Elements of Explanatory Text Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage:1
How Earthquakes Occur
Earthquakes are natural events caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. These waves result in the shaking of the Earth's surface. Earthquakes usually happen along fault lines, where tectonic plates meet and move against each other.
The Earth's crust is made up of several large pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are constantly moving, but they often get stuck due to friction. When the plates finally overcome the friction, they release a large amount of energy in the form of seismic waves, causing an earthquake. The point inside the Earth where the earthquake begins is called the focus, and the point directly above it on the surface is called the epicenter.
Earthquakes can vary in intensity and duration depending on the amount of energy released. Some earthquakes cause only minor tremors, while others can cause severe destruction.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General Statement | |
Explanation Sequence | |
Cause and Effect Relationships | |
Technical Terms | |
Conclusion |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage:2
How Tornadoes Form
Tornadoes are violent, rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. They are formed when warm, moist air from the ground rises and meets cold, dry air from the atmosphere. This collision of air masses creates instability in the atmosphere, which can result in the development of a tornado.
The process of tornado formation begins with a thunderstorm. As warm, moist air rises, it creates an updraft. At the same time, cold air descends, creating a downdraft. When these two opposing air currents meet, they can begin to rotate due to the Earth's spin and wind patterns. If the rotation intensifies and tightens, it can lead to the formation of a tornado. Tornadoes are most common in flat areas where wind patterns are not interrupted by mountains or other obstacles.
Tornadoes vary in strength, and they can last from a few minutes to over an hour. The most severe tornadoes can cause massive destruction, uprooting trees, flipping cars, and demolishing buildings.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General Statement | |
Explanation Sequence | |
Cause and Effect Relationships | |
Technical Terms | |
Conclusion |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 3
How the Water Cycle Works
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It consists of several key stages: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.
The process begins with evaporation, where water from oceans, rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water is heated by the sun and rises into the atmosphere as water vapor. This vapor then cools and condenses into tiny droplets, forming clouds. This stage is called condensation. When these droplets combine and become heavy enough, they fall to the Earth as precipitation, such as rain, snow, or hail.
Once the water returns to the surface, it collects in bodies of water like rivers, lakes, and oceans, or seeps into the ground to become groundwater. This water will eventually evaporate again, continuing the cycle. The water cycle is crucial for maintaining life on Earth, regulating climate, and replenishing fresh water.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General Statement | |
Explanation Sequence | |
Cause and Effect Relationships | |
Technical Terms | |
Conclusion |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 4
How the Digestive System Works
The digestive system is a complex network of organs that work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. This system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and other organs.
The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is mechanically broken down by chewing and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that start the digestion of carbohydrates. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach, where it is mixed with gastric juices that further break down the food into a semi-liquid substance called chyme.
Next, the chyme enters the small intestine, where most nutrient absorption occurs. The walls of the small intestine are lined with tiny projections called villi, which help absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. The liver produces bile, which aids in fat digestion, while the pancreas secretes enzymes that continue the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
After passing through the small intestine, the remaining waste enters the large intestine, where water is absorbed and the waste is formed into stool for elimination. This entire process is essential for providing the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Process Description | |
Functions of Components | |
Importance | |
Final Outcome |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 5
How Renewable Energy Works
Renewable energy refers to energy that is generated from natural resources that are replenished over short periods of time. These sources include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass energy. Renewable energy is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change.
Solar energy is harnessed through solar panels that convert sunlight into electricity. Wind energy is generated by wind turbines that capture the kinetic energy of wind and convert it into electrical power. Hydropower utilizes flowing water from rivers or dams to generate electricity, while geothermal energy taps into the Earth’s internal heat for power generation.
One of the main advantages of renewable energy is its sustainability. Unlike fossil fuels, which can deplete over time, renewable resources are abundant and can be replenished naturally. Additionally, renewable energy sources produce little to no emissions during operation, contributing to cleaner air and a healthier environment.
Despite its benefits, there are challenges associated with renewable energy, such as the need for technological advancements, initial installation costs, and variability in energy production due to factors like weather conditions.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Introduction | |
Types of Renewable Energy | |
Process of Energy Generation | |
Advantages | |
Challenges |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 6
How the Immune System Protects the Body
The immune system is the body's defense mechanism against infections and diseases. It comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to identify and destroy pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
The immune response begins when pathogens enter the body. The first line of defense is physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes. If these barriers are breached, the body activates immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, that engulf and digest pathogens. This process is known as phagocytosis.
If the initial defenses are insufficient, the adaptive immune response is triggered. This involves specialized cells called lymphocytes, which include T cells and B cells. T cells attack infected cells directly, while B cells produce antibodies that neutralize pathogens and mark them for destruction. The immune system also has a memory component, which allows it to recognize and respond more effectively to pathogens it has encountered before.
Maintaining a healthy immune system is crucial for overall health. Factors such as proper nutrition, regular exercise, and adequate sleep can enhance immune function, while stress and lack of sleep can weaken it.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Components | |
Process Description | |
Function of Components | |
Importance of Immune Health | |
Influencing Factors |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 7
How Climate Change Affects Ecosystems
Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other elements of the Earth's climate system. It has significant impacts on ecosystems around the world, affecting species, habitats, and natural processes.
One major effect of climate change is the alteration of habitats. As temperatures rise, many species are forced to migrate to cooler areas, which can lead to changes in biodiversity. For example, polar bears are losing their sea ice habitat, making it difficult for them to hunt for seals, their primary food source.
In addition to habitat loss, climate change affects the timing of natural events, such as flowering and migration. Many plants and animals rely on specific seasonal cues to trigger these events. When these cues are disrupted by changing temperatures, it can lead to mismatches in the timing of food availability and the life cycles of species, ultimately impacting their survival.
Another significant impact is ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide levels. As CO2 is absorbed by oceans, it lowers the pH of seawater, affecting marine life, particularly organisms like corals and shellfish that rely on calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons.
To mitigate the effects of climate change, conservation efforts and sustainable practices are essential. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting natural habitats, and promoting renewable energy sources are critical steps toward preserving ecosystems for future generations.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Major Effects | |
Specific Examples | |
Consequences for Biodiversity | |
Mitigation Strategies |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 8
How Photosynthesis Contributes to the Ecosystem
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, specifically glucose, using carbon dioxide and water. This process is fundamental to life on Earth, as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all ecosystems.
The process of photosynthesis occurs mainly in the leaves of plants, where chlorophyll, the green pigment, captures sunlight. The overall reaction can be simplified into two main stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, sunlight is absorbed, leading to the production of energy-rich molecules like ATP and NADPH. During the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is fixed and converted into glucose.
Photosynthesis has several critical roles in the ecosystem. First, it produces oxygen as a by-product, which is essential for the survival of aerobic organisms, including humans. Second, it forms the base of the food chain; plants serve as primary producers, providing energy for herbivores, which in turn support carnivores.
Moreover, photosynthesis helps regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. By absorbing CO2, plants mitigate the effects of climate change and contribute to a stable climate. Without photosynthesis, ecosystems would collapse, leading to a significant loss of biodiversity.
To support photosynthesis, it is important to protect green spaces, reduce deforestation, and promote sustainable agricultural practices that enhance plant health and growth.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Process Description | |
Stages of Photosynthesis | |
Roles in the Ecosystem | |
Impact of Disruption | |
Conservation Recommendations |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 9
How Vaccines Work to Protect Health
Vaccines are biological preparations that provide acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. They contain antigens that stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, without causing the disease itself.
The process of vaccination involves introducing a harmless component of the pathogen, such as a weakened or inactivated form of the virus, into the body. This exposure prompts the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells. Antibodies are proteins that specifically target and neutralize pathogens, while memory cells remember how to recognize the pathogen if encountered in the future.
When a vaccinated individual is later exposed to the actual pathogen, their immune system can respond more quickly and effectively, preventing illness or reducing its severity. This is known as an adaptive immune response. Vaccination not only protects the individual but also contributes to herd immunity, which occurs when a large portion of the population becomes immune, making it harder for the disease to spread.
The development and distribution of vaccines have been pivotal in controlling infectious diseases. For example, vaccines have significantly reduced or eradicated diseases like smallpox and polio. However, vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge, as misinformation can lead to decreased vaccination rates and outbreaks of preventable diseases.
To ensure public health, it is essential to promote accurate information about vaccines and encourage widespread vaccination.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Process Description | |
Mechanism of Action | |
Benefits of Vaccination | |
Impact on Public Health | |
Challenges | |
Recommendations for Public Health |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 10
How the Internet Works
The Internet is a vast network that connects millions of computers and devices worldwide, enabling the exchange of information and communication. It operates on a system of protocols and infrastructure that facilitate data transfer.
At its core, the Internet relies on a structure known as the client-server model. In this model, client devices (such as computers and smartphones) request data from servers, which store and manage information. When a user types a website address into their browser, the browser sends a request to the server hosting that website. The server then responds by sending the requested data back to the client.
Data on the Internet is transmitted in packets, which are small units of information. Each packet contains not only the data but also metadata that includes the destination address. This system allows data to be efficiently routed through various pathways, using routers and switches to reach its final destination.
The Internet also utilizes various protocols to ensure that data is transmitted accurately and securely. The most common protocols include the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). TCP manages the assembly of data packets, while IP is responsible for addressing and routing them.
The impact of the Internet on society is profound. It has transformed communication, commerce, education, and entertainment. However, challenges such as cybersecurity threats and digital divide issues persist, highlighting the need for ongoing improvements in Internet access and security.
To harness the full potential of the Internet, it is crucial to educate users about safe practices and promote equitable access for all.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Core Structure | |
Process Description | |
Data Transmission Method | |
Key Protocols | |
Impact on Society | |
Challenges | |
Recommendations for Users |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 11
How Recycling Benefits the Environment
Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials, thereby reducing the consumption of fresh raw materials and minimizing waste. It plays a crucial role in environmental conservation and sustainability.
The recycling process typically involves several stages: collection, processing, and manufacturing. First, recyclable materials such as paper, glass, plastics, and metals are collected from households and businesses. This can occur through curbside collection, drop-off centers, or buy-back programs.
Once collected, the materials are transported to recycling facilities where they are sorted, cleaned, and processed. For example, paper is pulped and de-inked, while metals are melted down and purified. After processing, these materials can be used to create new products, such as recycled paper products, aluminum cans, and plastic containers.
Recycling has numerous environmental benefits. It conserves natural resources by reducing the need for raw material extraction. For instance, recycling aluminum saves up to 95% of the energy required to produce new aluminum from ore. Additionally, recycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions, as manufacturing products from recycled materials typically requires less energy compared to using virgin materials.
However, challenges such as contamination of recyclable materials and fluctuating market demand for recycled products can hinder effective recycling efforts. Public education and engagement are essential for improving recycling rates and ensuring that materials are properly sorted and cleaned before recycling.
To maximize the benefits of recycling, communities should implement comprehensive recycling programs and encourage individuals to participate actively.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Process Stages | |
Examples of Recyclables | |
Environmental Benefits | |
Specific Impact | |
Challenges | |
Recommendations |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 12
How Electric Cars Work
Electric cars (EVs) are vehicles powered entirely or partially by electricity, using electric motors instead of traditional internal combustion engines. They represent a significant shift towards more sustainable transportation methods.
The primary component of an electric car is its battery, which stores electrical energy. Most electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries, known for their high energy density and efficiency. The battery supplies power to the electric motor, which drives the wheels.
Electric cars operate through a process called regenerative braking. When the driver applies the brakes, the electric motor reverses its function and acts as a generator, converting kinetic energy back into electrical energy. This energy is then stored in the battery, increasing the vehicle's efficiency.
One of the key advantages of electric cars is their environmental impact. They produce zero tailpipe emissions, contributing to cleaner air quality in urban areas. Additionally, when charged using renewable energy sources, electric vehicles can significantly reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions.
However, challenges remain, including limited charging infrastructure and concerns about battery life and disposal. To encourage widespread adoption of electric vehicles, governments and private companies are investing in charging stations and research for better battery technologies.
To maximize the benefits of electric cars, consumers should be educated about their advantages, charging options, and maintenance needs.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Main Components | |
Operating Mechanism | |
Process Description | |
Advantages | |
Challenges | |
Recommendations for Adoption | |
Consumer Education |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 13
How The Water Cycle Works
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere. This cycle is crucial for maintaining life and ecosystems on our planet.
The water cycle consists of several key processes: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection. It begins with evaporation, where water from oceans, rivers, and lakes is heated by the sun and transformed into water vapor. This vapor rises into the atmosphere, where it cools and condenses into tiny water droplets, forming clouds.
Once the clouds become heavy with moisture, precipitation occurs. This can take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail, depending on temperature and atmospheric conditions. The precipitation eventually reaches the ground and collects in bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, as well as in the soil.
In addition to these processes, groundwater plays an essential role in the water cycle. Some of the water that infiltrates the soil replenishes underground aquifers, which provide a vital source of fresh water for drinking and irrigation.
The water cycle is vital for several reasons. It regulates climate, supports plant and animal life, and helps to purify water by filtering it through soil and rock layers. However, human activities, such as deforestation and pollution, can disrupt this natural cycle and lead to water scarcity and environmental degradation.
To protect the water cycle, it is important to implement sustainable water management practices, reduce pollution, and conserve natural habitats.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Key Processes | |
Role of Groundwater | |
Importance of the Water Cycle | |
Impact of Human Activities | |
Recommendations for Protection |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 14
How Solar Panels Generate Electricity
Solar panels are devices that convert sunlight into electricity, providing a renewable source of energy. This technology harnesses the sun's power, contributing to sustainability and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
The core component of solar panels is photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are made of semiconductor materials, typically silicon. When sunlight strikes these cells, it excites electrons, creating an electric current. This process is known as the photovoltaic effect.
Solar panels are usually installed in arrays to maximize their exposure to sunlight. The electricity generated is direct current (DC), which is then converted into alternating current (AC) using an inverter. AC is the standard form of electricity used in homes and businesses.
One significant advantage of solar energy is its minimal environmental impact. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy production does not emit greenhouse gases during operation. Additionally, solar panels can significantly lower electricity bills and increase energy independence.
However, challenges exist, including the initial cost of installation and dependence on sunlight availability. Solar energy production can be less efficient on cloudy days or during winter months, making energy storage systems essential for consistent power supply.
To promote solar energy use, governments and organizations often provide incentives such as tax credits, rebates, and grants for solar panel installation.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Core Component | |
Process Description | |
Electricity Conversion | |
Advantages of Solar Energy | |
Challenges | |
Importance of Energy Storage | |
Incentives for Adoption |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 15
How Healthy Eating Improves Well-Being
Healthy eating refers to consuming a balanced diet rich in nutrients, which is essential for maintaining overall health and well-being. It involves making informed food choices that support physical, mental, and emotional health.
The key components of a healthy diet include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. These food groups provide essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that help the body function optimally. For instance, fruits and vegetables are rich in fiber and vitamins, while lean proteins are crucial for muscle repair and growth.
One important aspect of healthy eating is portion control. Eating appropriate serving sizes helps prevent overeating and maintains a healthy weight. Additionally, staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water is vital, as it aids digestion and nutrient absorption.
Healthy eating also has a significant impact on mental health. Research indicates that a well-balanced diet can improve mood and reduce the risk of anxiety and depression. Nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish, and antioxidants, found in berries, are linked to brain health.
Despite the benefits, many individuals struggle with maintaining a healthy diet due to factors like busy lifestyles, convenience foods, and lack of knowledge. To promote healthy eating habits, it is important to encourage meal planning, cooking at home, and educating individuals about nutrition.
By prioritizing healthy eating, individuals can enhance their quality of life, boost energy levels, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | |
Key Components | |
Nutritional Benefits | |
Aspect of Portion Control | |
Importance of Hydration | |
Impact on Mental Health | |
Challenges to Healthy Eating | |
Recommendations for Improvement | |
Overall Benefits |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 16
How Insects Breathe
Insects have a special way of breathing that is different from humans. Instead of lungs, insects use tiny tubes called tracheae to take in oxygen. These tubes are spread throughout their bodies and open to the outside through small holes called spiracles. When air enters through the spiracles, it travels through the tracheae and reaches the insect's cells directly. This allows insects to get the oxygen they need without using blood to transport it like humans do. The system is efficient for their small size, helping them survive in different environments.
Grid:
Here's a filled-in grid based on the text "How Insects Breathe":
Element | Example from the Text |
Title | |
General Statement | |
Series of Explanations | |
Technical Terms | |
Cause and Effect | |
Conclusion |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 17
How Photosynthesis Works
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process takes place mainly in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll, the green pigment, captures sunlight.
During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air through small openings in their leaves called stomata. At the same time, they take in water from the soil through their roots. Using the energy from sunlight, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The overall chemical reaction can be summarized as follows: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
The glucose produced serves as food for the plant, providing energy for growth and development. The oxygen released as a byproduct is essential for the survival of most living organisms on Earth, as it is used in respiration.
Photosynthesis is not only crucial for plants but also for life on Earth as a whole. It plays a significant role in the carbon cycle and helps regulate the Earth's atmosphere.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | |
Specific location of the process | |
Key components involved | |
Chemical reaction summary | |
Outcome of the process | |
Importance for living organisms | |
Role in larger ecological systems |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 18
How the Human Immune System Works
The human immune system is a complex network that protects the body from harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to detect and eliminate these invaders.
The immune response begins when a pathogen enters the body. Specialized cells called macrophages recognize the pathogen and engulf it. They then display pieces of the pathogen on their surface, signaling other immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, to take action.
T cells play a crucial role in directly attacking infected cells, while B cells produce antibodies that target specific pathogens. Antibodies bind to pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This process is essential for developing immunity, as the body "remembers" the pathogen for future encounters.
In addition to these cells, the immune system includes the spleen and lymph nodes, which help filter out pathogens and store immune cells. A healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep, supports a strong immune system.
However, factors such as stress, poor diet, and lack of sleep can weaken immune function, making the body more susceptible to infections. Vaccination is another critical aspect of immune health, as it helps prepare the immune system to fight specific diseases.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | |
Key components involved | |
Initial response to pathogens | |
Roles of specific cells | |
Process of developing immunity | |
Supporting structures | |
Factors affecting immune function | |
Importance of vaccination |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 19
How the Digestive System Works
The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into smaller components that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair. This complex system includes various organs, each with a specific function in the digestion process.
The process begins in the mouth, where food is mechanically broken down by chewing and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that start the digestion of carbohydrates. Once swallowed, food travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
In the stomach, food is mixed with gastric juices, which contain strong acids and enzymes that further break down food into a semi-liquid substance called chyme. From the stomach, chyme enters the small intestine, where most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs. The walls of the small intestine are lined with tiny hair-like structures called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption.
The liver and pancreas play crucial roles in digestion as well. The liver produces bile, which helps digest fats, while the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes that break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. After the nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, the remaining waste products move into the large intestine, where water is reabsorbed and the waste is prepared for elimination.
A balanced diet is essential for maintaining a healthy digestive system, while factors such as stress and poor eating habits can disrupt digestion and lead to issues like indigestion and constipation.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | |
Key components involved | |
Initial process of digestion | |
Role of the stomach | |
Primary site of absorption | |
Specialized structures for absorption | |
Supporting organs | |
Importance of diet and lifestyle |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 20
How Rainbows Form
Rainbows are beautiful natural phenomena that occur when sunlight interacts with water droplets in the atmosphere. They appear as a spectrum of colors arranged in a circular arc and are often seen after rain showers when the sun is shining.
The formation of a rainbow begins with sunlight entering a water droplet. As the light passes through the droplet, it slows down and bends, a process known as refraction. This bending causes the different colors in the light spectrum—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet—to separate because each color has a different wavelength.
Once the light has bent inside the droplet, it reflects off the back surface of the droplet. As it exits the droplet, it bends again, further separating the colors. This double refraction and reflection process is what creates the distinct arc of a rainbow.
The angle at which the sunlight hits the water droplets is crucial. A rainbow is typically seen at an angle of about 42 degrees from the original direction of the sunlight. This is why rainbows are often observed in the sky opposite the sun.
While rainbows are often associated with positive feelings and beauty, they are a reminder of the scientific principles of light and optics at work in nature.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | |
Process of formation | |
Key scientific principle | |
Color separation | |
Reflection role | |
Exit and final bending | |
Angle of observation | |
Cultural significance |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 21
How Volcanoes Erupt
Volcanoes are geological formations that occur when molten rock, known as magma, escapes from beneath the Earth's crust. The eruption of a volcano can be a dramatic event, resulting in the release of lava, ash, and gases into the atmosphere.
The process of a volcanic eruption begins deep within the Earth, where heat and pressure cause rocks to melt, forming magma. This magma rises through cracks in the Earth's crust because it is less dense than the surrounding rock. As it ascends, gases dissolved in the magma expand, increasing pressure within the volcano.
When the pressure becomes too great, the magma forces its way to the surface, resulting in an eruption. The type of eruption can vary depending on the viscosity of the magma; thin, runny magma tends to produce gentle lava flows, while thick, sticky magma can lead to explosive eruptions that propel ash and debris high into the air.
Volcanic eruptions can have significant effects on the environment and human life. They can create new landforms, affect climate by releasing ash and gases, and pose dangers to nearby populations through lava flows and pyroclastic flows.
Monitoring volcanic activity is crucial for predicting eruptions and ensuring public safety. Scientists use various tools, such as seismographs and gas sensors, to observe changes in a volcano's behavior.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) |
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Process of magma formation | |
Ascent of magma | |
Pressure buildup | |
Eruption process | |
Types of eruptions | |
Environmental impact | |
Monitoring methods |
22
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage:
How Electric Cars Work
Electric cars are vehicles powered by electric motors instead of traditional internal combustion engines. They use electricity stored in batteries to propel the vehicle, making them an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline-powered cars.
The primary component of an electric car is its battery, which stores electrical energy. Most electric vehicles (EVs) use lithium-ion batteries because they are lightweight and have a high energy density. When the driver presses the accelerator, the electric motor draws power from the battery, converting it into motion.
Electric cars also feature regenerative braking, a system that captures energy during braking and returns it to the battery. This process improves efficiency by extending the driving range and reducing energy loss.
Charging an electric car is another important aspect. Drivers can recharge their vehicles at home using a standard electrical outlet or at dedicated charging stations. Charging times vary based on the battery capacity and the charging method, ranging from a few hours at home to as little as 30 minutes at fast-charging stations.
One of the significant advantages of electric cars is their lower environmental impact. They produce zero tailpipe emissions, helping to reduce air pollution. Additionally, electric vehicles are often more efficient than traditional cars, converting a higher percentage of energy from the battery to power at the wheels.
Despite these benefits, challenges remain, such as limited charging infrastructure and the time required to recharge compared to refueling gasoline cars. Ongoing advancements in battery technology and charging networks aim to address these issues.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | |
Main component | |
Energy conversion process | |
Unique feature | |
Charging methods | |
Charging time variability | |
Environmental advantages | |
Challenges faced |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 23
How the Water Cycle Works
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere. It describes how water evaporates from the surface, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation, ensuring the availability of fresh water on the planet.
The cycle begins with evaporation, where heat from the sun warms water in rivers, lakes, and oceans, turning it into water vapor. This vapor rises into the atmosphere, where it cools and condenses to form clouds. This process of condensation releases heat, further warming the air and allowing more water vapor to rise.
As clouds gather more water, they eventually become heavy enough for the water to fall back to Earth as precipitation, which can be rain, snow, sleet, or hail. This water replenishes surface water sources and also infiltrates the ground, providing moisture for plants and replenishing groundwater supplies.
After precipitation, water can take several paths. It may flow over land as runoff, return to bodies of water, or be absorbed by plants. Through transpiration, plants release water vapor back into the atmosphere, continuing the cycle.
The water cycle is crucial for maintaining ecosystems, regulating climate, and providing fresh water for drinking and agriculture. Human activities, such as deforestation and urbanization, can disrupt the natural cycle, leading to water scarcity and environmental challenges.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | |
Initial process | |
Formation of clouds | |
Precipitation types | |
Paths after precipitation | |
Role of plants | |
Importance of the cycle | |
Impact of human activities |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 24
How Solar Panels Generate Electricity
Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) panels, convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. This technology harnesses the sun’s energy, providing a renewable and sustainable power source.
The main component of a solar panel is the solar cell, typically made of silicon. When sunlight strikes the solar cells, it excites electrons in the silicon, causing them to move and generate direct current (DC) electricity. This process begins when photons, or light particles, hit the surface of the solar cell.
The DC electricity produced is then sent to an inverter, which converts it into alternating current (AC) electricity, the type used to power homes and businesses. This conversion is essential, as most electrical systems operate on AC.
Once converted, the electricity can be used to power appliances or fed back into the electrical grid. In some cases, excess electricity generated during sunny periods can be stored in batteries for later use, ensuring a continuous power supply even when sunlight is not available.
Solar panels also have the advantage of reducing electricity bills and lowering carbon footprints. By using renewable energy, homeowners and businesses can decrease their reliance on fossil fuels, contributing to environmental sustainability.
However, the effectiveness of solar panels can be influenced by factors such as location, shading, and weather conditions. Proper installation and maintenance are crucial for maximizing energy production.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | |
Main component | |
Initial process of energy generation | |
Conversion process | |
Usage of electricity | |
Storage option | |
Environmental benefits | |
Factors affecting effectiveness |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 25
How the Internet Works
The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate with each other using standardized protocols. It allows users to access information, communicate, and share resources across vast distances.
At its core, the Internet relies on a system of servers and clients. Servers are powerful computers that store and manage data, while clients are devices, such as laptops and smartphones, that access this data. When a user wants to view a website, their device sends a request to the server hosting that website.
This request travels through a network of routers and switches, which direct the data packets toward their destination. Routers are devices that determine the best path for data to travel, while switches connect devices within the same network.
Once the server receives the request, it processes it and sends the requested data back to the client. This data is typically sent in small packets, which are reassembled by the client’s device to display the complete webpage.
The Internet also uses a system of protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), to ensure that data is transmitted reliably and efficiently. TCP breaks down messages into packets and ensures they arrive in the correct order, while IP handles the addressing and routing of these packets.
In addition to its technical structure, the Internet has transformed communication, commerce, and education, making it easier for people to connect and access information from anywhere in the world.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | |
Core components | |
Process of accessing information | |
Data transmission | |
Roles of devices | |
Response process | |
Protocols used | |
Impact on society |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 26
How Photosynthesis Occurs
Photosynthesis is a biological process used by green plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. This process is essential for life on Earth, as it produces oxygen and organic compounds that serve as food for various organisms.
The process of photosynthesis takes place primarily in the leaves of plants, where specialized cells called chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the green pigment that captures sunlight. When light hits chlorophyll, it excites electrons, initiating a series of chemical reactions.
Photosynthesis can be divided into two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle.
In the light-dependent reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, sunlight is absorbed and converted into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Water molecules are also split during this stage, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
The ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are then used in the Calvin cycle, which takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts. During this stage, carbon dioxide is captured from the atmosphere and, using the energy from ATP and NADPH, is converted into glucose.
Photosynthesis is vital for maintaining the Earth's atmosphere and food chains. It not only provides oxygen for living organisms but also serves as the foundation of food sources for nearly all life forms on the planet.
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | |
Location of the process | |
Key component | |
Stages of photosynthesis | |
Process of light-dependent reactions | |
Function of the Calvin cycle | |
Importance of photosynthesis | |
Environmental impact |
Elements of Explanatory Text Exercise: Answer
Exerice-1
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General Statement | "Earthquakes are natural events caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves." |
Explanation Sequence | 1. Tectonic plates move along fault lines. 2. Plates get stuck due to friction. 3. The plates overcome friction and release energy. 4. Seismic waves are created, causing the earthquake. |
Cause and Effect Relationships | Cause: Tectonic plates get stuck due to friction. Effect: The release of energy creates seismic waves and causes an earthquake. |
Technical Terms | Earthquake, seismic waves, tectonic plates, fault lines, focus, epicenter. |
Conclusion | "Earthquakes can vary in intensity and duration depending on the amount of energy released." |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage:2
How Tornadoes Form
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General Statement | "Tornadoes are violent, rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground." |
Explanation Sequence | 1. Warm, moist air rises and meets cold, dry air. 2. The collision creates instability in the atmosphere. 3. Warm air rises (updraft), cold air descends (downdraft). 4. Rotation of air currents leads to tornado formation. |
Cause and Effect Relationships | Cause: Collision of warm, moist air and cold, dry air. Effect: Instability in the atmosphere, leading to tornado formation. |
Technical Terms | Tornado, updraft, downdraft, air masses, thunderstorm. |
Conclusion | "Tornadoes vary in strength, and they can last from a few minutes to over an hour." |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 3
How the Water Cycle Works
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General Statement | "The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth." |
Explanation Sequence | 1. Water evaporates from oceans, rivers, and lakes. 2. Water vapor rises and cools to form clouds (condensation). 3. Water falls as precipitation (rain, snow, hail). 4. Water collects in bodies of water or becomes groundwater. |
Cause and Effect Relationships | Cause: The sun heats water, causing it to evaporate. Effect: Water vapor forms clouds and eventually leads to precipitation. |
Technical Terms | Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, groundwater, hydrological cycle. |
Conclusion | "The water cycle is crucial for maintaining life on Earth, regulating climate, and replenishing fresh water." |
Passage: 4
How the Digestive System Works
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "The digestive system is a complex network of organs that work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste." |
Process Description | 1. Digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and saliva. 2. Food travels down the esophagus to the stomach. 3. In the stomach, food is mixed with gastric juices to form chyme. 4. Chyme enters the small intestine for nutrient absorption. |
Functions of Components | - Mouth: Mechanical breakdown and enzyme action. - Stomach: Mixing food with gastric juices. - Small intestine: Absorption of nutrients. - Liver: Produces bile for fat digestion. - Pancreas: Secretes digestive enzymes. |
Importance | "This entire process is essential for providing the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly." |
Final Outcome | "The remaining waste enters the large intestine, where water is absorbed and the waste is formed into stool for elimination." |
Passage: 5
How Renewable Energy Works
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Introduction | "Renewable energy refers to energy that is generated from natural resources that are replenished over short periods of time." |
Types of Renewable Energy | - Solar energy - Wind energy - Hydropower - Geothermal energy - Biomass energy |
Process of Energy Generation | - Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. - Wind turbines convert wind energy into electrical power. - Hydropower generates electricity using flowing water. - Geothermal energy uses Earth’s internal heat. |
Advantages | "One of the main advantages of renewable energy is its sustainability." "Renewable sources produce little to no emissions during operation." |
Challenges | "There are challenges associated with renewable energy, such as the need for technological advancements, initial installation costs, and variability in energy production." |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 6
How the Immune System Protects the Body
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "The immune system is the body's defense mechanism against infections and diseases." |
Components | "It comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs." |
Process Description | 1. Pathogens enter the body. 2. Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes) act as the first line of defense. 3. Immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils) engage in phagocytosis. 4. Adaptive immune response involves T cells and B cells. |
Function of Components | - Macrophages and neutrophils: Engulf and digest pathogens. - T cells: Attack infected cells directly. - B cells: Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. |
Importance of Immune Health | "Maintaining a healthy immune system is crucial for overall health." |
Influencing Factors | "Factors such as proper nutrition, regular exercise, and adequate sleep can enhance immune function." |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 7
How Climate Change Affects Ecosystems
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other elements of the Earth's climate system." |
Major Effects | - Alteration of habitats - Timing of natural events - Ocean acidification |
Specific Examples | - Polar bears losing their sea ice habitat. - Plants and animals experiencing mismatches in seasonal cues. - Corals and shellfish affected by ocean acidification. |
Consequences for Biodiversity | "Many species are forced to migrate to cooler areas, which can lead to changes in biodiversity." |
Mitigation Strategies | "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting natural habitats, and promoting renewable energy sources." |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 8
How Photosynthesis Contributes to the Ecosystem
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy." |
Process Description | "The process occurs mainly in the leaves of plants, where chlorophyll captures sunlight." |
Stages of Photosynthesis | 1. Light-dependent reactions: Sunlight is absorbed, producing ATP and NADPH. 2. Calvin cycle: Carbon dioxide is fixed and converted into glucose. |
Roles in the Ecosystem | - Produces oxygen as a by-product. - Forms the base of the food chain as primary producers. - Regulates atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. |
Impact of Disruption | "Without photosynthesis, ecosystems would collapse, leading to a significant loss of biodiversity." |
Conservation Recommendations | "Protect green spaces, reduce deforestation, and promote sustainable agricultural practices." |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 9
How Vaccines Work to Protect Health
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "Vaccines are biological preparations that provide acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease." |
Process Description | "The process of vaccination involves introducing a harmless component of the pathogen into the body." |
Mechanism of Action | "This exposure prompts the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells." |
Benefits of Vaccination | - Provides immunity against specific diseases. - Prevents illness or reduces severity upon exposure to the pathogen. - Contributes to herd immunity. |
Impact on Public Health | "Vaccines have significantly reduced or eradicated diseases like smallpox and polio." |
Challenges | "Vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge, as misinformation can lead to decreased vaccination rates." |
Recommendations for Public Health | "Promote accurate information about vaccines and encourage widespread vaccination." |
Passage: 10
How the Internet Works
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "The Internet is a vast network that connects millions of computers and devices worldwide." |
Core Structure | "The Internet relies on a client-server model." |
Process Description | "Client devices request data from servers, which store and manage information." |
Data Transmission Method | "Data is transmitted in packets, which contain the data and destination address." |
Key Protocols | "The most common protocols include the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP)." |
Impact on Society | "It has transformed communication, commerce, education, and entertainment." |
Challenges | "Cybersecurity threats and digital divide issues persist." |
Recommendations for Users | "Educate users about safe practices and promote equitable access for all." |
Passage: 11
How Recycling Benefits the Environment
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials." |
Process Stages | 1. Collection: "Recyclable materials are collected from households and businesses." 2. Processing: "Materials are sorted, cleaned, and processed." 3. Manufacturing: "Processed materials are used to create new products." |
Examples of Recyclables | "Paper, glass, plastics, and metals." |
Environmental Benefits | - Conserves natural resources. - Reduces greenhouse gas emissions. |
Specific Impact | "Recycling aluminum saves up to 95% of the energy required to produce new aluminum from ore." |
Challenges | "Contamination of recyclable materials and fluctuating market demand for recycled products." |
Recommendations | "Implement comprehensive recycling programs and encourage active participation." |
Passage: 12
How Electric Cars Work
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "Electric cars (EVs) are vehicles powered entirely or partially by electricity." |
Main Components | "The primary component of an electric car is its battery, which stores electrical energy." |
Operating Mechanism | "The battery supplies power to the electric motor, which drives the wheels." |
Process Description | "Regenerative braking: When the driver applies the brakes, the electric motor acts as a generator, converting kinetic energy back into electrical energy." |
Advantages | - "Produce zero tailpipe emissions." - "Can significantly reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions when charged with renewable energy." |
Challenges | "Limited charging infrastructure and concerns about battery life and disposal." |
Recommendations for Adoption | "Governments and private companies are investing in charging stations and research for better battery technologies." |
Consumer Education | "Consumers should be educated about their advantages, charging options, and maintenance needs." |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 13
How The Water Cycle Works
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere." |
Key Processes | 1. Evaporation: "Water from oceans, rivers, and lakes is heated by the sun and transformed into water vapor." 2. Condensation: "Water vapor cools and condenses into tiny droplets, forming clouds." 3. Precipitation: "Occurs in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail." 4. Collection: "Precipitation collects in bodies of water and soil." |
Role of Groundwater | "Some of the water that infiltrates the soil replenishes underground aquifers." |
Importance of the Water Cycle | - "Regulates climate." - "Supports plant and animal life." - "Helps to purify water." |
Impact of Human Activities | "Deforestation and pollution can disrupt the natural cycle and lead to water scarcity." |
Recommendations for Protection | "Implement sustainable water management practices, reduce pollution, and conserve natural habitats." |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 14
How Solar Panels Generate Electricity
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "Solar panels are devices that convert sunlight into electricity." |
Core Component | "The core component of solar panels is photovoltaic (PV) cells, typically made of silicon." |
Process Description | "When sunlight strikes these cells, it excites electrons, creating an electric current." |
Electricity Conversion | "The electricity generated is direct current (DC), which is converted into alternating current (AC) using an inverter." |
Advantages of Solar Energy | - "Minimal environmental impact." - "Does not emit greenhouse gases during operation." - "Can significantly lower electricity bills." |
Challenges | - "Initial cost of installation." - "Dependence on sunlight availability." |
Importance of Energy Storage | "Energy storage systems are essential for consistent power supply." |
Incentives for Adoption | "Governments and organizations provide incentives such as tax credits, rebates, and grants." |
Exercise:
Read the text below and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text.
Passage: 15
How Healthy Eating Improves Well-Being
Answer in Two-Column Table:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
Definition | "Healthy eating refers to consuming a balanced diet rich in nutrients." |
Key Components | "Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats." |
Nutritional Benefits | - "Fruits and vegetables are rich in fiber and vitamins." - "Lean proteins are crucial for muscle repair and growth." |
Aspect of Portion Control | "Eating appropriate serving sizes helps prevent overeating and maintains a healthy weight." |
Importance of Hydration | "Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water aids digestion and nutrient absorption." |
Impact on Mental Health | "A well-balanced diet can improve mood and reduce the risk of anxiety and depression." |
Challenges to Healthy Eating | "Busy lifestyles, convenience foods, and lack of knowledge." |
Recommendations for Improvement | "Encourage meal planning, cooking at home, and educating individuals about nutrition." |
Overall Benefits | "Enhance quality of life, boost energy levels, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases." |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 16
How Insects Breathe
Insects have a special way of breathing that is different from humans. Instead of lungs, insects use tiny tubes called tracheae to take in oxygen. These tubes are spread throughout their bodies and open to the outside through small holes called spiracles. When air enters through the spiracles, it travels through the tracheae and reaches the insect's cells directly. This allows insects to get the oxygen they need without using blood to transport it like humans do. The system is efficient for their small size, helping them survive in different environments.
Grid:
Here's a filled-in grid based on the text "How Insects Breathe":
Element | Example from the Text |
Title | How Insects Breathe |
General Statement | Insects have a special way of breathing that is different from humans. |
Series of Explanations | Instead of lungs, insects use tiny tubes called tracheae to take in oxygen. The tubes are spread throughout their bodies. |
Technical Terms | Tracheae, spiracles |
Cause and Effect | When air enters through the spiracles, it travels through the tracheae and reaches the insect's cells directly. |
Conclusion | The system is efficient for their small size, helping them survive in different environments. |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 17
How Photosynthesis Works
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy. |
Specific location of the process | Takes place mainly in the chloroplasts of plant cells. |
Key components involved | Plants absorb carbon dioxide and water. |
Chemical reaction summary | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. |
Outcome of the process | Produces glucose as food and releases oxygen as a byproduct. |
Importance for living organisms | The oxygen released is essential for the survival of most living organisms. |
Role in larger ecological systems | Plays a significant role in the carbon cycle and helps regulate the Earth's atmosphere. |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 18
How the Human Immune System Works
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | The human immune system protects the body from harmful pathogens. |
Key components involved | Consists of various cells, tissues, and organs. |
Initial response to pathogens | Macrophages recognize and engulf the pathogen. |
Roles of specific cells | T cells attack infected cells; B cells produce antibodies. |
Process of developing immunity | The body "remembers" the pathogen for future encounters. |
Supporting structures | The spleen and lymph nodes filter out pathogens and store immune cells. |
Factors affecting immune function | Stress, poor diet, and lack of sleep can weaken immune function. |
Importance of vaccination | Helps prepare the immune system to fight specific diseases. |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 19
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | The digestive system breaks down food for absorption and use. |
Key components involved | Includes organs like the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas. |
Initial process of digestion | Begins in the mouth with chewing and saliva. |
Role of the stomach | Food is mixed with gastric juices to form chyme. |
Primary site of absorption | Most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. |
Specialized structures for absorption | Villi increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. |
Supporting organs | The liver produces bile; the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. |
Importance of diet and lifestyle | A balanced diet is essential; stress and poor eating habits can disrupt digestion. |
Exercise:
Read the text and identify the elements and relevant examples of an Explanatory Text. Then fill up the following grid. One is done for you.
Passage: 20
How Rainbows Form
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | Rainbows are natural phenomena formed by sunlight and water droplets. |
Process of formation | Begins with sunlight entering a water droplet. |
Key scientific principle | Light bends (refraction) as it passes through the droplet. |
Color separation | Different colors separate due to varying wavelengths. |
Reflection role | Light reflects off the back surface of the droplet. |
Exit and final bending | Light bends again as it exits, creating the rainbow arc. |
Angle of observation | A rainbow is seen at an angle of about 42 degrees from the sunlight. |
Cultural significance | Often associated with positive feelings and beauty. |
Passage: 21
How Volcanoes Erupt
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | Volcanoes are geological formations that erupt when magma escapes from beneath the Earth's crust. |
Process of magma formation | Heat and pressure cause rocks to melt, forming magma. |
Ascent of magma | Magma rises through cracks in the Earth's crust due to being less dense. |
Pressure buildup | Gases dissolved in magma expand, increasing pressure. |
Eruption process | When pressure becomes too great, magma erupts to the surface. |
Types of eruptions | Thin magma produces gentle lava flows; thick magma leads to explosive eruptions. |
Environmental impact | Eruptions can create new landforms and affect climate. |
Monitoring methods | Scientists use seismographs and gas sensors to observe volcanic activity. |
22
Passage:
How Electric Cars Work
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | Electric cars are powered by electric motors instead of internal combustion engines. |
Main component | The primary component is the battery that stores electrical energy. |
Energy conversion process | The electric motor draws power from the battery to convert it into motion. |
Unique feature | Regenerative braking captures energy during braking and returns it to the battery. |
Charging methods | Drivers can recharge at home or at dedicated charging stations. |
Charging time variability | Charging times range from a few hours at home to about 30 minutes at fast-charging stations. |
Environmental advantages | Electric cars produce zero tailpipe emissions and help reduce air pollution. |
Challenges faced | Limited charging infrastructure and longer recharge times compared to refueling gasoline cars. |
Passage: 23
How the Water Cycle Works
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | The water cycle is the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere. |
Initial process | Begins with evaporation, where water turns into vapor due to the sun's heat. |
Formation of clouds | Water vapor rises, cools, and condenses to form clouds. |
Precipitation types | Water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. |
Paths after precipitation | Water can flow as runoff, return to bodies of water, or be absorbed by plants. |
Role of plants | Through transpiration, plants release water vapor back into the atmosphere. |
Importance of the cycle | Crucial for maintaining ecosystems and providing fresh water for drinking and agriculture. |
Impact of human activities | Deforestation and urbanization can disrupt the natural water cycle. |
Passage: 24
How Solar Panels Generate Electricity
Grid:
Elements of an Explanatory Text | Examples in the Text |
General statement (what is being explained) | Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. |
Main component | The solar cell, typically made of silicon. |
Initial process of energy generation | Sunlight strikes the solar cells, exciting electrons to generate direct current (DC) electricity. |
Conversion process | DC electricity is converted into alternating current (AC) by an inverter. |
Usage of electricity | Electricity can power appliances or be fed back into the electrical grid. |
Storage option | Excess elec |