Unit Seven: Lifestyle
Lesson 1Manners Around the World
Dining
chopsticks (চপস্টিক) - Meaning in English: Small, thin sticks of wood or plastic, held in one hand and used as a pair for eating Asian food.
formal dress (আচরণিক পোষাক) - Meaning in English: Clothing suitable for formal occasions or events, often characterized by a dress code.
barbecue (বারবিকিউ) - Meaning in English: A meal or gathering at which meat, fish, or other food is cooked out of doors on a rack over an open fire or on a portable grill.
gravy (গ্রেভি) - Meaning in English: A sauce made from the juices of cooked meat, often thickened and seasoned.
informal setting (অসামর্থ্য মৌলিক) - Meaning in English: A relaxed or casual environment or context.
Gift
polite (শিষ্ট) - Meaning in English: Having or showing behavior that is respectful and considerate of other people's feelings.
refusing (অস্বীকার করা) - Meaning in English: Declining to accept or agree to something.
symbolise (প্রতীক করা) - Meaning in English: Represent or stand for something, typically something abstract.
death (মৃত্যু) - Meaning in English: The cessation of life and all associated processes.
norm (নির্দিষ্ট আদর্শ) - Meaning in English: A standard or pattern regarded as typical or usual.
Greetings
aggression (আক্রমণ) - Meaning in English: Hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another; readiness to attack or confront.
uncomfortable (অসুবিধাজনক) - Meaning in English: Causing or feeling slight pain or physical discomfort.
senior (প্রাপক) - Meaning in English: Having a higher rank or standing in a group or organization.
leisurely (আরামদায়ক) - Meaning in English: Acting or done at leisure; unhurried or relaxed.
good cheers (ভাল উল্লাস) - Meaning in English: A feeling or atmosphere of happiness and enjoyment.
Table Manners 101: Basic Dining Etiquette
etiquette (শিষ্টাচার) - Meaning in English: The customary code of polite behavior in society or among members of a particular profession or group.
civilized (সভ্য) - Meaning in English: Polite, well-mannered, and cultured.
considerate (বিবেকপূর্ণ) - Meaning in English: Thoughtful of the feelings or well-being of others.
respectful (শ্রদ্ধাসূচক) - Meaning in English: Showing admiration or deference toward someone or something.
disgusted (বিমুখ) - Meaning in English: Revolted or repulsed.
buffoon (বেহেমে) - Meaning in English: A ridiculous but amusing person; a clown.
refinement (পরিষ্কারতা) - Meaning in English: The quality of being elegant, polished, or cultured.
self-awareness (স্বাধীনচেতনা) - Meaning in English: Conscious knowledge of one's own character, feelings, motives, and desires.
absent-minded (বিচ্ছিন্নচিত্ত) - Meaning in English: Preoccupied to the extent of being unaware of one's immediate surroundings or actions.
employer (নিয়োগকর্তা) - Meaning in English: A person or organization that employs people.
netizens (নেটজন) - Meaning in English: Habitual or keen users of the Internet.
netiquette (নেট শিষ্টাচার) - Meaning in English: Etiquette practiced or exhibited in the context of online communication.
manners (আচরণ) - Meaning in English: Polite or well-bred social behavior.
table manners (টেবিল শিষ্টাচার) - Meaning in English: The polite behaviors used when eating at a dining table.
chomping (বাড়া বাড়া খেতে) - Meaning in English: Eating with noisy and vigorous chewing.
slurping (গরগর ধরে খাওয়া) - Meaning in English: Inhaling or consuming (food or drink) with a loud sucking noise.
burping (ঘজিটে) - Meaning in English: Emitting gas noisily from the stomach through the mouth.
splattering (চিরচিরে ফেলা) - Meaning in English: Causing (a liquid) to scatter in drops or small particles.
upbringing (পালন) - Meaning in English: The care and training received during childhood.
polite (শিষ্টাচারপূর্ণ) - Meaning in English: Having or showing behavior that is respectful and considerate of other people.
considered (বিবেকসম্মত) - Meaning in English: Thoughtfully regarded as being; judged.
interact (সম্পর্কে আসা) - Meaning in English: Act in such a way as to have an effect on another; communicate or work together.
discreetly (বিবেকে) - Meaning in English: In a careful and prudent manner, especially in order to keep something confidential or to avoid embarrassment.
permission (অনুমতি) - Meaning in English: Consent or authorization granted to someone to do something.
disturbing (বিবেচনা-যোগ্য) - Meaning in English: Causing anxiety; worrying.
scattering (বিতর্কিত) - Meaning in English: Spreading or distributing things over an area in an irregular way.
gentleperson (শালীন ব্যক্তি) - Meaning in English: A person who is polite, well-mannered, and considerate in their behavior.
appreciate (সম্মান করা) - Meaning in English: Recognize and enjoy the good qualities of someone or something.
realize (বোঝা) - Meaning in English: Become fully aware of (something) as a fact; understand clearly.
offended (বিদ্বেষিত) - Meaning in English: Resentful or annoyed, typically as a result of a perceived insult.
Lesson 2
Etiquette Netiquette
Portion - (অংশ) - Meaning: A part of a whole; a share or quantity of something.
Seldom - (দুর্লভ) - Meaning: Rarely; not often.
Exchange greetings - (শুভেচ্ছা পরিবর্তন করা) - Meaning: To say hello or acknowledge someone with polite words.
Annoyed - (বিরক্ত) - Meaning: Irritated or bothered.
Gratefulness - (কৃতজ্ঞতা) - Meaning: The quality of being thankful; appreciation.
Choosy - (নির্বাচনশীল) - Meaning: Picky or selective, especially about food or other choices.
Addicted - (আসক্ত) - Meaning: Physically or mentally dependent on something, often to the point of obsession.
Showy - (আড়ম্বরপূর্ণ) - Meaning: Ostentatious or flashy; designed to attract attention.
Liberty - (স্বাধীনতা) - Meaning: Freedom or the state of being free from oppressive restrictions.
Attitude - (মনোভাব) - Meaning: A settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in behavior.
Intervening - (হস্তক্ষেপ) - Meaning: Coming between two things; interfering or becoming involved in a situation.
Etiquette - (শৃঙ্গারমূলক আচরণ) - Meaning: The customary code of polite behavior in society or among members of a particular profession or group.
Respect - (শ্রদ্ধা) - Meaning: A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements.
Expression - (অভিব্যক্তি) - Meaning: The act of conveying or representing thoughts, feelings, or ideas.
Preference - (পছন্দ) - Meaning: A greater liking for one alternative over another or others.
Social network media - (সামাজিক যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম) - Meaning: Online platforms where users can interact with each other and share content, such as Facebook, Twitter, etc.
Steal time - (সময় চুরি করা) - Meaning: To waste or consume time unproductively.
Choice - (পছন্দ) - Meaning: An act of selecting or making a decision when faced with two or more possibilities.
Opinion - (মতামত) - Meaning: A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.
Online - (অনলাইন) - Meaning: Connected to the internet or a computer network.
Lesson 3
Food Trends
Tiffin - (টিফিন) - Meaning: A light meal, especially lunch, carried to work or school in a container.
Canteen - (ক্যান্টিন) - Meaning: A cafeteria or dining hall, especially in a workplace, school, or military establishment.
Junk food - (জাঙ্ক খাবার) - Meaning: Food that is high in calories but low in nutritional value, often containing excessive amounts of salt, sugar, and fat.
Fascination - (মোহ) - Meaning: A strong attraction or interest.
Vegetables - (সবজি) - Meaning: Plants grown for their edible parts, such as roots, stems, leaves, or bulbs.
Calorie-rich - (ক্যালোরি-প্রচুর) - Meaning: Containing a high amount of calories.
Nutritionally poor - (পুষ্টিতত্ত্বিকভাবে দলো) - Meaning: Lacking essential nutrients or having a low nutritional value.
Processed foods - (প্রক্রিয়াকৃত খাবার) - Meaning: Foods that have been altered from their natural state for safety reasons or convenience.
Obesity - (স্থুলতা) - Meaning: The condition of being grossly fat or overweight.
Cardiovascular diseases - (হৃদরোগ) - Meaning: Diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as heart disease and stroke.
Addictive - (অনুভব করা) - Meaning: Causing or likely to cause someone to become addicted.
Nourishment - (পুষ্টি) - Meaning: The food or other substances necessary for growth, health, and good condition.
Lesson 4
Fitness
Exercise program - (ব্যায়াম প্রোগ্রাম) - A structured plan of physical activities designed to improve health and fitness.
Meditation - (ধ্যান) - The act of focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity to achieve mental clarity, relaxation, and spiritual growth.
Emptying of the mind - (মনের খালি করা) - The process of clearing the mind of thoughts and distractions to achieve a state of mental calmness and clarity.
Concentration - (সঙ্গ্রহ) - The act of focusing attention or mental effort on a single point or task.
Contemplation - (আলোচনা) - The act of deeply thinking about something, often in a calm and reflective manner.
Discipline - (শৃঙ্গার) - A systematic approach or practice aimed at achieving a specific goal or outcome.
Fitness - (ফিটনেস) - The state of being physically healthy and fit, often achieved through regular exercise and proper nutrition.
Trainer - (প্রশিক্ষক) - A person who provides guidance and instruction in physical exercise or other activities.
Postures - (অবস্থা) - The positions or stances of the body, often assumed during exercise, yoga, or meditation.
Rituals - (প্রথা) - Formalized or ceremonial acts or practices performed according to prescribed rules or traditions.
Self-contentment - (আত্মতৃপ্তি) - The state of being satisfied and fulfilled with oneself and one's circumstances.
Awareness - (সচেতনতা) - Consciousness or knowledge of one's surroundings, feelings, and thoughts.
Inner harmony - (অভ্যন্তরীণ সমন্বয়) - A state of peace and balance within oneself, often achieved through meditation or spiritual practices.
Stress reduction - (মানসিক চাপ হ্রাস) - The act of decreasing or alleviating mental or emotional tension and strain.
Focus - (ফোকাস) - Concentrating attention or energy on a particular object, task, or goal.
Progressive relaxation - (প্রগতিশীল সহজীকরণ) - A technique involving the systematic tensing and relaxing of different muscle groups to induce physical and mental relaxation.
Anxiety - (উদ্বেগ) - A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or uncertain outcome.
Blood circulation - (রক্ত চক্রন) - The movement of blood through the cardiovascular system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues and organs.
Creativity - (সৃজনশীলতা) - The ability to generate new ideas, solutions, or products through imaginative thinking and originality.
Self-awareness - (আত্মচেতনা) - Conscious knowledge of one's own character, feelings, motives, and desires.
Tolerance - (মেলামিলা) - Acceptance and understanding of differences, opinions, and beliefs that differ from one's own.
Lesson 5
Spending
Compulsive - (অতি আবদ্ধ) - Describing behavior that is difficult to control or restrain.
Financial ruin - (আর্থিক বিপর্যয়) - Complete financial collapse or devastation.
Debt - (ঋণ) - Money owed to someone else, typically a bank or creditor.
Addiction - (অনুরক্তি) - A compulsive habit or dependency on a substance or activity, often harmful.
Psychological problems - (মনস্তত্ত্বিক সমস্যা) - Issues or disorders related to mental health or emotional well-being.
Consumer items - (মোলক) - Goods or products intended for purchase and use by individuals.
Flattering - (মধুর) - Praising or complimenting someone in a way that may not be entirely sincere.
Persuaded - (প্রতিরোধ করা) - Convinced or influenced to do something through argument or reasoning.
Overspending - (অতিরিক্ত খরচ) - Spending more money than is necessary or prudent.
Responsible attitude - (দায়িত্বপূর্ণ মনোভাব) - A mindset or behavior characterized by accountability and consideration for consequences.
Credit cards - (ক্রেডিট কার্ড) - Plastic cards allowing the holder to make purchases on credit, to be paid back later.
Debt-trap - (ঋণ-ফাঁদ) - A situation where someone becomes trapped in a cycle of debt, unable to pay off existing debts.
Glossy advertisements - (চমকদার বিজ্ঞাপন) - Attractive and visually appealing advertisements designed to lure customers.
Occasion - (অবসর) - A particular event or circumstance that calls for celebration or action.
Stretching their budget - (তাদের বাজেট বাড়ানো) - Spending more money than originally planned or allocated.
Control the habit - (অভ্যন্তরীণ অভ্যাস নিয়ন্ত্রণ) - Manage or regulate the tendency to engage in a particular behavior.
Glossy - (চমকদার) - Shiny and smooth in appearance, often used to describe printed materials.
Lure - (প্রলোভন) - To attract or entice someone into doing something.
Allocate - (আবন্টন করা) - To set aside or designate for a specific purpose.
Sincere - (বিশ্বাসী) - Genuine, honest, and without deceit or pretense.
Praise - (প্রশংসা) - Expressing admiration or approval for someone's achievements or qualities.
Influence - (প্রভাব) - The capacity to have an effect on the character, behavior, or development of someone or something.
Cycle - (চক্র) - A series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order.
Lure - (প্রলোভন) - To attract or entice someone into doing something.
Visual appeal - (দৃশ্য আকর্ষণ) - The attractiveness or desirability of something when seen.
Regulate - (নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা) - To control or govern according to a set of rules or guidelines.
Tendency - (প্রবৃত্তি) - An inclination or predisposition towards a particular action or behavior.
Designate - (উল্লেখ করা) - To officially assign or appoint someone or something to a particular role or function.
Pretense - (অহেতুক দেখান) - The act of pretending or feigning, often to conceal one's true intentions or feelings.
Admiration - (শ্রদ্ধা) - A feeling of respect and approval for someone or something.
Unit Eight: Human Rights
Lesson 1
Are We Aware of These Rights-1?
freedom of speech - মুক্ত বক্তৃতা
freedom of belief - মুক্ত বিশ্বাস
freedom of the press - প্রবন্ধনের মুক্তি
right to education - শিক্ষার অধিকার
right to food - খাদ্যের অধিকার
right to safe shelter - নিরাপদ আবাসনের অধিকার
social activism - সামাজিক কর্মকাণ্ড
protection against abuse - সংকট প্রতিরক্ষা
violation of privacy - গোপনীয়তার লঙ্ঘন
held in slavery - দাসত্বে আটকানো হবে না
subjected to torture - যন্ত্রণার অথবা ক্রুর, অনান্য সাম্যের বশে নেওয়া হবে না
recognition - পরিচিতি
equal before the law - আইনের সামনে সমান
freedom of movement - চলার স্বাধীনতা
right to leave - ছেড়ে যাওয়ার অধিকার
freedom of peaceful assembly - শান্তিপূর্ণ সম্মিলনের স্বাধীনতা
compelled to belong - সম্মিলিত হতে প্রবৃত্ত করা হবে না
entitled to return - ফেরার অধিকার অর্জন করা
equal protection of the law - আইনের সমান সুরক্ষা অধিকার
arbitrary arrest - অসংখ্য গ্রেফতারি
degrading treatment - হীনমুখী ব্যবহার
as a person before the law - আইনের সামনে একজন মানুষ হিসাবে
assembly and association - সম্মিলন এবং সংগঠন
slavery and the slave trade - দাসত্ব এবং গুলাম বাণিজ্য
Lesson 2
Are We Aware of These Rights-II?
Arbitrary interference - (এতদ্বিষয় অবিচারিত হস্তক্ষেপ) - Unjust or unreasonable intrusion or intervention without proper justification.
Correspondence - (পত্রবিন্যাস) - Communication by exchanging letters or emails, typically between individuals.
Honour - (সম্মান) - Respect and admiration received from others; the quality of being honest and fair.
Reputation - (খ্যাতি) - The beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something; the overall character or standing of a person or organization.
Asylum - (শরণার্থীত্ব) - Protection granted by a country to someone who has fled their own country due to persecution or danger.
Persecution - (অত্যাচার) - Hostile and oppressive treatment, often based on race, religion, or political beliefs.
Nationality - (জাতীয়তা) - The legal status of belonging to a particular country.
Marriage - (বিবাহ) - The legally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship.
Consent - (সন্মতি) - Permission or agreement given for something to happen.
Fundamental - (মৌলিক) - Forming a necessary base or core; essential.
Freedom of opinion and expression - (মতামত এবং অভিব্যক্তির স্বাধীনতা) - The right to express one's beliefs and opinions without censorship or restraint.
Peaceful assembly - (শান্তিপূর্ণ সমাবেশ) - Gathering of individuals in a public place for a common purpose without violence or disruption.
Association - (সংঘ) - A group of people organized for a joint purpose or interest.
Compelled - (বাধ্য) - Forced or obligated to do something.
Government - (সরকার) - The governing body of a nation, state, or community.
Representatives - (প্রতিনিধি) - Individuals chosen to act on behalf of a larger group or constituency.
Equal access - (সমান অ্যাক্সেস) - Unrestricted opportunity or ability for everyone to use or benefit from a particular service or resource.
Public service - (সরকারী পরিষেবা) - Services provided by government agencies or organizations for the benefit of the general public.
Will of the people - (জনগণের ইচ্ছা) - The collective desire or choice of the citizens of a country or community.
C.
a. asylum - Protection granted by a country to someone who has fled their own country due to persecution or danger.
b. arbitrarily - In a manner that is based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
c. persecution - Hostile and oppressive treatment, often based on race, religion, or political beliefs.
d. dissolution - The process of ending or breaking apart something, such as a marriage, organization, or partnership.
e. conscience - An inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior.
f. manifest - Clear or obvious to the eye or mind; evident.
g. genuine - Truly what something is said to be; authentic or real.
h. suffrage - The right to vote in political elections.
Lesson 3
Rights to Health and Education
Right - অধিকার - A legal or moral entitlement to something.
Standard of living - জীবনযাপনের মান - The level of wealth, comfort, and material possessions available to a person or community.
Adequate - যথেষ্ট - Sufficient in quantity or quality to meet a particular need or requirement.
Well-being - সুখসম্পন্নতা - The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.
Motherhood - মাতৃত্ব - The state or experience of being a mother.
Childhood - শিশুত্ব - The state or period of being a child.
Entitled - অধিকৃত - Having the right to something.
Assistance - সাহায্য - Help or support.
Social protection - সামাজিক সুরক্ষা - Policies and programs designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by providing support to individuals and families.
Compulsory - বাধ্যতামূলক - Required by law or a rule; obligatory.
Technical - প্রযুক্তিবিদ্যা - Relating to a particular subject, art, or craft, especially one involving practical skills or knowledge.
Professional - পেশাজীবনে ব্যবহৃত - Relating to or belonging to a profession.
Merit - যোগ্যতা - The quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially so as to deserve praise or reward.
Personality - ব্যক্তিত্ব - The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character.
Respect - সম্মান - A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements.
Promote - বাড়ানো - Support or actively encourage.
Tolerance - সহিষ্ণুতা - The ability or willingness to tolerate the existence of opinions or behaviors that one dislikes or disagrees with.
Friendship - বন্ধুত্ব - The emotions or conduct of friends; the state of being friends.
Maintenance - সংরক্ষণ - The process of preserving or maintaining something.
Elementary education - প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা - The first stage of formal education, typically beginning at age six or seven and continuing until age twelve.
Lesson 4
Amerigo, a Street Child
Amerigo - আমেরিগো - The name of the protagonist in the story.
Separated - পৃথক - No longer living together as a couple; estranged.
Married - বিবাহিত - Having a legally recognized union with someone as a husband or wife.
Begged - বিনয় করা - Asked earnestly or humbly for something.
Vendor - বিক্রেতা - A person or company offering something for sale, especially a trader in the street.
Infection - সংক্রামণ - The process of infecting or the state of being infected.
Serious - গম্ভীর - Demanding careful consideration; of great importance.
Difficult - কঠিন - Needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand.
Painful - ব্যথাদায়ক - Causing physical or emotional pain.
Dumps - আবর্জনাগার - A place where waste is discarded; a landfill.
In return - পরিবর্তে - As a response or exchange for something.
Suffer - দুঃখ পেয়ে যাওয়া - Experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant).
Diseases - রোগ - A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.
Serious diseases - গম্ভীর রোগ - Severe or life-threatening medical conditions.
Shoe-shining - জুতা পরিষ্কার করা - The act of cleaning and polishing shoes for a fee.
Factories - কারখানা - A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine.
Workshops - কারিগরখানা - A room or building in which goods are manufactured or repaired.
Protagonist - প্রধান চরিত্র - The leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text.
Estranged - অতিরিক্ত - No longer close or affectionate to someone; alienated.
Union - সংঘ - The action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.
Separated - পৃথক - No longer living with one's spouse or partner.
Begged - অনুরোধ করা - Plead desperately with someone for something.
Vendor - বিক্রেতা - A person or company offering something for sale, especially a trader in the street.
Infection - সংক্রামণ - The process of infecting or the state of being infected.
Difficult - কঠিন - Needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand.
Painful - ব্যথাদায়ক - Causing physical or mental pain
Serious - গম্ভীর - (of a subject, state, or activity) demanding careful consideration or application.
Disease - রোগ - A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.
Alive - জীবিত - Having life; living; not dead.
Suffer - কষ্ট পাওয়া - Experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant).
Recently - সাময়িক - Not long ago
Pile - গাদা - A heap of things laid or lying one on top of another.
Shoe-shining - জুতা পরিষ্কার - The activity of polishing shoes for a fee
Workshops - কাজশালা - A room or building in which goods are manufactured or repaired.
Factory - কারখানা - A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine.
Piece - টুকরো - A portion of an object or of material, produced by cutting, tearing, or breaking the whole.
Glass - কাঁচ - A hard, brittle substance, typically transparent or translucent, made by fusing sand with soda, lime, and sometimes other ingredients and cooling rapidly. It is used to make windows, drinking containers, and other articles.
Fired - বরখাস্ত করা - Dismiss (an employee) from a job.
Peace - শান্তি - Freedom from disturbance; tranquility.
Cold - ঠাণ্ডা - Of or at a low or relatively low temperature, especially when compared with the human body.
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