Sentence Fragments

In English grammar, a sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence that lacks essential elements and does not express a complete thought on its own. It's important to recognize and avoid sentence fragments because they can make writing unclear or confusing. A complete sentence typically includes a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.

Here are 10 types of sentence fragments with two long advanced examples each, along with correct sentences and explanations:

1. Missing Subject:

Fragment: "Jumped over the fence."

Corrected: "She jumped over the fence."

Explanation: The corrected sentence provides a subject (she) to complete the thought.

Fragment: "Swam across the river."

Corrected: "He swam across the river."

Explanation: Adding "He" as the subject completes the sentence.

Fragmented (Missing Subject): "Climbed the mountain at sunrise."

Corrected: "They climbed the mountain at sunrise."

Fragmented (Missing Subject): "Wrote a novel in a month."

Corrected: "She wrote a novel in a month."

Fragmented (Missing Subject): "Visited the art gallery yesterday."

Corrected: "We visited the art gallery yesterday."

Fragmented (Missing Subject): "Drove to the countryside for the weekend."

Corrected: "He drove to the countryside for the weekend."

Fragmented (Missing Subject): "Built a sandcastle on the beach."

Corrected: "The children built a sandcastle on the beach."

2. Missing Verb:

Fragment: "The old oak tree."

Corrected: "The old oak tree stood tall."

Explanation: "Stood tall" provides the missing verb, making the sentence complete.

Fragment: "Under the moonlight."

Corrected: "Under the moonlight, they danced."

Explanation: The addition of "they danced" supplies the missing verb.

Fragmented (Missing Verb): "The old oak tree in the park."

Corrected: "The old oak tree stood in the park."

Fragmented (Missing Verb): "The house on the corner of the street."

Corrected: "The house on the corner of the street looked magnificent."

Fragmented (Missing Verb): "A cozy cabin in the woods."

Corrected: "A cozy cabin in the woods provides a perfect escape."

Fragmented (Missing Verb): "The dog near the fence."

Corrected: "The dog near the fence barked loudly."

Fragmented (Missing Verb): "A beautiful garden with colorful flowers."

Corrected: "A beautiful garden with colorful flowers blooms in the spring."

3. Dependent Clause:

Fragment: "Although she tried."

Corrected: "Although she tried, she couldn't succeed."

Explanation: The dependent clause is completed with the independent clause, forming a full thought.

Fragment: "Because it rained."

Corrected: "Because it rained, the game was postponed."

Explanation: Adding "the game was postponed" transforms the fragment into a complete sentence.

Fragmented (Dependent Clause): "Although tired and hungry."

Corrected: "Although tired and hungry, they continued the hike."

Fragmented (Dependent Clause): "Since the weather was nice."

Corrected: "Since the weather was nice, we decided to have a picnic."

Fragmented (Dependent Clause): "Because she had studied all night."

Corrected: "Because she had studied all night, she aced the exam."

Fragmented (Dependent Clause): "While waiting at the airport."

Corrected: "While waiting at the airport, I met an old friend."

Fragmented (Dependent Clause): "Even though they were late."

Corrected: "Even though they were late, they made it to the concert."

Fragmented (Dependent Clause): "As soon as the sun set."

Corrected: "As soon as the sun set, the night sky came alive with stars."

Fragmented (Dependent Clause): "If the rain stopped."

Corrected: "If the rain stopped, we could go for a walk."

Fragmented (Dependent Clause): "While wearing a warm coat."

Corrected: "While wearing a warm coat, she braved the cold winter morning."

4. Prepositional Phrase:

• Fragment: "In the middle of the park."

• Corrected: "In the middle of the park, children played."

• Explanation: The prepositional phrase is followed by the verb and subject in the corrected sentence.

• Fragment: "After the storm."

• Corrected: "After the storm, the sky cleared."

• Explanation: The prepositional phrase is completed with a full clause.

Fragmented (Prepositional Phrase): "In the middle of the park."

Corrected: "In the middle of the park, children played."

Fragmented (Prepositional Phrase): "After the storm."

Corrected: "After the storm, the sky cleared."

Fragmented (Prepositional Phrase): "Under the starry sky."

Corrected: "Under the starry sky, they stargazed."

Fragmented (Prepositional Phrase): "Beneath the old oak tree."

Corrected: "Beneath the old oak tree, they found a hidden treasure."

Fragmented (Prepositional Phrase): "Near the bustling city."

Corrected: "Near the bustling city, there was a quiet village."

5. Appositive Fragment:

• Fragment: "A talented musician."

• Corrected: "A talented musician, she played the piano beautifully."

• Explanation: The appositive fragment is followed by a complete clause.

• Fragment: "An avid reader."

• Corrected: "An avid reader, he finished three books last week."

• Explanation: The fragment is completed with a subject, verb, and object.

Fragmented (Appositive Fragment): "A talented musician."

Corrected: "A talented musician, she played the piano beautifully."

Fragmented (Appositive Fragment): "An avid reader."

Corrected: "An avid reader, he finished three books last week."

Fragmented (Appositive Fragment): "A renowned scientist."

Corrected: "A renowned scientist, Dr. Smith made groundbreaking discoveries."

Fragmented (Appositive Fragment): "An experienced chef."

Corrected: "An experienced chef, Chef Rodriguez created a delicious meal."

Fragmented (Appositive Fragment): "A dedicated teacher."

Corrected: "A dedicated teacher, Ms. Johnson inspired her students."

6.Infinitive Phrase:

• Fragment: "To explore the unknown."

• Corrected: "To explore the unknown, scientists embarked on a perilous journey."

• Explanation: The infinitive phrase is followed by a complete independent clause.

• Fragment: "To become a professional."

• Corrected: "To become a professional, he dedicated years of hard work."

• Explanation: The fragment is transformed into a full sentence by adding a subject, verb, and object.

Fragmented (Infinitive Phrase): "To explore the unknown."

Corrected: "To explore the unknown, scientists embarked on a perilous journey."

Fragmented (Infinitive Phrase): "To achieve her dreams."

Corrected: "To achieve her dreams, she worked diligently day and night."

Fragmented (Infinitive Phrase): "To win the championship."

Corrected: "To win the championship, the team trained rigorously."

Fragmented (Infinitive Phrase): "To reach new heights."

Corrected: "To reach new heights, he constantly challenged himself."

Fragmented (Infinitive Phrase): "To make a difference."

Corrected: "To make a difference, volunteers dedicate their time and effort."

7. -ing Phrase:

• Fragment: "Walking in the rain."

• Corrected: "Walking in the rain, they got completely drenched."

• Explanation: The -ing phrase is supplemented with a subject and verb.

• Fragment: "Running around the field."

• Corrected: "Running around the field, the children laughed and played."

• Explanation: The fragment becomes complete with the addition of a subject and verb.

Fragmented (-ing Phrase): "Running through the forest." Corrected: "Running through the forest, she felt a sense of freedom."

Fragmented (-ing Phrase): "Dancing under the stars." Corrected: "Dancing under the stars, they lost themselves in the music."

Fragmented (-ing Phrase): "Swimming in the crystal-clear waters." Corrected: "Swimming in the crystal-clear waters, they spotted colorful fish."

Fragmented (-ing Phrase): "Exploring ancient ruins." Corrected: "Exploring ancient ruins, archaeologists uncovered hidden treasures."

Fragmented (-ing Phrase): "Singing with passion." Corrected: "Singing with passion, the choir filled the auditorium with beautiful melodies."

8. Adjective Fragment:

• Fragment: "Beautiful and serene."

• Corrected: "The landscape was beautiful and serene."

• Explanation: The adjective fragment is transformed into a complete sentence with a subject and verb.

• Fragment: "Delicious and mouthwatering."

• Corrected: "The food at the restaurant was delicious and mouthwatering."

• Explanation: The adjective fragment is followed by the subject and verb in the corrected sentence.

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Beautiful and serene."

Corrected: "The landscape was beautiful and serene."

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Delicious and mouthwatering."

Corrected: "The food at the restaurant was delicious and mouthwatering."

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Tall and majestic."

Corrected: "The redwood trees were tall and majestic."

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Sunny and warm."

Corrected: "The weather was sunny and warm."

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Elegant and stylish."

Corrected: "Her dress was elegant and stylish."

9. -ed Phrase:

• Fragment: "Frightened by the sudden noise."

• Corrected: "Frightened by the sudden noise, the cat dashed under the bed."

• Explanation: The -ed phrase is accompanied by the subject and verb.

• Fragment: "Inspired by the speech."

• Corrected: "Inspired by the speech, they decided to take action."

• Explanation: The fragment is converted into a full sentence by adding a subject and verb.

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Beautiful and serene."

Corrected: "The landscape was beautiful and serene."

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Delicious and mouthwatering."

Corrected: "The food at the restaurant was delicious and mouthwatering."

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Tall and majestic."

Corrected: "The redwood trees were tall and majestic."

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Sunny and warm."

Corrected: "The weather was sunny and warm."

Fragmented (Adjective Fragment): "Elegant and stylish."

Corrected: "Her dress was elegant and stylish."

10.Direct Object Fragment:

• Fragment: "A captivating novel."

• Corrected: "She read a captivating novel."

• Explanation: The direct object fragment is supplemented with the subject and verb.

• Fragment: "A delicious meal."

• Corrected: "We enjoyed a delicious meal."

• Explanation: The fragment is turned into a complete sentence with a subject and verb.

Fragmented (Direct Object Fragment): "A captivating novel."

Corrected: "She read a captivating novel."

Fragmented (Direct Object Fragment): "A delicious meal."

Corrected: "We enjoyed a delicious meal."

Fragmented (Direct Object Fragment): "An interesting article."

Corrected: "He shared an interesting article."

Fragmented (Direct Object Fragment): "A heartfelt letter."

Corrected: "She received a heartfelt letter."

Fragmented (Direct Object Fragment): "A beautiful painting."

Corrected: "They admired a beautiful painting."

Lesson-2

1. Dependent Clause Fragments

Definition:

A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It relies on an independent clause to complete its meaning. These clauses typically start with subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, when, if, while, unless, and since.

Longer Examples:

• Fragment:Because I was running late for the meeting.Correction:Because I was running late for the meeting, I had to skip breakfast and rush out the door.

• Fragment:Although she had prepared for the presentation thoroughly.Correction:Although she had prepared for the presentation thoroughly, she still felt nervous when she walked on stage.

Detailed Explanation:

In both cases, the dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction ("because" and "although") and provides an incomplete idea that leaves the reader wondering what happens next. The fragment fails to express a full thought because it does not explain the result or consequence. Correcting the fragment requires adding an independent clause to complete the thought.

More Examples:

• Fragment:When the rain stopped suddenly.Correction:When the rain stopped suddenly, the children ran outside to play.

• Fragment:If I had known you were coming.Correction:If I had known you were coming, I would have prepared something special.

2. Afterthought Fragments

Definition:

An afterthought fragment typically occurs when additional information is added at the end of a sentence, but it’s not a complete sentence by itself. Common words that introduce afterthoughts include especially, such as, for example, including, and like.

Longer Examples:

• Fragment:Many of my friends from college. Especially those who studied abroad.Correction:Many of my friends from college have been successful in their careers, especially those who studied abroad.

• Fragment:He enjoyed playing sports. Like basketball, soccer, and tennis.Correction:He enjoyed playing sports like basketball, soccer, and tennis, which kept him active throughout the year.

Detailed Explanation:

These fragments introduce additional information but are not complete thoughts. They depend on a previous sentence or an independent clause for full clarity. The sentences should either be combined, or the fragment should be turned into a full sentence.

More Examples:

• Fragment:She collected rare items from around the world. Such as ancient coins and vintage postcards.Correction:She collected rare items from around the world, such as ancient coins and vintage postcards.

• Fragment:I’ve traveled to many countries. Including Japan, Italy, and Greece.Correction:I’ve traveled to many countries, including Japan, Italy, and Greece.

3. Prepositional Phrase Fragments

Definition:

A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition (e.g., in, on, at, under, with, by, about) and provides additional information about time, place, or manner, but it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

Longer Examples:

• Fragment:Under the bridge near the old library.Correction:Under the bridge near the old library, a group of teenagers was hanging out, playing music and chatting.

• Fragment:In the middle of the crowded city square.Correction:In the middle of the crowded city square, a street performer was entertaining the crowd with juggling and acrobatics.

Detailed Explanation:

Prepositional phrases add context to sentences but don’t express a complete thought. They need to be connected to an independent clause to provide the action or subject that is missing.

More Examples:

• Fragment:By the window overlooking the ocean.Correction:By the window overlooking the ocean, she sat reading her favorite book and sipping tea.

• Fragment:On the top shelf of the dusty old bookshelf.Correction:On the top shelf of the dusty old bookshelf, I found an old family album.

4. Infinitive Phrase Fragments

Definition:

An infinitive phrase starts with "to" followed by the base form of a verb (e.g., to run, to dance, to study). On its own, it does not convey a complete idea.

Longer Examples:

• Fragment:To get a better understanding of the topic.Correction:To get a better understanding of the topic, the students decided to organize a study group and review the material together.

• Fragment:To avoid the long line at the airport.Correction:To avoid the long line at the airport, we decided to check in online the night before our flight.

Detailed Explanation:

Infinitive phrases describe a purpose or intent but do not contain a complete thought. They need to be followed by an independent clause that provides the main action or outcome.

More Examples:

• Fragment:To improve my speaking skills.Correction:To improve my speaking skills, I practice giving speeches in front of the mirror every day.

• Fragment:To learn how to cook authentic Italian food.Correction:To learn how to cook authentic Italian food, I signed up for a culinary course in Florence.

5. Participial Phrase Fragments

Definition:

A participial phrase begins with a present participle (verb + -ing) or a past participle (verb + -ed) and describes an action, but it cannot stand alone as a full sentence.

Longer Examples:

• Fragment:Running through the rain without an umbrella.Correction:Running through the rain without an umbrella, I quickly realized that I was going to be soaked by the time I got home.

• Fragment:Exhausted after a long day at work.Correction:Exhausted after a long day at work, she collapsed onto the couch and fell asleep almost immediately.

Detailed Explanation:

Participial phrases often describe an action or condition but leave out the main clause that tells who or what is performing the action. They need to be linked to an independent clause for completion.

More Examples:

• Fragment:Baking cookies for the entire neighborhood.Correction:Baking cookies for the entire neighborhood, she spent the entire afternoon in the kitchen.

• Fragment:Lost in thought while waiting for the bus.Correction:Lost in thought while waiting for the bus, he didn’t notice when his phone fell out of his pocket.

6. Gerund Phrase Fragments

Definition:

A gerund phrase starts with a gerund (a verb form ending in -ing that functions as a noun), but it doesn’t express a complete thought by itself.

Longer Examples:

• Fragment:Writing a research paper on ancient Greek philosophy.Correction:Writing a research paper on ancient Greek philosophy, she spent several weeks in the library researching and organizing her notes.

• Fragment:Spending hours studying for the final exam.Correction:Spending hours studying for the final exam left him feeling exhausted but well-prepared for the next day.

Detailed Explanation:

Gerund phrases act like nouns but do not provide complete thoughts. They describe an activity or state of being, which needs to be linked to an independent clause to form a complete sentence.

More Examples:

• Fragment:Swimming across the lake during summer vacation.Correction:Swimming across the lake during summer vacation was one of his favorite childhood memories.

• Fragment:Taking pictures of the beautiful sunset.Correction:Taking pictures of the beautiful sunset, she marveled at the vibrant colors spreading across the sky.

7. Appositive Fragments

Definition:

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that provides additional information about a noun. When the appositive is written alone, it becomes a fragment.

Longer Examples:

• Fragment:A talented young artist with a passion for photography.Correction:Mia, a talented young artist with a passion for photography, won the local art competition last week.

• Fragment:The CEO of the company, a visionary leader and philanthropist.Correction:The CEO of the company, a visionary leader and philanthropist, announced new initiatives to support local charities.

Detailed Explanation:

Appositives add detail and clarification to a sentence but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. They must be attached to the noun they modify.

More Examples:

• Fragment:A brilliant scientist known for her groundbreaking research in quantum physics.Correction:Dr. Lee, a brilliant scientist known for her groundbreaking research in quantum physics, was invited to speak at the international conference.

• Fragment:The famous actor, well-known for his role in action films.Correction:The famous actor, well-known for his role in action films, decided to take on more serious dramatic roles in recent years.

8. Verb Phrase Fragments

Definition:

A verb phrase fragment lacks a subject or fails to convey a complete thought. It contains a verb but does not provide enough information to stand as a full sentence.

Longer Examples:

• Fragment:Was hoping to see the exhibit at the museum before it closed.Correction:She was hoping to see the exhibit at the museum before it closed, but unfortunately, she arrived too late.

• Fragment:Had been working on the project for weeks.Correction:They had been working on the project for weeks, and finally, they completed it just in time for the deadline.

Detailed Explanation:

Verb phrase fragments provide an action but omit the subject or the full context. These fragments must be linked to an independent clause that provides the subject or additional information needed to complete the thought.

More Examples:

• Fragment:Will be attending the conference in Paris next month.Correction:The entire team will be attending the conference in Paris next month to present their latest findings.

• Fragment:Should have finished the report by now.Correction:He should have finished the report by now, but he’s still struggling with the final section.

9. Relative Clause Fragments

Definition:

A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun (who, which, that, whom, whose) and describes a noun, but it cannot stand alone as a full sentence.

Longer Examples:

• Fragment:Who always arrives early for meetings and takes detailed notes.Correction:Sarah, who always arrives early for meetings and takes detailed notes, was promoted to team leader last week.

• Fragment:Which was discovered by accident during the excavation.Correction:The ancient artifact, which was discovered by accident during the excavation, is now on display at the museum.

Detailed Explanation:

Relative clauses provide essential or non-essential information about a noun but do not express complete thoughts on their own. They need an independent clause to clarify the subject and complete the sentence.

More Examples:

• Fragment:Whose contributions to the project were invaluable.Correction:John, whose contributions to the project were invaluable, received a special award for his efforts.

• Fragment:That was left behind after the party.Correction:The gift that was left behind after the party was later delivered to the guest of honor.

10. Phrase Fragment

Definition:

Phrases, such as noun phrases, verb phrases, or adverbial phrases, lack a subject-verb relationship and cannot stand alone as complete sentences. While phrases add detail or description, they need an independent clause to express a complete thought.

Examples:

• Fragment:A long day at work.Correction:After a long day at work, I went home to rest and unwind.

• Fragment:Without any prior experience in marketing.Correction:Without any prior experience in marketing, she still managed to land the job.

Detailed Explanation:

In both cases, the fragment consists of a phrase that provides additional information or description but lacks the necessary subject and verb to form a complete sentence. Connecting the phrase to a main clause fixes the fragment.

More Examples:

• Fragment:In the quiet of the morning.Correction:In the quiet of the morning, I like to meditate and gather my thoughts for the day.

• Fragment:Running late for the train.Correction:Running late for the train, I hurried through the station, hoping to make it on time.

11. Verb-less Fragment

Definition:

A verb-less fragment occurs when a group of words lacks a verb, making it incomplete. While the subject may be present, the absence of a verb leaves the sentence without an action or state of being.

Examples:

• Fragment:The man with the red hat.Correction:The man with the red hat is waiting at the bus stop.

• Fragment:A book about ancient civilizations.Correction:A book about ancient civilizations was on the top shelf of the library.

Detailed Explanation:

Without a verb, the fragment fails to communicate what is happening or what the subject is doing. Adding a verb (action) completes the sentence, ensuring it has both a subject and a predicate.

More Examples:

• Fragment:A group of students in the park.Correction:A group of students in the park was playing soccer under the bright afternoon sun.

• Fragment:The house on the hill.Correction:The house on the hill has been abandoned for years.

12. Subordinate Conjunction Fragment

Definition:

A fragment beginning with a subordinate conjunction (e.g., if, because, since, unless, until, when, while) introduces a dependent clause that needs to be connected to an independent clause to complete the thought.

Examples:

• Fragment:Because I was late.Correction:Because I was late, I missed the bus and had to take a taxi instead.

• Fragment:If we arrive early.Correction:If we arrive early, we can grab front-row seats for the concert.

Detailed Explanation:

Subordinate conjunctions introduce conditions, causes, or time, but they don't form a complete sentence on their own. The fragment remains unfinished until it is paired with an independent clause that provides the main idea or result.

More Examples:

• Fragment:Since you left.Correction:Since you left, everything has changed, and the atmosphere at work is much different.

• Fragment:Unless it rains.Correction:Unless it rains, we will proceed with the outdoor event as planned.

13. Elliptical Clause Fragment

Definition:

An elliptical clause fragment occurs when a clause omits the subject or verb because it’s implied. While acceptable in informal speech, elliptical clauses create fragments in formal writing that require the missing elements to be added.

Examples:

• Fragment:When tired.Correction:When I’m tired, I usually take a nap to refresh myself.

• Fragment:Though necessary.Correction:Though it is necessary, the process of completing the paperwork was exhausting.

Detailed Explanation:

Elliptical clauses often occur when words are left out because they seem obvious or repetitive. However, in formal writing, omitting a subject or verb leads to an incomplete thought. Adding the implied elements resolves the fragment.

More Examples:

• Fragment:If possible.Correction:If it’s possible, we should finish the project before the deadline.

• Fragment:While hungry.Correction:While I was hungry, I waited until dinner was served to eat.

14. Absolute Phrase Fragment

Definition:

An absolute phrase consists of a noun and a participle (usually present or past participle) and provides additional detail or context. However, it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

Examples:

• Fragment:Her arms folded across her chest.Correction:Her arms folded across her chest, she stared at him with disapproval.

• Fragment:The weather improving by the hour.Correction:The weather improving by the hour, we decided to postpone our plans until later in the afternoon.

Detailed Explanation:

An absolute phrase offers extra information about a sentence but does not contain a complete idea. It describes a condition or situation relative to the main clause, and needs to be attached to a full sentence to avoid becoming a fragment.

More Examples:

• Fragment:The sun setting over the horizon.Correction:The sun setting over the horizon, we relaxed and enjoyed the peaceful view of the ocean.

• Fragment:Her voice trembling with fear.Correction:Her voice trembling with fear, she spoke quietly and cautiously to the room full of people.

15. Noun Phrase Fragment

Definition:

A noun phrase includes a noun and its modifiers but lacks a verb, making it a fragment. It describes something but does not convey an action or complete thought.

Examples:

• Fragment:A tall man with a briefcase.Correction:A tall man with a briefcase walked into the room and introduced himself as the new manager.

• Fragment:The long and winding road.Correction:The long and winding road led us to a secluded cabin in the woods.

Detailed Explanation:

Noun phrases are descriptive but without a verb, they cannot convey a complete idea. Adding a verb and subject turns the fragment into a full sentence.

More Examples:

• Fragment:A delicious slice of cake on the plate.Correction:A delicious slice of cake sat on the plate, waiting to be eaten.

• Fragment:The broken vase in the corner.Correction:The broken vase in the corner was a reminder of the wild party from the night before.

16. Infinitive Phrase Fragment

Definition:

An infinitive phrase begins with "to" followed by a verb, and it expresses a goal or action. However, without an independent clause, it is a fragment.

Examples:

• Fragment:To find the answer.Correction:To find the answer, she spent hours researching and reading through academic papers.

• Fragment:To travel the world.Correction:To travel the world has always been his lifelong dream.

Detailed Explanation:

Infinitive phrases describe the purpose of an action but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. They require a subject and verb to complete the thought.

More Examples:

• Fragment:To master the art of French cooking.Correction:To master the art of French cooking, she enrolled in a culinary school in Paris.

• Fragment:To finish the report on time.Correction:To finish the report on time, we worked late into the night.

17. Adjective Clause Fragment

Definition:

An adjective clause (or relative clause) begins with a relative pronoun (who, which, that) and modifies a noun, but it requires a main clause to complete the sentence.

Examples:

• Fragment:Who was wearing a blue dress.Correction:The woman who was wearing a blue dress stood out in the crowd.

• Fragment:Which was a major breakthrough in science.Correction:The discovery, which was a major breakthrough in science, earned the team a prestigious award.

Detailed Explanation:

An adjective clause provides additional information about a noun but cannot stand on its own. It must be connected to an independent clause to form a complete sentence.

More Examples:

• Fragment:That he had worked on for years.Correction:The book that he had worked on for years was finally published last month.

• Fragment:Whose dedication was unmatched.Correction:The athlete, whose dedication was unmatched, won several gold medals during the competition.

Conclusion:

Understanding and correcting sentence fragments is crucial for creating clear, professional, and coherent writing. By learning to identify dependent clause fragments, afterthought fragments, prepositional phrase fragments, and more, writers can avoid incomplete thoughts and improve the flow of their writing. Each type of fragment requires a unique correction strategy, but they all share the common need for completion through an independent clause. Practice identifying and correcting these fragments will enhance your writing skills at an advanced level.

How to Avoid Sentence Fragments

Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences that are missing one or more elements, such as a subject, a verb, or a complete thought. Fragments are often used stylistically in informal writing, but in formal or academic writing, they can confuse the reader and weaken your message. The key to avoiding sentence fragments is to ensure that every sentence includes a subject, a verb, and expresses a complete idea.

In this extensive lesson, we’ll cover the most common types of fragments, why they occur, and how to avoid them with detailed examples and corrections.

1. Ensure Every Sentence Has a Subject and Verb

Explanation:

A complete sentence must have both a subject (who or what the sentence is about) and a verb (what the subject is doing). When either of these elements is missing, the sentence becomes a fragment.

How to Avoid This:

• Check for a Subject: Ask yourself who or what the sentence is about.

• Check for a Verb: Ensure the sentence states what action or state the subject is involved in.

Examples:

• Fragment: Running through the park.Correction: She was running through the park.

  • The original sentence lacks a subject (who is running). Adding "she" completes the thought.

• Fragment: The girl in the red dress.Correction: The girl in the red dress is dancing at the party.

  • The fragment has a subject but no verb, so it doesn't express what the girl is doing.

2. Avoid Dependent Clause Fragments

Explanation:

A dependent (subordinate) clause begins with a subordinating conjunction (e.g., because, although, if, when) and cannot stand alone. It needs an independent clause to complete the thought.

How to Avoid This:

• Ensure that every dependent clause is attached to an independent clause to provide a complete idea.

Examples:

• Fragment: Because I was tired.Correction: Because I was tired, I went to bed early.

  • "Because I was tired" is a dependent clause. It needs the main clause “I went to bed early” to complete the sentence.

• Fragment: If we get there on time.Correction: If we get there on time, we can still make the presentation.

  • The dependent clause "If we get there on time" needs the main clause “we can still make the presentation.”

3. Avoid "And," "But," or "So" Fragments

Explanation:

Conjunctions like and, but, or so are used to link ideas but cannot start a sentence fragment. When these words start a fragment, it indicates the sentence lacks an independent clause.

How to Avoid This:

• Ensure that any sentence starting with a conjunction is part of a larger sentence or is followed by an independent clause.

Examples:

• Fragment: And went to the party.Correction: She finished her homework, and went to the party.

  • "And went to the party" does not stand alone, but combined with "she finished her homework," it forms a complete sentence.

• Fragment: But forgot his wallet.Correction: He planned for the trip but forgot his wallet.

  • "But forgot his wallet" needs the independent clause "He planned for the trip" to form a complete thought.

4. Be Careful with Prepositional Phrase Fragments

Explanation:

Prepositional phrases (e.g., in the house, before the meeting, under the bed) describe locations, times, or conditions but don’t express complete thoughts. If a sentence starts with a prepositional phrase, make sure it is attached to an independent clause.

How to Avoid This:

• Always check that prepositional phrases are part of a full sentence and not standing alone as a fragment.

Examples:

• Fragment: Under the big oak tree.Correction: The children sat under the big oak tree.

  • The prepositional phrase "under the big oak tree" needs the independent clause "The children sat."

• Fragment: In the middle of the night.Correction: In the middle of the night, we heard strange noises outside.

  • The prepositional phrase "In the middle of the night" requires more information to form a complete sentence.

5. Avoid Infinitive Phrase Fragments

Explanation:

Infinitive phrases (e.g., to run, to swim, to study) describe actions but don’t express complete thoughts. Infinitive phrases alone are fragments unless connected to an independent clause.

How to Avoid This:

• Attach infinitive phrases to a main clause to make them part of a complete sentence.

Examples:

• Fragment: To finish the project on time.Correction: We stayed up late to finish the project on time.

  • The infinitive phrase "to finish the project on time" needs the subject "we" and the verb "stayed up late."

• Fragment: To be a successful athlete.Correction: To be a successful athlete, you need discipline and training.

  • "To be a successful athlete" is incomplete by itself but complete when paired with the main clause "you need discipline and training."

6. Avoid Participial Phrase Fragments

Explanation:

Participial phrases (e.g., running through the park, tired from the journey) provide additional details about actions or conditions but cannot stand alone. They need to be attached to an independent clause.

How to Avoid This:

• Always connect participial phrases to a main clause that completes the thought.

Examples:

• Fragment: Running through the park.Correction: Running through the park, she saw a group of people playing soccer.

  • The participial phrase "Running through the park" needs the main clause "she saw a group of people."

• Fragment: Exhausted from the long hike.Correction: Exhausted from the long hike, they collapsed on the sofa as soon as they got home.

  • The phrase "Exhausted from the long hike" becomes part of a complete thought when the main clause is added.

7. Avoid Appositive Fragments

Explanation:

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames or describes another noun. While appositives provide extra information, they cannot function as standalone sentences.

How to Avoid This:

• Ensure that appositives are always part of a larger sentence and not left by themselves.

Examples:

• Fragment: A talented musician and composer.Correction: John, a talented musician and composer, performed his latest symphony last night.

  • "A talented musician and composer" needs to be connected to the main clause "John performed his latest symphony."

• Fragment: A renowned scientist and researcher.Correction: Dr. Smith, a renowned scientist and researcher, received the award for her groundbreaking work.

  • The appositive "A renowned scientist and researcher" needs to be part of a larger sentence.

8. Avoid List Fragments

Explanation:

Lists of items or actions are often introduced by incomplete thoughts, leading to fragments. Lists should always be preceded by a complete sentence.

How to Avoid This:

• Introduce lists with a main clause or complete sentence.

Examples:

• Fragment: The tools in the toolbox: hammer, screwdriver, wrench.Correction: The toolbox contains several tools: a hammer, a screwdriver, and a wrench.

  • The fragment is corrected by adding a complete sentence before the list.

• Fragment: Three things to do in the morning: eat breakfast, check emails, and exercise.Correction: My morning routine consists of three activities: eating breakfast, checking emails, and exercising.

  • The list needs an independent clause to introduce it.

9. Avoid Relative Clause Fragments

Explanation:

Relative clauses begin with relative pronouns (e.g., who, which, that) and provide additional information about a noun. However, they cannot stand alone as sentences.

How to Avoid This:

• Attach relative clauses to an independent clause to avoid creating a fragment.

Examples:

• Fragment: Who is an excellent chef.Correction: My brother, who is an excellent chef, cooked dinner for us last night.

  • The relative clause "who is an excellent chef" needs to be part of a larger sentence.

• Fragment: Which was a great experience.Correction: We went to the concert, which was a great experience.

  • "Which was a great experience" cannot stand alone, but when combined with "We went to the concert," the sentence becomes complete.

10. Avoid Afterthought Fragments

Explanation:

Afterthoughts are fragments that follow complete sentences and add additional information, often introduced by phrases like especially, for example, or such as. These afterthoughts need to be integrated into the main sentence.

How to Avoid This:

• Include afterthoughts in the main sentence or connect them with proper punctuation.

Examples:

• Fragment: Especially during the summer.Correction: I love going to the beach, especially during the summer.

  • "Especially during the summer" needs to be part of the main sentence.

• Fragment: For example, swimming and hiking.Correction: I enjoy many outdoor activities, for example, swimming and hiking.

  • The afterthought needs to be connected to a complete sentence to avoid being a fragment.

Key Tips to Avoid Fragments:

1. Always include a subject and verb: Make sure your sentence has both the "who" and "what" elements.

2. Look for subordinating conjunctions: If your sentence starts with a subordinating conjunction (e.g., because, although), ensure it’s part of a complete thought.

3. Be cautious with phrases: Prepositional, participial, and infinitive phrases can easily lead to fragments if they’re not attached to a main clause.

4. Check for relative pronouns: Sentences that begin with who, which, or that should always connect to a full idea.

Exercise

Identify whether each sentence is a full sentence or a fragmented sentence.

1. Walking in the rain.

2. After the storm, the rainbow appeared.

3. Baking cookies for the party.

4. Surrounded by nature.

5. While waiting for the bus, she read a book.

6. A talented musician, known for his virtuoso performances.

7. To travel the world.

8. Running in the marathon, he achieved a personal best time.

9. In the cozy cabin in the woods.

10. Exhausted from the long hike.

11. If it rains tomorrow.

12. Swimming in the crystal-clear lake.

13. The cat, a fluffy white Persian.

14. To become a successful writer.

15. Despite the challenges, she never gave up.

16. Hiking through the mountains.

17. Eating a delicious meal.

18. Because the movie was sold out.

19. The teacher, always patient and understanding.

20. On a warm summer day.

Answers:

1. Fragmented Sentence

2. Full Sentence

3. Fragmented Sentence

4. Fragmented Sentence

5. Full Sentence

6. Fragmented Sentence

7. Fragmented Sentence

8. Full Sentence

9. Fragmented Sentence

10. Fragmented Sentence

11. Fragmented Sentence

12. Full Sentence

13. Fragmented Sentence

14. Fragmented Sentence

15. Full Sentence

16. Fragmented Sentence

17. Fragmented Sentence

18. Fragmented Sentence

19. Fragmented Sentence

20. Fragmented Sentence

1. Missing Subject Fragment: "Baked a delicious cake with chocolate chips."

2. Missing Verb Fragment: "She with her friends in the park."

3. Dependent Clause Fragment: "Although he was busy all day, tired and unable to rest."

4. Prepositional Phrase Fragment: "In the middle of the night, the mysterious sound."

5. Appositive Fragment: "An accomplished pianist, performing at the concert."

6. Infinitive Phrase Fragment: "To become a professional athlete, dedication and hard work."

7. -ing Phrase Fragment: "Hiking through the dense forest, surrounded by tall trees."

8. Adjective Fragment: "Beautiful and serene, the lake at sunset."

9. -ed Phrase Fragment: "Excited by the news, an unexpected opportunity."

10. Direct Object Fragment: "A captivating novel, enjoyed every page."

Answers:

1. Missing Subject Fragment: "She baked a delicious cake with chocolate chips."

• Corrected: "She baked a delicious cake with chocolate chips."

2. Missing Verb Fragment: "She played with her friends in the park."

• Corrected: "She played with her friends in the park."

3. Dependent Clause Fragment: "Although he was busy all day, he was tired and unable to rest."

• Corrected: "Although he was busy all day, he was tired and unable to rest."

4.Prepositional Phrase Fragment: "In the middle of the night, there was a mysterious sound."

• Corrected: "In the middle of the night, they heard a mysterious sound."

5. Appositive Fragment: "An accomplished pianist performed at the concert."

• Corrected: "An accomplished pianist performed at the concert."

6. Infinitive Phrase Fragment: "To become a professional athlete, one needs dedication and hard work."

• Corrected: "To become a professional athlete, dedication and hard work are required."

7. -ing Phrase Fragment: "Hiking through the dense forest, they were surrounded by tall trees."

• Corrected: "Hiking through the dense forest, they were surrounded by tall trees."

8. Adjective Fragment: "Beautiful and serene, the lake at sunset is a sight to behold."

• Corrected: "The lake at sunset is beautiful and serene, a sight to behold."

9. -ed Phrase Fragment: "Excited by the news, she received an unexpected opportunity."

• Corrected: "Excited by the news, she received an unexpected opportunity."

10. Direct Object Fragment: "A captivating novel captivated her; she enjoyed every page."

• Corrected: "A captivating novel captivated her, and she enjoyed every page."

Identify whether each sentence is a fragmented sentence or a correct sentence.

1. Without a doubt, one of the most challenging hikes.

2. Enjoying the beautiful sunset on the beach.

3. After a long day at work, too exhausted to think straight.

4. While traveling through Europe, exploring historic cities.

5. A talented musician, famous for his improvisations.

6. To master a new language, practicing consistently.

7. In the cozy cafe on a rainy afternoon.

8. After finishing the marathon, a sense of accomplishment.

9. A successful entrepreneur, creating innovative products.

10. During the concert, the crowd's enthusiastic applause.

11. If it's too cold outside.

12. Over the years, honing his skills in woodworking.

13. While studying for the exam, distracted by the noisy neighbors.

14. At the top of the mountain, a breathtaking view.

15. To build a strong community, working together.

Answers:

1. Correct Sentence

2. Fragmented Sentence

3. Correct Sentence

4. Fragmented Sentence

5. Fragmented Sentence

6. Correct Sentence

7. Fragmented Sentence

8. Correct Sentence

9. Fragmented Sentence

10. Fragmented Sentence

11. Fragmented Sentence

12. Correct Sentence

13. Fragmented Sentence

14. Correct Sentence

15. Fragmented Sentence

Identify whether each sentence is a fragmented sentence or a correct sentence.

1. When the clock strikes midnight.

2. A beautiful painting, admired by many.

3. To bake a delicious cake.

4. In the library, surrounded by books.

5. After winning the championship, a feeling of triumph.

6. Hiking in the mountains, feeling the cool breeze.

7. If it rains tomorrow.

8. Swimming in the crystal-clear lake.

9. Playing with her dog in the park.

10. A successful writer, known for her captivating stories.

11. During the thunderstorm, lightning illuminating the sky.

12. Without a doubt, one of the most talented musicians.

13. If the temperature drops.

14. Climbing the steep mountain.

15. Surrounded by friends and family.

Answers:

1. Fragmented Sentence

2. Fragmented Sentence

3. Fragmented Sentence

4. Correct Sentence

5. Fragmented Sentence

6. Correct Sentence

7. Fragmented Sentence

8. Correct Sentence

9. Correct Sentence

10. Fragmented Sentence

11. Fragmented Sentence

12. Fragmented Sentence

13. Fragmented Sentence

14. Fragmented Sentence

15. Correct Sentence

Exercise Identify whether each sentence is a fragmented sentence or a correct sentence.

1. Despite the difficulties of the journey.

2. If the concert is sold out.

3. After traveling through Europe, exploring historic cities.

4. A talented artist, renowned for their innovative sculptures.

5. Biking through the mountainous terrain.

6. To achieve his dreams, working tirelessly.

7. During the intense debate, his voice trembled.

8. In the bustling city, amidst the skyscrapers.

9. Without a doubt, one of the most challenging tasks.

10. Swimming in the crystal-clear lake on a hot summer day.

11. The teacher, always patient and understanding, even with difficult students.

12. A successful entrepreneur, who founded multiple startups.

13. If the weather remains pleasant.

14. Over the years, perfecting his craft in carpentry.

15. After winning the championship, celebrating with friends and family.

Answers:

1. Fragmented Sentence

2. Fragmented Sentence

3. Correct Sentence

4. Fragmented Sentence

5. Correct Sentence

6. Correct Sentence

7. Correct Sentence

8. Fragmented Sentence

9. Correct Sentence

10. Correct Sentence

11. Correct Sentence

12. Correct Sentence

13. Fragmented Sentence

14. Correct Sentence

15. Correct Sentence

Identify whether each sentence is a fragmented sentence or a correct sentence.

1. As the sun began to set.

2. Cooking a gourmet meal for her anniversary.

3. A talented painter, whose works hang in prestigious galleries.

4. If it rains tomorrow.

5. During the marathon, breaking a personal record.

6. To become a renowned chef, perfecting her culinary skills.

7. If the weather remains pleasant.

8. In the cozy cottage by the lake.

9. Running through the forest, feeling the wind in her hair.

10. Without a doubt, one of the most challenging projects.

11. Swimming in the clear blue waters.

12. Over the years, accumulating an impressive collection of vintage cars.

13. If the concert is sold out.

14. Playing with her dog in the park.

15. The teacher, always dedicated to her students.

Answers:

1. Fragmented Sentence

2. Fragmented Sentence

3. Correct Sentence

4. Fragmented Sentence

5. Correct Sentence

6. Correct Sentence

7. Fragmented Sentence

8. Correct Sentence

9. Correct Sentence

10. Correct Sentence

11. Correct Sentence

12. Correct Sentence

13. Fragmented Sentence

14. Correct Sentence

15. Correct Sentence

Exercise

1. In the garden, amid the blooming flowers.

2. To travel the world, experiencing different cultures.

3. If it's too cold outside.

4. A talented musician, who composes mesmerizing symphonies.

5. Without a doubt, one of the most beautiful sunsets.

6. During the thunderstorm, the power went out.

7. Cooking a delicious meal for her family.

8. After a long day at work, too exhausted to do anything.

9. Swimming in the crystal-clear lake on a hot summer day.

10. If the rain continues tomorrow.

11. Biking through the scenic countryside.

12. Over the years, honing his skills as a master chef.

13. A successful entrepreneur, who founded several successful companies.

14. If it rains tomorrow, the event will be moved indoors.

15. Playing with her dog in the park.

Answers:

1. Fragmented Sentence

2. Correct Sentence

3. Fragmented Sentence

4. Correct Sentence

5. Correct Sentence

6. Correct Sentence

7. Correct Sentence

8. Fragmented Sentence

9. Correct Sentence

10. Fragmented Sentence

11. Correct Sentence

12. Correct Sentence

13. Correct Sentence

14. Correct Sentence

15. Correct Sentence

Exercise

1. Walking through the dense forest, the tall trees providing much-needed shade.

2. After studying for hours and hours, he aced the challenging exam.

3. During the thunderstorm, the lightning illuminating the sky and the rain pouring relentlessly.

4. Climbing the steep mountain, the breathtaking view from the top.

5. While waiting for the delayed flight, checking emails on her laptop and sipping coffee.

6. Surrounded by colorful flowers in the garden, the vibrant petals swaying in the breeze.

7. In the crowded marketplace, searching for the perfect gift for his mother's birthday.

8. Exploring the ancient ruins, uncovering hidden artifacts and deciphering cryptic inscriptions.

9. Sitting by the campfire, the crackling flames and the sound of distant wolves howling.

10. Watching the sunrise over the horizon, the sky turning various shades of orange and pink.

Answers:

1. Fragment: "Walking through the dense forest, the tall trees providing much-needed shade." Corrected: "Walking through the dense forest, she found the tall trees providing much-needed shade."

2. Fragment: "After studying for hours and hours, he aced the challenging exam." Corrected: "After studying for hours and hours, she aced the challenging exam."

3. Fragment: "During the thunderstorm, the lightning illuminating the sky and the rain pouring relentlessly." Corrected: "During the thunderstorm, the lightning illuminated the sky, and the rain poured relentlessly."

4. Fragment: "Climbing the steep mountain, the breathtaking view from the top." Corrected: "Climbing the steep mountain, we marveled at the breathtaking view from the top."

5. Fragment: "While waiting for the delayed flight, checking emails on her laptop and sipping coffee." Corrected: "While waiting for the delayed flight, he checked emails on his laptop and sipped coffee."

6. Fragment: "Surrounded by colorful flowers in the garden, the vibrant petals swaying in the breeze." Corrected: "Surrounded by colorful flowers in the garden, we watched the vibrant petals swaying in the breeze."

7. Fragment: "In the crowded marketplace, searching for the perfect gift for his mother's birthday." Corrected: "In the crowded marketplace, she was searching for the perfect gift for her mother's birthday."

8. Fragment: "Exploring the ancient ruins, uncovering hidden artifacts and deciphering cryptic inscriptions." Corrected: "Exploring the ancient ruins, the archeologists uncovered hidden artifacts and deciphered cryptic inscriptions."

9. Fragment: "Sitting by the campfire, the crackling flames and the sound of distant wolves howling." Corrected: "Sitting by the campfire, they enjoyed the crackling flames and the sound of distant wolves howling."

10. Fragment: "Watching the sunrise over the horizon, the sky turning various shades of orange and pink." Corrected: "Watching the sunrise over the horizon, they saw the sky turning various shades of orange and pink."

Exercise:

1. Amidst the bustling city, the skyscrapers towering over everything.

2. After a long day at work, too exhausted to even think straight.

3. On the mountaintop, the breathtaking view extending for miles.

4. Despite his busy schedule, always making time for his family.

5. While exploring the ancient castle, the history of the place coming alive.

6. Sitting by the cozy fireplace, the warmth spreading throughout the room.

7. In the tranquil garden, the scent of blooming flowers filling the air.

8. During the thunderstorm, the lightning flashing across the dark sky.

9. With a cup of hot cocoa in hand, feeling relaxed and content.

10. Underneath the starry night, the constellations shining brightly.

11. In the art studio, surrounded by brushes, canvases, and paint.

12. After a day at the beach, the sand sticking to their skin and clothes.

13. Amid the chaos of the carnival, laughter and music in the air.

14. Despite the heavy rain, determined to finish the marathon.

15. Sitting in the library, books piled high on the table and floor.

Answers:

1. Fragment: "Amidst the bustling city, the skyscrapers towering over everything." Corrected: "Amidst the bustling city, we noticed the skyscrapers towering over everything."

2. Fragment: "After a long day at work, too exhausted to even think straight." Corrected: "After a long day at work, he was too exhausted to even think straight."

3. Fragment: "On the mountaintop, the breathtaking view extending for miles." Corrected: "On the mountaintop, we marveled at the breathtaking view extending for miles."

4. Fragment: "Despite his busy schedule, always making time for his family." Corrected: "Despite his busy schedule, he was always making time for his family."

5. Fragment: "While exploring the ancient castle, the history of the place coming alive." Corrected: "While exploring the ancient castle, we felt the history of the place coming alive."

6. Fragment: "Sitting by the cozy fireplace, the warmth spreading throughout the room." Corrected: "Sitting by the cozy fireplace, they felt the warmth spreading throughout the room."

7. Fragment: "In the tranquil garden, the scent of blooming flowers filling the air." Corrected: "In the tranquil garden, we enjoyed the scent of blooming flowers filling the air."

8. Fragment: "During the thunderstorm, the lightning flashing across the dark sky." Corrected: "During the thunderstorm, we watched the lightning flashing across the dark sky."

9. Fragment: "With a cup of hot cocoa in hand, feeling relaxed and content." Corrected: "With a cup of hot cocoa in hand, he felt relaxed and content."

10. Fragment: "Underneath the starry night, the constellations shining brightly." Corrected: "Underneath the starry night, they saw the constellations shining brightly."

1. Missing Subject: "Running through the forest, the tall trees providing much-needed shade."

2. Missing Verb: "After studying for hours and hours, acing the challenging exam."

3. Dependent Clause: "Since the weather was nice, we decided to have a picnic."

4. Prepositional Phrase: "In the crowded marketplace, searching for the perfect gift for his mother's birthday."

5. Appositive Fragment: "A talented musician, played the piano beautifully."

6. Infinitive Phrase: "To achieve her dreams, working diligently day and night."

7. -ing Phrase: "Dancing under the stars, lost themselves in the music."

8. Adjective Fragment: "Beautiful and serene, the landscape."

9. -ed Phrase: "Frightened by the sudden noise, the cat dashed under the bed."

10. Missing Subject: "Baking in the oven, the delicious aroma."

11. Missing Verb: "Before leaving for the trip, all the necessary supplies."

12. Dependent Clause: "If the rain stops, we could go for a walk."

13. Prepositional Phrase: "Among the colorful flowers in the garden, watching the butterflies."

14. Appositive Fragment: "An experienced chef, created a delicious meal."

15. Infinitive Phrase: "To become a professional athlete, dedicating countless hours to training."

16. -ing Phrase: "Singing with passion, the choir."

17. Adjective Fragment: "Elegant and stylish, the dress."

18. -ed Phrase: "Excited by the news, he called all his friends."

19. Missing Subject: "Shining in the night sky, the full moon."

20. Missing Verb: "Before going to bed, her nightly routine."

Answers:

1. Fragment: "Running through the forest, the tall trees providing much-needed shade." Corrected: "Running through the forest, we found the tall trees providing much-needed shade."

2. Fragment: "After studying for hours and hours, acing the challenging exam." Corrected: "After studying for hours and hours, she aced the challenging exam."

3. Fragment: "Since the weather was nice, we decided to have a picnic." Corrected: "Since the weather was nice, we decided to have a picnic."

4. Fragment: "In the crowded marketplace, searching for the perfect gift for his mother's birthday." Corrected: "In the crowded marketplace, he was searching for the perfect gift for his mother's birthday."

5. Fragment: "A talented musician, played the piano beautifully." Corrected: "A talented musician, she played the piano beautifully."

6. Infinitive Phrase: "To achieve her dreams, working diligently day and night." Corrected: "To achieve her dreams, she worked diligently day and night."

7. -ing Phrase: "Dancing under the stars, lost themselves in the music." Corrected: "Dancing under the stars, they lost themselves in the music."

8. Adjective Fragment: "Beautiful and serene, the landscape." Corrected: "Beautiful and serene, the landscape was a sight to behold."

9. -ed Phrase: "Frightened by the sudden noise, the cat dashed under the bed." Corrected: "Frightened by the sudden noise, the cat quickly dashed under the bed."

10. Missing Subject: "Baking in the oven, the delicious aroma." Corrected: "Baking in the oven, the delicious aroma filled the kitchen."

11. Missing Verb: "Before leaving for the trip, all the necessary supplies." Corrected: "Before leaving for the trip, they gathered all the necessary supplies."

12. Dependent Clause: "If the rain stops, we could go for a walk." Corrected: "If the rain stops, we could go for a walk."

13. Prepositional Phrase: "Among the colorful flowers in the garden, watching the butterflies." Corrected: "Among the colorful flowers in the garden, they enjoyed watching the butterflies."

14. Appositive Fragment: "An experienced chef, created a delicious meal." Corrected: "An experienced chef, Chef Smith, created a delicious meal."

15. Infinitive Phrase: "To become a professional athlete, dedicating countless hours to training." Corrected: "To become a professional athlete, she dedicated countless hours to training."

16. -ing Phrase: "Singing with passion, the choir." Corrected: "Singing with passion, the choir captivated the audience."

17. Adjective Fragment: "Elegant and stylish, the dress." Corrected: "Elegant and stylish, the dress was the highlight of the evening."

18. -ed Phrase: "Excited by the news, he called all his friends." Corrected: "Excited by the news, he enthusiastically called all his friends."

19. Missing Subject: "Shining in the night sky, the full moon." Corrected: "Shining in the night sky, the full moon was a breathtaking sight."

20. Missing Verb: "Before going to bed, her nightly routine." Corrected: "Before going to bed, she completed her nightly routine."

Exercise

1. Missing Subject: "Walking along the beach, the waves crashing against the shore."

2. Missing Verb: "After finishing the book, completely engrossed in the story."

3. Dependent Clause: "Because the weather was perfect, planning a picnic in the park."

4. Prepositional Phrase: "In the old attic, discovering a box of vintage photographs."

5. Appositive Fragment: "A renowned author, known for his bestsellers."

6. Infinitive Phrase: "To reach the summit, training tirelessly every day."

7. -ing Phrase: "Skiing down the mountain, feeling the adrenaline rush."

8. Adjective Fragment: "Elegant and timeless, the watch."

9. -ed Phrase: "Fascinated by the history, exploring the ancient ruins."

10. Missing Subject: "Playing in the garden, the children's laughter."

11. Missing Verb: "Before traveling to France, all the necessary arrangements."

12. Dependent Clause: "If the rain continues, postponing the outdoor event."

13. Prepositional Phrase: "Underneath the starry night, gazing at the constellations."

14. Appositive Fragment: "A talented musician, played a mesmerizing symphony."

15. Infinitive Phrase: "To become a successful entrepreneur, working diligently."

16. -ing Phrase: "Hiking in the mountains, enjoying the fresh air."

17. Adjective Fragment: "Stylish and unique, the car."

18. -ed Phrase: "Inspired by the movie, she decided to write her own screenplay."

19. Missing Subject: "In the library, surrounded by books and quiet."

20. Missing Verb: "Before going on stage, practicing the final routine."

Answer:

1. Missing Subject: "Walking along the beach, the waves crashing against the shore." Corrected: "Walking along the beach, we watched the waves crashing against the shore."

2. Missing Verb: "After finishing the book, completely engrossed in the story." Corrected: "After finishing the book, she was completely engrossed in the story."

3. Dependent Clause: "Because the weather was perfect, planning a picnic in the park." Corrected: "Because the weather was perfect, we were planning a picnic in the park."

4. Prepositional Phrase: "In the old attic, discovering a box of vintage photographs." Corrected: "In the old attic, they discovered a box of vintage photographs."

5. Appositive Fragment: "A renowned author, known for his bestsellers." Corrected: "A renowned author, J.K. Rowling, is known for her bestsellers."

6. Infinitive Phrase: "To reach the summit, training tirelessly every day." Corrected: "To reach the summit, they trained tirelessly every day."

7. -ing Phrase: "Skiing down the mountain, feeling the adrenaline rush." Corrected: "Skiing down the mountain, they felt the adrenaline rush."

8. Adjective Fragment: "Elegant and timeless, the watch." Corrected: "Elegant and timeless, the watch was a classic."

9. -ed Phrase: "Fascinated by the history, exploring the ancient ruins." Corrected: "Fascinated by the history, they enjoyed exploring the ancient ruins."

10. Missing Subject: "Playing in the garden, the children's laughter." Corrected: "Playing in the garden, the children filled the air with laughter."

11. Missing Verb: "Before traveling to France, all the necessary arrangements." Corrected: "Before traveling to France, they made all the necessary arrangements."

12. Dependent Clause: "If the rain continues, postponing the outdoor event." Corrected: "If the rain continues, we will have to postpone the outdoor event."

13. Prepositional Phrase: "Underneath the starry night, gazing at the constellations." Corrected: "Underneath the starry night, they enjoyed gazing at the constellations."

14. Appositive Fragment: "A talented musician, played a mesmerizing symphony." Corrected: "A talented musician, John Williams, played a mesmerizing symphony."

15. Infinitive Phrase: "To become a successful entrepreneur, working diligently." Corrected: "To become a successful entrepreneur, she worked diligently."

16. -ing Phrase: "Hiking in the mountains, enjoying the fresh air." Corrected: "Hiking in the mountains, they were enjoying the fresh air."

17. Adjective Fragment: "Stylish and unique, the car." Corrected: "Stylish and unique, the car stood out in the parking lot."

18. -ed Phrase: "Inspired by the movie, she decided to write her own screenplay." Corrected: "Inspired by the movie, she enthusiastically decided to write her own screenplay."

19. Missing Subject: "In the library, surrounded by books and quiet." Corrected: "In the library, they were surrounded by books and quiet."

20. Missing Verb: "Before going on stage, practicing the final routine." Corrected: "Before going on stage, she was practicing the final routine."