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                                                                                 Modifier

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All words in a sentence that are not verbs, subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, or complements are modifiers.

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(Modify v. = (in grammar, to limit the sense of another word.) Modifier. = a word such as an

adjective or adverb, that describes another word or group of words, or restricts its / their meaning in some way.)

You know that

 

The subject and the predicate are two very basic elements of a sentence.

Usually a noun or a pronoun acts as the subject, and it is called single word subject or simple subject.

 

Sometimes, some other words give more information about the subject itself.

That a subject may consist of more than one word, and it is called multi-words subject or complex subject.

 

Again, there is always a finite verb in the predicate of a sentence.

 

Sometimes the verb takes object(s), and sometimes it takes complement.

Sometimes, some other words can give more information about the verb, the object(s) and the complement.

 

That a predicate, also, may consist of more than one word.

 

Example

  1. Dogs bark.

  2. The hour to prepare lesson has come.

When the subject and/or the predicate of a sentence consist(s) of more than one word, the question of modifiers arises.

 

Typically, modifiers define, make more precise, identify, or describe a verb, subject, direct

object, ect, indirect object, complement or other modifier Y

 

Very often a modifier is a prepositional phrase.

[A prepositional phrase is group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.] For example: in the morning, at the university, on the table, etc]

 

A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase.

For example: last night, hurriedly, yesterday, outdoors, etc.

  • modifier tells the time, place, or manner of the action.

  • modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.

-lay be a single word or a group of words. –

 

Read the following sentences:

He ran quickly.

(The verb ran is made more precise- by the modifier quickly)

He ran as quickly as he could.

(The verb ran is made more precise- by the modifier as quickly as he could)

The blue hat suited the woman.

(The subject hat is described - by the modifier blue.)

The hat that she wore suited the woman.

(The subject hat is described - by the modifier that she wore.)

The thief stole an electric typewriter.

 

Modifiers can be of two kinds:

i. Pre-modifiers  

ii. Post-modifiers

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A noun can be modified by placing one or more words before or after it, so that more information can be added to it.

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Word or words that come before a noun to add more information to it are called Pre-modifiers.

Word or words that come after a noun to add more information to it are called Post-modifiers.

 

Pre-modifiers

Many types of words can act as pre-modifiers. Among them determiners come first.

1. Determiners

A determiner is a word -- such as a, the, some, etc. - that comes before a noun to show how the noun is being used (whether it is countable or uncountable, definite or indefinite etc.) for example: a pen, two books, my eye, little water, etc.

The following types of words are used as determiners:

 Articles: a, an, the.

Demonstratives: (words used to identify the person or thing that is being referred to) this, that, these, those.

Possessives: my, his, their, us etc.

Numerals: two, three, four. any numerals.

Quantifiers: (words that express the quantity or amount or number of something) as, both, some, any, every, either, few, many, etc.

 

2. Adjectives

The position of adjectives is after the determiner and before the noun. For example:

  1. All wild animals are not dangerous.

  2. My younger brother is an officer.

  3. He is a handsome man.

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3. Participles

A participle is a word formed from a verb and used to modify a noun. It is used to enrich a sentence with descriptive detail. As: The sobbing child stared at the broken toy.

. are three kinds ot participles:

Present Participle: It is formed by the addition of ing to the bare form of a verb. It Tribes the noun that it modifies as acting. Here the noun is active.

Past Participle: It is commonly formed by the addition of d, ed, t, n, en etc. It describes noun that it modifies as acted upon. Here the noun is passive.

The Perfect Participle: It is formed with having plus a past participle. It describes the soon that it modifies, as having completed some action.

 

4.Noun-adjectives

sometimes a noun modifies another noun. This type of noun is called noun-adjective. The position of a noun adjective is just before the noun it modifies. As:

 He gave her a beautiful diamond ring. ii This is a book of English Grammar.

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Post-modifiers

 

Some words or phrases come after a noun and give more information about it. These words phrases are called post-modifiers. The following types of words act as post-modifiers.

Prepositional phrase

prepositional phrase starts with a preposition, and ends with a noun, e. g.

  1. The box on the table is green.

  2. The cat under the table is sleeping.

Appositives

appositive is a noun phrase that is used immediately after another noun or noun phrase refers to the same person or thing. e. g.

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is a big town.

Adverbs

The  adverbs, especially adverb of place come after a noun to post modify it. e. g.

  1. The passage above is easy to read.

  2. The house opposite is beautiful.

  1. Participle Phrases

A participle phrase is a group of words based on a participle.

As: The father of the child, taking her in his arm, promised to re-fix the toy.

Present Participles can be expanded into phrases: as: Planning every minute of the journey, she studied maps and tourists' guide.

Past Participles can be expanded into phrases: as: Politicians influenced by flattery talk of victory at receptions.

  1. Infinitives or infinitive phrases

The infinitives are usually made by placing to before the bare form of the verb. It can be used to modify various parts of a sentence. As:

  1. My favourite time to work is early in the morning.

  2. Determined to succeed, she redoubled her efforts.

  3. In every situation they play to win.

The infinitives can be expanded into phrases: as: To write grammatically, you must know something about sentence structure.

 

Verb Modifiers

The following words or phrases act as verb modifiers:

 

1. Particles

Particle is a word or a part of a word which has a grammatical purpose but often has little or no meaning:

e g, In the sentence 'I tidied up the room', 'up' is a particle.

 

2. Single-word adverbs : as: They will arrive tomorrow. We live here.

 

3. Prepositional phrase

i. The bomb exploded at night.  ii. Two boys are playing in the field.

iii. The old man is dozing in the chair. iv. The prime minister spoke for an hour.

 

4. Infinitive or infinitive phrase

i. He sat down to relax.                ii. We went there to buy some food. iii. Their aim is to obstacle justice.

When used in this way an infinitive is called 'infinitive of purpose'.

 

5. Present participle or present participle phrases

i. I spend the evenings watching T V.

ii. He stood at the window looking out.

 

 

Adverbials: All the verb modifiers discussed above are called adverbials. We can group them as follows:

 

i. Adverbials of manner

They answer the question HOW the action of the verb is performed. As: well, badly, slowly, carefully, etc.

 

ii. Adverbials of place

They answer the question WHERE the action of the verb is performed. They are usually prepositional phrases. As: She is reading in the library. He was walking along the road.

 

iii. Adverbials of direction

They answer the question WHERE TO the action of the verb is directed. They, also, are usually prepositional phrases: As: They are going to school. The baby is walking towards the door.

 

iv. Adverbials of time

They answer the question WHEN the action of the verb is performed. Here usually every + a noun, as everyday, every morning etc. And prepositional phrases as, in the morning, at night, on Monday etc. are used.

 

v. Adverbials of duration

They answer the question HOW LONG the action of the verb lasts. Here prepositional phrases is used, and they start with for, since, from.

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      Advanced Rules

                      Modifier Worksheet-A

 Read the following text and use modifiers in the blanks as directed.

  1. In almost every country of the world unemployment is one of the (a) —— (pre-modify another adjective) social and economic problems of the day. It exists not only in the developed countries but also in the (b) —— (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) countries. The word “unemployment” means without any job or work by (c) —— (use relative pronoun to post-modify the noun) one can earn his livelihood. When a man has a job or a work for (d) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) living, he is employed and when he has no job, he is unemployed. Bangladesh is now (e) —— (post-modify the verb) facing this problem. The causes of (f) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) problem are many. (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) mills and factory were not built and we had been ill fed and ill clad. Even after independence, governments failed (h) —— (use infinitive to post-modify the noun) new industries and factories. (i) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) industries have almost decayed. Capital (j) —— (use past participle to post-modify the noun) in cottage industries is always at a risk.

 

2. Macbeth is one of the (a) —— (Pre-modify the noun) tragedies ever written in the (b) —— (Use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) literature. After winning in a battle, Macbeth happened to meet three witches (c) —— (Use relative clause to post-modify the noun) that he would become the King someday. Hearing their prophecy, Macbeth became convinced and wrote a letter to his wife (d) —— (Use participle phrase to post-modify the verb). After some days, Duncan, (e) —— (Use appositive to post-modify the noun) arrived at Macbeth’s castle. But now a strong sense of conscience grew in him. He decided not to kill the King. But Lady Macbeth instigated him (f) —— (Use infinitive to post-modify the verb). Macbeth (g) —— (Pre-modify the verb) killed the king when he was sleeping. But, killing the (h) —— (Use participle to pre-modify noun) king, Macbeth killed (i) —— (Use possessive to premodify the noun) own sleep for ever. From (j) —— (Use demonstration to pre-modify the noun) night onward, Macbeth could not sleep even for a single movement.

 

3.Most of the people in (a) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. In fact, it is an (b) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) village. So, if you know English (d) —— (post-modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without the knowledge of English with proper understanding, you cannot complete (g) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English in the process of higher education. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) —— (use an adjective) development. In short, if you do not have a good command of English, you will suffer (i) —— (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase). So, do not waste your time and try to learn English (j) —— (post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.

 

4. A village doctor is a very (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) —— (post-modify the verb) known as a quack. A village doctor is not a (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) doctor. He usually sits in a small dispensary (d) —— (postmodify the verb). He treats the patients (e) —— (use a participle phrase to post-modify the verb). A village doctor is not a (f) —— (pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g) —— (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly medicine to (h) —— (pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) villagers.

 

5. Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the Shelley of Bengali literature. He was a (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) poet. He wrote (b) —— (post-modify the verb) in every branch of Bengali literature. Nazrul, (c) —— (use an appositive), won the attention of everyone in his early childhood. He wrote ceaselessly until the death of (d) —— (use possessive pronoun) poetic flair. He composed his songs (e) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). His songs are (f) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) melodious. He enriched the Bengali literature (g) —— (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb). His literary works have enriched (h) —— (use a noun adjective) literature. He was (i) —— (use an article) secular poet. He sang the songs of equality (j) —— (use an adverbial phrase).

 

6. Corruption is dishonesty (a) —— (use a participle to post-modify the noun) by people in position or power. We find (b) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) dishonesty in almost all sectors of our life, society and in government departments. At present corruption has been so (c) —— (pre-modify the verb) rooted in our national life that it becomes a curse. Businessmen, doctors, lawyers, service holders, teachers, politicians, engineers are (d) —— (post-modify the verb). We increase the problem (e) —— (use a participle to post-modify the verb) bribes. We do not want our papers (f) —— (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) stuck in the piles of dusty files. Thus corruption is spreading (g) —— (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) like cancer. The corrupt people flourish at the expense of the society and the nation (h) —— (use an adverb to post-modify the verb). This malpractice should be stopped (i) —— (use an adverb post-modify the verb). Corruption is ingrained in human nature (j) —— (use a participle to post-modify the noun) power and pelf in pursuit of happiness.

 

7. Nelson Mandela, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is one of the greatest leaders of the world. During (b) —— (use determiner) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the non-Europeans. It was (c) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) policy of racial segregation. The blacks were subjected to (d) —— (use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) sorts of indignities. They were denied all basic (e) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) own country. The blacks were also treated (g) —— (use an adverb to post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the blacks. The (h) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) great man was thrown behind the prison bars. But the oppressive ruler could not break his (j) —— (use a present participle to pre-modify the noun) spirit.

 

8. Bangladesh, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is a developing country. (b) —— (pre-modify the noun) parents are engaging their children to work from an (c) —— (use adjective to pre-modify the noun) age. They have to work (d) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) hard to earn their living. (e) —— (use determiner) child labourers in Bangladesh are (f) —— (pre-modify the noun) workers. They are obliged (g) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the noun) in cheap hotels and shops. (h) —— (use adjective as pre-modifier) children work as (i) —— (use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) hawkers (j) —— (use participle as the post-modifier) different items to the passengers-by.

 

9. There lived a (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) fox in a jungle. Once the fox was feeling (b) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) hungry. He roamed here and there (c) —— (use prepositional phrase to post-modify the verb), but he could not find anything to eat. He became (d) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) tired. (e) —— (use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb), he sat under a (f) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. When he looked up, he saw a crow (g) —— (use a participle to post-modify the noun) on one of the branches of the tree. The crow was holding a piece of meat (h) —— (use prepositional phrase to post-modify the verb), (i) —— (use a participle phrase to pre-modify the verb), the mouth of the fox began to water and he wished to have (j) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) piece of meat.

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10. Beauty is (a) —— (use determiner) creation of art. But it is very difficult (b) —— (infinitive phrase) beauty. We may (c) —— (pre-modify the verb) appreciate it. Beauty may not be identified (d) —— (post-modify the verb) or objectively. It may depend on (e) —— (use possessive) sense of perfection. Another problem is that ugliness has (f) —— (use possessive) beauty too. Now the question arises whether beauty and ugliness are the (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) parts of art. Poet and artists have infused both in (h) —— (use possessive) works. They say that (i) —— (use quantifiers) truths are always objects of beauty. There are two poems on beauty written by two poets of (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) ages.

 

11. Once a fox was feeling (a) —— (use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) hungry. He roamed here and there (b) —— (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase) food but could not find anything (c) —— (use and infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). To take rest it sat under a tree. When the fox looked up, he saw, to (d) —— (use possessive to premodify the noun) great joy, a crow sitting on one of the branches of the tree. He was holding a piece of meat (e) —— (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase). On seeing this, his mouth began to water and started thinking about (f) —— (use article to premodify the noun) piece of meat. At last he hit upon a plan to get (g) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) piece of meat from the crow. He got up and said to crow, “How handsome you look! What a nice beak you have! But if you could sing (h) —— (post-modify the verb with an adverb), you could win for yourself the title of the ‘Queen of the birds’.” The foolish crow was taken in by the oily talk of the fox. He felt happy. He (i) —— (pre-modify the verb with an adverbial of time) opened his beak (j) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) and the piece of meat fell down on the ground. The fox picked it up and ate it up at once.

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12. Robi, (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is known to his classmates as a good student. He has (b) —— (use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) good qualities. He knows that the (c) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) duty of student is to study and he never neglects (d) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) duty. He prepares (e) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons regularly. He maintains discipline. He knows the value of time. He gets up (f) —— (post-modify the verb with an adverb) so that he can get enough time to study. He goes to school (g) —— (post-modify the verb with an adverb). He never wastes a (h) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) moment in vain. Robi is (i) —— (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) gentle. He always obeys his parents and teachers. He never mixes with (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) boys. A student like Robi is a great asset of a nation.

 

13. Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haq (a) —— (post-modify the noun with an appositive), was very meritorious from his boyhood. His father Kazi Wazed Ali was a (b) —— (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) pleader in the Barisal Bar. (c) —— (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) day the boy Fazlul Haq was reading (d) —— (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase). His father was passing by. He was reading his lessons and tearing off (e) —— (use article to pre-modify then noun) pages of his book one after another. He (f) —— (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) entered the room and said, “O my boy, do not play with your book”. “I am not playing. I have already gone through (g) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) pages. So I don’t need them at all,” said he (F.H). (h) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) father wanted to test him. He asked him to quote (i) — — (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) lines from such and such pages of his book. Fazlul Haq quoted the pieces from memory word for word. He was (j) —— (use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) charmed at the wonderful memory of his son.

 

14. A balance diet is a good mixture of (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) foods. It is essential for us (b) —— (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a healthy life. There are many benefits of eating a (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) diet because it prevents us from (d)—— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) diseases. As a result, we do not get sick (e) —— (postmodify the verb with an adverb). We should select (f) —— (pre-modify the verb with possessive) diet according to our needs. We should not eat the (g) —— (use adjective to pre-modify the noun) foods for the whole week. We can keep fit (h) —— (use a participle) a balanced diet. But it is not easy (i) —— (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a balanced diet. Here (j) —— (use a determiner) nutrionist can help us.

 

15. Tea is the most (a) —— (pre-modify noun) drink in the modern world. It is (b) —— (pre-modify adjective) refreshing. Tea plants grow (c) —— (post-modify verb) on the slope of the hills. In the garden, tea plants are (d) —— (pre-modify verb) planted in rows. (e) —— (pre-modify noun) leaves are plucked for times a year. (f) —— (participle phrase to pre-modify subject), they are processed in a machine and then dried in a cauldron over a furnace. After (g) —— (determiner to pre-modify noun) process, tea is ready for consumption. As a drink, tea is prepared in a (h) —— (pre-modify noun) way. Now, it is a common drink (i) —— (infinitive phrase to post-modify noun). However, taking too much tea is harmful (j) —— (prepositional phrase to post-modify adjective).

 

16. It is said that the other name of (a) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) water is life. By drinking, we quench (b) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) thirst. So we need pure water (c) —— (use infinitive to post-modify the verb) on the earth. But (d) —— (use participle to pre-modify the noun) water is life-killing. By drinking unsafe water, we suffer from (e) —— (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) diseases. We may (f) —— (use pre-modify the verb) face (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) death by taking contaminated water. We are responsible for (h) —— (use demonstrative) pollution. So, (i) —— (pre-modify the noun) awareness is necessary (j) —— (infinitive) water pollution.

 

17. A (a) —— (pre-modify the noun with a noun adjective) morning is misty and cold. There is dense fog (b) —— (post-modify the verb). The sun rises (c) —— (post-modify verb) in the morning. People wear (d) —— (pre-modify the noun) clothes. They get comforts (e) —— (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) in the sun. Those who don’t have clothes suffer from (f) —— (pre-modify the noun) cold. Sometimes, the fog is so dense even things at a distance can (g) —— (pre-modify the verb) be seen. People like (h) —— (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) in doors. The fog disappears when the sun rises up. Dew drops (i) ——, (post-modify the noun with a prepositional phrase) look like pearls. Rural people gather around the fire (j) —— (post-modify the verb with an infinitive phrase).16.

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18. Ayesha Begum has three sons and two daughters. Her husband was a (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) farmer who used (b) —— (post-modify the verb by using infinitive) on other people’s land. With great effort they married (c) —— (use a pronoun) daughters off by the time they reached teenage. The sons also began (d) —— (use present participle to modify the verb) with their father as (e) —— (pre-modify the noun with a noun adjective) labourers when they were old enough to help. By the time they were seventeen, they left for towns (f) —— (use infinitive to post-modify the verb) money. At first they used to send money to their parents (g) —— (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) but after getting married they barely had enough to support their (h) —— (pre-modify the noun) families. Out of desperation, Ayesha Begum started (i) —— (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) in the village to feed her old, (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) husband and herself.

 

 

19. Once there lived a (a) —— (use a pre-modifier of the noun) woodcutter. But he was (b) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) honest. He earned his livelihood by cutting wood and selling them in the market. One day while he was cutting wood near a pond, suddenly (c) —— (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) axe slipped from his hand and fell into the water and soon it sank (d) —— (use a prepositional phrase). The woodcutter could not find any way to get back his axe. He sat by the side of the pond (e) —— (post-modify the verb with an adverb). He was thinking how he could cut wood without axe and maintain (f) —— (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) family. Then a (g) —— (pre-modify the noun) incident took place. A (h) —— (use a pre-modifier of the noun) fairy was passing near the pond. She saw the woodcutter (i) —— (use a present participle to post-modify the verb) by the pond. She asked him with a sweet voice. “Why are you (j) —— (use an intensifier to premodify the adjective) sad? What happened to you?”

 

 

20.Road accident is a common phenomenon in (a) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country. It occurs almost every day. Consequently, people have to face (b) —— (premodify the noun) death. I saw a terrible road accident (c) —— (post-modify the verb). A Dhakabound bus (d) —— (pre-modify the verb) collided with a Chittagongbound bus in Comilla. (e) —— (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) died on the spot. (f) —— (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) passengers (g) ——(use past participle to postmodify the noun) in the accident were immediately hospitalized. (h) —— (pre-modify the noun) scream was heard from every corner. (i) —— (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) road was covered with blood. The police surrounded the whole area. They were investigating the spot. I could not sleep (j) —— (post-modify the verb) last night.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                  Modifier Worksheet-A Answer

 

  1. Answer:  a) greatest, biggest, largest b) developing c) which d) his e) greatly, largely f) unemployment g) many h) to build, to set up i) government j) invested

  2. Answer:  a) greatest b) English, world c) who told him d) narrating their prophecy, highlighting their prophecy e) the king of Scotland, the then king of Scotland f) to kill g) unwillingly, brutally, unkindly h) sleeping i) his j) that

  3. Answer:  a) our b) international c) global d) fluently, properly, correctly e) the f) communication g) your h) skill, career, communication i) in the long run, in your future, in your life j) properly, correctly, fluently  

  4. Answer:  a) familiar, famous, well-known, important b) mostly, greatly, highly c) qualified, certified, skilled d) daily, everyday e) applying his own method, taking a small fee, taking no fee f) rich g) poorly  h) serious, village, poor i) very j) poor

  5. Answer:  a) great, rebel, secular, famous b) many, greatly, largely c) our national poet, a secular poet, our pride d) his e) to guide us, to protest all evils, to rebel against all evils f) very g) greatly, largely, mostly h) Bangla i) a j) in his writing, in his whole life, in his work.  

  6. Answer:  a) applying, making b) this c) acute d) mostly involved, largely involved, greatly involved e) taking, receiving, demanding f) to get g) quickly, epidemically, largely h) largely i) quickly, strictly j) applying, utilizing

  7. Answer:  a) the first black president of South Africa b) that c) government, ruler d) all, many e) human, f) their g) badly, brutally, unkindly h) great i) this j) rising  

  8. Answer:  a) an agricultural country, a land of rivers, a riverine country, a land of South Asia b) some, poor, most c) early, immature d) very e) the f) child g) to work in all day long h) some i) street j) selling  

  9. Answer:  a) cunning, clever b) very c) in search of food, in order to get food d) very e) to lose hope f) mango, banyan g) sitting h) in its beak i) seeing it, watching the peace of meat j) that

  10. Answer:  a) the b) to define c) always d) subjectively e) our f) its g) opposite, appreciating h) their i) all j) different   

  11. Answer:  a) very b) in search of c) to remove his hunger, to satisfy his hunger d) his e) in his beak f) the g) that h) nicely, sweetly i) then, at once j) to sing a song  

  12. Answer:  a) my best friend b) many c) main, fundamental d) this e) his f) early g) regularly, timely, daily h) single i) very j) bad

  13. Answer:  a) the tiger of Bengal b) famous, great c) one d) in his room e) the f) at once, then  g) these h) his i) some j) very

  14. Answer:  a) healthy, nutritive, balanced b) to lead, to enjoy c) balanced d) fatal, many, serious, great e) regularly, easily f) our g) same h) taking, having, eating i) to maintain, to have, to manage j) a  

  15. Answer:  a) popular, common b) always c) well, plenty d) always e) tender, green f) plucking the leaves, collecting the leaves g) the, this h) healthy, serious i) to refresh our mind, to make us fresh j) for all ages people.  

  16. Answer:  a) pure, fresh, uncontaminated b) our c) to live d) polluted, contaminated e) many f) even g) sudden, pre-mature h) this i) public j) to stop, to control, to remove

  17. Answer:  a) winter b) everywhere c) late d) warm e) to bake f) dangerous g) hardly h) to sit i) on the grasses j) to bake themselves  

  18. Answer:  a) poor, landless b) to cultivate, to work c) their d) working e) day f) to earn g) timely, monthly h) own i) to work, to beg j) sick, helpless  

  19. Answer:  a) poor b) very c) his d) down in the river e) sadly, helplessly, emotionally f) his g) strange h) water i) sitting, crying j) very  

  20. Answer:  a) our b) premature, untimely, sudden c) yesterday, last week d) greatly e) some, many f) those g) injured, wounded h) a i) the j) properly, peacefully, fully   

                                                      Modifiers Worksheet-5.0

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HSC Examination -2019 all board questions


 

1. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Dhaka Board 2019] Arsenic is a (a)---(pre-modify the noun) substance. It is (b)---(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dangerous for human health. (c)---(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) substance is found in the water of the tube well. There are (d)---(use quantifier to pre-modify tie noun) villages in (e)---(use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country. Most of our (f)---(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) people drink tube well water. As a result, many of them are suffering from the arsenic problem. This problem is (g)---(pre-modify the verb) found in North Bengal. We should take proper measures (h)---(post-modify the verb with an infinitive phrase). Government is trying to mark the tube wells having arsenic (i)---(use a participle to post modify the verb) red colour. People should be refrained from drinking water of (j) – (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) tube wells. Otherwise, they will suffer from arsenicosis.


 


 

2. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Rajshahi Board 2019]

Taking food is essential. We take food (a) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). We can not survive on earth if we do not take food. In fact (b) — (use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun phrase) living beings need to take food. But it is a matter of great regret that (c) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) food is being adulterated. (d) — (use a noun-adjective to pre-modify the noun) adulteration is increasing (e) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adverb) alarmingly that we cannot stop it. (f) — (use a determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) dishonest businessmen use (g) – (pre-modify the noun) chemicals in food and fruits to make illegal and quick money. But they do not think about (h) – (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) health. (i) — (use present participle) adulterated food, people get sick. They are often attacked with different fatal diseases. So (j) (use a gerund) food safety is a must today.


 


 

3. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Cumilla Board 2019]

Newspaper plays a very (a) —- (pre-modify the noun) role in modern civilization. It publishes news and views of home and abroad. Only (b) – (pre-modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper helps a man (c) – (post modify the verb with an infinitive) his general knowledge. Besides academic books, one should read newspapers (d) — (post modify the verb). The newspaper helps one (e) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) the facts of the world. (i) – (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase) regularly, one can be aware of everything. There are (g) – (pre-modify the noun) kinds of newspaper. One should select the newspaper (h) — (postmodify the verb). One should choose the (i) — (pre-modify the noun) paper because many newspapers present news partially. Whatever the paper is, it (j) – (pre-modify the verb) helps a man.


 


 

4. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Jashore Board 2019]

Air and water are the most (a) — (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) elements of the environment. But we pollute them (b) – (post-modify the verb with an adverb). Mills and factories use fuel (c) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) their products. The burning of this fuel creates smoke (d) — (post-modify the verb with an adverbial). Motor vehicles also pollute the air, (e) – (use an appositive). Water is polluted by (f) – (pre-modify the noun with a quantifier) kinds of waste and filth. We pollute water (g – (post-modify the verb with present participle phrase) into water. Farmers use (h)---(pre modify the noun with an adjective) fertilizers and insecticides and pollute water. (i)---(pre-modify the noun with a past participle) water is (j)---(pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) harmful to health.


 


 

5. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Chattogram Board-2019]

We can’t think of our existence without language. It plays a (a) — (use an intensifier) important role in our life. We use language from the time we wake up (b) — (post-modify the verb) till we go to bed at night. We use language not only in our (c) — (pre-modify the noun) hours but also in our dreams. We use language (d) – (use an infinitive) what we feel and to say what we like or dislike. We also use language (e) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) information. Language is (f) – (pre-modify the adjective) present in our life. It is an (g) – (pre-modify the noun) part of our life. As an (h) — (pre-modify the noun) nation, we also have a language. But we had to struggle (i) — (post-modify the verb) to establish the right of our language. Many (j) — (pre-modify the noun) sons sacrificed their lives for the language.


 


 

6. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Sylhet Board-2019]

A library is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) of knowledge. The students (b) — (use a participle) to all classes visit it in their library periods. Our college library is housed in two rooms. (c) — (pre-modify the noun) almirahs are placed in one room. The other room is the (d) – (use a participle to modify the noun) room where magazines, journals and newspapers are placed. There are about five thousand books in our library which are arranged (e) — (post-modify the verb). Any type of book can be traced in no time. The books cater to the needs and interests (f) — (use a prepositional phrase). There are two separate sections in the library. One of them contains reference books like (g) – (use nouns) etc. The other section contains books (h) — (use prepositional phrase). Every student has a library (i) —- (use a noun). The reading room is always crowded (j) — (post-modify the verb) in the afternoon.


 


 

7. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Barishal Board-2019]

The roads (a)---(use an adjective phrase to post-modify the noun) are beset with problems. (b)---(pre-modify the noun) driving is one of them. Most of the drivers are not (c)--- (pre-modify the participle) trained. They are not well educated. They can (d)---(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) put their signature and read Bengali. They are indifferent to (e) – (use a noun adjective) life. They do not realize that life is (f)---(use a determiner) valuable than time. They drive (g)---(postmodify the verb). They do (h)---(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) drive consciously. Even they themselves are not conscious of (i)---(use a possessive) own lives. They drive (j)---(use an adverb phrase to post-modify the verb) and try to overtake others.

 

 

8. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Dinajpur Board-2019]

Bangladesh is a (a) – (pre-modify the noun) country. Though it is a small country, it has a (b)---(pre-modify the noun) population. People (c)---(pre-modify the verb with an adverb) depend on agriculture. They grow different kinds of crops (d) — (post-modify the verb with an adverbial phrase). We earn (e) — (pre-modify the noun with a noun-adjective) currencies by exporting some of these crops. We are also rich in (f)--- (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) resources. Now, we are able (g)---(post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) natural gas from underground. Our industries are also rising (h) — (post-modify the verb with an adverb). We export (i)---(pre-modify the noun with a noun-adjective) products to the developed countries. In this regard, we have already earned a (j)---(pre-modify the noun) reputation.

 


 

HSC Examination -2018 all board questions


 

9. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Combined Board Kh set-2018]

Television has become the most common and (a)---(pre-modify the noun) source of entertainment of the (b) – (pre-modify the noun) world. A wide range of programs of (c)---(pre-modify the adjective) interest is telecast on (d)---(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) channels. Almost every middle class and even working-class families have a television set today. (e)---(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) programs are (f)---(pre-modify the adjective) entertaining. They can be (g) – (pre-modify the adjective) educative too. Courses (h)---(post modify the noun) by the Open University are shown on BTV. (i)---(pre-modify the noun) channels like the Discovery Channel and the National Geographic Channel telecast highly informative programs. However, watching TV has become (j)--- (use an article) addiction for many.

 

 

10. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Combined Board Kha set-2018;Sylhet Board-2017]

Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the Shelley of Bengali Literature. He was a (a)---(pre-modify the noun) poet. He wrote (b)---(post-modify the verb) in every branch of Bengali Literature. Nazrul, (c)--- (use an appositive), won the attention of everyone in his early childhood. He wrote ceaselessly until the death of (d)---(use possessive pronoun) poetic flair. He composed his songs (e)---(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). His songs are (f)---(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) melodious. He enriched the Bengali Literature (g)---(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb). His literary works have enriched (h)---(use a noun adjective) literature. He was (i)---(use an article) secular poet. He sang the songs of equality (j )--- (use an adverbial phrase).

 


 

HSC Examination -2017 all board questions


 

11. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Dhaka Board-2017]

Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) – (post-modify the verb). To meet up the basic needs of food and housing, trees are being cut in large scale and thus it causes (b) —- (pre-modify the noun) imbalance. Besides, there are some dishonest people who cut trees in our forest (c) —- (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). The (d) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) level is ‘rising and many parts of the world are going to be engulfed by the sea in near future. New areas of the world are (e) — (use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert as a result of deforestation. So, we must stop (f) — (use a participle to post-modify the verb) down trees unnecessarily. (g) – (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees indiscriminately will be hazardous for our future existence. If we destroy trees (h) – (use an adverbial phrase to postmodify the verb) one day the country will turn into a great dessert. The (i) —- (use a participle to pre modify the noun) temperature will cause the greenhouse effect. Necessary measures should be taken (j) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb)

 

 

12. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Rajshahi Board 2017]

Ayesha Begum has three sons and two daughters. Her husband was a (a)---(pre-modify the noun) farmer who used (b) — (post-modify the verb by using infinitive) on other people’s land. With great effort, they married (c) — (use a pronoun) daughters off by the time they reached teenage. The sons also started (d) —- (use a present participle to modify the verb) with their father as (e) – (pre-modify the noun) labourers when they were old enough to help. By the time they were seventeen, they left for towns (f)--- (use the infinitive to post-modify the verb) money. At first, they used to send money to their parents (g) – (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) but after getting married they barely had enough to support their (h) – (pre-modify the noun) families. Out of desperation; Ayesha Begum started (i) — (post-modify the verb) in the village to feed her old, (j)--- (pre-modify the noun) husband and herself.

 

 

13. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Cumilla Board 2017]

A balanced diet is a good mixture of (a) —- (pre-modify the noun) foods. It is essential for us (b) – (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a healthy life. There are many benefits of eating a (c) – (pre-modify the noun) diet because it prevents (d) — (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) diseases. As a result we do not get sick (e)---(post-modify the verb with an adverb). We should select (f)--- (pre-modify the noun with possessive) diet according to our needs. We should not eat the (g)---(use adjective to pre-modify the noun) foods for the whole week. We can keep fit (h) – (use a participle) a balanced diet. But it is not easy (i)---(post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a balanced diet. Here (j) — (use a determiner) nutritionist can help us.

 

 

14. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Jashore Board-2017; Barishal Board-2016]

A village doctor is a very (a) —- (pre-modify the noun) person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) — (pre-modify the verb) known as quack. A village doctor is not a (c) – (pre-modify the noun) doctor. He usually sits in a small dispensary (d) — (post-modify the verb). He treats the patients (e) – (use a participle phrase to post-modify the verb). A village doctor is not a (f) —- (pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g) — (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly medicine to (h) —- (pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j). (pre-modify the noun) villagers.

 

 

15. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Chattogram Board-2017]

The people of Bangladesh have expressed their shock (a)---(post-modify the verb) at the reaction of the Pakistan Parliament. Pakistan strongly protested the execution of two (b)--- (pre-modify the noun) collaborators who committed crimes against humanity on their own people in 1971. There is a demand for an apology from (c)---(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) government for the crimes of its army during the liberation war of Bangladesh. Recently Pakistan’s National Assembly may be within its rights (d)---(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) for the execution of two collaborators. But it is quite clear to us that Pakistan always tries to erase its past history. To erase (e)---(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) history is not easy because history continues to follow all of us. Pakistan, (j)---(post-modify the noun with an appositive), cannot come out of its military influence. As a result, the country has become (g)---(use an intensifier to premodify the adjective) barbarous. So, Pakistan is going down (h)--- (use an adverb to post-modify the verb). The founder of Pakistan Mr Jinnah was physically (i)---(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) weak and so, the state always tried to show its physical strength since (j)--- (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) birth.


 


 

16. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Barishal Board-2017]

Raja, (a)--- (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is known to his classmates as a good student. He has (b)---(use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) good qualities. He knows that the (c)--- (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) duty of a student is to study and he never neglects (d)---(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) duty. He prepares (e)---(use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons regularly. He maintains discipline. He knows the value of time. He gets up (f)---(post-modify the verb with an adverb) so that he can get enough time to study. He goes to school (g)--- (post-modify the verb with an adverb). He never wastes a (h)---(use determiner to pre-modify the noun) moment in vain. Raja is (i)---(pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) gentle. He always obeys his parents and teachers. He never mixes with (j)---(pre-modify the noun) boys. A student like Raja is a great asset of a nation.

 

 

17. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Dinajpur Board-2017]

Sabbir is (a)--- (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) ideal student. He prepares (b) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons in collaboration with his teachers. He does (c)---(post-modify the verb) in every examination as he does not waste time. He knows time once lost is lost forever. So, he utilizes every moment. During his free time, he goes to his native village. He teaches (d)---(pre-modify the noun) people. He wants (e)---(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) illiteracy from his village. (f)--- (use a present participle to pre-modify the verb) illiteracy from his village, he wants to bring about massive development there. He is (g)---(use an intensifier to premodify the adjective) devoted to God. He says prayer (h)---(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times a day. He never tells a lie. He respects his parents very much. Other superiors are also respected by him. His father, (i)---(post-modify the noun phrase with an appositive) supports him cordially. His mother, an ideal housewife, (j)---(pre-modify the verb) supports him very much. Such a student like Sabbir is rarely found nowadays.

 

 

HSC Examination -2016 all board questions


 

18. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Dhaka Board-2016]

Rabindranath Tagore was a (a)--- (pre-modify the noun) poet of Bengali literature. He was born in a (b)--- (pre-modify the noun) family at Jarasanko, Kolkata. He went to school (c)--- (post-modify the verb). He wrote his (d)---(pre-modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, he went to London (e)--- (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) school there. He was put up in a lodging house under the care of a (f)---(pre-modify the noun) coach, Mr Scott. He was lucky (g)---(post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) an English family of Mr Scott. He also visited the House of Parliament (h)--- (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) Gladstone and John Bright’s debates on Irish rule. He wrote letters to Kolkata (i)---(post-modify the verb with a present participle) English society. At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j)--- (postmodify the verb). So, he was called back to Kolkata.

 

 

19. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Rajshahi Board 2016]

It was a hot (a) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) day. A (b) – (pre-modify the noun) crow flew all over the fields looking for water. For a long time, she could not find any water. She felt (c)---(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) weak, almost giving up hope. Suddenly, she saw a water jug below her. She flew (d) – (post-modify the verb) to see if there was any water inside. Yes, she could see some water inside the jug. The crow tried (e)--- (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Sadly, she found that the neck of the jug was too narrow. Then she tried to push the jug down for the water to flow out. But she found (f)---(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) jug too heavy. The Crow thought (g)---(use a phrase to post-modify the verb) what to do. (h)---(use a participle to pre-modify the verb), she saw some pebbles nearby. She (i)---(pre modify the verb) had a good idea. She started picking up the pebbles one by one, dropping each into the jug. As more and more pebbles filled the jug, the water level kept rising. Soon it was high (j)---(post-modify the adjective) for the crow to drink. The crow quenched her thirst and flew away.

 

 

 

20. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Cumilla Board 2016]

I had a peculiar experience (a)---(Post-modify the verb) while travelling to St. Martin’s Island. visited the island along with my family. Zahid, (b)--- (Post-modify the noun with an appositive), was our guide. On our way to the island, we watched (c)--- (use a determiner to pre-modify the noun) seagulls. The (d)---(pre-modify the noun) birds were flying (e)---(post-modify the verb) with the ship. They became (f)---(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear and friendly to us. We entertained them with chips and biscuits. (g)---them (use a present participle to pre-modify the verb), we became (h)---(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) excited. We decided (i)---(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) in the idyllic island for a couple of days. We can never forget (j)---(use a demonstrative to pre-modify the adjective phrase) lovely sea birds.

 

 

21. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Jashore Board-2016]

Most of the people in (a)---(use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. In fact, it is an (b)---(use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a (c) – (pre-modify the noun) village. So, if you know English (d)---(post- modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e)--- (use the article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f)---(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without the knowledge of English with proper understanding, you cannot complete (g) – (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English in the process of higher education. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) – (use a noun-adjective) development. In short, if you do not have a good command of English, you will suffer (i)--- (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase/ Adverbial) of your life. So, don’t waste your time and try to learn English (j)---(post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.

 

 

 

22. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Chattogram Board-2016]

Once there lived a (a)--- (pre-modify noun) fox in a jungle. One day, while he was walking (b) – (post-modify the verb) through the jungle, he fell into a trap and lost his tail. He felt (c)---(pre modify the adjective) unhappy and sad. But the fox was very cunning. He hit upon a plan. He invited all the foxes (d)---(post modify the verb with an infinitive) to a meeting. When all the foxes arrived, the fox without a tail said, “My dear friends, listen to me, please, I have discovered a (e)---(pre modify the noun) thing. It is that our tails are (f)---(pre-modify the adjective) useless. They look ugly and dirty. So, we all should cut off our tails, shouldn’t we?” All foxes listened to the cunning fox (g)--- (post-modify the verb). Most of them agreed (h)---(post-modify the verb with an infinitive) their tails. But an old and (i)---(pre-modify the noun) fox said to him, “My friend, your plan is nice but evil. Actually, you want to cut off our tails because you have (j)---(pre-modify the noun with a determiner) tail of your own.”

 


 

23. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Sylhet Board-2016]

Othello, (a)---(use an appositive to post-modify the noun), had risen to become a general. He had shown his bravery in many (b)---(use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) battles against the Turks. Everyone praised him (c)--- (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) and the senate trusted and honoured him. Brabantio, a rich senator of Venice had a daughter named Desdemona (d)---(use a relative clause to post-modify the noun). Brabantio (e)---(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) invited Othello to his house where he and his daughter listened in wonder to Othello as he spoke about his adventures. He told them of deserts, of caves and of mountains high (f)---(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) to touch the sky. Desdemona had to weep (g)---(use a present participle to post-modify the verb phrase) and she never became tired of listening to it. She pitied Othello (h)---(use an adverb to post-modify the verb) for the misfortunes and hardships of his life. Her pity (i)---(use an adverb to post-modify the verb) turned to love. She refused all the young men (j)---(use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) because she loved Othello, a noble Muslim Moor from North Africa.

 

 

 

24. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces. [Dinajpur Board-2016]

Water is a (a)---(pre-modify the noun) substance. It has no colour of (b)--- (possessive to pre modify) own. The (c) (determiner to pre-modify the noun) name of water is life. By drinking water, we can quench (d)---(possessive to pre-modify the noun) thirst. Thus we can survive on earth. But (e)---(pre-modify the noun) water is life killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer from diseases like diarrhoea, typhoid etc. We may (f)---(pre-modify the verb) face (g) (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking such type of water. We are responsible for (h)---(noun adjective to pre modify the noun) pollution. Waste materials from mills and factories are thrown here and there. Farmers use fertilizers and insecticides on their land. During the rainy season, they are mixed with ponds and rivers. Besides, latrines (i) – (participle to post-modify the noun) on ponds and rivers cause water pollution. (j)---(pre-modify the noun) awareness should be raised to stop water pollution.

                      Modifiers Worksheet-5.1


1.    Load-shedding, (a) — (Post modify the noun with an appositive), means intentional stopping of the supply of electricity in a (b) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) area for a certain period of time. It occurs when (c) — (Use article to pre-modify the noun) generation of power is less than the demand. Load shedding hampers our (d) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) household activities. Students cannot prepare (e) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons and idle away their time. Parents suffer (f) — (Post-modify the verb with an adverb) because of load shedding. In fact, load shedding hampers the smooth (g) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) development of a country. In order to solve the problem, we should try (h) — (Use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) more electricity through government and (i) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) initiatives. An all-out effort can solve (j) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) problem.


2.    A village doctor is a (a|) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) familiar person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) —- (pre-modify the verb) known as a quack. A village doctor is not a (c) — (pre-modify the noun) doctor. He (d) — (pre-modify the verb) sits in a small dispensary in the morning and evening. He treats the patients (e) — (use a participle to post-modify the verb) small fees. A village doctor is not a (f) —- (pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g) — (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly medicines to the (h) — (pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) —- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j) —- (pre-modify the noun) people.

 

 

3.    Nelson Mandela, (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is one of the greatest leaders of the world. During (b) — (use article to pre-modify the noun) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the no-Europeans. It was a (c) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) policy of racial segregation. The blacks were subjected to (d) — (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) sorts of indignities. They were denied all basic (e) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) own country. The blacks were also treated (g) — (use an adverb to post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the blacks. The (h) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) —- (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) great man was thrown behind the prison bars. But the oppressive rulers could not break his sprit. All his life he struggled against apartheid. Eventually, the great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating (j) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) people.

 


 
4.    21st February, (a) — (use an appositive to post-modify the noun), in our history is now observed as the International Mother Language Day all over the world. On this day, people of our country get up (b) — (post-modify the verb) in the morning remembering the memory of the martyrs. They walk (c) — (post-modify the verb) to the Sheed Minar. Most of them put on (d) — (pre-modify the noun) badges on their shoulder. They go to the Shaheed Minar (e) — (use a participle) the most cherished song “Amar vaiyer rokte rangano —” They pay homage and tribute to the memory of the martyrs. Offering the flowers, the pray for the (f) — (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) souls. They also gather in mosques, temples and other (g) — (pre-modify the noun) institutions and pray for the salvation of the martyr’s (h) — (pre-modify the noun) soul. Different social and cultural organizations arrange (i) — (pre-modify the noun) programs on (j) — (use a demonstrative) day.

 


5.    One day Robert Bruce, (a) — (post-modify the noun with appositive), was lying in the cave. He was thinking of (b) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) misfortune. He thought that he would not be able (c) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify, the verb). Suddenly, he saw a spider (d) — (post-modify the verb with a prepositional/an adverbial of place). The spider was trying to reach (e) — (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) ceiling of the cave. It almost got to the point (f) — (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times, but fell down at the last moment. It did not lose hope. It was trying (g) — (post-modify the verb with an adverbial). On the seventh attempt it reached the ceiling. Robert Bruce became very much amazed (h) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) the success of the spider. He felt encouraged and came out of the cave and began to gather soldiers again. He remembered the small spider and prepared (i) — (post modify the verb with an adverb) for the battle. He fought hard with the English and (j) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time, he came out successful. Strong will and perseverance made Robert Bruce the king of Scotland again.

 

 

6.    Bangladesh (a) — (Post-modify the noun with an appositive), has a huge population. Most people here live below the (b) — (Use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) line and can’t therefore afford to educate (c) — (Use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) children. Many poor children either drop out of school after just a (d) — (Use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) years or simply do not go to school at all. Despite this situation, we have far too many students (e) — (Use infinitive to post-modify the verb) compared to the number of institutions available. Bangladesh needs (f) — (Use a determiner to pre-modify the noun) schools, colleges and universities to provide for the (g) — (Pre-modify the noun with a present participle) number of students. But the government cannot fund the (h) — (Pre-modify the noun) number of educational institutions. At present every educational institution is over-crowded and class size is (i) — (Pre-modify the adjective) large. Students do not get a (j) — (Pre-modify the noun) education for lack of facilities.

 


7.    Nobel Prize is awarded for (a) — (pre-modify the noun) contributions to different fields. It is awarded in (b) — (pre-modify the noun) fields. It is the world’s most (c) — (pre-modify the noun) prize. If the recipients are more than one, the prize money is divided (d) — (post-modify the verb) among them. Alfred Nobel founded the Nobel Prize. He earned a lot of money (e) — (pot-modify the verb with a present participle phrase). For this (f) — (pre-modify the noun) invention he became famous. His name and fame spread (g) — (post-modify the verb). There is a Nobel committee (h) — (post-modify the noun with an infinitive) the right person for award. The winners of Nobel Prize are treated with (i) — (pre-modify the noun) respect. The world will always remember Alfred Nobel for his (j) — (pre-modify the noun) contribution.

 


8.    Books are (a) — (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) essential for us. They help us (b) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) knowledge. (c) — (pre-modify the verb with a present participle) books, we can know everything. They show us the (d) — (pre-modify the noun) way. Books can be our (e) — (pre-modify the noun) friends. They help us (f) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) our mind. They improve our (g) — (pre-modify the noun) power. They give us solace to our (h) — (pre-modify the noun|) mind. Besides reading (i) — (pre-modify the noun) books, students should read other books. If they read other books, they will be able to know everything (j) — (post modify the verb).

 

9.    Rabindranath Tagore was a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) poet of Bengali literature. He was born in a (b)——(pre-modify the noun) family at Jarasanko, Kolkata. He went to school(c) — (post modify the verb). He wrote his (d) — (pre modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, he went to London (e) — (post modify the verb with infinitive) school there. He was put up in lodging house under the care of a (f) — (pre modify the noun) coach, Mr. Scott. He was lucky (g) —— (post modify the adjective with infinitive) an English family of Mr. Scott. He also visited the House of parliament (h) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) Gladstone and John Bright’s debates on Irish rule. He wrote letters to Kolkata (i) — (post modify the verb with a present participle) English society. At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j) — (post modify the verb). So, he was called back to Kolkata.

 


10.    Macbeth was the General of Scotland. He fought (a) — (post modify the verb) and won the battle. While he was returning to the castle, he saw three witches (b) — (post modify the noun with a present participle) about him. He came (c) — (post modify the noun with an infinitive) from the witches that he would be the king of Scotland. He became (d) — (pre modify the adjective with an intensifier) ambitious. His wife also wanted Macbeth (e) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) the king. She was a very (f) — (pre modify the noun) woman. So she began (g) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) Macbeth. Then they both plotted to kill Duncan, (h) — (post modify the noun with an appositive). They planned (i) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) Duncan when he would come to stay with them in their castle (j) — (pre-modify the verb with a present participle) a knife. Macbeth entered the room of Duncan and killed him.
 

 


11.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed.
Smoking is (a)---(use determiner) very bad habit. It is (b) ---(use adverb) dangerous habit. It affects the smoker (c) ---(Modify the adverb) dangerously. It causes (d) ---(use quantifier) fatal diseases in (e) ---(use possessive) body. Nicotine of tobacco (f) ---(pre-modify the verb) disturbs (g) ---(use noun adjective) circulation through veins. It also hampers the supply of oxygen in the body and damages the lungs (h) --- (use prepositional phrase). Smoking irritates eyes, offends the nose and unsettles the minds, causes cough in the (i) ---(modify the noun) age of the smoker. (j) ---(pre-modify the noun) smokers sometimes cause various social evils.


12.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.
Afforestation is the (a)---(use an intensifier to per-modify the adjective) beneficial program to us. We all know about (b) ---(use a determiner) harmful effects of deforestation. Deforestation (c) ---(use a relative clause to post-modify the noun) is one of the causes of global warming. Not only that, it has (d) ---(use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) negative impacts on our daily life. Deforestation has caused the extinction of various (e)---(pre-modify the noun) animals. On the other hand, afforestation has a (f) ---(pre-modify the noun) impact on human life, animals and environment. In Bangladesh, tree plantation programme is conducted by both the government and private firms. (g) ---(use a possessive) Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world. (h) ---(use an infinitive phrase), public awareness is also important. We all know that trees, (i) ---(use an appositive), provide us with food shelter, oxygen, timber etc. They also protect us from different (j) ---(pre-modify the noun) calamities.


13.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.
The room (a)--- (use a participle phrase to post-modify the noun) is called a reading room. Since 1 am a student, I have a (b) ---(pre-modify the noun) reading room of my own. It is a big room (c) ---(use a relative clause to post-modify the noun). There are two doors and two spacious windows. Sunlight can (d) ---(premodify the verb) enter (e) --- (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) room. There are a table, a chair and a (f) ---(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) shelf in my reading room. There is also a table clock (g) ---(use a prepositional phrase to post-modify the noun). The books are (h) ---(pre-modify the adjective) arranged. I do not allow anyone to enter my room during my studies. I feel (i) ---(post-modify the verb) in my reading room. Sometimes, Rana, (j) ---(post-modify the noun with an appositive), studies in my room.


14.     Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.
One day Robert Bruce, (a)--- (post- modify the noun with an appositive), was lying in the cave. He was thinking of (f) --- (Use possessive to pre- modify the noun) misfortune. He thought that he would not be able (c) ---(Use an infinitive phrase to modify the verb). Suddenly he saw a spider (d) --- (post -modify the verb with a prepositional phrase/an adverbial of place). The spider was trying to reach (e) ---(Use article to pre-modify the noun) ceiling of the cave. It almost got to the point (f) ---(Use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) time, but fell down at the last moment. It did not lose hope. It was trying (g)---(post –modify the verb with an adverb). On the seventh attempt it reached the ceiling. Robert Bruce became very much amazed (h)---(Use an infinitive phrase to post –modify the verb) the success of the spider. He felt encouraged and came out of the cave and began to gather soldiers again. He remembered the small spider and prepared (i)---(post –modify the verb with an adverb) for the battle. He fought hard with the English and (j)---(Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time, he came out successful. Strong will and perseverance made Robert Bruce the king of Scotland again.


15.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.
Socrates, (a) ---(post-modify the noun with an appositive), believed that an angry man was more of a beast than a (b)---(Use adjective to pre-modify the noun) being. His wife used to lose (c) ---(Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) temper in the slightest excuse. She tried her utmost (d)--- (Use an infinitive phrase to post –modify the non phrase) Socrates. (e) ---(Use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) day the woman became more furious than ever. She began to insult (f) ---(Use article to pre- modify the noun) great scholar of Gerard. Socrates went (g)--- (post-modify the verb an adverbial of place). He sat on the (h)---(Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) step of his residence looking out on the path street. The wife found that (i) ---- (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) husband was not paying the least heed to her word. She went up to him with a bucket full of water and suddenly she poured much water over him. He (j)---(Use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) remarked. “I am expecting this. After thunder, comes rain.”

 


16.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.
Nelson Mandela (a).... (use an appositive to modify noun) guided South Africa to a (b).... (modify noun) democracy as (c).... (modify noun) icon of peace and reconciliation, who came to embody the struggle for justice. Imprisoned for nearly (d).... (use quantifier to modify noun) decades for his fight against white minority Rule. Mandela (e).... (pre-modify the verb) lost his resolve to fight for (f).... (use possessive to modify noun) emancipation. He was determined to avoid (g).... (modify noun) war. (h).... (modify noun with possessive) prestige and charisma helped him win in the world support. “I hate (i).... (use noun adjective) discrimination (j).... (use intensifier) intensely and in all its manifestations.”

 

Read the following text carefully and use suitable modifiers in the blank spaces.
17.    Computer is an advanced (a) —  (use adjective as premodifier) device that takes raw data as input (b) —  (use prepositional phrase as postmodifier) and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (c) —  (use past participle as premodifier) program and gives the result named output and saves output (d) —  (use prepositional phrase as postmodifier). It can process both numerical and non-numerical calculations. A computer has (e) —  (use cardinal adjective as premodifier) functions : it accepts data, processes data, produces, output and stores results. Input is the raw information (f) —  (use present participle) into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc. Process is the operation of data as per (g) —  (use past participle phrase as postmodifier). It is totally internal process of the (h) — (use noun as premodifier) system. Output is the processed data (i) — (use past participle phrase as postmodifier) after data processing. Output is also called result. We can save (j) — (use demonstrative adjective as premodifier) results in the storage devices for future use.
 
18.            The first and (a) — (Premodify the noun) duty in student life is (b) —  (postmodify using infinitive). A student should remember that knowledge is power. He should read not only his (c) — (premodify the noun using past participle) books but also the books of (d) —  (premodify the noun using adjective) writers in (e) — (premodify the noun using adjective) branches of studies. He has also to read newspapers, journals and magazines and widen (f) —  (premodify the noun using possessive adjective) outlook. He has to fix his aim of life and equip himself for (g) — (premodify the noun using demonstrative adjective) profession. He should keep (h) — (postmodify using prepositional phrase) that the students of today are the (i)  (premodify the noun using adjective) leaders of the nation. Therefore, a student should not waste (j)  — (premodify the noun using possessive adjective) time, energies and faculties in matters other than education and learning.
19.    Once a farmer had a goose. It used to lay a (a) — pre-modify the noun) egg every day. The farmer used to sell them (b) —  (post-modify the verb). He was happy (c) — (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) every day. But his wife was a (d) — (pre-modify the noun) woman. She wanted (e) – (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) all egg together. Then she would be a rich woman (f) — (post-modify the verb). She cut the belly of the goose (g) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) her greed. (h) — (pre-modify the verb with present participle) of the goose, she found no egg there. She became (i) — (pre-modify the adjective with adverb) disappointed and lost the goose forever. She realized that it was her greed that brought her (j) — (pre-modify the noun) luck.
 
20.    I had gathered a peculiar experience (a) — (post modify the verb) while travelling to St. Martin’s Island. I visited the island along with my family. Zahid, (b) — (post modify the noun with an appositive) was my guide. On the way to the island, we watched (c) — (demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) sea gulls. The (d) — (pre-modify the noun) birds were flying (e) — (post-modify the verb) with the ship. They became (f) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear and friendly to us. We entertained them with biscuits; (g) — them (use a present participle to pre-modify the verb) we became (h) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) excited. We decided (i) — (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb) in the idyllic island for a couple of days. We can never forget (j) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the adjective phrase to post modify the verb) lovely sea birds.
 
21.    Language plays a (a) — (pre-modify the adjective with an adverb) important role in our life. We use language from the time we wake up (b) — (post-modify the verb with an adverbial phrase) till we go to bed at night. We use language not only in our waking hours but also in our (c) — (use noun as a post-modifier). We use language (d) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) what we feel and to say what we like or dislike. We also use language (e) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) information. Language is (f) — (pre-modify the adjective with an adverb) present in our activities. It is an (g) — (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) part of our life. As an (h) — (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) nation we also have a language. But we used to struggle (i) — (post-modify the verb with an adverb) to establish the right to our language. Many (j) — (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) sons sacrificed their live for the language.
 
22.    Education (a) — (use appositive to post-modify the noun) is essential for development. We can improve (b) — (possessive to pre-modify the noun) mind. An (c) — (adjective to pre-modify the noun) person has the ability (d) — (infinitive phrase). One can refine one’s sensibility (e) — (present participle phrase). Actually, the educated are able to bring about (f) — (pre-modify the noun) development. On the other hand, an (g) —(pre-modify the noun with adjective) person (h) — (adverb to pre-modify the verb) lag behind. So, the educated should come forward (i) — (prepositional phrase) to educate all in the society to unload (j) — (use determiner) owes to the country.
 
23.    Once upon a time a (a) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) fox was roaming in search of food (b) — (Post-modify the verb with adverbial). He looked, but could not find anything (c) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). He was feeling very weak and tired due to hunger. (d) — (Pre-modify the verb with adverb) he saw a garden at a distance. He went there without (e) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) number of grape vines laden with bunch of grapes. (f) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun phrase) grapes looked quite ripe and juicy. The fox looked at the grapes with longing eyes and licked (g) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) chops. The grapes were in a place too high for him. The fox tried (h) — (Post-modify the verb with adverbial). But he failed (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Therefore, he walked away in despair.
 
24.    Bangladesh is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) country but has a (b) —— (pre-modify the noun) population. Most people here live below the (c) — (Use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) line and can’t therefore afford to educate their children. Many poor children either drop out of school (d) — (post-modify the verb with a phrase) or (e) —— (pre-modify the verb) simply do not go to school at all. Despite this situation, we have far too many students (f) — (Use infinitive to post-modify the verb) compared to the number of institutions (g) —— (post-modify the noun). Bangladesh needs more schools, colleges and universities to provide for the (h) — (Pre-modify the noun with a present participle) number of students. But owing to financial and resource constrains, the government cannot fund the (h) — (Pre-modify the noun) number of educational institutions. At present, there is hardly any educational institution (j) —— (post-modify the nun with adjective clause).

25.     One hot (a) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) day an ant was searching for some water. After walking for some time she came to a (b) —- (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) spring. To reach the spring she had to climb up a blade of grass. While climbing the blade of (c) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) grass, she slipped and fell into water. A dove from a mango tree saw this incident. (d) — (use a present participle phrase to pre-modify the verb), the dove quickly plucked off a leaf and dropped it into the water near the (e) — (use a present participle to pre-modify the noun) ant. The ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up there. Soon it carried her (f) — (use an adverb to post modify the verb) to the dry ground. Just at that time the ant saw a hunter standing (g) —- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) close to her. When the hunter was aiming an arrow at the dove, the ant decided (h) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). She went (i) — (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) towards the hunter and gave him a severe bite. The hunter crying out in pain missed the target. Seeing this, the dove flew away (j) — (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) her life.


26.    Othello, (a) — (use an appositive to post modify the noun) had risen to become a general. He had shown his bravery in many (b) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) battles against the Turks. Every one praised him (c) — (use adverb to post modify the verb) and the senate trusted and honoured him. Brabantio, a rich senator of Venice had a daughter named Desdemona (d) — (use a relative clause to post modify the noun). Brabantio (e) — (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) invited Othello to his house where he and his daughter listened in wonder to Othello as he spoke about his adventures. He told them of deserts, of caves and of mountains high (f) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) to touch the sky. Desdemona had to weep (g) — (use present participle to post modify the verb phrase) and she never became tired of listening to it. She pitied Othello (h) — (use an adverb to post modify the verb) for the misfortune and hardships of his life. Her pity (i) — (use an adverb to post modify the verb) turned to love. She refused all the young men (j) — (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) because she loved Othello, a noble Muslim Moor from North Africa.
27.    
The newspaper (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive) is a printed record of current event. It gives us (b) — (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) important news of home and abroad. In a word, the newspaper is like (c) — (use article to pre-modify the noun) mirror of the world. The newspaper was first introduced in China. The “Indian Gazette” was the (d) — (use determiner to pre-modify phrase) newspaper of the subcontinent. The Samachar Darpon was first (e) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun newspaper. A newspaper is (f) — (use an adverb to modify the adjective) useful to us. We cannot think of (g) — (use possessive to modify the noun) morning without it. (h)— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) people have different taste. So, a newspaper supplies us with (i) — (use a determiner to modify the noun) sort of news. We all should read newspaper (j) — (post modify the verb with adverb).


28.    Rabindranath Tagore, (a) — (Post-modify the noun with an appositive) was born in 1861 in a (b) — (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) family at Jorasako in Kolkata. He was (c) — (Use article to pre- modify the noun phrase) fourteenth child of Devendranath and Sarada Devi Tagore. He went to school (d) — (Post-modify the verb with an adverbial of time) and wrote his (e) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, in 1878 he reached London (f) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb). He gathered (g) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) experience from his stay in London. (h) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) experience had a lasting effect on his later life. In 1880, Rabindranath returned home without (i) — (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) qualifications of distinction. However, he never gave up (j) — (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) habit of writing poetry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his Gitanjali.
 

                                                   Modifiers Worksheet-5.2
Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces:-


1.          The people of Bangladesh have expressed their shock (a) ––– (post-modify the verb) at the reaction of the Pakistan Parliament. Pakistan strongly protested the execution of two (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) collaborators who committed crimes against humanity on their own people in 1971. There is a demand for apology from (c) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) government for the crimes of its army during the liberation war of Bangladesh. Recently Pakistan’s National Assembly maybe within its rights (d) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb) for the execution of two collaborators. But it is quite clear to us that Pakistan always tries to erase its past history. To erase (e) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) history is not easy because history continues to follow all of us. Pakistan, (f)  ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), cannot come out of its military influence. As a result, the country has become (g) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) barbarous. So, Pakistan is going down (h)(use an adverb to post-modify the verb). The founder of Pakistan Mr. Jinnah was physically (i) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) weak and so, the state always tried to show its physical strength since (j) ––– (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) birth.

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2.        Raja, (a) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is known his classmates as a good student. He has (b) ––– (use a quantifier to pre-modify to noun) good qualities. He knows that the (c) ––– (use an adjective to pre modify the noun) duty of a student is to study and he never neglects (d) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) duty. He prepares (e) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lesson regularly. He maintains discipline. He knows the value of time. He gets up (f) ––– (post-modify the verb with an adverb) so that he can get enough time to study. He goes to school (g) ––– (post-modify the verb with an adverb). He never wastes a (h) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) moment in vain. Raja is (i) ––– (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) gentle. He always obeys his parents and teachers. He never mixes with (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) boys. A student like Raja is a great asset of a nation.


3.    Rabiul is (a) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) ideal student. He prepares (b) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons in collaboration with his teachers. He does (c) ––– (post-modify the verb) in every examination as he does not waste time. He knows time once lost is lost forever. So, he utilizes every moment. During his free time, he goes to his native village. He teaches (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) people. He wants (e) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) illiteracy from his village. (f) ––– (use present participle to pre-modify the verb) illiteracy form his village, he wants to bring about massive development there. He is (g) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) devoted to God. He says his prayer (h) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times a day. He never tells a lie. He respects his parents very much. Other superiors are also respected by him. His father, (i) ––– (post-modify the noun phrase with an appositive) supports him cordially. His mother, an ideal housewife (j) ––– (pre-modify the verb) supports him very much. Such a student like Subbir is rarely found nowadays.


4.    Rabindranath Tagore was a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) poet of Bengali Literature. He was born in a (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) family at Jarasanko, Kolkata. He went to school (c) ––– (post-modify the verb). He wrote his (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) verse at the age of eight. At the age of seventeen, he went to London (e) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) school there. He was put up in a lodging house under the care of a (f) ––– (pre-modify the noun) coach, Mr. Scott. He was lucky (g) ––– (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) an English family of Mr. Scott. He also visited the House of Parliament (h) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) to Gladstone and John Bright’s debates on Irish rule. He wrote letters to Kolkata (i) ––– (post-modify the verb with a present participle) English society. At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j) ––– (post-modify the verb). So, he was called back to Kolkata.

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5.    We know that (a) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) species are important for maintaining (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) balance. If one is lost, the whole natural environment (c) ––– (pre-modify the verb) changes. In order to protect the environment from being spoilt, we should (d) ––– (pre-modify the verb) protect (e) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) wildlife, (f) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) good news is that (g) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) countries are (h) ––– (pre-modify the verb) taking action to protect their endangered wild life. George Lay Cock, (i) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive) writes. "Mankind must develop a concern for wild creatures and a determination that (j) ––– (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) wild species will not perish".


6.    One day Robert Bruce, (a) ––– (Post modify the noun with an appositive), was lying in a cave. He was thinking of (b) ––– (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) misfortune. He thought that he would not be able (c) ––– (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Suddenly, he saw a spider (d) ––– (post-modify the verb with a prepositional phrase/an adverbial of place). The spider was trying to reach (e) ––– (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) ceiling of the cave. It almost got to the point (f) ––– (Use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times, but fell down at the last moment. It did not lose hope. It was trying (g) ––– (Post-modify the verb with an adverbial). On the seventh attempt it reached the ceiling. Robert Bruce became very much amazed  (h) ––– (Use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) the success of the spider. He felt encouraged and came out of the cave and began to gather soldiers again. He remembered the small spider and prepared (i) ––– (Post-modify the verb with an adverb) for the battle. He fought hard with the English and (J) ––– (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time, he came out successful. Strong will and perseverance made Robert Bruce the king of Scotland.

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7.    One night Hazi Mohammad Mohsin was in (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) sleep. Suddenly he heard a sound and woke up (b) ––– (an infinitive to post-modify the verb) what happened. He discovered a thief (c) ––– (use a present participle) valuable articles from his room. He advanced (d) ––– (an adverb to post-modify the verb) and caught the thief (e) ––– (post-modifier the verb). Mohsin was a (f) ––– (pre-modifier of the noun) man. He wanted (g) ––– (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) why he was stealing. The thief replied that he had been starving (h) ––– (use a prepositional phrase),(i) ––– (use a participle phrase) Mohsin became sympathetic, he set the thief (j) ––– (use an adjective).


8.    Drug addiction is a curse of (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) civilization. Drug is usually used as medicine (b) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) diseases and an excess of taking drug for no disease is called drug addiction. The drug addiction has grasped the young generation (c) ––– (post-modify the verb). They take drugs to forget their (d) ––– (post-modify the noun) past or memories. People (e) ––– (pre-modify the verb) take heroine, opium, morphine, cocaine, phencydiyl etc. for drug addiction. There are some people who first take drugs as a fun but it terms into an addiction (f) ––– (post-modify the verb). Drug addiction causes (g) ––– (post-modify the noun) harms to human body, (h) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the verb) we can remove this curse from our country. All concerned should take initiative (i) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) it. Suppliers should be punished (j) ––– (post-modify the verb).

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9.    One (a) ––– (use adv as pre-modifier qualifying adj) conspicuous change in (b) ––– (use pre-modifier qualifying noun) society is the presence of (c) ––– (use adj as pre¬-modifier) women outside the home. Of course, it has to be acknowledged that women have always worked within the household but this commonly is not counted as 'work'. It is unfortunate that (d) ––– (use possessive as pre-modifier) roles in (e) ––– (use adj as pre-modifier) societies as in our village, particularly during (f) ––– (use noun-adj as pre-modifier) time has not been recognized either. Whether it is due to (g) ––– (use adj as pre-modifier) necessity or the urge to establish an (h) ––– (use adj as pre-modifier) identity or both, nowadays many women are entering the outside (i) ––– (use noun-adj as pre-modifier) force. They are joining a wide range of professions. Moreover, it is not only (j) ––– (use adj as pre-modifier) women who are opting to work but women with little or no education have come out of their cocoons to earn and become self-reliant.


10.    Socrates was a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) scholar of Greece. He believed that an   (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) man was more of a beast than a human being. He had a wife who used to lose temper on the (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) excuse. One day, she became (d) ––– (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) furious than ever. She began (e) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) Socrates. She tried (f) ––– (post-modify the verb) to irritate him. (g) ––– (pre-modify the pronoun with a participial phrase), he sat on the doorstep of his residence. The wife found that her husband was not paying the (h) ––– (pre-modify the noun) heed to her word, (i) ––– (pre-modify the pronoun with a participle) with a bucket full of water, she poured much water over him. The passers-by (j) ––– (post-modify the noun with a prepositional phrase) were much amused at the incident.


11.    Once upon a time there was an honest and (a) ––– (pre-modify tire noun) man. His name was Abu Ben Adhem. He was once sleeping (b) ––– (post-modify the verb). He woke up (c) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) an angel. He saw the angel (d) ––– (post-modify the noun with a present participle) the names ofsome persons who loved God. He wanted (e) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) if his name was there. The angel replied that his name was not (f) ––– (post-modify the verb). Then he requested the angel (g) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive phrase) in the list, (h) ––– (pre-modify the verb with a present participle) his request, the angel went away. He appeared the next night (i) ––– (post-modify the verb) and showed Abu that his name was at the top of the list. Abu was very happy (j) ––– (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive phrase).

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12.    English gives us (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) access to the ever expanding knowledge of science and technology, arts and education, innovations and discoveries. Moreover all the books, journals, reports, research findings are available in English. As many important books, papers etc, are either (b) ––– (post-modify the noun) in English or translated into English (c) ––– (post-modify the verb) after they are published in other languages. You can (d) ––– (post-modify the verb) learn about them if you have acquired the (e) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) skills in English,(f) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to pre-modify the verb) you have to get a deep and (g) ––– (pre-modify the noun) time experience of reading different texts, books or articles etc. Moreover correct listening from others will also promote your (h) ––– (pre-modify the noun) mastery on reading English. At first, when you desire to speak English you might get (i) ––– (post-modify the noun) to release any word from (j) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) mouth as it won't come out smoothly.


13.    Napoleon, (a) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), was a great hero. He fought many battles and conquered (b) ––– (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) countries of Europe. One day he was walking along the sea-shore. Suddenly he noticed a (c) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) thing, (d) ––– (use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) English boy was making a small boat. The king asked him why he was making (e) ––– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) a small boat. The boy said, "I shall cross the sea. (f) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country is on the other side of the sea. I shall go to my country by (g) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) boat. I didn’t see my mother for a good long time. Let me go to my country (h) ––– ". (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). The king was (i) ––– (use an adverb to pre-modify the adjective) charmed by the words of the small boy. He made (j) ––– (use determiner to pre- modify the noun phrase) arrangements to send him to his country.

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14.    It was a hot (a) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) day. A (b) ––– (pre-modify the noun) crow flew all over the fields looking for water. For a long time, she could not find any water. She felt (c) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) weak, almost giving up hope. Suddenly, she saw a water jug below her. She flew (d) ––– (post-modify the verb) to see if there was any water inside. Yes, she could see some water inside the jug. The crow tried (e) ––– (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Sadly, she found that the neck of the jug was too narrow. Then she tried to push the jug down for the water to flow out. But she found (f) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) jug too heavy. The crow thought (g) ––– (use a phrase to post-modify the verb) what to do. (h) ––– (use a participle to pre-modify the verb), she saw some pebbles nearby. She (i) ––– (pre-modify the verb) had a good idea. She started picking up the pebbles filled the jug, the water level kept rising. Soon it was high (j) ––– (post-modify the adjective) for the crow to drink. The crow quenched her thirst and flew away.


15.    Most of the people in (a) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. In fact, it is an (b) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) village. So, if you know English (d) ––– (post modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) ––– (use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f) ––– (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without the knowledge of English with proper understanding, you cannot complete (g) ––– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English in the process of higher education. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) ––– (use a noun adjective) development. In short, if you do not have a good command of English, you will suffer (i) ––– (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase/Adverbial) of your life. So, don’t waste your time and try to learn English (j)––– (post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.


16.    I had a peculiar experience (a) ––– (post-modify the verb) while travelling to St. Martin’s Island. I visited the island along with my family. Zahid (b) ––– (post-modify the noun with an appositive), was our guide. On our way to the island, we watched (c) ––– (use a determiner to pre-modify the noun) sea gulls. The (d) ––– (pre-modify the noun) birds were flying (e) ––– (post-modify the verb) with the ship. They became (f) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear and friendly to us. We entertained them with chips and biscuits. (g) ––– them (use a present participle to pre-modify the verb), we became (h) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) excited. We decided (i) ––– (use an intensifier to post-modify the verb) in the idyllic island for a couple of days. We can never forget (j) ––– (use a demonstrative to pre modify the adjective phrase) lively sea birds.


17.    Once there lived a (a) ––– (pre-modify noun) fox in a jungle. One day, while he was walking (b)  ––– (post-modify the verb) through the jungle, he fell into a trap and lost his tail. He felt (c) ––– (pre-modify the adjective) unhappy and sad. But the fox was very cunning. He hit upon a plan. He invited all the foxes (d) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) to meeting. When all the foxes arrived, the fox without a tail said, “My dear friends, listen to me, please, I have discovered a (e) ––– (pre-modify the noun) think. It is that our tails are (f) ––– (pre-modify the adjective) useless. They look ugly and dirty. So, we all should cut off our tails, shouldn’t we?” All foxes listened to the cunning fox (g) ––– (post-modify the verb). Most of them agreed (h) ––– (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) their tails. But an old and (i) ––– (pre-modify the noun) fox said to him, “My friend, your plan is nice but evil. Actually, you want to cut off our tails because you have (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun with a determiner) tail of your own.”


18.    Othello, (a) ––– (use an appositive to post modify the noun) had risen to become a general. He had shown his bravery in many (b) ––– (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) battles against the Turks. Everyone praised him (c) ––– (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) and the senate trusted and honored him. Brabantio, a rich senator of Venice had a daughter Desdemona (d) ––– (use a relative clause to post-modify the noun). Brabantio (e) ––– (use an adverb to pre-modify  the verb) invited Othello to his house where he and his daughter listened in wonder to Othello as he spoke about his adventures. He told them of deserts, of caves and of mountains high (f) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) to touch the sky. Desdemona had to weep (g) ––– (use a present participle to post modify the verb phrase) and she never became tired of listening to it. She pitied Othello (h) ––– (use an adverb to post-modify the verb)for the misfortunes and hardships of his life. Her pity (i) ––– (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) turned to love. She refused all the young men (j) ––– (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) because she loved Othello, a noble Muslim Moor from North Africa.

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19.    A village doctor is a (a) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) familiar person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) ––– (pre-modify the verb) known as a quack. A village doctor is not a (c) ––– (pre-modify the noun) doctor. He (d) ––– (pre-modify the verb) sits in a small dispensary in the morning and evening. He treats the patients (e) ––– (use a participle to post-modify the verb) small fees. A village doctor is not a (f) ––– (pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g) ––– (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly medicines to the (h)––– (pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) ––– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) people.

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20.    Water is a (a) ––– (pre-modify the noun) substance. It has no colour of (b) ––– (possessive to pre-modify the pronoun) own. The (c) ––– (determiner to pre-modify the noun) name of water is life. By drinking water, we can quench(d) ––– (possessive to pre-modify the noun) thirst. Thus we can survive on earth. But (e) ––– (pre-modify the noun) water is life-killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer from diseases like diarrhoea, typhoid etc. We may (f) ––– (pre-modify the verb) face (g) ––– (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking such type of water. We are responsible for (h) ––– (noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution. Waste materials from mills and factories are thrown here and there. Farmers use fertilizers and insecticides in their land. During the rainy season, they are mixed with ponds and rivers. Besides, latrines (i) ––– (participle to post modify the noun) on ponds and rivers cause water pollution. (j) ––– (pre-modify the noun) awareness should be raised to stop water pollution.
 

                                             Modifier Worksheet-A  with answer
1.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
Nelson Mandela, (a) __ (post-modify the noun with appositive), is one of the greatest leaders of the world, no doubt. During (b) __ (use article to pre-modify the noun) time of Mandela, the Europeans were separated from the non-Europeans. It was (c) __ (use noun-adjective to pre-modify the noun) policy of racial segregation. The blacks were subjected to (d) __ (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) sorts of indignities. They were denied all basic (e) __ (use adjective to pre-modify the noun) rights. They were in fact aliens in (f) __ (use possessive) own country. The blacks were also treated (g) __ (use adverb to post-modify the verb). Even dogs received a much better treatment than the blacks. The (h) __ (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) leader vowed to put an end to the inhuman practice. Unfortunately, (i) __ (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) great man thrown behind the prison bars. But the oppressive rulers could not break his spirit. All his life he struggled against apartheid. Eventually, the great leader fulfilled the goal of liberating (j) __ (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) people.
Answer: (a) a South-African leader /an icon of peace; (b) the; (c) government; (d) all; (e) human; (f) their; (g) inhumanely/ cruelly; (h) great; (i) this; (j) his.

2.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
Mother is an (a) __ (Use an adjective phrase to pre-modify the noun) blessing in the world. Mother's Day is a (b) __ (Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) significant day observed as a (c) __ (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) occasion in honour of mothers. The day was for the first time, announced as a formal holiday in the United States of America. Mother's Day is now observed (d) __ (Use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the verb) as elsewhere around the world. The sons and daughters (e) __ (Use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) wait for this day. They buy some special presents for their (f) __ (Use a superlative degree to pre-modify the noun) mother. When they offer the presents, the mother becomes very happy. It brings a (g) __ (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) happiness between a mother and (h) __ (Use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) children. The bond of relationship between mother and children becomes everlasting. The mother (i) __ (Use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) draws her children with her motherly affection. In this way, we pay a (j) __ (Use a participle to pre-modify the noun) tribute to our dear mothers.
Answer: (a) unique/ incomparably great and devine; (b) very; (c) great /special; (d) in Bangladesh/in our country; (e) eagerly; (f) dearest; (g) divine/heavenly; (h) her; (i) always /naturally; (j) glowing.

3.    19. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
It was a cold (a) — (use a noun-adjective to pre-modify the noun) morning. A farmer was going to his field (b) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) seed. On the way he saw a snake (c) — (post-modify the noun with a present participle) on the ground. The farmer went near it (d) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) what happened to it. It was almost dead in cold. He took pity on the snake. He put it (e) — (post-modify the verb) and brought it home. (f) — (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase) by the fire, he took care of it. Then he gave it (g) — (pre-modify the noun) milk. Soon the snake got well. It began (h) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) with the children of the farmer. But the snake showed its (i) — (pre-modify the noun) nature and bit one of the children. (j) — (pre-modify the verb with a present participle phrase), the farmer killed the snake.
Answer: (a) winter; (b) to sow; (c) lying; (d) to see; (e) in his bag/ in his basket; f) Warming it up/Placing it/Putting it; (g) some /warm; (h) to play; (i) cruel /real/ original; (j) Knowing its nature/Being very angry.

4.     Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
Most of the people in (a) __ (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English, (b) __ (post-modify the noun with an appositive). In fact, it is an (c) __ (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a global village. So, If you know English (d) __ (post-modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) __ (use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f) __ (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without the knowledge of English, you cannot complete (g) __ (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) __ (use noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) development. In short, if you do not have a good command over English, you will suffer (i) __ (post-modify the verb with adverb). So, start to learn English (j) __ (post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.
Answer: (a) our [but]; (b) an international language; (c) international; (d) well; (e) the; (f) language /communication/language; (g) your; (h) career; (i) extremely/in every stage; (j) properly.

5.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
Once upon a time there lived (a) __ (Use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) generous and kind-hearted king. But the people were not happy with (b) __ (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) king, because the king was too lazy and would not do (c) __ (Use determiner to pre-modify the noun) work other than eating and sleeping. He spent days and weeks and months in (d) __ (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun phrase) bed either eating something on sleeping. He became (e) __ (Use an adverb to pre-modify the noun) inactive. The king became (f) __. (Use article to pre-modify the noun) potato couch and the people started worrying about the king. (g) __ (Use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) day the king realized that he could not even move his body. He became fat and his enemies made fun of him calling "fatty king" of "bulky king" etc he invited (h) __ (Use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) doctors from (i) — (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) parts of his country and offered them generous rewards (j) __ (Use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb) fit. Unfortunately, none could help the king regain his health and fitness.
Answer: (a) a; (b) their; (c) any/much; (d) his; (e) very/ quite/ completely; (f) a; (g) One; (h) some/renowned; (i) different; (j) to make.

6.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
I experienced a very interesting incident (a) — (Post-modify the verb) on my way to Dinajpur. My friend Tamalika, (b) — (Post-modify the noun with an appositive) was driving. A crow was crossing the road but suddenly in the middle of the road it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Tamalika had to change her course but she didn't have (c) — (Pre-modify the noun) time and space to do that. Tamalika tried to turn in the left when the cow too walked (d) __ (Post-modify the verb) back a few steps. To save (e) — (Use a demonstrative to pre modify the noun) cow Tamalika had to move n the right. She lost her control and bumped the car with a (f) — (Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. (g) — (Use a participle to pre-modify the verb) Tamalika was shocked but she was (h) — (Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) happy (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). She patted the (j) — (Pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter.
Answer: (a) last week; (b) a famous athlete; (c) enough; (d) slowly; (e) that; (f) jackfruit; (g) Seeing the damage in her new car; (h) very; (i) to save the cow; (j) naughty/innocent.

7.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
One day Robert Bruce, a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive) was lying in the cave. He was thinking of b) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) misfortune. He thought that he would not be able c) — (use an infinitive phrase). Suddenly, he saw a spider d) — (post-modify the verb with a prepositional phrase). The spider was trying to reach e) — (use article to pre-modify the noun) ceiling of the cave. It almost got to the point f) — (use quantifier to premodify the noun) times but fell down at the last moment. It didn't lose hope. It was trying g) — (post-modify the verb with an adverb). On the seventh attempt it reached the ceiling. Robert Bruce became very much amazed h) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) the success of the spider. He felt encouraged & came out of the cave. He began to gather soldiers again & prepared i) — (post-modify the verb with an adverb) for the battle. He fought hard with the English and (j) — (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) time, he came out successful.
Answer: (a) a famous king /the king of the Scotland; (b) his; (c) to regain his lost kingdom; (d) in the cave; (e) the; (f) several; (g) continuously/repeatedly/ relentlessly; (h) to see; (i) well/again; (j) this.
8.    

9.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
It was twenty years (a) __ (use adverb to post modify the verb) when I was living in an apartment (b) __ (use present participle to post modify the noun) a cemetery. At that time a lady wrote a letter to me (c) __ (use present participle to post modify the noun) one of my books just (d) __ (use past participle to post modify the noun) in the newspaper. It made me so excited that I sent her a letter of thanks. Immediately after that she wrote me second letter (e) __ (use present participle to post modify the noun) that she was passing through Paris and would like to have a chat with me. The lady also requested me (f) __ (use infinitive to post modify the noun) her a little luncheon at Foyot's. (g) __ (use perfect participle to post modify the noun) the letter I became pleased and excited. I was eager to enjoy the company of the (h) __ (per modify the noun) lady. However, at Foyot's I met the lady. I was disappointed to see the guest. She was not so charming and young as I expected her to be. She was a woman of forty (i) __ (use present participle to post modify the noun) more teeth. She was also (j) __ (use intensifier to pre modify the adjective) talkative.
Answer: (a) ago; (b) overlooking; (c) praising; (d) published; (e) saying; (f) to give; (g) Having read [Having received]; (h) beautiful /young; (i) having; (j) very.

10.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
11.    I have (a) — (Pre-modify the noun) friends, but Karim is my (b) — (Pre-modify the noun) friend. He studies in my class. We go to college (c) — (Post modify the verb). He is good at studies and helps the students (d) — (Use a relative clause to post modify the noun). He is (e) — (Use an intensifier to premodify the adjective) hardworking. His parents want him (f) — (Use an infinitive phrase to postmodify the verb) in life. So his father, (g) — (Post modify the verb with an appositive), is really an honorable person (h) — (Use a prepositional phrase to post modify the noun phrase). He wants his son to become a teacher like him and Karim's mother (i) — (Pre-modify the verb) inspires him (j) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb)
Answer: (a) many/a lot of; (b) best/close/closest/bosom; (c) together; (d) who are weak; (e) very; (f) to be successful; (g) a teacher/a college teacher; (h) in the locality/in the village; (i) also/always/regularly; (j) to be an honest man/teacher.

12.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
Tea is the most (a) __ (pre-modify the noun) drink in the world. It is (b) __ (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) refreshing. Tea plants grow (c) __ (post-modify the verb) on the slope of the hills. In the tea garden tea plants are (d) __ (pre-modify the verb) planted in rows. (e) __ (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) leaves are plucked four times a year. (f) __ (use participle to pre-modify the verb) they are rolled by a machine and dried in a cauldron over a furnace. After (g) __ (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) process, tea is ready for consumption. As a drink, tea is prepared in a (h) __ (pre-modify the noun) way. It is now (i) __ (pre-modify the verb) used for the entertainment of guests in our country. But it is harmful for our health (j) __ (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) too much of tea.
Answer: (a) popular; (b) very; (c) well/plentifully/abundantly ; (d) usually /always/ usually; (e) Tea; (f) After being plucked; (g) this; (h) special systemic; (i) widely; (j) to drink.

13.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
There lived a (a) __ (pre-modify the noun) fox in a jungle. Once the fox was feeling (b) __ (use an intensifier to pre modify the adjective) hungry. He roamed here and there (c) __ (use prepositional phrase to post modify the verb), but be could not find anything to eat. He became (d) __ (use an intensifier to pre modify the adjective) tired. (e) __ (use infinitive phrase to pre modify the verb), he sat under a (f) __ (use a noun adjective to pre modify the noun) tree. When he looked up, he saw a crow (g) __ (use participle to post modify the noun) on one of the branches of the tree. The crow was holding a piece of meat (h) __ (use prepositional phrase to post modify the verb). (i) __ (use a participle phrase to pre modify the verb), the mouth of the fox began to water and he wished to have (j) __ (use a demonstrative to pre modify the noun) piece of meat.
Answer: (a) cunning clever; (b) very; (c) in search of food; (d) extremely very; (e) To take rest; (f) banyan big/tall; (g) sitting; (h) in its beak /in her mouth / between her beaks; (i) Seeing the piece of meat; (j) that.

14.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
Once there lived a (a) — (pre-modify noun) fox in the jungle. One day, while he was walking (b) — (post- modify the verb) through the jungle he fell into a trap and lost his tail. He felt (c) — (pre-modify the adjective) unhappy and sad. But the fox was very cunning. He hit upon a plan .He invited all the foxes (d) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) to a meeting. When all the foxes arrived, the fox without a tail said, "My dear friends, listen to me, please, I have discovered a (e) — (pre-modify the noun) thing. It is that our tails are (f) — (pre-modify the adjective) useless. They look ugly and dirty. So, we all should cut off our tails, shouldn't we? All foxes listened to the cunning fox (g) — (post-modify the verb). Most of them agreed (h) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) their tails. But an old and (i) — (pre-modify the noun) fox said to him," My friend, your plan is beautiful but evil. Actually, you want to cut off our tails because you have (j) — (pre-modify the noun with a determiner) tail of your own.
Answer: (a) cunning; (b) carelessly /alone; (c) very; (d) to come; (e) new/great; (f) totally/really; (g) carefully/ attentively; (h) to cut off; (i) wise; (j) no.

15.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
Our people fought (a) __ (post modify the verb with an adverb) in our Liberation War. Independence was our (b) __ (pre-modify the noun with a phrase) need. We tried to live (c) __ (adverb post-modify the verb) with the Pakistanis. But they were (d) __ (use an adjective) to us. They behaved (e) __ (use an adverb). (f) __ (use a participle) no way of settlement, we look up arms. India had reasons enough (g) __ (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the adverb) us. At last, the (h) __ (pre-modify the noun) force won over Pakistan. We started living (i) __ post-modify the adverb by an adverb). We must speak (j) __ (post-modify- the verb by an adverb) of our independence.
Answer: (a) bravely; (b) crying; (c) peacefully; (d) hostile/unjust; (e) rudely; (f) Finding/Having; (g) to stand by/to support strongly; (h) allied; (i) happily/ independently / peacefully; (j) freely.

16.     Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
A few days ago, the (a) __ (pre-modify the noun with a noun adjective) ceremony was held. We invited our friends and relatives (b) __ (post-modify the noun with infinitive phrase). The (c) __ (pre-modify the noun) guests started to come in the evening. We receive them (d) __ (post-modify the verb). We all were waiting (e) __ (post-modify the verb with infinitive) the bridegroom. The groom came at about 8 p.m. We were happy (f) __ (post-modify the adjective with infinitive phrase). The groom came (g) __ (post-modify the verb with a present participle) wedding dress. He was looking (h) __ (pre-modify the adjective with intensifier) smart and handsome. I took him to the stage (i) __ (post-modify the verb with a present participle) his hand. He took his seat. The Quazi solemnized the marriage (j) __ (post-modify the verb with present participle phrase) from the Holy Quran.
Answer: (a) marriage; (b) to attend the ceremony; (c) invited /wedding; (d) warmly/cordially /gladly; (e) to receive; (f) to see him; (g) wearing; (h) very; (i) holding; (j) reciting some verses.

17.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
Afforrestation is the (a) __ [use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective] beneficial to us. We all know about (b) __ [use a determiner] harmful effects of deforestation. Deforestation (c) __ [use a relative clause to post modify the noun] is one of the causes of global warming. Non only that, it has (d) __ [use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun] negative impacts on our daily life. Deforestation has caused the extinction of various (e) __ [pre-modify the noun] animals. On the other hand, afforestation has a (f) __ [use a compound adjective to pre-modify the noun] positive impact on human life, animals and environment. In Bangladesh, tree plantation programme is conducted by both the government and private firms. (g) __ [use-a possessive] sunderbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world. (h) __ [use an infinitive phrase], public awareness is also important. We all know that trees, (i) __ [use an appositive], provide us food, shelter, oxygen, timber etc. They also protect us from different (j) __ [pre-modify the noun] calamities.
Answer: (a) most ; (b) the; (c) that means cutting down trees; (d) many/a lot of; (e) wild; (f) long-term; (g) Our; (h) To make tree plantation programme successful; (i) an important element of environment; (j) natural.

18.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
My elder sister is (a) __ (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) affectionate to me. She is a very (b) __ (pre-modify the noun) lady. She advises me (c) __ (post modify the verb with an infinitive) my knowledge and skill. She tells me to go to college (d) __ (post-modify the verb). She encourages me to follow the (e) __ (pre-modify the noun) path. She also advises me (f) __ (post modify the verb with an infinitive phrase) towards other fellow students. She is really a (g) __ (pre-modify the noun) woman. She teaches me how (h) — (post modify the verb with an infinitive) between right and wrong. She advises me to be a (i) — (pre-modify the noun) human being. (j) __ (pre-modify with a present participate phrase) I want to become a trustworthy man.
Answer: (a) very; (b) wise; (c) to increase; (d) regularly; (e) right/honest; (f) to be friendly/to be helpful; (g) trustworthy/great; (h) to differentiate; (i) good/ real; (j) Following her advice.

19.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
Students are the (a) __ (pre-modifier of noun) leaders of a country. The development of a country depends (b) __ (post modifier of verb) on how the students prepare themselves to face (c) __ (a noun-adjective to pre-modify a noun) challenges. But unfortunately many students are not serious (d) __ (a prepositional phrase to post-modify the adjective). They spoil their (e) __ (pre-modifier of a noun) time. Some of them do not go to school (f) __ (noun phrase functioning as adverb). Again some remain inattentive (g) __ (prepositional phrase functioning as adverbial of place). But they have to be attentive and struggle hard (h) __ (an infinitive) in life. They should remember that success is equal to (i) __ (Adjective) work plus determination. So, all students should work hard (j) __ (infinitive) in life.
Answer: (a) future; (b) largely/greatly/much; (c) development/ life/future; (d) about their studies/ responsibilities; (e) valuable; (f) for poverty; (g) to their class/to their study; (h) to succeed/to be successful; (i) hard; (j) to shine/to prosper.

20.    Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces: 
One day Israt was returning home (a) –– (post modify the verb) from college. On the way she saw a dog (b) __ (use a participle phrase to postmodify the noun). It was barking (c) –– (postmodify the verb). An (d) –– (premodify the noun) boy had hit the poor creature with a big stone. It hurt its (e) –– (premodify the noun) leg and it was bleeding (f) –– (postmodify the verb). Israt became very (g) –– (postmodify the verb). She (h) –– (premodify the verb) carried the dog home and nursed the wound. She tied a bandage tightly round the (i) –– (premodify the noun) leg. In a week the dog was (j) –– (use an intensifier to premodify the adjective) well.
Answer: (a) early/alone;(b) lying on the road;(c) bitterly; (d) unkind; (e) right; (f) badly; (g) sad; (h) gently; (i) wounded; (j) quite.

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