiracies to create wars, and making laws. Different organizations involved in peace movements may have some diverse goals, but one common goal is sustainability of peace.

Peace movement is basically an all-encompassing "anti-war movement". It is primarily characterized by a belief that human beings should not wage war on each other or engage in violent conflicts over language, race, natural resources, religion or ideology. It is believed that military power is not the equivalent of justice. The peace movement tends to oppose the proliferation-of dangeroui technologies and weapons of mass destruction, in particular, nuclear weapons and biological warfare. Moreover, many object to the export of weapons including hand-held machine guns and grenades by leading economic nations to lesser developed nations.  Unit-I2, Lesson-5

13.      We human beings tend to forget how far we have come as a species in a relatively short period of time. It was only in the 1870s, when we had the first house that was lighted with electricity. Cars just started to become available 100 years ago. Charles Lindbergh made the first trans-Atlantic flight in 1927. Televisions didn't become widely available until after World War H. kr other words, the advances humankind has made in a relatively short period of time have been nothing short of extraordinary. Perhaps just as extraordinary is how we tend to simply adapt to these incredible changes, not realizing how completely our world has been altered in a short span of time. With that in mind, it is worth looking back at some of the amazing scientific advances we have made in the last few decades.   Unit-13, Lesson-I

14.      While many alternatives to fossil fuels have been investigated, there is still quite a way to go before mankind's energy, supply is completely renewable. As of today, about 85% of all energy comes from fossil fuels. The reason clean energy is considered to be important is because fossil fuels are not expected to last much longer, they pollute the environment, and they have led to tensions between nations. The reason clean energy is hard to come by is that we've the past 150 years dependent on oil, and it's quite difficult to make the switch. Some have even suggested that the technology for producing vast amount of clean energy already exists but is suppressed by big oil companies. However, several European countries have produced considerable amounts of clean energy, Current methods of clean energy include wind, geothermal, tidal, hydropower, nuclear and bio-fuel.         Unit-13, Lesson-3

15.       A craftwork is a dynamic object—always evolving, and always abreast of changing tastes and preferences. It also represents a way of life and a cultural flavour. Therefore changes in lifestyle and material conditions are expected to have their impact on craftworks and their production. But certain forms, shapes, styles and aesthetic preferences change little over time, suggesting that a craftwork can function as a stable signifier of community values and desires over time. Mechanical and mass production take away this feeling of assurance and stability and the sense of continuity that the handmade craftwork evokes. In the clash between expectations of pure, handmade craftworks and the market need of mechanically produced craftworks, two contesting views emerge: on the one hand; traditionalists contend that the society needs to preserve the authenticity and naturalness of craftworks and their association with domesticity and environment arid, on the other, promoters of machine produCtion argue that the machine has helped restore the appeal of the crafts due to their cheaper ptoducticin costs.       Unit-14, Lesson-3

16.      We set out on the evening of July 21st . Food. was scarce in the village so Abdul packed a suitcase with two loaves and some tea and tins of milk, cheese and jam. We travelled Intermediate class in a cross- country train not uncomfortably crowded, through a country of shadowy loveliness. It was a moonlit night of broken soft clouds: the land was mostly under water, with paddy and coco-palms growing from it, and a few raised cart-tracks and groups of cottages islanded among clumps of bushes, all reflected among shadows. Here and there was the red glow of a cooking-fire or the lantern of a fisherman's boat in open water. At dawn we reached Sonaimuri, a small canal-side station-among wide fields; from there we had eight more miles by country boat, some of it along the canal, some of it across the flooded paddy fields. I was looking forward to that tranquil water journey in the early morning, and tranquil it must have been, for I fell instantly asleep and knew no more till we reached the landing-ghat at Khorshed's house, in a blaze of sunlight. It turned out that his letter saying that he was bringing me was still on its way, but they rallied to the crisis and gathered round to make me welcome, though as none of them spoke any English they could only stare and laugh and offer me cocci-nut juice. Unit-15, Lesson-1

17.      Unsafe levels of pesticides are present in around half of the vegetables and more than a quarter of fruits sold in the capital's markets, a recent survey has found. A 15-member team of the National Food Safety Laboratory, with support from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), came up with the findings after collecting and testing food samples from the capital's Gulshan, Karwanbazar and Mohakhali markets.

The survey report, a copy of which was acquired by the Dhaka Tribune, read that nearly 40% of 82 samples of milk, milk products, fish, fruits and vegetables contained banned pesticides such as DDT, Aldrin, Chlordane and Heptachlor. The amounts of pesticide in these samples were found to be 3 to 20 times greater than the limits set by the European Union. Around 50% vegetables and 35% fruits were found to be contaminated with unsafe level of pesticides.     Unit-3, Lesson-1

18.      It was twenty years ago and I was living in Paris. I had a tiny apartment in the Latin quarter overlooking a cemetery, and I was earning barely enough money to keep body and soul together. She had read a book of mine and had written to me about it. I answered, thanking her, and presently I received from her another letter saying that she was passing through Paris and would like to have a chat with me; but her time was limited, and the only free moment she had was on the following Thursday; she was spending the morning at the Luxembourg and would I give her a little luncheon at Foyot's afterwards? Foyot's is a restaurant at which the French senators eat, and it was so far beyond my means that I had never even thought of going there. But I was flattered and I was too young to have learned to say no to a woman ... I had eighty francs (gold francs) to last me the rest of the month, and a modest luncheon should not cost more than fifteen. If I cut out coffee for the next two weeks I could manage well enough. I answered that I would meet my friend by correspondence at Foyot's on Thursday at half-past twelve. She was not so young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive. She was, in fact, a woman of forty... and she gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose. She Vas talkative, but since she seemed inclined to talk about me I was prepared to be an attentive listener.          Unit-3, Lesson-2

19.      We have two terms to describe our social behaviour- 'etiquette' and `manners."Etiquette' is a French word and it means the rules of correct behaviour in society. The word 'manners' means the behaviour that is considered to be polite in a particular society or culture. Manners can be good or bad. For example, it is a bad manner to speak with food. in one's mouth. No one likes a bad-mannered person. Remember that etiquette and manners vary from culture to culture and from society to society.

We learn etiquette and manners from our parents, families and various institutions, such as schools, colleges or professional bodies. There are rules of behaviour for all kinds of social occasions and it is important to learn them and practise them in everyday life. The manners that are correct in a wedding reception will not do in a debating club. Therefore, we have to be careful about etiquette and manners. We know how important it is to say 'please' and 'thank you' in everyday life. A few more polite expressions such as 'pardon me', 'excuse me', 'may I', are bound to make your day smooth and pleasant.

 Unit-4, Lesson-1

20.      World Health Organization (WHO) identifies adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood. This phase represents one of the critical transitions in one's life span and is characterized by fast paced growth and change which are second only to those at infancy. Biological processes drive many aspects of this growth and development with the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence. The biological determinants of adolescence are fairly universal; however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations. This period has seen many changes over the past century-puberty for example, comes earlier than before, people marry late, and their sexual attitudes and behaviours are different from their grandparents or even parents. Among the factors responsible for the change are education, urbanization and spread of global communication.      Unit-5, Lesson-I

21.      The persona of a traffic policeman has always been a curious one. It has often found important space and close treatment in literature and other arts. Besides the many poems about this fascinating character, there is at least one movie where the central character is a traffic policeman. In 1963, Greek film maker [Hippos Fylaktos made this film named My Brother, the Traffic Policeman. It featured a slightly manic traffic policeman, Antonis Pikrocholos, who is utterly devoted to service and duty, and applies the traffic code with unyielding severity. Tickets rain down upon law­breakers-in particular taxi-drivers and especially Lampros, who happens to be in love with Pikrocholos' sister Fofo. In his turn, the traffic policeman is in love with a businessman's daughter, Kiki, who is afraid to reveal her feelings to her father. Besides, Antonis has given lots of traffic tickets to a bus belonging to her father's company. For all these reasons, the road to marriage for both couples is long and strewn with obstacles, but the outcome is a happy one for everyone involved.          Unit-2, Lesson-4

22.      Shilpi was only 15 years old when she married Rashid in 2008. Marrying off daughters at an early age is a standard practice for many families living in rural Bangladesh. After her wedding, Shilpi joined a local empowerment group that provides adolescent girls with the tools needed to gradually change cultural practices, particularly those pertaining to early marriage and pregnancy. The group's activities include discussions on how to most effectively change behaviour related to reproductive health as well as one-on-one counselling. It also offers peer-to-peer support and life skills training that help adolescents say no to early marriage. The empowerment group is one of more than 10,000 groups supported by some local Non Government Organizations (NGOs) working all over Bangladesh. These NGOs work through Canada's Adolescent Reproductive Health Project which also aims to increase access to quality health services for adolescents. During one of the group sessions, Shilpi came to understand the potentially harmful effects of early marriage and pregnancy.    Unit-5, Lesson-4

23.      In the Bengali language there is a modem maxim which can be translated, 'He who learns to read and write rides in a carriage and pair.' In English there is a similar proverb, 'Knowledge is power.' It is an offer of a prospective bribe to the student, a promise of an ulterior reward which is more important than knowledge itself. Unfortunately, our very education has been successful in depriving us of our real initiative and our courage of thought. The training we get in our schools has the constant implication in it that it is not for us to produce but to borrow. And we are casting about to borrow our educational plans from European institutions. The trampled plants of Indian corn are dreaming of recouping their harvest from the neighbouring wheat fields. To change the figure, we forget that, for proficiency in walking, it is better to train the muscles of our own legs than to strut upon wooden ones of foreign make, although they clatter and cause more surprise at our skill in using them than ifthey were living and real. I Unit-6, Lesson-1

24.      Man's intellect has a natural pride in its own aristocracy, which is the pride of its culture. Culture only acknowledges the excellence whose criticism• is in its inner perfection, not in any external success. When this pride succumbs to some compulsion of necessity or lure of material advantage, it brings humiliation to the intellectual man. Modern India, through her very education, has been made to suffer this humiliation. Once she herself provided her children with a culture which was the product of her own ages of thought and creation. But it has been thrust aside, and we are made to tread the mill of passing examinations, not for learning anything, but for notifying that we are qualified for employments under organizations conducted in English. Our educated community is not a cultured community, but a community of qualified candidates. Meanwhile the proportion of possible employments to the number of claimants has gradually been growing narrower, and the consequent disaffection has been widespread. At last the very authorities who are responsible for this are blaming their victims. Such is the perversity of human nature. It bears its worst grudge against those it has injured.   Unit-6, Lesson-1

25.      Public Universities are the first choices of most students. The public universities offer a wide range of subjects in Science, Commerce, Liberal Arts, Humanities, Engineering and Technology, Law, Education and Medicine. Public universities attract the best minds to teaching although monetary compensation for teachers is anything but attractive. Library, laboratory, Internet and research facilities are much better there than anywhere else in the country. Seminars, symposiums, lectures, workshops, debates and exhibitions are often held in these institutions and there is ample scope for national and international exposures for promising young knowledge seekers. Moreover, public universities offer residential and boarding facilities at low cost/subsidized rates.  Unit-6, Lesson-2

26.      Cursed or not, we know how drinking water is in our life. We know we cannot; survive without it In fact two-thirds of our body is made up of water. Not for nothing is it said that the other name of water is life. Is there a crisis in our time with regard to access to clean drinking water? The United Nations in a meeting on the eve of the new millennium identified the drinking water problem as one of the challenges for the future. But do we need to worry about the problem as ours is a land of rivers and we have plenty of rainfall? Besides, we have a sea in our backyard too. One of the sources of water in our country are the rivers. Rivers are everywhere in our life, literature, economy and culture. But are the rivers in good shape? Unfortunately, they are not. A few are already dead and several are going throng,h the pangs of death. The river Buriganga is an example of a dying river. A report published in the Daily Sun describes what has happened to the river Buriganga and why. Its water is polluted and a perpetual stench fills the air around it. But that is

not what it was like before.                                                                       Unit-8, Lesson-1

27.      Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself pli7zling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all.

First, lees start by answering a basic question: What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening imagery; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing.

Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unravelling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.     Unit-10, Lesson-1

28.      British-Bangladesh, also known as British-Bengalis, are an important part of the Bangladeshi diaspora or those of Bangladeshi origin who are living abroad. Almost half of all British-Bangladeshis live in London, especially in the East London boroughs, of which Tower Hamlets has the highest concentration.

Today a tourist who is new to London may well decide to malce her way over to the East End of the city, to visit 'Banglatown'. After exiting the Tube Station there she might follow the signs that point to Brick Lane, a street that has gained certain notoriety from Monica Ali's best-selling novel of the same name, which was also made into a movie. She may decide to try out one of the many Bangladeshi restaurants she sees there for lunch. Sitting at one of the tables with a window onto the street, she might notice that the street signs are not just in English but also in Bengali. And the lamp-posts are in green and red- the colors of the Bangladeshi flag. In fact everywhere she looks she finds visual cues of the Bangladeshi, and even more specifically, the Sylheti presence in the area. Storefronts advertise flights from London to Sylhet, some on Bangladesh Biman (the national airline of Bangladesh) and others on Air Sylhet, a private airline company formed by British Bangladeshis. There is a sign for Sonali Bank- the major state-owned commercial

bank of Bangladesh. There is a food store advertising frozen fish from Sylhet's Surma River. Unit-11, Lesson-2

29.      Migration from Bangladesh to Britain started in 1930s and was predominantly a Sylheti phenomenon. Men of this particular geographical area employed by the British ship companies first started the process of migration. These men were largely illiterate and belonged to the landless peasantry. After the World War II, due.to labour shortages, British government encouraged labour migration from its former colonies. The post-war British economy demanded cheapand plentiful labour, much of which was recruited from South Asia. Since Sylhet had already forged a strong link with the UK, most new labour was drawn from there. Sylhetis, based in the UK, helped each other to integrate into the new society by providing credit, arranging documents, and gradually spreading the network. During the 1950s, the numbers increased dramatically. However, along with people from poorer backgrounds, a small number of urban upper and middle class Bangladeshis also migrated even before the World War II for higher education and settled in the UK.           Unit-11, Lesson-4

30.      The cost of Dhaka's traffic congestion is estimated at $3.8 billion a year, and that's just the delays and air pollution, not the less-tangible losses in quality of life. Paradoxically, the poor infrastructure is one of the reasons why the city is growing so fast. Without roads or trains to whisk them to the suburbs, Dhaka residents have no choice but to crowd into the middle, set up slums between high-rises, and walk to work. Then there are the users of the roads. Besides pedestrians, the narrow lanes are shared by bicycles, rickshaws, scooters, motorcycles, CNGs, buses, and cars. All these modes take up a different amount of space and have different top speeds. Most people you talk to in Bangladesh blame the traffic jams on the rickshaws. There are too many of them, they say, and they drive so slowly that they trap the cars, buses, and CNGs behind them. The government is under pressure to designate some lanes as car-only, to build wider roads and overpasses, to take the slow traffic out from in front of the fast. And this brings us to the third reason why the traffic problem is so difficult to solve. All of these fixes sound easy and obvious, but they come at a cost. One and a half million people drive rickshaws for a living, plus another few hundred thousand own and repair them. Unit-2, Lesson-2

31.       Putting men on Mars has been an idea in science fiction for quite a while. However, when man first walked on the Moon, walking on Mars suddenly seemed feasible. A manned mission to Mars would be a huge milestone in space exploration. It would allow a more in-depth study of the Red Planet, and many have argued that building a permanentbase on Mars is much more practical than building one on the Moon. A mission to Mars would be similar to the Moon landings, but much more difficult. The trip is about a hundred times longer, and there are new problems such as the Martian weather which must be considered.. NASA currently has plans to have a man on Mars sometime in the 2030s, while the ESA plans to do so also around the same time. Russia has plans to launch a manned Mars mission by 2020.

In the 19th century, it was generally thought that man would reach the centre of the Earth long before he reached the Moon. This shows just how unpredictable technology can be. A journey to the centre of the Earth is actually much more difficult than it sounds. The pressure at the centre of the Earth is enormous because, quite literally, the entire weight of the world is on top of you. There is no known substance, not even carbon nanotubes, that can maintain its shape at such a great pressure. While the Earth's deep interior may offer vast amounts of energy, it may be quite a while before we can tap into it directly.       Unit-13, Lesson-4

Summary Worksheet-5.0 Answer

1.               The text is about how a university should be. Universities should be established to cultivate potentiality. But the educational institutions in India are joyless and mechanical, and so, the students look forward to the European universities. The author further says that educational institutions in India lower the intellectual self-respect of the students. It also makes them to be furnished wrongly.

Model-2 The author argues that universities should not simply collect and distribute knowledge but should also offer intellectual hospitality and exchange gifts with the rest of the world. However, in India, there is no modern university that adequately presents the best of Indian thought, forcing students to seek education in other countries. Indian educational institutions are seen as a charity bowl of knowledge, lowering the country's intellectual self-respect and promoting a foolish display of borrowed knowledge.

2.               Gazi Pir, a legendary Muslim preacher, was famous for his miraculous activities in the areas close to the Sundarbans. His legend is preserved in paat scroll paintings where be is depicted riding a ferocious tiger and with a snake in his hand. He is said to have the power of taming ferocious animals. He helped locals to live and cultivate lands closer to the forest. Some of his paat scrolls are preserved in the British Museum.

Model-2   Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who spread Islam in parts of Bengal near the Sundarbans. He was known for performing miracles such as calming dangerous animals and fighting crocodiles. His vigilant presence kept predatory animals within bounds and enabled villagers to live close to forests and cultivate their lands. Gazi Pir's story has been preserved in folk literature, art, and indigenous theatre, including in Gazir past scrolls found in the collection of the British Museum.

3.               Conflict can have many definitions but all are related to a synthesis of antagonism. In fact, conflict is an inseparable part of human Iife. When we all try to establish our own thoughts, ideas and opinions, we find ourselves in conflict with our own selves, with other individuals or groups of people. Thus, conflict controls our decisions and actions. Again, conflict is a natural aspect of human life. However, though uncontrolled conflict is destructive, responsibly managed conflict may suggest meaningful understanding to people.

Model 2- Conflict is an inevitable aspect of life resulting from opposing ideas and actions of different entities, leading to an antagonistic state. It may occur between individuals, groups, or within ourselves. Although it can be destructive if uncontrolled, it is a natural occurrence that can lead to meaningful realizations and positive outcomes. Conflict influences our actions and decisions in various scenarios, and it shouldn't be viewed solely as a source of negative outcomes.

4.               Various folk songs focus on social inequality, poverty, nature and riverine life of our country and also talk about the material and the metaphysical worlds. Rivers and boats are concurrently used metaphors in folk music. Since natural environment and dialects determine the nature of folk music, Bangladesh has various forms of folk music like the northern Bhawaiya, the eastern Bhatiyali, the southwestern Baul songs, etc.

Model 2- Bangladesh's rich and diverse folk music reflects the culture, festivals, natural beauty, and daily life of the rural and riverine regions. Social inequality, poverty, and supernatural themes are also common. Rivers and boats are frequently used as metaphors in mystical songs due to the country's riverine nature. Folk music varies according to the environment and dialects, resulting in different regional genres, such as northern Bhawaiya, eastern Bhatiyali, and southwestern Baul songs.

5.        The passage is about the accessibility to higher education in Bangladesh. As more students are enrolled in secondary and higher secondary level, the pressure on the universities is increasing greatly. Due to shortage of capacity, a small number of students get the chance to study in the public universities. Among others, a good number of students take admission into NU affiliated colleges while the remaining students get admitted into private universities.

S. This passage is about etiquette and manners. 'Etiquette' means the rules of correct behaviour in a society while 'manners' are the behaviours of a particular society or culture. Children are taught mariners and etiquette according to their culture and tradition. We learn etiquette and manners from our parents, family, neighbours, environment and various institutions. Etiquette and manners vary from society to society. Therefore, we have to be careful about learning and practicing etiquette and manners in our everyday life.

9.     The passage is about Hakaluki haor — one of the major wetlands of Bangladesh. It is a complex ecosystem, and an Ecologically Critical Area, declared by the Bangladesh government in 1999. Its rich biodiversity provides people with various benefits. It is a vital source of fisheries resources and helps to produce millions of fries for the entire downstream fishing communities during the early monsoon. However, the heels are losing their capacity due to sand deposits, dewatering technique, lack of aquatic plants, etc.

10.  Anne Frank was a young German girl who went into hiding during World War II to escape from the Nazi. After more than two years in hiding, they were discovered and deported to concentration camps. Anne's father, Otto Frank, is the only one to survive. After death, Arnie became world famous because of the diary she wrote while in hiding.

11.  The passage describes the miserable condition of a street child named Amerigo. He had been abandoned by his parents. He makes his shelter in streets. He used to collect and sell trash, but due to the bad impacts of such work on health he left that job. Then he began to work under an ice-cream shop owner. That job was also too difficult for him. Like many other street children, he is deprived of basic human rights. His life is very hard as he has no food or shelter.

12.  The text is about a conversation between a guest and a host who are having lunch in a grand restaurant. The guest wanted to have asparagus and so, the host ordered the dish for her. The host, however, is anxious because the bill of the lunch is getting heavier each time the guest likes to eat a new dish. The host, therefore, panicked to realize that he may not be able to pay the bill. After the asparagus, the guest again ordered coffee and an ice cream. At the end, the guest tells the host that she thinks one should always get up from a meal feeling one could eat a little more.

13.  Kuakata, locally known as the Sagar Kannya, is a unique tourist spot as this place is full of natural beauty, sandy beaches,' blue sky and shimmering expanse of water of the Bay of Bengal. From this unique place, one can enjoy both the sunset and sunrise. Kuakata gets the name from the history of digging wells by the indigenous Rakhaine community. With a typical natural setting and natural beauty; Kuakata is one of the most attractive sea beaches.

14.  Peace movement is basically a social movement that tries to achieve ideals like ending of any kind of war, minimising violence, banning of guns and suStainability of peace. This movement is carried out through advocacy of pacifism, diplomacy, boycotts, peace camps, supporting anti-war political candidates, etc. Il believes that humans should not engage in wars over language, race, natural resources, religion or ideology. It also believes that military power cannot be the equivalent to justice, and. it opposes proliferation of deadly weapons.

25. Humans have achieved extraordinary development in science and technology within a very short period of time. The first house was lighted with electricity in 1870s, cars became available and first trans-Atlantic flight was made just nearly a century ago, and television became widespread just 50 years ago. And it is surprising that people have so easily adapted to the present condition.

16.  This passage is about energy sources. Clean energy is important because fossil fuels are not expected to last much more and they pollute the environment. Nevertheless, switching away from fossil fuels is difficult. Again, the technology for producing clean energy is being suppressed by big oil companies. However,, some European countries have produced clean energy from different sources.

17.  A craftwork signifies the coramunity,values and desires of a certain community. Though changes in lifestyle and material conditions have an impact on the craftworks, the certain forms, shapes and aesthetic preferences change little over time. A mechanically produced craftwork lacks the feeling of assurance and stability and the sense of continuity. According to the traditionalist, the authenticity and naturalness of craft-work should be preserved as they are related to domesticity and environment. But the promotors of machine production consider that the machines could restore craft's appeal at a cheaper cost.

18.  The story is about an English professor's visit to a remote village. The lady professor set out for the trip on 21' July at night. The journey was pleasant-for her. She reached her destination at dawn. Then she made an-eight-mile journey by country boat to reach Khorshed's house. She described the natural beauty of village, rivers, paddy fields, coco-palms, etc. She was charmed at the natural enchantment and the way she was received there.

19.  A survey of the National Food Safety Laboratory -found that around half of the vegetables and more than a quarter of the fruits sold in the capital's markets were contaminated with unsafe level of pesticides. Besides, 40 percent samples of milk, milk products and fishes were adulterated with banned pesticides including DDT, Aldrin, etc. The survey reported that level of pesticides in the samples were three to twenty times higher than the limits set by European Union.

20.  The story is about a lady admirer of the writer. She managed to get a luncheon invitation from the writer at Foyof s. He was then young and new as a writer. He expected the lady to be young and beautiful as well. Being flattered, though the writer was not well off, he could not refuse, and agreed to entertain her. But the lady was forty, talkative, imposing and unattractive.

21.  The terms 'etiquette' and 'manners' have different meanings. 'Etiquette' means the formal rules of correct behaviour in a society or context while 'manners' means the behaviour considered to be polite in a particular society or culture. People learn etiquette and manners, which vary from society to society and culture to culture, from their families, societies, and various institutions. Polite expressions are very important in everyday life as they make life smooth and pleasant.

22.  Adolescence is a very important and critical transition period of human life span. At this stage, humans transform into adults from infancy through different biological processes. Though biological determinants of adolescence are universal, its defining characteristics may vary from time to time, culture to cultuie and generation to generation. Education, urbanisation and spread of global communication shape the definition of adolescence at a particular context.

23.  The persona of traffic police is often given close treatment in literature; a film was also made in 1963. The protagonist, a traffic police, of the film is devoted to his service and performs his duties with unyielding severity. In terms of duty, he does not spare even his sister's lover, and not even his lover's father. Though they were successful to marry their lovers, they had to struggle a lot due to his strictness in maintaining traffic rules.

24.  Like many other adolescent girls of Bangladesh, Shilpi was married off early. After marriage, she joined an empowerment group that works to prevent early marriage and pregnancy, and to change behaviours regarding reproductive health. It provides peer-to-peer support and life skills training to adolescents. There are over 10,000 such groups working all over Bangladesh through Canada's Adolescent Reproductive Health Project. In one of the group sessions, Shilpi learned about the potential harmful effects of child marriage.

25.  Our universities are not able to provide us with true education. They deprive us of our real initiative and our courage of thought. The education we get only teaches us that we have no ability to prOduce something. We must borrow from others to survive. However, we should include the spirit of our living culture, tradition and noble thought into our education. We should not simply follow and borrow from the European countries.

26.  Culture does not recognise any external success as excellence. It is a humiliation to the intellect of man when he succumbs to material advantages. India is subjected to humiliation through her very education system. Once, her culture was the product of her own intellects. But now, students only run after marks and grades, not excellence. Such education is producing qualified candidates, not cultured people. Unfortunately, the authorities concerned are now blaming the victims for the present situation.

27.  Most students prefer public -universities as in a public university a student can enjoy many privileges like a great variety of subjects, qualified faculties, rich library and internet connection, scopes for debates, workshops and exhibitions, residential and boarding facilities, etc. Thus, a student can avail of cheap education cost at a public university.

28.  Two-thirds of human body is made up of water. We cannot survive without water and so water is called 'life'. The United Nations identified the drinking water problem as one of the challenges for the future. Though ours is a country of rivers and we have plenty of rainfall and sea in our backyard, we will also have to face the problem of scarcity of drinking water, too. Due to pollution, a few rivers are already dead and some are going to die.

29.  Dreams have been a fascinating subject to philosophers for thousands of years. Now it has become a topic for empirical research and scientific study. Dreams form images of experienced emotions that may be joyful or frightening, confusing or unclear or understandable. But researchers are yet to be certain about the purpose of dream, and science is trying to explain it. Some of the scholars suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, but

others believe it is essential to mental or physical well-being.              .           ...

30.  The passage is about British-Bangladeshis. Almost half of all British-Bangladeshis live in London. The famous place Banglatown is situated in London. In each and every part of Banglatown, we can see Bangladeshi people. Here we can see Bangladeshi restaurants also. Street lamp-posts, which are in green and red, symbolize the colours of the Bangladeshi flag. There one can also find visual cues of the Bangladeshi and ever more specifically, the Sylheti presence. Storefronts advertise flights from London to Sylhet, some on Bangladesh Biman and others on Air Sylhet. These marks are the matters of considerable pride for the British-Bangladeshis.

31.  Illiterate and landless farmers of Sylhet region first started to migrate to UK in 1930s. They were hired by British ship companies. Due to post Second World War labour crisis, the first group helped many others to migrate to UK. The Sylhetis in UK helped each other for their survival. Their number increased dramatically in 1950s. Besides, there are small group of Bangladeshis who migrated to UK for higher education and settled there even before the Second World War.

32.  Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is incurring huge financial loss due to traffic jam, a result of poor infrastructure. All vehicles of different speed limits ply on the same narrow roads of Dhaka, creating traffic congestion. Most people blame rickshaws for the acute problem because they trap speedy vehicles behind. However, the authorities cannot just ban rickshaws, which is the earning source of nearly two million people. Under the circumstances, it is very difficult to solve Dhaka's traffic problem.

33.  When men first landed on the Moon, it was thought that the mission to Mars would not be difficult then. But the mission to Mars would be more difficult as it would take much longer- time. NASA, ESA and Russia have plans to launch a manned mission to Mars. Another scientific breakthrough will be journey to the centre of the Earth. In fact, it was believed that the core of the Earth would be easier to reach than the moon. But journey to the centre of the Earth would be more difficult because the pressure at the centre of the Earth is enormous.