Summary Writing (Eng 1st Q. 3) Suggestion for HSC Examination 2027 / Most Important Summaries for HSC Examination 2027/ Seen Passages' Summary Writing of HSC English 1st Paper

Summarizing (Seen Passage-3)

প্রিয় শিক্ষার্থী,

এ অংশে একটি Passage বা Poem দেওয়া থাকবে, যার Summary তোমাকে নিজের ভাষায় লিখতে হবে। Summary লেখার সময় কয়েকটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয় মনে রাখতে হবে—

1. Summary-এর দৈর্ঘ্য মূল Passage-এর প্রায় এক-তৃতীয়াংশ (1/3) হতে হবে।

2. Passage বা Poem থেকে হুবহু কোনো লাইন বা বাক্য লেখা যাবে না।

3. Summary অবশ্যই নিজের ভাষায় লিখতে হবে।

4. Summary-তে উদাহরণ, ব্যাখ্যা, উদ্ধৃতি, সংলাপ, অপ্রয়োজনীয় তথ্য বা ব্যক্তিগত মতামত অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা যাবে না।

5. মূল বক্তব্য ও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ তথ্যগুলো সংক্ষিপ্ত, সুসংগঠিত এবং স্পষ্টভাবে উপস্থাপন করতে হবে।

এ প্রশ্নের জন্য মোট নম্বর ১০।

তোমাদের প্রস্তুতিকে আরও কার্যকর করার জন্য এ অংশে পূর্ববর্তী বছরের বিভিন্ন বোর্ড পরীক্ষা ও টেস্ট পরীক্ষার প্রশ্নপত্র বিশ্লেষণ করে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Passage ও Poem নির্বাচন করা হয়েছে। আমরা আশা করি, শিক্ষার্থীরা এসব নির্বাচিত Passage ও Poem মনোযোগ সহকারে অধ্যয়ন ও নিয়মিত অনুশীলনের মাধ্যমে অল্প সময়েই Summary Writing-এর উপর দক্ষতা অর্জন করতে পারবে এবং পরীক্ষায় কাঙ্ক্ষিত ফলাফল অর্জন করবে।

Summarizing 1: The Parrot's TaleU-1:L-1(B)

➡The world is short of many things but not detractors. They said, "The cage looks better no doubt, but has anyone taken notice of the bird?"

This was reported to the King. He said to a nephew, "What's this I hear?" "Your Majesty," replied the nephew. "If you wish to hear the truth summon the goldsmiths, the scholars, the scribes, the maintenance crew and their supervisors. Those who haven't got a share of the royal bounty are resorting to slander." Everything became clear to the King and he rewarded his nephew with a gold chain. The King wished to see for himself at what an awesome pace the bird's schooling was going on. One day he turned up at the schoolroom with his friends, counselors and courtiers. At once the musicians at the gate struck up on their many wind and percussion instruments: The teachers shook their sacred tufts of hair as they loudly chanted mantras, and all the workmen, labourers, goldsmiths, scribes and their numerous cousins raised slogans in praise of the King.

Summarizing 2: Advantages of Al in the Classroom U-1:L-2(B)

There are already a few Al tools that support learning in classroom or workplace contexts. For example, Ahura is an Al-powered learning assistant that tracks learning habits by observing attention and engagement. Knewton offers an adaptive learning platform that provides personalized learning experiences for students. Querium is an Al-powered tutor that provides students with step-by-step tutoring on math problems and builds personalized lesson plans. ALEKS is an Al-powered learning platform that provides individualized learning paths based on students' strengths and weaknesses. Carnegie Learning offers an Al-powered tutor that helps students improve their math skills by providing personalised learning based on their performance. There's also Smart Sparrow, which allows users to provide constructive feedback that is unique to each student. Finally, Gradescope is an Al-powered grading tool that automates the grading process, which can free up teachers' time and allow them to provide more individualised attention to students.

Summarizing 3: The New School U-1:L-3(A)

When she saw the gate of the new school, Totto-chan stopped. The gate of the school she used to go to had fine concrete pillars with the name of the school in large characters. But the gate of this new school simply consisted of two rather short posts that still had twigs and leaves on them.

"This gate's growing." said Totto-chan. "It'll probably go on growing till it's taller than the telephone poles!"

The two "gateposts" were clearly trees with roots. When she got closer, she had to put her head to one side to read the name of the school because the wind had blown the sign askew.

"To-mo-e Ga-ku-en.

Totto-chan was about to ask Mother what "Tomoe" meant, when she caught a glimpse of something that made her think she must be dreaming. She squatted down and peered through the shrubbery to get a better look, and she couldn't believe her eyes.

"Mother, is that really a train! There, in the school grounds!"

For its classrooms, the school had made use of six abandoned railroad cars. To Totto- chan it seemed something you might dream about. A school in a train!

The windows of the railroad cars sparkled in the morning sunlight. But the eyes of the rosy- cheeked little girl gazing at them through the shrubbery sparkled even more.

"I like this school!".

Summarizing 4: Civic Engagement U-1:L-4(C) | Rajshahi Board-2025; Chattogram Board-2023

a. Education aims to bring about positive changes in our behavior. It helps us try to change our lives as well as the society we live in. Education that does not illuminate our minds or does not inspire us to work for the community is not complete at all. Education is not all about getting grades or receiving certificates- we use education to make life better. We are expected to apply the knowledge, skills and values that we learn in a classroom in our engagement with the world that lies outside. And we can do so in many different ways. Let's have a look at how education works.

Learners' civic engagement is highly appreciated all over the world. Civic engagement means working to make a difference in the civic life (the public life of the citizens as contrasted with private or personal life) of the community using knowledge, skills, values and motivation. Civic engagement promotes the quality of life in a community by contributing to the improvement of health and wellbeing of the people.

Civically engaged individuals recognize themselves as members of a larger social community and are concerned about civic issues. They consider themselves responsible citizens who take action or raise their voices against injustice. discrimination and other forms of social ills.

In civic engagement, issues of public concern are crucial. Civic engagement includes individual or group activities to protect public interests and change the way the community values itself. For example, if you are protesting against any unjust decision of the local municipality such as raising taxes or an act that might work against people's interest, you are civically engaged and your action is considered a civic engagement. This protest can be done in different ways such as organizing rallies, collecting signatures, making human chains, writing petitions etc. You can also help control traffic in front of a school, help children to cross the roads, work in a team to clean a park or a sea beach. You can also give some service to elderly people. These are all examples of civic engagement as what you do directly affects the community. [RB-25]

b. Education aims to bring about positive changes in our behavior. It helps us try to change our lives as well as the society we live in. Education that docs not illuminate our minds or docs not inspire us to work for the community is not complete at all. Learners’ civic engagement is highly appreciated all over the world.

Civic engagement means working to make a difference in the civic life of the community using knowledge, skills. values and motivation. Civic engagement promotes the quality of life in a community by contributing to the improvement of health and wellbeing of the people. [Ctg.B-23]

Summarizing 5: Folk Music- Chattogram Board-2019 | U-2; L-2(B)

In Bangladesh folk music has great variety, with songs composed on culture, festivals, views of life, natural beauty. rivers and rural and riverine life. These songs are also about social inequality and poverty, about the material world and the supernatural. Mystical songs have been composed using the metaphors of rivers and boats. Since the country is basically riverine, the Bhatiyali forms an important genre of folk music. Nature plays a role in providing the content and rhythm of folk music. The folk music of Bangladesh varies from region to region, reflecting changes in the natural environment and the dialects people use. Thus there are the northern Bhawaiya, the eastern Bhatiyali and the southwestern Baul songs.

Summarizing 6: Lalon Shah- Summarize the following text. [Ctg.B.-19] | U-2: L-2(F)

Lalon Shah (1774-1890) is best known as an icon of the Baul tradition in Bengal, although he was also a philosopher, thinker and social reformer. He preached religious tolerance and rejected social differences based on class, caste and creed. He also believed that a search for truth should begin with the body, which reflects the mystery of creation.

Although Lalon's songs are admired for the profound philosophical and mystical insights they offer, he did not receive any formal education. Not much is known about his early life. A popular story about him - which many believe to be true-- is that while on a pilgrimage to a holy place, Lalon, who was born a Hindů, contracted smallpox and was abandoned by his companions. A Muslim fakir, Siraj Sain, picked him up and took him to his own house where he nursed him back to health. When Lalon returned home, his family refused to take him in as he had lived in a Muslim household. So Lalon returned to Siraj Sain and took up a life of devotion and asceticism under his guidance. After the death of Sainji. Lalon set up an akhrah or monastery in Chheuriya near Kushtia. It soon attracted admirers and mystics in search of salvation who became initiated into Baul asceticism and became his disciples.

As Lalon began writing and composing songs, which his disciples sang with the accompaniment of ektara or dotara, his fame spread to faraway places. Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam were among those who admired him and were influenced by his Shahajiya philosophy (the attainment of the self through the simple truths that reside in one's own body and soul- not outside -- which can be reached through sadhana or meditation). Many of his disciples also became famous for their songs. They included Kangal Harinath Majumder, Pagla Kanai and Dudu Shah.

Summarizing 7: Art- U-2:L-3(B)

a. Art is generally understood as an expression of human imagination and creative skills in a range of activities including painting, drawing, sculpture and architecture.

The aim of art is to evoke feelings and emotions that are considered aesthetic - that is, concerned with beauty- but art also can be a form of social commentary. A painting of sunset over the sea glorifies nature, but one that shows a war ravaged town can convey a sense of anguish. Throughout the world people appreciate art for its power to affect them in creative ways. As the famous painter Pablo Picasso said, "the purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls."

Art in our country has a long history. It has been practiced in households in the form of pottery, nakshikantha or embroidered quilt, alpana or intricate, mostly floral designs in rice paste done on clay yards and shokher harhi or painted earthen pots (and their lids). These are examples of folk art. But there is another form of art which is called modern art, which owes its origin to the industrial revolution in Western Europe in the middle of-19th century and the changes it brought in technology, education, manufacturing and communication. Modern art rejected traditional ar forms and began to create new types of artistic expression using styles, techniques, colours and, materials that could adequately reflect the spirit of the time and the profound changes in human thought.

b. The beginning of modern art practices in our country date from 1948, when the great artist Zainul Abedin (1914-1976), with the help of some colleagues set up an institute of art in Dhaka (now the Faculty of Fine Art, University of Dhaka). As it began to offer art education, the institute drew together a number of talented teachers and students who contributed to the development of modern art almost from scratch. But within a decade, artists were reflecting most recent trends and styles in their work - such as expressionism and abstract expressionism- while maintaining a close contact with the traditions of folk art.

Zainul had earned all-India fame for his Famine Sketches, a series of haunting. sketches based on the Bengal famine of 1943 which took hundreds of thousands of lives. His watercolors, scroll paintings and drawings inspire our artists even today The other prominent artists who had major contributions to the spectacular rise of our contemporary art include Qamrul Hassan, SM Sultan, Safiuddin Ahmed, Abdur Razzak, Qayyum Chowdhury, Murtaza Baseer, Aminul Islam, Syed Jahangir, Debdas Chakravarty, Novera Ahmed and Muhammad Kibria.

Summarizing 8: S M Sultan- U-2; L-3(C)

a. Sheikh Mohammed Sultan, widely known as S M Sultan, was a distinguished Bangladeshi painter renowned for his distinctive personal and artistic style. Born on August 1923, in Jessore, Bangladesh, Sultan is often remembered as a bohemian artist who traveled extensively. Despite his unique vision, he only achieved widespread recognition later in life. His work was first showcased in Dhaka in 1976, and a significant retrospective organized by the Goethe Institute. Dhaka in 1987 solidified his status as a major artist. Despite coming from an underprivileged background, S M Sultan made his mark in the art world through sheer passion and his ability to build enduring connections. Although his family could not afford his education at the Calcutta School of Arts, he received a special recommendation that allowed him to study there for three years. His very simple but highly philosophic art, which features nature and the people of Bangladesh, has become the prime source of inspiration for the new generation of painters.

b. Sultan's characters were farmers, rural women, children, animals, and even pets. The main feature of his paintings is the muscular farmers, with extensive muscles and godly physical stature which make his farmers larger than life. Sultan took little care of his finished works, and many are lost. He was unconcerned about using materials that would preserve. Sultan's song was never about a legacy of artwork but of ideas. Apart from being awarded prestigious awards, accolades, and being featured in top art institutions. Sultan received wide press coverage and laudatory critical reviews in renowned newspapers like the New York Times, Washington Post, The Telegraph, The Times, The Guardian, Le Monde, and many more. He became internationally acclaimed as a great painter of classic dimensions. Sultan received the Ekushey Padak, Swadhinata Padak, Bangladesh Charu Shilpi Sangsad Padak, and other prestigious awards.

Summarizing 9: Novera Ahmed--U-2; L-3(D)

Novera Ahmed was the pioneer of modern sculpting in Bangladesh. She is also one of the most under and misrepresented artists in the country. When describing the works of the first modern Bangladeshi sculptor Novera Ahmed, Shilpacharja Zainul Abedin proclaimed "What Novera is doing now will take us a long time to understand - she is that kind of artist." This aptly describes her progressive thoughts in the field of sculpture.

Novera Ahmed was born in a culturally inclined family in Chittagong, where she was inspired by her mother's skills in making dolls' houses out of clay and became fascinated with working with three-dimensional forms. As Ahmed was educated in London and Florence, her sculptural vocabulary was based on a combination of western ideas and folk traditions. Many of her artefacts were based on village lives and folk motifs, of which she was a keen observer. She also incorporated Buddhist themes in her works, and developed an individual style that depicted the experiences of women.

Summarizing 10: Behula- U-3: L-1(F)

➡Behula is a legendary folk heroine and one of the main characters of Manasamangal, a medieval epic. She was the daughter of Sayven of Ujaninagar. Lakhindar was the youngest son of Chand Saudagar of Champaknagar. Behula grew up to be a beautiful and intelligent woman and was married to Lakhindar. Chand Saudagar had boasted that he was cleverer and stronger than Manasa, the snake goddess. To protect his son, Chand built an iron chamber for Lakhindar, believing it to be impregnable. However on the wedding night of Behula and Lakhindar, Manasa sent a snake to kill Lakhindar. The snake made itself as fine as a strand of hair and, entering the chamber through a minute hole, bit Lakhindar.

Behula refused to accept her husband's death. She placed his body on a banana raft and set out on a hazardous journey towards the abode of the gods. Despite all the dangers and temptations she encountered, Behula continued her Journey and finally succeeded in reaching the abode of the gods. She pleaded for her husband's life and promised Manasa that Chand Saodagar would worship her. Moved by Behula's love for her husband, Manasa not only restored Lakhindar but also his brothers whom she had killed earlier.

Behula returned home with her husband and brothers-in-law, and Chand Saodagar finally bowed before the might of Manasa. Lakhindar and Behula then returned to their heavenly abode as Aniruddha and Usa.

Summarizing 11: Icarus-U-3: L-2(B)

On the island of Crete, the fearsome Minotaur, a creature that was half-man and half-bull, terrorized the inhabitants. To contain the beast, King Minos enlisted the help of Daedalus, a masterful architect and inventor. Daedalus constructed an intricate labyrinth so complex that escape was nearly impossible. Once the Minotaur was imprisoned within the maze, King Minos believed he had the perfect trap for his enemies, who would be sent into the labyrinth to meet a gruesome end. However, King Minos, no longer needing Daedalus, cruelly imprisoned the inventor and his son. Icarus, within the same labyrinth. Yet, Daedalus, familiar with the labyrinth's design, managed to escape with Icarus. After fleeing, they found themselves stranded on the island with no means of escape by sea.

Observing the birds flying above, Daedalus was inspired to craft wings from feathers and wax for himself and his son. He warned Icarus to fly at a moderate height too close to the sea, and the wings would become heavy with moisture; too close to the sun, and the wax would melt.

Initially, Icarus heeded his father's advice, but soon, overwhelmed by the excitement of the flight, he soared higher and higher, forgetting the warning. As he ascended, the sun's heat melted the wax binding his wings. Helplessly, Icarus plummeted into the sea and drowned, leaving Daedalus to fly on alone, devastated by his son's tragic fate. He eventually reached Sicily, where he inourned Icarus and named the sea where his son fell the Icarian Sea in his memory.

Summarizing 12: The Legend of Gazi-- Rajshahi Board-2019 | U-3; L-3(B)

According to some myths and legends, Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who is said to have spread Islam in the parts of Bengal close to the Sunderbans. He was credited with many miracles. For example, he could supposedly calm dangerous animals and make them docile. He is usually depicted in paats or scroll paintings riding a fierce-looking Bengal tiger, a snake in his hand, but in no apparent danger. According to some stories, he also fought crocodiles who threatened the people of the region full of canals and creeks, indeed, a kind of watery jungle bordering the Bay of Bengal. Because of his alert and vigilant presence, all predatory animals were said to have been kept within bounds. It was also believed that he enabled villagers to live close to forests and jungles and cultivate their lands. Consequently, people of these regions would pray to him for protection. The story of Gazi Pir has been preserved in folk literature as well as art and has been performed in indigenous theatre. Some Gazir paat scrolls are part of the collection of the British Museum.

Summarizing 13: Khona--U-3; L-4(B)

The mythical story of Khona is deeply rooted in Bangla folklore. Khona, originally named Lila, was an incredible woman with a gift for predicting weather and understanding the ways of farming. Her wisdom was shared through memorable, rhyming verses known as "Khona's Words" or "Khonar Bochon." These sayings, though simple and easy to remember, were filled with deep knowledge and practical advice for farmers.

Khona used her knowledge to help the peasants, but her actions often challenged the ruling class. The rulers, not pleased with her defiance, punished her cruelly by cutting out her tongue. Thus, she became known as Khona, which means "someone who cannot speak." Despite this harsh punishment, her wisdom lived on through her sayings, which have been passed down for over 1500 years.

Summarizing 14: July Uprising--U-4 L-1(B)

a. The July Uprising was a mass movement in Bangladesh that led to the overthrow of Sheikh Hasina's regime in August 2024. Also referred to as the 'Monsoon Revolution' or 'July Revolution, the movement began with a student-led protest for quota reform at the University of Dhaka. The unprovoked repression of the government and the subsequent loss of life transformed the initially apolitical protest into a widespread uprising that united various political cultural, fleeing the country. The uprising was not a sudden event, rather was the nation of 16 years of public frustration stemming from tyranny, human rights abuses, and the systematic dismentling of state institutions.

b. July1, 2024: The 'Anti-Discrimination Student Movement' platform was launched, initiating nationwide demonstrations traffic in Dhaka and districts. July 14, 2024; After a mocking comment by Sheikh Hasina, student protests intensified with new slogans. July 15, 2024: Students at Dhaka and Jahangirnagar Universities were brutally attacked by the members of Chatra League and police. July 16, 2024: Protests turned deadly as police opened fire on demonstrators, killing several people across the country, including Abu Sayed in Rangpur. July 17, 2024: Funerals and coffin processions were held for the deceased, with one at Dhaka University being violently dispersed by police. July 18, 2024: The movement gained broader support as students from private universities, schools, and colleges joined. More than 50 people were killed in attacks, and the government shut down the internet.

Summarizing 15: Martin Luther King Jr.--U-4:L-1(B)

a. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia. the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition' and 'nullification', that one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

b. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together".

This is our hope. This is the faith that I will go back to the South with.

With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.

With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.....

And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.

Summarizing 16: Wangari Maathai (Great Woman)--U 4:L-3(B)

"We have a special responsibility to the ecosystem of this planet. In making sure that other species survive we will be ensuring the survival of our own."

 The first African woman and first environmentalist awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, Wangari Maathai (1940-2011) reeceived that honour in 2004 as the founder of the Green Belt Movement in Kenya, a nonprofit organization dedicated to planting trees, environmental conservation, and women's rights.

Maathai introduced the idea of planting trees with the people and developed it into a broad-based, grassroots organization designed to conserve the environment and improve women's quality of life. In 1986 the Green Bell Movement established a Pan African Green Belt Network and has introduced over 40 individuals from other African countries to its approach.

The Movement set both short and long-term objectives. The overall aim has been to create public awareness of the need to protect the environment through tree planting and sustainable management. More specifically, it has initiatives to promote and protect biodiversity, to protect the soil, to create jobs especially in the rural areas, to give women a positive image in the community and to assert their leadership qualities. It promotes food security and assists people to make the link between environmental degradation and many of the problems they face, including poverty and livelihood insecurity.

Summarizing 17: Frederick Douglass-U-5; L-5(B)

I was hom in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot county. Maryland. I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant. I do not remember to have ever met a slave who could tell of his birthday. They seldom come nearer to it than planting-time, harvest-time, cherry-time, spring-time. or fall-time.

A want of information concerning my own was a source of unhappiness to me even during childhood. The white children could tell their ages. I could not tell why I ought to be deprived of the same privilege. I was not allowed to make any inquiries of my master concerning it. He deemed all such inquiries on the part of a slave improper and impertinent, and evidence of a restless spirit. The nearest estimate I can give makes me now between twenty-seven and twenty-eight years of age. I come to this, from hearing my master say, sometime during 1835,1 was about seventeen years old.

Summarizing 18: Dream-U-6: L-1 (0)

Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream. or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all.

First let's start by answering a basic question: What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague: filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing.

Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed about the reason and function of dreams, no consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.

Summarizing 19: Crossing the English Channel--Cumilla Board-2024 | U-7:L-1(A)

·         Once in water, you get oblivious of time, distance or direction. The only thought which kept me worried. was that must make it and that I must get good weather all the way. The second half of the swim is always very difficult. And if even little waves develop, it saps the ebbing energy of the swimmer all the more. Taking a lesson from my previous swims kept my speed at a steady pace for I knew I would need every ounce of my energy towards the close..... I felt hungry and famished and shouted for my manager. In reply, I was told that I could not afford to waste 10 minutes in having the feed! If I have to break the record, I must swim on with all my might. But I refused...I am sorry now for it. For if I had gone on, I might have finished the whole swim in less than 10 hours and 15 minutes creating a new world record from both sides....

Summarizing 20: The Unbeaten Girls--Barishal Board-2025 | [C.B.-25] | U-7:L-3(B)

a. In a traditional society like ours, little boys and girls are given separate sets of toys. While toys for boys include cars. guns or footballs. girls have to be satisfied with dolls (often Barbie dolls) and doll-houses of miniature cooking utensils. The underlying assumption is that boys are active and full of vigour, but girls are naive and lack the intelligence or energy to match their male counterparts.

·         This false assumption has been shattered plenty of times in the recent decades as girls began to show their power and women began competing with men in almost all areas of life. It has been conclusively proved wrong most recently by the girls of Kalsindur, a village in a remote area in Dhobaura upazila in Mymensingh district. The villagers are mostly low-income but hardworking people. Even a few years ago, there was no electricity in the village. But some girls have illuminated the village - both literally and metaphorically with their belief in themselves and their skill in the game of football. The village has emerged now as a footballer factory and a symbol of girl power. And in recognition of their success, the village was provided electricity by the government. [88-251]

b. The success of Kalsindur girls reads like an epic. They started their journey with practically nothing. They didn't have any boots or jerseys to wear. Initially, they played wearing salwar and kumij. They also suffered from malnutrition. What made them win against all adversities then? What was the magic behind? Mohammad Mafiz Uddin was an assistant teacher at Kalsindur Government Free Primary School where Minati Rani Sheel was the head teacher. They observed the girls' interests in football and decided to help. It was however not that easy. Girls playing football is still not a common picture in Bangladesh. Guardians were not convinced as they were used to seeing girls helping mothers with household chores. A farmer, an auto-rickshaw driver, a tea-shop owner or a housemaid mother couldn't be that ambitious either. But Minati Rani Sheel and Mohammad Mafiz Uddin persuaded them to allow their daughters to play. Being great motivators, the two teachers supported the girls in their effort to overcome the odds. They inspired them. created opportunities for them and took personal care of them. Soon the girls could prove themselves, shaking off their inhibition. Their success has also persuaded the villagers to come to their support.

Summarizing 21: Family Relationship--Jashore Board-2025, 2023 | U-B:L-1 (B)

a. The famous Greek philosopher Aristotle said, 'Man is by nature a social animal. What he meant was that man. by instinct, seeks company of others and establishes relationships, much like most animals of the wild, for companionship and for physical and emotional support. Unlike the animals however, man's relationships give meaning to his existence and inspires him to do well in education, in workplace or in a profession that he pursues.

Relationships are of different kinds. Some are familial and intimate, formed by blood and by marriage: some are social like the ones we have with friends and some are made in school where we form close bonds with classmates and teachers. All these relationships keep us close to each other and provide us all kinds of support, love and affection. A person who has no family feels the pain of loneliness and isolation. There is no one to laugh or cry with him/her. When we share our joy with someone, it simply redoubles, and when we suffer a loss and someone shares our sorrow, it lessens. Relationships are thus needed for our emotional health.

To build relationships, we need to have trust and respect for each other, and love where this is needed. We cannot be selfish and possessive if we want to establish an effective relationship. But quite often we see people quarrelling and fighting with each other which only brings misery and loss to all. [JB-23]

b. Relationships are of different kinds. Some are familial and intimate, formed by blood and by marriage; some are social like the ones we have with friends and some are made in school where we form close bonds with classmates and teachers. Relationships can also be fostered in workplace, which may quickly change from professional to social. There are relationships also between human beings and animals, between children and their toys that they cannot part with. All these relationships keep us close to each other and provide us all kinds of support, love and affection. A person who has no family feels the pain of loneliness and isolation. There is no one to laugh or cry with him/her. When we share our joy with someone, it simply redoubles, and when we suffer a loss and someone shares our sorrow, it lessens. Relationships are thus needed for our emotional health. [JB-25]

·          

Summarizing 22: A Mother in Mannville--Barishal Board-2024 | U-8: L-3(C)

a. The orphanage is high in the Carolina mountains. I was there in the autumn. I wanted quiet, isolation, to do some troublesome writing. I wanted mountain air to blow out the malaria from too long a time in the subtropics. I was homesick too, for the flaming of maples in October, and for corn shocks and pumpkins and black-walnut trees.... I found them all living in a cabin that belonged to the orphanage, half a mile beyond the orphanage farm. When I took the cabin. I asked for a boy or man to come and chop wood for the fireplace....

I looked up from my typewriter one late afternoon, a little startled. A boy stood at the door and my pointer dog. my companion, was at his side and had not barked to warn me. The boy was probably twelve years old, but undersized. He wore overalls and a torn shirt, and was barefooted.

He said, "I can chop some wood today." [B.B-24]

b. At daylight, I was half wakened by the sound of chopping. Again it was so even in texture that I went back to sleep. When I left my bed in the cool morning, the boy had come and gone, and a stack of kindling was neat against the cabin wall. He came after school in the afternoon and worked until time to return to the orphanage.

His name was Jerry.... he had been at the orphanage since he was four. I could picture him at four, with the same grave gray-blue eyes and the same independence? No, the word that comes to me is "integrity".... It is bedded on courage. but it is more than brave. It is honest, but it is more than honesty. The ax handle broke one day. Jerry said the woodshop at the orphanage would repair it. I brought money to pay for the job and he refused it.

"I'll pay for it," he said. "I broke it. I brought the ax down careless."

"But no one hits accurately every time " I told him. "The fault was in the wood of the handle. I'll see the man from whom I bought it."

It was only then that he would take the money. He was standing back of his own carelessness. He was a free-will agent and he chose to do careful work, and if he failed, he took the responsibility without subterfuge.

Summarizing 23: Butterfly Forever--U-8: L-4(B)

IT IS RAINING. The asphalt road looks cold and wet. It glitters with reflections of green, yellow, and red lights. We are taking shelter under the balcony. The green mailbox stands alone across the street. Inside the big pocket of my white windbreaker is a letter for my mother in the South.

·         Yingzi says she can mail the letter for me with the umbrella. I nod quietly and hand her the letter.

·         "Who told us to bring only one small umbrella?" She smiles, opens up the umbrella, and is ready to walk across the road to mail the letter for me. A few tiny raindrops from an umbrella rib fall onto my glasses.

·         With the piercing sound of a vehicle screeching to a halt, Yingzi's life flies in the air gently, and then slowly falls back on the cold and wet road, like a butterfly at night.

·         Although it is spring, it feels like deep autumn.

·         All she did was cross the road to mail a letter for me. A very simple act, yet I will never forget it as long as I live.

Summarizing 24: The Storm and Stress of Adolescence--U-9.L 1(B)

·         a. Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become aduits. For most people, there are four or five such stages of growth where they learn certain things: infancy (birth to age 2), early childhood (3 to 8 years), later childhood (9 to 12 years) and adolescence (13 to 18 years). Persons 18 and over are considered adults in our society. Of course. there are some who will try to act older than their years. But, for the most part, most individuals have to go through these stages irrespective of their economic or social status.

·         World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood. This phase represents one of the critical transitions in one's life span and is characterised by fast paced growth and change which are second only to those at infancy. Biological processes drive many aspects of this growth and development with the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence. The biological determinants of adolescence are fairly universal; however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations. This period has seen many changes over the past century-puberty for example, comes earlier than before, people marry late, and their sexual attitudes and behaviours are different from their grandparents, or even parents. Among the factors responsible for the change are education, urbanization and spread of global communication.

·         The time of adolescence is a period of preparation for adulthood during which one experiences several key developments. Besides physical and sexual maturation, these experiences include movement toward social and economic independence, development of identity, the acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles and the capacity for abstract reasoning. While adolescence is a time of tremendous growth and potential, it is also a time of considerable risks during which social contexts exert powerful influences.

b. World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood. This phase represents one of the critical transitions in one's life span and is characterised by fast paced growth and change which are second only to those at infancy. Biological processes drive many aspects of this growth and development with the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence. The biological determinants of adolescence are fairly universal; however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations. This period has seen many changes over the past century-puberty for example, comes earlier than before, people marry late, and their sexual attitudes and behaviours are different from their grandparents, or even parents. Among the factors responsible for Summarizing 25: Adolescence and Problems in Bangladesh

Summarizing 25: Mymenshingh Board-2023 | U-9 L-2(B)

·         a. The situation of adolescent girls in Bangladesh is characterised by inequality and subordination within the family and or exclusion from health, education and economic opportunities, and vulnerability to violence and sexual abuse.

·         When a girl gets married, she usually drops out of school and begins full-time work in her in-laws' household. In the in- laws house, she is marginalized. She becomes vulnerable to all forms of abuse, including dowry-related violence. For an adolescent bride, even if her in-laws are supportive, there are significant health risks in terms of pregnancy and child birth. The majority of adolescent brides and their families are uninformed or insufficiently informed about reproductive health and contraception. The maternal mortality rate for adolescents is double the national rate.  [Μ.Β.-'23]

·         b. When a girl gets married, she usually drops out of school and begins full-time work in her in-laws' household. In the in- laws' house, she is marginalized. She becomes vulnerable to all forms of abuse, including dowry-related violence. In Bangladesh, it is still common for a bride's family to pay dowry, despite the practice being illegal. Dowry demands can also continue after the wedding. For an adolescent bride, even if her in-laws are supportive, there are greater health risks in terms of pregnancy and child birth. The majority of adolescent brides and their families are uninformed or insufficiently informed about reproductive health and contraception. The maternal mortality rate for adolescents is double the national rate.

·         When adolescent girls are pulled out of school, either for marriage or work, they often lose their mobility, their friends and social status. The lack of mobility among adolescent girls also curtails their economic and non-formal educational opportunities. Moreover, they lack information about health issues. According to a study, only about three in five adolescents have even heard of HIV. It is also reported that more than 50 percent of adolescent girls are undernourished and suffer from anaemia. Adolescent-fertility is also high in Bangladesh. The contribution of the adolescent fertility rate to the total fertility rate increased from 20.3% in 1993 to 24.4% in 2007. Moreover, neonatal mortality is another concern for younger mothers.

·         While the situation for adolescent boys is somewhat better, many are vulnerable and lack the power to make decisions about their own lives. Many boys who are unable to go to school, or are unemployed, remain unaware of social or health issues. They are at considerable risk of being drawn into criminal activities. They are also more likely to get exposed to drugs and alcohol.

Summarizing 26: The Story of Shilpi--U-9; L-3(B)

·         ➡While maternal mortality in Bangladesh has declined by more than 50 percent since 2001, the rate remains high with 173 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2017- dropping from 322 in 2001. Girls who get pregnant are at risk of serious health complications. These include dangerous hemorrhage and fistula, a painful internal injury caused by obstructed childbirth that commonly leads to serious maternal morbidities and social exclusion.

·         When Shilpi heard about those risks, she invited her husband, Rashid, to discuss pregnancy with a counsellor. After hearing about the risks. Rashid agreed to delay having children for five years despite pressures from his parents and neighbours to produce an offspring. Together, the couple met with a female health care provider, who informed them about the various family planning options available.

·         Shilpi's mother-in-law and neighbours continued to pressurize the newlyweds. Deeply rooted cultural practices and traditions caused a rift between Shilpi and Rashid and their extended family, some of whose members insulted and criticized the couple. Unable to convince their close relatives of the risks, Shilpi and Rashid returned to the counsellor They took the help of a parent peer who has been trained to speak to other parents about adolescent issues. Shilpi's mother- in-law and neighbours eventually came to understand the harmful effects of early pregnancy on mother and child.

·         Today, the village no longer pressurizes the couple; their parents and neighbours now support them and speak out against early marriage and pregnancy.

Summarizing 27: The Burning Issue of Bullying--U-9; L-4(B)

·         ➡Many children start bullying others without the knowledge of the consequences, not realising that their actions may be hurtful, as the actions often leave them with a feeling of authority over others. On the other hand, many children suffer from external trauma within their personal lives and tend to normalise crude behaviour within themselves, exerting their pent-up frustration on other children. Flipping the coin towards another perspective, many bullies have often been victims themselves.

·         Mostly, bullies go on to suffer negative impacts further down the line. Issues in relationships with friends and family. difficulty coping with varying work environments, anxiety disorders, and many more problems may arise as they transition into adulthood. The victims of bullying, on the other hand, grow up with serious mental health issues. including depression, anxiety, inferiority complex, eating disorders, and loneliness. Moreover, bullied children may also resort to becoming bullies themselves, keeping the cycle going.

Summarizing 28: Etiquette Netiquette--U-10:L-2(C)

·         The man was terribly happy with his success, but he didn't count on two little girls of special needs. They had speech difficulty and so they used to communicate using sign language. Since the machine couldn't steal gestures, these girls continued their previous practices of being kind and polite. Soon they realised the difference between them and other people which led them to investigate the reason. After much toil, they could discover the wicked man, who was in a hideout on the top of a hill next to the sea with his enormous machine busy in capturing people's polite words and separating them into letters. The girls found the man taking a nap when they crept up to the machine and rewind it so that people could get back to their normal behaviour.

·         As a result, the machine exploded, scattering all the letters it had gathered into the sky. After some moments, the letters started coming down, like rain, and ended up in the sea. After that, everyone became polite and respectful to each other again. The anger and the arguments stopped, proving that good manners are very useful for keeping people together in a spirit of happiness.

Summarizing 29: Fitness--U-10: L-4(D)

a.Training the mind can get us to a place of flow more quickly. Meditation is one way to exercise our mental muscles. There are many types of meditation, but they all have the same objective: calming the mind, observing our thoughts and emotions, and centering our focus on a single object.

·         The basic practice involves sitting with a straight back and focusing on your breath. Anyone can do it, and you feel a difference after just one session. By fixing your attention on the air moving in and out of your nose, you can slow the torrent of thoughts and clear your mental horizons.

·         If we want to get better at reaching a state of flow, meditation is an excellent antidote to our smartphones and their notifications constantly clamoring for our attention.

b. One of the most common mistakes among people starting to meditate is worrying about doing it "right." achieving absolute mental silence, or reaching "nirvana." The most important thing is to focus on the journey.

·         Since the mind is a constant swirl of thoughts, ideas, and emotions, slowing down the "centrifuge"even for just a few seconds can help us feel more rested and leave us with a sense of clarity.

·         In fact, one of the things we learn in the practice of meditation is not to worry about anything that flits across our mental screen. The idea of killing our boss might flash into our mind, but we simply label it as a thought and let it pass like a cloud, without judging or rejecting it. It is only a thought-one of the sixty thousand we have every day, according to some experts.

·         Meditation generates alpha and theta brain waves. For those experienced in meditation, these waves appear right away. while it might take a half hour for a beginner to experience them. These relaxing brain waves are the ones that are activated right before we fall asleep, as we lie in the sun, or right after taking a hot bath.

Summarizing 30: Consumerism--Dhaka Board-2025; Rajshahi Board-2024; Jashore Board-2024 | U-10:L-5(B)

a. We spend money for different reasons. We buy foods, clothes or everyday essentials, pay for different services, entertain people, travel to places, heip others in need or invest in business and thus spend money every day. In fact, spending is a part of our life.

·         Spending may make us happy or unhappy depending on how and why we spend. When we spend money on things that we need and within our limit. it is good. When it becomes a compulsive behaviour. it makes life stressful. Unnecessary spending or spending beyond one's means has some bad effects. For one thing, it may lead to financial ruin or debt. and for another, it may create unhappiness within families. People who overspend are never satisfied with what they have. They always rush for brands, fashion items, designer clothes etc. Over a period of time it becomes an addiction which may eventually create psychological problems.

·         Nowadays consumer items are displayed in stores or in advertisements in ways that they create a feeling of immediate need for them. We are constantly tempted to buy, use or consume things even when we do not have a genuine need. We all need to be careful here. Salespersons often encourage customers to buy things by flattering them. This is a perfect match for you, they would say, or 'You look so stunning in that dress. Never forget, they say the same thing to most of their customers. [RB-24] It is better not to be persuaded by such words. They use these words to please the customers as the more a customer buys, the higher the profit is.

b. We spend money for different reasons. We buy foods, clothes or everyday essentials, pay for different services, entertain people, travel to places, help others in need or invest in business and thus spend money everyday. In fact, spending is a part of our life. Spending may make us happy or unhappy depending on how and why we spend. When we spend money on things that we need and within our limit, it is good. When it becomes a compulsive behaviour, it makes life stressful. Unnecessary spending or spending beyond one's means has some bad effects. For one thing, it may lead to financial ruin or debt, and for another, it may create unhappiness within families. People who overspend are never satisfied with what they have. [DB-25; JB-24] They always rush for brands, fashion items, designer clothes etc. Over a period of time it becomes an addiction which may eventually create psychological problems.

c. Nowadays consumer items are displayed in stores or in advertisements in ways that they create a feeling of immediate need for them. We are constantly tempted to buy, use or consume things even when we do not have a genuine need. We all need to be careful here. Salespersons often encourage customers to buy things by flattering them. This is a perfect match for you, they would say, or 'You look so stunning in that dress. Never forget, they say the same thing to most of their customers. It is better not to be persuaded by such words. They use these words to please the customers as the more a customer buys, the higher the profit is. Overspending is not only related to shopping, it applies to other activities as well such as eating out. Many people buy too many items to eat in a restaurant. They can eat only some of them and the rest are wasted. It's not a responsible attitude. We cannot simply waste food because we have money to buy it.

·         Young people in a shopping mall often look at an item on display and think "Oh I must buy this. I really need this.' They may not have the money needed in their wallet. So they use credit cards but using them is like taking a loan. If they are not careful, the loans increase which might lead them to a debt-trap.

·         Sometimes children insist on buying things that their parents cannot pay without stretching their budget. This may happen because the children's friends also have them. It's not fair as it becomes a burden for the parents.

·         Finally, don't get trapped by the glossy advertisements on television or the Internet. You should rather ask yourself: "Do I need this?" The best way to control the habit of spending is not to think 'What I need', but Can I do without it?"

Summarizing 31: Story From Gaza--U-11:L-3(A)

·         ➡What do you want me to say about Gaza? From when I became aware of it, I was sad about everything inside it. Especially the kids and even the adults, youth, women, girls, animals, stones and trees, everything in it is crying... I'm looking for nice words to say and I can't find them.

·         The sea is the only thing that helps me dream. When I stand on the shore I can imagine Cyprus, travel to Paris, fly to Rome, all while standing in the same spot. I go around the whole world and in the end I land on my bed in our house. in the middle of the refugee camp. I go back to the reality of Gaza, the dirty market, overflowing sewage, the carts, and what's on top of the carts, the suffocating smell, and the silent people who can't speak.

Summarizing 32: Water, Water Everywhere--U-12; L-1(B)

·         a. Coleridge's poem, a ballad, narrates the harrowing sea-voyage of an old mariner who at one point of his journey didn't have any water to drink because of a curse. Not only the cursed mariner, we too know how important drinking water is in our life. We know we cannot survive without it. In fact two-thirds of our body is made up of water. Not for nothing is it said that the other name of water is life. Is there a crisis in our time with regard to access to clean drinking water? The United Nations in a meeting on the eve of the new millennium identified the drinking water problem as one of the challenges for the future. But do we need to worry about the problem as ours is a land of rivers and we have plenty of rainfall? Besides, we have a sea in our backyard too.

·         b. One of the sources of water in our country is the rivers. Rivers are everywhere in our life, literature, economy and culture. But are the rivers in good shape? Unfortunately, they are not. A few are already dead and several are going through the pangs of death. The river Buriganga is an example of a dying river. A report published in the Daily Sun describes what has happened to the river Buriganga and why. Its water is polluted and a perpetual stench fills the air around it. But that is not what it was like before.

·         The report says that the river had a glorious past. Once it was a tributary of the mighty Ganges and flowed into the Bay of Bengal through the river Dhaleshwari. Gradually, it lost its link with the Ganges and got the name Buriganga. The Mughals marvelled at the tide level of the Buriganga and founded their capital Jahangirnagar on its banks in 1610. The river supplied drinking water and supported trade and commerce. Jahangirnagar was renamed Dhaka which grew into a heavily populated city with a chronic shortage of space.

Summarizing 33: The Greta Effect--U-12;L-2(B)

·         a. Greta Thunberg is an environmental activist. She was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2003. When she was eight, she started learning about climate change. The more she learned, the more baffled she became as to why so little was being done about it. At the age of 11, Greta became so sad about climate change that she temporarily stopped speaking!

·         Greta has Asperger syndrome, a condition that affects how people socialise. But Greta views her condition as a positive. calling it her "superpower"! She says it helps her see the world in black and white, and that there are "no grey areas when it comes to climate change."

·         In August 2018, Greta decided to take action. Instead of going to school, she made a large sign that read Skolstrejk for Klimatet": SCHOOL STRIKE FOR CLIMATE', and calmly sat down outside the Swedish parliament. Her aim? To make politicians take notice and act to stop global warming.

·         Greta's strike was picked up by the Swedish media, and the word started to spread. Soon enough, tens of thousands of students from around the world joined her #Fridays for Future strikes skipping school on Fridays to protest against climate change.

·         b. In March 2019, climate campaigners across the world, and inspired by Greta, came together to co-ordinate the first Global Strike for Climate. Over 1.6 million people from 125 countries took part!

·         Since her strike began, Greta's life has become a whirlwind! She's given rousing speeches to politicians, to the EU parliament, to the UK parliament, to protesters and more. She's appeared in documentaries and had loads of books and articles write about her. She's even been nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize!

·         In August 2019, Greta travelled on a wind and solar-powered boat from Plymouth UK, to New York, USA - the journey took 15 days. Her passionate speech "You have stolen my dreams and my childhood with your empty words... We are in the beginning of a mass extinction, and all you can talk about is money, and fairy tales of eternal economic growth. How dare you!" has drawn much attention from all over the world. Thunberg was known for changing how some people think and act about climate change. Her impact is called "the Greta effect."

Summarizing 34: Nayaka People--U-12; L-3(F)

·         ➡One example of modem gatherers is the Nayaka people, who live in the jungles of southern India. When a Nayaka comes across a dangerous animal such as a tiger, snake or elephant in the jungle, the Nayaka might talk directly to the animal: 'You live in the forest, and I live in the forest too. You came here to eat, and I came here to gather roots and tubers. I didn't come to hurt you, so please don't hurt me.'

·         A Nayaka was once killed by a male elephant they called 'the elephant who always walks alone. People from the Indian government then came to capture the elephant, but the Nayaka refused to help the government officials. They explained that the elephant had a good reason to be violent: he used to have a very close friend, another male elephant, and the two always roamed the forest together. One day, some bad people shot the second elephant and took him away. "The elephant who always walks alone had been very lonely ever since and was very angry at humans. 'How would you feel if your partner was taken away from you? the Nayaka asked. That's exactly how this elephant felt. The two elephants sometimes went their separate ways at night, but in the morning, they always came together again. On that terrible day, the elephant watched his buddy fall to the ground. If two creatures are always together and then you shoot one, how's the other one going to feel?

·         Scientists have invented a special word for people who believe that animals can talk and that there are spirits who live in rocks and rivers: animists.

Summarizing 35: Environmental Justice--U-12:L-4(A)

·         ➡ Environmental Justice links two large, foundational bodies of modem thought and activist engagement. It yokes concern for the environment, including all life on the planet, to commitment to social justice: human equity in terms of race. gender, religion, nationality, and class. Environmental Justice bridges the gap between [the] two movements: environmentalism and human rights advocacy. It not only brings them together for positive change but also shows their inextricable connectedness.

·         Environmental Justice therefore represents a new, important body of thought and action at the beginning of the twenty- first century, especially as people around the world face the realities of climate change, increasing toxicity, resource depletion, and the rapid disappearance of species and arable land on which the health of many human communities depends. Fundamental to both the concept of Environmental Justice and the activist EJ movement is the search for fair ways of sharing environmental burdens and benefits and collectively creating a future in which the dignity and rights of all people are respected.

Summarizing 36: Scientific Method--U-12:L-5(A)

·         ➡Before researchers become researchers they should become philosophers. They should consider what the human goal is. what it is that humanity should create. Doctors should first determine at the fundamental level what it is that human beings depend on for life.

·         In applying my theories to farming. I have been experimenting in growing my crops in various ways, always with the idea of developing a method close to nature. I have done this by whittling away unnecessary agricultural practices.

·         Modern scientific agriculture, on the other hand. has no such vision. Research wanders about aimlessly, each researcher seeing just one part of the infinite array of natural factors which affect harvest yields.

·         Furthermore, these natural factors change from place to place and from year to year.

·         Even though it is the same quarter acre. the farmer must grow his crops differently each year in accordance with variations in weather, insect populations, the condition of the soil, and many other natural factors. Nature is everywhere în perpetual motion; conditions are never exactly the same in any two years.

·         Modern research divides nature into tiny pieces and conducts tests that conform neither with natural law nor with practical experiences. The results are arranged for the convenience of research, not according to the needs of the farmer.

·         To think that these conclusions can be put to use with invariable success in the farmer's field is a big mistake.

Answers to Summary Texts

1 Some people criticized the King by saying that the cage was beautiful but no one cared about the bird inside it. When the King heard this, he asked his nephew about it. The nephew explained that only those who did not receive royal rewards were spreading false stories. The King understood the truth and rewarded his nephew with a gold chain. Later. the King went to see the bird's school himself, and everyone welcomed him with music, prayers, and praise.

2 Several Al tools are available to support learning in classrooms and workplaces. Ahura tracks learning habits by monitoring attention and engagement. Knewton offers personalized learning experiences, while Querium provides step-by-step math tutoring and creates custom lesson plans. ALEKS designs individualized learning paths based on student strengths and weaknesses. Carnegie Learning focuses on improving math skills through personalized teaching. Smart Sparrow gives unique feedback to each student, and Gradescope automates grading, saving teachers time for other tasks.

3 Totto-chan arrives at her new school and notices the gate is made of two short posts with twigs and leaves, not like the usual concrete gates. She imagines the gate will grow taller than telephone poles. The sign for the school is crooked from the wind. When she looks closer, she sees that the school has railroad cars as classrooms, which seems like a dream to her. Totto-chan loves the school and says, "I like this school!"

4 a. Education helps us change our behaviour and improve our lives and society. True education is not only about getting good grades or certificates; it teaches us to use our knowledge and values in real life. One important part of education is civic engagement, which means working for the betterment of the community. Civically engaged people feel responsible for solving social problems and raising their voices against injustice. Civic engagement can include protesting unfair decisions, helping maintain public places, assisting children and elderly people, or joining community activities that help others.

4 b. Education plays a vital role in bringing about positive changes in human behavious. It helps us try to change our life as well as our society. Complete education not only illuminates our minds but also involves a learner to work for the community. The purpose of education is not getting grades and receiving certificates. The main objective of education is to make life better. Civic engagement of the learners is highly appreciated all over the world nowadays. A civically engaged person works to create a difference in the civic life taking action or raising voice against injustice, discrimination and other forms of social ills.

5 Folk music has great variety in Bangladesh. It is mainly composed on the culture, festivals, views of life, natural beauty, rivers, rural life and revering life. These songs are about social inequality and poverty, about the material world and the supernatural. Bangladeshi folk music varies from region to region. It is formed according to the environment. Differences in the natural environment are reflected in the people of the different regions. Thus, there are the northern Bhawaiya, the eastern Bhatiyali and the southern Baul songs.

6 Lalon Shah was a prominent figure in the Baul tradition of Bengal. He was known for his philosophical and mystical songs. He advocated for religious tolerance and rejected social divisions based on class, caste, and creed. Lalon believed that the search for truth begins with understanding the body and soul. He lived a life of devotion and asceticism, influenced by a Muslim fakir who cared for him. Lalon's teachings focused on self-realization through meditation (sadhana). His songs were sung by instruments like the ektara. They attracted many disciples, including famous figures like Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam.

7 a. Art is the expression of human creativity and imagination through activities like painting, drawing, and sculpture. It mainly creates feelings of beauty, but it can also show happiness, pain, or social problems. People all over the world value art because it touches emotions and refreshes the mind. In our country, art has a long tradition of folk forms such as pottery, nakshikantha, alpana, and painted earthen pots. Later, modern art started in Europe during the industrial revolution and used new styles and materials to show changes in society and human thinking.

7 b. The contribution of Zainul Abedin for establishing modern art in Bangladesh is unforgettable. He is known as shilpacharya. With the help of some colleagues, Zainul Abedin established an institute of art in Dhaka. A number of talented teachers and students contributed to the development of modern art. By maintaining a close contact with the traditional art, the artists were reflecting most recent trends and styles in their work such as expressionism and abstract expressionism. For his famine Sketches, Zainul Abedin had earned all-India fame. Besides his water colors, scroll paintings and drawings inspire our artists even today. The contributions of other prominent artists such as Qamrul Hasan, SM Sultan are mentionable.

8 a. S. M. Sultan was a famous Bangladeshi painter known for his simple but meaningful and philosophical art. He was born in 1923 in Jessore and lived a bohemian life, traveling to many places. Though he came from a poor family, his strong love for art helped him succeed. His family could not afford his education, but with special recommendation he studied at the Calcutta School of Arts for three years. He became widely known later in life after his exhibitions in Dhaka in 1976 and 1987. His paintings mainly showed nature and the hard-working people of Bangladesh and continue to inspire young painters today.

8 b. S.M. Sultan's art celebrated farmers, rural women, children, and animals. He portrayed muscular farmers with godlike physiques to symbolize their strength. Sultan cared little about preserving his works and focused more on ideas than legacy. He gained international recognition, with praise from top newspapers like The New York Times and The Guardian. Sultan received prestigious awards, including the Ekushey Padak and Swadhinata Padak cementing his legacy as a legendary Bangladeshi painter.

9 Novera Ahmed was the first modern sculptor in Bangladesh. She is often underappreciated and misrepresented, Novera was inspired by her mother's clay dolls and houses. She studied in London and Florence, blending Western ideas with folk traditions. Her sculptures focused on village life, folk motifs, and Buddhist themes. Novera developed a unique style that highlighted the experiences of women.

10 According to the medieval epic, Behula is a legendary folk heroine. She was the daughter of Sayven on the other hand Lakhindar was the youngest son of Chand Saodagar. She was married to Lakhindar. Manasa, the snake goddess, sent a snake to kill Lakhindar because of Chand Saodagar's boast. To protect his son from the Manasa, Chand built an iron chamber but it did not help him to save his son's life and at last the snake bit him. She (Behula) refused to accept her husband's death and set out on a hazardous journey to plead for her husband's life. Because of Behula's love for her husband, Manasa restored Lakkhindar and his brothers too.

·         11 The Minotaur, a half-man, half-bull creature, terrorized Crete. King Minos asked Daedalus to build a maze to trap it Later, Minos imprisoned Daedalus and his son, Icarus, in the maze. Daedalus, knowing the maze's design, escaped with Icarus. Stranded on the island, Daedalus made wings from feathers and wax to fly away. He warned Icarus not to fly too high or too low. But Icarus flew too close to the sun, and his wings melted. He fell into the sea and drowned. Daedalus reached Sicily, sad for his son, and named the sea the Icarian Sea.

·         12 According to some myths and legends, Gazi Pir, a preacher of Islam, was credited with many miracles. Supposedly, he had power to calm dangerous animals and make them docile. Because of his alert and vigilant presence, all predatory animals were said to have been kept within bounds. It was also believed that he enabled villagers to live close to forests and cultivate their lands. His story is preserved in folk art and literature. Some Gazir paat scrolls are preserved in British Museum.

·         13 Khona, originally Lila, was a wise woman in Bangla folklore who predicted the weather and understood farming. She shared her knowledge with farmers through simple rhyming verses called "Khona's Words." Her connection with the common people upset the rulers, who punished her by cutting out her tongue. She became known as Khona, meaning "the one who cannot speak." Despite this, her wisdom lived on in her sayings, passed down for over 1500 years.

·         14 a. The July Uprising in Bangladesh (July-August 2024) began as a student protest for quota reform at Dhaka University. Government repression and loss of lives turned it into a nationwide movement. Sixteen years of public frustration from oppression, corruption, and rights abuses fueled the protests. Finally, people's collective action forced Sheikh Hasina to flee the country.

·         14 b. In July 2024, students formed the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement and held nationwide protests. On July 7, the Bangla Blockade disrupted traffic. After Sheikh Hasina's mocking comment on July 14, protests grew stronger. On July 15-16, police and Chatra League attacked students, killing several, including Abu Sayed. Funerals were held, but some were violently dispersed. By July 18, more students joined, and the government shut down the internet.

·         15 a. The passage narrates the dream of Martin Luther King Jr. He dreams that one day their nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. He hopes that their nation will come out from all injustice and oppression and their skin but by the content of their character. He hopes a state that will be free from all vicious race. enjoy the true meaning of freedom and justice. He also hopes that their people will not be judged by the color of skin.

·         15 b. The speaker dreams of a future where there is equality and justice for everyone. He believes that with strong faith and hope, people can overcome despair and live in unity for faith, people will work, struggle, and stand together for freedom, believing that one day the like brothers. With this faith, become a great nation, this dream must come true.

·         16 Wangari Maathai, the first African woman and environmentalist to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004, founded the Green Belt Movement in Kenya. This nonprofit organization focuses on planting trees, environmental conservation. and women's rights. The movement started in 1986 and on planting entries. It aims to raise awareness about protecting the environment, improve women's lives, and the movement also promotes food security and shows the link between environmental damage and poverty.

·         17 Frederick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, but he did not know his exact age because there were no records. Most enslaved people were kept ignorant of their birthdates, unlike white children who knew theirs. Douglass felt unhappy about this lack of knowledge. He was not allowed to ask his master about it, as such questions were considered improper. He estimated his age based on his master's statement in 1835 that he was about 17 years old.

·         18 Dream has a fascinating power for thousands of years. Dream includes any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. It can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague. According to the opinion of some researchers, dreams serve no real purpose while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. In fact, dreams represent some unconscious desire.

·         19 The narrator feels anxious about the weather and the second half of the swim appears with difficulty. He utilizes his previous experiences to save time and energy upto the finishing line. Though he feels hungry, the manager apologizes and informs him that he (n) can create a new record if he (n) saves at least 10 minutes. The narrator understands that he is very close to a new world record from both sides.

·         20 a. The passage describes about some girls who illuminated their village for their skill in the game of football. In our society, the boys and girls are not considered the same. The boys are thought to be an active and full of vigour whereas the girls are thought to be a lack of intelligence and energy. This false assumption has been changed now. Now the girls are showing their power in almost all areas of life. Some girls of Kalsindur village in Mymensingh district show an example by illuminating their own remote area through their skill of football game. In recognition of their success, the village was provided electricity by the government.

·         20 b. The Kalsindur girls started playing football with almost nothing. They had no proper dress and suffered from poor health. Two teachers, Minati Rani Sheel and Mohammad Mafiz Uddin, noticed their interest and encouraged them. Though guardians were unsure at first, the teachers motivated them and supported the girls. With care and inspiration, the girls overcame difficulties and became successful, winning support from the villagers too.

·         ·  21 a. Aristotle said humans are naturally social because they need companionship and support. We form relationships with family, friends, classmates, coworkers and even animals. These relationships give us love, care and emotional strength. Without them, people feel lonely and unhappy. To build good relationships, we need trust, respect and kindness, because sharing joy makes it bigger and sharing sorrow makes it lighter.

 21 b. People have many kinds of relationships with family, friends, classmates, teachers, coworkers, animals and even favorite toys. These relationships keep us connected and give us love, care and support. Without relationships, a person feels lonely and sad. Sharing happiness makes it greater, and sharing sorrow makes it lighter. Therefore, relationships are important for our emotional well-being.

·         ·  22 a. The writer went to an orphanage in the Carolina mountains to find quiet and fresh air and to work in a cabin nearby. He asked the orphanage to send someone to chop wood for him. One afternoon, he was surprised to see a small barefoot boy, about twelve years old, standing at the door with his dog. The boy quietly said he could chop wood for him.

·         ·  22 b. The passage is about the glorification of the noble character of Jerry. At the orphanage, the honesty and integrity of an orphan boy caught the attention of the narrator. While he was chopping wood, the handle of the axe was broken down. By taking responsibility of his fault, he refused to take money from the narrator. But when he knew that the fault was in the wood of the handle, he then agreed to take money. Yet he was standing back of his own carelessness. Besides, he chose to do work carefully and took the responsibility without subterfuge.

·         ·  23 It is raining, and the wet road shines with reflections of lights. We are taking shelter under a balcony. I hand Yingzi a letter to mail for me, and she offers to do it with the umbrella. As she crosses the road, a car screeches to a stop, and Yingzi falls onto the wet road. Despite it being spring, the moment feels like autumn. The simple act of mailing the letter stays in my memory forever.

·         ·  24. a. The passage is about the transition period of the children from childhood to adulthood and its significance. Children have to pass through several stages to become adults. There are four stages. The first stage is infancy, then comes early childhood and later childhood and the final is adolescence. It is a very important and critical transitions in children's life. Adolescence is the period of human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before childhood. Because of being an important period for the adolescents, children have to face many difficulties to adjust it. Otherwise, they may go astray. For this, everyone remains aware of the health risks in this period.

·         ·  24 b. Adolescence is the period after childhood and before adulthood, marked by rapid growth and change. It begins with puberty, which brings physical and biological changes. Although these changes happen everywhere, the length and nature of adolescence differ across cultures and societies. Over time, adolescence has changed due to factors like education, urban life, and global communication, leading to earlier puberty, later marriage, and different attitudes compared to earlier generations.

·         25 a. Adolescent girls in Bangladesh face inequality in family and society. Early marriage forces many girls to leave school and makes them vulnerable to abuse and serious health risks during pregnancy. Because of poor knowledge about reproductive health, the death rate of adolescent mothers is higher than average.

·         25 b. The passage upholds the physical and mental torture of a girl for her childhood marriage. In Bangladesh, a girl faces many social injustice and vices. Because of her early aged marriage, she drops out of school and work in her in- laws' house. She is deprived of basic knowledge like health issues. As a result, She is vulnerable to deadly diseases. On the other hand, the situation of adolescent boys is somewhat better. But still they are at considerable risk of being drawn into criminal activities like drugs and alcohol.

·         26 The passage is about the harmful effects of early marriage and how Shilpi manages to save herself from the risk of early pregnancy. After hearing the risks of pregnancy, Shilpi took her husband to the counsellor and her husband agreed to delay having children despite pressure from his parents and neighbours. They took the help of a parent peer. Eventually, her mother in law and neighbours understood the harmful effects of early pregnancy on mother and child. Now they support the couple and speak out against early marriage and pregnancy.

·         27 Bullying often happens because students don't understand how harmful it is or because they are dealing with personal problems. Some bully others to feel powerful or release their frustrations. Many bullies were once victims themselves, creating a cycle of harm. Both bullies and victims face lasting problems: bullies may struggle with relationships, work environment, and mental health, while victims often feel depressed, anxious, lonely, or develop low self-esteem. Sometimes, victims become bullies, keeping the cycle going.

·         28 The passage shows how two little girls with special needs investigated the reason and brought back normal behaviour among the victimized people. The wicked man's machine was unable to steal gestures. Hence, the girls remained polite and kind. Realizing the difference between them and other peoples they started investigation. They saw the machine capturing polite words and separating them into letters. The girl rewound the machine and it exploded. Then everyone became polite and respectful again.

·         29 a. Meditation trains the mind for focus and calmness. Despite various types, all aim to quiet thoughts and improve attention. A simple method is sitting straight, focusing on your breath, and slowing your mind. Even one session can make a difference. Meditation also counters the constant distractions from smartphones and notifications, helping us reclaim mental clarity.

·         29 b. A common mistake in meditation is worrying about doing it "right" or achieving mental silence. The mind is full of thoughts, but slowing down for a few seconds can help us feel more rested and clear. In meditation, we learn to let thoughts come and go without judging them. Meditation creates relaxing brain waves that help us feel calm. These waves are similar to those before sleep or after relaxing activities like taking a bath.

·         30 a. This passage depicts spending money for different reasons and its results. It makes us happy or unhappy depending on how and why we spend. To spend money within our limit is good. Unnecessary spending has some bad effects. People who overspend are never satisfied. It may eventually create psychological problems. People are tempted to buy, use, or consume by salespersons' alluring words, attractive advertisements, and displays. In spite of having money, no one should waste money randomly.

·         30 b. People spend money every day for different needs. Spending is good when we buy only what we need and stay within our limit. But overspending causes debt, stress, and family problems. People who always buy unnecessary of branded things become unhappy and addicted to spending, which may lead to psychological issues.

·         30 c. People are often tempted to spend money unnecessarily due to the influence of shops and advertisements. Salespersons use sweet words to convince customers, but they should not be fooled by such talk. Overspending also happens in restaurants when people order more food than they should not be. Young people often use credit cards to buy things they cannot afford, which may lead to debt. Children also ask for costly items because their friends have them, creating pressure on parents. Therefore, before buying anything, we should think carefully and ask ourselves whether we truly need it or can live without it.

·         31 The speaker feels very sad about Gaza. Everything there, from people to nature, seems to be in pain. They can't find any happy words to describe it. The sea is their only escape. Standing by the water, they dream of visiting places like Paris and Rome. even though they never leave. But the dream ends, and they return to the hard life in Gaza-crowded camps, dirty streets, bad smells, and quiet people who are suffering.

·         32 a. Coleridge's poem emphasizes on the importance of drinking water. Water is a vital element in our life. We cannot survive without it. We know that two thirds of our body is made up of water. For this reason, it is said that the other name of water is life. The UN in a meeting on the eve of the new millennium identified the drinking water problem as one of the challenges for the future. This challenge also marks an interrogation for Bangladesh.

·         32 b. The passage depicts the importance of rivers in our way of life. Unfortunately, the rivers are not in a good shape now due to pollution. Human atrocities are mostly responsible for the miserable fate of river. A report about the deplorable condition of the Buriganga river is published by the Daily Sun; Once this river had a glorious past. The Mughals were marvelled at the tide level of the river Buriganga and they founded their capital Jahangirnagar on the bank of the river in 1610. The river Buriganga supplied drinking water and trade and commerce were run by the river.

·         33 a. Greta Thunberg was an environmental activist. She learned about climate change at age eight and became very upset about the lack of action for climate change. In 2018, she started skipping school to protest outside the Swedish parliament with a sign saying "School Strike for Climate." Her movement, #Fridays for Future, inspired students worldwide to join her in demanding action on climate change.

·         33 b. In March 2019, inspired by Greta, people worldwide joined the first Global Strike for Climate. Since her strike. Greta's life has been very busy. She gave speeches to politicians, appeared in documentaries, and was written about in books and articles. She was even nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize! In August 2019, Greta traveled from the UK to New York on a wind and solar-powered boat. Her powerful speech, "You have stolen my dreams and my childhood..." gained worldwide attention. Greta's influence on climate change is called "the Greta effect."

·         34 The Nayaka people live in the jungles of southern India. When they encounter dangerous animals, like tigers or elephants, they talk to them peacefully, asking not to be harmed. One Nayaka was killed by an elephant known as "the elephant who always walks alone." The elephant became violent after losing its close friend, another elephant, who was shot by humans. The Nayaka people refused to help the government capture the elephant because they understood its anger and loneliness. The Nayakas believe animals can talk and that spirits live in nature, and this belief is called animism.

·         35 Environmental Justice connects environmental care with social justice, emphasizing equality across race, gender, religion, nationality, and class. It unites environmentalism and human rights advocacy to address shared global challenges like climate change, resource depletion, and species loss. The movement seeks fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, promoting dignity and respect for all while building a sustainable future.

·         36 Researchers should think like philosophers and understand human goals and needs. Doctors should find what people need to live. The author uses natural farming methods and avoids unnecessary work. Modern farming lacks vision and breaks nature into small parts. Farmers need to change methods every year because weather, soil, and insects always change. Nature is always moving and never stays the same.