Parts of Speech - Lesson for University Admission Test, Job Application Test, BCS Exam and Any Competitive Examination

PARTS OF SPEECH

ইংরেজি বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত প্রতিটি শব্দ তার অবস্থান অনুযায়ী বাক্যের অর্থ প্রকাশে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন কার্য সম্পাদন করে। বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত প্রতিটি শব্দের ভিন্ন ভিন্ন কার্য সম্পাদনের শ্রেণিভাগকে Parts of Speech বলে। Traditional (প্রচলিত) Grammar অনুযায়ী Parts of Speech আট প্রকার:

1. Noun (বিশেষ্য)

2. Pronoun (সর্বনাম)

3. Adjective (নাম বিশেষণ)

4. Verb (ক্রিয়া)

5. Adverb (ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ)

6. Preposition (পদান্বয়ী অব্যয়)

7. Conjunction (সংযোজক অব্যয়)

8. Interjection (আবেগসূচক অব্যয়)

Definitions & Examples

01. Noun (বিশেষ্য): যে word কোনো ব্যক্তি, জাতি, সমষ্টি, বস্তু, স্থান, কাল, ভাব, কর্ম বা গুণের নাম বোঝায় তাকে Noun বলে।

• Examples: Army, Dhaka, Tinni, Honey, Honesty, Idealism ইত্যাদি।

02. Pronoun (সর্বনাম): Noun এর পরিবর্তে যে word ব্যবহৃত হয় তাকে Pronoun বলে।

• Examples: He, She, They, Myself, All, Who, Each other ইত্যাদি।

03. Adjective (বিশেষণ): যে word দ্বারা Noun বা Pronoun এর দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা, সংখ্যা, পরিমাণ ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ করা হয়, তাকে Adjective বলা হয়।

• Examples: Good, Bad, Pleasant, Unnatural, Two ইত্যাদি।

04. Verb (ক্রিয়া): যে word দ্বারা কোনো কাজ করা বোঝায় তাকে Verb বলে।

• Examples: Go, Eat, Sleep, Buy, Sell, Read ইত্যাদি।

05. Adverb (ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ): যে word বাক্যে Noun বা Pronoun ব্যতীত Verb, Adjective অথবা অন্য কোনো Adverb, এমনকি সম্পূর্ণ বাক্যকে বিশেষিত (modify) করে তাকে Adverb বলে।

• Examples: Always, Almost, Rarely, Generally, Quickly, Hardly ইত্যাদি।

06. Preposition (পদান্বয়ী অব্যয়): Pre অর্থ পূর্বে এবং position অর্থ অবস্থান। যে word বাক্যে Noun বা Pronoun এর পূর্বে বসে বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত অন্য word এর সাথে সম্পর্ক স্থাপন করে, তাকে Preposition বলা হয়।

• Examples: Around, Between, Behind, Before, From, Inside, In, To, On, With ইত্যাদি।

07. Conjunction (সংযোজক অব্যয়): যে Part of Speech দুই বা ততোধিক word, phrase, clause বা sentence কে যুক্ত করে তাকে Conjunction বলে।

• Examples: And, If, But, Or, Before, Still, As well as, Not only... but also ইত্যাদি।

08. Interjection (আবেগসূচক অব্যয়): যে word বাক্যে হর্ষ (আনন্দ), বিষাদ (দুঃখ), বিস্ময় প্রভৃতি আবেগ প্রকাশ করে তাকে Interjection বলে।

• Examples: Wow!, Alas!, Oh!, Bravo! ইত্যাদি।

Important Rules with Identification

1. Identification of Parts of Speech

A. Identification of Noun

কোনো word এর শেষে নিম্নলিখিত Suffix যুক্ত থাকলে সাধারণত তা Noun হয়:

Suffix	Examples	Suffix	Examples
-tion	Education, Information, Action, Prediction	-sion	Confusion, Decision
-ance	Importance, Assistance	-ence	Adherence, Interference
-ancy	Pregnancy, Consultancy	-ure	Pleasure, Departure
-ness	Happiness, Kindness	-ment	Agreement, Payment
-hood	Childhood, Brotherhood	-dom	Boredom, Freedom
-ity	Brutality, Gravity	-ty	Beauty, Cruelty
-er	Driver, Writer	-or	Actor, Director
-ist	Capitalist, Socialist	-ism	Capitalism, Socialism
-cy	Accuracy, Democracy	-ce	Service
-age	Breakage, Postage	-th	Growth, Length
-ship	Friendship, Membership	-ry/ery	Slavery, Bravery, Dispensary
-let	Booklet	-tude	Servitude, Attitude
-ee	Employee, Trainee	-al	Arrival, Approval

B. Identification of Adjective

কোনো word এর শেষে নিম্নলিখিত Suffix যুক্ত থাকলে সাধারণত তা Adjective হয়:

Suffix	Examples	Suffix	Examples
-able/ible	Portable, Flexible	-ous	Cautious, Famous
-ive	Active, Productive	-ful	Forgetful, Helpful
-ant	Reluctant, Instant	-ic	Classic, Poetic
-ish	British, Childish	-less	Homeless, Useless
-en	Broken, Golden	-ian	Canadian, Malaysian
-ese	Chinese, Japanese	-ly	Daily, Monthly

C. Identification of Verb

কোনো word এর শেষে নিম্নলিখিত Suffix যুক্ত থাকলে সাধারণত তা Verb হয়:

Suffix	Examples
-ate	Complicate, Dominate
-ify	Beautify, Identify
-en	Harden, Shorten
-ise/ize	Economise, Industrialize

Note: শব্দের পূর্বে en-, em-, de- ইত্যাদি prefix যুক্ত করেও verb গঠিত হয়। (যেমন: Large -> Enlarge, Power -> Empower).

D. Identification of Adverb

কোনো word এর শেষে নিম্নলিখিত Suffix যুক্ত থাকলে সাধারণত তা Adverb হয়:

Suffix	Examples
-ly	Easily, Quickly
-ward(s)	Downwards, Upwards
-wise	Anti-clockwise, Edgewise

Note: Adjective এর শেষে suffix হিসেবে -ly যুক্ত হয়ে Adverb গঠিত হয় (যেমন: Rapid -> Rapidly)। তবে, Noun এর শেষে suffix হিসেবে -ly যুক্ত হয়ে Adjective গঠিত হয় (যেমন: Mother -> Motherly)।

2. Transformation of Parts of Speech

নিচে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কিছু শব্দের Verb, Noun, Adjective এবং Adverb রূপ দেওয়া হলো:

Verb	Noun	Adjective	Adverb
Accept	Acceptance	Acceptable	Acceptably
Accompany	Accompaniment	Accompanying	-
Add	Addition	Additional	Additionally
Advise	Advice	Advisable	Advisably
Agree	Agreement	Agreeable	Agreeably
Awe	Awe	Awful	Awfully
Attract	Attraction	Attractive	Attractively
Admire	Admiration	Admirable	Admirably
Enable	Ability	Able	Ably
Beautify	Beauty	Beautiful	Beautifully
Believe	Belief	Believable	Believably
Bleed	Blood	Bloody	-
Brighten	Brightness	Bright	Brightly
Broaden	Breadth	Broad	Broadly
Busy	Busyness	Busy	Busily
Centralize	Centre	Central	Centrally
Characterize	Character	Characteristic	Characteristically
Classify	Class	Classified	Classifiably
Encourage	Courage	Courageous	Courageously
Criticize	Critic	Critical	Critically
Clean	Cleanness	Clean	Cleanly
Conclude	Conclusion	Conclusive	Conclusively
Conspire	Conspiracy	Conspiring	Conspiringly
Confide	Confidence	Confident	Confidently
Continue	Continuity	Continuous	Continuously
Deepen	Depth	Deep	Deeply
Endanger	Danger	Dangerous	Dangerously
Discipline	Discipline	Disciplinary	-
Democratize	Democracy	Democratic	Democratically
Deceive	Deception	Deceptive	Deceptively
Define	Definition	Definite	Definitely
Decide	Decision	Decisive	Decisively
Describe	Description	Descriptive	Descriptively
Divide	Division	Divisive/Divided	Divisionally
Digest	Digestion	Digestive	Digestively
Dominate	Domination	Dominant	Dominantly
Economize	Economy	Economic/Economical	Economically
Affect	Effect	Effective	Effectively
Energize	Energy	Energetic	Energetically
Excel	Excellence	Excellent	Excellently
Edit	Edition/Editor	Editorial	Editorially
Educate	Education	Educational/Educative	Educationally
Elect	Election	Elective	Electively
Exist	Existence	Existent	Existentially
Befriend	Friend	Friendly	In a friendly way
Force	Force	Forceful/Forcible	Forcefully/Forcibly
Favour	Favour	Favourable/Favourite	Favourably
Falsify	Falsehood	False	Falsely
Fix	Fixation	Fixed	-
-	Forgetfulness	Forgetful	Forgetfully
Grade	Gradation	Graded	Gradually
Generate	Generation	Generative	Generatively
Govern	Government	Governmental	Governmentally
Grace	Grace	Graceful/Graceless	Gracefully/Gracelessly
Guide	Guidance	Guided	-
Gladden	Gladness	Glad	Gladly
Habituate	Habit	Habitual	Habitually
Honour	Honour	Honourable	Honourably
Hearten	Heart	Hearty/Heartfelt	Heartily
Hesitate	Hesitation	Hesitant	Hesitantly
Horrify	Horror	Horrible	Horribly
Help	Help	Helpful/Helpless	Helpfully/Helplessly
Interest	Interest	Interesting	Interestingly
-	Happiness	Happy	Happily
Ignore	Ignorance	Ignorant	Ignorantly
Imitate	Imitation	Imitative	Imitatively
Inaugurate	Inauguration	Inaugural	-
Implicate	Implication	Implicit	Implicitly
Identify	Identification	Identifiable	Identifiably
Include	Inclusion	Inclusive	Inclusively
Inform	Information	Informative	Informatively
Insist	Insistence	Insistent	Insistently
Instruct	Instruction	Instructive/Instructional	Instructively
Join	Joint	Joint	Jointly
Enjoy	Joy	Joyful/Joyous	Joyfully/Joyously
Justify	Justification	Just/Justifiable	Justly/Justifiably
Know	Knowledge	Knowledgeable	Knowledgeably
Labour	Labour	Laborious	Laboriously
Laugh	Laughter	Laughable	Laughably
Localize	Locality	Local	Locally
Materialize	Matter	Material	Materially
Memorize	Memory	Memorable	Memorably
Methodize	Method	Methodical	Methodically
Measure	Measurement	Measurable	Measurably
Marry	Marriage	Marriageable/Married	Maritally
Marvel	Marvel	Marvellous	Marvellously
Move	Movement	Movable	Movably
Mind	Mind/Mindfulness	Mindful/Minded	Mindfully
Moisten	Moisture	Moist	Moistly
Neglect	Negligence	Negligent/Negligible	Negligently
Naturalise	Nature	Natural	Naturally
Notify	Notification	Notified	-
Navigate	Navigation	Navigational	-
Need	Need	Needy/Necessary	Needfully/Needlessly
Originate	Origin	Original	Originally
Obey	Obedience	Obedient	Obediently
Officiate	Office	Official	Officially
Occupy	Occupation	Occupational	Occupationally
Organize	Organization	Organized	Organizedly
Operate	Operation	Operational	Operationally
Oppose	Opposition	Opposite	Oppositely
Offend	Offence	Offensive	Offensively
Personify	Person	Personal	Personally
Picture	Picture	Pictorial/Picturesque	Pictorially
Particularize	Particular	Particular	Particularly
Progress	Progress	Progressive	Progressively
Please	Pleasure	Pleasant/Pleasurable	Pleasantly
Patronize	Patron	Patronizing	Patronizingly
Pollute	Pollution	Polluted	-
Pack	Package/Packet	Packed	-
Provide	Provision	Provisional	Provisionally
Practice	Practice	Practical	Practically
Quote	Quotation	Quotable/Quoted	-
Quarrel	Quarrel	Quarrelsome	-
Qualify	Qualification	Qualified	-
Quieten	Quietness	Quiet	Quietly
Rest	Rest	Restful	Restfully
Reason	Reason	Reasonable	Reasonably
Receive	Receipt/Reception	Receptive/Receivable	Receptively
Reflect	Reflection	Reflective	Reflectively
Rotate	Rotation	Rotational	Rotationally
Rely	Reliance/Reliability	Reliant/Reliable	Reliably
Silence	Silence	Silent	Silently
Sleep	Sleep	Asleep/Sleepless	Sleeplessly
Succeed	Success	Successful	Successfully
Satisfy	Satisfaction	Satisfactory	Satisfactorily
See	Sight	Visual	Visually
Suspect	Suspicion	Suspicious	Suspiciously
Strengthen	Strength	Strong	Strongly
Ensure	Surety/Sureness	Sure	Surely
Speak	Speech	Spoken	-
Theorize	Theory	Theoretical	Theoretically
Thank	Thanks	Thankful/Thankless	Thankfully
Tolerate	Tolerance	Tolerant/Tolerable	Tolerantly
Translate	Translation	Translatable	Translationally
Trust	Trust	Trustful/Trustworthy	Trustfully
Use	Usage/Use	Useful/Usable	Usefully
Invigorate	Vigour	Vigorous	Vigorously
Victimize	Victim	Victimised	-
Voice	Voice	Vocal	Vocally
Vitalize	Vitality	Vital	Vitally
Verify	Verification	Verified/Verifiable	Verifiably
Value	Value/Valuation	Valuable	Valuably
Volunteer	Volunteer	Voluntary	Voluntarily
Vary	Variation/Variety	Various/Variable	Variously
Weaken	Weakness	Weak	Weakly
Widen	Width	Wide	Widely
-	Wisdom	Wise	Wisely

Note: নিম্নলিখিত word-গুলো Noun এবং Verb উভয় হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা যায়:Act, Air, Arm, Answer, Bite, Book, Break, Brush, Burn, Call, Catch, Change, Climb, Colour, Cook, Copy, Cough, Cover, Cut, Damage, Doubt, Draw, Drink, Drive, Dust, Eye, Fall, Fear, Fight, Finger, Fly, Fold, Hand, Harbour, Help, Hold, House, Iron, Jump, Kick, Kiss, Laugh, Leave, Lift, Light, Look, Love, Make, Mark, Measure, Name, Need, Order, Paper, Park, Pay, Place, Plant, Play, Rain, Rest, Ring, Run, Sail, Salt, Saw, Scale, Ship, Shoe, Show, Sleep, Smell, Smile, Smoke, Sneeze, Snow, Sound, Stand, Start, Step, Stick, Stop, Taste, Tear, Thumb, Touch, Turn, Use, Walk, Want, Watch, Water, Wish, Work.

Note: নিম্নলিখিত word-গুলো Adjective এবং Verb উভয় হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা যায়:Clean, Clear, Cool, Dirty, Dry, Empty, Equal, Free, Frequent, Full, Hollow, Humble, Light, Loose, Mean, Narrow, Open, Private, Quiet, Right, Round, Secure, Separate, Smooth, Sour, Steady, Thin, Warm, Wet, Wrong, Better.

3. Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech

একটি word বাক্যে তার ব্যবহারের ওপর ভিত্তি করে একাধিক Parts of Speech হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।

ABOUT

• Adverb: The children were rushing about. (Verb 'rushing' কে modify করায়)

• Preposition: Tell me all about it. (Pronoun 'it' এর পূর্বে বসেছে)

AFTER

• Adverb: She arrived soon after. (Verb 'arrived' কে modify করায়)

• Preposition: Look after your parents. (Noun phrase 'your parents' এর পূর্বে বসেছে)

• Adjective: My after-life seems to be miserable. (Noun 'life' কে modify করায়)

• Conjunction: The patient died after the doctor had come. (দুটি clause কে যুক্ত করেছে)

ABOVE

• Noun: The beggar looks for help from above. (Preposition এর পরে বসেছে)

• Preposition: The sun rose above the horizon.

• Adjective: Look at the above sentences. (Noun 'sentences' কে modify করায়)

ALL

• Adjective: All men must die. (Noun 'men' কে modify করায়)

• Noun: I have lost my all. (Possessive adjective 'my' এর পরে বসেছে)

• Adverb: She was all alone in the street. (Adjective 'alone' কে modify করায়)

• Pronoun: All of us should know it.

ANY

• Adjective: Do you have any bread?

• Adverb: No one can bear such an insult any longer. (Adjective 'longer' কে modify করায়)

• Pronoun: Does any of you know what is wrong with her?

BEFORE

• Preposition: I came here before the appointed time.

• Adverb: She saw me once before.

• Conjunction: Look before you leap.

AS

• Adverb: He drove the car as fast as he could. (প্রথম 'as' টি fast কে modify করেছে)

• Conjunction: He trembled as he spoke. (দুটি clause কে যুক্ত করেছে)

BETTER

• Adjective: My pen is better than that of you.

• Adverb: The boy is working better today.

• Verb: You should try to better your lot.

BOTH

• Adjective: Both the boys are guilty.

• Pronoun: Both of them were killed.

• Adverb: The woman is both dead and buried.

BACK

• Noun: I struck him on the back. (Article 'the' এর পরে)

• Adjective: The thief went away by the back door.

• Verb: He backed me in the trial. (সমর্থন করা অর্থে)

• Adverb: Try to come back as early as you can.

BUT

• Preposition: None but the brave deserve the fair. ('ব্যতীত' অর্থে)

• Verb: But me no buts.

• Noun: But me no buts. ('No' এর পরে noun)

• Conjunction: The man is poor but honest.

BY

• Preposition: Sit by me.

• Adverb: The train has just passed by.

DOWN

• Adverb: The sun went down.

• Preposition: The children ran down the hill.

• Adjective: He could not catch the down-train.

• Noun: We have ups and downs in life.

ELSE

• Adverb: Will you look anywhere else?

• Adjective: No man else shall know.

ENOUGH

• Adjective: She did not have enough money.

• Adverb: I am still strong enough to do it.

EITHER

• Adjective: There are buildings on either side of the road.

• Pronoun: Ask either of them.

FEW

• Adjective: There are few children here.

• Pronoun: Few knew where the culprit was.

EXCEPT

• Preposition: Everyone except me went there.

• Conjunction: I will not let you go except (unless) you forgive me.

FAST

• Verb: Some women fast every Thursday. (রোজা রাখা)

• Noun: She broke her fast in the evening.

• Adverb: The horse can run fast.

LESS

• Adjective: She pays less attention to her studies.

• Adverb: I cannot take less. / This soil is less fertile than that.

LIKE

• Verb: Some old people like sweets.

• Preposition: You should not talk like that.

• Adjective: Like forces repel each other.

• Noun: I have never seen the like of her anywhere.

LITTLE

• Adjective: Sometimes a little blow may give much pain.

• Adverb: The women of our country eat very little.

• Noun: The soldiers had little to eat.

LONG

• Noun: She will come before long.

• Adjective: It is a long story.

• Verb: The students always long for holidays. (আকাঙ্ক্ষা করা)

• Adverb: I shall not wait long.

MANY

• Pronoun: Many might have seen the sight.

• Adjective: I have many friends.

MORE

• Adjective: We want more men like Karim.

• Adverb: Everyone should talk less and work more.

MUCH

• Adjective: The news gave the widow much pleasure.

• Adverb: I am much better today.

NEAR

• Adjective: She is a near relation of mine.

• Verb: The puja is nearing quickly.

• Adverb: Come near.

• Preposition: I found her near the launch ghat.

NEED

• Noun: I am in need of some money.

• Verb: She needs your help.

NEXT

• Adverb: Who comes next?

• Adjective: The woman came the next day.

ONCE

• Adverb: She visits her old father once every six months.

• Conjunction: Once you learn it, you will never forget.

ONE

• Pronoun: One should obey one's parents.

• Adjective: Give me one taka.

ONLY

• Adverb: I only found a boy there.

• Adjective: He is the only son of his parents.

PAST

• Noun: She cannot forget the past.

• Adjective: Her past life was miserable.

• Adverb: I found the man hasten past.

• Preposition: It is half past eight now.

RIGHT

• Noun: She has no right to claim my property.

• Adjective: Let me touch your right hand.

• Verb: I must right the wrong.

• Adverb: We walked right across the field.

ROUND

• Adjective: A square thing does not fit into a round hole.

• Preposition: Draw a circle round this centre.

• Adverb: The butterflies are flying round and round.

SINCE

• Adverb: The man died three months since.

• Conjunction: Since she was ill, she could not come.

• Preposition: I have not seen him since Tuesday last.

SOME

• Pronoun: Some of them were absent.

• Adjective: Give me some biscuits.

STILL

• Adjective: Still waters run deep.

• Verb: Still the child. (শান্ত করা)

• Noun: Parvati came to Devdas in the still of night.

• Conjunction: She was weak, still she went to school.

UP

• Preposition: Let us go up the hill.

• Adverb: The sun is up.

• Adjective: The up-train is coming.

WELL

• Noun: The well ran dry. (কূপ)

• Adjective: She is quite well now. (সুস্থ)

• Adverb: Your son has done well in the examination.

WHILE

• Noun: She waited for a while.

• Verb: We should not while away our time. (সময় অপচয় করা)

• Conjunction: While Santu was reading, he fell asleep.

WHAT

• Pronoun: What is your name?

• Adjective: What evidence do you have?

WRONG

• Noun: He has done no wrong.

• Adjective: You have taken the wrong side.

• Verb: The man has wronged the boy.

• Adverb: He led me wrong.