COMPLETING SENTENCES
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Key Words: if, unless
Zero Conditional
Structure: Subordinate Clause (If + Present Tense) + Main Clause (Present Tense)
Examples:
> If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
> If you heat ice, it melts.
First Conditional
Structure: Subordinate Clause (If+ Present Tense) + Main Clause (Future Tense)
Examples:
> If you make the best use of time, you will be successful.
> If you maintain honesty, you will be rewarded.
> We can turn our enemies into friends if we offer the flowers.
> If we lose the morning hours of life, we cannot reach the goal of life.
> We will reap good harvest if we sow the good seeds with proper nursing.
> If you remain lazy, you will suffer in the long run.
> If we take a balanced diet, you will be physically well.
> Unless you are united, you cannot be successful.
> If we do not give up smoking, we will suffer a lot.
> If we cut trees at random, one day our country will turn into a desert.
> If the bank gives them loan on easy terms, they can be self-reliant.
> You will not be successful unless you work hard.
> You cannot handle students ifyou do not have experience in teaching.
> If you do not work hard in student life, you will not do well in future.
Second Conditional
Structure: Subordinate Clause (If + Past Indefinite) + Main Clause (Sub + would/ could/ might + Base form of the Main Verb)
Examples:
> If I reached late, I would miss an important meeting.
> I would be present there, if he told me.
> If I had much money, I would help the poor.
Third Conditional
Structure: Subordinate Clause (If + Past Perfect Tense) + Main Clause (Sub + would/ could/ might + have + Past Participle of Verb).
Examples:
> If she had informed me, I would have done something for her.
> Had he been careful, he would have been safe.
> Had I seen him before, I would have helped him.
REASON
Key Words: so that, in order that, as, because, since, so....... that, too......... to, etc.
So that/ in order that
Structures:
I. Main Clause (Present Tense) + so that/ in order that + Subordinate Clause (Sub + can/may +
Base form of the Main Verb +............ )
II. Main Clause (Past Tense) + so that/ in order that + Subordinate Clause (Sub + could/ might +
Base form of the Main Verb +............ )
Examples:
> We must work hard in order that we can succeed in life.
> We should keep our environment free from pollution so that we can lead a healthy life.
> I studied regularly so that I could do well in the exam.
> We should plant more trees so that we can live happily.
> Would you mind giving me your phone so that I can talk to my mother?
> She studied medicine so that she could be a medicine specialist.
Provided/provided that/providing that
Examples:
> We will play provided that the weather is good.
> I will go to school providing that you come.
In case
Examples:
> I will help you in case you are in danger.
> He will come in case the weather is fine.
As/ because/since
Examples:
> Many students do not read newspaper because they are busy with their studies.
> Books are our best friends because they give us knowledge.
> The idle cannot reach their target because they waste their valuable time.
> He cannot do well because he is not attentive to study.
> As they live in an inhuman condition, they suffer from various diseases.
> Yesterday I did not get up early from bed because I was ill.
> At present peaceful atmosphere is absent from educational institutions because the students are engaged in creating chaotic situations.
> As flower is a symbol of love, beauty and purity, everybody loves flowers.
> As our elders love us, we should obey them.
> Many people cultivate flowers because it is their earning source.
> 21st February is a red letter day for our country because some students sacrificed their lives for our
mother language on this day in 1952.
> I feel sleepy because last night I watched TV till 2 am.
> As I could not hire a rickshaw, I began to walk fast.
> Acid rain is harmful because it contains pollutants.
> People cannot give up smoking easily because they are addicted to it.
> Many people cut trees as they do not know the importance of trees.
> Since trees help us in many ways, we should plant trees more and more.
> Since there was no more question to discuss, we ended our meeting.
so............ that
Structures:
I. Sub + Present form of the Main Verb + so + Adjective+ that + Sub + can/ may/cannot /may not + Base form of the Main Verb +............
II. Sub + Past form of the Main Verb + so + Adjective + that + Sub + could/ might/could not /might not + Base form of the Main Verb +
Examples:
> Slum dwellers are so poor that they cannot eat good foods.
> Time is so valuable that we can never regain it.
> The wind was so strong that it could blow off my hat.
> He was so lazy that he could not finish the job in time.
> In youth the mind is so soft that we can shape it according to our way.
> He is so weak in mathematics that he cannot pass in the exam.
> It was so hot that we could not stay there.
> He ran so fast that others could not catch him.
too................. to
Structure: Sub + Verb + too + adjective/adverb+............. +... to + base form of verb
Examples:
> It was too difficult for us to understand.
> The box was too heavy for me to carry.
> He is too young to cope with any complex situation.
Infinitive (to + verb)
Examples:
> Help the poor and then they will be able to lead a modest life.
> We are trying to upgrade the standard.
> Attempts must be taken by him to give up smoking.
> We should inspire the students to read books.
> He should appoint an active person to run his business well.
> The bee flies from flower to flower to collect honey.
> My father wanted me to be a lawyer.
> It will take five hours to reach there.
> She wants to be a medicine specialist.
> Are you strong enough to carry the load?
PERSON
Key Words: Who, Whom, Whose
We use who, whom & whose in relative clauses to refer to people, and sometimes to pet animals.
Examples:
> The children, who had been as good as gold, then suddenly started misbehaving.
> Nicola phoned the fire brigade, who alerted the police and social workers.
> This is the boy whom I wanted.
> The people to whom the funds were supposedly directed benefited little from them.
> There is hardly anyone who hates flowers.
TIME
Key Words: when, while
We use when, while, since, after and before as subordinating conjunctions to introduce adverbial clauses of time.
Examples:
> They were frightened when they experienced earthquake.
> He asked me when I would go.
> The boy was playing when I was in the field.
> When anyone falls in danger, others come forward to help him.
> Five years have passed since we met last.
> I become happy when I get good news.
> 1971 is the year when Bangladesh became independent.
> He came to my home while I was sleeping.
> We saw a snake while we were walking.
> It is many years since I met you.
> It was five years since we had met last.
> Lenny had slept most of the way since leaving Texas.
> I had practiced a lot before I took part in the competition.
> The patient died after the doctor had come.
THAT, WHICH, WHAT, WHATEVER
We use that to introduce defining relative clauses. We can use that instead of who, whom or which to refer to people, animals and things. That is more informal than who or which.
We use which in relative clauses to refer to animals and things. We also use which to introduce a relative clause when it refers to a whole clause or sentence.
Examples:
> It is hard labor that helps a man to reach his goal.
> It is a matter of sorrow that you do not utilize your time.
> The answer that he gave me is wrong.
> We should know that time and tide wait for none
> We hope that he will do well.
> There goes a proverb that time and tide wait for none.
> It is said that honesty is the best policy.
> The story of the old man and his sons teaches us that unity is strength.
> His silence proves that he is innocent.
> He confessed that he was guilty.
> It is a good sign that at present parents are sending their children to school.
> Cricket is a game which is full of excitement.
> Smoking is a habit which is harmful to health.
> Trees cause rainfall which is essential for our agriculture.
> This is Bangladesh which is our motherland.
> She seemed more talkative than usual, which was because she was nervous.
> It is health which is wealth.
> Trees give us oxygen without which we cannot live a single moment.
> The birds which come to our country in winter are called migratory birds
> We can learn moral values which help us build up our character.
> Trees supply oxygen which we take in.
> No man can do whatever he likes.
> Whatever he speaks in English, he makes mistakes.
PLACE
Key Words: Where, Which
We can use where and which for any information about place
Examples:
> An educational institution should be a peaceful place where the learners can carry on their studies without any violence.
> Do you know where he lives?
> A graveyard is a place where dead bodies are buried.
> A village market is a public place where people gather to buy their necessary things.
CONTRAST
Key Words: although, though, but, in spite of, despite, etc.
Although, though, but, in spite of, despite, etc. are all used to show a contrast but there are differences in the structures used with them.
Examples:
> Although they work hard from dawn to dusk, they cannot earn much.
> Though Bangladesh is full of natural resources, we cannot utilize them properly.
> In spite of being a costly game, everybody likes cricket game.
> Though lost wealth can be regained by hard work, lost time can never be regained.
> Many people go on smoking though they know its adverse effect.
> Bangladesh is a test playing country but our team cannot play well.
> He succeeded though he did not work hard.
> I tried to write to you but he did not help me.
> Mobile phone is a wonder of modern science but it has demerits also.
> Forming a bad habit is easy to do but difficult to give up.
> The people of Bangladesh are friendly though they are not rich.
APPREHENSION
Key Word: Lest
Lest is used to prevent any possibility that something will happen.
Examples:
> Come forward to help the poor lest they might/should suffer a lot.
> He has to study regularly lest he might fail in the exam.
> I walked fast lest I should miss an important class.
> People read newspaper lest they should miss the latest news.
> Take your umbrella lest you should stay at home.
> Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
As if/ As though
We use as if and as though to to talk about an imaginary situation or a situation that may not be true but that is likely or possible.
> She always acts as if she were smarter than others.
> We love and help one another as if we were brothers.
> He pretends as though he were mad.
> The lady spoke as if she had known everything.
> Messi looked as if he had been disappointed.
As soon as
You use as soon as to say that something will happen immediately after something else has happened.
Examples:
> As soon as I got up from bed, my mother told me to take breakfast.
> As soon as mother heard the news of losing her son, she cried.
> As soon as I see my father coming, my heart fills up with joy.
It is high time/ it is time
It's (high) time + past subjunctive expresses that something should be done and that it is already a bit late.
Example:
> It is high time we changed our life style.
Scarcely had/ Hardly had................. when
Scarcely had /hardly had......... when is used to emphasize that one event quickly followed
another.
Examples:
> Hardly had he started for school when the rain started.
> Scarcely had the assembly begun when an unknown person came.
> Hardly had he seen his friend when he greeted him.
No sooner had................. than
No sooner is used to show that one thing happens immediately after another thing. It is often used with the past perfect, and usually followed by than.
Examples:
> No sooner had I heard the news of my mother’s illness than I went to hospital.
> No sooner had they seen the teacher than they entered the classroom.
> No sooner had I reached the station than it started raining.
With a view to, look forward to, be used to, get used to, etc.
With a view to/ look forward to/ be used to/ get used to + present participle (verb + ing)
Examples:
> We should come forward with a view to overcoming our problems.
> All of us work hard with a view to developing our country.
> She came to me with a view to getting help from me.
Wish
We use past tense forms to talk about wishes.
❖ We use past tense modals would and could to talk about wishes for the future:
Examples:
> I don’t like my work. I wish I could get a better job.
> That’s a dreadful noise. I wish it would stop.
> I always have to get home early. I wish my parents would let me stay out later.
❖ We use past tense forms to talk about wishes for the present:
Examples:
> I don’t like this place. I wish I lived somewhere more interesting.
> These seats are very uncomfortable. I wish we were travelling first class.
> Everyone wishes they had more free time.
> John wishes he wasn’t so busy.
> I wish it wasn’t so cold.
> I wish I were a child.
Had better
We use had better to refer to the present or the future, to talk about actions we think people should do or which are desirable in a specific situation.
Examples:
> Rina had better buy a new dress as her dress looks very dirty.
> You had better not go out today because a riot has broken out in out locality.
Have to
We often use have to to say that something is obligatory.
Examples:
> We have to take immediate steps against deforestation.
> You have to seek advice from a doctor as you are seriously ill.
Others
Example:
> We all are always blessed with Allah’s kindness.
> Boys and girls of our country are very fond of cricket.
> By reading books, we can learn many things.
> Do you know this wise saying?
> The sooner it can be controlled, the better it will be for the students.
> To walk in the morning is good for health.
> To smoke is not good.
> Many people earn their living by selling newspapers.
> I saw my mother cooking.
> Finishing the work, I went there.
> The sooner you get up, the better you feel well.
> Working in the sun gives no pleasure.
> Without following the rules of hygiene, we cannot maintain good health
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