Combining Sentences for Better Writing / 20 Techniques to Combine Sentences

20 Techniques to Combine Sentences

This guide provides a detailed overview of various techniques used to combine sentences, enhancing clarity, flow, and stylistic sophistication in writing.

1. Coordination (Using Coordinating Conjunctions)

Coordination is a grammatical strategy used to connect two or more independent clauses of equal rank and importance. This is achieved by using one of the seven coordinating conjunctions, often remembered by the acronym FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So). The resulting compound sentence gives equal weight to each clause, indicating that the ideas are balanced.

Examples:

1. The research was completed, and the findings were published in a scientific journal.

2. We can either go to the museum, or we can visit the art gallery.

3. He wanted to travel to London, but his passport had expired.

4. She did not want to miss the flight, so she left for the airport three hours early.

5. The sun was intensely hot, yet a cool breeze made the afternoon pleasant.

2. Subordination (Using Subordinating Conjunctions)

Subordination joins an independent (main) clause with a dependent (subordinate) clause to create a complex sentence. The subordinating conjunction (e.g., because, although, since, when, if) establishes a logical relationship, indicating that one idea is less important than or dependent on the other. This technique is used to show cause and effect, contrast, or condition.

Examples:

1. Although the team faced significant challenges, they successfully completed the project ahead of schedule.

2. He decided to pursue a master's degree because he wanted to advance his career.

3. Unless the weather improves, the outdoor event will be canceled.

4. When the new policy was announced, employees expressed a mixture of excitement and concern.

5. She has been much happier since she moved to the new city.

3. Parallelism

Parallelism, or parallel structure, involves using the same grammatical form for two or more words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. This technique creates balance, rhythm, and clarity, making the sentence easier to read and understand. It is often used in lists or comparisons.

Examples:

1. The report was criticized for being inaccurate, incomplete, and poorly organized.

2. She enjoys reading novels, writing poetry, and attending plays.

3. The company's mission is to innovate relentlessly, to serve customers faithfully, and to operate sustainably.

4. He was asked to draft the proposal, to present the findings, and to lead the implementation team.

5. Whether in the classroom, on the sports field, or within the community, he always demonstrated exceptional leadership.

4. Apposition

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that is placed next to another noun to rename, identify, or provide more information about it. This technique, known as apposition, allows a writer to combine sentences by embedding details concisely without creating a separate clause.

Examples:

1. Dr. Al-Kuwari, the lead researcher on the project, will present her findings at the conference.

2. The company's most successful product, the Model X electric car, saw a 20% increase in sales.

3. We visited Doha, the capital of Qatar, during our trip to the Middle East.

4. The famous painting, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, is housed in the Louvre Museum.

5. My oldest brother, a software engineer for Google, advised me on which laptop to buy.

5. Relative (Adjective) Clauses

A relative clause (also known as an adjective clause) is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. It begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that, which) or a relative adverb (when, where, why) and provides essential or non-essential information about the noun it follows.

Examples:

1. The engineer who designed the bridge won a prestigious award for her innovative work.

2. This is the university where I completed my undergraduate degree.

3. The report, which was commissioned by the board of directors, highlighted several areas for improvement.

4. She finally bought the car that she had been dreaming of for years.

5. The author, whose novels have been translated into fifty languages, is a global literary icon.

6. Semicolon (;)

A semicolon is a punctuation mark used to connect two closely related independent clauses. It suggests a stronger connection between the ideas than a period would, but it does not require a coordinating conjunction. It is a sophisticated way to show that two complete thoughts are linked in meaning, often indicating balance or contrast.

Examples:

1. The meeting was scheduled for 9:00 AM**;** the CEO arrived promptly.

2. Some people prefer to work in a busy, collaborative office**;** others are more productive in a quiet environment.

3. The final data has been collected**;** the analysis will begin tomorrow.

4. History is not just a collection of dates and facts**;** it is the story of human experience.

5. The budget was tight**;** every expense had to be justified.

7. Repetition

Repetition is a rhetorical device that involves intentionally reusing a word, phrase, or grammatical structure to create emphasis, rhythm, or a powerful emotional effect. When used purposefully, it can make a point more memorable and persuasive.

Examples:

1. We must fight for justice, fight for equality, and fight for a better future for our children.

2. The problem was not a lack of effort, not a lack of resources, but a lack of clear direction.

3. This was his chance—his one chance to prove everyone wrong.

4. Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

5. She felt an overwhelming sense of joy, an overwhelming sense of relief, and an overwhelming sense of gratitude.

8. Conjunctive Adverbs (Transition Words)

Conjunctive adverbs (such as however, therefore, moreover, consequently, nevertheless) act as transition words to connect two independent clauses. They show a logical relationship like contrast, cause and effect, or addition. A semicolon is typically used before the conjunctive adverb, and a comma follows it.

Examples:

1. The company invested heavily in marketing; however, sales did not improve as expected.

2. The flight was delayed due to a mechanical issue; therefore, we missed our connecting flight.

3. The research provided valuable insights; moreover, it opened up new avenues for future studies.

4. He had all the necessary qualifications; nevertheless, he was not selected for the position.

5. The demand for sustainable products has increased significantly; consequently, businesses are adapting their strategies.

9. Colon (:)

A colon is used to introduce information that explains, illustrates, or amplifies the preceding independent clause. It can introduce a list, a quotation, an appositive, or a second clause that expands on the first. The key rule is that the clause before the colon must be a complete sentence.

Examples:

1. The project requires three key elements**:** a clear objective, a detailed plan, and a dedicated team.

2. She had one goal in mind**:** to graduate with honors.

3. The results of the study were clear**:** the new drug was significantly more effective than the placebo.

4. The philosopher Francis Bacon offered this timeless advice**:** "Knowledge is power."

5. We are facing a major dilemma**:** either we reduce our expenses, or we risk going out of business.

10. Passive Voice

Using the passive voice changes the sentence's structure to emphasize the recipient of the action rather than the performer. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. It is often used in scientific and formal writing when the action or its recipient is more important than the agent.

Examples:

1. The new policy was implemented by the administration last month. (Active: The administration implemented the new policy.)

2. The discovery was made by a team of international scientists. (Active: A team of international scientists made the discovery.)

3. All applications must be submitted by the deadline. (Focus is on the applications, not who submits them.)

4. The Grand Mosque was designed by a Syrian architect. (Active: A Syrian architect designed the Grand Mosque.)

5. Mistakes were made, but lessons have been learned. (Avoids assigning blame.)

11. Inversion

Inversion is the reversal of the typical subject-verb word order in a sentence, often placing the verb before the subject. This technique is used for emphasis, to create a dramatic effect, or in conditional sentences without "if." It is common after negative adverbs like never, rarely, seldom, and not only.

Examples:

1. Never before have I witnessed such a spectacular performance.

2. Rarely does a company achieve such rapid growth in its first year.

3. Not only did he finish the marathon, but he also set a new personal record.

4. Under no circumstances should you share your password with anyone.

5. So profound was the impact of the discovery that it changed the course of science.

12. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is the intentional omission of one or more words from a sentence that are understood from the context. This technique makes writing more concise and can create a faster pace. In combined sentences, it often involves omitting a repeated verb in the second clause.

Examples:

1. The marketing team will handle the advertising; the sales team, the customer outreach. (The verb "will handle" is omitted.)

2. He preferred the classical composers; she, the modern ones. (The verb "preferred" is omitted.)

3. Some people are motivated by success; others, by the fear of failure. (The verb phrase "are motivated" is omitted.)

4. The first presentation was excellent; the second, even better. (The verb "was" is omitted.)

5. To err is human; to forgive, divine. (The verb "is" is omitted.)

13. Parentheses ( )

Parentheses are used to enclose supplemental information, afterthoughts, or clarifications that are not essential to the main point of the sentence. The information inside the parentheses can be a single word, a phrase, or a complete sentence.

Examples:

1. The company's quarterly report (which you can find on our website) shows steady growth.

2. He finally achieved his lifelong dream (after years of hard work and dedication) of climbing Mount Everest.

3. Please submit your form by the deadline (Friday, October 10).

4. Several international organizations (including the UN and the WHO) have pledged their support.

5. The periodic table (a foundational tool in chemistry) organizes elements by their atomic number.

14. Em Dash (—)

An em dash is a versatile punctuation mark used to set off information for emphasis, to indicate an interruption or abrupt change of thought, or to introduce an explanation. It creates a more dramatic separation than a comma and is often used more informally than a colon or parentheses.

Examples:

1. The results were exactly what we had hoped for—a complete success.

2. There is only one solution to this problem—we must innovate.

3. After months of negotiation, the deal—against all odds—was finally signed.

4. Her final words—"always be true to yourself"—have guided me throughout my life.

5. The ancient ruins were breathtaking—a silent testament to a once-great civilization.

15. Infinitive Phrases

An infinitive phrase consists of the word "to" plus a verb, along with any objects or modifiers. It can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. As a sentence connector, it is highly effective at expressing purpose, intention, or a goal.

Examples:

1. She traveled to Paris to study art and history.

2. To succeed in this field, one must be both persistent and creative.

3. He saved his money diligently to make a down payment on a house.

4. The company hired a consultant to streamline its operations.

5. To understand the present, we must first learn about the past.

16. Absolute Phrases

An absolute phrase is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle (plus any modifiers) that modifies an entire independent clause. It does not modify a specific word but provides additional context or describes a cause or condition related to the main clause.

Examples:

1. Her presentation finished, the board members broke into applause.

2. The weather being perfect, we decided to have a picnic in the park.

3. He stood on the stage, his heart pounding with excitement.

4. All things considered, the event was a remarkable success.

5. The negotiations having failed, both sides prepared for a lengthy legal battle.

17. Gerund Phrases

A gerund phrase is a group of words that begins with a gerund (a verb ending in "-ing" that acts as a noun) and includes modifiers and/or objects. The entire phrase functions as a noun in the sentence, serving as a subject, object, or complement.

Examples:

1. Conducting thorough market research is the first step in launching a new product. (Subject)

2. He credits his success to working harder than his competitors. (Object of a preposition)

3. Her primary responsibility is managing the entire marketing department. (Subject complement)

4. We enjoyed watching the sunset from the balcony. (Direct object)

5. Before making a final decision, she consulted with several experts. (Object of a preposition)

18. Participle Phrases

A participle phrase begins with a present participle (-ing) or a past participle (-ed/-en) and functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun. When placed at the beginning or end of a sentence, it provides additional information about the subject of the main clause.

Examples:

1. Working late into the night, the students finally completed their project.

2. Impressed by her qualifications, the hiring committee offered her the job immediately.

3. The scientist, having analyzed the data, published her groundbreaking findings.

4. The ship sailed into the harbor, its sails battered by the storm.

5. Confused by the complex instructions, he had to ask for clarification.

19. Direct Quotations

A direct quotation uses the exact words of a speaker or source and encloses them in quotation marks. Integrating direct quotes is a way to combine sentences by weaving evidence, authority, or dialogue directly into your own writing.

Examples:

1. In his inaugural address, John F. Kennedy famously urged, "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country."

2. The report concluded, "Further research is necessary to confirm these preliminary findings."

3. "I have a dream," declared Martin Luther King, Jr., "that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin."

4. My professor always says, "The key to good writing is clarity."

5. After reviewing the data, the CEO announced, "This has been our most successful quarter to date."

20. Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrase, which includes a preposition, its object, and any modifiers, can be used to connect ideas by showing relationships of time, space, or logic. Placing a prepositional phrase at the beginning of a sentence can provide a smooth transition from a previous idea.

Examples:

1. Despite the significant challenges, the team remained optimistic and focused.

2. In addition to his role as CEO, he serves on the board of several non-profit organizations.

3. Before the meeting began, she quickly reviewed her notes one last time.

4. According to the latest report, the global economy is expected to grow by 3% next year.

5. Without a doubt, this is the most effective strategy we have developed so far.

Sentence Combining Exercise

Instructions: Combine the following sets of sentences into one clear and correct sentence. You must use the specific technique indicated in the parentheses for each prompt. An answer key is provided at the end.

1. Sentences: The team played well in the first half. They lost their momentum after halftime. (Technique: Coordination) Use a coordinating conjunction like "but".

2. Sentences: The concert was postponed. The weather forecast predicted a severe thunderstorm. (Technique: Subordination) Use a subordinating conjunction like "because".

3. Sentences: For the project, you need to research the topic. You also have to write an outline. Then you must create a presentation. (Technique: Parallelism) Structure the three tasks in the same grammatical form.

4. Sentences: My brother is training for a marathon. A marathon is a 26.2-mile race. (Technique: Apposition) Use the noun phrase "a 26.2-mile race" to describe the marathon.

5. Sentences: The movie won three awards last night. I had recommended it to all my friends. (Technique: Relative Clause) Use "which" or "that" to connect the sentences.

6. Sentences: My sister is an excellent artist. My brother prefers playing sports. (Technique: Semicolon) Join these two closely related independent clauses.

7. Sentences: The climb up the mountain was difficult. The path was difficult. The final ascent was the most difficult part. (Technique: Repetition) Combine into one sentence, using "difficult" for emphasis.

8. Sentences: He studied for the test for several weeks. He did not get the grade he had hoped for. (Technique: Conjunctive Adverb) Connect with a semicolon and a word like "however".

9. Sentences: I need to buy three things at the store. I need milk, bread, and eggs. (Technique: Colon) Use a colon to introduce the list of items.

10. Sentences: The star quarterback threw the winning touchdown. (Technique: Passive Voice) Rewrite the sentence to make "the winning touchdown" the subject.

11. Sentences: I have never heard such a ridiculous excuse in my life. (Technique: Inversion) Restructure the sentence to begin with the word "Never".

12. Sentences: Sarah chose the pizza for dinner. Ben chose the tacos. (Technique: Ellipsis) Combine with a semicolon, omitting the repeated verb in the second clause.

13. Sentences: The new student council president gave a speech. She is a junior from my history class. Her speech was about improving school events. (Technique: Parentheses) Place the detail about her being a junior in parentheses.

14. Sentences: My favorite part of the trip was seeing the ocean. It was my first time seeing it. (Technique: Em Dash) Use an em dash (—) to set off the final, explanatory phrase.

15. Sentences: She woke up early this morning. She wanted to watch the sunrise. (Technique: Infinitive Phrase) Use "to watch..." to show the purpose of her action.

16. Sentences: The sun had finally set. We packed up our beach towels and went home. (Technique: Absolute Phrase) Start with an absolute phrase (e.g., "The sun having set...").

17. Sentences: Someone has to finish all this homework. It will take hours to do. (Technique: Gerund Phrase) Use "Finishing..." as the subject of the sentence.

18. Sentences: The phone was dropped on the pavement. It now has a completely cracked screen. (Technique: Participle Phrase) Start with the participle "Dropped..." to modify the phone.

19. Sentences: My coach always gives us advice before a game. He says, "Play smart and have fun." (Technique: Direct Quotation) Combine into a single sentence that introduces the coach's words.

20. Sentences: He was feeling very nervous. He delivered his speech flawlessly. (Technique: Prepositional Phrase) Begin the sentence with a phrase like "Despite...".

Answer Key

(Note: Minor variations in wording are acceptable, but the core structure should reflect the specified technique.)

1. The team played well in the first half, but they lost their momentum after halftime.

2. The concert was postponed because the weather forecast predicted a severe thunderstorm.

3. For the project, you need to research the topic, write an outline, and create a presentation.

4. My brother is training for a marathon, a 26.2-mile race.

5. The movie that I had recommended to all my friends won three awards last night.

6. My sister is an excellent artist; my brother prefers playing sports.

7. The climb, the path, and the final ascent of the mountain were all difficult.

8. He studied for the test for several weeks; however, he did not get the grade he had hoped for.

9. I need to buy three things at the store: milk, bread, and eggs.

10. The winning touchdown was thrown by the star quarterback.

11. Never in my life have I heard such a ridiculous excuse.

12. Sarah chose the pizza for dinner; Ben, the tacos.

13. The new student council president (a junior from my history class) gave a speech about improving school events.

14. My favorite part of the trip was seeing the ocean—it was my first time seeing it.

15. She woke up early this morning to watch the sunrise.

16. The sun having finally set, we packed up our beach towels and went home.

17. Finishing all this homework will take hours.

18. Dropped on the pavement, the phone now has a completely cracked screen.

19. My coach always gives us advice before a game, saying, "Play smart and have fun."

20. Despite feeling very nervous, he delivered his speech flawlessly.

Comprehensive Sentence Synthesis Practice

Instructions: Combine each group of sentences below into a single, cohesive, and grammatically correct sentence. To do this, you must use all of the specific techniques listed in the parentheses for each prompt. An answer key is provided at the end.

1. Sentences: Universities are increasing their tuition fees. Many students must now take out significant loans. These loans are financial burdens that can take decades to repay. (Techniques: Subordination + Apposition)

2. Sentences: Artificial intelligence is rapidly developing. It has the potential to solve complex global problems. It is often portrayed negatively in films. This portrayal raises public fear. (Techniques: Relative Clause + Participle Phrase)

3. Sentences: Megacities offer numerous job opportunities. They often struggle with overcrowding and pollution. Many residents consequently report a lower quality of life. (Techniques: Semicolon + Conjunctive Adverb)

4. Sentences: Global temperatures are continuing to rise. Many coastal communities now face a serious threat. The threat is rising sea levels. (Techniques: Absolute Phrase + Em Dash)

5. Sentences: People should maintain a balanced diet. They need to exercise regularly. Getting enough sleep is also important. These actions are essential for long-term health. (Techniques: Gerund Phrase + Parallelism)

6. Sentences: The government implemented new regulations. They wanted to curb carbon emissions from vehicles. The regulations made stricter emissions tests mandatory. (Techniques: Infinitive Phrase + Passive Voice)

7. Sentences: A person rarely achieves great success without facing setbacks. A person must also demonstrate incredible resilience. (Techniques: Inversion + Coordination)

8. Sentences: The world is experiencing rapid globalization. Many unique local traditions face a new kind of pressure. The pressure is the overwhelming influence of global media. (Techniques: Prepositional Phrase + Colon)

9. Sentences: Many young people now prefer freelance work. This type of work offers flexibility. It does not provide the job security of a traditional role. (Techniques: Relative Clause + Coordination)

10. Sentences: Processed foods are high in sugar and unhealthy fats. They contribute significantly to public health crises. One such crisis is the obesity epidemic. (Techniques: Participle Phrase + Apposition)

11. Sentences: An effective leader must inspire their team. They must delegate tasks effectively. They also need to provide constructive feedback. This is true even when facing tight deadlines. (Techniques: Subordination + Parallelism)

12. Sentences: The company launched its new smartphone. The phone features a revolutionary camera system. This system promises professional-quality photos. (Techniques: Semicolon + Participle Phrase)

13. Sentences: A famous political theorist once wrote a line. The line was, "The price of apathy towards public affairs is to be ruled by evil men." The theorist was Plato. (Techniques: Direct Quotation + Apposition)

14. Sentences: The final exam covers a huge amount of material. This material spans the entire semester. It is the single most important factor in our final grade. (Techniques: Relative Clause + Em Dash)

15. Sentences: We must act now. We must act decisively. We must act together. We need to prevent the worst effects of climate change. (Techniques: Infinitive Phrase + Repetition)

16. Sentences: The new policy was finally approved. The debate over it had lasted for months. The details will be announced to the public next week. (Techniques: Absolute Phrase + Passive Voice)

17. Sentences: Traditional art forms often reflect a culture's history. Modern art forms frequently question societal norms. (Techniques: Semicolon + Ellipsis)

18. Sentences: We can truly understand another culture only by immersing ourselves in it. We will always remain outsiders if we don't. (Techniques: Inversion + Subordination)

19. Sentences: Several nations signed a treaty. The treaty was a legally binding agreement. They wanted to reduce plastic pollution in the oceans. (Techniques: Infinitive Phrase + Parentheses)

20. Sentences: Regular exercise is beneficial for physical health. It also significantly improves mental well-being. Mental well-being is a key component of a happy life. (Techniques: Coordination + Apposition)

21. Sentences: A new community center was built by local volunteers. The project took two years to complete. It has now become a vital hub for residents. (Techniques: Passive Voice + Conjunctive Adverb)

22. Sentences: Balancing work with personal life is a common challenge. It requires careful time management. It also requires setting boundaries. (Techniques: Gerund Phrase + Parallelism)

23. Sentences: Many historic buildings are being demolished. This happens in the name of urban development. These are the buildings that give a city its unique character. (Techniques: Prepositional Phrase + Relative Clause)

24. Sentences: The festival is held annually in the city square. It celebrates the region's diverse cultural heritage. The square is a vibrant public space. (Techniques: Participle Phrase + Apposition)

25. Sentences: Many people are turning to a specific diet. The diet eliminates processed foods. It is called the Mediterranean diet. (Techniques: Colon + Relative Clause)

26. Sentences: The presentation was over. The CEO made a surprise announcement. The announcement was a new line of eco-friendly products. (Techniques: Absolute Phrase + Em Dash)

27. Sentences: The internet has revolutionized communication. It also presents challenges to personal privacy. These challenges are often discussed by experts. (Techniques: Subordination + Parentheses)

28. Sentences: A company may face financial difficulties. It should still prioritize the well-being of its employees. This is according to modern management theories. (Techniques: Prepositional Phrase + Subordination)

29. Sentences: The professor concluded her lecture. She reminded the students of a famous saying. The saying is, "The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." (Techniques: Subordination + Direct Quotation)

30. Sentences: Learning a new language is challenging. It offers remarkable cognitive benefits. One benefit is improved memory. (Techniques: Semicolon + Apposition)

Answer Key

(Note: Minor variations are possible, but your answers should correctly apply all specified techniques.)

1. Although universities are increasing their tuition fees, many students must now take out significant loans, financial burdens that can take decades to repay.

2. Artificial intelligence, which has the potential to solve complex global problems, is often portrayed negatively in films, raising public fear.

3. Megacities offer numerous job opportunities; however, they often struggle with overcrowding and pollution, and consequently, many residents report a lower quality of life.

4. Global temperatures continuing to rise, many coastal communities now face a serious threat—rising sea levels.

5. Maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep are essential actions for long-term health.

6. To curb carbon emissions from vehicles, new regulations were implemented by the government, by which stricter emissions tests were made mandatory.

7. Rarely does a person achieve great success without facing setbacks, and they must also demonstrate incredible resilience.

8. In the face of rapid globalization, many unique local traditions face a new kind of pressure: the overwhelming influence of global media.

9. Many young people now prefer freelance work, which offers flexibility, but it does not provide the job security of a traditional role.

10. Laden with sugar and unhealthy fats, processed foods contribute significantly to public health crises like the obesity epidemic.

11. Even when facing tight deadlines, an effective leader must inspire their team, delegate tasks effectively, and provide constructive feedback.

12. The company launched its new smartphone; it features a revolutionary camera system promising professional-quality photos.

13. Plato, a famous political theorist, once wrote, "The price of apathy towards public affairs is to be ruled by evil men."

14. The final exam, which covers material spanning the entire semester, is the single most important factor in our final grade—worth 50%.

15. To prevent the worst effects of climate change, we must act now, decisively, and together.

16. The debate having lasted for months, the new policy was finally approved, and the details will be announced to the public next week.

17. Traditional art forms often reflect a culture's history; modern ones, societal norms.

18. Only by immersing ourselves in another culture can we truly understand it; otherwise, we will always remain outsiders.

19. To reduce plastic pollution in the oceans, several nations signed a treaty (a legally binding agreement).

20. Regular exercise is beneficial for physical health, and it also significantly improves mental well-being, a key component of a happy life.

21. A new community center was built by local volunteers over two years; consequently, it has become a vital hub for residents.

22. Balancing work with personal life, a common challenge, requires careful time management and the setting of firm boundaries.

23. In the name of urban development, many historic buildings that give a city its unique character are being demolished.

24. Held annually in the city square, a vibrant public space, the festival celebrates the region's diverse cultural heritage.

25. Many people are turning to a specific diet: the Mediterranean diet, which eliminates processed foods.

26. The presentation being over, the CEO made a surprise announcement—a new line of eco-friendly products.

27. While the internet has revolutionized communication, it also presents challenges to personal privacy (which are often discussed by experts).

28. According to modern management theories, a company should prioritize the well-being of its employees, even if it faces financial difficulties.

29. As the professor concluded her lecture, she reminded the students of the famous saying, "The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step."

30. Learning a new language is challenging; it offers remarkable cognitive benefits, such as improved memory.

All Techniques in Short

• Coordination: Joining two equal ideas with conjunctions like and, but, or. Example: I like coffee, but she prefers tea.

• Subordination: Making one idea less important than another using words like because, while, although. Example: We stayed inside because it was raining.

• Parallelism: Repeating a grammatical structure for balance and rhythm. Example: She loves hiking, biking, and swimming.

• Apposition: Placing a noun or phrase next to another to rename or describe it. Example: My friend, a talented artist, lives in Doha.

• Relative Clause: Adding extra information about a noun using who, which, or that. Example: This is the book that I was telling you about.

• Semicolon (;): Connecting two closely related independent sentences. Example: He arrived late ; the traffic was terrible.

• Repetition: Reusing a word or phrase for emphasis. Example: The work was hard, the hours were hard, and the pay was hard to live on.

• Conjunctive Adverb: Showing a logical relationship with words like however or therefore. Example: The forecast predicted rain; however, the sky is clear.

• Colon (:): Introducing a list, explanation, or quotation. Example: I need three things**:** milk, bread, and eggs.

• Passive Voice: Shifting focus from the doer of an action to the receiver. Example: The window was broken by the storm.

• Inversion: Reversing the normal subject-verb order for emphasis. Example: Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.

• Ellipsis: Omitting words that are clearly understood from the context. Example: She plays piano; her brother, guitar.

• Parentheses ( ): Inserting extra, non-essential information. Example: The team captain (who is also my cousin) scored the winning goal.

• Em Dash (—): Setting off a phrase for emphasis or to add an explanation. Example: My favorite food—pizza—is what we're having for dinner.

• Infinitive Phrase: Using "to + verb" to show purpose or intent. Example: He is saving money to buy a new car.

• Absolute Phrase: Modifying an entire sentence with a noun and a participle. Example: Her homework finished, she watched a movie.

• Gerund Phrase: Using an "-ing" verb as a noun. Example: Running a marathon requires months of training.

• Participle Phrase: Using a verb form (usually ending in -ing or -ed) as an adjective. Example: Waving to the crowd, the queen smiled.

• Direct Quotation: Including someone's exact words in your sentence. Example: He said, "I'll be there in five minutes."

• Prepositional Phrase: Using a preposition (like in, on, despite) to connect ideas. Example: Despite the rain, the game continued.